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-533641203422738849 | Brooklyn Bridge | Brooklyn Bridge - wikipedia Brooklyn Bridge For other uses , see Brooklyn Bridge ( disambiguation ) . Brooklyn Bridge The Brooklyn Bridge , viewed from Manhattan Coordinates 40 ° 42 ′ 21 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 47 '' W / 40.7057 ° N 73.9963 ° W / 40.7057 ; - 73.9963 Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 21 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 47 '' W / 40.7057 ° N 73.9963 ° W / 40.7057 ; - 73.9963 Carries 6 lanes of roadway ( cars only ) Elevated trains ( until 1944 ) Streetcars ( until 1950 ) Pedestrians and bicycles Crosses East River Locale New York City ( Civic Center , Manhattan -- Dumbo / Brooklyn Heights , Brooklyn ) Maintained by New York City Department of Transportation ID number 22400119 Characteristics Design Suspension / Cable - stay Hybrid Total length 5,989 ft ( 1,825.4 m ) Width 85 ft ( 25.9 m ) Height 276.5 ft ( 84.3 m ) above mean high water Longest span 1,595.5 ft ( 486.3 m ) Clearance below 135 ft ( 41.1 m ) History Designer John Augustus Roebling Opened May 24 , 1883 ; 135 years ago ( 1883 - 05 - 24 ) Statistics Daily traffic 105,679 ( 2016 ) Toll Free both ways Brooklyn Bridge U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark NYC Landmark Built 1869 - 1883 Architectural style neo-Gothic NRHP reference # 66000523 Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Designated NHL January 29 , 1964 Designated NYCL August 24 , 1967 Brooklyn Bridge Location in Lower Manhattan Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Bridge ( New York City ) Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Bridge ( New York ) Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Bridge ( the US ) Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable - stayed / suspension bridge in New York City and is one of the oldest roadway bridges in the United States . Started in 1869 and completed fourteen years later in 1883 , it connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn , spanning the East River . It has a main span of 1,595.5 feet ( 486.3 m ) and was the first steel - wire suspension bridge constructed . It was originally called the New York and Brooklyn Bridge and the East River Bridge , but it was later dubbed the Brooklyn Bridge , a name coming from an earlier January 25 , 1867 , letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle and formally so named by the city government in 1915 . Since opening , it has become an icon of New York City and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 History 2.1 Construction 2.2 Opening 2.3 Later years 2.4 Renovation 3 Pedestrian and vehicular access 3.1 Exits and entrances 4 Notable events 4.1 Feats 4.2 Crime 5 Cultural significance 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Design ( edit ) Although the Brooklyn Bridge is technically a suspension bridge , it uses a hybrid cable - stayed / suspension bridge design . The towers are built of limestone , granite , and Rosendale cement . The limestone was quarried at the Clark Quarry in Essex County , New York . The granite blocks were quarried and shaped on Vinalhaven Island , Maine , under a contract with the Bodwell Granite Company , and delivered from Maine to New York by schooner . The bridge was built with numerous passageways and compartments in its anchorages . New York City rented out the large vaults under the bridge 's Manhattan anchorage in order to fund the bridge . Opened in 1876 , the vaults were used to store wine , as they were always at 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) . This was called the `` Blue Grotto '' because of a shrine to the Virgin Mary next to an opening at the entrance . When New York magazine visited one of the cellars in 1978 , it discovered on the wall a `` fading inscription '' reading : `` Who loveth not wine , women and song , he remaineth a fool his whole life long . '' History ( edit ) Construction ( edit ) John Augustus Roebling Early plan of one tower for the Brooklyn Bridge , 1867 External video Presentation by David McCullough on The Great Bridge , September 17 , 2002 , C - SPAN The bridge was conceived by German immigrant John Augustus Roebling in 1852 , who spent part of the next 15 years working to sell the idea . He had previously designed and constructed shorter suspension bridges , such as Roebling 's Delaware Aqueduct in Lackawaxen , Pennsylvania , and the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge between Cincinnati , Ohio , and Covington , Kentucky . While conducting surveys for the bridge project , Roebling sustained a crush injury to his foot when a ferry pinned it against a piling . After amputation of his crushed toes , he developed a tetanus infection that left him incapacitated and soon resulted in his death in 1869 , not long after he had placed his 32 - year - old son , Washington Roebling , in charge of the project . In February 1867 , the New York State Senate passed a bill that allowed the construction of a suspension bridge from Brooklyn to Manhattan . Two months later , the New York and Brooklyn Bridge Company was incorporated . The company was tasked with constructing what was then known as the New York and Brooklyn Bridge . Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge began in 1869 . The bridge 's two towers were built by floating two caissons , giant upside - down boxes made of southern yellow pine , in the span of the East River , and then beginning to build the stone towers on top of them until they sank to the bottom of the river . Compressed air was pumped into the caissons , and workers entered the space to dig the sediment , until the caissons sank to the bedrock . The whole weight of the bridge still sits upon 15 - foot - thick southern yellow - pine wood under the sediment . Many workers became sick with the bends during this work . This condition was unknown at the time and was first called `` caisson disease '' by the project physician , Andrew Smith . Washington Roebling suffered a paralyzing injury as a result of `` caisson disease '' shortly after ground was broken for the Brooklyn tower foundation on January 3 , 1870 . Roebling 's debilitating condition left him unable to physically supervise the construction firsthand . As chief engineer , Roebling supervised the entire project from his apartment with a view of the work , designing and redesigning caissons and other equipment . He was aided by his wife , Emily Warren Roebling , who provided the critical written link between her husband and the engineers on site . Warren Roebling studied higher mathematics , calculations of catenary curves , strengths of materials , bridge specifications , and intricacies of cable construction . She spent the next 11 years helping to supervise the bridge 's construction . When iron probes underneath the caisson for the Manhattan tower found the bedrock to be even deeper than expected , Roebling halted construction due to the increased risk of decompression sickness . He later deemed the sandy subsoil overlying the bedrock 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) below it to be firm enough to support the tower base , and construction continued . The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in The Great Bridge ( 1972 ) , the book by David McCullough , and in Brooklyn Bridge ( 1981 ) , the first PBS documentary film by Ken Burns . Burns drew heavily on McCullough 's book for the film and used him as narrator . It is also described in Seven Wonders of the Industrial World , a BBC docudrama series with an accompanying book . Opening ( edit ) Play media Thomas A. Edison , Inc. : `` New Brooklyn to New York Via Brooklyn Bridge '' , 1899 Newspaper headline announcing opening The New York and Brooklyn Bridge was opened for use on May 24 , 1883 . Thousands of people attended the opening ceremony , and many ships were present in the East Bay for the occasion . President Chester A. Arthur and Mayor Franklin Edson crossed the bridge to celebratory cannon fire and were greeted by Brooklyn Mayor Seth Low when they reached the Brooklyn - side tower . Arthur shook hands with Washington Roebling at the latter 's home , after the ceremony . Roebling was unable to attend the ceremony ( and in fact rarely visited the site again ) , but held a celebratory banquet at his house on the day of the bridge opening . Further festivity included the performance of a band , gunfire from ships , and a fireworks display . Since the New York and Brooklyn Bridge was the only one across the East River at that time , it was also called East River Bridge . On that first day , a total of 1,800 vehicles and 150,300 people crossed what was then the only land passage between Manhattan and Brooklyn . Emily Warren Roebling was the first to cross the bridge . The bridge 's main span over the East River is 1,595 feet 6 inches ( 486.3 m ) . The bridge cost US $15.5 million in 1883 dollars ( about US $393,964,000 in today 's dollars ) to build , and an estimated 27 men died during its construction . On May 30 , 1883 , six days after the opening , a woman falling down the stairway caused a stampede , which was responsible for at least twelve people being crushed and killed . On May 17 , 1884 , P.T. Barnum helped to squelch doubts about the bridge 's stability -- while publicizing his famous circus -- when one of his most famous attractions , Jumbo , led a parade of 21 elephants over the Brooklyn Bridge . At the time it opened , and for several years , it was the longest suspension bridge in the world -- 50 % longer than any previously built -- and it has become a treasured landmark . Since the 1980s , it has been floodlit at night to highlight its architectural features . The architectural style is neo-Gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers . The paint scheme of the bridge is `` Brooklyn Bridge Tan '' and `` Silver '' , although it has been argued that the original paint was `` Rawlins Red '' . At the time the bridge was built , engineers had not discovered the aerodynamics of bridge construction . Bridges were not tested in wind tunnels until the 1950s , well after the collapse of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge , known as Galloping Gertie , in 1940 . It is therefore fortunate that the open truss structure supporting the deck is by its nature less subject to aerodynamic problems . Roebling designed a bridge and truss system that was six times as strong as he thought it needed to be . Because of this , the Brooklyn Bridge is still standing when many of the bridges built around the same time have vanished or been replaced . This is also in spite of the substitution of inferior quality wire in the cabling supplied by the contractor J. Lloyd Haigh -- by the time it was discovered , it was too late to replace the cabling that had already been constructed . Roebling determined that the poorer wire would leave the bridge four rather than six times as strong as necessary , so it was eventually allowed to stand , with the addition of 250 cables . Later years ( edit ) In 1915 , the city government officially named the structure the `` Brooklyn Bridge '' , a name first mentioned in print in a January 1867 letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle . During the Cold War , a fallout shelter was constructed beneath the Manhattan approach . The abandoned space in one of the masonry arches still contained the emergency survival supplies for a potential nuclear attack by the Soviet Union when rediscovered in 2006 during a routine inspection . In 1964 , the bridge was designated a National Historic Landmark , having become an icon of New York City since its opening , and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972 . The centennial celebrations on May 24 , 1983 , saw a cavalcade of cars crossing the bridge , led by President Ronald Reagan . A flotilla of ships visited the harbor , parades were held , and in the evening the sky over the bridge was illuminated by Grucci Fireworks . The Brooklyn Museum exhibited a selection of the original drawings made for the bridge 's construction , some by Washington Roebling . Media coverage of the centennial was declared `` the public relations triumph of 1983 '' by Inc . Beginning on May 22 , 2008 , five days of festivities celebrated the 125th anniversary of the bridge 's opening . The events kicked off with a live performance of the Brooklyn Philharmonic in Empire -- Fulton Ferry State Park , followed by special lighting of the bridge 's towers and a fireworks display . Other events held during the 125th anniversary celebrations , which coincided with the Memorial Day weekend , included a film series , historical walking tours , information tents , a series of lectures and readings , a bicycle tour of Brooklyn , a miniature golf course featuring Brooklyn icons , and other musical and dance performances . Just before the anniversary celebrations , artist Paul St George installed the Telectroscope , a video link between New York City and London , on the Brooklyn side of the bridge . The installation lasted for a few weeks and permitted viewers in New York City to see people looking into a matching telectroscope near London 's Tower Bridge . A newly renovated pedestrian connection to the DUMBO neighborhood was also unveiled before the anniversary celebrations . Renovation ( edit ) Renovation of the Brooklyn Bridge in progress After the 2007 collapse of the I - 35W highway bridge in Minneapolis , public attention focused on the condition of bridges across the U.S. The New York Times reported that the Brooklyn Bridge approach ramps received a rating of `` poor '' during its inspection in 2007 . According to a NYC Department of Transportation spokesman , the poor rating did not indicate a dangerous state but rather implied it required renovation . A US $508 million project ( equivalent to US $570 million in 2017 ) to renovate the approaches began in 2010 , with the full bridge renovation beginning in early 2011 which was originally scheduled to run until 2014 , however the project did not finish until April 2015 . Work included widening two approach ramps from one to two lanes by re-striping a new prefabricated ramp ; raising clearance over the eastbound Interstate 278 at York Street , on the double - deck Brooklyn - Queens Expressway ; seismic retrofitting ; replacement of rusted railings and safety barriers ; and road deck resurfacing . The nature of the work necessitated detours for four years . In August 2016 , after the renovation of the bridge had already been completed , the New York City Department of Transportation announced that it would conduct a seven - month , US $370,000 study to verify if the bridge could support a heavier upper deck that consisted of an expanded bicycle and pedestrian path . As of 2016 , about 10,000 pedestrians and 3,500 bikers use the pathway on an average weekday . Work on the pedestrian entrance on the Brooklyn side was underway by 2017 . Pedestrian and vehicular access ( edit ) View from the pedestrian walkway . The bridge 's cable arrangement forms a distinctive weblike pattern . Street map of lower Manhattan and downtown Brooklyn dated 1885 , two years after completion of the Brooklyn Bridge , showing street approaches to the bridge as they were The Brooklyn Bridge originally carried horse - drawn and rail traffic , with a separate elevated walkway along the centerline for pedestrians and bicycles . Since 1950 , the main roadway has carried six lanes of automobile traffic . Because of the roadway 's height ( 11 ft ( 3.4 m ) posted ) and weight ( 6,000 lb ( 2,700 kg ) posted ) restrictions , commercial vehicles and buses are prohibited from using this bridge . The two inside traffic lanes once carried elevated trains of the BMT from Brooklyn points to a terminal at Park Row via Sands Street . Streetcars ran on what are now the two center lanes ( shared with other traffic ) until the elevated lines stopped using the bridge in 1944 , when they moved to the protected center tracks . In 1950 , the streetcars also stopped running , and the bridge was rebuilt to carry six lanes of automobile traffic . The Brooklyn Bridge is accessible to vehicles from the Brooklyn entrances of Tillary / Adams Streets , Sands / Pearl Streets , and Exit 28B of the eastbound Brooklyn - Queens Expressway . In Manhattan , cars can enter from either direction of the FDR Drive , Park Row , Chambers / Centre Streets , and Pearl / Frankfort Streets . Pedestrian and bicycle access to the bridge from the Brooklyn side is from either Tillary / Adams Streets ( in between the vehicular entrance / exit ) or a staircase on Prospect Street between Cadman Plaza East and West . In Manhattan , the pedestrian walkway is accessible from the end of Centre Street or through the unpaid south staircase of Brooklyn Bridge -- City Hall / Chambers Street subway station complex . Cross-section diagram of the bridge The Brooklyn Bridge has a wide walkway open to pedestrians and cyclists in the center of the bridge above the automobile lanes . In 1971 , a center line was painted to separate cyclists from pedestrians , creating one of the city 's first dedicated bike lanes . More than 4,000 pedestrians and 3,100 cyclists cross the Brooklyn Bridge each day . While the bridge has always permitted the passage of pedestrians across its span , its role in allowing thousands to cross takes on a special importance in times of difficulty when usual means of crossing the East River have become unavailable . During transit strikes by the Transport Workers Union in 1980 and 2005 , people commuting to work used the bridge joined by Mayors Ed Koch and Michael Bloomberg who crossed as a gesture to the affected public . Following the 1965 , 1977 , and 2003 blackouts and most famously after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center , people leaving Manhattan used the bridge after MTA suspended subway service . During the 2003 event , many crossing the bridge reported a swaying motion . The higher than usual pedestrian load caused this swaying coupled with the tendency of pedestrians to synchronize their footfalls with a sway , amplifying the motion . Several engineers expressed concern about how this would affect the bridge , although others noted that the bridge did withstand the event and that the redundancies in its design -- the inclusion of the three support systems ( suspension system , diagonal stay system , and stiffening truss ) -- make it `` probably the best secured bridge against such movements going out of control '' . Bridge designer John Roebling had stated that due to such redundancies , the bridge would sag , yet not fall , even if one of these structural systems were to fail altogether . Exits and entrances ( edit ) Access to the bridge is provided by a complex series of ramps on both the Manhattan and Brooklyn sides of the bridge . Borough Location mi km Destinations Notes Brooklyn Brooklyn Heights 0.00 0.00 Tillary Street / Adams Street south At - grade intersection ; no turns from inner roadway 0.30 0.48 Sands Street Northbound entrance only 0.40 0.64 I - 278 ( Brooklyn -- Queens Expressway ) / Cadman Plaza West Southbound exit and northbound entrance ; exit 28B on I - 278 East River 0.70 -- 1.00 1.13 -- 1.61 Suspension span Manhattan Two Bridges 1.30 2.09 FDR Drive / Pearl Street Northbound exit and southbound entrance ; exit 2 on FDR Drive Financial District 1.40 2.25 Park Row south Northbound exit and southbound entrance 1.50 2.41 Chambers Street west / Centre Street north to NY 9A 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Panorama of Brooklyn Bridge , with the Manhattan Bridge behind it , and the Williamsburg Bridge visible farther in the background Notable events ( edit ) Feats ( edit ) In 1919 , Giorgio Pessi piloted what was then one of the world 's largest airplanes , the Caproni Ca. 5 , under the bridge . In June 1993 , following 13 reconnoiters inside the metal structure , and with the help of a mountain guide , Thierry Devaux illegally performed eight acrobatic bungee jumps above the East River close to the Brooklyn - side pier , in the early morning . He used an electric winch between each acrobatic figure . Odlum jumps from the bridge There have been several notable jumpers as well . The first person to jump from the bridge was Robert Emmet Odlum , brother of women 's rights activist Charlotte Odlum Smith , on May 19 , 1885 . He struck the water at an angle and died shortly thereafter from internal injuries . Steve Brodie dropped from underneath the bridge in July 1886 , although there is some doubt about this . Larry Donovan made a slightly higher jump from the railing a month later and went on to an international bridge jumping career . Cartoonist Otto Eppers jumped and survived in 1910 , and was then tried and acquitted for attempted suicide . A lesser known early jumper was James Duffy of County Cavan , Ireland , who , on April 15 , 1895 , asked several men to watch him jump from the bridge . Duffy jumped and was not seen again . Crime ( edit ) On March 1 , 1994 , Lebanese - born Rashid Baz opened fire on a van carrying members of the Chabad - Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish Movement , striking 16 - year - old student Ari Halberstam and three others traveling on the bridge . Halberstam died five days later from his wounds . Baz was apparently acting out of revenge for the Hebron massacre of 29 Palestinian Muslims by Baruch Goldstein that had taken place a few days earlier on February 25 , 1994 . Baz was convicted of murder and sentenced to a 141 - year prison term . After initially classifying the murder as one committed out of road rage , the Justice Department reclassified the case in 2000 as a terrorist attack . The entrance ramp to the bridge on the Manhattan side was named the Ari Halberstam Memorial Ramp in memory of the victim . Aerial view , looking down at tower In 2003 , truck driver Iyman Faris was sentenced to about 20 years in prison for providing material support to Al - Qaeda , after an earlier plot to destroy the bridge by cutting through its support wires with blowtorches was thwarted through information the National Security Agency uncovered through wiretapped phone conversations and interrogation of Al - Qaeda militants . On October 1 , 2011 , police arrested more than 700 protesters with the Occupy Wall Street movement who attempted to march across the bridge on the roadway . Early in the morning on July 22 , 2014 , the two American flags attached to poles atop each tower were found to have been replaced by American flags that had been bleached white . It is believed that several individuals covered the lights that illuminate the flags , then climbed the cables to the top of the two bridge towers . Authorities reviewed evidence including surveillance footage and DNA taken from the bridge , and by August 1 , 2014 , they found up to nine `` persons of interest '' with a possible motive being cannabis activism . However , on August 12 , 2014 , two Berlin artists claimed responsibility for hoisting the two white flags , causing the security panic and investigation by New York police . Mischa Leinkauf and Matthias Wermke said the flags were meant to celebrate `` the beauty of public space '' and the anniversary of the death of German - born John Roebling , who designed the bridge . The artists say they hand - sewed the two flags into all - white replicas of an American flag and had the original flags ready to return . `` This was not an anti-American statement , '' Wermke said . Cultural significance ( edit ) `` Bird 's - Eye View of the Great New York and Brooklyn Bridge and Grand Display of Fire Works on Opening Night '' Contemporaries marveled at what technology was capable of , and the bridge became a symbol of the optimism at the time of construction . John Perry Barlow wrote in the late 20th century of the `` literal and genuinely religious leap of faith '' embodied in the Brooklyn Bridge -- `` the Brooklyn Bridge required of its builders faith in their ability to control technology '' . Albert Gleizes , 1915 , Brooklyn Bridge ( Pont de Brooklyn ) , Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum . This was the most abstract painting of the bridge to date References to `` selling the Brooklyn Bridge '' abound in American culture , sometimes as examples of rural gullibility but more often in connection with an idea that strains credulity . For example , `` If you believe that , I 've got a bridge to sell you . '' George C. Parker and William McCloundy are two early 20th - century con - men who had ( allegedly ) successfully perpetrated this scam on unwitting tourists . The 1949 Bugs Bunny cartoon `` Bowery Bugs '' is also a joking reference to Bugs `` selling '' a story of the Brooklyn Bridge to a naive tourist . A bronze plaque is attached to one of the bridge 's anchorages , which was constructed on a piece of property occupied by a mansion , the Samuel Osgood House , at 1 Cherry Street in Manhattan . It served as the first Presidential Mansion , housing George Washington , his family , and household staff from April 23 , 1789 to February 23 , 1790 , when New York City was the national capital . Its owner , Samuel Osgood , a Massachusetts politician and lawyer , married Maria Bowne Franklin , widow of Walter Franklin , the New York merchant who built it in 1770 . Washington occupied the structure a week before his 1789 inauguration as first President of the United States . In addition to living quarters , the Osgood House contained the President 's private office and the public business office , making it the first seat of the executive branch of the federal government . Love locks on the Brooklyn Bridge `` Love locks '' is a practice by which a couple inscribes a date and their initials onto a lock , attach it to the bridge , and throw the key into the water as a sign of their `` everlasting love '' . Although the origin of the practice is unknown , it is more popular in Europe , where more than 20 countries have at least one city with a similar location . It has reportedly caused damage to certain bridges and is officially illegal in New York City . Workers periodically remove the love locks from the bridge . The bridge is often featured in wide shots of the New York City skyline in television and film . American Modernist poet Hart Crane used the Brooklyn Bridge as a central metaphor and organizing structure for his second and most important book of poetry , The Bridge . This book takes the form of a long poem spanning eight parts , beginning with an ode ( `` Proem : To Brooklyn Bridge '' ) and ending with a transfigured vision of the bridge as the unifying symbol of America ( `` Atlantis '' ) . Crane briefly lived in an apartment overlooking the bridge that , he later learned , once housed Washington Roebling . American playwright Mark Violi penned the drama Roebling : The Story of the Brooklyn Bridge . This stage play focuses on the dramatic events of the Roebling family as they endeavor to build the Brooklyn Bridge . Tagline for the play reads : `` A drama about the men who built the Brooklyn Bridge -- and the woman who finished it . '' Gallery ( edit ) Under construction , c. 1872 -- c. 1887 George Bradford Brainerd , From Bridge Tower , c. 1872 Brooklyn Museum `` From Tower to Tower -- the suspension bridge over the East River -- view from the Brooklyn Tower '' ( 1877 ) Brooklyn Bridge , looking west from Brooklyn , July 1899 Brooklyn Bridge , looking east from Manhattan , July 1899 Painters working on the bridge , October 1914 ( Eugene de Salignac ) Base of Brooklyn tower Flag atop the bridge Pedestrian walkway Westbound roadway , looking east at the bridge View from Brooklyn View from Manhattan Brooklyn Bridge at night taken from Brooklyn Bridge Park A bird soars over the Brooklyn Bridge Panorama of Brooklyn Bridge and Lower Manhattan at night Panorama of Brooklyn Bridge in the daytime The Brooklyn Bridge with Lower Manhattan in the background . Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn Bridge See also ( edit ) Brooklyn Bridge Park Brooklyn Bridge trolleys National Register of Historic Places portal Architecture portal Bridges portal Trains portal New York City portal References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` NYC DOT Bridges & Tunnels Annual Condition Report 2015 '' ( pdf ) . New York City Department of Transportation . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYCDOT Bridges Information '' . New York City Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge '' . Nycroads.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Feuerstein , Gary ( May 29 , 1998 ) . `` Brooklyn Bridge Facts , History and Information '' . Endex Engineering , Inc . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Bridge Traffic Volumes '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Transportation . 2016 . p. 11 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooklyn Bridge '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2002 . Jump up ^ E.P.D. ( January 25 , 1867 ) . `` The East River Bridge '' . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . 27 ( 22 ) . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , James B. ; Bradford , S. Sydney ( February 24 , 1975 ) . `` The Brooklyn Bridge '' . National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` The Brooklyn Bridge -- Accompanying three photos , from 1975 '' . National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination . National Park Service . February 24 , 1975 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooklyn Bridge '' . American Society of Civil Engineers Metropolitan Section . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooklyn Bridge '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ * `` Cultural Resource Information System ( CRIS ) '' ( Searchable database ) . New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Krattinger , William E. ; Hale , Darcey ; Hale , Bruce & Glenn , Morris ( August 2012 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Registration Form : Ligonier Point Historic District '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLane , Charles B. ; McLane , Carol Evarts ( 1997 ) . Islands of the Mid-Maine Coast . I. Tilbury House & Island Institute . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0884481850 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge Champagne '' . ediblegeography.com . Jump up ^ Van Luling , Todd ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` 8 Things Even New Yorkers Do n't Know About New York City '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Mann , Elizabeth . `` The Brooklyn Bridge '' . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Describes the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge , from its conception by John Roebling in 1852 through , after many setbacks , its final completion under the direction of his son , Washington , in 1883 . Jump up ^ `` The Building Of The Bridge. ; Its Cost And The Difficulties Met With -- Details Of The History Of A Great Engineering Triumph '' . The New York Times . May 24 , 1883 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NEW - YORK. ; AFFAIRS AT THE STATE CAPITAL . Consitutional Convention -- New - York and Brooklyn Bridge -- New - York Parks -- Recess -- Homoeopathy . NEW - YORK LEGISLATURE . SENATE ... ASSEMBLY . Revision of the State Constitutlon . The State Agricultural Society '' . The New York Times . April 18 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ An act to incorporate the New York Bridge Company , for the purpose of constructing and maintaining a bridge over the East River , between the cities of New York and Brooklyn . Brooklyn Savings Bank . April 16 , 1867 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE. ; Report of the Subcommittee of Fifty Important Facts and Figures The New - York and Brooklyn Bridge '' . The New York Times . April 10 , 1872 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Robert . `` The Brooklyn Bridge was a Fascinating Sight While Being Built '' . about education . About.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sandhog : Building the Brooklyn Bridge , 1871 '' . Eyewitness to History . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew Heermance ( 1886 ) . The Physiological , Pathological and Therapeutical Effects of Compressed Air . Detroit : George S. Davis . Retrieved April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Acott , Chris ( 1999 ) . `` A brief history of diving and decompression illness '' . South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal . 29 ( 2 ) . ISSN 0813 - 1988 . OCLC 16986801 . Retrieved April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Butler WP ( 2004 ) . `` Caisson disease during the construction of the Eads and Brooklyn Bridges : A review '' . Undersea Hyperb Med. 31 ( 4 ) : 445 -- 59 . PMID 15686275 . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough , David ( 1972 ) . The Great Bridge . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 21213 - 1 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Weigold , Marilyn ( 1984 ) . Silent Builder : Emily Warren Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge . Associated Faculty Press . Jump up ^ `` Emily Warren Roebling '' . American Society of Civil Engineers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GlassSteelandStone : Brooklyn Bridge - tower rests on sand '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2006 . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Burns , Ken . `` Why I Decided to Make Brooklyn Bridge '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Burns , Ken ; U.S. Documentary Film Maker '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Thomas C. ( 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 359 -- 360 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 46095 - 2 . Jump up ^ Micalizio , Caryl - Sue ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` This Day in Geographic History : May 24 1884 -- Brooklyn Bridge Opens '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge ( 1883 ) '' . Bridges of Dublin . Dublin City Council . 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1841 -- 1902 Online '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dead on the New Bridge ; Fatal Crush at the Western Approach '' . The New York Times . May 31 , 1883 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bildner , Phil ( 2004 ) . Twenty - One Elephants . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 689 - 87011 - 6 . Jump up ^ Prince , April Jones ( 2005 ) . Twenty - One Elephants and Still Standing . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 44887 - X . Jump up ^ P.T. Barnum -- MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Strausbaugh , John ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` When Barnum Took Manhattan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Buiso , Gary ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` A True Cover Up . Brooklyn Bridge Paint Job Glosses over History '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Benardo , Leonard ; Weiss , Jennifer ( 2006 ) . Brooklyn by Name : How the Neighborhoods , Streets , Parks , Bridges , and More . NYU Press . ISBN 9780814799468 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . A Board of Aldermen resolution on January 26 , 1915 , made it official . Jump up ^ E.P.D. ( January 25 , 1867 ) . `` Bridging the East River -- Another Project '' . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lovgren , Stefan ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Cold War `` Time Capsule '' Found in Brooklyn Bridge `` . National Geographic News . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NYC Roads . `` The Brooklyn Bridge '' . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Curtis ( November 1 , 1983 ) . `` Selling the Brooklyn Bridge '' . Inc . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burke , Kerry ; Hutchinson , Bill ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Brooklyn Bridge turns 125 with a bang '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge 125th Anniversary Celebration '' . ASCE Metropolitan Section . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryzik , Melena ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` Telescope Takes a Long View , to London '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Ann ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` This Way to Brooklyn , This Way '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( August 2 , 2007 ) . `` Brooklyn Bridge Is One of 3 With Poor Rating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge construction starts Aug. 23 , keeping Manhattan - bound lanes closed nights till 2014 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge Rehabilitation Spring 2014 Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Transportation . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rebuilding the Bridge '' . New York City Department of Transportation . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rebuilding the Bridge -- brochure '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Transportation . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hu , Winnie ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Brooklyn Bridge , the ' Times Square in the Sky , ' May Get an Expansion '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hu , Winnie ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Finally , an Entrance Worthy of the Brooklyn Bridge '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge Opens Special Bicycle Ramps '' . The New York Times . April 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge '' . NYC DOT . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Quindlen , Anna ( April 2 , 1980 ) . `` Koch Faces Day Ebulliently ; He Looks Well Rested '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rutenberg , Jim ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` On Foot , on Bridge and at City Hall , Bloomberg Is Irate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Julavits , Robert ( August 26 , 2003 ) . `` Point of Collapse '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strogatz , Steven ( 2003 ) . Sync : The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order . New York : Hyperion . pp. 174 -- 175 , 312 , 320 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6844 - 9 . Jump up ^ Google ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Brooklyn Bridge '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franks , Norman L.R. ; Guest , Russell & Alegi , Gregory ( 1997 ) . Above the War Fronts : The British Two - seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces , the British Two - seater Fighter Observer Aces , and the Belgian , Italian , Austro - Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces , 1914 - 1918 . Grub Street . pp. 150 -- 151 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898697 - 56 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge '' . SunnyDream . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Odlum , Catherine ( 1885 ) . The Life and Adventures of Prof. Robert Emmet Odlum , Containing an Account of his Splendid Natatorium at the National Capital . Gray and Clarkson . Jump up ^ Stanley , Autumn ( 2009 ) . Raising More Hell and Fewer Dahlias : The Public Life of Charlotte Smith , 1840 -- 1917 . Bethlehem : Lehigh University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 934223 - 99 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Odlum 's Leap to Death '' . The New York Times . May 20 , 1885 . p. 1 . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Dives Off Brooklyn Bridge ; Youngster Eludes the Police and Plunges Into the East River , Escaping Unhurt '' . The New York Times . June 30 , 1910 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Leaped to his death '' . Warren Sheaf. April 18 , 1895 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Joe ( March 2 , 1994 ) . `` 4 Hasidic Youths Hurt in Brooklyn Bridge Shooting '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` In Memoriam '' . Ari Halberstam Memorial Site . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iyman Faris '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baker , Al ; Moynihan , Colin ; Nir , Sarah Maslin ( October 1 , 2011 ) . `` Police Arrest More Than 700 Protesters on Brooklyn Bridge '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Flags Bleached White Appear Atop Brooklyn Bridge '' . WNBC News . July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge ' white flags ' stump police '' . BBC News . July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Esposito , Richard ; Winter , Tom ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` NYPD Looking for 4 Young Adults in Brooklyn Bridge Flags Probe : Official '' . WNBC News . Jump up ^ Glorioso , Chris ; Esposito , Richard ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` NYPD Running License Plates , Examining Cellphone Transmissions , Collecting DNA in Brooklyn Bridge White Flags Investigation '' . WNBC News . Jump up ^ `` Cops closing in on Brooklyn Bridge white flag suspects '' . New York Post . August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germans Put Flags on Brooklyn Bridge '' . Daily Beast . August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Artists Claim Brooklyn Bridge Stunt '' . BBC News . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dienst , Jonathan ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Artists Claim White Flags on Bridge '' . WNBC News . Jump up ^ Barlow , John Perry ( March 21 , 1995 ) . `` The View from the Brooklyn Bridge In response to `` The Five Imperatives for Electronic Trade '' `` . Electronic Frontier Foundation . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Gabriel ( November 27 , 2005 ) . `` For You , Half Price '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Historic Home Marked '' . The New York Times . May 2 , 1899 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davies , Katie ( February 18 , 2013 ) . `` Love locks appear on Brooklyn Bridge '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Violi -- Actor , Playwright , Screenwriter in New Jersey '' . Mark Violi -- Actor , Playwright , Screenwriter in New Jersey . ^ Jump up to : `` Roebling : The Story of the Brooklyn Bridge by Mark Violi -- Brooklyn Bridge Stage Play Drama '' . www.roeblingplay.com . Further reading Cadbury , Deborah ( 2004 ) . Dreams of Iron and Steel . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 716307 - X . Haw , Richard ( 2005 ) . The Brooklyn Bridge : A Cultural History . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3587 - 5 . Haw , Richard ( 2008 ) . Art of the Brooklyn Bridge : A Visual History . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 95386 - 3 . Kingsley , William C. ; Low , William Seth ; Edson , Franklin ( 1883 ) . Opening Ceremonies of the New York and Brooklyn Bridge , May 24 , 1883 . Brooklyn , New York : Press of the Brooklyn eagle job printing Dept . McCullough , David ( 1972 ) . The Great Bridge . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 21213 - 1 . Morris , John G. ( May 1983 ) . `` The Wonderful Brooklyn Bridge '' . National Geographic . 163 ( 5 ) : 565 -- 579 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . Odlum , Catherine ( 1885 ) . The Life and Times of Prof Robert Emmet Odlum . Washington , DC : Gray & Clarkson . Stern , John ; Wilson , Carrie ( 2003 ) . The Brooklyn Bridge : A Study in Greatness ( PDF ) . New York : Aesthetic Realism Looks at NYC . Strogatz , Steven ( 2003 ) . Sync : The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order . New York : Hyperion Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6844 - 5 . Strogatz , Steven H. ; Abrams , Daniel M. ; McRobie , Allan ; Eckhardt , Bruno & Ott , Edward ( 2005 ) . `` Theoretical mechanics : Crowd synchrony on the Millennium Bridge '' . Nature . 438 ( 7064 ) : 43 -- 44 . doi : 10.1038 / 438043a . PMID 16267545 . Trachtenberg , Alan ( 1965 ) . Brooklyn Bridge : Fact and Symbol . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 81115 - 8 . `` Brooklyn Bridge and its Railway '' . The Catskill Archive . `` The Great Bridge and its Lessons '' in Popular Science Monthly Volume 23 , July 1883 `` Constructive Elements of the East River Bridge '' in Popular Science Monthly Volume 23 , July 1883 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brooklyn Bridge . Brooklyn Bridge -- New York City Department of Transportation Brooklyn Bridge : Historic overview -- NYCRoads.com Great Buildings entry for the Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Bridge at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 18 , `` Brooklyn Bridge '' Brooklyn Bridge at Historical Marker Database `` Brooklyn Bridge collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . 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-5993215809815067112 | Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway | Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Getaway - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Getaway Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . 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( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway Author Jeff Kinney Country United States Language English Series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Genre Children 's novel Graphic Novel Publisher Amulet Books ( US ) Puffin Books ( UK ) Publication date November 7 , 2017 ( Worldwide ) Media type Print ( hardcover ) Pages 217 story pages ( 224 altogether ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 2545 - 6 Preceded by Double Down Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway is the twelfth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney . The book was unveiled during the 2017 Diary of a Wimpy Kid Virtually Live Event which was live streamed via YouTube as part of the 10th anniversary of the first book . The book was published and released on November 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Release date 3 Reception 4 References Plot ( edit ) After many frustrations when Greg Heffley 's family try to prepare for Christmas , Greg 's parents decide to skip Christmas and travel by plane to Isla De Corales , the hotel they stayed at while on their honeymoon much to Greg 's dismay . Greg Heffley did not want to go on this trip and skip Christmas . On Christmas Eve they drive to the airport but are delayed by a series of mishaps . They encounter holiday traffic but arrive at the airport . As they fail to unload in time at the drop off zone , Frank and Greg have to return later with the luggage . Greg steps in a slush puddle and they end up missing the shuttle . In the airport , the family 's suitcases are too heavy , so they stuff some clothes into their carry on baggage . They enter the line for security , but a child unclips a barrier separating the lines , and everybody gets scrambled . They go through security and are delayed again by somebody who has to remove all of his piercings . Manny then gets his toy stuck in an escalator , delaying them more . As a result , the family panic , grab some luggage and dash to the gate . It turns out their flight is delayed . Greg goes to dry his sock but destroys it while doing so . He hears that the flight is overbooked , and tries to stop his family boarding in exchange of a hotel stay and $300 ( soon $500 ) , but is stopped by Susan . A replacement crew for the plane is required and they finally board . Greg is first impressed by the plane 's first class seats before he discovers that he has to sit in economy . However , Frank collected enough air miles because of his business trips to sit in first class . In economy , Mom , Rodrick , and Manny are seated in the right row . Greg finds out he has three seats to himself until a couple with a baby arrives late on board . The couple sits on either side of him with their baby . Greg becomes paranoid when he watches the plane 's safety video and begins to ask questions about unfortunate events . Greg is very aggravated of the other passengers because most are n't watching the safety video . Mid-flight , he feels boxed in when the people in front recline and the person behind slides his feet on Greg 's armrest . Greg tries to recline his chair too but when he asks the flight attendant how he learns that he ca n't because the row behind him is an emergency exit . He tries to swap seats with Frank but Rodrick beats him to it . He stays in the bathroom because the couple 's baby started to get annoying , but then he returns to his seat after experiencing turbulence . He somehow was able to sleep for the rest of the flight . As they land on Christmas Day , Greg begins to understand why the family came there . They touch down and began to head to the resort , Isla de Corrales . He is even excited by the activities the resort offer which he sees on the bus . However , Frank and Susan are disappointed that the resort has since changed , and it is now split with a family side ( the Mild Side ) and a couple side ( the Wild Side ) and the hotel they wanted to stay last time is now in the Wild Side . The family has to stay to a different hotel . The family also discovers that they got the wrong luggage that is locked , and their luggage was sent back home . They only have the clothes they put in their carry on luggage . They attempt to buy some new clothes , but Frank wo n't buy them as they are too expensive . The family goes to explore the resort and end up at the pool . The Director of Fun shows up , however , and gets everybody moving . Greg is forced to take part in two games . After this , Greg sees an iguana by the pool and is worried , so the family goes to get some lunch . Greg and his family try to eat outside ; however , too many birds and bugs keep ruining their meals . Frank contracts a stomach bug from his water , so they head back to the suite . The next day , Greg uses the shower which is outside . As he puts on his slipper , a giant spider falls out . Greg has an intense fear of spiders . As a result , he calls room service , but the lady who answers says that there is a do not disturb sign on the doorknob . The lady says he has to order food for someone to come . The waiter who arrives also is scared of spiders . Eventually , they manage to trap the spider and flush it down the toilet . The family heads to the beach without Frank as he is still at the suite . He returns , however , and reveals that he found the same spider that Greg attempted to flush away on the toilet seat . Manny develops an obsession with collecting sea creatures in his bucket so he can have them as pets . Unfortunately , he is upset by Susan when she returns them , so they go to the activities . Before this , they have to find Rodrick , who has been in the teen zone helping a girl get her lip ring out of the volleyball net . They first try the banana boat , but this is ruined when a kid using a water trampoline lands on and bursts their float . They get hungry , so they go to the golf clubhouse which turns them down as they are not following the dress code . They go to the swim - up bar and learn of a monkey which has been returning there for drinks every day . They are chased away when Manny finds the TV remote , changes the channel to his favorite cartoons and throws the remote in the water . Greg goes to the arcade , and the family regroups later to find Rodrick . The same girl he helped earlier is now his girlfriend . In the evening , they go to the beach bonfire and go to see turtles hatching . Just as they are prepared to leave , they begin to hatch , but they lose their way to the sea as people are using the flashes on their phones to take photos . The next day , Susan goes to the spa and Frank goes to the gym . Rodrick then goes back to the teen zone . Greg takes Manny to the Toddler 's Cabana , but Manny gets out of going there because he is not potty trained . He puts Manny in the pool but has to get him out again later . Susan booked a charter cruise for the whole family due in thirty minutes . On the cruise ( which turns out to be a regular boat ) , the captain offers them to go scuba diving . Greg is freaked out by all of the deadly animals , including the venomous box jellyfish , and only stays in for one photo . As he surfaces , he swallows a big gulp of water . He thinks a seahorse was in there too : so they return to the resort to see a doctor . Frank and Susan were both seasick , so they just return to the poolside . They see the Director of Fun , who keeps circling their chair , but suddenly stops at a plastic bag in Manny 's bucket . It is actually a box jellyfish which Manny smuggled from the scuba diving , in which the Director of Fun launches it back into the pool in fear . Because the pool workers could n't find the jellyfish , they have to drain the pool . They escape in the commotion , and notice Rodrick is n't there . He had been left in the sea where they went scuba diving and had extreme sunburn . They return to the suite and decide to spend their last few days outdoors . The next day , Greg goes to the tennis court in hopes of learning how to play tennis . Unfortunately , it was just a cage full of children with a ball machine and tennis balls . It turns into a free - for - all , which stops suddenly when one of the kids recognizes Greg as the kid who brought the box jellyfish during the episode . He tries to tell them that it was Manny 's fault , but they throw tennis balls at him . He quickly escapes the cage and goes back to the suite with his family . They were out of things to do and want to leave the resort early ; however , Frank refuses to leave until he gets a decent meal . Manny discovers that the suitcase they got on mistake fell and broke and also has the clothes they need to get in the clubhouse . They each wear some of the clothes in there ; the first head to the clubhouse , and then the putting green for golf . However , they are spotted by a security guard , who escorts them out of the green . A family had reported them for wearing their missing clothes . They attempted a failed getaway with a golf cart , and are ultimately sent back to the hotel to return the clothes . They were also ejected from the hotel for theft , so they were forced to stay overnight at the airport hotel . The next day , Susan refuses to leave the resort to leave on a high note . So they sneak in . They skip the pool and then find Rodrick 's girlfriend with a man named Rodrigo . They go back to the beach and scavenge for food by distracting others and then eating their food . They go to take one more photo but are spotted by the family who they took clothes from . The Heffleys try to escape the resort . Greg heads to the beach and windsurfs away . He gets stuck in the dolphin swimming area but is chased back to shore by security . He ends up on the Wild Side ( couple ) of the beach and lands on a nude beach . Greg runs for the wall dividing the two sides ; just where his family was passing . Greg tries to climb over the wall separating the two sides , but it is destroyed by a stampede of Mild Side tourists . The family escapes unnoticed and heads to the airport . When they get back , Greg wants to show Rowley where he went to for his Christmas holidays . He discovers that he and his family has been banned from the resort for the rest of their lives and are wanted for the chaos they caused . On Isla de Corrales ' website , there is a picture of Greg 's family on the banana boat with words in Spanish : `` ¡ Atención ! Póngase en Contacto con Isla de Corrales si conoce la identidad de las personas en la foto de Arriba '' meaning `` Attention ! Contact Coral Island if you know the identities of the people in the picture above . '' Release date ( edit ) The Getaway is the 12th book in the series , and was released everywhere except Canada and China on November 7 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) A week since its release , it has received 4.5 / 5 stars on Waterstones with 786 reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid ( 27 April 2017 ) . `` Wimpy Kid LIVE Special 10th Anniversary Presentation and Cover Reveal of Book 12 ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Of New Diary Of A Wimpy Kid Book Revealed By Jeff Kinney To Fans Worldwide At Live streamed Carnegie Hall Event Hosted By ABRAMS '' . Tristateupdate.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway by Jeff Kinney -- Waterstones '' . Waterstones.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . ( hide ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid:_The_Getaway&oldid=834437604 '' Categories : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from August 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with too few wikilinks from December 2017 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 18 : 46 . About Wikipedia | where does diary of a wimpy kid the getaway take place | [
"After many frustrations when Greg Heffley's family try to prepare for Christmas, Greg's parents decide to skip Christmas and travel by plane to Isla De Corales, the hotel they stayed at while on their honeymoon much to Greg's dismay. Greg Heffley did not want to go on this trip and skip Christmas."
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-7855298266036956032 | Alpha (film) | Alpha ( film ) - wikipedia Alpha ( film ) Alpha Theatrical release poster Directed by Albert Hughes Produced by Albert Hughes Andrew Rona Screenplay by Daniele Sebastian Wiedenhaupt Story by Albert Hughes Starring Kodi Smit - McPhee Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson Music by Joseph S. DeBeasi Cinematography Martin Gschlacht Edited by Sandra Granovsky Production company Columbia Pictures Studio 8 The Picture Company Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) ( US ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language Fictional language Budget $51 million Box office $97.6 million Alpha is a 2018 American historical adventure film directed by Albert Hughes and written by Daniele Sebastian Wiedenhaupt , from a story by Hughes . The film stars Kodi Smit - McPhee as a young hunter who befriends an injured wolf during the last ice age , with Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as his father . The wolf is played by Chuck , a five - year - old Czechoslovakian Wolfdog . Principal photography began in February 2016 in Canada and lasted through that April . The film was delayed several times , before being released in the United States on August 17 , 2018 , by Sony Pictures Releasing . It has grossed over $97 million worldwide and received generally favorable reviews from critics , who praised the performances and cinematography . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In Upper Paleolithic Europe , 20,000 years in the past , a small tribe of hunter - gatherers prepares for an expedition to hunt for the coming winter 's food . Tau , its chief , trains his adolescent son Keda , accepting him and another boy to join the hunting party . His wife Rho worries that Keda is not ready , but Tau believes he is and the hunters set out . Tau tests Keda by having him kill a boar they 've caught , but Keda balks . One night , the party 's fire draws the attention of a Machairodus , which lunges through their circle , snatching Keda 's friend . Hearing the fatal struggle in the darkness , the tribe gives him up for dead . The member is given a memorial service in the form of placing rocks to symbolize the passing of one 's spirit to the afterlife . The hunters eventually reach a herd of steppe bison , which they attempt to stampede off a cliff in relative success . Amidst the chaos , a bison rushes Keda and throws him over the edge , leaving him gripping the rough cliff edge with his hand . Keda loses grip and falls to a further ledge where he appears to break his leg and is knocked to unconsciousness . Tau attempts to climb down to him , but he is stopped by another member of the tribe who assures him in good faith that Keda is dead and there would be no way to reach him nonetheless . The tribe leaves and Tau performs another funeral ritual , stricken with grief . Keda awakes and tries to climb the rest of the way down the cliff . A sudden heavy rainfall causes the ravine below to flood . Losing his grip , Keda jumps into the water . He survives and splints his injured foot before returning to the top of the cliff . Seeing the memorial cairn left by his tribe , he realizes he must trek back to the village by himself . He is attacked by a pack of wolves , but escapes up a tree , wounding one of them which the others leave behind . Keda takes pity on it and cares for its injury . Gradually gaining the wolf 's trust , he gives it water and then food , establishing himself as dominant by feeding himself first . He sets out for the village without the wolf , but it follows him . Their companionship grows , and they learn to hunt small boar together . Along the way , Keda names the wolf Alpha . One night , they are approached menacingly by a pack of wolves . They hesitate upon seeing Alpha , who steps forward and greets them . The pack runs off and with Keda 's blessing , Alpha joins them . Keda continues his journey alone as the season changes to winter . On a frozen lake , he encounters a pack of wolves feeding . Recognizing Alpha , he runs to them , but the ice breaks and he falls through . Alpha helps rescue him and they are reunited . Continuing the journey together , they find a man who has frozen to death outside his tent and scavenge a bow and arrow from it . Later , they take refuge from cave hyenas in a cave where they are attacked by another Machairodus . Alpha and the Machairodus fight , and Keda kills the Machairodus with the arrow . However , Alpha is badly injured and now travels with difficulty . Meanwhile , Keda begins to cough up blood . When Alpha finally can not walk , Keda carries the wolf . Keda eventually finds the village and reunites happily with his parents , who are amazed and proud of him . As the village healer tends to Alpha 's wounds , the wolf delivers a litter of pups to Keda 's surprise . Alpha and her pups are formally welcomed into the tribe and grow up in the care of Alpha and Keda . In time , the tribe becomes one of both humans and domesticated wolves , hunting together . Cast ( edit ) Kodi Smit - McPhee as Keda Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Tau Natassia Malthe as Rho Leonor Varela as Shaman Jens Hultén as Xi Mercedes de la Zerda as Nu Spencer Bogaert as Kappa Chuck as Alpha Production ( edit ) The film was first announced in September 2015 , with Albert Hughes as director , produced by Studio 8 . The film uses the IMAX 3D format . Kodi Smit - McPhee was confirmed as its star in November 2015 , and other casting was finalized the following February . Filming took place in Drumheller , Burnaby , and Vancouver , where a large set was built in Boundary Road near East Kent Avenue . Filming in Vancouver took place from February to May 2016 , and at Dinosaur Provincial Park near Patricia , Alberta in April 2016 , and in Iceland . The production was investigated after five Alberta bison were allegedly killed in the making of the film . Following an investigation , the American Humane Association denied its `` No Animals Were Harmed '' end - credit certification to the production . Two days before the film 's release , PETA called for a boycott of the film . Release ( edit ) In June 2017 , the film 's title was changed from The Solutrean to Alpha . The term Solutrean is derived from Solutré . Initially set for a September 2017 release date , it was pushed back to March 2018 . In December 2017 , it was again delayed , this time to September 2018 . In April 2018 , the release date was moved up to August 17 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of September 25 , 2018 , Alpha has grossed $35.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $55.4 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $90.7 million , against a production budget of $51 million . In the United States and Canada , Alpha was released alongside Crazy Rich Asians and Mile 22 , and was projected to gross $7 -- 9 million from 2,719 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $3.4 million on its first day , including $525,000 from Thursday night previews at 2,303 theaters . It went on to debut to $10.3 million , finishing fifth at the box office . In its second weekend the film dropped to seventh place , making $5.6 million . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 80 % based on 111 reviews , with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Well - acted and beautifully filmed , Alpha offers a canine - assisted epic adventure that blends rousing action with an extra helping of canine charm . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 63 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . See also ( edit ) The Clan of the Cave Bear 10,000 BC Quest for Fire References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Variety Media . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( August 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Alpha ' is a boy - meets - wolf love story , set in the Ice Age . And yes , it works '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . In an invented language with subtitles . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Alissa ( August 15 , 2018 ) . `` Alpha takes a conventional boy - and - his - dog tale and does something wholly unexpected with it '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Alpha is the rare film that dares to imagine that American audiences are willing to sit in a multiplex and read subtitles , since the members of the clan , who already do n't utter much dialogue , speak in an unidentified prehistoric language . Jump up ^ `` Alpha ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved September 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alpha ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://pop.inquirer.net/56885/wolf-dogs-lend-genuine-emotional-weight-epic-adventure-alpha Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jeff Robinov 's First Studio 8 - Hatched Film : Albert Hughes - Directed Ice Age Survival Tale ' Solutrean ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Kodi Smit - McPhee starring in The Solutrean '' . Empire . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Albert Hughes ' Ice Age Epic ' The Solutrean ' Gets Rolling For Studio 8 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kolafa , Pat ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Ice age epic filmed near Hoodoos '' . Drumheller Mail . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christine ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Vancouver right now '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Solutrean Starts Filming in Vancouver This Week '' . What 's Filming ? . February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rieger , Sarah ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Solutrean ' Under Investigation After 5 Alberta Bison Were Allegedly Killed '' . HuffPost . Oath . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Notice '' . American Humane . September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( August 15 , 2018 ) . `` Peta declares boycott against ' Alpha ' after five bison were slaughtered and skinned during production '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Solutrean ' Retitled ' Alpha , ' Gets New Release Date ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Moves ' Alpha ' To Fall , Bumps ' Goosebumps 2 ' To October '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Alpha ' & ' White Boy Rick ' Swap Release Dates On Sony Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Crazy Rich Asians ' Could Hit $30 M In 5 - Day Opening ; Fandango Presales Currently Besting ' Girls Trip ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Crazy Rich Asians ' Even Richer On Saturday With $10 M+ ; Weekend Bling Now At $25 M+ With $34 M 5 - Day Debut '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Why ' Happytime Murders ' Reps A Solo Career B.O. Low For Melissa McCarthy In A ' Crazy Rich ' Weekend -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alpha ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alpha Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Alpha on IMDb Alpha at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Albert and Allen Hughes Together Menace II Society ( 1993 ) Dead Presidents ( 1995 ) American Pimp ( 1999 ) From Hell ( 2001 ) The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) Allen only Knights of the South Bronx ( 2005 ) New York , I Love You ( 2008 ) Broken City ( 2013 ) The Defiant Ones ( 2017 ) Albert only Alpha ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpha_(film)&oldid=866291940 '' Categories : 2018 films 2010s adventure films American films American epic films American adventure films Columbia Pictures films Fictional - language films Films about animals Films about hunter - gatherers Films set in prehistory Films set in Europe Films shot in Alberta Films shot in British Columbia Films shot in Iceland Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Prehistoric people in popular culture Survival films Wolves in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 13 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is alpha being released in the uk | [] | [] |
-944938039204397039 | List of highest paid film actors | List of highest paid film actors - wikipedia List of highest paid film actors Jump to : navigation , search Salaries for the world 's highest paid film actors currently range from $20 -- 30 million , but an actor can earn substantially more by deferring all or part of their salary against a percentage of the film 's gross , known within the industry as a `` profit participation '' deal . Since not all salaries are made public , this is a non-definitive list of actors who have received $30 million or more as compensation for their services . The figures are given at their nominal value , since earnings from profit based deals are accumulated over many years , making it unfeasible to adjust for inflation . Highest - earning actors in films Actor Film Year Salary Total income Ref Reeves , Keanu Keanu Reeves Matrix Reloaded , The The Matrix Reloaded The Matrix Revolutions 2003 $30,000,000 $156,000,000 Willis , Bruce Bruce Willis Sixth Sense , The The Sixth Sense 1999 $14,000,000 $100,000,000 Cruise , Tom Tom Cruise Mission Impossible 2Mission : Impossible 2 2000 $100,000,000 Cruise , Tom Tom Cruise War of the Worlds 2005 $100,000,000 Smith , Will Will Smith Men in Black 3 2012 $100,000,000 Bullock , Sandra Sandra Bullock Gravity 2013 $20,000,000 $70,000,000 + Hanks , Tom Tom Hanks Forrest Gump $70,000,000 Cruise , Tom Tom Cruise Mission Impossible 1Mission : Impossible $70,000,000 Ford , Harrison Harrison Ford Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 2008 $65,000,000 Nicholson , Jack Jack Nicholson Batman $6,000,000 $60,000,000 DiCaprio , Leonardo Leonardo DiCaprio Inception $59,000,000 Depp , Johnny Johnny Depp Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides 2011 $35,000,000 $55,000,000 Downey , Jr. , Robert Robert Downey , Jr . Avengers , The The Avengers 2012 $50,000,000 Diaz , Cameron Cameron Diaz Bad Teacher 2011 $42,000,000 DiCaprio , Leonardo Leonardo DiCaprio Titanic $40,000,000 Hanks , Tom Tom Hanks Saving Private Ryan 1998 $40,000,000 Depp , Johnny Johnny Depp Alice in Wonderland $40,000,000 Carrey , Jim Jim Carrey Yes Man 2008 $35,000,000 Schwarzenegger , Arnold Arnold Schwarzenegger Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines 2003 $29,250,000 $30,000,000 + Gibson , Mel Mel Gibson Lethal Weapon 4 1998 $30,000,000 $30,000,000 Pitt , Brad Brad Pitt Ocean 's Eleven $10,000,000 $30,000,000 Jump up ^ Arnold Schwarzenegger received a $29,250,000 salary for Terminator 3 plus a 20 % royalty on the worldwide box office gross over $380 million . The film ultimately had a global gross of $433 million . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - By - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . pp. 616 -- 617 , 714 -- 715 , 824 -- 825 & 832 . ISBN 9780061778896 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( 5 June 2013 ) . `` Will Smith 's ' After Earth ' Apocalypse : Who Loses Most '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Stephen ( 26 February 2014 ) . `` Sandra Bullock to Make $70 Million ( At Least ) for ' Gravity ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( 10 June 2009 ) . `` Hollywood 's Top - Earning Actors '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Peter A. ( 1997 ) . Jack Nicholson : the life and times of an actor on the edge . Carol Publishing Group . p. 214 . ISBN 9781559724203 . By 1994 , it had reportedly reached $60 million . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb , Peter ( March 2011 ) . `` Hollywood 's Top 40 '' . Vanity Fair . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( 22 July 2014 ) . `` Fourth Pirates Of The Caribbean Is Most Expensive Movie Ever With Costs Of $410 Million '' . Forbes . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . One of the biggest costs of making On Stranger Tides was paying the production staff and actors with Mr Depp alone believed to have received $55 million for the movie . Jump up ^ Heath , Chris ( April 2013 ) . `` Profile : Robert Downey Jr . '' . GQ . p. 3 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 20 June 2013 ) . `` Sequel to Cameron Diaz 's ' Bad Teacher ' in the Works '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Schuker , Lauren E. ( 2 April 2009 ) , `` Hollywood Squeezes Stars ' Pay in Slump '' , The Wall Street Journal , archived from the original on 16 June 2013 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_paid_film_actors&oldid=806634743 '' Categories : Lists of superlatives Lists of film actors Wages and salaries Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 07 : 12 . About Wikipedia | who is the highest paid actor in history | [
"\nReeves, KeanuKeanu Reeves\nMatrix Reloaded, TheThe Matrix Reloaded\nThe Matrix Revolutions\n2003\n$30,000,000\n$156,000,000\n[1]\n"
] | [
"Keanu Reeves"
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-5857756719672990735 | List of current United States House of Representatives committees | List of current United States House of Representatives committees - Wikipedia List of current United States House of Representatives committees Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Members of the Committee on Financial Services sit in the tiers of raised chairs ( R ) , while those testifying and audience members sit below ( L ) . The United States House of Representatives currently has 21 congressional committees ; 20 standing committees and one select committee . All but three committees , the Budget Committee , the Ethics Committee , and the House Administration Committee , are subdivided into subcommittees of which there are a total of 95 , each with its own leadership . The modern House committees were brought into existence through the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 . This bill reduced the number of House committees from 48 to 19 , as well as restructured the jurisdictions of the committees . Contents ( hide ) 1 2017 -- 2019 Standing Committees 2 Select committees 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources and external links 2017 -- 2019 Standing Committees ( edit ) Committee Chair person Ranking Member Subcommittee Agriculture Mike Conaway ( R - TX ) Collin Peterson ( D - MN ) Biotechnology , Horticulture , and Research Rodney Davis ( R - IL ) Michelle Lujan Grisham ( D - NM ) Commodity Exchanges , Energy , and Credit Austin Scott ( R - GA ) David Scott ( D - GA ) Conservation and Forestry Frank Lucas ( R - OK ) Marcia Fudge ( D - OH ) General Farm Commodities and Risk Management Rick Crawford ( R - AR ) Rick Nolan ( D - MN ) Livestock and Foreign Agriculture David Rouzer ( R - NC ) Jim Costa ( D - CA ) Nutrition Glenn Thompson ( R - PA ) Jim McGovern ( D - MA ) Appropriations Rodney Frelinghuysen ( R - NJ ) Nita Lowey ( D - NY ) Agriculture , Rural Development , Food and Drug Administration , and Related Agencies Robert Aderholt ( R - AL ) Sanford Bishop ( D - GA ) Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies John Culberson ( R - TX ) José E. 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Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Intelligence Committee Webpage '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Sources and external links ( edit ) Congressional Directory : Main Page , Government Printing Office Online . Detailed listings of many aspects of previous memberships and sessions of Congress . Committees of the U.S. Congress . Congress.gov . Library of Congress . U.S. Congressional Biographical Dictionary H. Res. 6 ( Chairs ) , H. Res. 7 ( D ) and H. 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-9031236482751829211 | This is the Place Monument | This is the Place monument - Wikipedia This is the Place monument Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 11 '' N 111 ° 48 ′ 48 '' W / 40.753167 ° N 111.813317 ° W / 40.753167 ; - 111.813317 `` This Is The Place '' redirects here . For the song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers , see By the Way . For the poem about Manchester , see Tony Walsh ( poet ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The This Is The Place Monument in Salt Lake City , Utah . The This is the Place Monument is a historical monument at the This is the Place Heritage Park , located on the east side of Salt Lake City , Utah , at the mouth of Emigration Canyon . It is named in honor of Brigham Young 's famous statement in 1847 that the Latter - day Saint pioneers should settle in the Salt Lake Valley . Sculpted between 1939 and 1947 by Mahonri M. Young , a grandson of Brigham Young , it stands as a monument to the Mormon pioneers as well as the explorers and settlers of the American West . It was dedicated by LDS Church President George Albert Smith on 24 July 1947 , the hundredth anniversary of the pioneers entering the Salt Lake Valley . It replaced a much smaller monument located nearby . Contents 1 Groups on the monument 2 Individuals on the monument 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Groups on the monument ( edit ) Brigham Young , Heber C. Kimball and Wilford Woodruff on the top of the monument Mormon pioneers from the vanguard expedition of 1847 including the nine preliminary explorers , the main company and the rear group . Donner Party Spanish explorers from the Dominguez - Escalante Expedition in 1776 William H. Ashley and American Fur Company Trappers Individuals on the monument ( edit ) Benjamin Bonneville John Brown Isaac Perry Decker John C. Fremont Heber C. Kimball Ellen Saunders Kimball Jesse C. Little Joseph Matthews Peter Skene Ogden John Pack Orson Pratt Etienne Provost Willard Richards Orrin Porter Rockwell Father de Smet George A. Smith Erastus Snow Chief Washakie Wilford Woodruff Brigham Young Clarissa Decker Young Harriet Page Wheeler Decker Young Lorenzo Dow Young Lorenzo Sobieski Young See also ( edit ) Book : Historic Sites of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints LDS Church portal Book of Mormon portal Mormon handcart pioneers Mormon Trail Pioneer Day ( Utah ) Utah , This is the Place Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` This Is The Place Monument Dedication '' , Improvement Era , Sept. 1947 , p. 570 References ( edit ) Smith , Henry A. `` 50,000 attend ' This is the Place ' site ceremony , '' Deseret News , July 24 , 1947 . `` Pres. Smith realizes dream of dedication , '' Deseret News , July 24 , 1947 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to This Is The Place Monument . Official website http://www.uen.org/utahlink/tours/tourViewImages.cgi?tour_id=5 http://www.scienceviews.com/parks/thisistheplace.html http://historytogo.utah.gov/places/historical_places/thisistheplacemonument.html Historic sites of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Northeast Palmyra Book of Mormon Historic Publication Site Hill Cumorah Smith Family Farm ( Sacred Grove ) Kirtland Historic Kirtland Village ( Newel K. Whitney Store ) Kirtland Temple Other Priesthood Restoration Site John Johnson Farm Joseph Smith Birthplace Memorial Peter Whitmer log home Washington D.C. Temple Visitors ' Center Midwest Nauvoo Nauvoo Visitors ' Center Nauvoo Temple Nauvoo Historic District Red Brick Store Missouri Far West Temple Site Adam - ondi - Ahman Liberty Jail Independence ( Zion ) Temple Lot Independence Visitors ' Center Haun 's Mill Other Carthage Jail Winter Quarters ( Mormon Trail Center Mormon Pioneer Cemetery ) West Salt Lake City Temple Square ( Salt Lake Temple Tabernacle Tabernacle Organ Assembly Hall Gardens ) Conference Center ( Organ ) Church Office Building Joseph Smith Memorial Building Church Administration Building Relief Society Building Brigham Young Complex ( Beehive House Lion House ) Family History Library Church History Museum Church History Library Granite Mountain Records Vault Mormon Pioneer Memorial Monument This is the Place Monument Brigham Young Monument Other Cove Fort Farmington Rock Chapel St. George Temple Visitors ' Center Laie Hawaii Temple Visitors ' Center Polynesian Cultural Center Mormon Corridor Martin 's Cove Pipe Spring National Monument Non-U.S. Gadfield Elm Chapel Jerusalem Center Mexico City Temple Visitors ' Center New Zealand Temple Visitors ' Center LDS Church Portal Book This article related to the Latter Day Saint movement is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_is_the_Place_Monument&oldid=852591766 '' Categories : 1947 sculptures Buildings and structures in Salt Lake City Monuments and memorials in Utah Mormon migration to Utah Outdoor sculptures in Utah Tourist attractions in Salt Lake City Latter Day Saint movement stubs Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 01 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5118911863600200637 | The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared | The Hundred - Year - Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared - wikipedia The Hundred - Year - Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared Jump to : navigation , search For the film based on the novel , see The Hundred - Year - Old Man Who Climbed Out of the Window and Disappeared ( film ) The Hundred - Year - Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared The cover of the Swedish original version of the book . Author Jonas Jonasson Original title Hundraåringen som klev ut genom fönstret och försvann Cover artist Eric Thunfors Country Sweden Language Swedish Publisher Piratförlaget Publication date 9 September 2009 Published in English 12 July 2012 Pages 391 pages ISBN 978 - 91 - 642 - 0296 - 3 The Hundred - Year - Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared ( Swedish : Hundraåringen som klev ut genom fönstret och försvann , also known as The Hundred - Year - Old Man Who Climbed Out of the Window and Disappeared ( UK ) and The 100 - Year - Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared in the US ) is a 2009 comic novel by the Swedish author Jonas Jonasson . Plot ( edit ) Allan Karlsson is about to celebrate his hundredth birthday , and a party is planned at his retirement home . Allan is alert despite his age , but is not interested in attending the party . Instead he climbs out the window and disappears . He walks in his slippers to the nearest bus station , intending to travel as far as his available cash will allow . While at the bus station , he meets an angry young man with a suitcase so big that he ca n't get into the lavatory and take it with him . He desperately asks Allan to hold the case for him and wait . Within half a minute , Allan 's bus arrives and Allan boards it , taking the suitcase with him onto the bus . However , the young man misses the bus . The suitcase turns out to be stuffed with drug dealers ' money , and Karlsson is chased by the dealers , trying to recover their lost cash . Meanwhile , the retirement home calls the police to search for Allan . The police have no knowledge of the money and are only looking for Allan , who is known to be somewhat absent minded . But Allan is simply trying to escape his retirement home confinement . He gets caught up in criminal activity by accident and ends up , unknown to him , being hunted by both the police and a gang of murderous criminals . While dealing with Karlsson 's adventures as a centenarian , the novel also provides flashbacks to increasingly fantastic episodes from his long life . As it proceeds , we learn that Karlsson had helped to make the atom bomb , became good friends with Harry S. Truman and General Franco , knew Stalin , Kim Jong - il , Mao Tse - tung , and Soong Mei - ling , foiled an assassination plot against Winston Churchill , and was a participant behind the scenes in many of the key events of the twentieth century . Release and reception ( edit ) The Hundred - Year - Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared was released as hardback and audiobook in 2009 , and as paperback in 2010 . It became the best selling book in Sweden in 2010 and by July 2012 had sold three million copies worldwide . The audiobook , read by the actor Björn Granath , won the Iris Ljudbokspris award in 2010 . The book was published in the United Kingdom by Hesperus Press on 12 July 2012 and in the United States by Hyperion Books on 11 September 2012 . In 2013 it was adapted into a film of the same name . On August 23 , 2017 , it was announced that CBS Films will collaborate with Gary Sanchez Productions in order to produce an American adaptation of the book . Will Ferrell will star in the film , and it will be produced by Ferrell along with Adam McKay and Jessica Elbaum . The screenplay will be written by Jason George . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hundred-Year-Old-Man-Climbed-Window-Disappeared/dp/0349141800 Jump up ^ `` Hundraåringen som klev ut genom fönstret och försvann '' ( in Swedish ) . Piratförlaget . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hundraåringen '' årets mest sålda bok `` . Svenska Dagbladet ( in Swedish ) . 21 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Josefsson , Erika ( 25 September 2010 ) . `` Årets bästa ljudbok ! '' . Gefle Dagblad ( in Swedish ) . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Alberge , Dalya ( 4 March 2012 ) . `` Swedish bestseller has the last laugh '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Will Ferrell to Star in ' The 100 - Year - Old Man ' Adaptation ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hundred-Year-Old_Man_Who_Climbed_Out_the_Window_and_Disappeared&oldid=799494080 '' Categories : 2009 Swedish novels Debut novels Novels set in Sweden Swedish novels adapted into films Swedish - language novels Works about old age Comedy novels Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from March 2012 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles containing Swedish - language text Talk About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6365562877775314404 | List of Clemson Tigers bowl games | List of Clemson Tigers bowl games - wikipedia List of Clemson Tigers bowl games Jump to : navigation , search The Tigers take the field at the 2009 Music City Bowl . The Clemson Tigers college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , representing Clemson University in the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Since the establishment of the team in 1896 , Clemson has appeared in 42 bowl games . Included in these games are 9 combined appearances in the traditional `` big four '' bowl games ( the Rose , Sugar , Cotton , and Orange ) . Clemson 's 22 bowl victories currently ranks as 17th all - time among college football programs for most bowl wins . The Tigers also rank 17th in most bowl appearances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Bowl games 3 Notes 4 References Key ( edit ) General Bowl game record attendance Former bowl game record attendance Stadium record attendance * National championship game College Football Playoff Results Win Loss Bowl games ( edit ) List of bowl games showing bowl played in , score , date , season , opponent , stadium , location , attendance and head coach # Season Bowl Score Date Opponent Stadium Location Attendance Head coach 1939 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic 7000300000000000000 ♠ W 6 -- 3 000000001940 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1940 Boston College Eagles Cotton Bowl Dallas , TX 20,000 Neely , Jess Jess Neely 1948 1949 Gator Bowl 7000100000000000000 ♠ W 24 -- 23 000000001949 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1949 Missouri Tigers Gator Bowl Stadium Jacksonville , FL 32,959 Howard , Frank Frank Howard 1950 1951 Orange Bowl 7000100000000000000 ♠ W 15 -- 14 000000001951 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1951 Miami Hurricanes Burdine Stadium Miami , FL 65,181 Howard , Frank Frank Howard 1951 1952 Gator Bowl 2998860000000000000 ♠ L 14 -- 0 000000001952 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1952 Miami Hurricanes Gator Bowl Stadium Jacksonville , FL 34,577 Howard , Frank Frank Howard 1956 1957 Orange Bowl 2999400000000000000 ♠ L 27 -- 21 000000001957 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1957 Colorado Buffaloes Burdine Stadium Miami , FL 73,280 Howard , Frank Frank Howard 6 1958 1959 Sugar Bowl 2999300000000000000 ♠ L 7 -- 0 000000001959 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1959 LSU Tigers Tulane Stadium New Orleans , LA 82,000 Howard , Frank Frank Howard 7 1959 1959 Bluebonnet Bowl 7000700000000000000 ♠ W 7 -- 0 000000001959 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1959 TCU Horned Frogs Rice Stadium Houston , TX 55,000 Howard , Frank Frank Howard 8 1977 1977 Gator Bowl 2998690000000000000 ♠ L 34 -- 3 000000001977 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1977 Pittsburgh Panthers Gator Bowl Stadium Jacksonville , FL 72,289 Pell , Charley Charley Pell 9 1978 1978 Gator Bowl 7000200000000000000 ♠ W 17 -- 15 000000001978 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1978 Ohio State Buckeyes Gator Bowl Stadium Jacksonville , FL 72,011 Ford , Danny Danny Ford 10 1979 1979 Peach Bowl 2999400000000000000 ♠ L 24 -- 18 000000001979 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 1979 Baylor Bears Fulton County Stadium Atlanta , GA 57,371 Ford , Danny Danny Ford 11 1981 1982 Orange Bowl * 7000700000000000000 ♠ W 22 -- 15 000000001982 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1982 Nebraska Cornhuskers Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 72,748 Ford , Danny Danny Ford 12 1985 1985 Independence Bowl 2999300000000000000 ♠ L 20 -- 13 000000001985 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 1985 Minnesota Golden Gophers Independence Stadium Shreveport , LA 42,800 Ford , Danny Danny Ford 13 1986 1986 Gator Bowl 7000600000000000000 ♠ W 27 -- 21 000000001986 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1986 Stanford Cardinal Gator Bowl Stadium Jacksonville , FL 80,104 Ford , Danny Danny Ford 14 1988 Florida Citrus Bowl 7001250000000000000 ♠ W 35 -- 10 000000001988 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1988 Penn State Nittany Lions Citrus Bowl Orlando , FL 53,152 Ford , Danny Danny Ford 15 1988 1989 Florida Citrus Bowl 7000700000000000000 ♠ W 13 -- 6 000000001989 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1989 Oklahoma Sooners Citrus Bowl Orlando , FL 53,571 Ford , Danny Danny Ford 16 1989 1989 Gator Bowl 7001200000000000000 ♠ W 27 -- 7 000000001989 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1989 West Virginia Mountaineers Gator Bowl Stadium Jacksonville , FL 82,911 Ford , Danny Danny Ford 17 1990 1991 Hall of Fame Bowl 7001300000000000000 ♠ W 30 -- 0 000000001991 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1991 Illinois Fighting Illini Tampa Stadium Tampa , FL 63,154 Hatfield , Ken Ken Hatfield 18 1991 1992 Florida Citrus Bowl 2998760000000000000 ♠ L 37 -- 14 000000001992 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1992 California Golden Bears Citrus Bowl Orlando , FL 64,192 Hatfield , Ken Ken Hatfield 19 1993 1993 Peach Bowl 7000100000000000000 ♠ W 14 -- 13 000000001993 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 1993 Kentucky Wildcats Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 63,416 West , Tommy Tommy West 20 1995 1996 Gator Bowl 2998590000000000000 ♠ L 41 -- 0 000000001996 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1996 Syracuse Orangemen Jacksonville Municipal Stadium Jacksonville , FL 45,202 West , Tommy Tommy West 21 1996 Peach Bowl 2999700000000000000 ♠ L 10 -- 7 000000001996 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1996 LSU Tigers Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 63,622 West , Tommy Tommy West 22 1997 1998 Peach Bowl 2999600000000000000 ♠ L 21 -- 17 000000001998 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1998 Auburn Tigers Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 71,212 West , Tommy Tommy West 23 1999 1999 Peach Bowl 2998900000000000000 ♠ L 17 -- 7 000000001999 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1999 Mississippi State Bulldogs Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 73,315 Bowden , Tommy Tommy Bowden 24 2000 2001 Gator Bowl 2998790000000000000 ♠ L 41 -- 20 000000002001 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2001 Virginia Tech Hokies Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , FL 68,741 Bowden , Tommy Tommy Bowden 25 2001 2001 Humanitarian Bowl 7001250000000000000 ♠ W 49 -- 24 000000002001 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2001 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs Bronco Stadium Boise , ID 23,427 Bowden , Tommy Tommy Bowden 26 2002 2002 Tangerine Bowl 2998600000000000000 ♠ L 55 -- 15 000000002002 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 2002 Texas Tech Red Raiders Citrus Bowl Orlando , FL 21,689 Bowden , Tommy Tommy Bowden 27 2003 2004 Peach Bowl 7001130000000000000 ♠ W 27 -- 14 000000002004 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2004 Tennessee Volunteers Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 75,125 Bowden , Tommy Tommy Bowden 28 2005 2005 Champs Sports Bowl 7000900000000000000 ♠ W 19 -- 10 000000002005 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 2005 Colorado Buffaloes Citrus Bowl Orlando , FL 31,470 Bowden , Tommy Tommy Bowden 29 2006 2006 Music City Bowl 2999200000000000000 ♠ L 28 -- 20 000000002006 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2006 Kentucky Wildcats LP Field Nashville , TN 68,024 Bowden , Tommy Tommy Bowden 30 2007 2007 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2999700000000000000 ♠ L 23 -- 20 ( OT ) 000000002007 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2007 Auburn Tigers Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 74,413 Bowden , Tommy Tommy Bowden 31 2008 2009 Gator Bowl 2999500000000000000 ♠ L 26 -- 21 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2009 Nebraska Cornhuskers Jacksonville Municipal Stadium Jacksonville , FL 67,282 Swinney , Dabo Dabo Swinney 32 2009 2009 Music City Bowl 7000800000000000000 ♠ W 21 -- 13 000000002009 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 2009 Kentucky Wildcats LP Field Nashville , TN 57,280 Swinney , Dabo Dabo Swinney 33 2010 Meineke Car Care Bowl 2999500000000000000 ♠ L 31 -- 26 000000002010 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2010 South Florida Bulls Bank of America Stadium Charlotte , NC 41,122 Swinney , Dabo Dabo Swinney 34 2011 2012 Orange Bowl 2998660000000000000 ♠ L 70 -- 33 000000002012 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 2012 West Virginia Mountaineers Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 67,563 Swinney , Dabo Dabo Swinney 35 2012 2012 Chick - fil - A Bowl 7000100000000000000 ♠ W 25 -- 24 000000002012 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2012 LSU Tigers Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 68,027 Swinney , Dabo Dabo Swinney 36 2013 2014 Orange Bowl 7000500000000000000 ♠ W 40 -- 35 000000002014 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2014 Ohio State Buckeyes Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 72,080 Swinney , Dabo Dabo Swinney 37 2014 2014 Russell Athletic Bowl 7001340000000000000 ♠ W 40 -- 6 000000002014 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2014 Oklahoma Sooners Orlando Citrus Bowl Stadium Orlando , FL 40,071 Swinney , Dabo Dabo Swinney 38 2015 2015 Orange Bowl 7001200000000000000 ♠ W 37 -- 17 000000002015 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2015 Oklahoma Sooners Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 67,615 Swinney , Dabo Dabo Swinney 39 2015 2016 CFP National Championship * 2999500000000000000 ♠ L 45 -- 40 000000002016 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2016 Alabama Crimson Tide University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 75,765 Swinney , Dabo Dabo Swinney 40 2016 2016 Fiesta Bowl 7001310000000000000 ♠ W 31 -- 0 December 31 , 2016 Ohio State Buckeyes University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 70,236 Dabo Swinney 41 2016 2017 CFP National Championship * 7000400000000000000 ♠ W 35 -- 31 January 9 , 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide Raymond James Stadium Tampa , FL 74,512 ^ Dabo Swinney 42 2017 2018 Sugar Bowl 7001310000000000000 ♠ L 24 - 6 January 1 , 2018 Alabama Crimson Tide Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans , LA 72,360 Dabo Swinney Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Statistics correct as of 2014 -- 15 NCAA football bowl games . Jump up ^ Results are sortable first by whether the result was an Clemson win , loss or tie and then second by the margin of victory . Jump up ^ Links to the season article for the opponent that Clemson competed against in the bowl for that year when available or to their general page when unavailable . References ( edit ) General National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . `` Bowl / All - Star Game Records '' ( PDF ) . 2014 NCAA Football Records . NCAA.org . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Bourret , Tim . `` Bowl History '' ( PDF ) . 2014 Clemson Tigers Football Media Guide . p. 62 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Bourret , Tim . `` 2011 Clemson Tigers Football Media Guide Supplement '' . pp. 119 -- 135 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ Bowl / All - Star Game Records , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : 2014 Media Guide , p. 62 Jump up ^ Dunnavant , Keith ( 2004 ) . The Fifty - Year Seduction : How Television Manipulated College Football , from the Birth of the Modern NCAA to the Creation of the BCS . Macmillan . pp. 93 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 32345 - 5 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2011 Media Guide Supplement , pp. 119 -- 135 Jump up ^ Bowl / All - Star Game Records , pp. 32 -- 38 Clemson Tigers bowl games 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic 1949 Gator Bowl 1951 Orange Bowl 1952 Gator Bowl 1957 Orange Bowl 1959 Sugar Bowl 1959 Bluebonnet Bowl 1977 Gator Bowl 1978 Gator Bowl 1979 Peach Bowl 1982 Orange Bowl # 1985 Independence Bowl 1986 Gator Bowl 1988 Florida Citrus Bowl 1989 Florida Citrus Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1991 Hall of Fame Bowl 1992 Florida Citrus Bowl 1993 Peach Bowl 1996 Gator Bowl 1996 Peach Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 1999 Peach Bowl 2001 Gator Bowl 2001 Humanitarian Bowl 2002 Tangerine Bowl 2004 Peach Bowl 2005 Champs Sports Bowl 2006 Music City Bowl 2007 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2009 Gator Bowl 2009 Music City Bowl 2010 Meineke Car Care Bowl 2012 Orange Bowl 2012 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2014 Orange Bowl 2014 Russell Athletic Bowl 2015 Orange Bowl / 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Fiesta Bowl / 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2018 Sugar Bowl / Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . 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-2299807234981740084 | Cahokia | Cahokia - wikipedia Cahokia This article is about a Native American site at Cahokia Mounds . For the modern city about 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the southwest , see Cahokia , Illinois . For the former Native American tribe unrelated to the builders of the Cahokia Mounds , see Cahokia tribe . Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site Monks Mound , the largest earthen structure at Cahokia ( for scale , an adult is standing on top ) Location St. Clair County , Illinois , U.S. Nearest city Collinsville , Illinois Coordinates 38 ° 39 ′ 14 '' N 90 ° 3 ′ 52 '' W / 38.65389 ° N 90.06444 ° W / 38.65389 ; - 90.06444 Coordinates : 38 ° 39 ′ 14 '' N 90 ° 3 ′ 52 '' W / 38.65389 ° N 90.06444 ° W / 38.65389 ; - 90.06444 Area 2,200 acres ( 8.9 km ) Governing body Illinois Historic Preservation Agency UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site Type Cultural Criteria iii , iv Designated 1982 ( 6th session ) Reference no . 198 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name Cahokia Mounds Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000899 U.S. National Historic Landmark Official name Cahokia Mounds Designated July 19 , 1964 The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site / kəˈhoʊkiə / ( 11 MS 2 ) is the site of a pre-Columbian Native American city ( circa 1050 -- 1350 CE ) directly across the Mississippi River from modern St. Louis , Missouri . This historic park lies in southern Illinois between East St. Louis and Collinsville . The park covers 2,200 acres ( 890 ha ) , or about 3.5 square miles ( 9 km ) , and contains about 80 mounds , but the ancient city was much larger . In its heyday , Cahokia covered about 6 square miles ( 16 km ) and included about 120 manmade earthen mounds in a wide range of sizes , shapes , and functions . Cahokia was the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture , which developed advanced societies across much of what is now the central and southeastern United States , beginning more than 1,000 years before European contact . Today , Cahokia Mounds is considered the largest and most complex archaeological site north of the great pre-Columbian cities in Mexico . Cahokia Mounds is a National Historic Landmark and a designated site for state protection . It is also one of only 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites within the United States . The largest prehistoric earthen construction in the Americas north of Mexico , the site is open to the public and administered by the Illinois Historic Preservation Division and supported by the Cahokia Mounds Museum Society . In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial , the Cahokia Mounds were selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component ( AIA Illinois ) and was recognized by USA Today Travel magazine , as one of AIA Illinois ' selections for Illinois 25 Must See Places . Contents 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Rise and peak ( 13th century ) 1.3 Decline 2 Notable features 2.1 Monks Mound 2.2 Urban landscape 2.3 Mound 72 2.4 Copper workshop 2.5 Cahokia Woodhenge 3 Related mounds 4 Cahokia Museum and Interpretive Center 5 Designations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Development ( edit ) A map showing approximate areas of various Mississippian and related cultures . Cahokia is located near the center of this map in the upper part of the Middle Mississippi area . Although some evidence exists of occupation during the Late Archaic period ( around 1200 BCE ) in and around the site , Cahokia as it is now defined was settled around 600 CE during the Late Woodland period . Mound building at this location began with the emergent Mississippian cultural period , about the 9th century CE . The inhabitants left no written records beyond symbols on pottery , shell , copper , wood , and stone , but the elaborately planned community , woodhenge , mounds , and burials reveal a complex and sophisticated society . The city 's original name is unknown . The mounds were later named after the Cahokia tribe , a historic Illiniwek people living in the area when the first French explorers arrived in the 17th century . As this was centuries after Cahokia was abandoned by its original inhabitants , the Cahokia tribe was not necessarily descended from the earlier Mississippian - era people . Most likely , multiple indigenous ethnic groups settled in the Cahokia Mounds area during the time of the city 's apex . Historian Daniel Richter notes that the apex of the city occurred during the Medieval Warming Period . This period appears to have fostered an agricultural revolution in upper North America , as the three-fold crops of maize , beans ( legumes ) , and gourds ( squash ) were developed and adapted or bred to the temperate climates of the north from their origins in Mesoamerica . Richter also notes that Cahokia 's advanced development coincided with the development in the Southwest of the Chaco Canyon society , which also produced large - scale works in an apparent socially stratified society . The decline of the city coincides with the Little Ice Age , although by then , the three-fold agriculture remained well - established throughout temperate North America . Rise and peak ( 13th century ) ( edit ) A Mississippian - era priest , in the 13th century , Cahokia metropolis , holding a ceremonial flint mace and severed sacrificial head Cahokia became the most important center for the people known today as Mississippians . Their settlements ranged across what is now the Midwest , Eastern , and Southeastern United States . Cahokia was located in a strategic position near the confluence of the Mississippi , Missouri , and Illinois Rivers . It maintained trade links with communities as far away as the Great Lakes to the north and the Gulf Coast to the south , trading in such exotic items as copper , Mill Creek chert , and whelk shells . Mill Creek chert , most notably , was used in the production of hoes , a high demand tool for farmers around Cahokia and other Mississippian centers . Cahokia 's control of the manufacture and distribution of these hand tools was an important economic activity that allowed the city to thrive . Mississippian culture pottery and stone tools in the Cahokian style were found at the Silvernale site near Red Wing , Minnesota , and materials and trade goods from Pennsylvania , the Gulf Coast and Lake Superior have been excavated at Cahokia . Bartering , not money was used in trade . At the high point of its development , Cahokia was the largest urban center north of the great Mesoamerican cities in Mexico and Central America . Although it was home to only about 1,000 people before circa 1050 , its population grew rapidly after that date . According to a 2007 study in Quaternary Science Reviews , `` Between AD 1050 and 1100 , Cahokia 's population increased from between 1400 and 2800 people to between 10,200 and 15,300 people '' . an estimate that applies only to a 1.8 - square - kilometre ( 0.69 sq mi ) high density central occupation area . Archaeologists estimate the city 's population at between 6,000 and 40,000 at its peak , with more people living in outlying farming villages that supplied the main urban center . In the early 21st century , new residential areas were found to the west of Cahokia as a result of archeological excavations , increasing estimates of area population . If the highest population estimates are correct , Cahokia was larger than any subsequent city in the United States until the 1780s , when Philadelphia 's population grew beyond 40,000 . Moreover , according to the same population estimates , the population of 13th - century Cahokia was equal to or larger than the population of 13th - century London . One of the major problems that large centers like Cahokia faced was keeping a steady supply of food . A related problem was waste disposal for the dense population , and Cahokia became unhealthy from polluted waterways . Because it was such an unhealthy place to live , Snow believes that the town had to rely on social and political attractions to bring in a steady supply of new immigrants ; otherwise , the town 's death rate would have caused it to be abandoned earlier . Decline ( edit ) Tamarois et Caouquias on a map of Illinois in 1718 south of the confluence of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers ( approximate modern state area highlighted ) from Carte de la Louisiane et du Cours du Mississipi by Guillaume de L'Isle The population of Cahokia began to decline during the 13th century , and the site was eventually abandoned around 1300 . The area around it was not reoccupied by indigenous tribes to 1350 . Scholars have proposed environmental factors , such as overhunting , deforestation , and flooding , as explanations for abandonment of the site . Another possible cause is invasion by outside peoples , though the only evidence of warfare found so far are the defensive wooden stockade and watchtowers that enclosed Cahokia 's main ceremonial precinct . Due to the lack of other evidence for warfare , the palisade may have been more for ritual or formal separation than for military purposes . Diseases transmitted among the large , dense urban population are another possible cause of decline . Many theories since the late 20th century propose conquest - induced political collapse as the primary reason for Cahokia 's abandonment . Together with these factors , researchers found evidence in 2015 of major floods at Cahokia , so severe as to flood dwelling places . Analysis of sediment from beneath Horseshoe Lake has revealed that two major floods occurred in the period of settlement at Cahokia , in roughly 1100 -- 1260 and 1340 -- 1460 . Notable features ( edit ) Mississippian period showing the multiple layers of mound construction , mound structures such as temples or mortuaries , ramps with log stairs , and prior structures under later layers , multiple terraces , and intrusive burials The original site contained 120 earthen mounds over an area of 6 square miles ( 16 km ) , of which 80 remain today . To achieve that , thousands of workers over decades moved more than an `` estimated 55 million cubic feet ( 1,600,000 m ) of earth in woven baskets to create this network of mounds and community plazas . Monks Mound , for example , covers 14 acres ( 5.7 ha ) , rises 100 ft ( 30 m ) , and was topped by a massive 5,000 sq ft ( 460 m ) building another 50 ft ( 15 m ) high . '' Monks Mound ( edit ) Main article : Monks Mound An 1887 illustration of Monks Mound showing it with fanciful proportions Incised sandstone tablet of a Birdman found in 1971 during excavations into the east side of Monks Mound Monks Mound is the largest structure and central focus of the city : a massive platform mound with four terraces , 10 stories tall , it is the largest man - made earthen mound north of Mexico . Facing south , it is 100 ft ( 30 m ) high , 951 ft ( 290 m ) long , 836 ft ( 255 m ) wide and covers 13.8 acres ( 5.6 ha ) . It contains about 814,000 cu yd ( 622,000 m ) of earth . The mound was built higher and wider over the course of several centuries , through as many as 10 separate construction episodes , as the mound was built taller and the terraces and apron were added . Monks Mounds was named for the community of Trappist monks who resided there for a short time , after Euroamericans settled in the area . Excavation on the top of Monks Mound has revealed evidence of a large building , likely a temple or the residence of the paramount chief , which would have been seen throughout the city . This building was about 105 ft ( 32 m ) long and 48 feet ( 15 m ) wide , and could have been as much as 50 ft ( 15 m ) high . It was about 5,000 sq ft ( 460 m ) . The east and northwest sides of Monks Mound were twice excavated in August 2007 during an attempt to avoid erosion due to slumping . These areas were repaired to preserve the mound . Urban landscape ( edit ) Cahokia 's east - west baseline transects the Woodhenge , Monk 's Mound , and several other large mounds The Rattlesnake Causeway leading from Monks Mound to Mound 66 is the city 's ceremonial north - south axis . Early in its history , Cahokia underwent a massive construction boom . Along with the early phase of Monks Mound , an overarching urban layout was established at the site . It was built with a symbolic quadripartite worldview and oriented toward the four cardinal directions with the main east - west and north - south axes defined with Monks Mound near its center point . Four large plazas were established to the east , west , north , and south of Monks Mound . To the south of Monks Mound is the Grand Plaza , a large area that covered roughly 50 acres ( 20 ha ) and measured over 1,600 ft ( 490 m ) in length by over 900 ft ( 270 m ) in width . Researchers originally thought the flat , open terrain in this area reflected Cahokia 's location on the Mississippi 's alluvial flood plain , but instead soil studies have shown that the landscape was originally undulating ridge and swale topography . In one of the earliest large - scale construction projects , the site had been expertly and deliberately leveled and filled by the city 's inhabitants . It is part of the sophisticated engineering displayed throughout the site . It was used for large ceremonies and gatherings , as well as for ritual games , such as chunkey . The game was played by rolling a disc - shaped chunky stone across the field . The men would throw spears where they thought the chunky stone would land . The game required a great deal of judgment and aim . The major ceremonial north - south ' axis ' connects the main precinct with the large ridgetop mortuary mound to its south now known as the Rattlesnake Mound ( Mound 66 ) . The feature , named the Rattlesnake Causeway by archaeologists , was an elevated embankment about 18 metres ( 59 ft ) wide , roughly 800 metres ( 2,600 ft ) in length and varies in height from 0.5 metres ( 1.6 ft ) to almost 1.3 metres ( 4.3 ft ) as it traverses a low swampy area to the south of the Grand Plaza . It is aligned 5 ° east of north , a direction thought to mimic the maximum southern moon rise of 5 ° west of north , albeit in reverse . This is thought to have had symbolic associations to the builders in connection with their lunar maize goddess of the underworld . This is further strengthened by its close proximity to the ridgetop mortuary Mound 72 , the underworld connotations of the low water - filled area the causeway traversed , and its terminus at the mortuary complex at the Rattlesnake Mound . The causeway itself may have been seen as a symbolic `` Path of Souls '' . The high - status central district of Cahokia was surrounded by a 2 - mi - long palisade that was equipped with protective bastions . A later addition to the site , when the palisade was constructed , it cut through and separated some pre-existing neighborhoods . Archaeologists found evidence of the stockade during excavation of the area and indications that it was rebuilt several times . Its bastions showed that it was mainly built for defensive purposes . Beyond Monks Mound , as many as 120 more mounds stood at varying distances from the city center . To date , 109 mounds have been located , 68 of which are in the park area . The mounds are divided into three different types : platform , conical , and ridge - top . Each appeared to have had its own meaning and function . In general terms , the city center seems to have been laid out in a diamond - shaped pattern about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) from end to end , while the entire city is 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) across from east to west . Mound 72 ( edit ) Main article : Mound 72 Mound 72 Reconstruction of the Birdman burial in the site 's interpretative center . Mass grave burial of fifty - three sacrificed Native American women Cahokians of the Mississippian culture painting in the Cahokia Mounds Historic Site Museum During excavation of Mound 72 , a ridge - top burial mound south of main urban precinct , archaeologists found the remains of a man in his 40s who was probably an important Cahokian ruler . The man was buried on a bed of more than 20,000 marine - shell disc beads arranged in the shape of a falcon , with the bird 's head appearing beneath and beside the man 's head , and its wings and tail beneath his arms and legs . The falcon warrior or `` birdman '' is a common motif in Mississippian culture . This burial clearly had powerful iconographic significance . In addition , a cache of sophisticated , finely worked arrowheads in a variety of different styles and materials was found near the grave of this important man . Separated into four types , each from a different geographical region , the arrowheads demonstrated Cahokia 's extensive trade links in North America . Archeologists recovered more than 250 other skeletons from Mound 72 . Scholars believe almost 62 % of these were sacrificial victims , based on signs of ritual execution , method of burial , and other factors . The skeletons include : Four young males , missing their hands and skulls A mass grave of more than 50 women around 21 years old , with the bodies arranged in two layers separated by matting A mass burial containing 40 men and women who appear to have been violently killed , some of these may have been buried alive : `` From the vertical position of some of the fingers , which appear to have been digging in the sand , it is apparent that not all of the victims were dead when they were interred -- that some had been trying to pull themselves out of the mass of bodies . '' The relationship of these burials to the central burial is unclear . They were unlikely to have all deposited at the same time . Wood in several parts of the mound has been radiocarbon - dated to between 950 and 1000 CE . Excavations have indicated that Mound 72 was not constructed as a single mound , but rather as a series of smaller mounds . These mounds were reshaped and covered over to give Mound 72 its final ridge - top shape . Map showing geographical extent of Mississippian stone statues showing Cahokia The `` Chunkey Player '' statuette made of Missouri flint clay depicts the ancient Native American game of chunkey . The statuette is believed to have been originally crafted at or near Cahokia Mounds was excavated at a Mississippian site in Muskogee County , Oklahoma . Clay statuette excavated at Cahokia site Copper workshop ( edit ) Main article : Mound 34 Mississippian culture repoussé copper plates Excavations near Mound 34 from 2002 to 2010 revealed a copper workshop . This unique find was originally discovered in the 1950s by archaeologist Gregory Perino , but its exact location was lost for 60 years . It is the only known copper workshop to be found at a Mississippian culture site . The area contains the remains of three tree stumps thought to have been used to hold anvil stones . Analysis of copper found during excavations showed that it had been annealed , a technique involving repeatedly heating and cooling the metal as it is worked , as blacksmiths do with iron . Artisans produced religious items , such as long - nosed god maskettes , ceremonial earrings with a symbolic shape , thought to have been used in fictive kinship rituals . Many of the stylistically related Mississippian copper plates , such as the Wulfing cache from southeastern Missouri , some of the Etowah plates from Georgia , and many of the Spiro plates from Oklahoma , are associated with the Greater Braden style and are thought to have been made in Cahokia in the 13th century . Cahokia Woodhenge ( edit ) Main article : Cahokia Woodhenge Artist 's conception of Woodhenge III at sunrise looking east towards Monks Mound Artist 's conception of midwinter sunrise over Mound 60 The Cahokia Woodhenge was a series of large timber circles located roughly 850 m ( 2,790 ft ) to the west of Monks Mound . They are thought to have been constructed between 900 and 1100 CE , with each one being larger and having 12 more posts than its predecessor . The site was discovered during salvage archaeology undertaken by Dr. Warren Wittry in the early 1960s interstate highway construction boom . Although the majority of the site contained village house features , a number of unusually shaped , large post holes were also discovered . When the holes were plotted out , they formed several arcs of equally spaced holes . Detailed analytical work supported the hypothesis that the placement of these posts was by design , and Wittry hypothesized that the arcs could be whole circles . He began referring to the circles as `` woodhenges '' , comparing the structures to England 's well - known circles at Woodhenge and Stonehenge . Additional excavations in the 1960s , ' 70s , and ' 80s used predictions based on verified posthole locations and spacing to locate other postholes and confirm the existence of five separate timber circles in the general vicinity . The circles are now designated Woodhenges I through V in Roman numerals . In 1985 , a reconstruction of Woodhenge III was built with the posts being placed into the original excavated post positions . The circle , which has 48 posts in the circle and a 49th central post , has been used to investigate archaeoastronomy at Cahokia . The Illinois Historic Preservation Division that oversees the Cahokia site hosts public sunrise observations at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes and the winter and summer solstices . Out of respect for Native American beliefs , these events do not feature ceremonies or rituals of any kind . Related Mounds ( edit ) St. Louis as seen from Monks Mound . Until the 19th century , a series of similar mounds existed in what is now the city of St. Louis , some 20 km ( 12 mi ) to the southwest of the Cahokia site . Most of these mounds were leveled throughout the construction of St. Louis , as their material was reused in construction projects . The lone survivor of these mounds is Sugarloaf Mound , which is located on the west bank of the Mississippi . It marked the initial border between St. Louis and the once autonomous city of Carondelet . Cahokia Museum and Interpretive center ( edit ) The Museum and Interpretive Center The Cahokia Museum and Interpretive Center , which receives up to a million visitors a year , was designed by AAIC Inc . The building , which opened in 1989 , received the Thomas H. Madigan Award , the St. Louis Construction News & Reviews Readers Choice Award , the Merit Award from the Metal Construction Association , and the Outstanding Achievement Award from the Brick Manufacturer Association . Designations ( edit ) Cahokia Mounds was first protected by the state of Illinois in 1923 when its legislature authorized purchase of a state park . Later designation as a state historic site offered additional protection , but the site came under significant threat from the federal highway building program in the 1950s . The highway program reduced the site 's integrity ; however , it increased funding for emergency archeological investigations . These investigations became intensive , and today continue , and have led to the present understanding of the significance of the site . The site was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 19 , 1964 , and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . In 1982 , UNESCO ( the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ) designated the site a World Heritage Site . This is the only such site in Illinois and among only 23 World Heritage Sites in the United States . State Senator Evelyn M. Bowles wrote about the Cahokia Mounds site : Through the years my friends and I made occasional Sunday afternoon trips to the Mounds . When I became the State Senator , it afforded me the opportunity to secure funds for the acquisition of additional acreage in which there are smaller Mounds . Many of these have contained additional artifacts . '' The designation has helped protect the property and attract funds to conduct research on this significant civilization . See also ( edit ) American Bottom List of Mississippian sites Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere Mississippian stone statuary List of archaeoastronomical sites by country Notes ( edit ) Constructs such as ibid. , loc . cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia 's style guide for footnotes , as they are easily broken . Please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ) , or an abbreviated title . ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ^ a : See Engraved beaker from Cahokia site , donated by Moorehead , ISM collection . for image of the object in question . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cahokia Mounds '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pursell 205 Jump up ^ Munoz , Samuel E. , Sissel Schroeder , David A. Fike , and John W. Williams 2014 A record of sustained prehistoric and historic land use from the Cahokia region , Illinois , USA . Geology 42 ( 6 ) : 499 -- 502 Jump up ^ Cahokia Mounds Homepage ; Map of the Site ^ Jump up to : `` Nomination -- Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site , Illinois '' , US World Heritage Sites , National Park Service , accessed 2012 - 05 - 03 Jump up ^ WashingtonPost.com : Ancient Cahokia , Washington Post Jump up ^ Waldinger , Mike ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The proud history of architecture in Illinois '' . Springfield Business Journal . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Must See Buildings in Illinois '' . USA Today . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ James M. Collins , The archaeology of the Cahokia Mounds ICT - II , Springfield IL , Illinois Historic Preservation Agency ( 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 942579 - 10 - 0 Jump up ^ Emerson and Barry , Cahokia and the Hinterlands , 33 & 46 Jump up ^ Townsend , Sharp , and Bailey Jump up ^ `` Native American city on the Mississippi was America 's first ' melting pot ' News Bureau University of Illinois '' . News.illinois.edu. 2014 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 12th - Century Cahokia Was a `` Melting Pot '' `` . Archaeology Magazine . Archaeology.org. 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel K. ( 2011 ) . Before the Revolution : America 's Ancient Pasts . Cambridge , MA : Belknap - Harvard University Press . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 9780674055803 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Agriculture - Technology - Hand tools - Native American Tools '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , Dean ( 2010 ) . Archaeology of Native North Americas . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . pp. 201 -- 203 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/march/12/cahokia.htm Jump up ^ Benson LV , Berry MS , Jolie EA , Spangler JD , Stahle DW , Hattori EM . `` Possible impacts of early - 11th - , middle - 12th - , and late - 13th - century droughts on western Native Americans and the Mississippian Cahokians . '' Quaternary Science Reviews 2007 , 26 : 336 -- 350 , Jump up ^ Benson , L.V. , Pauketat , T.R. and Cook , E.R. ( 2009 ) `` Cahokia 's Boom and Bust in the Context of Climate Change '' , American Antiquity , 74 ( 3 ) , pp. 467 -- 483 . doi : 10.1017 / S000273160004871X . Jump up ^ Glenn Hodges , `` America 's Forgotten City , '' National Geographic , January 2011 , https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2011/01/americas-forgotten-city/ . Jump up ^ Ibid . Jump up ^ United States Census Office , A Century of Population Growth from the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth : 1790 -- 1900 , Government Printing Office , 1909 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Henderson , Harold . `` The Rise and Fall of the Mound People . '' Chicago Reader. 2000 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Pyburn , K. 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University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226101361 . Jump up ^ Timothy R. , Pauketat ( 2009 ) . Cahokia : Ancient Americas Great City on the Mississippi . Viking Press . pp. 23 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02090 - 4 . Pg 23 `` Cahokia was so large - covering three to five square miles - that archaeologists have yet to probe many portions of it . Its centerpiece was an open 50 - acre Grand Plaza , surrounded by packed - clay pyramids . The size of 35 football fields , the Grand Plaza was at the time the biggest public space ever conceived and executed north of Mexico . '' ... Pg 34 `` a flat public square 1,600 - plus feet in length and 900 - plus feet in width Jump up ^ `` Mound 66 '' . Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Baires , Sarah E. ( 2014 ) . `` Cahokia 's Rattlesnake Causeway '' . Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romain , William F. ( 2015 ) . `` Moonwatchers of Cahokia '' . In Pauketat , Timothy R. ; Alt , Susan M. Medieval Mississippians : The Cahokian World . School for Advanced Research Press . pp. 33 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 1938645327 . Jump up ^ `` Cahokia and the excavation of Mound 72 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Young & Fowler , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Young & Fowler , pp. 146 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` Mound 72 '' . Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pawlaczyk , George ( 16 February 2010 ) . `` Copper men : Archaeologists uncover Stone Age copper workshop near Monks Mound '' . Science . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Gahagan Long - nosed god maskette '' . University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Aztalan -- Wisconsin 's Middle Mississippian Outpost '' . Milwaukee Public Museum . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kelly et al. in King , 57 -- 87 Jump up ^ Robb , Matthew H. ( March 2010 ) . `` Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum - Spotlight Series March 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Saint Louis Art Museum . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Sharp , and Bailey 151 Jump up ^ Bolfing 67 -- 68 Jump up ^ `` Visitors Guide to the Woodhenge '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Iseminger , William R . `` The Skywatchers of Cahokia '' . Mexicolore . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Michael W. ( 2007 ) . `` The Cahokia Sun Circles '' . The Wisconsin Archeologist. 88 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Wittry , Warren L. ( 1964 ) . `` An American Woodhenge '' . Cranbrook Institute of Science Newsletter. 33 ( 9 ) : 102 -- 107 -- via Explorations into Cahokia Archaeology , Bulletin 7 , Illinois Archaeological Survey , 1969 . Jump up ^ Wittry , Warren L. `` Discovering and Interpreting the Cahokia Woodhenges '' . The Wisconsin Archaeologist. 77 ( 3 / 4 ) : 26 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Mary ( 2005 ) . American Woodhenge : Archaeoastronomy at Cahokia ( PDF ) ( Bachelors thesis ) . Northern Illinois University . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Iseminger , William . `` Welcome the Fall Equinox at Cahokia Mounds '' . Illinois Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Solstice Sunrise Observance at Cahokia Mounds '' . Collinsville Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cahokia Mounds Mark Spring Equinox : The keepers of Cahokia Mounds will host a spring gathering to celebrate the vernal equinox '' . Indian Country Today . Indian Country Media Network . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America -- UNESCO World Heritage Centre '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . March 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional representative letter '' . Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bolfing , Christopher ( May 1 , 2010 ) . The Paradigm of the Periphery in Native North America ( Thesis ) . Texas State University - San Marcos , University College , University Honors Program . pp. 67 -- 68 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Chappell , Sally A. Kitt ( 2002 ) . Cahokia : Mirror of the Cosmos . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 10136 - 1 . Emerson , Thomas E. ( 1997 ) . Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0888 - 1 . Emerson , Thomas E. ; Lewis , R. Barry ( 1991 ) . Cahokia and the Hinterlands : Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06878 - 5 . Kelly , John E. ; Brown , James A. ; Hamlin , Jenn M. ; Kelly , Lucretia S. ; Kozuch , Laura ; Parker , Kathryn ; Van Nest , Julieann . `` Mound 34 : The Context for the Early Evidence of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex at Cahokia '' . In King , Adam . Southeastern Ceremonial Complex : Chronology , Content , Context . University of Alabama Press . pp. 57 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 5409 - 1 . Lankford , George E. ; Reilly , F. Kent ; Garber , James ( eds . ) . Visualizing the Sacred : Cosmic Visions , Regionalism , and the Art of the Mississippian World ( PDF ) . University of Texas Press . p. 227 . ISBN 978 - 0292723085 . Pauketat , Timothy R. ( 2009 ) . Cahokia : Ancient America 's Great City on the Mississippi . New York : Viking Adult . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02090 - 4 . Pursell , Corin ( 2004 ) . Geographic distribution and symbolism of colored mound architecture in the Mississippian Southeast ( Thesis ) . Southern Illinois University Carbondale . p. 205 . Townsend , Richard F ; Sharp , Robert V ; Bailey , Garrick Alan ( 2000 ) . Hero , Hawk , and Open Hand : American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10601 - 7 . Young , Biloine ; Fowler , Melvin L. ( 2000 ) . Cahokia : The Great Native American Metropolis . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06821 - 1 . full text available at ( 2 ) Further reading ( edit ) Introductory Bibliography of Published Sources on Cahokia Archeology Scholarly Bibliography of Published Sources on Cahokia Archaeology Emerson , Iseminger ; Nance , L. Michael ; Winslow , Madeline ; Gass , Marilyn ( 2001 ) . Cahokia Mounds State Historical Site Nature / Culture Hike Guidebook , 4th revised edition . Collinsville , Illinois : Cahokia Mounds Museum Society . pp. 79 pp . Fowler , Melvin L. ; Rose , Jerome ; Leest , Barbara Vander ; Ahler , Steven R. ( 1999 ) . The Mound 72 Area : Dedicated and Sacred Space in Early Cahokia . Illinois State Museum Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89792 - 157 - 2 . Milner , George R. ( 2004 ) . The Moundbuilders : Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America . London : Thames and Hudson , Ltd . Mink , Claudia Gellman ( 1992 ) . Cahokia , City of the Sun : Prehistoric Urban Center in the American Bottom . Collinsville , IL : Cahokia Mounds Museum Society . ISBN 1 - 881563 - 00 - 6 . Pauketat , Timothy ( 1994 ) . The Ascent of Chiefs : Cahokia and Mississippian Politics in Native North America . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0728 - 1 . Price , Douglas T. ; Feinman , Gary M. ( 2008 ) . Images of the Past ( 5 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 280 -- 285 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340520 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cahokia . Cahokia Mounds Homepage and Map of the Site Cahokia Mounds Photo Gallery Cahokia Mounds Information & Videos - Chickasaw.TV `` Cahokia Mounds '' , Illinois Historic Preservation Agency `` Metropolitan Life on the Mississippi '' , Washington Post , March 12 , 1997 Mississippian Art and Artifacts Visitors ' perspectives Woodhenge and the Cahokia Mounds `` Cahokia : America 's Forgotten City '' , National Geographic Magazine , January 2011 IHPA video with narration on Cahokia Illinois Great Places - Mounds Society of Architectural Historians SAH ARCHIPEDIA entry on the Cahokia Mounds Cahokia travel guide from Wikivoyage Mississippian and related cultures List of Mississippian sites Timeline of Mississippi valley Middle Mississippian American Bottom and Upper Mississippi Aztalan Big Eddy Cahokia Monks Mound Mound 34 Mound 72 Woodhenge Cloverdale Dickson Mounds Emerald Acropolis Emmons Cemetery Horseshoe Lake John Chapman Kuhn Station Larson Lunsford - Pulcher McCune Mitchell Orendorf Sleeth Steed - Kisker culture Sugarloaf Mound Lower Ohio River and Confluence area Adams Dogtooth Bend Kincaid Mounds Marshall Millstone Bluff Orr - Herl Rowlandton Mound Towosahgy Turk Twin Mounds Ware Wickliffe Mounds Middle Ohio River Angel Mounds Angel Phase Annis Mound Bone Bank Caborn - Welborn culture Ellerbusch Hovey Lake - Klein Hovey Lake District Murphy Prather Slack Farm Tolu Welborn Village Yankeetown Tennessee and Cumberland Backusburg Beasley Mounds Brentwood Library Brick Church Castalian Springs Dunbar Cave Fewkes Group Mound Bottom Riverview Sellars Obion Old Town Swallow Bluff Central and Lower Mississippi Belle Meade Boone 's Boyd Campbell Carson Chucalissa Eaker Janet 's Menard - Hodges Murphy Nodena Nodena Phase Owl Creek Parkin Tipton Phase Tunica Koroa Yazoo Walls Phase South Appalachian Mississippian Adamson Avery Beaverdam Creek Bell Field Mound Bessemer Bussell Island Chauga Chiaha Chota Citico Coosa Dallas Phase Dyar Etowah Garden Creek Hoojah Branch Irene Jere Shine Joara Joe Bell King Lamar Lamar Phase Liddell Little Egypt Long Swamp Mabila Mandeville McMahan Moccasin Bend Moundville Mouse Creek Phase Mulberry Muscogee ( Creek ) Nacoochee Nikwasi Ocmulgee Park Mound Pisgah Phase Punk Rock Shelter Rembert Roods Landing Rucker 's Bottom Savannah Shiloh Sixtoe Summerour Tomotley Toqua Town Creek Waddells Mill Pond Wilbanks Fort Walton culture Anhaica Apalachee Apalachee Province Cayson Corbin - Tucker Fort Walton Mound Lake Jackson Leon - Jefferson culture Letchworth Velda Yon Pensacola culture Bottle Creek Dauphin Island Fort Walton Hickory Ridge Cemetery Naval Live Oaks Cemetery Pensacola people Plaquemine Mississippian Anna Atchafalaya Basin Emerald Fitzhugh Flowery Fosters Ghost Glass Grand Village of the Natchez Holly Bluff Jaketown Jordan Julice Mangum Mazique Medora Mott Natchez Taensa Pocahontas Routh Scott Place Sims Transylvania Venable Winterville Caddoan Mississippian Battle Belcher Blue Spring Shelter Bluffton Caddo Caddoan Mounds Gahagan Hughes Ka - Do - Ha Indian Village Keller Spiro Upper Mississippian cultures Oneota Beattie Park Mound Group Blood Run Hartley Fort State Preserve Roche - a-Cri Petroglyphs Fort Ancient culture Alligator Effigy Mound Clover Dodge Leo Petroglyph Serpent Mound SunWatch Indian Village Culture Agriculture Beans Chenopodium Little barley Maize Marshelder Pumpkin Squash Sunflower Three Sisters Tobacco Artwork Emmons mask Copper plates Rogan plates Spiro plates Wulfing cache Long - nosed god maskette Mill Creek chert Pottery Shell gorget Stone statuary Languages Caddoan Central Algonquian Cherokee Mobilian Jargon Muskogean Natchez Taensa Siouan Timucuan Tunican Yuchi Religion Ballgame ( Southeastern ) Northern Black drink Burial mound Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Chunkey Earth / fertility cult Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Platform mound Red Horn Sacred bundle Village bundle Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stone box grave Thunderbird Underwater panther Related topics Chevron bead Clarksdale bell Mound Builders de Soto Expedition Pre-Columbian North America Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Beringian Ancient Pueblo ( Anasazi ) Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek Complex Caborn - Welborn Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Leon - Jefferson Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo - Arctic Paleo - Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Santa Rosa - Swift Creek St. Johns Steed - Kisker Tchefuncte Tocobaga Troyville Archaeological sites Angel Mounds Anzick Clovis burial Bandelier National Monument Blue Spring Shelter The Bluff Point Stoneworks Brewster Cahokia Candelaria Cave Casa Grande Chaco Canyon Coso Rock Art District Crystal River Archaeological State Park Cuarenta Casas Cueva de la Olla Eaker El Fin del Mundo El Vallecito Effigy Mounds National Monument Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Site Fort Ancient Fort Center Fort Juelson Four Mounds Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument Glenwood Grimes Point Holly Bluff Site Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Huápoca Kimball Village Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Mounds Lake Jackson Mounds L'Anse aux Meadows Marksville Marmes Rockshelter Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moaning Cavern Moorehead Circle Morrison Mounds Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena Site Ocmulgee National Monument Old Stone Fort Orwell Site Paquime Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Recapture Canyon Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Russell Cave National Monument Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Sierra de San Francisco Spiro Mounds SunWatch Taos Pueblo Toltec Mounds Town Creek Indian Mound Turkey River Mounds Upward Sun River site Velda Mound West Oak Forest Earthlodge Winterville Wupatki National Monument Human remains Anzick - 1 Arlington Springs Man Buhl Woman Kennewick Man La Brea Woman Leanderthal Lady Minnesota Woman Spirit Cave mummy Miscellaneous Aridoamerica Black drink Ceremonial pipe Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kiva Medicine wheel Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Mound Builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Norse colonization of North America Oasisamerica Piasa Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stickball Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Underwater panther Water glyphs Related Genetic history Portal of Indigenous peoples of North America Pre-Columbian era U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Protected areas of Illinois Federal National Historic Sites Chicago Portage Lincoln Home National Monument Pullman National Forest Shawnee National Wildlife Refuges Chautauqua Crab Orchard Cypress Creek Driftless Area Emiquon Hackmatack Mark Twain Meredosia Middle Mississippi River Port Louisa Two Rivers Upper Mississippi River National Grassland Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie National Trails / National Heritage Area Lewis and Clark Mormon Pioneer Trail of Tears Abraham Lincoln National Heritage Area National Natural Landmarks List of National Natural Landmarks in Illinois National Wild and Scenic Rivers Middle Fork Vermilion River State State Parks Apple River Argyle Lake Beall Woods Beaver Dam Buffalo Rock Castle Rock Cave - in - Rock Chain O'Lakes Channahon Delabar Dixon Springs Donnelley / Depue Ferne Clyffe Fort Massac Fox Ridge Franklin Creek Gebhard Woods Giant City Hennepin Canal Parkway Horseshoe Lake Illini Illinois Beach James `` Pate '' Philip Jubilee College Kankakee River Lake Le - Aqua - Na Lake Murphysboro Lincoln Trail Lowden Matthiessen Mississippi Palisades Moraine Hills Morrison - Rockwood Nauvoo Pere Marquette Red Hills Rock Cut Rock Island Trail Shabbona Lake Siloam Springs South Shore Starved Rock Walnut Point Weinberg - King White Pines Forest Wildlife Prairie William G. Stratton Wolf Creek State Historic Sites List of Illinois State Historic Sites ( including , Cahokia World Heritage Site ) State Forests Big River Hidden Springs Lowden - Miller Sand Ridge Trail of Tears State Recreation Areas Clinton Lake Eagle Creek Eldon Hazlet Frank Holten Golconda Marina Johnson - Sauk Trail Kickapoo Moraine View North Point Marina Prophetstown Pyramid Ramsey Lake Randolph County Sangchris Lake Stephen A. Forbes Washington County Wayne Fitzgerrell Weldon Springs William W. Powers State Fish & Wildlife Areas Anderson Lake Baldwin Lake Banner Marsh Carlyle Lake Coffeen Lake Crawford County Des Plaines Double T Edward R. Madigan Green River Hamilton County Heidecke Lake Horseshoe Lake ( Alexander County ) Iroquois County Kaskaskia River Kinkaid Lake Kishwaukee River LaSalle Lake Mackinaw River Marshall Mautino Mazonia / Braidwood Mermet Lake Middle Fork Mississippi River Newton Lake Jim Edgar Panther Creek Peabody River Ray Norbut Rend Lake Rice Lake Sahara Woods Saline County Sam Dale Lake Sam Parr Sanganois Shelbyville Silver Springs Snakeden Hollow Spring Lake Ten Mile Creek Turkey Bluffs Union County Woodford State Natural Areas Bartlett Woods Cache River Fults Hill Prairie Goose Lake Prairie Harry `` Babe '' Woodyard Illinois Caverns Kidd Lake Piney Creek Ravine Prairie Ridge Revis Hill Prairie Sand Prairie - Scrub Oak Sielbeck Forest Spitler Woods Volo Bog State Trails Mormon Trail Trail of Tears Tunnel Hill Local County Districts Local forest and conservation districts Chicago Illinois Department of Natural Resources Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Museums and cultural institutions in Greater St. Louis Art Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis Laumeier Sculpture Park Lemp Neighborhood Arts Center Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum Pulitzer Arts Foundation Saint Louis Art Museum St. Louis Mercantile Library Art Museum Saint Louis University Museum of Art The Sheldon William and Florence Schmidt Art Center Architecture Gateway Arch Frank Lloyd Wright Kraus House Botanical Jewel Box Missouri Botanical Garden Children 's City Museum The Magic House History Alton Museum of History and Art Anheuser - Busch Brewery Basilica of St. Louis , King of France Campbell House Museum Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis Chatillon - DeMenil House Cupples House Daniel Boone Home Eugene Field House First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site Jefferson Barracks Museums Scott Joplin House State Historic Site Lemp Mansion Lewis and Clark State Historic Site Missouri History Museum Museum of Westward Expansion Old Cahokia Courthouse Old Courthouse Benjamin Stephenson House Soldiers ' Memorial Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site Union Station Science and natural history Cahokia Mounds Crow Observatory Mastodon State Historic Site McDonnell Planetarium Saint Louis Science Center Sports St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum St. Louis Soccer Hall of Fame World Chess Hall of Fame Theatres and music venues Fox Theatre The Muny National Blues Museum Stifel Theatre Powell Hall The Sheldon Transportation Greater Saint Louis Air & Space Museum Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum Museum of Transportation Zoological Butterfly House World Aquarium Saint Louis Zoo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cahokia&oldid=866507539 '' Categories : Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois Middle Mississippian culture Native American museums in Illinois Archaeological museums in Illinois Museums in St. Clair County , Illinois State parks of Illinois Archaeological sites in Illinois Former Native American populated places in the United States Populated places established in the 7th century National Register of Historic Places in St. Clair County , Illinois National Historic Landmarks in Illinois World Heritage Sites in the United States History of Greater St. Louis Protected areas of St. Clair County , Illinois Pre-historic cities in the United States National Register of Historic Places in Madison County , Illinois Mounds in Illinois 7th - century establishments in North America 14th - century disestablishments in North America Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2013 Use mdy dates from May 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Articles with ibid from October 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | prior to 1800 the largest settled community in what is now the us was | [
"Cahokia was the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture, which developed advanced societies across much of what is now the central and southeastern United States, beginning more than 1,000 years before European contact.[6] Today, Cahokia Mounds is considered the largest and most complex archaeological site north of the great pre-Columbian cities in Mexico.\n"
] | [
"Cahokia"
] |
5224183595136435858 | Hyde Park, New York | Hyde Park , New York - wikipedia Hyde Park , New York Jump to : navigation , search Hyde Park , New York Town Town hall Location within Dutchess County and New York Coordinates : 41 ° 47 ′ N 73 ° 54 ′ W / 41.783 ° N 73.900 ° W / 41.783 ; - 73.900 Coordinates : 41 ° 47 ′ N 73 ° 54 ′ W / 41.783 ° N 73.900 ° W / 41.783 ; - 73.900 Country United States State New York County Dutchess Government Type Town council Town supervisor Aileen Rohr ( D ) Town council Members ' List ( show ) * W1 : Emily Svenson ( D ) * W2 : David P Ray ( D ) * W3 : Joe Marrine ( D ) * W4 : Ken Schneider ( D ) Area Total 39.86 sq mi ( 103.23 km ) Land 36.66 sq mi ( 94.95 km ) Water 3.19 sq mi ( 8.28 km ) Elevation 240 ft ( 73 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 21,571 Estimate ( 2016 ) 21,048 Density 574.11 / sq mi ( 221.66 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP code 12538 Area code 845 FIPS code 36 - 027 - 37209 GNIS feature ID 0979090 Website www.hydeparkny.us Hyde Park is a town in Dutchess County , New York , bordering the Hudson River north of Poughkeepsie . Within the town are the hamlets of Hyde Park , Staatsburg , and Haviland . Hyde Park is known as the hometown of Franklin D. Roosevelt , the 32nd President of the United States . His house there , the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site , is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places , as are the homes of Eleanor Roosevelt , Isaac Roosevelt , and Frederick William Vanderbilt , along with Franklin D. Roosevelt High School . Hyde Park is home to the main campus of the Culinary Institute of America , a four - year college for culinary and baking and pastry arts , and the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum , the first presidential library in the United States . Hyde Park 's population was 21,571 at the 2010 census . US Route 9 passes through the town near the Hudson River . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Roosevelt family 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Communities and locations in Hyde Park 4.1 Communities 4.2 Places of interest 5 Notable people 5.1 Actors 5.2 Artists 5.3 Businesspeople 5.4 Journalism 5.5 Music 5.6 Political figures 5.7 Religious figures 5.8 Science and medicine 5.9 Sports 5.10 Writers 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Springwood , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's home The Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site Settlement of the region officially began around 1742 , but may have begun as early as 1710 . The name of the area was changed to `` Hyde Park '' around 1810 . Previously , it was part of the Fauconnier Patent and was named `` Stoutenburgh '' , after the town 's first settler , Jacobus Stoughtenburg . Part of the town was from the Great Nine Partners Patent of 1697 . Dr. John Bard had called his estate `` Hyde Park '' in honor of Edward Hyde , who was Lord Cornbury and governor of New York . In 1804 a tavern keeper named Miller , seeking new guests , renamed the tavern `` the Hyde Park Inn '' , much to the annoyance of Dr. Bard . He then applied for a post office to be located at his inn , common among tavern keepers . The request was granted as the `` Hyde Park post office '' . The settlement gradually came to be known not as Stoutenburgh but as Hyde Park , which it officially became in 1812 . Hyde Park was a part of Clinton , New York until 1821 , when it was incorporated as a separate town . The Hyde Park Railroad Station , located at the mouth of Crum Elbow Creek along the Hudson River , was used by the town 's residents , including the Roosevelts . The town includes Frederick William Vanderbilt 's spring and autumn mansion , now maintained as the Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site . The Roosevelt family ( edit ) Hyde Park is the hometown of Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1882 -- 1945 ) , 32nd president of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 ) . His estate , Springwood , is the site of the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site maintained by the National Park Service . Also on the site are his presidential library and museum . Roosevelt used this residence throughout his life . FDR 's historical house is now a museum that can be visited . Val - Kill was the home of Eleanor Roosevelt , wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt . It is located about 2 miles ( 3 km ) east of the home of FDR . Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt are both buried in the rose garden at `` Springwood '' . President Roosevelt 's father , James Roosevelt , Sr. , served a term as supervisor of the town of Hyde Park . Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the town of Hyde Park has a total area of 39.8 square miles ( 103.2 km ) , of which 36.7 square miles ( 95.0 km ) is land and 3.2 square miles ( 8.3 km ) , or 8.02 % , is water . The Hudson River defines the west town line , which is the border of Ulster County . Hyde Park is bordered by the town of Poughkeepsie to the south , Rhinebeck to the north , and Clinton and Pleasant Valley to the east . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± Est. 2016 21,048 U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000 , there were 20,851 people , 7,395 households , and 5,220 families residing in the town . The population density was 564.2 people per square mile ( 217.8 / km2 ) . There were 7,704 housing units at an average density of 208.5 per square mile ( 80.5 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the town was 91.02 % White , 4.25 % African American , 0.20 % Native American , 1.39 % Asian , 0.08 % Pacific Islander , 1.19 % from other races , and 1.86 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.23 % of the population . There were 7,395 households out of which 34.0 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 56.7 % were married couples living together , 10.3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 29.4 % were non-families. 23.0 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8.6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.10 . In the town , the age distribution of the population shows 24.7 % under the age of 18 , 11.2 % from 18 to 24 , 28.5 % from 25 to 44 , 23.1 % from 45 to 64 , and 12.5 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36 years . For every 100 females there were 99.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 99.0 males . The median income for a household in the town was $50,870 , and the median income for a family was $58,047 . Males had a median income of $42,251 versus $28,176 for females . The per capita income for the town was $21,260 . About 4.4 % of families and 5.7 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.3 % of those under age 18 and 6.0 % of those age 65 or over . Hyde Park Population growth since 1830 Year 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 2000 Population 2,554 2,364 2,425 2,749 2,695 2,873 2,821 2,806 3,019 2,880 3,388 4,056 6,136 12,681 16,910 20,768 21,230 20,851 21,571 U.S. Decennial Census Communities and locations in Hyde Park ( edit ) Communities ( edit ) East Park -- A hamlet east of Hyde Park village . Haviland -- A community in the southern part of the town . Hyde Park -- The hamlet of Hyde Park is on Route 9 near the Hudson River . Staatsburg -- A hamlet by the Hudson River in the northwest part of the town . Places of interest ( edit ) Hyde Park campus of the Culinary Institute of America Bergh -- Stoutenburgh House The Culinary Institute of America -- the primary campus of the culinary school , in the southern part of the town , between Route 9 and the Hudson River . Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site Franklin Delano Roosevelt Junior - Senior High School -- Depression - era Public Works Administration project , now called Haviland Middle School . Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Hyde Park Elementary School Hyde Park Firehouse -- Former early 1900s firehouse , now houses a local history museum for the Town of Hyde Park Historical Society . Hyde Park Post Office Hyde Park Railroad Station Main Street - Albertson Street - Park Place Historic District Norrie State Park -- Located in the northern part of the town , adjoining Mills State Park , and including Norrie Point marina , environmental center , and hiking trails . Mills State Park -- Located along the Hudson River in Staatsburg hamlet . Built by Morgan Lewis and his wife , Gertrude Livingston . It is open to the public and includes house tours and hiking trails . Poughkeepsie Yacht Club -- Located along the Hudson River in Staatsburg hamlet . Quaker Lane Farms Hyde Park Reformed Dutch Church Roosevelt Point Cottage and Boathouse St. James Chapel Top Cottage Vanderbilt Lane Historic District Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site Wales House William Stoutenburgh House Notable people ( edit ) See also : List of Culinary Institute of America alumni This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Frederick W. Vanderbilt George Browne of the New York Giants Actors ( edit ) Joseph Mazzello , actor known for his roles in Jurassic Park , The Pacific , and The Social Network Artists ( edit ) Alice Provensen , renowned artist and children 's books illustrator Martin Provensen , children 's books illustrator and designer of the Kellogg 's mascot , Tony the Tiger Businesspeople ( edit ) Perry Collins , visionary behind the Russian American Telegraph André Balazs , celebrity hotelier and restaurateur Beatrice Forbes , Countess of Granard , daughter of Ogden Mills and wife to Bernard Forbes , 8th Earl of Granard Bob Guccione , publisher , film producer Kathy Keeton , magazine publisher and author Ogden Mills , financier , philanthropist , racehorse owner / breeder Gladys Mills Phipps , socialite and thoroughbred racehorse owner and breeder who began the Phipps family dynasty in American horse racing Isaac Roosevelt , businessman and paternal grandfather of Franklin D. Roosevelt James Roosevelt I , businessman and father of Franklin D. Roosevelt John Aspinwall Roosevelt , businessman , US Navy Officer , Bronze Star recipient and son of Franklin D. Roosevelt Frederick William Vanderbilt , businessman , philanthropist and railroad magnate Journalism ( edit ) Lorena Hickok , journalist Music ( edit ) Rudolf Firkušný , Czech - born classical pianist Ed Summerlin , American composer , jazz saxophonist , and music educator James Syler , American composer fluent in various musical genres including Wind Ensemble , Choral , Orchestral , and Chamber Music . Jeff Tyzik , conductor , arranger , and trumpeter with the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra Political figures ( edit ) Marion Dickerman , suffragist , educator , vice-principal of the Todhunter School Ernest I. Hatfield , member of the New York State Senate from 1948 -- 64 Morgan Lewis , American military commander during the Revolutionary War and 4th Governor of New York Henry Brockholst Livingston , early 19th Century Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Maturin Livingston , early 19th century political figure and Recorder of New York City from 1804 -- 06 Gloanna W. MacCarthy , American Republican Party politician and former member of the New Jersey General Assembly Ogden L. Mills , lawyer , businessman and politician and former United States Secretary of the Treasury William Nelson , member of U.S. Congress from 1847 -- 51 James Kirke Paulding , American writer and former United States Secretary of the Navy from 1838 -- 1841 Edmund H. Pendleton , member of the United States House of Representatives from 1831 -- 33 Nathaniel Pendleton , 18th century lawyer and judge Greg Quinn , farmer and activist partly responsible for the overturning of the New York state ban on the commercial cultivation of black currants Eleanor Roosevelt , politician , diplomat , activist and longest - serving First Lady of the United States Elliott Roosevelt , former mayor of Miami Beach , Florida , US Army Brigadier General during World War II , author and son of President F.D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt , 32nd President of the United States from 1933 -- 45 Hall Roosevelt , youngest brother of Eleanor Roosevelt , former comptroller for the city of Detroit Sara Roosevelt , mother of Franklin D. Roosevelt Sue Serino , member of the New York State Senate John H. Selkreg , 19th - century American newspaper editor and former member of the New York State Senate from 1874 -- 77 J. Griswold Webb , member of the New York State Senate from 1923 -- 34 William W. Woodworth , former town supervisor and member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1845 -- 47 Rob Zerban , businessman , Culinary Institute of America graduate and Democratic Party congressional candidate † Religious figures ( edit ) John Bard , Christian philanthropist ; founder of Bard College Fr . James J. LeBar , Roman Catholic priest ; chief exorcist of the Archdiocese of New York in the United States Bp . Donald Edmond Pelotte , third Roman Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Gallup , New Mexico † Science and medicine ( edit ) Samuel Bard , personal physician to George Washington and founder of the first medical school located in New York State Maunsell Crosby , well regarded ornithologist , writer , and farmer David Hosack , noted physician , botanist , and educator Sports ( edit ) Wes Bialosuknia , former professional basketball player in the American Basketball Association George Browne , professional baseball player from 1901 -- 12 ; member of the 1905 World Series Champion New York Giants Craig Capano , former professional soccer player with the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer Rube DeGroff , professional baseball player with the St. Louis Cardinals from 1905 -- 06 Ellen Roosevelt , three time U.S. National Championship tennis player between 1890 and 1893 and member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame Grace Roosevelt , two time U.S. National Championship tennis player in doubles in 1891 and mixed doubles in 1889 Amar'e Stoudemire , professional All - star basketball player currently playing with Hapoel Jerusalem of the Israeli Basketball Premier League and the EuroCup Brett Wilkinson , former member of the U.S. National Rowing Team who competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics Kyle Winter , former professional rugby player and member of the Indonesian National Rugby Team Ricky Horton , former professional baseball player with the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1984 - 1987 ) . Pitcher . Played in the 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ( with the Dogers ) world series . Writers ( edit ) Hilary Masters , 20th century novelist Joan Slonczewski , microbiologist and science fiction writer Justin Taylan , author and World War II historian and founder of Pacific Wrecks In popular culture ( edit ) In a scene from Alfred Hitchcock 's 1959 film North by Northwest , the train comes to an unexpected stop at the Hyde Park Railroad Station . Portions of the 1994 movie Wolf starring Jack Nicholson were filmed at Hyde Park 's Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site . Hyde Park was the setting for portions of James Mangold 's 1995 film Heavy , including the Culinary Institute of America . The Hulk travels to Hyde Park in Marvel Comics 1997 issue of Avengers ( vol. 2 # 4 ) . In 2007 , Hyde Park 's Eveready Diner was featured on Season 1 ( Ep. 6 ) of Guy Fieri 's television series Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives on the Food Network . Although primarily filmed in London , England , Hyde Park was the backdrop for Roger Michell 's 2012 film Hyde Park on Hudson about President Franklin D. Roosevelt . The Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park was featured on the Syfy show Ghost Hunters ( Season 10 , Ep. 2 ) which aired on September 2 , 2015 . The Hyde Park Drive - In was used for the filming of the upcoming 2016 film , Look Away starring Matthew Broderick and Chloë Sevigny . See also ( edit ) Hyde Park Central Schools Maritje Kill Geography portal Hudson Valley portal New York portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Hyde Park town , Dutchess County , New York '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plan Your Visit -- Home of Franklin D Roosevelt National Historic Site '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nearby Attractions -- Home of Franklin D Roosevelt National Historic Site '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt '' . Findagrave.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` DecennialCensus '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Food TV star noshes at Hyde Park diner '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . June 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barry , John W. ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Matthew Broderick , Chloe Sevigny film movie in Dutchess '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyde Park , New York . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hyde Park , New York . Official website Hyde Park Free Library Town of Hyde Park Historical Society Municipalities and communities of Dutchess County , New York , United States County seat : Poughkeepsie Cities Beacon Poughkeepsie Towns Amenia Beekman Clinton Dover East Fishkill Fishkill Hyde Park LaGrange Milan North East Pawling Pine Plains Pleasant Valley Poughkeepsie Red Hook Rhinebeck Stanford Union Vale Wappinger Washington Villages Fishkill Millbrook Millerton Pawling Red Hook Rhinebeck Tivoli Wappingers Falls CDPs Amenia Arlington Brinckerhoff Crown Heights Dover Plains Fairview Freedom Plains Haviland Hillside Lake Hopewell Junction Hyde Park Merritt Park Myers Corner Pine Plains Pleasant Valley Red Oaks Mill Rhinecliff Salt Point Spackenkill Staatsburg Titusville Other hamlets Annandale - on - Hudson Bangall Barrytown Boston Corner ‡ Castle Point Chelsea Glenham LaGrangeville Linden Acres Lithgow Mabbettsville New Hamburg Pleasant Plains Quaker Hill Rock City Shekomeko Silvernails Sylvan Lake Van Keurens Verbank Wassaic Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerderkill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyde_Park,_New_York&oldid=801756961 '' Categories : Hyde Park , New York Towns in Dutchess County , New York Poughkeepsie -- Newburgh -- Middletown metropolitan area Towns in New York ( state ) Towns in the New York metropolitan area Franklin D. Roosevelt Populated places on the Hudson River Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Use mdy dates from December 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 17 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | map of hyde park ny and surrounding area | [] | [] |
-4996847529509778550 | Ribosome-binding site | Ribosome - binding site - wikipedia Ribosome - binding site A ribosome binding site , or ribosomal binding site ( RBS ) , is a sequence of nucleotides upstream of the start codon of an mRNA transcript that is responsible for the recruitment of a ribosome during the initiation of protein translation . Mostly , RBS refers to bacterial sequences , although internal ribosome entry sites ( IRES ) have been described in mRNAs of eukaryotic cells or viruses that infect eukaryotes . Ribosome recruitment in eukaryotes is generally mediated by the 5 ' cap present on eukaryotic mRNAs . Contents 1 Prokaryotes 1.1 Effect on translation initiation rate 1.1. 1 Factors affecting rate of ribosome recruitment 1.1. 2 Factors affecting the efficiency of translation initiation 1.2 Heat shock proteins 2 Eukaryotes 2.1 5 ' cap 2.2 Internal ribosome entry site ( IRES ) 3 Gene annotation 4 History 5 See also 6 References Prokaryotes ( edit ) The RBS in prokaryotes is a region upstream of the start codon . This region of the mRNA has the consensus 5 ' - AGGAGG - 3 ' , also called the Shine - Dalgarno ( SD ) sequence . The complementary sequence ( CCUCCU ) , called the anti-Shine - Dalgarno ( ASD ) is contained in the 3 ' end of the 16S region of the smaller ( 30S ) ribosomal subunit . Upon encountering the Shine - Dalgarno sequence , the ASD of the ribosome base pairs with it , after which translation is initiated . Variations of the 5 ' - AGGAGG - 3 ' sequence have been found in Archaea as highly conserved 5 ′ - GGTG - 3 ′ regions , 5 basepairs upstream of the start site . Additionally , some bacterial initiation regions , such as rpsA in E. coli completely lack identifiable SD sequences . Effect on translation initiation rate ( edit ) Prokaryotic ribosomes begin translation of the mRNA transcript while DNA is still being transcribed . Thus translation and transcription are parallel processes . Bacterial mRNA are usually polycistronic and contain multiple ribosome binding sites . Translation initiation is the most highly regulated step of protein synthesis in prokaryotes . The rate of translation depends on two factors : the rate at which a ribosome is recruited to the RBS the rate at which a recruited ribosome is able to initiate translation ( i.e. the translation initiation efficiency ) The RBS sequence affects both of these factors . Factors affecting rate of ribosome recruitment ( edit ) The ribosomal protein S1 binds to adenine sequences upstream of the RBS . Increasing the concentration of adenine upstream of the RBS will increase the rate of ribosome recruitment . Factors affecting the efficiency of translation initiation ( edit ) The level of complementarity of the mRNA SD sequence to the ribosomal ASD greatly affects the efficiency of translation initiation . Richer complementarity results in higher initiation efficiency . It is worth noting that this only holds up to a certain point - having too rich of a complementarity is known to paradoxically decrease the rate of translation as the ribosome then happens to be bound too tightly to proceed downstream . The optimal distance between the RBS and the start codon is variable - it depends on the portion of the SD sequence encoded in the actual RBS and its distance to the start site of a consensus SD sequence . Optimal spacing increases the rate of translation initiation once a ribosome has been bound . The composition of nucleotides in the spacer region itself was also found to affect the rate of translation initiation in one study . Heat shock proteins ( edit ) Secondary structures formed by the RBS can affect the translational efficiency of mRNA , generally inhibiting translation . These secondary structures are formed by H - bonding of the mRNA base pairs and are sensitive to temperature . At a higher - than - usual temperature ( ~ 42 ° C ) , the RBS secondary structure of heat shock proteins becomes undone thus allowing ribosomes to bind and initiate translation . This mechanism allows a cell to quickly respond to an increase in temperature . Eukaryotes ( edit ) 5 ' cap ( edit ) Ribosome recruitment in eukaryotes happens when eukaryote initiation factors elF4F and poly ( A ) - binding protein ( PABP ) recognize the 5 ' capped mRNA and recruit the 43S ribosome complex at that location . Translation initiation happens following recruitment of the ribosome , at the start codon ( underlined ) found within the Kozak consensus sequence ACCAUGG . Since the Kozak sequence itself is not involved in the recruitment of the ribosome , it is not considered a ribosome binding site . Internal ribosome entry site ( IRES ) ( edit ) Eukaryotic ribosomes are known to bind to transcripts in a mechanism unlike the one involving the 5 ' cap , at a sequence called the internal ribosome entry site . This process is not dependent on the full set of translation initiation factors ( although this depends on the specific IRES ) and is commonly found in the translation of viral mRNA . Gene annotation ( edit ) The identification of RBSs is used to determine the site of translation initiation in an unannotated sequence . This is referred to as N - terminal prediction . This is especially useful when multiple start codons are situated around the potential start site of the protein coding sequence . Identification of RBSs is particularly difficult , because they tend to be highly degenerated . One approach to identifying RBS in E. coli is using neural networks . Another approach is using the Gibbs sampling method . History ( edit ) The Shine - Dalgarno sequence , of the prokaryotic RBS , was discovered by John Shine and Lynne Dalgarno in 1975 . The Kozak consensus sequence was first identified by Marilyn Kozak in 1984 while she was in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Pittsburgh . See also ( edit ) Alpha operon ribosome binding site Eukaryotic translation Prokaryotic translation Gene prediction References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shine , J. ; Dalgarno , L. ( 1975 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Determinant of cistron specificity in bacterial ribosomes '' . Nature . 254 ( 5495 ) : 34 -- 38 . doi : 10.1038 / 254034a0 . PMID 803646 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ribosomal Binding Site Sequence Requirements '' . www.thermofisher.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Help : Ribosome Binding Site - parts.igem.org '' . parts.igem.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Omotajo , Damilola ; Tate , Travis ; Cho , Hyuk ; Choudhary , Madhusudan ( 2015 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Distribution and diversity of ribosome binding sites in prokaryotic genomes '' . BMC Genomics. 16 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1186 / s12864 - 015 - 1808 - 6 . ISSN 1471 - 2164 . PMC 4535381 . ^ Jump up to : Laursen , Brian Søgaard ; Sørensen , Hans Peter ; Mortensen , Kim Kusk ; Sperling - Petersen , Hans Uffe ( 2005 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Bacteria '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 69 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 123 . doi : 10.1128 / MMBR. 69.1. 101 - 123.2005 . ISSN 1092 - 2172 . PMC 1082788 . PMID 15755955 . ^ Jump up to : De Boer , Herman A. ; Hui , Anna S. ( 1990 - 01 - 01 ) . Enzymology , BT - Methods in , ed. ( 9 ) Sequences within ribosome binding site affecting messenger RNA translatability and method to direct ribosomes to single messenger RNA species . Gene Expression Technology . 185 . Academic Press . pp. 103 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Stormo , Gary D. ; Schneider , Thomas D. ; Gold , Larry M. ( 1982 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Characterization of translational initiation sites in E. coli '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 10 ( 9 ) : 2971 -- 2996 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 10.9. 2971 . ISSN 0305 - 1048 . PMC 320669 . PMID 7048258 . ^ Jump up to : Hellen , Christopher U.T. ; Sarnow , Peter ( 2001 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Internal ribosome entry sites in eukaryotic mRNA molecules '' . Genes & Development . 15 ( 13 ) : 1593 -- 1612 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 891101 . ISSN 0890 - 9369 . PMID 11445534 . Jump up ^ Pisarev , Andrey V. ; Shirokikh , Nikolay E. ; Hellen , Christopher U.T. `` Translation initiation by factor - independent binding of eukaryotic ribosomes to internal ribosomal entry sites '' . Comptes Rendus Biologies. 328 ( 7 ) : 589 -- 605 . doi : 10.1016 / j. crvi. 2005.02. 004 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , William S. ; Borodovsky , Mark ( 1998 ) . `` Deriving ribosomal binding site ( RBS ) statistical models from unannotated DNA sequences and the use of the RBS model for N - terminal prediction '' ( PDF ) . Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing. 3 : 279 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Noguchi , Hideki ; Taniguchi , Takeaki ; Itoh , Takehiko ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) . `` MetaGeneAnnotator : Detecting Species - Specific Patterns of Ribosomal Binding Site for Precise Gene Prediction in Anonymous Prokaryotic and Phage Genomes '' . DNA Research . 15 ( 6 ) : 387 -- 396 . doi : 10.1093 / dnares / dsn027 . ISSN 1340 - 2838 . PMC 2608843 . PMID 18940874 . Jump up ^ Oliveira , Márcio Ferreira da Silva ; Mendes , Daniele Quintella ; Ferrari , Luciana Itida ; Vasconcelos , Ana Tereza Ribeiro . `` Ribosome binding site recognition using neural networks '' . Genetics and Molecular Biology . 27 ( 4 ) : 644 -- 650 . doi : 10.1590 / S1415 - 47572004000400028 . ISSN 1415 - 4757 . Jump up ^ Stormo , Gary D. ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . `` DNA binding sites : representation and discovery '' . Bioinformatics. 16 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 23 . doi : 10.1093 / bioinformatics / 16.1. 16 . ISSN 1367 - 4803 . PMID 10812473 . Jump up ^ `` Prof John Shine -- Garvan Institute of Medical Research '' . www.garvan.org.au . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kozak , Marilyn ( 1984 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Compilation and analysis of sequences upstream from the translational start site in eukaryotic mRNAs '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 12 ( 2 ) : 857 -- 872 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 12.2. 857 . ISSN 0305 - 1048 . PMC 318541 . PMID 6694911 . Jump up ^ `` Research : Top 10 Women Scientists Of The ' 80s : Making A Difference The Scientist Magazine ® '' . The Scientist . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Protein biosynthesis : translation ( bacterial , archaeal , eukaryotic ) Proteins Initiation factor Bacterial PIF - 1 PIF - 2 PIF - 3 Archaeal aIF1 aIF2 aIF5 aIF6 Eukaryotic eIF1 eIF1 EIF1AX AY 1B eIF2 EIF2S1 EIF2S2 EIF2S3 EIF2B1 EIF2B2 EIF2B3 EIF2B4 EIF2B5 EIF - 2 kinase eIF2A eIF2D eIF3 EIF3A eIF4 EIF4A2 A3 E1 E2 E3 G1 G2 G3 eIF5 EIF5 EIF5A A2 5B eIF6 EIF6 Elongation factor Bacterial EF - Tu EF - Ts EF - G Archaeal aEF - 1 aEF - 2 Eukaryotic EEF - 1 EEF1A1 EEF1A2 EEF1A3 EEF1B1 EEF1B2 EEF1B3 EEF1B4 EEF1D EEF1E1 EEF1G EEF2 Release factor Bacterial Archaeal Eukaryotic ( ETF1 ) Ribosomal Proteins Cytoplasmic 60S subunit RPL3 RPL4 RPL5 RPL6 RPL7 RPL7A RPL8 RPL9 RPL10 RPL10A RPL10 - like RPL11 RPL12 RPL13 RPL13A RPL14 RPL15 RPL17 RPL18 RPL18A RPL19 RPL21 RPL22 RPL23 RPL23A RPL24 RPL26 RPL27 RPL27A RPL28 RPL29 RPL30 RPL31 RPL32 RPL34 RPL35 RPL35A RPL36 RPL36A RPL37 RPL37A RPL38 RPL39 RPL40 RPL41 RPLP0 RPLP1 RPLP2 RRP15 - like RSL24D1 40S subunit RPSA RPS2 RPS3 RPS3A RPS4 ( RPS4X , RPS4Y1 , RPS4Y2 ) RPS5 RPS6 RPS7 RPS8 RPS9 RPS10 RPS11 RPS12 RPS13 RPS14 RPS15 RPS15A RPS16 RPS17 RPS18 RPS19 RPS20 RPS21 RPS23 RPS24 RPS25 RPS26 RPS27 RPS27A RPS28 RPS29 RPS30 RACK1 Mitochondrial 39S subunit MRPL1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 28S subunit MRPS1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Other concepts Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase Reading frame Start codon Stop codon Shine - Dalgarno sequence / Kozak consensus sequence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ribosome-binding_site&oldid=857082754 '' Categories : Protein biosynthesis Molecular biology Cell biology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 13 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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-8411729394898220647 | Lucius Accius | Lucius Accius - wikipedia Lucius Accius Jump to : navigation , search Lucius Accius 170 BC Pisaurum c. 86 BC Nationality Roman Lucius Accius ( / ˈæksiəs / ; 170 -- c. 86 BC ) , or Lucius Attius , was a Roman tragic poet and literary scholar . The son of a freedman , Accius was born at Pisaurum in Umbria , in 170 BC . The year of his death is unknown , but he must have lived to a great age , since Cicero ( born 106 BC , hence 64 years younger ) speaks of having conversed with him on literary matters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Literary works 2 As a grammarian 3 Politics and temperament 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Literary works ( edit ) He was a prolific writer and enjoyed a very high reputation . The titles and considerable fragments ( about 700 lines ) of some fifty plays have been preserved . Judging from the titles and fragments , scholars have surmised that most , if not all , of these poems were tragic in nature ( although Pliny the Younger does rank him among the erotic poets ) . Most of his poetical works were imitations or free translations of the Greek , especially Aeschylus . The earliest of these was most likely the Atreus , which was performed in 140 BC , but which is now lost . He also wrote on some Roman subjects , one of which , an examination of the tyranny of L. Tarquinius Superbus and his expulsion by Lucius Junius Brutus , titled Brutus , and was probably written in honor of his patron D. Brutus . His favorite subjects were the legends of the Trojan War and the house of Pelops . While only fragments remain , the most important of which were preserved by Cicero , they seem sufficient to justify the terms of admiration in which Accius is spoken of by the ancient writers . He is particularly praised for the strength and vigor of his language and the sublimity of his thoughts , and although the grandiloquence of his literary style was on occasion mocked by some of his peers , he continued to be cited by other writers long after his death . Accius wrote other works of a literary character : Libri Didascalicon , a treatise in verse on the history of Greek and Roman poetry , and dramatic art in particular ; also Libri Pragmaticon , Parerga , and Praxidica , of which no fragments remain ; and a hexameter Annales containing the history of Rome , like that of Ennius . As a grammarian ( edit ) Accius also attempted to introduce innovations in Latin orthography and grammar , most of which were attempts to change written Latin to more faithfully reproduce its actual pronunciation . Few of these caught on , although his preference against giving Greek names Latin endings had quite a few supporters , particularly Varro , who dedicated his De antiquitate litterarum to Accius . A spelling convention of writing long vowels double ( such as aa for long ā ) is also associated with him , and is found in texts concurrent with his lifetime . Politics and temperament ( edit ) Accius was politically conservative , and generally noted for his dignity and reserve . He did however believe that one with literary gifts , such as himself , ought to be accorded more respect than someone who , through no effort of their own , was merely born to nobility . He was , by some accounts , a self - important man , and some writers expressed a wry amusement at the larger - than - life statues of himself he had erected in the temple of the Muses . Atreus featured the line oderint dum metuant ( `` let them hate , so long as they fear '' ) , later an infamous motto of Caligula . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jocelyn , H.D. ( 1996 ) . `` Accius , Lucius '' . In Hornblower , Simon . Oxford Classical Dictionary . 1 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Cicero , Brutus , 72 - 73 ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Accius , Lucius '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Horace , Epistles , ii. i , 56 ; Cicero , Pro Plancio , 24 Jump up ^ Pliny the Younger , Epistulae 5.6 Jump up ^ Cicero , Brutus 229 Jump up ^ Cicero De Legibus . ii. 21 , Pro Archia Poeta. 11 Jump up ^ Cicero pro Plancio 24 , pro Sestio 56 , &c. ; Horace Epodes ii. 1.56 ; Quintilian x. 1 . § 97 ; Aulus Gellius xiii. 2 Jump up ^ Smith , William ( 1867 ) . `` Accius , Lucius '' . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 1 . p. 6 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Porph . Hor . Serm. 1.10. 53 Jump up ^ Varro , De lingua Latina 10.70 Jump up ^ Rhetorica ad Herennium 1.24 Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Naturalis Historia 34.19 Chisholm ( 1911 ) also includes these authorities : Boissier , Le Poète Accius , 1856 ; L. Müller , De Accii fabulis Disputatio ( 1890 ) ; Ribbeck , Geschichte der römischen Dichtung ( 1892 ) ; editions of the tragic fragments by Ribbeck ( 1897 ) , of the others by Bährens ( 1886 ) ; Plessis , Poésie latine ( 1909 ) . Sources ( edit ) G. Manuwald , Accius und seine Zeit ( Würzburg 2002 ) . B. Baldarelli , Accius und die vortrojanische Pelopidensage ( Paderborn 2004 ) . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Smith , William , ed. ( 1870 ) . `` `` . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . 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5839155848905899138 | Tule Lake Unit, World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument | Tule Lake Unit , World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument - wikipedia Tule Lake Unit , World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Tulelake camp . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tule Lake Segregation Center U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark California Historical Landmark # 850 - 2 A view of the Tule Lake War Relocation Center which became the Tule Lake Segregation Center Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Location Northeast side CA 139 , Newell , California Coordinates 41 ° 53 ′ 22 '' N 121 ° 22 ′ 29 '' W / 41.88944 ° N 121.37472 ° W / 41.88944 ; - 121.37472 Coordinates : 41 ° 53 ′ 22 '' N 121 ° 22 ′ 29 '' W / 41.88944 ° N 121.37472 ° W / 41.88944 ; - 121.37472 Website Tule Lake Unit of WWII Valor in the Pacific National Monument NRHP reference # 06000210 CHISL # 850 - 2 Significant dates Added to NRHP February 17 , 2006 Designated NHL February 17 , 2006 The Tule Lake Unit of the World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument in Modoc and Siskiyou counties in California , consists primarily of the site of the Tule Lake War Relocation Center , one of ten concentration camps constructed in 1942 by the United States government to incarcerate Japanese Americans forcibly removed from their homes on the West Coast . They totaled nearly 120,000 people , two - thirds of whom were United States citizens . After a period of use , this facility was renamed the Tule Lake Segregation Center in 1943 , and used as a maximum security , segregation camp to separate and hold those prisoners considered disloyal or disruptive to the other camps ' operations . That year inmates from other camps were sent here to segregate them from the general population . Draft resisters and others who protested the injustices of the camps , including by their answers on the loyalty questionnaire , were sent here . At its peak , Tule Lake Segregation Center ( with 18,700 inmates ) was the largest of the ten camps and most controversial . After the war it became a holding area for Japanese Americans slated for deportation or expatriation to Japan , including some who had renounced US citizenship under duress . Many joined a class action suit because of civil rights abuses ; many gained the chance to stay in the United States through court hearings but did not regain their citizenship due to opposition by the Department of Justice . The camp was not closed until March 1946 , months after the end of the war . Twenty years later , members of the class action suit gained restoration of US citizenship through court rulings . California later designated this Tule Lake camp site as a California Historical Landmark and in 2006 , it was ranked as a National Historic Landmark . In December 2008 , the Tule Lake Unit was designated by President George W. Bush as one of nine sites -- the only one in the contiguous 48 states -- to be part of the new World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument , marking areas of major events during the war . In addition to remains of the concentration camp , this unit includes Tulelake camp , also used during the war ; as well as the rock formation known as the Peninsula / Castle Rock . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Tule Lake Segregation Center 2 Victory for Tule Lake draft resisters 3 Events since the late 20th century 3.1 Pilgrimages 3.2 Federal grant program 4 Monument management 5 Notable inmates 6 Terminology 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Articles 8.2 Books 8.2. 1 Nisei Draft Resisters 8.2. 2 Renunciants 8.2. 3 Tule Lake 8.2. 3.1 Fiction 8.2. 3.2 Non-Fiction 8.2. 4 U.S. concentration camps 8.3 Dissertations 8.4 Documentaries 8.5 Film 8.6 Journals 9 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Internment of Japanese Americans Executive Order 9066 , issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in early 1942 as a response to the attack on Pearl Harbor , authorized establishing an Exclusion Zone on the West Coast , from which local military authorities could remove certain populations under wartime exigency . Military commanders ordered the forced removal and incarceration of the nearly 120,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast of the United States , two - thirds of whom were United States citizens . A late 20th - century study revealed that internal government studies of the time recommended against such mass exclusion and incarceration , and the study included this decision was based on racism , wartime hysteria and failed political leadership . The War Relocation Authority ( WRA ) built ten concentration camps , referred to euphemistically as `` relocation centers , '' in remote rural areas in the interior of the country . Tule Lake Relocation Center opened on May 27 , 1942 and initially held approximately 11,800 Japanese Americans , who were primarily from Sacramento , King and Hood River counties in California , Washington and Oregon , respectively . In late 1943 , the WRA issued a questionnaire intended to assess the loyalty of imprisoned Japanese Americans . The `` loyalty questionnaire , '' as it came to be known , was originally a form circulated among draft - age men whom the military hoped to conscript into service -- after assessing their loyalty and `` Americanness . '' It soon was made mandatory for all adults in the ten camps . Two questions stirred up confusion and unrest among camp inmates . Question 27 asked , `` Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty , wherever ordered ? '' The final question 28 asked , `` Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces , and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor , or any other foreign government , power or organization ? '' The first question met resistance from young men who , while not opposed to military service outright , felt insulted that the government , having stripped them of their rights as citizens , would ask them to risk their lives in combat . Many responded with qualified statements such as , `` I 'll serve in the Army when my family is freed , '' or refused to answer the questions altogether . Many interns had problems with the second question . Many were insulted that the question implied they ever had allegiance to a country they had either left behind decades before or , for most US citizens , never visited . Others , especially the non-citizen Issei , feared they would be deported to Japan no matter how they answered , and worried that an affirmative answer would cause them to be seen as enemy aliens by the Japanese . Issei , and many Nisei and Kibei who held dual citizenship , worried they would lose their Japanese citizenship , leaving them stateless if they were expatriated from the United States , which they feared was inevitable , given what had already occurred . In addition to these concerns , some inmates answered `` no '' to both questions in protest of their imprisonment and loss of civil rights . Often Issei and Kibei , who spoke little or no English , simply did not understand the poorly phrased questions or their implications , and did not answer . Japanese Americans who protested or resisted the unjust World War II detention were segregated and imprisoned at Tule Lake . More than 24,000 men , women and children were confined here . Tule Lake Segregation Center ( edit ) In 1943 the center was renamed the Tule Lake Segregation Center . The War Relocation Authority proposed to use it to separate inmates suspected of being disloyal , or those who protested conditions and were disruptive in their camps . It was fortified as a maximum security facility and it quickly became the most repressive of the government 's 10 concentration camps . Interns who had responded with unqualified `` yes '' answers to the loyalty questionnaire were given the choice to transfer from Tule Lake to another WRA camp . Approximately 6,500 `` loyal '' Tule Lake inmates were transferred to six camps in Colorado , Utah , Idaho , and Arkansas . The more than 12,000 imprisoned Japanese Americans classified as `` disloyal '' because of their responses to the poorly worded loyalty questions were gradually transferred to Tule Lake during the remainder of 1943 . Unsanitary , squalid living conditions , inadequate medical care , poor food , and unsafe or underpaid working conditions prompted prisoner protests at Tule Lake and several other camps . On November 14 , after a series of meetings and demonstrations by prisoners over the poor living conditions at the overpopulated camp , the army imposed martial law in Tule Lake . The Army had additional barracks constructed early in 1944 to accommodate a second influx of segregated inmates , pushing the already swollen population to 18,700 . Inmates transplanting celery at Tule Lake . Martial law in Tule Lake ended January 15 , 1944 , but many prisoners were bitter after months of living with a curfew , unannounced barracks searches , and restrictions that put a stop to recreational activities and most employment in camp . On July 1 , the Renunciation Act of 1944 , drafted by Attorney General Francis Biddle , was passed into law ; U.S. citizens could , during time of war , renounce their citizenship without first leaving the country -- and once they did , the government could treat them as enemy aliens , and detain or deport them with impunity . Angry at the abuses of their U.S. citizenship and convinced there was nothing left for them in the country of their birth , or coerced either by WRA authorities and pro-Japan groups in camp , a total of 5,589 Nisei and Kibei internees chose to renounce their citizenship . Ninety - eight percent of those who renounced their citizenship were inmates at Tule Lake , where conditions had been so harsh . During 1945 after the war 's end , the other nine WRA camps were closed as Japanese Americans gradually returned to their home towns or settled elsewhere . Tule Lake was operated to hold those who had renounced their citizenship and Issei who had requested repatriation to Japan . Most no longer wished to leave the United States ( and many had never truly wanted to leave in the first place ) . Civil rights attorney Wayne M. Collins became interested in the issues of the internment of the Japanese Americans and learned about the loyalty questionnaires and other issues . Collins helped shut down the Tule Lake stockades , and he helped 3,000 of the 4,327 Japanese Americans originally slated for deportation remain in the United States as their choice . Those who wanted to stay in the United States and regain their citizenship ( if they had it ) , were confined in Tule Lake until hearings at which their cases would be heard and fates determined . After the last cases were decided , the camp closed in March 1946 . Although these Japanese Americans were released from camp and allowed to stay in the U.S. , Nisei and Kibei who had renounced their citizenship were not able to have it restored . Collins filed a class action suit on their behalf and the presiding judge voided the renunciations , finding they had been given under duress , but the ruling was overturned by the Department of Justice . After a 20 - year legal battle , Collins finally succeeded in gaining restoration in the 1960s of the citizenship of those covered by the class action suit . Victory for Tule Lake draft resisters ( edit ) Mr. Masaaki Kuwabara ( 1913 -- 1993 ) Some of the Japanese - American draft resisters wanted to use their cases to challenge their incarceration and loss of rights as US citizens . United States v. Masaaki Kuwabara , was the only World War II - era Japanese - American draft resistance case to be dismissed out of court based on a due process violation of the U.S. Constitution . It was a forerunner of the Korematsu and Endo cases argued before the US Supreme Court , later in December 1944 . Judge Louis E. Goodman went out of his way to help fellow native Californian and lead defendant Masaaki Kuwabara by hand - picking his defense attorney , Blaine McGowan , who entered a Motion to Quash Proceedings based on the government 's abrogation of his client 's due process rights , guaranteed to every American citizen by the U.S. Constitution . Without explicitly describing Kuwabara as a victim of federal anti-Japanese racism , Judge Goodman viewed the man 's experience in this light . He ruled against the United States , which incarcerated the defendant in a U.S. concentration camp ; categorized him as a Class 4 - C Enemy Alien ; and then drafted him into military service . Kuwabara refused to obey the draft until his rights as an American citizen were restored to him . Events since the late 20th century ( edit ) Japanese - American activists revisited the civil rights issues of the forced relocation and incarceration of their people from the West Coast . They were the only ethnic group associated with the Axis Powers who were incarcerated en masse in the United States . In Hawaii , where 150,000 Japanese Americans comprised one - third of the population , only a small number were interned during the war . Japanese - American groups began to organize to educate the public , build support for their case , and lobby the government for redress . Finally the Japanese American Citizens League joined this movement , although it had initially opposed it . Pilgrimages ( edit ) Starting in 1974 , Tule Lake was the site of several pilgrimages by activists calling for an official apology from the U.S. government for the injustices to Japanese Americans , both citizens and non-citizens . The pilgrimages ( every even year , around the 4th of July ) , serving educational purposes , continue to this day . This Redress Movement gradually gained widespread support and Congress passed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 , which was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan . It included an official governmental apology for the injustices and payment of compensation to camp survivors . A similar law was passed in 1992 to provide for compensation to additional Japanese Americans . Groups making the annual pilgrimage have organized them around specific themes , and used them as a basis for education , as in the following : Recent themes 2000 -- ' Honoring our Living Treasures , Forging New Links ' ( 7 / 1 - 4 ) 2002 -- ' As We Revisit the Meaning of Patriotism and Loyalty ' ( 7 / 4 - 7 ) 2004 -- ' Citizens Betrayed ' ( 7 / 2 - 5 ) 2006 -- ' Dignity and Survival in a Divided Community ' 2009 -- ' Shared Remebrances ' ( 7 / 2 - 5 ) 2010 -- ' Untold Stories of Tule Lake ' ( 7 / 2 - 5 ) 2012 -- ' Understanding No - No and Renunciation ' ( 6 / 30 - 7 / 3 ) Federal grant program ( edit ) On December 21 , 2006 U.S. President George W. Bush signed H.R. 1492 into law , creating the Japanese American Confinement Sites grant program . This authorized the appropriation of $38,000,000 in federal grant money to preserve and interpret the system of Japanese - American incarceration sites , including the temporary WCCA sites , the ten WRA concentration camps and the Department of Justice internment camps . Monument management ( edit ) The Monument is jointly managed by the National Park Service ( NPS ) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( USFWS . ) The national monument consists of three separate units ; the Tule Lake Segregation Center near Newell , nearby Camp Tulelake , and a rock formation known as The Peninsula / Castle Rock near Newell . The Tule Lake Segregation Center is solely managed by the NPS . Camp Tulelake is jointly managed by the NPS and USFWS ; the USFWS manages / owns the land , and the NPS maintains the buildings and provides interpretive programs . The Peninsula / Castle Rock is solely managed by the USFWS . Locally , USFWS responsibilities are handled by the administration of Lava Beds National Monument and the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge . Notable inmates ( edit ) Recent UC Berkeley valedictorian Harvey Itano during the internment . Violet Kazue de Cristoforo ( 1917 -- 2007 ) , poet . Also interned at Jerome . Hiroshi Honda ( 1910 -- 1970 ) , an American painter . Yamato Ichihashi ( 1878 -- 1963 ) , one of the first academics of Asian ancestry in the United States . Harvey Itano ( 1920 -- 2010 ) , became a biochemist best known for his work on the molecular basis of sickle cell anemia and other diseases . Hiroshi Kashiwagi ( born 1922 ) , became a poet , playwright and actor . Taky Kimura ( born 1924 ) , martial arts practitioner and instructor . Also interned at Minidoka . Mary Koga ( née Mary Hisako Ishii , 1920 -- 2001 ) , a photographer and social worker . Tommy Kono ( 1930 - 2016 ) , an Olympic gold medalist weightlifter and world record holder . Joseph Kurihara ( 1895 -- 1965 ) , a renunciant . Also interned at Manzanar . Masaaki Kuwabara ( 1913 -- 1993 ) , lead defendant in United States v. Masaaki Kuwabara , the only Japanese - American draft resistance case to be dismissed on the basis of a due process violation of the U.S. Constitution . Bob Matsui ( 1941 -- 2005 ) , was elected to 13 - terms as member of the U.S. House of Representatives . Tsutomu `` Jimmy '' Mirikitani ( 1920 -- 2012 ) , Sacramento , California ) , artist and subject of The Cats of Mirikitani , an award - winning documentary film . Manjo and Betty Miyata , grandparents of NASCAR driver Kyle Larson . Pat Morita ( 1932 -- 2005 ) , became an actor best known for his role in the Karate Kid films . Also interned at Gila River . Jimmy Murakami ( 1933 -- 2014 ) , an animator and director . George Nakano ( born 1935 ) , a former California State Assemblyman Alan Nakanishi ( born 1940 ) , a California politician James K. Okubo ( 1920 -- 1967 ) , a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the Medal of Honor . James Otsuka ( 1921 -- 1984 ) , a conscientious objector during World War II and a war tax resister . Yuki Shimoda ( 1921 -- 1981 ) , an actor . Sab Shimono ( born 1937 ) , an actor . Also interned at Granada . Hana Shimozumi ( 1893 -- 1978 ) , an American singer . Noboru Shirai , author of `` Tule Lake : An Issei Memoir . '' Born in Hiroshima , Japan , he emigrated to the U.S. in 1934 , married Akiko May Taketa ( a UC Berkeley graduate born and raised in Sacramento ) and was a graduate student at Stanford University in 1942 . After his release from Tule Lake , Shirai became a successful California businessman . Robert Mitsuhiro Takasugi ( 1930 -- 2009 ) , first Japanese - American appointed to the federal bench . George Takei ( born 1937 ) , an American actor best known for his role in Star Trek . Also interned at Rohwer . George T. Tamura ( 1927 -- 2010 ) , an artist . Kazue Togasaki ( 1897 - 1992 ) , one of the first two women of Japanese ancestry to earn a medical degree in the United States . Also interned at Topaz and Manzanar . Taitetsu Unno ( 1930 -- 2014 ) , a Buddhist scholar , lecturer , and author . Also interned at Rohwer . Jimi Yamaichi member of the 27 draft resisters of conscience , a Tule Lake survivor who shares his memories at the biennial pilgrimages , and promotes preservation of the site . Takuji Yamashita ( 1874 -- 1959 ) , an early 20th - century civil rights pioneer . Also interned at Minidoka . Kenneth Yasuda ( 1914 -- 2002 ) , scholar and translator . Terminology ( edit ) Further information : Japanese American internment § Terminology debate Since the end of World War II , there has been debate over the terminology used to refer to Tule Lake , and the other camps in which Japanese Americans were imprisoned by the United States Government during the war . Tule Lake has been referred to as a `` relocation camp , '' `` relocation center , '' `` internment camp '' , `` concentration camp '' , and `` segregation center , '' and the controversy over which term is the most accurate and appropriate continues into the early 21st century . Activists and scholars believe the government terms : relocation and internment , are euphemisms for forced deportation and concentration camps . Dr. James Hirabayashi , Professor Emeritus and former Dean of Ethnic Studies at San Francisco State University , wrote a 1994 article in which he questioned why euphemistic terms for camps such as Tule Lake continue to be used . Let us review the main points of the debate . Over 120,000 residents of the U.S.A. , two thirds of whom were American citizens , were incarcerated under armed guard . There were no crimes committed , no trials , and no convictions : the Japanese Americans were political prisoners . To detain American citizens in a site under armed guard surely constitutes a `` concentration camp . '' But what were the terms used by the government officials who were involved in the process and who had to justify these actions ? Raymond Okamura provides us with a detailed list of terms . Let 's consider three such euphemisms : `` evacuation , '' `` relocation , '' and `` non-aliens . '' Earthquake and flood victims are evacuated and relocated . The words refer to moving people in order to rescue and protect them from danger . The official government policy makers consistently used `` evacuation '' to refer to the forced removal of the Japanese Americans and the sites were called `` relocation centers . '' These are euphemisms ( Webster : `` the substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit '' ) as the terms do not imply forced removal nor incarceration in enclosures patrolled by armed guards . The masking was intentional . Hirabayashi said it was harmful to use such euphemisms as they hid the reality of what took place , and the injustices committed against US citizens depriving them of fundamental rights . He addressed the issue of whether or not only the Nazi camps can be called `` concentration camps . '' The harm in continuing to use the government 's euphemisms is that it disguises or softens the reality which subsequently has been legally recognized as a grave error . The actions abrogated some fundamental principles underlying the Constitution , the very document under which we govern ourselves . This erosion of fundamental rights has consequences for all citizens of our society and we must see that it is never repeated . Some have argued that the Nazi Germany camps during the Holocaust were concentration camps and to refer to the Japanese American camps likewise would be an affront to the Jews . It is certainly true that the Japanese Americans did not suffer the harsh fate of the Jews in the terrible concentration camps or death camps where Nazi Germany practiced a policy of genocide . Although the loss of life was minimal in America 's concentration camps , it does not negate the reality of the unconstitutional incarceration of Japanese American citizens . Michi and Walter Weglyn 's research concerning Nazi Germany 's euphemisms for their concentration camps revealed such phrases as `` protective custody camps , '' `` reception centers , '' and `` transit camps . '' Ironically , two Nazi euphemisms were identical to our government 's usage : `` assembly centers '' and `` relocation centers . '' It might be well to point out , also , that the Nazis were not operating under the U.S. Constitution . Comparisons usually neglect to point out that Hitler was operating under the rules of the Third Reich . In America all three branches of the U.S. government , ostensibly operating under the U.S. Constitution , ignored the Bill of Rights in order to incarcerate Japanese Americans . In 1998 , use of the term `` concentration camps '' gained greater credibility prior to the opening of an exhibit at Ellis Island about the World War II incarceration of Japanese Americans . Initially , the American Jewish Committee ( AJC ) and the National Park Service , which manages Ellis Island , objected to the use of the term in the exhibit . But , during a subsequent meeting held at the offices of the AJC in New York City , leaders representing Japanese Americans and Jewish Americans reached an understanding about the use of the term . After the meeting , the Japanese American National Museum and the AJC issued a joint statement ( which was included in the exhibit ) that read in part : A concentration camp is a place where people are imprisoned not because of any crimes they have committed , but simply because of who they are . Although many groups have been singled out for such persecution throughout history , the term ' concentration camp ' was first used at the turn of the century in the Spanish -- American and Boer Wars . During World War II , America 's concentration camps were clearly distinguishable from Nazi Germany 's . Nazi camps were places of torture , barbarous medical experiments and summary executions ; some were extermination centers with gas chambers . Six million Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust . Many others , including Gypsies , Poles , homosexuals and political dissidents were also victims of the Nazi concentration camps . In recent years , concentration camps have existed in the former Soviet Union , Cambodia and Bosnia . Despite differences , all had one thing in common : the people in power removed a minority group from the general population and the rest of society let it happen . The New York Times published an unsigned editorial supporting the use of the term `` concentration camp '' in the exhibit . An article quoted Jonathan Mark , a columnist for The Jewish Week , who wrote , `` Can no one else speak of slavery , gas , trains , camps ? It 's Jewish malpractice to monopolize pain and minimize victims . '' AJC Executive Director David A. Harris stated during the controversy , `` We have not claimed Jewish exclusivity for the term ' concentration camps . ' '' On July 7 , 2012 , at their annual convention , the National Council of the Japanese American Citizens League unanimously ratified the Power of Words Handbook , calling for the use of `` truthful and accurate terms , and retiring the misleading euphemisms created by the government to cover up the denial of Constitutional and human rights , the force , oppressive conditions , and racism against 120,000 innocent people of Japanese ancestry locked up in America 's World War II concentration camps . '' According to the Power Of Words Handbook : From government documents and propaganda , to public discourse and newspapers , many euphemisms have been used to describe the experiences of Japanese Americans who were forced from their homes and communities during World War II . Words like evacuation , relocation , and assembly centers imply that the United States Government was trying to rescue Japanese Americans from a disastrous environment on the West Coast and simply help them move to a new gathering place . These terms strategically mask the fact that thousands of Japanese Americans were denied their rights as US citizens , and forcibly ordered to live in poorly constructed barracks on sites that were surrounded by barbed wire and guard towers . Although the use of euphemisms was commonplace during World War II , and in many subsequent years , we realize that the continued use of these inaccurate terms is highly problematic . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` California Historical Landmarks : Modoc County '' . Office of Historical Preservation , California State Parks . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Historic Landmarks Program : Tule Lake Segregation Center '' . National Park Service . 2006 - 02 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tule Lake Unit '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Takei . `` Tule Lake , '' Densho Encyclopedia ( accessed 18 Mar 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Cherstin M. Lyon . `` Loyalty questionnaire , '' Densho Encyclopedia ( accessed 18 Mar 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Hatamiya , Leslie ( 1993 ) . Righting A Wrong : Japanese Americans and the Passage of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 . Stanford University Press . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Memorandum of Agreement Between the War Department and the War Relocation Authority ( webpage image of dept / authority document ) , JAvadc.org , 5 August 1943 , retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 ^ Jump up to : Tule Lake Committee , `` History '' ( accessed 17 Mar 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Lornett ( June 30 , 2004 ) . `` WWII brought hard choice for some Japanese - Americans internees '' . The Seattle Times . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Americans , the Civil Rights Movement and Beyond '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Chersin M. Lyon . `` Segregation , '' Densho Encyclopedia ( accessed 18 Mar 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Yamato , Sharon ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Carrying the Torch : Wayne Collins Jr. on His Father 's Defense of the Renunciants '' . Discover Nikkei . Jump up ^ Christgau , John ( February 1985 ) . `` Collins versus the World : The Fight to Restore Citizenship to Japanese American Renunciants of World War II '' . Pacific Historical Review . University of California Press . 54 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 31 . JSTOR 3638863 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Ellen Clare ( October 2006 ) . `` The Japanese - American Renunciants : Due Process and the Danger of Making Laws During Times of Fear '' . Jump up ^ 56 F. Supp. 716 ( N.D. Cal 1944 ) Jump up ^ `` H.R. 1492 '' . georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . Jump up ^ United States v. Masaaki Kuwabara , 56 Federal Supplement 716 ( Northern District , California ) , July 22 , 1944 . Jump up ^ United States v. Masaaki Kuwabara , 56 F. Supp. 716 ( N.D. Cal 1944 ) Jump up ^ `` The Manzanar Controversy '' . Public Broadcasting System . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Roger ( May 2002 ) . `` Incarceration of the Japanese Americans : A Sixty - Year Perspective '' . The History Teacher. 35 ( 3 ) : 4 -- 6 . doi : 10.2307 / 3054440 . JSTOR 3054440 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2002 . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ito , Robert ( September 15 , 1998 ) . `` Concentration Camp Or Summer Camp ? '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CLPEF Resolution Regarding Terminology '' . Civil Liberties Public Education Fund . 1996 . Retrieved July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Densho : Terminology & Glossary : A Note On Terminology '' . Densho. 1997 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hirabayashi , Ph. D. , James ( 1994 ) . `` '' Concentration Camp '' or `` Relocation Center '' -- What 's in a Name ? `` . Japanese American National Museum Quarterly . 9 ( 3 ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ( March 8 , 1998 ) . `` What Is a Concentration Camp ? Ellis Island Exhibit Prompts a Debate '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Sheryl ( July -- August 1999 ) . `` Suffering Is n't One Group 's Exclusive Privilege '' . HumanQuest . Jump up ^ `` American Jewish Committee , Japanese American National Museum Issue Joint Statement About Ellis Island Exhibit Set To Open April 3 '' ( Press release ) . Japanese American National Museum and American Jewish Committee . March 13 , 1998 . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ( March 10 , 1998 ) . `` Accord On Term `` Concentration Camp '' `` . New York Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Words for Suffering '' . New York Times . 10 March 1998 . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Clyde ( March 13 , 1998 ) . `` NYC ; Defending Jews ' Lexicon Of Anguish '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris , David A ( March 13 , 1998 ) . `` Exhibition on Camps '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Noguchi , Andy ( 2012 - 07 - 15 ) . `` JACL Ratifies Power Of Words Handbook : What Are The Next Steps ? '' . Japanese American Citizens League via the Manzanar Committee . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Power Of Words Handbook '' ( PDF ) . Japanese American Citizens League . 2012 - 06 - 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) Articles ( edit ) `` A request to be honored as patriots : World War II internees vote for recognition '' , by Lee Juillerat H&N Regional Editor , Herald and News ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` At Internment Camp , Exploring Choices of the Past '' , Tulelake Journal , by Norimitsu Onishi , New York Times ( July 8 , 2012 ) . ' Former Tule Lake segregation camp prisoners make pilgrimage , recall lost years ' , by Alex Powers , Herald and News ( July 4 , 2012 ) . ' Interest in Tule Lake Unit goes beyond Basin : Concerned public seeks monument 's conservation ' , by Lee Juillerat H&N Regional Editor , Herald and News ( 8 / 19 / 2012 ) . ' Photographer finds dignity in a dark time ' , by Ayako Mie , Staff writer for The Japan Times ( 8 / 16 / 2012 ) . Books ( edit ) Nisei draft resisters ( edit ) Free to Die for their Country : The Story of the Japanese American Draft Resisters in World War II , 2001 , by Eric Muller . Renunciants ( edit ) Native American Aliens : Disloyalty and the Renunciation of Citizenship by Japanese Americans during World War II , 1985 , Donald E. Collins . Tule Lake ( edit ) Fiction ( edit ) Tule Lake , 2006 , a novel by Edward T. Miyakawa . Non-fiction ( edit ) Kinenhi : Reflections on Tule Lake , by the Tule Lake Committee ( 1980 ) . Tule Lake Revisited : A Brief History and Guide to the Tule Lake Concentration Camp Site , Second edition , 2012 , by Barbara Takei and Judy Tachibana . Tule Lake : An Issei Memoir , by Noboru Shirai ; an autobiographical account , published in English in 2001 by Muteki Press . ISBN 0971610800 ; ISBN 978 - 0971610804 . Originally published in Tokyo , Japan , in 1981 , by Kawade Shobo Shinsha , under the title , Kariforunia nikkeijin kyōsei shūyōjo . U.S. concentration camps ( edit ) Concentration Camps U.S.A : The Japanese Americans and World War II , 1971 , by Roger Daniels . Keeper of Concentration Camps : Dillon S. Myer and American Racism , 1987 , by Richard T. Drinnon . Years of Infamy : The Untold Story of America 's Concentration Camps , 1976 , by Michi Weglyn . Dissertations ( edit ) Bitter Sweet Home , 2005 dissertation by Junko Kobayashi on the Japanese - language literature of the wartime incarceration . Documentaries ( edit ) The Cats of Mirikitani , documentary about artist Jimmy Mirikitani , 2006 , produced and directed by Linda Hattendorf . Film ( edit ) From a Silk Cocoon ( A film about Itaru and Shizuko Ina and segregation at Tule Lake ) , 2004 , produced and directed by Satsuki Ina . Journals ( edit ) `` A Question of Loyalty : Internment at Tule Lake , '' Journal of the Shaw Historical Library , Vol. 19 , 2005 , Klamath Falls , OR External links ( edit ) Tule Lake War Relocation Center . Takei , Barbara . `` Densho Encyclopedia : Tule Lake '' . encyclopedia.densho.org . Densho . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 13 . Tule Lake Relocation Center for Japanese Americans / photographed by Raymond Okamura , The Bancroft Library Views of Tule Lake Relocation Center , The Bancroft Library 2nd Annual YBA Conference at Tule Lake , California , The Bancroft Library June letter : Tule Lake Relocation Center , to Satoka , 1943 Mar. 8 , The Bancroft Library Rosalie H. Wax Papers , The Bancroft Library Tule Lake Relocation Center views , Calif. ( graphic ) , The Bancroft Library Tule Lake Committee History , photos , and VR panoramas . ( 1 ) NPS Tule Lake Unit of WWII Valor in the Pacific National Monument visitor information National Park Service : Confinement and Ethnicity ( Chapter 15 ) Camp plan and photos . PBS documentary 1944 `` Aquila '' Tri-State High School Yearbook The yearbook for the camp high school . `` Tulean Dispatch '' Densho Encyclopedia article on the camp newspaper Tule Lake Unit , World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument on Facebook Tule Lake Unit , World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument on Twitter ( hide ) Internment of Japanese Americans Key topics Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Executive Order 9066 Executive Order 9102 Korematsu v. United States Ex parte Endo Lordsburg Killings War Relocation Authority History of Japanese Americans Propaganda for Japanese - American internment Concentration camps Gila River Granada Heart Mountain Jerome Manzanar Minidoka Poston Rohwer Topaz Tule Lake Assembly centers Arboga Assembly Center Fresno Assembly Center Mayer Assembly Center Merced Assembly Center Owens Valley Reception Center Parker Dam Reception Center Pinedale Assembly Center Pomona Assembly Center Portland Assembly Center Puyallup Assembly Center Sacramento Assembly center Salinas Assembly Center Santa Anita Assembly Center Stockton Assembly Center Tanforan Assembly Center Tulare Assembly Center Turlock Assembly Center Woodland Civil Control Station Citizen Isolation centers Leupp Isolation Center Moab Isolation Center Old Raton Ranch Camp Camp Tulelake Detention facilities Catalina Federal Honor Camp Crystal City Alien Enemy Detention Facility Fort Lincoln Alien Enemy Detention Facility Fort Missoula Alien Enemy Detention Facility Fort Stanton Alien Enemy Detention Facility Kenedy Alien Enemy Detention Facility Kooskia Alien Enemy Detention Facility Santa Fe Alien Enemy Detention Facility Seagoville Alien Enemy Detention Facility Tuna Canyon Detention Station Army facilities Camp Blanding Camp Forrest Camp Livingston Camp McCoy Camp Florence Fort Bliss Internment Camp Fort Howard Internment Camp Fort McDowell Internment Camp Fort Meade Internment Camp Fort Lewis Internment Camp Fort Richardson Internment Camp Fort Sam Houston Internment Camp Fort Sill Internment Camp Griffith Park Detention Camp Haiku Internment Camp Honouliuli Internment Camp Kalaheo Stockade Kilauea Military Camp Lordsburg Internment Camp Sand Island Internment Camp Stringtown Internment Camp Notable incarcerees See : Category : Japanese - American internees In the arts Allegiance Born Free and Equal Farewell to Manzanar No - No Boy The Invisible Thread Under the Blood Red Sun When the Emperor was Divine List of documentaries List of feature films Legacy Japanese American redress and court cases Renunciation Act of 1944 Japanese - American Claims Act Day of Remembrance Fred Korematsu Day CWRIC Civil Liberties Act of 1988 Japanese American National Museum Densho Long Journey Home Japanese American Exclusion Memorial Japanese American Internment Museum Sakura Square National Register of Historic Places in California Lists by county Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles County Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Lists by city Los Angeles Pasadena San Francisco Other lists Bridges California Historical Landmarks National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property Protected areas of California ( hide ) National Park System National Parks Channel Islands Death Valley Joshua Tree Kings Canyon Lassen Volcanic Pinnacles Redwood Sequoia Yosemite National Preserves Mojave National Monuments Cabrillo Castle Mountains Cesar E. 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-708180054911659770 | Citrate synthase | Citrate synthase - wikipedia Citrate synthase Jump to : navigation , search CS Identifiers Aliases CS , citrate synthase External IDs MGI : 88529 HomoloGene : 56073 GeneCards : CS ( hide ) Gene location ( Human ) Chr . Chromosome 12 ( human ) Band 12q13. 3 Start 56,271,699 bp End 56,300,392 bp ( show ) Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr . Chromosome 10 ( mouse ) Band 10 10 D3 Start 128,337,734 bp End 128,362,479 bp ( show ) Gene ontology Molecular function transferase activity transferase activity , transferring acyl groups , acyl groups converted into alkyl on transfer citrate ( Si ) - synthase activity RNA binding Cellular component mitochondrial matrix extracellular exosome mitochondrion nucleus Biological process citrate metabolic process tricarboxylic acid cycle carbohydrate metabolic process metabolism Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 1431 12974 Ensembl ENSG00000062485 ENSMUSG00000005683 UniProt O75390 Q9CZU6 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_198324 NM_004077 NM_026444 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_004068 NP_080720 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 12 : 56.27 -- 56.3 Mb Chr 12 : 128.34 -- 128.36 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse The enzyme citrate synthase ( E.C. 2.3. 3.1 ( previously 4.1. 3.7 ) ) exists in nearly all living cells and stands as a pace - making enzyme in the first step of the citric acid cycle ( or Krebs cycle ) . Citrate synthase is localized within eukaryotic cells in the mitochondrial matrix , but is encoded by nuclear DNA rather than mitochondrial . It is synthesized using cytoplasmic ribosomes , then transported into the mitochondrial matrix . Citrate synthase is commonly used as a quantitative enzyme marker for the presence of intact mitochondria . Citrate synthase catalyzes the condensation reaction of the two - carbon acetate residue from acetyl coenzyme A and a molecule of four - carbon oxaloacetate to form the six - carbon citrate : acetyl - CoA + oxaloacetate + H O → citrate + CoA - SH acetyl - CoA Oxaloacetic acid Citric acid Oxaloacetate is regenerated after the completion of one round of the Krebs cycle . Oxaloacetate is the first substrate to bind to the enzyme . This induces the enzyme to change its conformation , and creates a binding site for the acetyl - CoA . Only when this citroyl - CoA has formed will another conformational change cause thioester hydrolysis and release coenzyme A . This ensures that the energy released from the thioester bond cleavage will drive the condensation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Mechanism 2.2 Inhibition 3 References 4 External links Structure ( edit ) The Active Site of Citrate Synthase ( open form ) The Active Site of Citrate Synthase ( closed form ) Citrate synthase 's 437 amino acid residues are organized into two main subunits , each consisting of 20 alpha - helices . These alpha helices compose approximately 75 % of citrate synthase 's tertiary structure , while the remaining residues mainly compose irregular extensions of the structure , save a single beta - sheet of 13 residues . Between these two subunits , a single cleft exists containing the active site . Two binding sites can be found therein : one reserved for citrate or oxaloacetate and the other for Coenzyme A . The active site contains three key residues : His274 , His320 , and Asp375 that are highly selective in their interactions with substrates . The images to the left display the tertiary structure of citrate synthase in its opened and closed form . The enzyme changes from opened to closed with the addition of one of its substrates ( such as oxaloacetate ) . Function ( edit ) Citrate ( Si ) - synthase Identifiers EC number 2.3. 3.1 CAS number 9027 - 96 - 7 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum Gene Ontology AmiGO / QuickGO ( show ) Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins Mechanism ( edit ) Citrate synthase has three key amino acids in its active site ( known as the catalytic triad ) which catalyze the conversion of acetyl - CoA ( H CC ( = O ) − SCoA ) and oxaloacetate ( O CCH C ( = O ) CO ) into citrate ( O CCH C ( OH ) ( CO ) CH CO ) and H − SCoA in an aldol condensation reaction . This conversion begins with the negatively charged carboxylate side chain oxygen atom of Asp - 375 deprotonating acetyl CoA 's alpha carbon atom to form an enolate anion which in turn is neutralized by protonation by His - 274 to form an enol intermediate ( H C = C ( OH ) − SCoA ) . At this point , the epsilon nitrogen lone pair of electrons on His - 274 formed in the last step abstracts the hydroxyl enol proton to reform an enolate anion that initiates a nucleophilic attack on the oxaloacetate 's carbonyl carbon ( O CCH C ( = O ) CO ) which in turn deprotonate the epsilon nitrogen atom of His - 320 . This nucleophilic addition results in the formation of citroyl − CoA ( O CCH CH ( CO ) CH C ( = O ) − SCoA ) . At this point , a water molecule is deprotonated by the epsilon nitrogen atom of His - 320 and hydrolysis is initiated . One of the oxygen 's lone pairs nucleophilically attacks the carbonyl carbon of citroyl − CoA . This forms a tetrahedral intermediate and results in the ejection of − SCoA as the carbonyl reforms . The − SCoA is protonated to form HSCoA . Finally , the hydroxyl added to the carbonyl in the previous step is deprotonated and citrate ( O CCH C ( OH ) ( CO ) CH CO ) is formed . Mechanism for Citrate Synthase ( including residues involved ) Inhibition ( edit ) The enzyme is inhibited by high ratios of ATP : ADP , acetyl - CoA : CoA , and NADH : NAD , as high concentrations of ATP , acetyl - CoA , and NADH show that the energy supply is high for the cell . It is also inhibited by succinyl - CoA , which resembles Acetyl - coA and acts as a uncompetitive inhibitor . Citrate inhibits the reaction and is an example of product inhibition . The inhibition of citrate synthase by acetyl - CoA analogues has also been well documented and has been used to prove the existence of a single active site . These experiments have revealed that this single site alternates between two forms , which participate in ligase and hydrolase activity respectively . This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000062485 - Ensembl , May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000005683 - Ensembl , May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : '' . ^ Jump up to : Wiegand G , Remington SJ ( 1986 ) . `` Citrate synthase : structure , control , and mechanism '' . Annual Review of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry . 15 : 97 -- 117 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bb. 15.060186. 000525 . PMID 3013232 . Jump up ^ Goodsell D ( 1 September 2007 ) . `` Citrate Synthase '' . Molecule of the Month . RCSB Protein Data Bank . doi : 10.2210 / rcsb_pdb / mom_2007_9 . ; PDB : 1CSC , 5CSC , 5CTS ^ Jump up to : Bayer E , Bauer B , Eggerer H ( Nov 1981 ) . `` Evidence from inhibitor studies for conformational changes of citrate synthase '' . European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 120 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 60 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1432 - 1033.1981. tb05683. x . PMID 7308213 . Jump up ^ Cox DL , Nelson MM ( 2005 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 608 − 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 2 . Jump up ^ Selwood T , Jaffe EK ( Mar 2012 ) . `` Dynamic dissociating homo - oligomers and the control of protein function '' . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 519 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / j. abb. 2011.11. 020 . PMC 3298769 . PMID 22182754 . External links ( edit ) Citrate synthase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 , E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase Transferases : acyltransferases ( EC 2.3 ) 2.3. 1 : other than amino - acyl groups acetyltransferases : Acetyl - Coenzyme A acetyltransferase N - Acetylglutamate synthase Choline acetyltransferase Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase Acetyl - CoA C - acyltransferase Beta - galactoside transacetylase Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase N - acetyltransferase Serotonin N - acetyl transferase HGSNAT ARD1A Histone acetyltransferase P300 / CBP NAT2 palmitoyltransferases : Carnitine O - palmitoyltransferase CPT1 CPT2 Serine C - palmitoyltransferase SPTLC1 SPTLC2 other : Acyltransferase like 2 Aminolevulinic acid synthase Beta - ketoacyl - ACP synthase Glyceronephosphate O - acyltransferase Lecithin -- cholesterol acyltransferase Glycerol - 3 - phosphate O - acyltransferase 1 - acylglycerol - 3 - phosphate O - acyltransferase 2 - acylglycerol - 3 - phosphate O - acyltransferase ABHD5 2.3. 2 : Aminoacyltransferases Gamma - glutamyl transpeptidase Peptidyl transferase Transglutaminase Tissue transglutaminase Keratinocyte transglutaminase Factor XIII 2.3. 3 : converted into alkyl on transfer Citrate synthase ATP citrate lyase HMG - CoA synthase Malate synthase Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Mitochondrial proteins Outer membrane fatty acid degradation Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I Long - chain - fatty - acid -- CoA ligase tryptophan metabolism Kynureninase monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism Monoamine oxidase Intermembrane space Adenylate kinase Creatine kinase Inner membrane oxidative phosphorylation Coenzyme Q -- cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c NADH dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase pyrimidine metabolism Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase mitochondrial shuttle Malate - aspartate shuttle Glycerol phosphate shuttle other Glutamate aspartate transporter Glycerol - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase ATP synthase Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II Uncoupling protein Matrix citric acid cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase anaplerotic reactions Aspartate transaminase Glutamate dehydrogenase Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex urea cycle Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I Ornithine transcarbamylase N - Acetylglutamate synthase alcohol metabolism ALDH2 PMPCB Other / to be sorted steroidogenesis Cholesterol side - chain cleavage enzyme Steroid 11 - beta - hydroxylase Aldosterone synthase Frataxin Mitochondrial membrane transport protein Mitochondrial permeability transition pore Mitochondrial carrier Mitochondrial DNA Complex I MT - ND1 MT - ND2 MT - ND3 MT - ND4 MT - ND4L MT - ND5 MT - ND6 Complex III MT - CYB Complex IV MT - CO1 MT - CO2 MT - CO3 ATP synthase MT - ATP6 MT - ATP8 tRNA MT - TA MT - TC MT - TD MT - TE MT - TF MT - TG MT - TH MT - TI MT - TK MT - TL1 MT - TL2 MT - TM MT - TN MT - TP MT - TQ MT - TR MT - TS1 MT - TS2 MT - TT MT - TV MT - TW MT - TY see also mitochondrial diseases Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citrate_synthase&oldid=748247338 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 12 Cell biology EC 2.3. 3 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2016 , at 05 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | allosteric activator of an enzyme used in the citric acid cycle | [] | [] |
7165696654456376565 | "The Spaghetti Incident?" | `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' - Wikipedia `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Studio album of cover songs by Guns N ' Roses Released November 23 , 1993 Recorded 1992 -- 1993 Studio A&M Studios , Record Plant Studios , Rumbo Recorders , CanAm Studios , Sound Techniques , Triad Studios , Conway Recording Studios , Ocean Way Recording Genre Hard rock punk rock Length 46 : 03 Label Geffen Producer Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses Duff McKagan Jim Mitchell Guns N ' Roses chronology Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition ( 1993 ) `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' ( 1993 ) Use Your Illusion ( 1998 ) Guns N ' Roses studio album chronology Use Your Illusion II ( 1991 ) Use Your Illusion II 1991 `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' ( 1993 ) `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' 1993 Chinese Democracy ( 2008 ) Chinese Democracy 2008 Singles from The Spaghetti Incident ? `` Ai n't It Fun '' Released : November 20 , 1993 `` Since I Do n't Have You '' Released : May 1994 `` Hair of the Dog '' Released : 1994 `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' is the fifth studio album by the American hard rock band Guns N ' Roses . The album is composed of covers of older punk rock and hard rock songs . `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' is the only studio album to feature rhythm guitarist Gilby Clarke , who replaced original Guns N ' Roses member Izzy Stradlin during the band 's Use Your Illusion tour in 1991 , as well as the last album to feature guitarist Slash , bassist Duff McKagan and drummer Matt Sorum . It is also the only Guns N ' Roses album not to be accompanied by a supporting tour . As of March 2018 , the album has sold 6,100,000 copies worldwide . Contents 1 Background 2 Titling and release 3 Controversy 4 Live performances 5 Commercial performance and reception 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Many of the tracks were recorded with original Guns N ' Roses guitarist Izzy Stradlin during the Use Your Illusion I and II sessions and then were later re-recorded with Gilby Clarke . Those tracks were previously intended to be included in a combined Use Your Illusion album , consisting of three ( or possibly four ) discs , instead of the two separate discs they ended up being . In 1992 , the band prepared to release the leftover cover tracks as an EP , with Gilby Clarke replacing Stradlin 's guitar tracks . They later decided on making the album a full release and recorded several more tracks for it . Bassist Duff McKagan sings on many of the album 's tracks and Hanoi Rocks frontman Michael Monroe appears on `` Ai n't It Fun '' as a guest vocalist . This was the last Guns N ' Roses album to feature lead guitarist Slash , bassist Duff McKagan , drummer Matt Sorum , and the only album to feature Gilby Clarke . It was also the band 's last studio album until 15 years later with Chinese Democracy , and its last album until the live compilation album six years later with Live Era : ' 87 - ' 93 . During the studio sessions the band also recorded instrumental tracks of the song titled `` Beer and a Cigarette '' , originally by Hanoi Rocks . The vocals were not recorded and the song was left out of the record because the band did n't want the songwriter Andy McCoy to get the money . The band also did an instrumental version of the song `` Down On The Street '' by The Stooges which also was never released . On the bottom of the cover art of the album , there is a code written with the Zodiac Killer 's symbols , which has been deciphered as `` fuck'em all '' . Titling and release ( edit ) The title references an incident Steven Adler had in 1989 ; while the band was temporarily staying at an apartment in Chicago . Adler stored his drugs in a refrigerator next to the band 's takeout containers , which contained Italian food . McKagan explained that Adler 's code word for his stash was ' spaghetti ' . In his lawsuit against the band , Adler 's lawyer asked the band to `` tell us about the spaghetti incident , '' which the band found amusing and used as the title of the album . During a discussion between Rose , Slash and the album 's cover designer in the `` Making of Estranged '' video , it is made clear that the correct form of the title is within quotation marks and with a question mark . The album was released shortly after the conclusion of the Use Your Illusion World Tour which had lasted until mid-1993 . The vinyl copy of the album was released on orange vinyl , and the CD was released with color designs and markings : black concentric rings around the outer edge , and an indigo and blood - red depiction of an evil jack - o - lantern eating spaghetti out of a hollowed - out , decollated head in the center , which would later be changed in the 1997 reissue to simply a plain silver colored CD . Controversy ( edit ) An unadvertised cover of the Charles Manson song `` Look at Your Game , Girl '' was included on the album . The track was kept secret , including not being on advance tapes sent out to reviewers . Band manager Doug Goldstein stated `` There is a bonus track on the album , but Axl wants it to speak for itself . '' and that `` It was n't done for the critics or anybody else . It was a bonus for the fans . '' The inclusion of the song caused controversy , with law - enforcement and victims - rights groups expressing outrage over its inclusion . Rose claimed `` the reason we did n't list that song on our album is we wanted to downplay it . We do n't give any credit to Charles Manson on the album ; it 's like a hidden bonus track . '' The band considered removing the song from new pressings of the album , with David Geffen stating in a phone interview , `` I would hope that if Axl Rose had realized how offensive people would find this , he would not have ever recorded this song in the first place . The fact that Charles Manson would be earning money based on the fame he derived committing one of the most horrific crimes of the 20th Century is unthinkable to me '' . Slash mentioned that the song was `` done with naive and innocent black humor on our part '' . Rose stated he would donate all performance royalties from the song to a nonprofit environmental organization . Slash stated that the group intended to remove the song , before they decided to keep it once they learned that royalties from the song would be donated to Bartek Frykowski , the son of Wojciech Frykowski , a victim of Manson during the Tate Murders . Geffen Records released a statement mentioning their share of royalties would be donated to the Doris Tate Crime Victims Bureau . Years later , Rose said the song would be removed from new pressings of the album , claiming that critics and the media had misinterpreted his interest in Manson . Rose can be seen wearing a Manson shirt in the video for `` Estranged '' and during a concert in Milton Keynes , England , in 1993 . Rose explained wearing the shirt as `` trying to make a statement '' because `` a lot of people enjoy playing me as the bad guy and the crazy . Sorry , I 'm not that guy . I 'm nothing like him . '' Despite the statement that the track would be removed , `` Look at Your Game , Girl '' is still featured on pressings of the album . Live performances ( edit ) The first track , `` Since I Do n't Have You '' , was performed a few times as an intro to songs `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' or `` Paradise City '' in 1992 and 1993 . `` Down on the Farm '' was performed once in its full length during the 1990 performance in the Farm Aid IV show . It was also played a few times during the Chinese Democracy Tour in 2006 . The band performed `` Hair of the Dog '' once in 1988 , and again in 1990 , during the only known `` The Gak '' ( band featuring members of Guns N ' Roses , Metallica and Skid Row ) performance . `` Attitude '' was performed frequently during the Use Your Illusion Tour , and Duff still plays it in Loaded and his solo career . Other songs played live by Duff McKagan are `` New Rose '' , `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around a Memory '' and `` Raw Power '' . The other songs were never played live by Guns N ' Roses , but might have been played by some of the members ' side projects , like Matt Sorum 's supergroup Camp Freddy , that plays cover versions of famous songs , as well as Neurotic Outsiders , the supergroup Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum were part of . Guns N ' Roses played `` Attitude '' and - for the first time - `` Raw Power '' live in Buenos Aires ( Argentina ) in April 2014 with Duff McKagan on vocals . `` Attitude '' , `` Raw Power '' and `` New Rose '' were played during the `` Not In This Lifetime Tour '' . Song Added to recent plays from the album . Friday , August 19 , at Dodger Stadium , Duff McKagan sang `` Raw Power '' from The Stooges with an intro from `` New Rose '' , by The Damned . Commercial performance and reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Robert Christgau A − Entertainment Weekly A − NME 7 / 10 Q Rolling Stone Spin positive `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 , selling about 190,000 albums in its first week of release , significantly less than their previous releases . The album was certified platinum by RIAA on January 26 , 1994 . In his review for AllMusic , music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that , `` As punk albums go , `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' lacks righteous anger and rage . As Guns N ' Roses albums go , it 's a complete delight , returning to the ferocious , hard - rocking days of Appetite for Destruction `` . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Original artist Length 1 . `` Since I Do n't Have You '' Joseph Rock , James Beaumont , Jackie Taylor , Janet Vogel , Joe VanScharnen , Lennie Martin , and Wally Lester The Skyliners 4 : 20 2 . `` New Rose '' Brian James The Damned 2 : 38 3 . `` Down on the Farm '' Alvin Gibbs , Charlie Harper , Nicholas Garrett U.K. Subs 3 : 29 4 . `` Human Being '' Johnny Thunders , David Johansen New York Dolls 6 : 48 5 . `` Raw Power '' Iggy Pop , James Williamson The Stooges 3 : 12 6 . `` Ai n't It Fun '' ( featuring Michael Monroe ) Cheetah Chrome , Peter Laughner Dead Boys 5 : 06 7 . `` Buick Makane ( Big Dumb Sex ) '' Marc Bolan / Chris Cornell T. Rex / Soundgarden 2 : 40 8 . `` Hair of the Dog '' Dan McCafferty , Pete Agnew , Manny Charlton , Darrell Sweet Nazareth 3 : 55 9 . `` Attitude '' Glenn Danzig Misfits 1 : 27 10 . `` Black Leather '' Steve Jones , Paul Cook Steve Jones / The Sex Pistols 4 : 09 11 . `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around a Memory '' Johnny Thunders Johnny Thunders 3 : 35 12 . `` I Do n't Care About You '' Lee Ving Fear 2 : 07 13 . `` Look at Your Game , Girl '' ( Hidden track starting at 2 : 17 in `` I Do n't Care About You '' ) Charles Manson Charles Manson 2 : 34 Total length : 46 : 03 Personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes . Guns N ' Roses W. Axl Rose -- lead vocals , keyboards on `` Since I Do n't Have You '' , kazoo on `` Human Being '' Slash -- lead guitar , lead vocals on `` I Do n't Care About You '' , co-lead vocals on `` Buick Mackane ( Big Dumb Sex ) '' , talkbox on `` Hair of the Dog '' , backing vocals on `` Attitude '' Duff McKagan -- bass , backing vocals , acoustic guitar , lead vocals on `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around a Memory '' , `` New Rose '' and `` Attitude '' , co-lead vocals on `` Raw Power '' , drums on `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around A Memory '' , production Matt Sorum -- drums , percussion on `` Hair of the Dog '' , backing vocals on `` Human Being '' and `` Attitude '' Dizzy Reed -- keyboards , piano on `` Since I Do n't Have You '' , percussion on `` Look at Your Game Girl '' , backing vocals on `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around a Memory '' Gilby Clarke -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals Izzy Stradlin -- rhythm guitar ( uncredited ) Production Mike Clink -- production on all tracks except 1 and 11 Jim Mitchell -- production on track 11 Bill Price -- mixing George Marino -- mastering Kevin Reagan -- art direction ; graphic design Dennis Keeley , Gene Kirkland & Robert John -- photography Additional musicians Michael Monroe -- co-lead vocals on `` Ai n't It Fun '' Mike Staggs -- additional guitar on `` Ai n't It Fun '' Mike Fasano -- percussion on `` Hair of the Dog '' Richard Duguay -- lead and rhythm guitars on `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around a Memory '' Eddie Huletz -- backing vocals on `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around a Memory '' Blake Stanton -- backing vocals on `` I Do n't Care About You '' Eric Mills -- backing vocals on `` I Do n't Care About You '' Rikki Rachtman -- backing vocals on `` I Do n't Care About You '' Stuart Bailey -- backing vocals on `` I Do n't Care About You '' Carlos Booy -- acoustic guitar on `` Look at Your Game , Girl '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Spanish Albums ( AFYVE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) US Billboard 200 See also ( edit ) List of number - one albums in Australia during the 1990s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Jim ( November 26 , 1993 ) . `` Here 's what 's new in the record racks : Guns N ' Roses '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.allmusic.com/album/r188450/review Jump up ^ GNR chartmasters Jump up ^ `` GN'R Recording Sessions '' . Here Today ... Gone To Hell ! . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' . GnRsource . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Spaghetti Incident ? on SlashParadise '' . www.slashparadise.com . November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Off the Record : 25 Years of Music Street Press Jump up ^ `` Recording Sessions on Here Today ... Gone To Hell '' . heretodaygonetohell.com. April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Axl 's history of personal hints regarding a song / or concept on the next album , in the previous album . MYGNR Forum . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved on February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Summer 1989 : The Actual Spaghetti Incident '' . Rolling Stone . November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hochman , Steve ( November 21 , 1993 ) . `` It 's No Illusion : Guns N ' Roses Does Charles Manson '' . LAtimes.com . Austin Beutner . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Philips , Chuck ( December 8 , 1993 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses to Stick With Manson Song on Album : Convict 's royalties from ' Girl ' will be paid to the son of one of those killed in a spree masterminded by the cult leader '' . LAtimes.com . Austin Beutner , Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Considine , J.D. ( December 3 , 1993 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses under fire for Manson ' bonus ' song '' . Baltimoresun.com . Timothy E. Ryan , Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bring Out The Manson '' . Q Magazine . March 1994 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Philips , Chuck ( December 1 , 1993 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses May Remove Manson Song From Album '' . LAtimes.com . Austin Beutner . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Victim 's Son Gets Manson Royalties '' . NYtimes.com . December 26 , 1993 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Wild ( February 3 , 2000 ) . `` Rolling Stone 833 : Axl Speaks '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ setlist.fm `` Guns N ' Roses Setlist at Estadio Ferrocarril Oeste , Buenos Aires , Argentina '' Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( January 18 , 1994 ) . `` Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' The Spaghetti Incident ? ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York : 62 -- 3 . November 26 , 1993 . The Spaghetti Incident ? scales everything back a notch ... Guns ' N ' Roses aims to prove it does n't need two padded CDs , a horn section and a bevy of backup singers to make a joyful racket ... Jump up ^ `` Review : ' The Spaghetti Incident ? ' '' . NME . London : 31 . November 27 , 1993 ... a bizarre mixture of swagger , nihilism and bad attitood which is as funny as it is exhilarating ... Jump up ^ `` Review : ' The Spaghetti Incident ? ' '' . Q. London : 92 . February 1994 ... relatively faithful cover versions ... Jump up ^ Gold , Jonathan ( 9 December 1993 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses : The Spaghetti Incident ? Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Weisbard , Eric ( February 1994 ) . `` Spins '' . Spin . New York : 67 . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hasty , Katie ( December 3 , 2008 ) . `` Kanye Edges GNR , Ludacris For No. 1 Debut '' . billboard.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=GUNS+N%27+ROSES&ti=THE+SPAGHETTI+INCIDENT%3F Jump up ^ `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' ( Media notes ) . Guns N ' Roses . Geffen Records . 1993 . Jump up ^ gilby clarke interview Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guns n ' Roses Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Sullivan , Jim ( November 26 , 1993 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses dips into history '' . The Boston Globe . Living section , p. 79 . External links ( edit ) `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Duff McKagan Slash Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Tracii Guns Izzy Stradlin Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Appetite for Democracy 3D Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Appetite for Destruction : Locked N ' Loaded edition Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' `` Shadow of Your Love '' Promo singles `` Mr. Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` So Fine '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Garden of Eden '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` New Rose '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' `` Welcome to the Jungle ( 1986 Sound City Session ) '' `` Move to The City ( 1988 Acoustic Version ) '' `` November Rain ( Piano Version / 1986 Sound City Session ) '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Shackler 's Revenge '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... Tour Related Articles Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Del James West Arkeen Guns N ' Roses Pinball Riverport Riot Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses The Roots of Guns N ' Roses Uzi Suicide Bands Slash 's Snakepit The Dead Daisies Hollywood Rose Kings of Chaos L.A. Guns Neurotic Outsiders Road Crew Velvet Revolver Book Gilby Clarke Studio albums Pawnshop Guitars The Hangover Rubber Swag Live albums 99 Live Extended plays Blooze Compilation albums Gilby Clarke Related Guns N ' Roses Slash 's Snakepit Rock Star Supernova Candy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%22The_Spaghetti_Incident%3F%22&oldid=853706428 '' Categories : 1993 albums Covers albums Guns N ' Roses albums Albums produced by Mike Clink Geffen Records albums Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 13 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings ain't it fun by guns n roses | [
"In 1992, the band prepared to release the leftover cover tracks as an EP, with Gilby Clarke replacing Stradlin's guitar tracks. They later decided on making the album a full release and recorded several more tracks for it.[5] Bassist Duff McKagan sings on many of the album's tracks and Hanoi Rocks frontman Michael Monroe appears on \"Ain't It Fun\" as a guest vocalist. This was the last Guns N' Roses album to feature lead guitarist Slash, bassist Duff McKagan, drummer Matt Sorum, and the only album to feature Gilby Clarke. It was also the band's last studio album until 15 years later with Chinese Democracy, and its last album until the live compilation album six years later with Live Era: '87-'93.\n"
] | [
"Hanoi Rocks frontman Michael Monroe"
] |
-1690552203537877210 | The Lion and the Jewel | The Lion and the Jewel - Wikipedia The Lion and the Jewel Jump to : navigation , search The Lion and the Jewel is a play by Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka that was first performed in 1959 . It chronicles how Baroka , the lion , fights with the modern Lakunle over the right to marry Sidi , the titular Jewel . Lakunle is portrayed as the civilized antithesis of Baroka and unilaterally attempts to modernize his community and change its social conventions for no reason other than the fact that he can . The transcript of the play was first published in 1962 by Oxford University Press . Soyinka emphasises the theme of the corrupted African culture through the play , as well as how the youth should embrace the original African culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Plot 2.1 Morning 2.2 Noon 2.3 Night 3 Themes 4 Critical reception 5 References Characters ( edit ) Main characters Baroka -- The Balè or viceroyal chieftain of Ilujinle , a Yoruba village in the realm of the Ibadan clan 's kingdom . A crafty individual , he is the Lion referred to in the title . At 62 years of age , he has already sired 63 children thanks to polygamy . Lakunle -- The progressive and absurdly arrogant Westernised teacher . He is in his twenties . He appears to only be semi literate . Sidi -- A beautiful yet somewhat egotistical village girl who is wooed by both Baroka and Lakunle . She is also the village belle . She is the titular Jewel . Sadiku -- The chief 's sly great wife , chieftess of his harem . Ailatu -- Baroka 's favourite , who loses her place in his affections due to her jealousy . Supporting characters Village girls , a wrestler , a surveyor , schoolboys , his assorted consorts and various musicians , dancers , mummers , prisoners , traders and so on . Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The play takes place over the span of a day ( Sunday ) . It is divided into three parts ; morning , noon , and night . Morning ( edit ) A school teacher , Lakunle , is teaching a class the times table when Sidi walks past carrying a pail of water on her head . The teacher peers out of the window and disappears . Two 11 - year - old school children start ogling her , so he hits them on the head and leaves to confront her . Lakunle is wearing a threadbare and rumpled clean English suit that is a little too small for him . He wears a tie that disappears beneath his waistcoat . His trousers are ridiculously small , and his shoes are blanco - white . He comes out and insists on taking the pail from Sidi . She refuses , saying that she would look silly . Lakunle replies , saying that he told her not to carry loads on her head or her neck may be shortened . He also tells her not to expose so much of her cleavage with the cloth she wears around her breasts . Sidi says that it is too inconvenient for her to do so . She scolds him , saying that the village thinks he 's stupid , but Lakunle says that he is not so easily cowed by taunts . Lakunle also insults her saying that her brain is smaller than his . He claims that his books say so . Sidi is angry . After arguing , Sidi wants to leave , but Lakunle tells her of his love for her , but she remains indifferent . Eventually , it is revealed that Sidi does not want to marry him because Lakunle refuses to pay her bride - price as he thinks it is an uncivilized , outrageous custom . Sidi tells him that if she did so , people will jeer at her , saying that she is not a virgin . Lakunle further professes how he wants to marry her and treat her `` just like the Lagos couples I have seen '' . Sidi does not care . She also says that she finds the Western custom of kissing repulsive . She tells him that not paying her bride price is mean and miserly . As the village girls enter , they play `` the dance of the Lost Traveller '' featuring the sudden arrival of a photographer in their midst some time ago . They tease the traveller in the play , calling his motorbike `` the devil 's own horse '' and the camera that he used to take pictures `` the one - eyed box '' . Four girls dance the `` devil - horse '' , a youth is selected to play the snake and Lakunle becomes the Traveller . He seeks to be excused to teach Primary Four Geography but Sidi informs him that the village is on holiday due to the arrival of the photographer / traveler . We also find out that the photographer made a picture book about the village based on the photos he took . There is a picture of Sidi on the front page , and a two - page spread of her somewhere inside . Baroka is featured too , but he `` is in a little corner somewhere in the book , and even that corner he shares with one of the village latrines '' . They banter about for a while , Lakunle gave in and participated because he could n't tolerate being taunted by them . The Dance of the Lost Traveller The four girls crouch on the ground , forming the wheels of the car . Lakunle adjusts their position and sits in air in the middle . He pretends to drive the `` car '' . The girls dance the stall . They shudder , and drop their faces onto their laps . He pretends to try to restart the `` car '' . He gets out and checks the `` wheels '' and also pinches them . He tries to start the `` car '' , fails and takes his things for a trek . He hears a girl singing , but attributes it to sunstroke , so he throws the bottle that he was drinking from in that general direction . He hears a scream and a torrent of abuse . He takes a closer look and sees a girl ( played by Sidi ) . He tries to take photos , but falls down into the stream . The cast assembles behind him , pretending to be villagers in an ugly mood hauling him to the odan tree in the town centre . Then Baroka appears and the play stops . He talks to Lakunle for a while , saying that he knew how the play went and was waiting for the right time to step in . He drops subtle hints of an existing feud between him and Lakunle , then makes the play continue . The villagers once again start thirsting for his blood . He is hauled before Baroka , thrown on his face . He tries to explain his plight . Baroka seems to understand and orders a feast in the Lost Traveller 's honour . He then takes the opportunity to take more photos of Sidi . He is also pressed to drink lots of alcohol , and at the end of the play , he is close to vomiting . The play ends . Sidi praises him for his performance . Lakunle runs away , followed by a flock of women . Baroka and the wrestler sit alone . Baroka takes out his book , and muses that it has been five full months since he last took a wife . Noon ( edit ) Sidi is at a road near the marketplace . Lakunle follows her , while carrying the firewood that Sidi asks him to help her get . She admires the pictures of her in the magazine . Then Sadiku appears , wearing a shawl over her head . She informs her that the Lion ( Baroka ) wishes to take her as a wife . Lakunle is outraged , but Sidi stops him . Lakunle changes tactics , telling her as his lover to ignore the message . Sadiku took that as a yes , but Sidi dashed her hopes , saying that since her fame had spread to Lagos and the rest of the world , she deserves more than that . Sadiku presses on , dissembling that Baroka has sworn not to take any more wives after her and that she would be his favourite and would get many privileges , including being able to sleep in the palace rather than one of the outhouses . As Baroka 's last wife , she would also be able to become the first , and thus head wife , of his successor , in the same way that Sadiku was Baroka 's head wife . However , Sidi sees through her lies , and tells her that she knew that he just wanted fame `` as the one man who has possessed ' the jewel of Ilujinle ' '' . Sadiku is flabbergasted and wants to kill Lakunle for what he has done for her . Sidi shows the magazine . She says that in the picture , she looks absolutely beautiful while he simply looks like a ragged , blackened piece of saddle leather : she is youthful but he is spent . Sadiku changes techniques , saying that if Sidi does not want to be his wife , will she be kind enough to attend a small feast in her honour at his house that night . Sidi refuses , saying that she knows that every woman who has eaten supper with him eventually becomes his wife . Lakunle interjects , informing them that Baroka was known for his wiliness , particularly when he managed to foil the Public Works attempt to build a railroad through Ilujinle . Baroka bribed the surveyor for the route to move the railroad much farther away as `` the earth is most unsuitable , could not possibly support the weight of a railway engine '' . Lakunle is distraught , as he thinks just how close Ilujinle was to civilisation at that time . The scene cuts to Baroka 's bedroom . Ailatu is plucking his armpit hairs . There is a strange machine with a long lever at the side . It is covered with animal skins and rugs . Baroka mentions that she is too soft with her pulls . Then he tells her that he plans to take a new wife , but that he would let her be the `` sole out - puller of my sweat - bathed hairs '' . She is angry , and deliberately plucks the next few hairs a lot harder . Sadiku enters . He shoos Ailatu away , lamenting about his bleeding armpit . Sadiku informs him that she failed to woo Sidi . She told her that Sidi flatly refused her order , claiming that he was far too old . Baroka pretends to doubt his manliness and asks Sadiku to massage the soles of his feet . Sadiku complies . He lies to her that his manhood ended a week ago , specifically warning her not to tell anyone . He comments that he is only 62 . Compared to him , his grandfather had fathered two sons late on 65 and Okiki , his father , produced a pair of female twins at 67 . Finally Baroka falls asleep . Night ( edit ) Sidi is at the village center , by the schoolroom window . Enter Sadiku , who is carrying a bundle . She sets down a figure by the tree . She gloats , saying that she has managed to be the undoing ( making him impotent ) of Baroka , and of his father , Okiki , before that . Sidi is amazed at what she initially perceives to be Sadiku going mad . She shuts the window and exits , shocking Sadiku . After a pause , Sadiku resumes her victory dance and even asks Sidi to join in . Then Lakunle enters . He scorns them , saying : `` The full moon is not yet , but the women can not wait . They must go mad without it . '' Sidi and Sadiku stop dancing . They talk for a while . As they are about to resume dancing , Sidi states her plans to visit Baroka for his feast and toy with him . Lakunle tries in vain to stop her , telling her that if her deception were to be discovered she would be beaten up . Sidi leaves . Lakunle and Sadiku converse . Lakunle states his grand plans to modernize the area by abolishing the bride - price , building a motor - road through the town and bring city ways to isolated Ilujinle . He goes on to spurn her , calling her a bride - collector for Baroka . The scene is now Baroka 's bedroom . Baroka is arm - wrestling the wrestler seen earlier . He is surprise that she ( Sidi ) managed to enter unchallenged . Then he suddenly remembers that that day was the designated day off for the servants . He laments that Lakunle had made his servants form an entity called the Palace Workers ' Union . He asks if Ailatu was at her usual place , and was disappointed to find out that she had not left him yet despite scolding her severely . Then Sidi mentions that she was here for the supper . Sidi starts playing around with Baroka . She asks him what was up between him and Ailatu . He is annoyed . Changing the subject , Sidi says that she thinks Baroka will win the ongoing arm - wrestling match . Baroka responds humbly , complimenting the strength and ability of the wrestler . She slowly teases Baroka , asking if he was planning to take a wife . She draws an example , asking if he was her father , would he let her marry a person like him ? Sidi takes this opportunity to slightly tease him , and is rewarded by his violent reaction by taking the wrestler and slinging him over his shoulder . The wrestler quickly recovers and a new match begins again . The discussion continues . Baroka is hurt by the parallels and subtle hints about his nature dropped by Sidi . Sidi even taunts him , saying that he has failed to produce any children for the last two years . Eventually he is so angered that he slams the wrestler 's arm down on the table , winning the match . He tells the defeated wrestler to get the fresh gourd by the door . In the meantime , Baroka tries to paint himself as a grumpy old man with few chances to show his kindliness . The wrestler returns . Baroka continues with his self - glorification . Then he shows her the now - familiar magazine and an addressed envelope . He shows her a stamp , featuring her likeness , and tells her that her picture would adorn the official stamp of the village . The machine at the side of his room is also revealed to be a machine to produce stamps . As she admires the pictures of her in the magazine , Baroka happens to mention that he does not hate progress , only its nature which made `` all roofs and faces look the same '' . He continues praising Sidi 's looks , appealing to her . The scene cuts back to the village centre , where Lakunle is pacing in frustration . He is mad at Sadiku for tricking her to go see Baroka , and at the same time concerned that Baroka will harm or imprison her . Some mummers arrive . Sadiku remains calm , despite Lakunle 's growing stress . Sadiku steals a coin from Lakunle to pay the mummers . In return , the mummers drum her praises , but Sadiku claims that Lakunle was the real benefactor . Then they dance the Baroka story , showing him at his prime and his eventual downfall . Lakunle is pleased by the parts where they mock Baroka . Sadiku mentions that she used to be known as Sadiku of the duiker 's feet because she could twist and untwist her waist with the smoothness of a water snake . Sidi appears . She is distraught . Lakunle is outraged , and plans to bring the case to court . Sidi reveals that Baroka only told her at the end that it was a trap . Baroka said that he knew that Sadiku would not keep it to herself , and go out and mock his pride . Lakunle is overcome with emotion , and after at first expressing deep despair , he offers to marry her instead , with no bride - price since she is not a virgin after all . Lakunle is pleased that things have gone as he hoped . Sadiku tells him that Sidi is preparing for a wedding . Lakunle is very happy , saying he needs a day or two to get things ready for a proper Christian wedding . Then musicians appear . Sidi appears , bearing a gift . She tells Lakunle that he is invited to her wedding . Lakunle hopes that the wedding will be between Sidi and himself , but she informs him that she has no intention of marrying him , but rather will marry Baroka . Lakunle is stunned . Sidi says that between Baroka and him , at sixty , Baroka is still full of life but Lakunle would be probably `` ten years dead '' . Sadiku then gives Sidi her blessing . The marriage ceremony continues . A young girl taunts Lakunle , and he gives chase . Sadiku gets in his way . He frees himself and clears a space in the crowd for them both to dance . The drama ends . Themes ( edit ) The most prominent theme of this story is the rapid modernisation of Africa , coupled with the rapid evangelisation of the population . This has driven a wedge between the traditionalists , who seek to nullify the changes done in the name of progress due to vested interests or simply not liking the result of progress , and the modernists , who want to see the last of outdated traditional beliefs at all cost . Another core theme is the marginalisation of women as property . Traditionally , they were seen as properties that could be bought , sold or accumulated . Even the modern Lakunle falls victim to this , by looking down on Sidi for having a smaller brain , and later by thinking it will be easier to marry her once she 's lost her virginity , since no dowry was required in such a situation . There is also the conflict between education and traditional beliefs . The educated people seek to spread their knowledge to the tribal people in an attempt to make them more modern . This in turn is resisted by the tribal people who see no point in obtaining an education as it served them no use in their daily lives . Finally , there is the importance of song and dance as a form of spreading information in a world where the fastest route of communication is by foot . It is also an important source of entertainment for the otherwise bored village youths . The author shows the slow influence of mordenisation , for example , the wondering traveller influences Sidi 's life drastiscally Critical reception ( edit ) The Times Literary Supplement : `` In this richly ribald comedy , The Lion and the Jewel , poetry and prose are also blended , but with a marvelous lightness in the treatment of both . The big set - piece of miming in the opening scene , where the villagers re-enact the visit of the white photographer , and the seduction of the village jewel Sidi by the old Lion of a chief , are two of the pinnacles of Mr. Soyinka 's achievement to date . '' African Forum : `` The contemporary theater seems to have forgotten that it has its roots in ritual and song , and it is only the rare emergence of a Lorca or a Brecht - or a Wole Soyinka - that recreates an awareness of our deprivation . '' West Africa : `` ... a brilliant dramatist - the most important in Nigeria , if not in all of Black Africa . He is helped by a profound command of the English language , reflected sometimes in the dazzling brilliance , at other times in the intense poetic quality of his writing ... '' The Times Educational Supplement : `` He does not use the culture of his ancestors as a gimmick to sell his abilities or even as an export commodity , but as inborn material for expansion . His skilful use of idiom with the lively and musical Nigerian flavour in no way detracts from the command of the English language which he possesses . '' The Times , at the time of the play 's production at the Royal Court Theatre , London , in December 1966 : `` This is the third play by Wole Soyinka to appear in London since last year , and this work alone is enough to establish Nigeria as the most fertile new source of English - speaking drama since Synge 's discovery of the Western Isles ... Even this comparison does Soyinka less than justice , for he is dealing not only with rich folk material , but with the impact of the modern on tribal custom : to find any paralled for his work in English drama you have to go back to the Elizabethans . '' References ( edit ) `` Wole Soyinka '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Taubman , Howard ( April 18 , 1965 ) , `` A Nigerian Looks At ' Progress ' '' , The New York Times . Brians , Paul ( February 22 , 2003 ) , `` Wole Soyinka Study Guide '' Thurman , Chris ( April 19 ) , `` Review : `` The Lion and the Jewel '' , Business Day ( South Africa ) . Soyinka , Wole , `` The Lion and The Jewel '' ( hide ) Works by Wole Soyinka Plays The Swamp Dwellers The Lion and the Jewel The Trials of Brother Jero A Dance of the Forests The Strong Breed Kongi 's Harvest The Road The Bacchae of Euripides Madmen and Specialists Camwood on the Leaves Jero 's Metamorphosis Death and the King 's Horseman Opera Wonyosi Requiem for a Futurologist A Play of Giants A Scourge of Hyacinths The Beatification of the Area Boy King Baabu Etiki Revu Wetin Sixty Six Screenplay Kongi 's Harvest ( film ) Novels The Interpreters ( 1965 ) Season of Anomy ( 1973 ) Related articles Ẹni Ògún Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_and_the_Jewel&oldid=804500873 '' Categories : 1959 plays Nigerian plays Plays by Wole Soyinka Plays set in Nigeria Yoruba culture Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2014 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 12 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | character of baroka in the lion and the jewel | [
"The Lion and the Jewel is a play by Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka that was first performed in 1959. It chronicles how Baroka, the lion, fights with the modern Lakunle over the right to marry Sidi, the titular Jewel. Lakunle is portrayed as the civilized antithesis of Baroka and unilaterally attempts to modernize his community and change its social conventions for no reason other than the fact that he can. The transcript of the play was first published in 1962 by Oxford University Press. Soyinka emphasises the theme of the corrupted African culture through the play, as well as how the youth should embrace the original African culture."
] | [
"the lion"
] |
4704008294965862884 | List of Atlantic hurricanes before 1600 | List of Atlantic hurricanes before 1600 - wikipedia List of Atlantic hurricanes before 1600 Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of all known or suspected Atlantic hurricanes before 1600 . Although most storms likely went unrecorded , and many records have been lost , recollections of hurricane occurrences survive from some sufficiently populated coastal areas , and rarely , ships at sea that survived the tempests . Atlantic hurricane seasons Pre-17th century 17th century 18th century 1800s 1810s Observation data for years before 1492 is completely unavailable because most natives of North America lacked written languages to keep records in the pre-Columbian era , and most records in written Mesoamerican languages either do not survive or have not been deciphered and translated . Scientists now regard even data from the early years of the Columbian era as suspicious because Renaissance scientists and sailors made no distinction between tropical cyclones and extratropical systems , and incomplete because European exploration of North America and European colonization of the Americas reached only scattered areas in the 16th century . However , palaeotempestological research allows reconstruction of pre-historic hurricane activity trends on timescales of centuries to millennia . A theory has been postulated that an anti-phase pattern exists between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the East Coast of the United States . During the quiescent periods , a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast . During the hyperactive period , more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High -- controlled by the North Atlantic oscillation -- was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean . In fact , few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000 BC -- 1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium ; these quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC and AD 1000 , when catastrophic hurricanes frequently struck the Gulf coast , and their landfall frequencies increased by a factor of three to five . On the Atlantic coast , probability of landfalling hurricanes has doubled in the recent millennium compared to the one and a half millennia before . Using sediment samples from Puerto Rico , the Gulf coast and the Atlantic coast from Florida to New England , Michael E. Mann et al. ( 2009 ) found consistent evidence of a peak in Atlantic tropical cyclone activity during the Medieval Warm Period followed by a subsequent lull in activity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Systems 1.1 Pre-1500 1.2 1500 -- 1524 1.3 1525 -- 1549 1.4 1550 -- 1574 1.5 1575 -- 1599 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Systems ( edit ) ~ -- only paleotempestological evidence Pre-1500 ( edit ) Year Date ( GC ) Area ( s ) affected Damage / notes ~ 1330 BC unknown Nicaragua `` Hurricane Elisenda '' , similar to Hurricane Joan -- Miriam . ~ 250 BC unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from Gales Point and Mullins River . ~ 465 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole . ~ 765 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole . ~ 795 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole . ~ 830 unknown Alabama Presumably a category 4 or 5 hurricane that made landfall near Mobile Bay . ~ 885 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole . ~ 1050 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole . ~ 1140 unknown Alabama Presumably a category 4 or 5 hurricane that made landfall near Mobile Bay . ~ 1250 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole . ~ 1350 ± 55 unknown New England Intense prehistoric hurricane making landfall near Rhode Island , similar to the 1815 and 1938 storms . ~ 1310 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole . ~ 1330 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole . ~ 1430 ± 20 unknown New England Intense prehistoric hurricane making landfall near Rhode Island , similar to the 1815 and 1938 storms . ~ 1465 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole . 1494 Late ~ 24 September ( O.S. Mid - ~ 15 September ) Hispaniola A `` violent hurricane '' struck Hispaniola near La Isabela from southwest . It was the first hurricane in the Atlantic basin observed and reported by Europeans . Storm occurred during Christopher Columbus 's second voyage to Hispaniola . Fleet arrived to Saona on day before September eclipse on 14 September ( OS ) / 23 September ( NS ) and storm occurred shortly after this time . 1495 late October Hispaniola Also affected La Isabela , damaging some of the ships in the harbor . `` When the hurricane reached the harbor , it whirled the ships round as they lay at anchor , snapped their cables , and sank three of them with all who were on board . '' 1500 -- 1524 ( edit ) Year Date ( GC ) Area ( s ) affected Damage / notes ~ 1500 unknown Belize , Leeward Antilles ? A `` giant hurricane '' , by far the strongest to strike Belize since the 3rd millennium BC . Identified in sediment cores from Gales Point and Mullins River , it is assumed `` to have caused devastating large - scale social disruptions '' among postclassical Maya civilization . Could be identical with the ~ 1515 Belize hurricane identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole . An extreme storm surge struck Bonaire around 1500 , too . Given the sheer magnitude of the event , however , particularly in comparison to Hurricane Hattie ( Belize ) and Hurricane Ivan ( Bonaire ) , some conclude this might have been caused by an underwater earthquake . Reportedly , a massive tsunami hit the coast of Venezuela in 1498 -- one of the earliest reported in the Caribbean -- that smashed the natural levee between the coast of Cumaná and the Araya Peninsula , thus creating the Gulf of Cariaco . 1500 late July Bahamas Vicente Yáñez Pinzón lost two caravels with their crews near Crooked Island , Bahamas ; his other two vessels sustained damage but escaped to Hispaniola for repairs . This hurricane is the first known in the Bahamas and possibly Florida . 1502 10 July ( O.S. 30 June ) offshore Dominican Republic , Hispaniola A rapidly moving hurricane with a small diameter probably came from vicinity of Grenada , moving northwesterly through the Mona Passage . On the fourth of the voyages of Christopher Columbus , he predicted the storm and took refuge in a natural harbor on the Dominican Republic . Meanwhile , his rivals refused to heed his warning and sent a convoy of 31 treasure ships toward Spain . According to Bartolomé de las Casas , `` twenty ships perished with the storm , without any man , small or great , escaping , and neither dead nor alive could be found . '' Those drowned included Francisco de Bobadilla and Francisco Roldán . It was the first great maritime disaster in the New World . The only ship that reached Spain held money and belongings of Christopher Columbus , who survived the storm with Rodrigo de Bastidas . The center likely crossed Hispaniola about 40 miles ( 60 km ) east of the city of Santo Domingo , which it `` smashed flat . '' The death toll likely exceeded 500 . 1504 unknown north coast of Colombia Juan de la Cosa commanded a flotilla of four large carracks ( naos in Spanish ) to map the Caribbean Region of Colombia . A storm in the Gulf of Urabá wrecked all four vessels , and 175 of 200 men aboard died . Tropical cyclone status in doubt . 1508 12 -- 14 August ( O.S. 2 -- 4 August ) Hispaniola José Carlos Millás hypothesizes that this storm developed east of the Lesser Antilles and crossed the archipelago near Guadeloupe or Dominica . It perhaps also affected the southern part of Puerto Rico . Moving west - northwest , the eye of this hurricane passed near Santo Domingo , leaving the city devastated and many men lost there and in the greater part of the island . According to Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés , the natives said they had never witnessed a storm `` as intense or even similar in their lives , and they did not remember having heard or seen anything so frightful in their lives or in those of their forefathers . '' The hurricane demolished the village of Buenaventura `` to the level of the ground '' and destroyed its entire population . This hurricane drove the ship of Juan Ponce de León onto rocks at Yuna River , but it survived intact . 1508 26 August ( O.S. 16 August ) Puerto Rico Hurricane San Roque of 1508 First recorded record of a tropical cyclone in Puerto Rico . Reported by Juan Ponce de León . The caravel of Juan Ponce de León left Santo Domingo , but another storm 13 days after the preceding storm beached it on the southwest coast of Puerto Rico at Guaynia . Affected the southern coast of the island from Guayanilla , Puerto Rico , westward . 1509 8 August ( O.S. 29 July ) Hispaniola This hurricane moved past Santo Domingo just after the festivities marking the arrival of Diego Columbus as the new governor of the Indies on 20 July ( O.S. 10 July ) . According to Oviedo , it was `` greater than the one of last year , not doing so much damage to the houses , although much greater in the country . '' 1511 August 3 Panama Geronimo de Aguilar and Gonzalo Guerrero , both of whom had been on an expedition with Balboa to visit Panama in 1510 . Sailing in Panama in 1511 their ships were caught in a hurricane . Aguilar and Geurrero were among the survivors taken prisoner by the Yucatee Mayas . Aguilar would later play the role of translator when he joined the Cortes expedition that arrived in the Yucatán in 1519 . 1514 unknown Puerto Rico Andrés de Haro reported this storm several months afterwards , but the exact date remains unknown . 1515 July Puerto Rico The royal officials told the monarch that one had caused the deaths of many Indians . ~ 1515 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole . 1519 unknown near Jamaica , Cuba Eighteen men from a caravel near Jamaica survived a `` minor hurricane . '' Fisher 1994 Aboard the vessel were Alonso de Zuazo and two Tavira sisters , which name the hurricane colloquially bears . The storm moved toward southern Pinar del Río Province in western Cuba . 1520 unknown Hispaniola Affected Eastern Hispaniola . 1523 unknown Florida West Coast Two ships and their crews lost off the west coast of Florida . 1525 -- 1549 ( edit ) Year Date ( GC ) Area ( s ) affected Damage / notes 1525 late October Western Cuba Hernán Cortés sent a vessel to Trinidad , Cuba . Juan de Avalos commanded a ship to Veracruz to supply his relative Hernán Cortés and the conquistadors . A `` very severe '' hurricane sunk the ship west of Havana , killing the captain , two Franciscan friars , and seventy seamen , but eight persons survived . 1525 unknown Honduras Struck the newly established colony of Triunfo de la Cruz ( Tela ) . 1526 June North Carolina Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón lost a Spanish brigantine under his command amid the treacherous Frying Pan Shoals offshore from the mouth of Cape Fear River ; the colonization attempt involving Francisco de Chicora ultimately failed . 1526 14 -- 15 October ( O.S. 4 -- 5 October ) Puerto Rico , Eastern Hispaniola Hurricane San Francisco of 1526 Millás hypothesizes that this hurricane progressed westward or west - northwestward and therefore also might have affected the northern group of the Leeward Islands and the Virgin Islands . A violent hurricane moved slowly over northern Puerto Rico on October 4 and 5 . The storm started at night , lasted 24 hours , and ruined the major part of the City of San Juan , Puerto Rico , including the church , and caused much damage to haciendas , agriculture , and wide spread flooding . One source describes the storm in both 1526 and 1527 . 1527 circa 30 -- 31 October ( O.S. 20 -- 21 October ) Western Cuba In the ill - fated Narváez expedition , Pánfilo de Narváez reached Santa Cruz del Sur , Cuba . He then sent two of his six vessels under the captains Pantoja and Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca to the port of Trinidad , Cuba to procure provisions . A `` violent storm '' destroyed the two ships in port , taking the lives of sixty or seventy persons and twenty horses aboard them ; about thirty persons survived the storm on land . Pánfilo de Narváez and his four ships reached Trinity on 5 November . This storm may continue from or into another tropical cyclone this season . Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca delivered a detailed report on this hurricane but did not provide the exact date . Millás provides the date here given . Douglas places this hurricane in early November . 1527 November upper Texas coast If this storm occurred , then it would be one of two November hurricanes to hit Texas . Some sources state that a storm sank a poorly anchored boat of Pánfilo de Narváez off Galveston Island , but this recollection seemingly conflates the previous storm in Trinidad , Cuba , with the misfortunes of the remnant of the expedition off the upper Texas coast the following autumn . The storm apparently caused as many as two hundred deaths . Tropical cyclone status in doubt . Alternatively , perhaps a continuation of another storm this year . Charlton W. Tebeau dates the loss of a Spanish fleet to 1528 . 1527 unknown Eastern Hispaniola Made landfall at Santo Domingo . 1528 23 or 30 June ( O.S. 13 or 20 June ) Aruba This hurricane struck a vessel in the Caribbean north of Aruba , and the winds drove the stricken vessel westward for nearly four days until it ran aground on Serrana Bank . A castaway reportedly lived on the cay for eight years before he was rescued , which eventually spun to the tale of Pedro Serrano . 1528 2 October ( O.S. 22 September ) Apalachee Bay , Florida Narváez expedition in 1528 visited the Tampa and Tallahassee areas . Soon after their departure from the Apalachee Bay in upper west Florida , they were shipwrecked by a hurricane storm . Only 10 or so survivors out of more than 400 crew . The voyage lasted from 22 September to 6 November . 1528 unknown Hispaniola A letter , dated 2 November 1528 reports a ship lost on its way from Mexico to Santo Domingo . 1529 28 -- 29 July Puerto Rico made landfall at San Juan de Puerto Rico . ~ 1530 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole . 1530 5 August ( O.S. 26 July ) Puerto Rico Hurricane Santa Ana of 1530 First of three successive tropical cyclones to affect Puerto Rico in 1530 . This hurricane of modest intensity brought much rain to Puerto Rico . It affected the entire island and destroyed half of the houses in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Island only had population of 3 , 1000 at the time . 1530 1 September ( O.S. 22 August ) Puerto Rico Hurricane San Hipólito of 1530 This tropical storm or weak hurricane brought much more rain than violent winds and caused more extensive flooding and crop damage . 1530 10 September ( O.S. 31 August ) Puerto Rico Hurricane San Ramón of 1530 A violent hurricane struck Puerto Rico nine days later . Floods isolated communities and drowned an uncounted number of persons to death . The hurricane greatly damaged livestock and agriculture and so distressed the Spanish colonists that they considered abandoning Puerto Rico altogether . The barrage of hurricanes during 1530 brought a condition of great suffering and poverty on Puerto Rico , which persisted for several years . 1533 31 October - 2 November ( O.S. 21 -- 23 October ) Leeward Islands Oviedo mentions the case of two vessels that sailed from Santo Domingo to Spain , but were knocked off course by a hurricane probably north of the Leeward Islands , and returned to Puerto Plata forty days later . 1533 unknown Puerto Rico The destruction of 26 July , 23 August , and 31 August killed `` so many slaves . '' This event may refer to the three tropical cyclones that struck Puerto Rico in 1530 . 1537 July or August Puerto Rico In July and August , three storms of wind and water punished Puerto Rico . River currents carried away and destroyed plantations on the riverbanks . The floods drowned many slaves and cattle to death . This season caused even more damage than that of 1530 did . The storm put Puerto Ricans in great necessity and increased their will to depart the island of Puerto Rico . Tropical cyclone status in doubt . This event may continue as the succeeding event . 1537 unknown northwest Cuba The carrack ( nao in Spanish ) San Juan , coming from Spain with valuable merchandise as cargo , was lost 5 leagues east of Havana during a hurricane . The 200 - ton carrack Santa Catalina , carrying gold and silver from Mexico under captain Francisco López , sank in Havana Harbor during the hurricane . Tropical cyclone status in doubt . Alternatively , this storm may continue the preceding storm . 1541 25 December Venezuela A hurricane - like storm destroyed the remains of Nueva Cádiz . However , a tsunami perhaps caused all this damage . 1545 20 August ( O.S. 10 August ) Dominican Republic Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés delivers an eyewitness account on this small but very intense hurricane . It came from the south - southeast , passed west of the capital of Santo Domingo , killed `` many '' or a `` large number of '' persons there , and moved rapidly north - northwestward . This storm may continue as another storm attributed to this season . 1545 17 -- 18 September ( O.S. 7 -- 8 September ) Puerto Rico , Hispaniola Excessive rains from this large , slow - moving tropical storm caused the greater damage . 1545 unknown Mexico A merchant carrack ( nao in Spanish ) coming from Spain wrecked on the Veracruz reef system and totally lost 100,000 pesos of cargo . Most persons aboard the carrack , however , were saved . This occurred during a `` norther . '' Tropical cyclone status in doubt . Alternatively , this storm may continue another storm during this season . 1545 unknown Cuba Made landfall at Havana . 1546 3 September ( O.S. 24 August ) Puerto Rico Made landfall at San Juan de Puerto Rico . 1549 unknown Hispaniola The storm wrecked the vessel San Juan in the port of Nombre de Dios near Santo Domingo . 1550 -- 1574 ( edit ) Year Date ( GC ) Area ( s ) affected Damage / notes 1550 unknown off Florida Keys The 200 - ton Spanish carrack ( nao in Spanish ) Visitación left Havana with treasure for Spain . She was `` lost during a hurricane '' off the Florida Keys . circa 1551 unknown Florida Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda survived a shipwreck , and the Calusa rescued the crew and passengers . They then sacrificed all the other castaways but enslaved him ; he escaped after 17 years in captivity and reported the tale . 1551 unknown Cuba Of this storm , Marcos de J. Melero mentions only the year in the Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de la Habana . 1551 unknown Gulf of Honduras Diego de Landa reported this storm . One ship sunk with many persons aboard her ; all but five passengers drowned . 1552 28 -- 29 August Dominican Republic This storm made landfall at Santo Domingo . 1552 2 -- 4 September Mexico This storm made landfall at Veracruz . 1552 3 -- 6 September Florida 1553 22 September ( O.S. 12 September ) Hispaniola Affected Santo Domingo . circa 1553 unknown Florida West Coast This storm caused seven hundred casualties . Several sources contain similar descriptions of storms for this season ; they may describe one or two or three separate tropical cyclones . This event may duplicate or continue the succeeding entry . 1553 unknown Texas A Spanish treasure fleet of twenty or more ships , sailed from Veracruz for Havana . Five days into its voyage , a hurricane struck the fleet in the Gulf of Mexico and scattered its ships widely . Three of the ship ultimately reached Spain , and another returned to Veracruz . No one ever heard from any of the other sixteen or more ships again . Many men undoubtedly drowned . The 220 - ton San Estevan under Captain Francisco del Mecerno , the 220 - ton Santa Maria de Yciar under Captain Alonso Ozosi , and a carrack ( nao in Spanish ) all wrecked on Padre Island . These shipwrecks resemble those in the Mansfield Cut Underwater Archeological District , dated probably to April 1554 . Alternatively , this storm may continue or duplicate the preceding entry . Several sources contain similar descriptions of storms for this season ; they may describe one or two or three separate tropical cyclones . 1554 April or May ( ? ) offshore South Texas The New Spain fleet , a Spanish treasure fleet , comprised top - heavy galleons , difficult to maneuver , with primitive techniques for coping with storms and insufficient experienced navigators . Three ships from this fleet , Santa María de Yciar , Espíritu Santo , and San Esteban , were lost in a storm off Padre Island . A few survivors escaped in a small boat ; others attempted to walk south back to Mexico , but hostile natives killed most of them . Conquistador Ángel de Villafañe participated in the salvage operation that summer , which recovered half of the lost treasure . Tropical cyclone status in doubt . Alternatively , this storm may duplicate the preceding entry or another entry for this year . Mansfield Cut Underwater Archeological District probably contains these shipwrecks . 1554 June ( ? ) Gulf of Mexico Three vessels came from Mexico . A hurricane , probably weak , caught them off the northwestern coast of Cuba and carried them toward the coast of Florida , stranding them . The storm neither sank nor badly disabled any known ship . 1554 August or September Bahamas A storm near Great Inagua wrecked two vessels carrying a load of silver . 1554 August to October Mona Passage In August or September , a Spanish caravel ( nao in Spanish ) ship of Juan González departed Santo Domingo for San Juan , Puerto Rico , with Bástidas Sanabria , son of Cristóbal de Sanabria , aboard her . As a result of a hurricane , the sea `` swallowed '' the ship somewhere in the Mona Passage . No one ever found any survivors or wreck debris ; however , Cathedral of San Juan Bautista hosted a funeral Mass for the deceased . Cristóbal de Sanabria , a cleric in San Juan , told of the misfortune on 16 October . Tropical cyclone status in doubt . This event may continue another storm listed for this year . 1554 14 November ( O.S. 4 November ) Cuba Cosme Rodríguez Farfán commanded a fleet of four vessels from Havana to San Juan , Puerto Rico . A storm hit the fleet off the coast of Oriente Province . The ship of the admiral sank ; a small caravel also sank , and all but two people aboard that ship drowned to death . This event may continue another storm listed for this year . circa 1554 unknown Bermuda An overloaded , overcrowded galleon San Miguel ventured to bring great wealth from Veracruz to save the king , presumably Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor , from bankruptcy . A long convoy of ships preceded her to protect her from French ( and other ) pirates . A week after departing Veracruz , two wind storms in the Gulf of Mexico left her with a broken mainmast , a wreck separated from the convoy , drifting for weeks within sight of Cuba and the Bahamas . A hurricane struck the San Miguel , and her crew cast all goods overboard except the bullion of the king . She lost her rudder but somehow survived , half - grounded on a reef . That hurricane caught the remaining ships in the convoy near Bermuda , and its leading ship sank . A caravel rescued the suffering passengers and crew of the San Miguel and sent her bullion cargo to Spain on a safer , more seaworthy ship . Twenty - five ships survived the trans - Atlantic voyage , carrying enough gold for the king . A Franco - Spanish War with considerable piracy apparently reached the Caribbean the next year . This event may continue another storm listed for this year or another season . One source dates this event to 1554 , but the hurricane seemingly occurred between the beginning of the Viceroyalty of Luís de Velasco in New Spain ( 1550 ) and the beginning of the Italian War of 1551 -- 1559 , which involved France and Spain , suggesting that these storms struck in 1550 . 1555 unknown Bahama Channel The Capitana of New Spain fleet lost in storm . Tropical cyclone status in doubt . 1557 27 October ( O.S. 17 October ) Cuba A severe hurricane struck almost the western part of the island , extending from Pinar del Río eastward to Matanzas . It came from the western Caribbean Sea , moving probably from a southerly or a southwesterly direction . 1559 29 August ( O.S. 20 August ) near Pensacola Florida / Mobile Alabama First European documented hurricane hitting Florida . Tristán de Luna y Arellano attempted to start a colony around present day Pensacola with a fleet of eleven to thirteen vessels , five hundred soldiers , a thousand to eleven hundred civilians , 240 horses , and supplies ; the vessels landed at Pensacola Bay on 14 / 15 August . On 19 September , a `` great tempest from the north '' , a `` tropical storm '' , or `` hurricane '' blew for 24 hours and scattered the still - loaded ships . Several ships -- four or five navios with topsails , a galleon with a small amount of Mexican silver , and a small barque sent east of the onshore camp on a coast - exploration mission -- shattered to pieces `` with great loss of life '' and cargo . The wreckage of San Juan galleon now defines the Emanuel Point Shipwreck Site . The storm also carried one caravel and its cargo into a grove farther ashore than the distance of an arquebus shot . One surviving ship sailed immediately to Mexico for relief . The colony attempted to rely on native villages for sustenance , but its ventures acquired little food ; the lack of food ultimately contributed to abandonment of the colony in 1561 . One source lists this event as three separate storms but suggests that they might represent different accounts of the same event . 1561 24 June ( O.S. 14 June ) North Carolina Ángel de Villafañe evacuated the colony of Tristán de Luna y Arellano from Pensacola to Havana with the San Juan and three other vessels . Afterward , he commanded the fleet to Santa Elena , la Florida , arriving on 6 June ( O.S. 27 May ) . The fleet then continued farther northward , exploring the coast until they sailed around Cape Hatteras . This fleet ( or , less likely , a Spanish sloop under Pedro Menéndez de Avilés ) in 1561 captured Don Luis from Ajacan , often identified with Virginia but perhaps farther south , even considerably south of Hatteras . In a storm off Cape Hatteras , the caravel of Villafañe almost foundered , and two vessels of the fleet undoubtedly perished . After the tragic loss of two vessels , the two surviving vessels ultimately retired to Santo Domingo or Havana . 1563 unknown near Cape Canaveral , Florida The 250 - ton Spanish galleon La Madelena , loaded with treasure in Vera Cruz , sailed under captain Cristobel Rodríquez to Spain . During a storm , she wrecked on a shoal near Cape Canaveral . Only 16 of the three hundred aboard her survived . Tropical cyclone status in doubt . 1563 August to October Atlantic Ocean Five vessels missing at latitude of Bermuda . circa 1564 unknown possibly North Carolina `` None of the people survived '' from a wreck on the coast . 1565 31 July -- 2 August ( O.S. 21 -- 23 July ) Atlantic Ocean Pedro Menéndez de Avilés commanded a fleet of five ships ; a violent hurricane east of the Leeward Islands dispersed them . 1565 22 September ( O.S. 12 September ) Florida east coast French Huguenots founded Fort Caroline ( now in Jacksonville , Florida ) in 1564 . Aiming to defeat the French , Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés reached a Timucua village and named it San Agustín ( in English , now St. Augustine , Florida ) on ( O.S. 28 August ) , the double of Saint Augustine of Hippo . After some inconclusive skirmishes against the French , he landed 800 men and began to construct a fort on 18 September ( O.S. 8 September ) , the double of Nativity of Blessed Mary . Determined to oust the Spanish from Florida , Jean Ribault led two hundred French troops from Fort Caroline aboard his ships on 20 September ( O.S. 10 September ) . The French fleet - of - war that headed for Saint Augustine included : 32 - gun flagship Trinité under captain LeBlanc , 29 - gun vice-flagship Émérillon under captaincy of Vice Admiral Nicolas d'Ornano , 29 - gun vessel Émérillon under captaincy of Vincent Collas ( probably a different vessel of the same name ) , and auxiliary sail rig Épaule de Mouton ( literally , Shoulder of Mutton ) under captain Machonville . The French vessels that stayed in St. Johns River at Fort Caroline included : 10 - gun vessel Perle under captaincy of Jacques Ribault ( son of Jean Ribault ) and 10 - gun vessel Lévrière under captaincy of Vivien Maillard . Also associated with French forces were : a 50 - ton barque from English privateer John Hawkins , a French privateer ship under captaincy of Jean du Boys , two small Spanish vessels seized as prizes , and a vessel called Trout ( which may be included elsewhere ) . As the French fleet approached Saint Augustine on 21 September ( O.S. 11 September ) , a breeze broke the calm and then increased into a gale , a `` furious tempest '' , a `` severe storm '' , and even a hurricane , driving the French ships unintentionally south of Saint Augustine . As the storm intensified on 25 September ( O.S. 15 September ) , it drove probably all four French vessels aground at different points between the south shore of Matanzas Inlet and Cape Canaveral . In one shipwreck , at least five Frenchmen perished , and the desperate survivors , unable to salvage food or supplies , decided to walk northward to Fort Caroline . Indians killed three more Frenchmen the next day . On 26 -- 27 September ( O.S. 16 -- 17 September ) , admiral Menéndez began to march his Spanish troops overland through the raging tempest to attack Fort Caroline . Menéndez and his troops reached the fort almost undetected in the rainy , windy predawn of 30 September ( O.S. 20 September ) and quickly captured it without sustaining any casualties . Following the instructions of Philip II of Spain , the victorious Spaniards executed most of the Frenchmen as Protestant heretics , whom the Spanish then labeled as luteranos . René Goulaine de Laudonnière , Jacques le Moyne , Nicolas Le Challeux , and perhaps as many as 64 others escaped through the tempest across the marshes to the Perle and Lévrière . These French ships searched for survivors until 5 October ( O.S. 25 September ) but then returned to Europe . After their victory at Fort Caroline , the Spanish troops returned to Saint Augustine . Meanwhile , the storm finally cleared by 2 October ( O.S. 22 September ) . The Spaniards at Saint Augustine then learned of a frigate wrecked on the mouth of a river four to six leagues to the south , now known as Matanzas Inlet . The desperate French survivors lacked adequate food , water , and munitions . By 8 October ( O.S. 28 September ) , Spanish troops sought and executed the Protestants as heretics but spared the Catholics and a few others . The ship that carried Jean Ribault wrecked farther south , possibly near three others ; the desperate survivors decided to move northward toward Fort Caroline . He reached Matanzas Inlet and surrendered exhausted on 20 October ( O.S. 10 October ) and suffered death as a Protestant heretic on 22 October ( O.S. 12 October ) . Of this party , the Spaniards spared only the Catholics and a few others , but many Frenchmen eluded capture . Circa 12 November ( O.S. 2 November ) , admiral Menéndez found shipwreck survivors who eluded his slaughters on a beach north of Cape Canaveral . Some surrendered to the Spanish , who spared their lives and removed them away from Florida . Others escaped again to an obscure fate . 1566 13 -- 14 September ( O.S. 3 -- 4 September ) Florida An offshore hurricane on the northeast Florida and upper / lower Georgia coastal waters . 1566 24 -- 26 September ( O.S. 14 -- 16 September ) Florida A more severe offshore hurricane on the northeast Florida and Georgia coastal waters . 1567 unknown Near Dominica A storm off Dominica wrecked six ships carrying 3 million pesos ( 77 metric tons ( 76 long tons ) of silver ) . Natives of the island killed all survivors . Continuing bad weather delayed serious salvage efforts to 1568 . In their zeal to locate the treasure , Spanish salvage operators tortured the inhabitants , but no one knows what happened to the cargo . 1568 22 August ( O.S. 12 August ) Yucatán Channel A hurricane of large diameter but only weak or moderate intensity affected the fleet of English privateer John Hawkins near Cape San Antonio , Cuba . 1568 3 September ( O.S. 24 August ) Puerto Rico Hurricane San Bartolomé of 1568 Diego de Torres Vargas writes of a severe hurricane that caused widespread damage in San Juan , Puerto Rico and in Santo Domingo . First hurricane to be named with `` Saint of the Day '' affecting Puerto Rico ( previous ones back to 1508 were labeled by historians ) . This storm perhaps continued in the succeeding entry . 1568 7 September ( O.S. 28 August ) Florida A second hurricane , perhaps the same storm as the preceding entry , struck the fleet of English privateer John Hawkins . His six ships then straggled into the Spanish - controlled port of San Juan de Ulúa , Veracruz , New Spain , on 15 September , initially under a truce . Battle of San Juan de Ulúa ( 1568 ) against the Spanish , however , ensued on 23 September , and only two English vessels returned to Europe . 1569 September Bahamas A storm passed Old Bahama Channel . 1570 during or after September Atlantic Ocean Spanish lost four ships between Vera Cruz and Spain . Tropical cyclone status in doubt . 1571 ~ September / October Florida Heavy flooding in St. Augustine , Florida , two ships lost 1571 18 -- 21 October Cuba , Jamaica 1571 unknown Florida Coast The 300 - ton galleon San Ignacio under captaincy of Juan de Canavas with 22 iron cannon and the 340 - ton Santa Maria de la Limpia Concepción together carried 2.5 million pesos in treasure . They wrecked off Cape Canaveral the Florida coast during a storm . Few survivors attempted to reach St. Augustine , Florida , in two longboats ; however , natives massacred most of them . Marine salvage recovered nothing . Tropical cyclone status in doubt . 1573 August Atlantic Ocean A hurricane struck a ship in the vicinity of the Virgin Islands . 1574 ~ 27 August Gulf of Mexico and Mexico Spanish treasure fleet sailed from Spain on 29 June . After reaching the Gulf of Mexico , a `` bad storm '' struck and scattered the ships widely . The storm sunk the 300 - ton carrack ( nao in Spanish ) Santa Ana under captaincy of Pedro de Paredes , the carracks under ownership of Antonio Sánchez de Armas , and the carrack under ownership of Carrejas . The storm also wrecked an urca on the coast of Coatzacoalcos and drowned five men to death , but survivors saved all its cargo . The wrecked ships included the 650 - ton Santa Maria de Begonia . A violent hurricane on 27 August ( possibly Julian calendar ) struck between Jamaica and Cuba . 1575 -- 1599 ( edit ) Year Date ( GC ) Area ( s ) affected Damage / notes 1575 1 October ( O.S. 21 September ) Puerto Rico Hurricane San Mateo of 1575 Diego de Torres Vargas mentions severe storm mentioned that struck the island on double of Saint Matthew . Last recorded tropical storm to impact Puerto Rico during sixteenth century . 1576 unknown Hispaniola Storm made landfall near Monte Cristi Province . 1577 probably August or September Cuba and Jamaica 1578 unknown Hispaniola Storm made landfall near San José de Ocoa Province . 1578 October Cuba and Jamaica 1579 circa August Caribbean A storm struck a vessel sailing from Havana to Isla Margarita . 1579 13 September Bermuda 1579 26 September Bermuda 1579 unknown Atlantic Ocean A storm sank the 600 - ton Almirante of Spanish Armada . Tropical cyclone status in doubt . 1579 unknown Jamaica 1583 19 August ( O.S. 9 August ) Hispaniola made landfall at Santo Domingo . 1583 mid-September ( O.S. early September ) Hispaniola Archbishop Alfonso López de Avila of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santo Domingo , reported a hurricane that `` ruined the fruit at the beginning of September ( Julian calendar ) . '' Could be identical with the 19 August storm . 1586 23 -- 26 June ( O.S. 13 -- 16 June ) Roanoke Island Original European Roanoke Island settlers arrived in 1585 . After experiencing a hurricane in 1586 that Ralph Lane reported : `` The weather was so sore and the storm so great than our anchors would not hold , and no ship of them all but either broke or lost their anchors . '' , the settlers moved back to England . 1586 unknown Old Bahama Channel A Spanish treasure fleet of 61 ships under Juan Tello de Guzmán gathered from all parts of the Caribbean at Havana and then left for Spain . During a storm in Old Bahama Channel , the fleet lost the 120 - ton ship of the line ( navío in Spanish ) San Francisco under Juan Alonso from Puerto Rico , the 120 - ton navío Nuestra Señora de la Concepción under Simón Rixo ( or Rizo ) from Puerto Rico , the 120 - ton carrack ( nao in Spanish ) under captaincy of Martín de Irigoyen from Mexico , and five or six other vessels . Surviving ships included the 120 - ton navío San Sebastián under Diego Hernández from Puerto Rico . 1587 31 August ( O.S. 21 August ) Roanoke Island John White reestablished the colony at Roanoke Island in July , 1587 . Admiral Francis Drake was forced to cut the cables on his ship to spend six days riding out the storm at sea . He would regroup in Roanoke after the storm . John White left a group of colonists here and returned to England with the intention of returning with supplies and more colonists . When he did return in August 1590 , no sign to the 1587 was ever found . 1588 20 September ( O.S. 10 September ) Cuba A furious hurricane , more destructive than that of 1557 , made landfall near Havana . 1588 4 -- 6 November Colombia This storm made landfall near Cartagena de Indias . 1589 7 August Leeward Islands 1589 ~ 9 September Old Bahama Channel English squadron ( naval ) awaited the return of Spanish ships from the Caribbean . Philip II of Spain , king of Iberian Union , consequently ordered that the Spanish Navy ( Armada in Spanish ) under captain general Alváro Flores de Quiñones , Tierra Firma fleet , and Spanish treasure fleet ( Flota de Nueva España in Spanish ) from Vera Cruz all meet in Havana and travel together in convoy to Spain . The convoy of 75 to 100 ships left Havana on 9 September and entered Old Bahama Channel ; a hurricane quickly struck . Even before the hurricane , the 350 - ton merchant carrack ( nao in Spanish ) Santa Catalina under ownership of Fernando Ome and captaincy of Domingo Ianez Ome , coming from Mexico with cargo , sank in 30 fathoms ( 180 ft ; 55 m ) of water `` in about 30 degrees of latitude . '' The 400 - ton nao Jesús María under ownership of Domingo Sauli and captaincy of Francisco Salvago , coming from Mexico , also sank in similar circumstances . A third merchant nao also sank with these two . In the hurricane at the month of Old Bahama Channel , the Almiranta of Flota de Nueva España developed a bad leak , fired cannon for assistance , and sank quickly with her great treasure in very deep water . This event may continue as another storm listed for this season . Robert F. Marx accuses Dutch historian Jan Huyghen van Linschoten of misinformation in telling that only 14 or 15 of 220 ships sailing for Iberian Union survived the year and that about 99 disappeared near Florida . He contends that Iberian Union lost only five ships this year : four in this storm in Old Bahama Channel and one returning from Goa . The location of the sinking , `` in about 30 degrees of latitude '' , suggests that the term `` Bahama Channel '' in various sources may refer to the northern extension of Straits of Florida , not to Old Bahama Channel , as here assumed . 1589 unknown Old Bahama Channel The 120 - ton Espíritu Santo under Miguel Baltasar , transporting sugar and hides from Puerto Rico , joined the preceding flotilla convoy in Havana . About 50 leagues from the Old Bahama Channel , a tempest struck the Spanish treasure fleet . Howling northeasterly winds lasted four days . On the first day , the sea `` swallowed '' a total of ten carracks ( naos in Spanish ) , possibly including the Espíritu Santo . Some ships returned to Cuba ; others proceeded to the Iberian Union . This storm may continue as ( or be identical with ) the preceding storm or another storm or storms this season . 1589 unknown Florida Passed near Cape Canaveral . Quite possibly the same as the next storm . 1589 unknown Florida East Coast Gonzalo Méndez de Canço , later governor of Florida , reports that Martín Pérez de Olazábal commanded a fleet ; during a storm , one of his ships wrecked at Cape Canaveral . San Agustín ( now St. Augustine , Florida ) assisted four battered and dismasted ships carrying more than 450 persons ; one ship entered the port and departed for Spain . The frigate of the presidio at San Agustín also discovered and rescued forty members of the crew of the ship lost on Cape Canaveral . This event may continue another storm of this season . If `` Old Bahama Channel '' in the other entries for this year refers instead the northern extension of the `` Straits of Florida '' , then this and the three immediately preceding listings may originate in different recollections of the same storm event . 1590 early November Gulf of Mexico Captain general Antonio Navarro de Prado commanded the 63 - ship Spanish treasure fleet ( Flota de Nueva España ) that sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Iberian Union on 1 August . As the flotilla traversed the Gulf of Mexico and approached San Juan de Ulúa in Vera Cruz , a fierce `` norther '' struck with 12 hours of hurricane - force wind and rain . The fleet lost fourteen to sixteen ships along the Mexican coast , including : the 280 - ton carrack ( nao in Spanish ) La Trinidad under captaincy of Bernardo de Paz , trying to enter Vera Cruz during the storm the 180 - ton Portuguese nao La Piedad under captaincy of Cristobal Sánchez Melgarejo , on the shoal of Vera Cruz with eighteen persons and most cargo saved the 220 - ton nao Nuestra Señora del Socorro under captaincy of Pedro Díaz Franco , in the Canal Gallega in Vera Cruz the 130 - ton Portuguese nao Nuestra Señora de la Concepción under captaincy of Miguel Rodríguez , near Vera Cruz The storm swept two iron cannon from the decks of the San Francisco , heeled over the ship , and left her hold ( ship ) filled with water more than 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) deep . The surviving 34 vessels on 8 November arrived at Vera Cruz badly damaged . Tropical cyclone status in doubt . 1591 10 August Atlantic Ocean English pirates menaced Spanish vessels considerably during the year . Spain expected 123 sailboats to arrive from the Caribbean , but a fleet of only 77 Spanish vessels , each with tonnage ranging from 200 to 1000 , left Havana on 17 July for Spain . At latitude 35 ° N on 10 August , a northerly gale or hurricane overtook them , and the ship of the admiral of the fleet foundered with 500 men aboard her . ( Calendar unknown . ) This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year . 1591 13 -- 14 August Atlantic Ocean Another hurricane hit the fleet three or four days after the first storm , sinking five or six of the largest ships of the fleet , including that of its vice-admiral . All the crews of the sunken vessels perished . ( Calendar unknown . ) This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year . 1591 26 August ( O.S. 16 August ) Roanoke Island `` For at this time the wind blew at northeast and direct into the harbor so great a gale that the sea broke extremely on the bar , and the tide went out forcibly at the entrance . '' 1591 ~ 30 -- 31 August Atlantic Ocean About the end of August ( maybe Julian calendar ) , the third gale caught the Spanish fleet at latitude 38 ° N , during which 22 vessels perished . The fleet thereafter comprised 48 surviving vessels . This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year . This or another fleet returned from Bermuda toward Europe after 24 August . That fleet lost 20 ships to a storm or storms , mainly on 1 -- 10 September . Five of the ships in that fleet hosted 387 crew members ; however , uncertainty remains regarding how many of them and others perished and survived . This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year . 1591 end August / early September off Azores Sir Richard Grenville commanded English ship Revenge ( 1577 ) alone against 53 Spanish warships under Alonso de Bazán in Battle of Flores ( 1591 ) on the night of 30 / 31 August . The Spanish armada finally defeated him in the morning and took the English survivors aboard their damaged ships as prisoners of war . Sir Richard Grenville died of his wounds three days later , and his body underwent burial at sea . The winds of a terrible hurricane then arose and wrecked allegedly `` over a hundred '' Spanish galleons , merchant ships , warships , and other vessels in this fleet and the arriving remnant of the Spanish treasure fleet . The storm drowned their crews and lost their riches to the Iberian Union . The remnant of the captured English warship Revenge ran into the cliffs of Terceira Island . English writer Richard Hakluyt attributes the storm to divine revenge against the Catholic fleet for the death of Sir Grenville . He continues , `` For 20 days after the storm they did nothing but fish for dead men that continually came driving on the shore . '' This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year . 1591 6 September Azores Within sight of Flores Island ( Azores ) , another gale separated the fleet , and only 25 or 26 sailboats from the Caribbean ultimately reached Spain . This storm likely matches the account in the preceding entry . 1591 21 September Puerto Rico 1591 24 September Cuba 1591 September Florida Landfall near Dry Tortugas . 1591 unknown coastal Florida A fleet of 75 to 77 ships left Havana on 27 June . On orders of Philip II of Spain , king of Iberian Union , the mariners left his registered treasure in Havana for safe travel to Spain aboard small , fast zabras . In encounters with storms , the fleet lost at least 29 ships , many off coast of Florida . The terrible storms left Iberian Union with few ships to send to the Indies in 1592 . This entry likely matches that of other storms this year . 1591 unknown at sea Spanish lost a carrack ( nao in Spanish ) somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea . Tropical cyclone status in doubt . Alternatively , this storm may continue another storm of this season . 1593 ~ 25 July ( O.S. ~ 15 July ) Puerto Rico A storm passed the seas north of the island . 1594 unknown Caribbean One ship lost on its way from Panama to the Lesser Antilles . 1594 unknown Hispaniola made landfall near Santo Domingo . 1594 unknown Cuba made landfall near Havana . 1595 29 -- 30 August Cuba made landfall near Havana . 1597 ~ September -- November Jamaica Morales Padrón reported a hurricane . 1599 ~ June / July Bahamas This hurricane struck Hernando del Castillo near Great Inagua Island . 1599 22 September Florida made landfall near St. Augustine , Florida . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal List of Atlantic hurricanes List of Atlantic hurricane seasons Paleotempestology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCloskey , T.A. ; Knowles , J.T. ( 2009 ) , `` Migration of the tropical cyclone zone throughout the Holocene '' , in Elsner , J.B. ; Jagger , T.H. , Hurricanes and Climate Change , New York : Springer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 09409 - 0 Jump up ^ Liu , Kam - biu ; Fearn , Miriam L. ( 2000 ) , `` Reconstruction of Prehistoric Landfall Frequencies of Catastrophic Hurricanes in Northwestern Florida from Lake Sediment Records '' , Quaternary Research , 54 ( 2 ) : 238 -- 245 , Bibcode : 2000QuRes ... 54 ... 238L , doi : 10.1006 / qres. 2000.2166 . Jump up ^ Scott , D.B. ; et al. ( 2003 ) , `` Records of prehistoric hurricanes on the South Carolina coast based on micropaleontological and sedimentological evidence , with comparison to other Atlantic Coast records '' , Geological Society of America Bulletin , 115 ( 9 ) : 1027 -- 1039 , Bibcode : 2003GSAB ... 115.1027 S , doi : 10.1130 / B25011. 1 . Jump up ^ Mann , Michael E. ; Woodruff , Jonathan D. ; Donnelly , Jeffrey P. & Zhang , Zhihua ( 2009 ) , `` Atlantic hurricanes and climate over the past 1,500 years '' , Nature , 460 ( 7257 ) : 880 -- 883 , Bibcode : 2009Natur. 460 ... 880M , PMID 19675650 , doi : 10.1038 / nature08219 Jump up ^ Urquhart , Gerald R. ( 2009 ) , `` Paleoecological record of hurricane disturbance and forest regeneration in Nicaragua '' , Quaternary International , 195 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 88 -- 97 , Bibcode : 2009QuInt. 195 ... 88U , doi : 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2008.05. 012 . ^ Jump up to : McCloskey , T.A. ; Keller , G. ( 2009 ) , `` 5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize '' , Quaternary International , 195 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 53 -- 68 , Bibcode : 2009QuInt. 195 ... 53M , doi : 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2008.03. 003 . ^ Jump up to : Gischler , Eberhard ; Shinn , Eugene A. ; Oschmann , Wolfgang ; Fiebig , Jens ; Buster , Noreen A. ( 2008 ) , `` A 1500 - Year Holocene Caribbean Climate Archive from the Blue Hole , Lighthouse Reef , Belize '' , Journal of Coastal Research , 24 ( 6 ) : 1495 -- 1505 , doi : 10.2112 / 07 - 0891.1 ^ Jump up to : Liu , Kam - biu ; Lub , Houyuan ; Shen , Caiming ( 2008 ) , `` A 1200 - year proxy record of hurricanes and fires from the Gulf of Mexico coast : Testing the hypothesis of hurricane -- fire interactions '' , Quaternary Research , 69 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 41 , Bibcode : 2008QuRes ... 69 ... 29L , doi : 10.1016 / j. yqres. 2007.10. 011 . ^ Jump up to : Donnelly , Jeffrey P. ; et al. ( 2001 ) , `` 700 yr Sedimentary Record of Intense Hurricane Landfalls in Southern New England '' , Geological Society of America Bulletin , 113 ( 6 ) : 714 -- 727 , Bibcode : 2001GSAB ... 113 ... 714D , ISSN 0016 - 7606 , doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2001 ) 113 < 0714 : YSROIH > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Early American hurricanes 1492 -- 1870 , David Ludlum , pg 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 31 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Fisher 1994 Jump up ^ Scheffers , Sander R. ; Browne , T ; Scheffers , A ; et al. ( 2009 ) , `` Tsunamis , hurricanes , the demise of coral reefs and shifts in prehistoric human populations in the Caribbean '' , Quaternary International , 195 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 69 -- 87 , Bibcode : 2009QuInt. 195 ... 69S , doi : 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2008.07. 016 . Jump up ^ Engel , Max ; Wennrich , Volker ; Scheffers , Anja ; Kelletat , Dieter ; Vött , Andreas ; Schäbitz , Frank ; Daut , Gerhard ; et al. ( 2010 ) , `` Coastal stratigraphies of eastern Bonaire ( Netherlands Antilles ) : New insights into the palaeo - tsunami history of the southern Caribbean '' , Sedimentary Geology , 231 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 14 -- 30 , Bibcode : 2010SedG ... 231 ... 14E , doi : 10.1016 / j. sedgeo. 2010.08. 002 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ O'Loughlin , Karen Fay ; Lander , James F. ( 2003 ) , Caribbean Tsunamis : A 500 - year History from 1498 -- 1998 , Dordrecht : Kluwer , p. 42 , ISBN 1 - 4020 - 1717 - 0 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 35 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Robinson 1848 , pp. 105 . Jump up ^ Early American hurricanes 1492 -- 1870 , David Ludlum , pg 6 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 38 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 1987 ^ Jump up to : 1989 ^ Jump up to : Douglas 1958 Jump up ^ Marx 1983 , p. 427 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 42 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Final Report of the Caribbean hurricane seminar , Ciudad Trujillo , Dominican Republic : Government of the Dominican Republic , 1956 , p. 395 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 44 -- 45 ^ Jump up to : Pérez 1971 , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Salivia 1972 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Greatest and Deadliest Hurricanes of the Caribbean and the Americas , Neely 2017 , pg 177 - 178 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 47 -- 48 ^ Jump up to : Abbad y Lasierra 1866 , p. 433 ^ Jump up to : Alexander 1902 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : García - Herrera , Ricardo ; Gimeno , Luis ; Ribera , Pedro ; Hernández , Emiliano ( 2005 ) , `` New records of Atlantic hurricanes from Spanish documentary sources '' , Journal of Geophysical Research , 110 : D03109 , Bibcode : 2005JGRD ... 11003109G , doi : 10.1029 / 2004JD005272 data . Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 50 -- 51 ^ Jump up to : Marx 1983 , p. 345 Jump up ^ Stick , David ( 1999 ) ( 1952 ) , Graveyard of the Atlantic : Shipwrecks of the North Carolina Coast , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4261 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Chapman , D.J. Our southern summer storm . Report from National Weather Service Office , Norfolk , Virginia . Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Salivia 1972 , pp. 42 , 45 Jump up ^ Robinson 1848 , pp. 326 -- 327 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 52 -- 57 Jump up ^ Salivia 1972 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Hasling , Jill F. ( 1982 ) , Texas hurricanes , Institute for Storm Research , University of St. Thomas ( Texas ) Jump up ^ Monthly Weather Review ^ Jump up to : Tebeau 1971 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Lowery , Woodbury ( 1901 ) , The Spanish settlements within the present limits of the United States , 1513 -- 1561 , New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , pp. 188 -- 191 Jump up ^ Early American hurricanes 1492 -- 1870 , David Ludlum , pg 8 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in Puerto Rico from 1500 to 1899 '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Miller , Paul Gerard ( 1922 ) , Historia de Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ) , Chicago : Rand McNally , p. 81 , LCCN 22023871 , OCLC 10999859 , OL 24760594M Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 64 -- 65 Jump up ^ Vila , Pablo ( 1948 ) , `` La destrucción de Nueva Cádiz ¿ terremoto o huracán ? '' , Boletín de la Academia Nacional de la Historia , 31 ( 123 ) : 213 -- 219 Jump up ^ Lander , J.F. ; et al. ( 2002 ) , `` A brief history of tsunamis in the Caribbean Sea '' ( PDF ) , Science of Tsunami Hazards , 20 ( 2 ) : 57 -- 94 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 69 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Marx 1983 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Singer 1992 ^ Jump up to : Potter 1972 Jump up ^ Chaunu 1955 -- 1960 , p. 454 , volume : Le trafic de 1504 à 1560 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Millás 1968 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , p. 73 ^ Jump up to : Peterson 1975 Jump up ^ Walton 1994 Jump up ^ Marx 1983 , p. 128 ^ Jump up to : Walton 1994 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ 1989 , p. 128 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ Douglas 1958 , pp. 75 -- 76 ^ Jump up to : Rappaport 1995 ^ Jump up to : Chaunu 1955 -- 1960 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 78 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Marx 1983 , p. 196 Jump up ^ Jahoda , Gloria ( 1976 ) , Florida , a bicentennial history , New York : W.W. Norton & Company , p. 210 , OCLC 2089538 Jump up ^ Bense , Judith Ann ( 1999 ) , Archaeology of colonial Pensacola , Gainesville : University Press of Florida , p. 6 , ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1661 - 4 Jump up ^ Lewis , Clifford Merle , SJ ; Loomie , Albert Joseph , SJ ( 1953 ) , The Spanish Jesuit mission in Virginia 1570 -- 1572 , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press for Virginia Historical Society , pp. 14 -- 15 , OCLC 574515800 Jump up ^ Winsor , Justin , ed. ( 1886 ) , Narrative and critical history of America , II ( Part I : Spanish explorations and settlements in America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century ) , Chapel Hill : Houghton Mifflin , p. 260 , OCLC 574515800 ^ Jump up to : Singer 1992 , p. 133 ^ Jump up to : Marx 1985 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Singer 1992 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Ribaut , Jean ( 1927 ) ( 1563 ) , Connor , Jeannette M. Thurber , ed. , The whole & true discouerye of Terra Florida , Florida Historical Society , p. 139 , OCLC 41170296 Jump up ^ Robinson 1848 , pp. 462 -- 470 ^ Jump up to : Sandrik 2003 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Willis , William , ed. ( 1869 ) , Documentary History of the State of Maine , I , Maine Historical Society , pp. 452 -- 454 , OL 23351772M Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 82 -- 84 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Walton 1994 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Singer 1992 , p. 207 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Marx 1983 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Quinn 1955 , p. 302 ^ Jump up to : Ludlum 1963 , p. 9 Jump up ^ 1989 , pp. 178 -- 179 Jump up ^ Singer 1992 , p. 208 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 87 -- 88 Jump up ^ Marx 1983 , pp. 198 -- 199 Jump up ^ Chaunu 1955 -- 1960 , pp. 442 , 444 -- 445 , volume III Jump up ^ 1989 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Manucy , Albert C. , ed. ( 1955 ) ( 1943 ) , `` 3 '' , The history of Castillo de San Marcos and Fort Matanzas , from contemporary narratives and letters ( 3 ) , Washington , D.C. : National Park Service , p. 38 , OCLC 1535131 Jump up ^ Marx 1983 , pp. 198 , 243 ^ Jump up to : Southey 1827 , p. 212 ^ Jump up to : Garriott 1900 , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Evans 1848 , pp. 400 -- 401 Jump up ^ Early American hurricanes 1492 -- 1870 , David Ludlum , pg 9 Jump up ^ Quinn 1955 , pp. 608 , 611 , 2 Jump up ^ Fisher 1994 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Douglas 1958 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Marx 1979 Jump up ^ Andrews , Kenneth Raymond , ed. ( 1959 ) , English privateering voyages to the West Indies , 1588 -- 1595 , Hakluyt Society Publications , 111 , London : Cambridge University Press , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 89 -- 90 Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Millás 1968 , pp. 91 -- 92 . Further reading ( edit ) Abbad y Lasierra , Fray Íñigo ( 1866 ) , de Acosta y Calbo , José Julián , ed. , Historia geográfica , civil y natural de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto - Rico ( in Spanish ) ( nueva ed . ) , Puerto Rico : Imprenta y Libreria de Acosta , p. 433 , OCLC 51898961 Alexander , William H. ( 1902 ) , Hurricanes : especially those of Porto Rico and St. Kitts. , Bulletin ( No. 32 ) , United States Department of Agriculture , Weather Bureau , p. 79 Cardona Bonet , Walter A. ( 1989 ) , Shipwrecks in Puerto Rico 's history , 1502 -- 1650 , I , Model Offset Printing , p. 371 , ASIN B0006ES9D0 , LCCN 89090750 , OCLC 21376979 Chaunu , Huguette ; Chaunu , Pierre ( 1955 -- 1960 ) , Séville et l'Atlantique ( 1504 -- 1650 ) ( in French ) , 12 , Paris : Librairie Armand Colin Douglas , Marjory Stoneman ( 1958 ) , Hurricane , New York : Rinehart & Company , p. 393 , OCLC 420024 Evans , `` Stormy '' Jack ( August -- October 1848 ) , `` A chronological list of hurricanes which have occurred in the West Indies since the year 1493 ; with interesting descriptions '' , The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle , London , 17 ( 8 , 9 , and 10 ) : 397 -- 405 , 453 -- 462 , 524 -- 530 Fisher , David E. ( 1994 ) , The scariest place on earth : eye to eye with hurricanes , New York : Random House , p. 250 , ISBN 9780679427759 Garriott , Edward Bennett ( 1900 ) , West Indian hurricanes ( Bulletin H ) , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Weather Bureau , p. 69 , OCLC 19854416 Hughes , Patrick ( 1987 ) , `` Hurricanes haunt our history '' , Weatherwise , 40 ( 3 ) : 134 -- 140 , doi : 10.1080 / 00431672.1987. 9933354 Ludlum , David M. ( 1963 ) , Early American Hurricanes , 1492 -- 1870 , Boston : American Meteorological Society , OCLC 511649 Marx , Robert F. ( 1983 ) , Shipwrecks in the Americas , New York : Bonanza Books , p. 482 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 41371 - X , OCLC 9393846 Marx , Robert F. ( 1985 ) ( 1979 ) , Spanish treasure in Florida waters : a billion dollar graveyard ( Shipwrecks in Florida waters ed . ) , Boston : Mariners Press , p. 146 , ISBN 0913352063 , OCLC 5172392 Millás , José Carlos ( 1968 ) , Pardue , Leonard , ed. , Hurricanes of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions , 1492 -- 1800 , Miami : Academy of the Arts and Sciences of the Americas , OCLC 339427 Pérez , Orlando , ed. ( 1971 ) , Notes on the tropical cyclones of Puerto Rico , 1508 -- 1970 Peterson , Mendel ( 1975 ) , The funnel of gold , Boston : Little , Brown and Company , p. 480 , ISBN 0 - 316 - 70300 - 1 Potter , John Stauffer ( 1972 ) , The Treasure Diver 's Guide , New York : Doubleday , OCLC 722472 Quinn , David Beers , ed. ( 1955 ) , The Roanoke voyages , 1584 -- 1590 : Documents to illustrate the English voyages to North America under the patent granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584 , Hakluyt Society Publications , 104 , London : Quaritch Rappaport , Edward N. ; Fernandez - Partagas , Jose ( 1995 ) , Beven , Jack , ed. , The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones , 1492 -- 1996 , NOAA Technical Memorandum ( NWS NHC 47 ed . ) ( published 28 May 1995 ) Robinson , Conway ( 1848 ) , An account of discoveries in the West until 1519 , and of voyages to and along the Atlantic coast of North America , from 1520 to 1573 , Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society , p. 491 Salivia , Luis Alfredo ( 1972 ) , Historia de los temporales de Puerto Rico y las Antillas , 1492 a 1970 ( in Spanish ) ( 2a . rev . y aum . ed . ) , San Juan , Puerto Rico : Editorial Edil , p. 385 , OCLC 433147145 Sandrik , Al ; Landsea , Christopher W. ( May 2003 ) , Chronological listing of tropical cyclones affecting north Florida and coastal Georgia 1565 -- 1899 , NOAA Technical Memorandum ( NWS SR - 224 ) Singer , Steven D. ( 1992 ) , Shipwrecks of Florida , Sarasota : Pineapple Press , p. 368 , ISBN 1 - 56164 - 006 - 9 , OCLC 25025218 Southey , Captain Thomas ( 1827 ) , Chronological history of the West Indies , I , OCLC 14936262 Tebeau , Charlton W. ( 1971 ) , A history of Florida , Coral Gables , Florida : University of Miami Press , p. 502 , OCLC 11462989 Walton , Timothy R. ( 1994 ) , The Spanish treasure fleets , Sarasota : Pineapple Press , p. 256 , ISBN 1 - 56164 - 049 - 2 , OCLC 29638042 External links ( edit ) `` The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones , 1492 -- 1996 '' , NOAA `` Hurricane Time Line '' , Caribbean Genealogy Research Resources `` Virginia Hurricane History '' , NOAA Louisiana Hurricane History : 16th Century at the Wayback Machine ( archived 8 March 2009 ) ( hide ) Pre-19th - century Atlantic hurricane seasons Pre-1600s 1600s 1700s 1780 season Next : 1800s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Atlantic_hurricanes_before_1600&oldid=803343693 '' Categories : Atlantic hurricane seasons Pre-1600 Atlantic hurricane seasons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from November 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from June 2015 Articles containing French - language text CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3633674844614115338 | Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song) | Hallelujah ( Leonard Cohen song ) - wikipedia Hallelujah ( Leonard Cohen song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Hallelujah ( disambiguation ) . `` Hallelujah '' Artwork for Spain vinyl release Single by Leonard Cohen from the album Various Positions Released December 1984 Recorded June 1984 Genre Folk rock Length 4 : 36 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) John Lissauer Various Positions track listing `` Night Comes On '' ( 4 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 5 ) `` The Captain '' ( 6 ) `` Hallelujah '' is a song written by Canadian singer Leonard Cohen , originally released on his album Various Positions ( 1984 ) . Achieving little initial success , the song found greater popular acclaim through a recording by John Cale , which inspired a recording by Jeff Buckley . It is considered as the `` baseline '' of secular hymns . Following its increased popularity after being featured in the film Shrek ( 2001 ) , many other arrangements have been performed by many and various singers , both in recordings and in concert , with over 300 versions known . The song has been used in film and television soundtracks and televised talent contests . `` Hallelujah '' experienced renewed interest following Cohen 's death in November 2016 and appeared on multiple international singles charts , including entering the American Billboard Hot 100 for the first time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Musical composition and lyrical interpretation 2 Charts 3 Certifications 4 Cover versions 4.1 John Cale 4.2 Jeff Buckley 4.3 Rufus Wainwright 4.4 k.d. lang 4.5 Espen Lind featuring Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm 4.6 Alexandra Burke 4.7 Pentatonix 4.8 Other cover versions 5 Accolades and achievements 6 Other charted versions 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Musical composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) John Cale `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt John Cale 's selection of Cohen 's verses have since been followed by most covers . First recorded by Cale in 1991 for the Cohen tribute album I 'm Your Fan . Cale 's version is used in the film Shrek . Jeff Buckley `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt From the album Grace , released in 1994 . In 2007 , Sony BMG rereleased the album ( subtitled `` The Legacy Edition '' ) with a live music video of the song . Allison Crowe `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt Different in style , Allison Crowe 's single - take recording , from Tidings , released in 2003 , is among a new generation of interpretations . Rufus Wainwright `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt Rufus Wainwright recorded a version similar to Cale 's , also on piano . Problems playing these files ? See media help . `` Hallelujah '' , in its original version , is in 12 8 time , which evokes both early rock and roll and gospel music . Written in the key of C major , the chord progression matches lyrics from the song : `` goes like this , the fourth , the fifth , the minor fall , and the major lift '' : C , F , G , A minor , F . Cohen wrote around 80 draft verses for `` Hallelujah '' , with one writing session at the Royalton Hotel in New York where he was reduced to sitting on the floor in his underwear , banging his head on the floor . His original version , as recorded on his Various Positions album , contains several biblical references , most notably evoking the stories of Samson and treacherous Delilah from the Book of Judges ( `` she cut your hair '' ) as well as King David and Bathsheba ( `` you saw her bathing on the roof , her beauty and the moonlight overthrew you '' ) . Following his original 1984 studio - album version , Cohen performed the original song on his world tour in 1985 , but live performances during his 1988 and 1993 tours almost invariably contained a quite different set of lyrics , with only the last verse being common to the two versions . Numerous singers mix lyrics from both versions , and occasionally make direct lyric changes ; for example , in place of Cohen 's `` holy dove '' , Canadian - American singer Rufus Wainwright substituted `` holy dark '' , while Canadian singer - songwriter Allison Crowe sang `` holy ghost '' . Cohen 's lyrical poetry and his view that `` many different hallelujahs exist '' is reflected in wide - ranging covers with very different intents or tones , allowing the song to be `` melancholic , fragile , uplifting ( or ) joyous '' depending on the performer : The Welsh singer - songwriter John Cale , the first person to record a cover version of the song ( in 1991 ) , promoted a message of `` soberness and sincerity '' in contrast to Cohen 's dispassionate tone ; the cover by Jeff Buckley , an American singer - songwriter , is more sorrowful and was described by Buckley as `` a hallelujah to the orgasm '' ; Crowe interpreted the song as a `` very sexual '' composition that discussed relationships ; Wainwright offered a `` purifying and almost liturgical '' interpretation ; and Guy Garvey of the British band Elbow made the hallelujah a `` stately creature '' and incorporated his religious interpretation of the song into his band 's recordings . Canadian singer k.d. lang said in an interview shortly after Cohen 's death that she considered the song to be about `` the struggle between having human desire and searching for spiritual wisdom . It 's being caught between those two places . '' Former Barenaked Ladies frontman Steven Page , who sang the song at Canadian politician Jack Layton 's funeral , described the song as being `` about disappointing people '' . Charts ( edit ) the Australian release Chart ( 1985 -- 2016 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 59 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 17 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 65 Finland Download ( Latauslista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) 55 Italy ( FIMI ) 66 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Portugal ( AFP ) 69 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 58 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 16 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 36 US Billboard Hot 100 59 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Since 1991 , `` Hallelujah '' has been performed by a wide variety of singers : over 300 , and in various languages . Statistics from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , the Canadian Recording Industry Association , the Australian Recording Industry Association , and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , show that , by late 2008 , more than five million copies of the song sold in CD format . It has been the subject of a BBC Radio documentary and been in the soundtracks of numerous films and television programs . Different interpretations of the song may include different verses , out of the over 80 verses Cohen originally wrote . In an April 2009 CBC Radio interview , Cohen said he found the number of covers of his song `` ironic and amusing '' , given that his record label refused to release it when he first wrote it ; however , he then claimed the song could benefit from a break in exposure : I was just reading a review of a movie called Watchmen that uses it and the reviewer said -- `` Can we please have a moratorium on ' Hallelujah ' in movies and television shows ? '' And I kind of feel the same way ... I think it 's a good song , but I think too many people sing it . Conversely , in early 2012 , while promoting his then - current album , Old Ideas , Cohen stated he was n't tired of the song being covered : There 's been a couple of times when other people have said can we have a moratorium please on `` Hallelujah '' ? Must we have it at the end of every single drama and every single Idol ? And once or twice I 've felt maybe I should lend my voice to silencing it but on second thought no , I 'm very happy that it 's being sung . John Cale ( edit ) John Cale 's cover first appeared on I 'm Your Fan ( 1991 ) , a Leonard Cohen tribute album , and later on his live album Fragments of a Rainy Season ( 1992 ) . Cale 's version has vocals , piano , and different lyrics that Cohen had only performed live such as `` I used to live alone before I knew you '' and `` All I ever learned from love was how to shoot at someone who outdrew you '' . Cale had watched Cohen perform the song and asked Cohen to send him the lyrics . Cohen then faxed Cale fifteen pages of lyrics . Cale claims that he `` went through and just picked out the cheeky verses . '' Cale 's version forms the basis of most subsequent performances , including Cohen 's performances during his 2008 -- 09 world tour . It was the version used in the film Shrek ( 2001 ) , although it is Rufus Wainwright 's version that is used on the soundtrack album . It also appears on the first soundtrack album for the TV series Scrubs and as the ending song of the Cold Case episode `` Death Penalty , Final Appeal '' . Jeff Buckley ( edit ) `` Hallelujah '' Single by Jeff Buckley from the album Grace Released 2007 Recorded Late 1993 -- 94 , at Bearsville Studios , Bearsville , New York Genre Folk alternative rock Length 6 : 53 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) Jeff Buckley Andy Wallace Jeff Buckley singles chronology `` Forget Her '' ( 2004 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2007 ) `` Forget Her '' ( 2004 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2007 ) Grace track listing `` So Real '' ( 5 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 6 ) `` Lover , You Should 've Come Over '' ( 7 ) Jeff Buckley , inspired by Cale 's earlier cover , recorded one of the most acclaimed versions of `` Hallelujah '' for his only complete album , Grace , in 1994 . It was posthumously released as a single in 2007 , as Buckley died 10 years prior . Critical reception In 2004 , Buckley 's version was ranked number 259 on Rolling Stone 's `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . The same year Time called Buckley 's version `` exquisitely sung , '' observing `` Cohen murmured the original like a dirge , but ... Buckley treated the ... song like a tiny capsule of humanity , using his voice to careen between glory and sadness , beauty and pain ... It 's one of the great songs . '' In September 2007 , a poll of fifty songwriters conducted by the magazine Q listed `` Hallelujah '' among the all - time `` Top 10 Greatest Tracks '' with John Legend calling Buckley 's version `` as near perfect as you can get . The lyrics to ' Hallelujah ' are just incredible and the melody 's gorgeous and then there 's Jeff 's interpretation of it . It 's one of the most beautiful pieces of recorded music I 've ever heard . '' In July 2009 , the Buckley track was ranked number three on the 2009 Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time , a listener poll held every decade by the Australian radio station Triple J . '' In 2017 , The International Observer named Buckley 's version of `` Hallelujah '' the greatest song of all time . On April 2 , 2014 , it was announced that Buckley 's version of the song will be inducted into the Library of Congress 's National Recording Registry . Commercial performance Buckley 's version was not an instant hit , nor did Buckley live to see the full measure of the reception his recording would ultimately have ; he died in 1997 . The album on which it appeared did not go Gold in the U.S. until 2002 , nine years after its release . In fact , like Cohen 's original , the Buckley version was not released as a single , until much later , and it did n't chart until 2006 , posthumously for Buckley . In March of that year , Buckley had his first national top 10 best - seller when `` Hallelujah '' was at number seven in Norway . In 2007 , it made the top 3 on the Swedish charts . In March 2008 , it topped Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs in the U.S. after a performance of the song by Jason Castro in the seventh season of American Idol . The sudden resurgence of interest provided both Gold and Platinum status , the RIAA certifying the digital track on 22 April 2008 . It has sold 1,144,000 digital copies in the US as of May 2010 . It also hit number one in France in March 2008 . Usage in media The Buckley version has been widely used in film and television dramas , including the series The West Wing , Crossing Jordan , Without a Trace , The O.C. , House , Dirt , Criminal Minds , ER , Third Watch , Ugly Betty , LAX , NCIS , Justiça and Sense8 and the films Feast of Love , The Edukators , Vinterkyss and Lord of War . `` Hallelujah can be joyous or bittersweet , depending on what part of it you use '' , Time quoted Buckley 's publisher as saying , and the magazine opined that its liberal use in some cases was `` a tacit admission that neither the writers nor the actors could convey their characters ' emotions as well as Buckley . '' On April 20 , 2013 , Buckley 's version of the song was played at Fenway Park during a tribute honoring the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing before the Red Sox played their first home game following the tragedy . Charts Chart ( 2006 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 70 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 38 Canadian Digital Songs ( Billboard ) European Hot 100 Singles 10 France ( SNEP ) 64 France Downloads Chart ( SNEP ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 45 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 38 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 7 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum Belgium ( BEA ) Gold Italy ( FIMI ) Gold New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold Sweden ( GLF ) Gold United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold United States ( RIAA ) Platinum Rufus Wainwright ( edit ) Canadian - American musician and singer Rufus Wainwright had briefly met Jeff Buckley and recorded a tribute to him after his 1997 death . That song , `` Memphis Skyline '' , referenced Buckley 's version of `` Hallelujah '' , which Wainwright would later record , though using piano and a similar arrangement to Cale 's . Wainwright 's version is included on the album Shrek : Music from the Original Motion Picture , although it was Cale 's version that was used in the film itself . The Shrek soundtrack , containing Wainwright 's cover , was certified 2 × Platinum in the United States in 2003 as selling over two million copies . Rufus Wainwright , his sister Martha Wainwright , and Joan Wasser performed the song in the film Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man . Charts Chart ( 2007 -- 10 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 97 US Rock Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 34 K.D. Lang ( edit ) In 2004 , k.d. lang recorded a version of `` Hallelujah '' on her album Hymns of the 49th Parallel . She has since sung it at several major events , such as at the Canadian Juno Awards of 2005 , where it `` brought the audience to its feet for a two - minute ovation . '' Lang also sang it at the 2006 Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame when Cohen was inducted into the Hall of Fame . Cohen 's partner , singer Anjani Thomas , said : `` After hearing k.d. lang perform that song at the Canadian Songwriter 's Hall of Fame in 2006 we looked at each other and said , ' well , I think we can lay that song to rest now ! It 's really been done to its ultimate blissful state of perfection ' . '' Lang sang it at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver , before a claimed TV audience of three billion . Charts Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 40 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 Norway ( VG - lista ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 61 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Espen Lind featuring Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm ( edit ) `` Hallelujah '' Single by Espen Lind featuring Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm from the album Hallelujah -- Live Released 2006 Format Digital download Genre Folk Label Universal Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Espen Lind singles chronology `` Million Miles Away '' ( 2005 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2006 ) `` The Boys of Summer '' ( 2006 ) `` Million Miles Away '' ( 2005 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2006 ) `` The Boys of Summer '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Hallelujah '' on YouTube In 2006 , the Norwegian quartet of Espen Lind , Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm released a cover of the song . After debuting at number 8 on the Norwegian VG - lista , the single reached number one in January 2007 . The song remained listed on the Norwegian top 20 for 37 ( non-consecutive ) weeks between 2006 and 2007 . The song also appears on the 2006 album Hallelujah Live , credited to Espen Lind with Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm , which also reached the top of the Norwegian VG - lista . Charts Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Norway ( VG - lista ) Alexandra Burke ( edit ) `` Hallelujah '' Single by Alexandra Burke from the album Overcome B - side `` Candyman '' ( Live on The X Factor ) `` Without You '' ( Live on The X Factor ) Released 17 December 2008 Format CD digital download Recorded 2008 Genre R&B Length 3 : 39 Label Syco Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) Quiz & Larossi Alexandra Burke singles chronology `` Hero '' ( 2008 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2008 ) `` Bad Boys '' ( 2009 ) `` Hero '' ( 2008 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2008 ) `` Bad Boys '' ( 2009 ) Music video `` Hallelujah '' on YouTube Alexandra Burke , the winner of the fifth series of the reality television show The X Factor , released a condensed cover version of the song as a prize for her victory . It reached Christmas number one on the UK Singles Chart on 21 December 2008 . Background The release of Burke 's cover created interest in the previous versions of the song , including a Buckley fan campaign to take Buckley 's cover to the top of the Christmas chart and therefore deny Burke the top spot . The campaign was fuelled by Buckley fans ' dislike of The X Factor 's commercialism and the song 's arrangement , as well as their desire to introduce younger people to Buckley 's version . Burke herself was not enamoured of the choice of song , remarking `` It just did n't do anything for me . '' Commercial performance Burke 's version broke a European sales record after selling over 105,000 digital downloads in just one day , breaking the previous record set by Leona Lewis . The song sold 576,000 copies in its first week , becoming the fastest - selling single released by a woman in the United Kingdom and the 2008 Christmas number one , while Buckley 's cover charted at number two and Cohen 's original version at number 36 . On 28 December 2008 , the UK Singles Chart listed Burke 's version as the biggest - selling single of the year , with NME announcing sales of over one million copies since its release . This also made Burke the first ever female British artist to have a million - selling single in the UK . It has sold 1.297 million as of August 2016 , making it the biggest - selling X Factor winner 's single to date . Charts Chart ( 2008 -- 15 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 53 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 27 European Hot 100 Singles 6 France ( SNEP ) 175 Ireland ( IRMA ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,297,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Pentatonix ( edit ) `` Hallelujah '' Single by Pentatonix from the album A Pentatonix Christmas Released 21 October 2016 Format CD digital download Recorded 2016 Genre A cappella Length 4 : 28 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) PTX , Ben Bram Pentatonix singles chronology `` Jolene '' ( 2016 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2016 ) `` Jolene '' ( 2016 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Hallelujah '' on YouTube The a cappella group Pentatonix covered the song in the quintet 's 2016 album , A Pentatonix Christmas . On October 21 , 2016 , Pentatonix also released a music video for its cover . Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 22 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 14 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 16 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 83 France ( SNEP ) 20 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Italy ( FIMI ) 37 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 88 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 53 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 23 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Other cover versions ( edit ) `` it 's a beautifully constructed melody that steps up , evolves , and slips back , all in quick time . But this song has a connective chorus , which when it comes in has a power all of its own . The ' secret chord ' and the point - blank I - know - you - better - than - you - know - yourself aspect of the song has plenty of resonance for me . '' -- Bob Dylan Bob Dylan was among the first to perform Cohen 's song in concert with his earliest noted performance being in Montreal on 8 July 1988 . Other notable singers who have covered `` Hallelujah '' include Brandi Carlile , Regina Spektor , Willie Nelson , Susan Boyle , Tim Minchin , Alter Bridge , ( Myles Kennedy ) , and Bono . Bono 's version , which is mostly spoken , was included in Tower of Song , an all - star tribute to Cohen in 1995 . Bon Jovi has covered the song several times in concert , including on their 2008 Live at Madison Square Garden DVD . International group Il Divo released a Spanish - language adaptation with different lyrics on their album The Promise ( 2008 ) , which topped the charts in the UK . The song was performed by recording artist Damien Rice at the 2008 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions when Cohen was inducted . That same year Welsh mezzo - soprano Katherine Jenkins recorded a classical - crossover version for her album Sacred Arias . Kate Voegele performed it in character as Mia Catalano in the U.S. teen drama One Tree Hill . Also appearing on an album , her version made the Hot 100 Billboard charts and reached number 53 in the UK shortly after airing of the episode there . Also in 2008 , the Welsh band Brigyn released a version in Welsh . The song has become a staple of television talent shows . Jason Castro , an American Idol season 7 contestant , performed a version on 4 March 2008 , which propelled Jeff Buckley 's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart . His version was included in his self - titled debut album and his second studio album , Who I Am. Lisa Hordijk , winner of the 2009 Dutch X Factor , released `` Hallelujah '' as her debut single , which went double platinum and remained at the top of the Dutch charts for ten weeks . A 2009 hit by Orthodox Jewish singer Ohad Moskowitz , `` Bo'i Kala '' , featuring the words of the traditional tune accompanying a Jewish bride to the chuppah , is a musical adaptation of `` Hallelujah '' . On 22 January 2010 , American musicians Justin Timberlake , Matt Morris , and Charlie Sexton performed a live cover version of `` Hallelujah '' during the Hope for Haiti Now telethon in support of those affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake . A recorded version was released the following day on the Hope for Haiti Now soundtrack album and reached a peak of No. 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . On 16 April 2010 , the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra and the Richard Eaton Singers conducted by Jack Everly premiered a new arrangement for orchestra and chorus by Claude Lapalme . Also in 2010 , the Maccabeats of Yeshiva University released Voices from the Heights , with an a cappella version of `` Hallelujah '' set to the Hebrew words of the Shabbat liturgical poem `` Lecha Dodi '' . Steven Page performed the song live at the state funeral of Canadian Opposition Leader Jack Layton on 27 August 2011 . Raul Esparza performed the song live at the Kennedy Center 's September 11 Memorial Concert on 8 September 2011 . In May 2012 , Canada 's Royal Winnipeg Ballet presented the World Premiere of The Doorway -- Scenes from Leonard Cohen , created and choreographed by Jorden Morris -- with `` Hallelujah '' performed by Allison Crowe ( voice and piano ) and ballerinas Sophia Lee and Jo - Ann Gudilin dancing alternate dates . '' On the third season of the American version of The Voice , contestant Nicole Nelson sang `` Hallelujah '' in the `` Blind Audition '' stages , and all four coaches selected Nelson for their team . Later in the season , the show recorded a shortened version in honor of the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting . All four coaches -- Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , CeeLo Green and Christina Aguilera -- performed , with hosts Carson Daly and Christina Milian along with the show contestants singing background vocals . Each person in the ensemble held up a card that displayed the name and age of one of the people lost in the tragedy . American entertainer Adam Sandler performed an off - color parody of `` Hallelujah '' in December 2012 at Madison Square Garden in New York City as part of 12 - 12 - 12 : The Concert for Sandy Relief . Sandler 's version contained numerous references to Hurricane Sandy and contemporary events in local culture , sports and politics . On 31 May 2015 , a 167 - piece operatic choir , Côr Glanaethwy , sang a rendition in Welsh in the final of Britain 's Got Talent ( series 9 ) . They came third in the competition . Singer Tori Kelly recorded a cover of `` Hallelujah '' for the animated film Sing and has done two notable live performances of the song : during the `` In Memoriam '' portion of the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , and alongside Luis Fonsi during the 2017 Hand in Hand : A Benefit for Hurricane Relief telethon . On 12 November 2016 , an episode of Saturday Night Live opened with cast member Kate McKinnon as Hillary Clinton performing a rendition of the song in tribute to both Cohen and Clinton ; the preceding week had seen both Cohen 's death and Clinton 's unexpected loss to Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Multiple orchestral and instrumental versions of the song have also been performed . The Vitamin String Quartet included a rendition on their album The Indie Wedding String Collection . Violinist Lindsey Stirling also recorded an arrangement of the song in accordance with the A Savior is Born campaign , created by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Stirling uploaded a video of her performing the piece in a New York City Subway station to her YouTube channel . During her performance in the subway station , though , not one person stopped to listen to her play . Other artists to cover the song include Marcy Playground , Allison Crowe , Straight No Chaser , Elvis Blue , G.E.M. , Veronica Rotin , Peter Hollens , Axel Rudi Pell , Celtic Thunder , Kathryn Williams , Imogen Heap , Draco Rosa , Neil Diamond , Pain of Salvation , Ulf Lundell , Kevin Max , Popa Chubby , Davy Knowles , Theory of a Deadman and The Osmonds . Rea Garvey sang it on the soundtrack to the German romantic comedy Barfuss . Accolades and achievements ( edit ) The BBC commemorated the 25th anniversary of the first recording with an hour - long radio documentary , The Fourth , The Fifth , The Minor Fall , in which the song 's history and numerous cover versions were presented and discussed . It was named one of the top ten greatest tracks of all time in a poll of songwriters conducted by the British music magazine Q . It was listed as one of the 500 greatest songs by Rolling Stone magazine . In the February 2009 issue of Blender , `` Hallelujah '' was named that month 's `` Greatest Song Ever '' ( a monthly feature ) . In 2005 , `` Hallelujah '' was named the tenth - greatest Canadian song of all time in Chart magazine 's annual readers ' poll . On 21 December 2008 , `` Hallelujah '' became the first song in 51 years to be numbers one and 2 on the UK Singles Chart ; The X Factor winner Alexandra Burke 's and American singer Jeff Buckley 's covers were the two highest - selling songs in the week beginning 15 December 2008 . Leonard Cohen 's version was number 36 in the same chart . Pulitzer Prize - winning author Geraldine Brooks took the title of her 2015 novel about King David , The Secret Chord from this song . Other charted versions ( edit ) Covering Artist ( s ) Year Peak chart positions Certifications AUS AUT BEL ( FL ) BEL ( WA ) CAN DEN EU FRA NL NZ SWE SWI UK US Bon Jovi 2008 -- 29 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 177 -- Kate Voegele -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 53 68 Lisa Lois 2009 -- -- -- -- -- -- 99 -- -- -- -- -- -- Justin Timberlake and Matt Morris featuring Charlie Sexton -- 22 25 31 37 -- -- -- 8 10 -- 91 13 Natalia and Gabriel Ríos -- -- 6 -- -- 81 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- BEA : Platinum Karise Eden 2012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 35 -- -- -- -- ARIA : Platinum Bastian Baker -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 18 -- -- -- 24 -- -- Matthew Schuler 2013 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 40 Xavier Naidoo 2014 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 36 -- -- Notes A ^ Bastian Baker 's version of `` Hallelujah '' did not enter the Ultratop 50 , but peaked at number 5 on the Wallonia Ultratip chart . 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VG - lista . ^ Jump up to : Jamieson , Alastair ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Hallelujah , the Leonard Cohen song recorded by X Factor television show winner Alexandra Burke , has become both the Christmas number one and number two best - selling single '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Buckley , Leonard Cohen fans unite on Facebook to keep reality show version of ' Hallelujah ' off British chart '' . National Post . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hallelujah ! You Buck the trend '' . The Sun . United Kingdom . 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Fight for a ' Hallelujah ' Christmas Victory '' . The Times . 18 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ' Hallelujah ' Hits Number One and Two Slots in Christmas Charts . The Times . 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Lawson : Warring ' Hallelujahs ' '' . The Guardian , 19 December 2008 ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` X Factor Winner Alexandra Burke Sets New Chart Record with `` Hallelujah '' `` . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Duffy and Burke Top 2008 Charts '' . BBC . 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra Burke 's ' Hallelujah ' Joins ' Million - Selling ' Singles List '' . NME. 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra is first million - seller '' . BBC News . BBC Online . 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sedghi , Ami ( 26 August 2016 ) . `` The winner takes it all ? The biggest selling X Factor winner 's singles revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Alexandra Burke -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200936 into search . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2009 - 01 - 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Alexandra Burke -- Hallelujah '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 51 , 2008 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra Burke : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Alexandra Burke -- Hallelujah '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Enter Hallelujah in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Mitchell Peters ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Pentatonix Cover Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah ' in Moving Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201649 into search . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 44 , 2016 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 52 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201649 into search . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ David Remnick ( 17 October 2016 ) . `` Leonard Cohen Makes It Darker '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Elisa Bray ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` Hallelujah -- a song with a life of its own '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 25 January 2010 ) . `` The Outside Organisation -- Clients -- entertainment -- Bon Jovi -- Live At Madison Square Garden DVD and Blu - ray Released November 23rd '' . Outside-org.co.uk . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Singer backs Welsh ' Hallelujah ' BBC . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hallelujah '' for Idol `` . E !. 14 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baffled King Regretting ' Hallelujah ' '' Eurosavant . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Cashman , Greer Fay ( 16 March 2012 ) . `` Cantering Ahead '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . HighBeam subscription Jump up ^ `` Ohad Moskowitz - Boi Kala ( Hallelujah ) ( video ) '' . YouTube . 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 February 13 , 2010 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ A Chorus of Hits -- Program Information . Edmonton Symphony Orchestra website . Retrieved 16 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hesse , Monica ( 4 December 2010 ) . `` Harmony group 's Hanukkah anthem lights a fire on Web '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Maccabeats : Making Jewish Music Fun '' . Arutz Sheva TV . 18 January 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Anthem to Remember '' . CBC News Network , 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Center Announces 9 / 11 Commemorative Event '' . NBC News . 18 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leonard Cohen 's music comes to life at the Royal Winnipeg Ballet '' , CBC News , 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Watch The Voice Episodes '' . NBC.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Why Adam Sandler 's 12 - 12 - 12 Parody of Leonard Cohens Hallelujah Was Long Overdue '' , Rolling Stone , 13 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jess ( 31 May 2015 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent final : Simon Cowell thinks Cor Glanaethwy will WIN 2015 show '' . Mirror . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent : Cor Glanaethwy should have won after revelations about first and second place acts '' . Mirror . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sing ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack / Deluxe ) '' . Amazon.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Watch Tori Kelly 's Touching ' Hallelujah ' for ' In Memoriam ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Justin Bieber Introduces ' Hand in Hand ' Prayer , Tori Kelly & Luis Fonsi Perform ' Hallelujah ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Editor , Lee Moran Trends ; Post , The Huffington ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Kate McKinnon As Clinton Sings Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah ' On ' SNL ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` VITAMIN STRING QUARTET -- Online Store '' . Vitaminstringquartet.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mormons Release ' A Savior Is Born ' Christmas Message '' . www.mormonnewsroom.org. 2015 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Hear a beautiful violin cover of ' Hallelujah ' in New York City subway '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Collar , Matt . `` Under the Influence -- Straight No Chaser '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` YESASIA : G.E.M.X.X.X. LIVE ( 2CD ) CD -- G.E.M. Tang , Forward Music Co . Limited -- Cantonese Music -- Free Shipping '' . Yesasia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bayliss , Marc Calleja . `` Malta : Veronica Rotin in Debut Collection of Songs '' . escflashmalta . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 0 ) = ts_chart_artistname % 3AJackie % 20Evancho&f ( 1 ) = ss_chart_search_title % 3A * Hallelujah * &f ( 2 ) = ss_bb_type % 3Achart_item&type = 1&artist = Jackie % 20Evancho&title = Hallelujah `` Search results '' , Billboard.com/biz , December 27 , 2014 , accessed December 8 , 2015 Rick Price , Karen Zoid Jump up ^ by Simon ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Karen Zoid Pays Tribute To Madiba '' . Love SA Music . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Imogen Heap -- Hallelujah '' . YouTube . Retrieved 10 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Davy Knowles - Hallelujah - 11 / 25 / 16 Bethesda Blues & Jazz - Bethesda , MD '' . YouTube . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barfuß '' . Filmstarts.De . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Aidin Vaziri ( 4 November 2012 ) , ' Hallelujah ' : Song of Leonard Cohen , San Francisco Chronicle , retrieved 6 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Greatest Songs Ever : `` Hallelujah '' . Blender Magazine . 22 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hallelujah ' Set for Chart Trinity '' . BBC News . 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 21 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( 3 October 2015 ) . `` ' The Secret Chord ' by Geraldine Brooks '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Australian ARIA Singles chart : For the version by Karise Eden : `` Australian Charts -- Karise Eden -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` ARIA CHART WATCH # 392 '' . auspOp . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart : For the version by Bon Jovi : `` Austria Top 40 -- Bon Jovi -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at / Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Austria Top - 40 -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Belgian Ultratop 50 Flanders chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Charts Vlaanderen -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Natalia & Gabriel Ríos : `` Charts Vlaanderen -- Natalia & Gabriel Ríos -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Belgian Ultratop 50 Wallonia chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Charts Wallonie -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Natalia & Gabriel Ríos : `` Charts Wallonie -- Natalia & Gabriel Ríos -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Justin Timberlake Album & Song Chart History -- Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Pentatonix -- Chart History '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Danish Tracklisten : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Danish Charts -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Danishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the European Hot 100 Singles chart : For the version by Lisa : `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2009 - 05 - 30 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Natalia & Gabriel Ríos : `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2010 - 03 - 20 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the French Singles Chart : For the version by Bastian Baker : `` Classements -- Bastian Baker -- Hallelujah ( chanson ) '' ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Classements -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah ( chanson ) '' ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the Dutch Single Top 100 : For the version by Lisa : `` Dutch Charts -- Lisa ( Lois ) -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the New Zealand Singles Chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` New Zealand Charts -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Karise Eden : `` New Zealand Charts -- Karise Eden -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . / charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the Swedish Singles Chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Swedish Charts -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Swiss Singles Chart : For the version by Bastian Baker : `` Swiss Charts -- Bastian Baker -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Swiss Charts -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the UK Singles Chart : For the version by Bon Jovi : ( 2 ) For the version by Kate Voegele : `` Chart Archive -- Kate Voegele -- Hallelujah '' . Chartarchive.org . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Chart Archive -- Timberlake / Morris / Sexton -- Hallelujah '' . Chartarchive.org . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the US Billboard Hot 100 : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` The Hot 100 -- February 13 , 2010 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 8 November 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . For the version by Kate Voegele : `` Kate Voegele -- Chart History '' . Billboard . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Pentatonix -- Chart History '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Les Disques d'Or / de Platine -- 2010 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2012 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 15 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bastian Baker -- Hallelujah '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Light , Alan ( 2013 ) . The Holy or the Broken : Leonard Cohen , Jeff Buckley , and the Unlikely Ascent of `` Hallelujah '' . New York : Atria Books . ISBN 9781451657845 . Babich , Babette ( 2013 ) . The Hallelujah Effect : Philosophical Reflections on Music , Performance Practice , and Technology . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 9781409473107 . External links ( edit ) 1984 version lyrics , on The Leonard Cohen Files 1988 version lyrics , on The Leonard Cohen Files BBC : Just whose hallelujah is it anyway ? -- article on writing and meaning of song The Birth of kd lang 's `` Hallelujah '' out of the ' Spirit of Music ' Perfect Sound Forever online music magazine presents ... 2011 article , by philosopher Babette Babich BBC : Hallelujah ! The rise and rise of Leonard Cohen 's once - forgotten classic -- 2012 report , by writer Alan Light Guitar chords Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( show ) Titles and Succession Preceded by `` Floden '' by Bjørn Eidsvåg Norwegian VG - lista number - one single ( Performed by Lind , Nilsen , Fuentes and Holm ) 10 -- 17 January 2007 Succeeded by `` Smack That '' by Akon featuring Eminem Preceded by `` New Soul '' by Yael Naïm French number - one single ( Jeff Buckley version ) 15 March 2008 Succeeded by `` New Soul '' by Yael Naïm Preceded by `` Love in This Club '' by Usher featuring Young Jeezy U.S. number - one digital song ( Jeff Buckley version ) 22 March 2008 Succeeded by `` Love in This Club '' by Usher featuring Young Jeezy Preceded by `` Run '' by Leona Lewis UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Alexandra Burke version ) 21 December 2008 -- 10 January 2009 Succeeded by `` Just Dance '' by Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis Irish Singles Chart number - one single ( Alexandra Burke version ) 19 December 2008 -- 9 January 2009 Preceded by `` When You Believe '' by Leon Jackson The X Factor winner 's single ( Alexandra Burke version ) 2008 Succeeded by `` The Climb '' by Joe McElderry United Kingdom Christmas number - one single ( Alexandra Burke version ) 2008 Succeeded by `` Killing in the Name '' by Rage Against the Machine Preceded by `` Poker Face '' by Lady GaGa Dutch Top 40 number - one single ( Lisa Lois version ) 23 May 2009 -- 20 June 2009 Succeeded by `` Beggin ' '' by Madcon Articles and topics related to `` Hallelujah '' Leonard Cohen Studio albums Songs of Leonard Cohen Songs from a Room Songs of Love and Hate New Skin for the Old Ceremony Death of a Ladies ' Man Recent Songs Various Positions I 'm Your Man The Future Ten New Songs Dear Heather Old Ideas Popular Problems You Want It Darker Live albums Live Songs Cohen Live Field Commander Cohen : Tour of 1979 Live in London Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 Songs from the Road Live in Dublin Ca n't Forget : A Souvenir of the Grand Tour Compilations The Best of Leonard Cohen So Long , Marianne More Best of Leonard Cohen The Essential Leonard Cohen Tribute albums Famous Blue Raincoat I 'm Your Fan Tower of Song Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man Judy Collins Sings Leonard Cohen : Democracy The Songs of Leonard Cohen Covered Concert tours The Smokey Life Tour Various Positions Tour I 'm Your Man Tour The Future World Tour Leonard Cohen Tour 2008 -- 2010 Old Ideas World Tour Songs `` Ai n't No Cure for Love '' `` Avalanche '' `` Bird on the Wire '' `` Dance Me to the End of Love '' `` Everybody Knows '' `` Famous Blue Raincoat '' `` First We Take Manhattan '' `` The Gypsy 's Wife '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Hey , That 's No Way to Say Goodbye '' `` I 'm Your Man '' `` In My Secret Life '' `` Joan of Arc '' `` The Partisan '' `` So Long , Marianne '' `` Suzanne '' `` Take This Waltz '' Books Let Us Compare Mythologies The Spice - Box of Earth The Favourite Game Flowers for Hitler Beautiful Losers Selected Poems 1956 - 1968 Stranger Music Book of Longing Related Awards and nominations Discography Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man Sharon Robinson Jennifer Warnes Anjani Thomas Perla Batalla Julie Christensen Marianne Ihlen Blue Alert Bob Johnston I Am a Hotel Ladies and Gentlemen ... Mr. Leonard Cohen The Holy or the Broken Book Category Jeff Buckley Studio albums Grace Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk Live albums Live at Sin - é Live from the Bataclan Mystery White Boy Live À L'Olympia Live at Sin - é ( Legacy Edition ) Grace Around the World Compilations Songs to No One 1991 -- 1992 The Grace EPs So Real : Songs from Jeff Buckley You and I Singles `` Grace '' `` Last Goodbye '' `` So Real '' `` Eternal Life '' `` Everybody Here Wants You '' `` Forget Her '' `` Hallelujah '' DVDs Live in Chicago Grace Around the World Related articles Discography Tim Buckley Gary Lucas Mick Grøndahl Matt Johnson Michael Tighe Parker Kindred Amazing Grace : Jeff Buckley Dream Brother : The Lives and Music of Jeff and Tim Buckley Dream Brother : The Songs of Tim and Jeff Buckley Greetings from Tim Buckley `` Teardrop '' Kate Voegele Studio albums Do n't Look Away A Fine Mess Gravity Happens EPs The Other Side Louder Than Words Wild Card Singles `` Only Fooling Myself '' `` Hallelujah '' `` 99 Times '' `` Heart In Chains '' Promotional singles `` Angel '' `` Sweet Silver Lining '' Featured songs `` Good to You '' ( with Marianas Trench ) Tours Parakate Tour Back 2 School Tour Lift Me Up Tour Battlefield Tour Less is More Tour Related articles One Tree Hill ( season 5 6 7 ) MySpace Records Interscope Records The Veronicas Stephen Kellogg and the Sixers The Wreckers Natasha Bedingfield Amy Kuney Marianas Trench Angel Taylor Jordin Sparks Parachute Tyler Hilton Alexandra Burke Discography Songs Studio albums Overcome Heartbreak on Hold Extended plays Christmas Gift # NewRules Singles `` Hallelujah '' `` Bad Boys '' `` Broken Heels '' `` All Night Long '' `` Start Without You '' `` Elephant '' `` Let It Go '' Promotional singles `` The Silence '' Featured singles `` Hero '' `` Everybody Hurts '' Concert tours All Night Long Tour ( 2011 ) Related articles The X Factor series 5 finalists Melissa Bell k.d. lang Studio albums with The Reclines A Truly Western Experience Angel with a Lariat Absolute Torch and Twang Solo Shadowland Ingénue All You Can Eat Invincible Summer Watershed with The Siss Boom Bang Sing It Loud Covers Drag Hymns of the 49th Parallel with Tony Bennett A Wonderful World Live and compilation albums Live by Request Reintarnation Recollection Singles `` Rose Garden '' `` Crying '' `` Full Moon Full of Love '' `` Three Days '' `` Luck in My Eyes '' `` Constant Craving '' `` Miss Chatelaine '' Related Discography Book Rufus Wainwright Awards and nominations Discography Songs Studio albums Rufus Wainwright Poses Want One Want Two Release the Stars All Days Are Nights : Songs for Lulu Out of the Game Take All My Loves : 9 Shakespeare Sonnets Live albums Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall Milwaukee at Last ! ! ! 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This House Is Not for Sale Tour Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards Tony Bongiovi Bruce Fairbairn Desmond Child Bob Rock Peter Collins Aldo Nova Luke Ebbin Billy Falcon Andreas Carlsson Patrick Leonard John Shanks Rick Parashar Dann Huff Bobby Bandiera Jeff Kazee Lorenza Ponce Matt O'Ree Everett Bradley Book Category The X Factor ( UK ) Discography Controversy and criticism Series Main 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Celebrity Battle of the Stars Finalists Series 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Main series Steve Brookstein Shayne Ward Leona Lewis Leon Jackson Alexandra Burke Joe McElderry Matt Cardle Little Mix James Arthur Sam Bailey Ben Haenow Louisa Johnson Matt Terry Rak - Su Celebrity series Lucy Benjamin Singles Winners singles `` Against All Odds '' `` That 's My Goal '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` When You Believe '' `` Hallelujah '' `` The Climb '' `` When We Collide '' `` Cannonball '' `` Impossible '' `` Skyscraper '' `` Something I Need '' `` Forever Young '' `` When Christmas Comes Around '' `` Dimelo '' Charity singles `` Hero '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' Related articles The X Factor franchise I Ca n't Sing ! The X Factor Musical X Factor Around the World UK Christmas number - one singles in the 2000s `` Can We Fix It ? '' ( Bob the Builder , 2000 ) `` Somethin ' Stupid '' ( Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman , 2001 ) `` Sound of the Underground '' ( Girls Aloud , 2002 ) `` Mad World '' ( Michael Andrews & Gary Jules , 2003 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` That 's My Goal '' ( Shayne Ward , 2005 ) `` A Moment Like This '' ( Leona Lewis , 2006 ) `` When You Believe '' ( Leon Jackson , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s UK Christmas number - one single downloads in the 2000s `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` JCB '' ( Nizlopi , 2005 ) `` Patience '' ( Take That , 2006 ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( Mariah Carey , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) 2000s 2010s Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) BNF : cb161653609 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hallelujah_(Leonard_Cohen_song)&oldid=816090609 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Christmas number - one single downloads in the United Kingdom 1980s ballads 1984 singles Leonard Cohen songs Columbia Records singles 1994 singles Jeff Buckley songs 2003 singles Rufus Wainwright songs 2008 singles Alexandra Burke songs The X Factor ( UK TV series ) SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Debut singles Songs written by Leonard Cohen Songs about music Rock ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Metasongs Syco Music singles Universal Records singles United States National Recording Registry recordings 1984 songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from December 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Finnishdownload Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for ItalyFIMI Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 05 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the original singer of the song hallelujah | [
"\"Hallelujah\" is a song written by Canadian singer Leonard Cohen, originally released on his album Various Positions (1984). Achieving little initial success, the song found greater popular acclaim through a recording by John Cale, which inspired a recording by Jeff Buckley. It is considered as the \"baseline\" of secular hymns.[1]"
] | [
"Canadian singer Leonard Cohen"
] |
-7371958522211746063 | Politics of Texas | Politics of Texas - wikipedia Politics of Texas Jump to : navigation , search Texas This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Texas Constitution and law ( show ) Constitution of the United States Constitution of Texas Texas law Executive ( show ) Governor Greg Abbott ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick ( R ) Attorney General Ken Paxton ( R ) Secretary of State Nandita Berry ( R ) Comptroller of Public Accounts Glenn Hegar ( R ) Land Commissioner George P. Bush ( R ) Legislature ( show ) Texas Senate President Dan Patrick ( R ) President pro Tempore Robert Duncan ( R ) Texas House of Representatives Speaker Joe Straus ( R ) Judiciary ( show ) Texas Supreme Court Chief Justice Nathan Hecht Willett Lehrmann Devine Green Brown Boyd Johnson Guzman Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Courts of Appeals District courts Elections ( show ) Elections Political parties Democratic Party Republican Party Green Party Libertarian Party Constitution Party of Texas National minor parties Political party strength Divisions ( show ) Administrative divisions Counties Cities and Towns Federal Representation ( show ) United States Senators John Cornyn ( R ) Ted Cruz ( R ) U.S. Representatives 1 : Louie Gohmert ( R ) 2 : Ted Poe ( R ) 3 : Sam Johnson ( R ) 4 : John Ratcliffe ( R ) 5 : Jeb Hensarling ( R ) 6 : Joe Barton ( R ) 7 : John Culberson ( R ) 8 : Kevin Brady ( R ) 9 : Al Green ( D ) 10 : Michael McCaul ( R ) 11 : Mike Conaway ( R ) 12 : Kay Granger ( R ) 13 : Mac Thornberry ( R ) 14 : Randy Weber ( R ) 15 : Rubén Hinojosa ( D ) 16 : Beto O'Rourke ( D ) 17 : Bill Flores ( D ) 18 : Sheila Jackson Lee ( D ) 19 : Randy Neugebauer ( R ) 20 : Joaquin Castro ( D ) 21 : Lamar S. Smith ( R ) 22 : Pete Olson ( R ) 23 : Will Hurd ( D ) 24 : Kenny Marchant ( R ) 25 : Roger Williams ( R ) 26 : Michael C. Burgess ( R ) 27 : Blake Farenthold ( R ) 28 : Henry Cuellar ( D ) 29 : Gene Green ( D ) 30 : Eddie Bernice Johnson ( D ) 31 : John Carter ( R ) 32 : Pete Sessions ( R ) 33 : Marc Veasey ( D ) 34 : Filemon Vela , Jr . ( D ) 35 : Lloyd Doggett ( D ) 36 : Brian Babin ( R ) Politics of the United States Politics portal United States portal Texas portal For approximately 100 years , from after Reconstruction until the 1990s , the Democratic Party dominated Texas politics . In a reversal of alignments , since the late 1960s the Republican Party has grown more prominent within the state based on an influx of primarily white voters ( the majority in the state ) from the Democratic Party . By the mid-1990s , it became the state 's dominant political party . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cultural background 2 Democratic dominance 3 Increasing Republican strength : 1960 to 1990 4 Redistricting disputes and the 1990s 5 Current situation 6 Future 7 Capital punishment 8 Secessionist sentiment 9 Budget 10 See also 10.1 Current state political parties 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Cultural background ( edit ) The 19th - century culture of the state was heavily influenced by the plantation culture of the Old South , dependent on African - American slave labor , as well as the patron system once prevalent ( and still somewhat present ) in northern Mexico and South Texas . In these societies the government 's primary role was seen as being the preservation of social order . Solving of individual problems in society was seen as a local problem with the expectation that the individual with wealth should resolve his or her own issues . These influences continue to affect Texas today . In their book , Texas Politics Today 2009 - 2010 , authors Maxwell , Crain , and Santos attribute Texas ' traditionally low voter turnout among whites to these influences . But beginning in the early 20th century , voter turnout was dramatically reduced by the state legislature 's disenfranchisement of most blacks , and many poor whites and Latinos . Democratic dominance ( edit ) From 1848 until Richard M. Nixon 's victory in 1972 , Texas voted for the Democratic candidate for president in every election except 1928 , when it did not support Catholic Al Smith . The state had a white majority and Democrats re-established their dominance after the Civil War . In the mid-20th century 1952 and 1956 elections , the state voters joined the landslide for Dwight D. Eisenhower . ( Texas did not vote in 1864 and 1868 due to the Civil War and Reconstruction ) . In the post-Civil War era , two of the most important Republican figures in Texas were African Americans George T. Ruby and Norris Wright Cuney . Ruby was a black community organizer , director in the federal Freedmen 's Bureau , and leader of the Galveston Union League . His protégé Cuney was a mulatto whose wealthy , white planter father freed him and his siblings before the Civil War and arranged for his education in Pennsylvania . Cuney returned and settled in Galveston , where he became active in the Union League and the Republican party ; he rose to the leadership of the party . He became influential in Galveston and Texas politics , and is widely regarded as one of the most influential black leaders in the South during the 19th century . From 1902 through 1965 , Texas had virtually disenfranchised most blacks and many Latinos and poor whites through imposition of the poll tax and white primaries . Across the South , Democrats controlled congressional apportionment based on total population , although they had disenfranchised the black population . The Solid South exercised tremendous power in Congress , and Democrats gained important committee chairmanships by seniority . They gained federal funding for infrastructure projects in their states and the region , as well as support for numerous military bases , as two examples of how they brought federal investment to the state and region . In the post-Reconstruction era , by the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the Republican Party became non-competitive in the South , due to Democratic - dominated legislatures ' disenfranchisement of blacks and many poor whites and Latinos . In Texas , the Democratic - dominated legislature excluded them through passage of a poll tax and white primary . As can be seen on the graph at the following link , voter turnout in Texas declined dramatically following these disenfranchisement measures , and Southern voting turnout was far below the national average . Although blacks made up 20 percent of the state population at the turn of the century , they were essentially excluded from formal politics . Republican support in Texas had been based almost exclusively in the free black communities , particularly in Galveston , and in the so - called `` German counties '' -- the rural Texas Hill Country inhabited by German immigrants and their descendants , who had opposed slavery in the antebellum period . The German counties continued to run Republican candidates . Harry M. Wurzbach was elected from the 14th district from 1920 to 1926 , contesting and finally winning the election of 1928 , and being re-elected in 1930 . Some of the most important American political figures of the 20th century , such as President Lyndon B. Johnson , Vice-President John Nance Garner , Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn , and Senator Ralph Yarborough were Texas Democrats . But , the Texas Democrats were rarely united , being divided into conservative , moderate and liberal factions that vied with one another for power . Increasing Republican strength : 1960 to 1990 ( edit ) Some analysts suggest that the rebirth of the Republican Party in Texas among white conservatives can be traced to 1952 , when Democratic Governor Allan Shivers clashed with the Truman Administration over the federal claim on the Tidelands . He worked to help Texas native General Dwight D. Eisenhower to carry the state . Eisenhower was generally highly respected due to his role as Commander of the Allies in World War II and was popular nationally , winning the election . Beginning in the late 1960s , Republican strength increased in Texas , particularly among residents of the expanding `` country club suburbs '' around Dallas and Houston . The election , to Congress , of Republicans such as John Tower ( who had shifted from the Democratic Party ) and George H.W. Bush in 1961 and 1966 , respectively , reflected this trend . Nationally , outside of the South , Democrats supported the civil rights movement and achieved important passage of federal legislation in the mid-1960s . In the South , however , Democratic leaders had opposed changes to bring about black voting or desegregated schools and public facilities and in many places exercised resistance . Following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , southern white Democrats began to leave the party and join the Republicans , a movement accelerated after the next year , when Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , providing for federal enforcement of minorities ' constitutional right to vote . Voter registration and turnout increased among blacks and Latinos in Texas and other states . Unlike the rest of the South , however , Texas voters were never especially supportive of the various third - party candidacies of Southern Democrats . It was the only state in the former Confederacy to back Democrat Hubert Humphrey in the 1968 presidential election . During the 1980s , a number of conservative Democrats defected to the GOP , including Senator Phil Gramm , Congressman Kent Hance , and GOP Governor Rick Perry , who was a Democrat during his time as a state lawmaker . John Tower 's 1961 election to the U.S. Senate made him the first statewide GOP officeholder since Reconstruction and the disenfranchisement of black Republicans . Republican Governor Bill Clements and Senator Phil Gramm ( also a former Democrat ) were elected after him . Republicans became increasingly dominant in national elections in white - majority Texas . The last Democratic presidential candidate to win the state was Jimmy Carter in 1976 . Previously , a Democrat had to win Texas to win the White House , but in the 1992 election , Bill Clinton won the Oval Office while losing Texas electoral votes . This result significantly reduced the power of Texas Democrats at the national level , as party leaders believed the state had become unwinnable . Redistricting disputes and the 1990s ( edit ) Despite increasing Republican strength in national elections , after the 1990 census , Texas Democrats still controlled both houses of the State Legislature and most statewide offices . As a result , they directed the redistricting process after the decennial census . Although Congressional Texas Democrats received an average of 40 percent of the votes , Democrats consistently had a majority in the state delegation , as they had in every election since at least the end of Reconstruction . In 1994 , Democratic Governor Ann Richards lost her bid for re-election against Republican George W. Bush , ending an era in which Democrats controlled the governorship for all but eight of the past 120 years . Republicans have won the governorship ever since . In 1998 , Bush won re-election in a landslide victory , with Republicans sweeping to victory in all the statewide races . After the 2000 census , the Republican - controlled state Senate sought to draw a congressional district map that would guarantee a Republican majority in the state 's delegation . The Democratic - controlled state House desired to retain a plan similar to the existing lines . There was an impasse . With the Legislature unable to reach a compromise , the matter was settled by a panel of federal court judges , who ruled in favor of a district map that largely retained the status quo . But , Republicans dominated the Legislative Redistricting Board , which defines the state legislative districts , by a majority of four to one . The Republicans on this board used their voting strength to adopt a map for the state Senate that was more favorable to the Republicans as well as a map for the state House that also strongly favored them , as Democrats had also done before them . In 2002 , Texas Republicans gained control of the Texas House of Representatives for the first time since Reconstruction . The newly elected Republican legislature engaged in an unprecedented mid-decade redistricting plan . Democrats said that the redistricting was a blatant partisan gerrymander , while Republicans argued that it was a much - needed correction of the partisan lines drawn after the 1990 census . But , the Republicans ignored the effects of nearly one million new citizens in the state , basing redistricting on 2000 census data . The result was a gain of six seats by the Republicans in the 2004 elections , giving them a majority of the state 's delegation for the first time since Reconstruction . In December 2005 , the US Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal that challenged the legality of this redistricting plan . While largely upholding the map , it ruled the El Paso - to - San Antonio 23rd District , which had been a protected majority - Latino district until the 2003 redistricting , was unconstitutionally drawn . The ruling forced nearly every district in the El Paso - San Antonio corridor to be reconfigured . Partly due to this , Democrats picked up two seats in the state in the 2006 elections . The 23rd 's Republican incumbent was defeated in this election . It was the first time a Democratic House challenger unseated a Texas Republican incumbent in 10 years . Current situation ( edit ) Texas Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 52.23 % 4,681,590 43.24 % 3,867,816 2012 57.19 % 4,555,799 41.35 % 3,294,440 2008 55.48 % 4,467,748 43.72 % 3,521,164 61.09 % 4,526,917 38.30 % 2,832,704 2000 59.30 % 3,799,639 38.11 % 2,433,746 48.80 % 2,736,166 43.81 % 2,459,683 40.61 % 2,496,071 37.11 % 2,281,815 56.01 % 3,036,829 43.41 % 2,352,748 1984 63.58 % 3,433,428 36.18 % 1,949,276 1980 55.30 % 2,510,705 41.51 % 1,881,148 1976 47.97 % 1,953,300 51.14 % 2,082,319 1972 66.20 % 2,298,896 33.24 % 1,154,291 1968 39.87 % 1,227,844 41.14 % 1,266,804 1964 36.49 % 958,566 63.32 % 1,666,185 1960 48.52 % 1,121,130 50.52 % 1,167,567 Republicans control all statewide Texas offices , both houses of the state legislature and have a majority in the Texas congressional delegation . This makes Texas one of the most Republican states in the U.S. Despite overall Republican dominance , Austin , the state capital , is primarily Democratic , as are El Paso , Houston , Dallas , San Antonio and the Rio Grande Valley . However , the suburbs of these cities remain heavily Republican . In 2017 , Texas has more transgender candidates for office than any other state . Some trans candidates cited proposed bathroom bills and other legislation targeting trans people as their motivation to run . Future ( edit ) Texas , like California , is now a minority - majority state . This means that Hispanics , African Americans and other minorities constitute the majority of the state ( Hispanics can be of any race and were traditionally classified as white following the United States acquisition of Mexico 's territory . ) The Hispanic population had continued to increase , based on both natural increase and continued immigration from Mexico . It accounted for 38.1 % of the state 's population as of 2011 ( compared to 44.8 % for non-Hispanic whites ) . The state 's changing demographics may result in a change in its overall political alignment , as most Hispanic and Latino voters support the Democratic Party . Mark Yzaguirre questioned forecasts of Democratic dominance by highlighting Governor Rick Perry 's courting of 39 % of Hispanics in his victory in the 2010 Texas Gubernatorial . Analysts with Gallup suggest that low turnout among Texas Hispanics is all that enables continued Republican dominance . In addition to the descendants of the state 's former slave population , the African American population in Texas is also increasing due to the New Great Migration , many of them support the Democratic party . Capital punishment ( edit ) Texas has a reputation for strict `` law and order '' sentencing . According to the Prison Policy Initiative , of the 21 counties in the United States where more than a fifth of residents are prison inmates , 10 are in Texas . Texas leads the nation in executions , with 464 executions from 1974 to 2011 . The second - highest ranking state is Virginia , with 108 . A 2002 Houston Chronicle poll of Texans found that when asked `` Do you support the death penalty ? '' 69.1 % responded that they did , 21.9 % did not support and 9.1 % were not sure or gave no answer . See also : Capital punishment in Texas Secessionist sentiment ( edit ) Texas has a long history with secession . It was originally a Spanish province , which in 1821 seceded from Spain and helped form the First Mexican Empire . In 1824 Texas became a state in the new Mexican republic . In 1835 Antonio López de Santa Anna assumed dictatorial control over the state and several states openly rebelled against the changes : Coahuila y Tejas ( the northern part of which would become the Republic of Texas ) , San Luis Potosí , Querétaro , Durango , Guanajuato , Michoacán , Yucatán , Jalisco , Nuevo León , Tamaulipas , and Zacatecas . Several of these states formed their own governments : the Republic of the Rio Grande , the Republic of Yucatan , and the Republic of Texas . Only the Texans defeated Santa Anna and retained their independence . Some Texans believe that because it joined the United States as a country , the Texas state constitution includes the right to secede . However , neither the ordinance of The Texas Annexation of 1845 nor The Annexation of Texas Joint Resolution of Congress March 1 , 1845 included provisions giving Texas the right to secede . Texas did originally retain the right to divide into as many as five independent States , and as part of the Compromise of 1850 continues to retain that right while ceding former claims westward and northward along the full length of the Rio Grande in exchange for $10 million from the federal government . The United States Supreme Court 's primary ruling on the legality of secession involved a case brought by Texas involving a Civil War era bonds transfer . In deciding the 1869 Texas v. White case , the Supreme Court first addressed the issue of whether Texas had in fact seceded when it joined the Confederacy . In a 5 - 3 vote the Court `` held that as a matter of constitutional law , no state could leave the Union , explicitly repudiating the position of the Confederate States that the United States was a voluntary compact between sovereign states . '' In writing the majority opinion Chief Justice Salmon Chase opined that : When , therefore , Texas became one of the United States , she entered into an indissoluble relation . All the obligations of perpetual union , and all the guaranties of republican government in the Union , attached at once to the State . The act which consummated her admission into the Union was something more than a compact ; it was the incorporation of a new member into the political body . And it was final . The union between Texas and the other States was as complete , as perpetual , and as indissoluble as the union between the original States . There was no place for reconsideration or revocation , except through revolution or through consent of the States . However , as the issue of secession per se was not the one before the court , it has been debated as to whether this reasoning is merely dicta or a binding ruling on the question . It is also worth noting that Salmon Chase was nominated by Abraham Lincoln and was a staunch anti-secessionist . It is unlikely that he or his Republican appointed court would have approved of the Confederacy and Texas ' choice to join it . While the state 's organized secessionist movement is relatively small , a notable minority of Texans hold secessionist sentiments . A 2009 poll found that 31 % of Texans believe that Texas has the legal right to secede and form an independent country and 18 % believe it should do so . Budget ( edit ) Until 2010 , Texas had weathered the Great Recession fairly well , buffered by its vast oil and gas industries . It avoided the housing industry meltdown and its unemployment rate continues to be below the national level . It benefited from having a two - year budget cycle , allowing officials create budget plans with more time to focus on issues of importance . However , Texas was impacted by the economic downturn just like many other states , and by 2011 was suffering from tens of billions of dollars in budget deficits . In order to deal with this deficit , a supermajority of Republicans led to a massive cost cutting spree . In order to draw new businesses to the state , Texas has developed a program of tax incentives to corporations willing to move there . These efforts , along with Texas focusing on developing their natural energy resources , has led to a surplus as Texas begins its next two year budget cycle . Major revenue sources For FY 2011 , the top Texas revenue sources by category were approximately : Federal Income : $42,159,665,863.56 Sales Tax : $21,523,984,733.17 Investments : $10,406,151,499.48 Other Revenue : $8,569,805,443.66 Licenses , Fees , Fines and Penalties : $7,741,880,095.57 As of 2008 , Texas residents paid a total of $88,794 million dollars in income taxes . This does not include Federal taxes paid by Texas businesses . Besides sales tax , other taxes include franchise , insurance , natural gas , alcohol , cigarettee and tobacco taxes . Texas has no personal state income tax . Major spending categories For FY 2011 , the top Texas State Agency spending categories were approximately : Public Assistance Payments : $26,501,123,478.54 Intergovernmental Payments : $21,014,819,852.52 Interfund Transfers / Other : $12,319,487,032.40 Salaries and Wages : $8,595,912,992.82 Employee Benefits : $5,743,905,057.61 See also ( edit ) Government of Texas Political party strength in Texas Elections in Texas Current state political parties ( edit ) Republican Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Republican Party ) Texas Democratic Party ( State Affiliate of Democratic Party ) Libertarian Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Libertarian Party ) Constitution Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Constitution Party ) Texas Independence Party ( State Affiliate of Independence Party of America ) Green Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Green Party of the United States ) Reform Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Reform Party of the United States of America ) Socialist Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Socialist Party USA ) Texas Communist Party ( State Affiliate of Communist Party of the United States of America ) Southern Independence Party ( State Specific ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maxwell ( 2009 ) , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Texas Politics : Historical Barriers to Voting , accessed 11 Apr 2008 Archived April 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/historical/presidential.shtml Jump up ^ W. Marvin Dulaney , `` African Americans '' , Handbook of Texas Online , accessed 22 February 2014 Jump up ^ Platoff , Emma ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` For some transgender Texans , bathroom bill fight spurs bids for office '' . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Data from the 2010 Federal Census of Texas '' . Quick Facts . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Report focusing on the political persuasion of Hispanic and Latino voters '' . CNN . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Article from the Huffington Post '' . The Huffington Post . 2012 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Gallup Jump up ^ William H. Frey ( May 2004 ) . `` The New Great Migration : Black Americans ' Return to the South , 1965 - to the present '' . Brookings Institution . brookings.edu . Retrieved Institution . brookings.edu . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Execution Information '' . Jump up ^ Hoppe , Christy ( April 18 , 2009 ) . `` Despite state mythology , Texas lacks right to secede '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinance of the Convention of Texas , signed July 4 , 1845 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Annexation of Texas Joint Resolution of Congress March 1 , 1845 '' . Archives of the West : 1806 - 1848 . PBS . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - Joint Resolution of the Congress of Texas , June 23 , 1845 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The 1850 Boundary Act '' . Texas Treasures : Early Statehood . Texas State Library & Archives Commission . 2009 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 29 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Schwartz ( 1995 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Zuczek ( 2006 ) , p. 649 . Jump up ^ Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 ( 1868 ) at Cornell University Law School Supreme Court collection . Jump up ^ Currie ( 1985 ) , p. 315 . Jump up ^ `` Perry 's secession remarks light up blogosphere '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` In Texas , 31 % Say State Has Right to Secede From U.S. , But 75 % Opt To Stay '' . Rasmussen Reports . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Luhby , Tami ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) . `` '' Even budget deficits are bigger in Texas. `` '' . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) . `` '' Lines Blur as Texas Gives Industries a Bonanza. `` '' . Texas ; Austin ( Tex ) : Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Mildenberg , David ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Texas Starts Budget Debate Flush With Energy Boom Cash '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Texas Budget Surplus Proves as Contentious as a Previous Shortfall '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ State Revenue by Category , Texas Transparency , Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ State Spending by Category , Texas Transparency , Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts References ( edit ) Cunningham , Sean P. Cowboy Conservatism : Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right . ( 2010 ) . Currie , David ( 1985 ) . The Constitution in the Supreme Court : The First Hundred Years , 1789 - 1888 . University of Chicago Press . Maxwell , William Earl ; Crain , Ernest ; Santos , Adolfo . Texas Politics Today 2009 - 2010 ( 14th ed . ) . Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 57025 - 7 . Schwartz , Bernard ( 1995 ) . A History of the Supreme Court . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509387 - 9 . Zuczek , Richard ( August 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era . A -- L. Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33074 - 3 . 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Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Texas&oldid=818094163 '' Categories : Politics of Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Italiano Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 14 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which party dominated texas politics for most of texas history until the 1980s | [
"In a reversal of alignments, since the late 1960s the Republican Party has grown more prominent within the state based on an influx of primarily white voters (the majority in the state) from the Democratic Party. By the mid-1990s, it became the state's dominant political party."
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"Republican Party"
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9022416368636878610 | Christmas gift | Christmas gift - wikipedia Christmas gift Jump to : navigation , search Christmas gifts underneath a Christmas tree . `` Christmas present '' redirects here . For other uses , see Christmas Present and Christmas Gift . A Christmas gift or Christmas present is a gift given in celebration of Christmas . Christmas gifts are often exchanged on December 25 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Economic impact 3 Further reading 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Christmas advertising mentioning gifts from c. 1900 Red Cross workers packing Christmas presents for the Fighting Forces during World War II , October 1942 The tradition of gift - giving is an old one , but it became associated with Christmas more recently . It is a relic of a pagan custom , namely , the winter solstice which in Europe occurs in December . This was celebrated in ancient Rome with gift - giving during the Saturnalia holiday , which took place that month . As Christianity became increasingly widespread in the Roman lands , the custom of gift - giving continued . Around the year 336 AD the date of December 25 appears to have become established as the day of Jesus 's birth , and the tradition of gift - giving was reinterpreted and tied to the story of three Magi giving gifts to baby Jesus ; together with another story , that of Santa Claus based on the historical figure of Saint Nicholas , a fourth - century Greek bishop and gift - giver , it slowly became a part of Christmas celebrations . Some early Christian rulers , however , interpreted this story as indications that it should be their subjects who should give gifts to their superiors , and insisted on tributes and tithes during that period . This changed around the turn of the millennium following the popularity of the Good King Wenceslas story based on the life of another historical person claimed to be a gift - giver , Saint Wenceslaus . Christmas gift - giving to superiors became less common , and around the time of the Protestant Reformation , customs of gift - giving to children became increasingly widespread in Europe . The custom spread to the United States around the 19th century . This also coincided with the desire of some elites to reduce the rowdiness of adult Christmas celebrations , which in some places were tied to begging , as `` bands of young men , often rowdy , would `` wassail '' from home to home and demand handouts from the gentry `` . Another related aspect was the growing desire by parents to keep children at home , away from the `` corrupting '' influence of the urban streets . Another relatively recent change concerned the time of Christmas gift - giving . For many centuries , gift - giving took place on December 6 around Saint Nicholas Day or in early January after New Year 's Eve . The popularity of this custom grew after the positive reception of the 1823 poem The Night Before Christmas and the 1843 novella A Christmas Carol . By the end of the 19th century , Christmas Eve replaced early December or January dates as the most common date for gift - giving in the Western culture . It is custom for one to open a single gift on the evening of Christmas Eve . Economic impact ( edit ) Christmas decorations , often featuring Christmas gifts , abound in many shopping malls Main article : Economics of Christmas The tradition was also embraced by retailers , for whom the weeks and , eventually , the entire month before Christmas became a very profitable period . Around the turn of the 20th century retailers started directing marketing efforts at children in the hopes that they would entice the parents to buy more goods . In the early 2000s it was estimated that shoppers in the U.S. alone spend over $4 billion each day during the Christmas shopping season , with an average individual spending over $1,000 on gifts . There are concerns that gift - giving during Christmas is too commercial . Seventy percent of respondents to an online survey of 13,576 people in 14 European countries in 2016 said that too much attention is put on spending during the Christmas period , 42 % said they felt forced to spend more at Christmas , and 10 % borrowed money to be able to afford the gifts . Economist Joel Waldfogel noted that because of the mismatch between what the giftee values the gift and the value paid for by the giver , the gifts lose between 10 % to one - third of their value ; he calls it the `` deadweight loss of Christmas '' . This leads to gifts often being returned , sold , or re-gifted . In the 2016 European online survey , 15 % of respondents were unhappy about their gifts and 10 % could not remember what they had received . Twenty - five percent of respondents said they had re-gifted their presents to someone else , 14 % sold the items , 10 % tried to return them to the store , and 5 % returned the gift to the giver . Seniors were more likely to send their unwanted presents to charity , while those aged 25 to 34 `` simply threw them away '' . Gifts that are least likely to be appreciated rely on personal tastes , and include items like perfumes and cosmetics , ornaments , and clothing . Further reading ( edit ) William Waits ( October 1994 ) . The Modern Christmas in America : A Cultural History of Gift Giving . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9284 - 1 . Joel Waldfogel , The Deadweight Loss of Christmas See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmas gifts . Christmas Wrapping References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Berking , Helmuth ( March 30 , 1999 ) . Sociology of Giving . SAGE Publications . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85702 - 613 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Ace ( April 20 , 2010 ) . Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas . Zondervan . pp. 96 -- 100 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ringel , Paul . `` Why Do Children Get Presents on Christmas Anyway ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas : How did gift - giving and caroling get started ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . December 21 , 2013 . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ING.com ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` The truth about unwanted Christmas gifts '' . ING.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The economic case against Christmas presents '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_gift&oldid=819346591 '' Categories : Giving Christmas traditions Christmas economics Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 21 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how did the tradition of christmas gift giving start | [] | [] |
-3851121696226977577 | Fuck | Fuck - wikipedia Fuck This article is about the English language word . For other uses , see Fuck ( disambiguation ) . Fuck is an obscene English - language word which often refers to the act of sexual intercourse but is also commonly used as an intensifier or to denote disdain . While its origin is obscure , it is usually considered to be first attested to around 1475 . In modern usage , the term `` fuck '' and its derivatives ( such as `` fucker '' and `` fucking '' ) can be used as a noun , a verb , an adjective , an interjection or an adverb . There are many common phrases that employ the word as well as compounds that incorporate it , such as `` motherfucker , '' `` fuckwit '' and `` fucknut '' . Contents 1 Offensiveness 2 Etymology 2.1 First use in sexual sense 2.2 Older etymology 2.2. 1 Via Germanic 2.2. 2 Via Latin or Greek 2.3 False etymologies 3 Grammar 4 Early usage 5 Rise of modern usage 6 Modern usage 6.1 Examples of more recent usage 6.2 Use in politics 6.3 Use in marketing 6.4 Band names 6.5 Holy fuck 6.6 Machine mistranslation 6.7 F - bomb 7 Censorship 7.1 Freedom of expression 8 Common alternatives 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Offensiveness The word is considered obscene but is common in many informal and familiar situations . It is unclear whether the word has always been considered vulgar or , if not , when it first came to be used to describe ( often in an extremely angry , hostile or belligerent manner ) unpleasant circumstances or people in an intentionally offensive way , such as in the term motherfucker , one of its more common usages in some parts of the English - speaking world . Some English - speaking countries censor it on television and radio . Andrea Millwood Hargrave 's 2000 study of the attitudes of the British public found that fuck was considered the third-most severe profanity and its derivative motherfucker second . Cunt was considered the most severe . Nevertheless , the word has become increasingly less vulgar and more publicly acceptable , an example of the `` dysphemism treadmill '' , wherein former vulgarities become inoffensive and commonplace . According to linguist Pamela Hobbs , `` notwithstanding its increasing public use , enduring cultural models that inform our beliefs about the nature of sexuality and sexual acts preserve its status as a vile utterance that continues to inspire moral outrage . '' Hobbs considers users rather than usage of the word and sub-divides users into ' non-users ' , for whom the word `` evokes the core sexual meanings and associated sexual imagery that motivate the taboo '' , and ' users ' for whom `` metaphorical uses of the word fuck no more evoke images of sexual intercourse than a ten - year - old 's ' My mom 'll kill me if she finds out ' evokes images of murder , '' so that the `` criteria of taboo are missing . '' Because of its increasing usage in the public forum , in 2005 the word was included for the first time as one of three vulgarities in The Canadian Press 's Canadian Press Caps and Spelling guide . Journalists were advised to refrain from censoring the word but use it sparingly and only when its inclusion was essential to the story . Etymology The Oxford English Dictionary states that the ultimate etymology is uncertain but that the word is `` probably cognate '' with a number of Germanic words with meanings involving striking , rubbing and having sex or is derivative of the Old French word that meant `` to fuck '' . First use in sexual sense In 2015 , Dr. Paul Booth claimed to have found `` ( possibly ) the earliest known use of the word ' fuck ' that clearly has a sexual connotation '' : in English court records of 1310 -- 11 , a man local to Chester is referred to as `` Roger Fuckebythenavele '' , probably a nickname . `` Either this refers to an inexperienced copulator , referring to someone trying to have sex with the navel , or it 's a rather extravagant explanation for a dimwit , someone so stupid they think this that is the way to have sex , '' says Booth . An earlier name , that of John le Fucker recorded in 1278 , has been the subject of debate , but is thought by many philologists to have had some separate and non-sexual origin . Otherwise , the usually accepted first known occurrence of the word is found in code in a poem in a mixture of Latin and English composed in the 15th century . The poem , which satirizes the Carmelite friars of Cambridge , England , takes its title , `` Flen flyys '' , from the first words of its opening line , Flen , flyys , and freris ( `` Fleas , flies , and friars '' ) . The line that contains fuck reads Non sunt in coeli , quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk . Deciphering the phrase `` gxddbou xxkxzt pg ifmk '' , here by replacing each letter by the previous letter in alphabetical order , as the English alphabet was then , yields the macaronic non sunt in coeli , quia fuccant vvivys of heli , which translated means , `` They are not in heaven , because they fuck the women of Ely '' . The phrase was probably encoded because it accused monks of breaking their vows of celibacy ; it is uncertain to what extent the word fuck was considered acceptable at the time . The stem of fuccant is an English word used as Latin : English medieval Latin has many examples of writers using English words when they did not know the Latin word : `` workmannus '' is an example . In the Middle English of this poem , the term wife was still used generically for `` woman '' . Older etymology Via Germanic The word has probable cognates in other Germanic languages , such as German ficken ( to fuck ) ; Dutch fokken ( to breed , to beget ) ; dialectal Norwegian fukka ( to copulate ) , and dialectal Swedish focka ( to strike , to copulate ) and fock ( penis ) . This points to a possible etymology where Common Germanic fuk -- comes from an Indo - European root meaning `` to strike '' , cognate with non-Germanic words such as Latin pugno `` I fight '' or pugnus `` fist '' . By application of Grimm 's law , this hypothetical root has the form * pug -- . There is a theory that fuck is most likely derived from Flemish , German , or Dutch roots , and is probably not derived from an Old English root . Via Latin or Greek There may be a kinship with the Latin futuere ( futuo ) , a verb with almost exactly the same meaning as the English verb `` to fuck '' . From fūtuere came French foutre , Catalan fotre , Italian fottere , Romanian futere , vulgar peninsular Spanish joder , Portuguese foder , and the obscure English equivalent to futter , coined by Richard Francis Burton . However , there is no clear past lineage or derivation for the Latin word . These roots , even if cognates , are not the original Indo - European word for to copulate , but Wayland Young argues that they derive from the Indo - European * b u -- or * b ug -- ( `` be '' , `` become '' ) , or as causative `` create '' ( see Young , 1964 ) . A possible intermediate might be a Latin 4th - declension verbal noun * fūtus , with possible meanings including `` act of ( pro ) creating '' . However , the connection to futuere has been disputed -- Anatoly Liberman calls it a `` coincidence '' and writes that it is not likely to have been borrowed from the Low German precursors to fuck . Greek phyō ( φύω ) has various meanings , including ( of a man ) `` to beget '' , or ( of a woman ) , `` to give birth to '' . Its perfect pephyka ( πέφυκα ) can be likened to `` fuck '' and its equivalents in other Germanic languages . False etymologies One reason that the word fuck is so hard to trace etymologically is that it was used far more extensively in common speech than in easily traceable written forms . There are several urban - legend false etymologies postulating an acronymic origin for the word . None of these acronyms were ever recorded before the 1960s , according to the authoritative lexicographical work The F - Word , and thus are backronyms . In any event , the word fuck has been in use far too long for some of these supposed origins to be possible . Some of these urban legends are that the word fuck came from Irish law . If a couple were caught committing adultery , they would be punished `` For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge In the Nude , '' with `` FUCKIN '' written on the stocks above them to denote the crime . A similar variant on this theory involves the recording by church clerks of the crime of `` Forbidden Use of Carnal Knowledge . '' Another theory is that of a royal permission . During the Black Death in the Middle Ages , towns were trying to control populations and their interactions . Since uncontaminated resources were scarce , supposedly many towns required permission to have children . Hence , the legend goes , that couples that were having children were required to first obtain royal permission ( usually from a local magistrate or lord ) and then place a sign somewhere visible from the road in their home that said `` Fornicating Under Consent of King , '' which was later shortened to `` FUCK . '' This story is hard to document , but has persisted in oral and literary traditions for many years ; however , it has been demonstrated to be an urban legend . A different false etymology , first made popular on the radio show Car Talk , states that the phrase `` fuck you '' comes from the phrase `` pluck yew '' and relates the origins of fuck to the myth surrounding the V sign . This myth states that French archers at the Battle of Agincourt insulted the English troops ' ability to shoot their weapons by waving their fingers in a V shape ; after the English secured an overwhelming victory , they returned the gesture . The addition of the phrase `` fuck you '' to the myth came when it was claimed that the English yelled that they could still `` pluck yew '' ( yew wood being the preferred material for longbows at the time ) , a phrase that evolved into the modern `` fuck you '' . Grammar Fuck has a very flexible role in English grammar , including use as both a transitive and intransitive verb , and as an adjective , adverb , and noun . It can also be used as an interjection and a grammatical ejaculation . Linguist Geoffrey Hughes found eight distinct usages for English curse words , and fuck can apply to each . For example , it fits in the `` curse '' sense ( `` fuck you ! '' ) as well as the `` personal '' sense ( `` You fucker '' ) . Its vulgarity also contributes to its mostly figurative sense , though the word itself is used in its literal sense to refer to sexual intercourse , its most common usage is figurative -- to indicate the speaker 's strong sentiment and to offend or shock the listener . Early usage William Dunbar 's 1503 poem `` Brash of Wowing '' includes the lines : `` Yit be his feiris he wald haue fukkit : / Ye brek my hairt , my bony ane '' ( ll. 13 -- 14 ) . The oldest occurrence of the word in adjectival form ( which implies use of the verb ) in English comes from the margins of a 1528 manuscript copy of Cicero 's De Officiis . A monk had scrawled in the margin notes , `` fuckin Abbot '' . Whether the monk meant the word literally , to accuse this abbott of `` questionable monastic morals , '' or whether he used it `` as an intensifier , to convey his extreme dismay '' is unclear . John Florio 's 1598 Italian - English dictionary , A Worlde of Wordes , included the term , along with several now - archaic , but then - vulgar synonyms , in this definition : Fottere : To jape , to sard , to fucke , to swive , to occupy . Of these , `` occupy '' and `` jape '' still survive as verbs , though with less profane meanings , while `` sard '' was a descendant of the Anglo - Saxon verb seordan ( or seorðan , ON serða ) , to copulate ; and `` swive '' had derived from earlier swīfan , to revolve i.e. to swivel ( compare modern - day `` screw '' ) . As late as the 18th century , the verb occupy was seldom used in print because it carried sexual overtones . A 1790 poem by George Tucker has a father upset with his bookish son say `` I 'd not give ( a fuck ) for all you 've read '' . Originally printed as `` I 'd not give -- -- -- for all you 've read '' , scholars agree that the words `` a fuck '' were removed , making the poem the first recorded instance of the now - common phrase `` I do n't give a fuck '' . Farmer and Henley 's 1893 dictionary of slang notes both the adverbial and adjectival forms of fuck as similar to but `` more violent '' than bloody and indicating extreme insult , respectively . Rise of modern usage Though it appeared in English lexicographer John Ash 's 1775 A New and Complete Dictionary , listed as `` low '' and `` vulgar , '' and appearing with several definitions , fuck did not appear in any widely consulted dictionary of the English language from 1795 to 1965 . Its first appearance in the Oxford English Dictionary ( along with the word cunt ) was in 1972 . The variant feck appeared in the English Dialect Dictionary , compiled by Joseph Wright in 1900 . Modern usage This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The modern usage and flexibility of fuck was established by the mid to late 19th century , and has been fairly stable since . Most literally , to fuck is to copulate , but it is also used as a more general expletive or intensifier . Some instances of the word can be taken at face value , such as `` Let 's fuck , '' `` I would fuck her / him , '' or `` He / she fucks . '' Other uses are dysphemistic : The sexual connotation , usually connected to masturbation ( in the case of `` go fuck yourself '' or `` go fuck yourself in the ass '' ) , is invoked to incite additional disgust , or express anger or outrage . For example , `` Fuck that ! '' , `` Fuck no ! '' , `` Fuck off ! '' , or `` Fuck you ! '' By itself , fuck is usually used as an exclamation , indicating surprise , pain , fear , disgust , disappointment , anger , or a sense of extreme elation . In this usage , there is no connection to the sexual meaning of the word implied , and is used purely for its `` strength '' as a vulgarity . Additionally , other uses are similarly vacuous ; fuck ( or variations such as the fuck or fucking ) could be removed and leave a sentence of identical syntactical meaning . For example , rap music often uses the word fucking as an emphatic adjective ( `` I 'm the fucking man '' ) for the word 's rhythmic properties . In British English , to express surprise and / or disbelief towards a given statement or a question , one can say `` does / is it fuck '' . Insertion of the trochaic word fucking can also be used as an exercise for diagnosing the cadence of an English - language word . This is the use of fuck or more specifically fucking as an infix , or more properly , a tmesis ( see expletive infixation ) . For example , the word in - fucking - credible sounds acceptable to the English ear , and is in fairly common use , while incred - fucking - ible would sound very clumsy ( though , depending on the context , this might be perceived as a humorous improvisation of the word ) . Abso - fucking - lutely and motherfucking are also common uses of fuck as an affix . While neither dysphemistic nor connected to the sexual connotations of the word , even the vacuous usages are considered offensive and gratuitous , and censored in some media ; for example , `` None of your fucking business ! '' or `` Shut the fuck up ! '' A common insult is `` Get fucked '' , which in a non-offensive context would translate as `` get stuffed . '' The word is one of the few that has legitimate colloquial usage as a verb , adverb , adjective , command , conjunction , exclamatory , noun and pronoun . In another usage , the word fucker is used as a term of endearment rather than antipathy . This usage is not uncommon ; to say `` you 're one smart fucker '' is often a term of affection . However , because of its ambiguity and vulgarity , the word fucker in reference to another person can easily be misinterpreted . Though fuck can serve as a noun , the fucker form is used in a context that refers to an individual . Normally in these cases , if fuck is used instead of fucker , the sentence refers to the sexual ability of the subject ( for example , `` He 's a great fuck ! '' ) , although confusingly in a minority of occasions the word `` fuck '' can hold exactly the same meaning as fucker ( e.g. , when preceded by an adjective : `` You 're a pretty clever fuck . '' ) . Related to fucker is the word motherfucker . Sometimes used as an extreme insult -- an accusation of incest -- this term is also occasionally used to connote respectful awe . For example , `` He 's a mean motherfucker '' does not mean `` He 's abusive , filthy and copulates with his mother , '' but `` He 's someone to be afraid of . '' In this context , some people ( particularly young men ) might even describe themselves as `` motherfuckers . '' In a famous example , the wallet of Pulp Fiction character Jules Winnfield , played by Samuel L. Jackson , is embroidered with the phrase `` Bad Motherfucker '' . The word fuck is used in many forms of music , with motherfucker being used as a rhythmic filler in hip hop , urban music and some rock genres ; examples include The Crystal Method 's song `` Name of the Game '' and Turbonegro 's `` Do n't Say Motherfucker Motherfucker '' . Perhaps motherfucker 's rhythmic compatibility is due to its quadrisyllabic pronunciation , making it a natural fit for popular music that is written in 4 / 4 metre ; a notable example of this occurs in Sublime 's 1996 single `` What I Got '' ( `` I can play the guitar like / a motherfucking riot '' ) . Also contributing to its use in aggressive , high - energy music is the fact that it includes a hard `` k '' sound in its third syllable , making it easy to exclaim , particularly when pronounced as `` mutha fucka '' . Despite these rhythmic qualities , motherfucker has not become as accepted in English usage as its root fuck . The word was used to induce stress during military recruit training and became a dominant element of an English military dialect identified by Tom Wolfe as Army creole . A succinct example of the flexibility of the word is its use as almost every word in a sentence . In his book , Wartime : Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War , Paul Fussell , literary historian and professor emeritus of English literature at the University of Pennsylvania , recounted Once , on a misty Scottish airfield , an airman was changing the magneto on the engine of a Wellington bomber . Suddenly his wrench slipped and he flung it on the grass and snarled , `` Fuck ! The fucking fucker 's fucked . '' The bystanders were all quite well aware that he had stripped a bolt and skinned his knuckles . In the United States military air services , the nicknames applied to some aircraft included the word fucker as the letter `` F '' in their slang - acronyms . For instance , the B - 52 stratofortress strategic bomber was often referred to as the BUFF , or Big Ugly Fat Fucker . Similarly , the A-7 Corsair was often referred to as the SLUF , or Short Little Ugly Fucker . In polite conversation , these acronyms usually substituted the word `` Fellow '' for fucker . The phrase `` Fuck you , you fucking fuck ! '' is a memorable quote from the movie Blue Velvet from 1986 . Because of its vulgar status , the word fuck is usually restricted in mass media and barred from titles in the United States . In 2002 , when the controversial French film Baise - moi ( 2000 ) was released in the US , its title was changed to Rape Me , rather than the literal Fuck Me . Similarly , the Swedish film Fucking Åmål was retitled Show Me Love . Online forums and public blogs may censor the word by use of automatic filters . For example , Fark.com replaces the word fuck with fark . Others replace the word with asterisks ( * * * * ) to censor it ( and other profanities ) entirely . To avert these filters , many online posters will use the word fvck . This particular alteration is in common usage at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , where students use it in reference to the inscriptions on MIT 's neoclassical buildings , in which the letter U is replaced by V. A typical coinage in this idiom would be `` I 'm fvcked by the Institvte . '' ( Other less common spellings to cheat a censor are `` fück '' and `` phuck '' . ) Another way to bypass a word filter is to use leet : fuck becomes F ( _ ) c < or = ( _ ) Ck , for example . `` WTF ? '' spray painted on the rear of a Sherman tank left over from U.S. military shelling practice on Flamenco Beach on the island of Culebra , Puerto Rico The word fuck is a component of many acronyms , some of which -- like SNAFU and FUBAR -- date as far back as World War II . Many more recent coinages , such as the shorthand `` WTF ? '' for `` what the fuck ? , '' `` STFU '' for `` shut the fuck up , '' or `` FML '' for `` fuck my life , '' have been widely extant on the Internet , and may count as examples of internet memes . Many acronyms will also have an `` F '' or `` MF '' added to increase emphasis ; for example , `` OMG '' ( `` oh my God '' ) becomes `` OMFG '' ( `` oh my fucking God '' ) . Abbreviated versions of the word do not tend to be considered offensive . Although the word is proclaimed vulgar , several comedians rely on fuck for comedic routines . George Carlin created several literary works based upon the word . Other comedians who use or have used the word consistently in their routines include Billy Connolly , Denis Leary , Lewis Black , Andrew Dice Clay , Chris Rock , Richard Pryor , Eddie Murphy , and Sam Kinison . Examples of more recent usage In 1928 , English writer D.H. Lawrence 's novel Lady Chatterley 's Lover gained notoriety for its frequent use of the words fuck , fucked , and fucking . The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger featured the use of fuck you in print . First published in the United States in 1951 , the novel remains controversial to this day due in part to its use of the word , standing at number 13 for the most banned books from 1990 to 2000 according to the American Library Association . The first documented use of the word fuck on live British television ( and probably on any television system ) has been attributed to theatre critic Kenneth Tynan in 1965 , though it has been claimed Irish playwright Brendan Behan used the word on Panorama in 1956 ( although no one could understand him because he was drunk ) or the man who painted the railings on Stranmillis Embankment alongside the river Lagan in Belfast , who in 1959 told Ulster TV 's teatime magazine programme , Roundabout , that his job was `` fucking boring '' . Controversy also ensued in 1976 when Today host Bill Grundy interviewed the Sex Pistols , after guitarist Steve Jones called Grundy a `` dirty fucker '' and a `` fucking rotter '' ( see EMI and the Grundy incident ) . John Cleese during his eulogy in the memorial service for Graham Chapman was proud to declare himself to be the first person to use the word `` fuck '' on such occasion . The word began to break into cinema when it was uttered once in each of two 1967 British releases , Ulysses and I 'll Never Forget What 's ' isname . It was used several times in the 1969 British film Bronco Bullfrog . According to director Robert Altman , the first time the word `` fuck '' was used in a major American studio film was in 1970 's M * A * S * H , spoken by Painless during the football match at the end of the film . Use in politics Fuck is not widely used in politics , and use of the word by politicians often produces controversy . Some events include : In 1965 , U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson said to the Greek ambassador Alexandros Matsas when he objected to American plans in Cyprus , `` Fuck your parliament and your constitution . America is an elephant . Cyprus is a flea . Greece is a flea . If these two fellows continue itching the elephant they may just get whacked by the elephant 's trunk , whacked good . '' Former British Secretary of State for Defence Denis Healey reported that the penulimate High Commissioner of Aden ( 1965 -- 67 ) , Sir Richard Turnbull , stated that , `` When the British Empire finally sinks beneath the waves of history , it will leave behind it only two memorials : one is the game of Association Football and the other is the expression ' Fuck Off ' '' During the 1968 Democratic National Convention , Chicago mayor Richard Daley became so enraged by a speech from Abraham A. Ribicoff that he shouted `` Fuck you ! '' Daley would later claim that he was shouting `` you fink , you '' and calling Ribicoff a `` faker '' . On the first night of this same convention , which was President Johnson 's birthday , a huge crowd of thousands of yippies , hippies and anti Vietnam war protesters was famously filmed while simultaneously roaring `` Fuck you , Lyndon Johnson ! '' During debate in February 1971 in the House of Commons of Canada , Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau mouthed the words `` fuck off '' under his breath ( perhaps almost silently ) at Conservative MP John Lundrigan , while Lundrigan made some comments about unemployment . Afterward , when asked by a television reporter what he had been thinking , Trudeau famously replied `` What is the nature of your thoughts , gentlemen , when you say ' fuddle duddle ' or something like that ? '' . `` Fuddle duddle '' consequently became a catchphrase in Canadian media associated with Trudeau . The first accepted modern use in the British House of Commons came in 1982 when Reg Race , Labour MP for Wood Green , referred to adverts placed in local newsagents by prostitutes which read `` Phone them and fuck them . '' Hansard , the full record of debates , printed `` F * * * them '' , but even this euphemism was deprecated by the Speaker , George Thomas . Shortly after Tony Blair was elected Leader of the Labour Party , the then Labour MP George Galloway told a public meeting `` I do n't give a fuck what Tony Blair thinks '' when questioned about the party 's move to the right . In late 2003 , the then - U.S. presidential candidate Senator John Kerry used the word fuck in an interview with Rolling Stone . Referring to his vote in favor of the resolution authorizing U.S. President George W. Bush to use military force in Iraq , Senator John Kerry stated , `` I voted for what I thought was best for the country . Did I expect Howard Dean to go off to the left and say , ' I 'm against everything ' ? Sure . Did I expect George Bush to fuck it up as badly as he did ? I do n't think anybody did . '' In June 2004 , U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney told Democratic senator Patrick Leahy , `` Go fuck yourself . '' Coincidentally , Cheney 's outburst occurred on the same day that the Defense of Decency Act was passed in the Senate . In February 2006 , Premier of the Australian state of New South Wales Morris Iemma , while awaiting the start of a Council of Australian Governments media conference in Canberra , was chatting to Victorian Premier Steve Bracks . Not realizing microphones were recording , he said , `` Today ? This fuckwit who 's the new CEO of the Cross City Tunnel has ... been saying what controversy ? There is no controversy . '' The exchange referred to the newly appointed CEO of the recently opened Cross City Tunnel toll road within Sydney . On January 31 , 2007 , New York Governor Eliot Spitzer angrily retorted to Assembly Minority Leader Jim Tedisco , `` Listen , I 'm a fucking steamroller , and I 'll roll over you and anybody else . '' According to The New York Post , Spitzer confirmed the exchange the following day . In 2007 , U.S. Senator John Cornyn objected to John McCain 's perceived intrusion upon a Senate meeting on immigration , saying , `` Wait a second here . I 've been sitting in here for all of these negotiations and you just parachute in here on the last day . You 're out of line . '' McCain , known for his short temper , replied , `` Fuck you ! I know more about this than anyone else in the room . '' In April 2007 , New Zealand Education Minister Steve Maharey said `` fuck you '' to a fellow MP during parliamentary question time . He apologized shortly afterwards . In December 2008 , recorded telephone conversations revealed Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich trying to `` sell '' an appointment to the Senate seat that Barack Obama resigned after being elected President . In the phone conversation , Blagojevich said in reference to his power to appoint a new senator , `` I 've got this thing and it 's fucking golden and I 'm just not giving it up for fuckin ' nothing . '' In the recorded conversations , Blagojevich also referred to Obama as a `` motherfucker '' and repeatedly said `` fuck him . '' When speaking of the Obama administration 's request that Valerie Jarrett be appointed as Obama 's replacement , Blagojevich complained , `` They 're not willing to give me anything except appreciation . Fuck them . '' Blagojevich also said Tribune Company ownership should be told to `` fire those fuckers '' in reference to Chicago Tribune editors critical of him . In December 2009 in Dáil Éireann ( the lower house of the Irish Parliament ) , Paul Gogarty responded to heckles from Emmet Stagg with the outburst , `` With all due respect , in the most unparliamentary language , fuck you , Deputy Stagg . Fuck you . '' Gogarty immediately withdrew the remarks and later made a personal statement of apology . Reportage of the outburst quickly spread by media and the Internet . A subcommittee of the Dáil 's standing committee on procedure and privilege produced a 28 - page report on the incident . On March 23 , 2010 , U.S. Vice President Joe Biden whispered into President Barack Obama 's ear , `` This is a big fucking deal '' when referring to the U.S. health care reform bill . His words were picked up by microphones and video . On May 3 , 2010 , Canadian senator Nancy Ruth advised representatives of women 's groups to `` shut the fuck up '' on access to abortion , in the run - up to the 36th G8 summit . In late 2012 , the then - U.S. House Speaker John Boehner was visiting the White House , where he saw then Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid in the lobby . Boehner was under great stress about the impending fiscal cliff , and Reid had also accused him of running a `` dictatorship '' in the house . Boehner saw Harry Reid , pointed his finger at him , and told him , `` Go fuck yourself ! '' Reid replied by saying , `` What are you talking about ? '' Boehner then repeated what he had told him and left . In late 2016 , Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte reacted to the European Parliament 's criticism over the prevalence of unsolved extrajudicial killings incurred in his `` War on Drugs '' which he lashed out at EU politicians , singling out those from Britain and France , calling them `` hypocrites '' and accusing them of being responsible for the deaths of thousands caused by their ancestors during the colonial period . Upon making an obscene hand gesture , Duterte stated that he told EU politicians , `` When I read the EU condemnation I told them fuck you . You are only doing it to atone for your own sins '' and `` They do not want a safe Philippines . They want it to be ruled by criminals . Oh , well , I 'm sorry . That is your idiotic view '' . Duterte also claimed , in response to growing international criticism , the `` EU now has the gall to condemn me . I repeat it , fuck you . '' On June 10 , 2018 , Robert De Niro sparked controversy during the 72nd Tony Awards as he cursed U.S. President Donald Trump with the word during the live broadcast . He started with sentence : `` I 'm gon na say one thing : Fuck Trump . '' He clenched his two fists in the air , and ended his remarks by saying `` It 's no longer down with Trump , it 's fuck Trump ! '' . He received standing ovation from the audience , which were mostly celebrities . Use in marketing In April 1997 , clothing retailer French Connection began branding their clothes `` fcuk '' ( usually written in lowercase ) , stating it was an acronym for `` French Connection United Kingdom '' . Its similarity to the word `` fuck '' caused controversy . French Connection produced a range of T - shirts with messages such as `` fcuk this '' , `` hot as fcuk '' , `` mile high fcuk '' , `` fcuk me '' , etc . In 2009 , the European Union 's OHIM trade marks agency disallowed a German brewery to market a beer called `` Fucking Hell '' . They sued , and on 26 March 2010 got permission to market the beer . They claim that it is actually named after the Austrian village of Fucking and the German term for light beer , hell ( which is simply the word for `` light in colour '' ) . Band names The word `` fuck '' has been used in a number of band names , generally based on common compounds . Although most of these bands are in the aggressive , non-mainstream genres of punk and metal , others fall into the categories of more accessible forms of electronic rock and pop . Holy fuck This section is about the English - language term . For other uses , see Holy fuck ( disambiguation ) . `` Holy fuck '' is an example of ' liturgical profanity ' used interjectionally to express anger , contempt , disgust , or amazement . Usually vulgar . Noted by academics and used in literature , deriving its power from a combination of the sacred , holy , and the profane , fuck . An exclamation , similar to `` holy shit '' , but more offensive , also used informally for sex within a religious context . Machine Mistranslation The word fuck occurs sometimes in Chinese / English bilingual public notices in China as a machine translation of the Simplified Chinese character 干 ( 干 ) , which replaced the three Traditional Chinese characters 干 meaning `` a pole '' , 幹 meaning `` to do '' or `` to work '' ( and having a secondary slang meaning of `` to fuck '' ) , and 乾 meaning `` dried '' . ( Traditional Chinese 乾 can also be pronounced qian , which is a Taoist stem word meaning `` sky '' . ) Some examples are `` spread to fuck the fruit '' for `` loose dried fruit '' , `` fuck to adjust the area '' for `` dry seasonings section '' , and `` fuck the certain price of goods '' for `` dry foods price counter '' . The fault occurred in some versions of commonly used Chinese to English machine translators , for example Jinshan ( 金山 = `` Gold Mountain '' ) by Kingsoft . F - bomb The term `` dropping an F - bomb '' usually refers to the unanticipated use of the word `` fuck '' in an unexpected setting , such as public media , a play on the nickname for the hydrogen bomb ( the `` H - bomb '' ) and the shock value that using the word `` fuck '' in discourse carries . The term was first reported in a newspaper ( Newsday ) in 1988 when Hall of Fame baseball catcher Gary Carter used it . In 2012 it was listed , for the first time , in the mainstream Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary . Censorship On August 19 , 1969 the acid rock band Jefferson Airplane played their song `` We Can Be Together '' uncensored on The Dick Cavett Show , including the 1960s countercultural slogan `` Up against the wall , motherfucker ! '' ( which was also the name of an anarchist group at that time ) . This was the first appearance of the word on U.S. television . The word `` motherfucker '' was also censored on the song 's printed lyrics that came with the Volunteers album as `` fred . '' Films edited for broadcast use matching euphemisms so that lip synching will not be thrown off . In the film The Big Lebowski , John Goodman 's character repeatedly yells , `` This is what happens when you fuck a stranger in the ass '' while trashing a car . It was censored on television as `` This is what happens when you find a stranger in the Alps . '' Freedom of expression In 1971 , the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the public display of fuck is protected under the First and Fourteenth amendments and can not be made a criminal offense . In 1968 , Paul Robert Cohen had been convicted of disturbing the peace for wearing a jacket with a slogan titled `` Fuck the Draft '' ( in a reference to conscription in the Vietnam War ) . The conviction was upheld by the court of appeals and overturned by the Supreme Court . Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) . Common alternatives Main article : Minced oath In conversation or writing , reference to or use of the word fuck may be replaced by any of many alternative words or phrases , including `` the F - word '' or `` the F - bomb '' ( a play on `` A-bomb '' and `` H - bomb '' ) , or simply , eff or f ( as in `` What the eff '' or `` You effing fool '' , `` What the F '' or `` You f'ing fool '' ) . Also , there are many commonly used substitutes , such as flipping , frigging , fricking , freaking , feck , fudge , flaming or any of a number of similar - sounding nonsense words . In print , there are alternatives such as , `` F * * * '' , `` F -- -- k '' , etc. ; or a string of non-alphanumeric characters , for example , `` @ $ # * % ! '' and similar ( especially favored in comic books ) . A replacement word used mainly on the Internet is `` fsck '' , derived from the name of the Unix file system checking utility . In Battlestar Galactica the bowdlerized form ' frack ' ( spelt ' f-r-a-k ' in the reimagined 2003 version ) was used as a substitute for fuck . The word was sometimes jokingly used as a curse by fans . Similarly , the word `` frell '' is used as a substitute on the TV show Farscape , and Dr. Elliot Reid ( played by Sarah Chalke ) has frequently used the substitute `` frick '' on the TV show Scrubs . Stu Braudy , a recurring character on Curb Your Enthusiasm played by Don Stark , is teased by Larry David for constantly using the substitute `` freak '' ( `` Ahh , freak you ! '' ) . The phrase feck is a common substitute for fuck in Ireland , where it is considered to be less rude , though still not acceptable in many contexts . It has come into occasional use across the UK in the last 15 years as a result of its frequent use in the Father Ted comedy series . Although the word is considered to be equally as rude as fuck , its appearance in Father Ted and in a Magner 's Cider ad suggest the opposite . See also Army creole Bleep censor Censorship The finger , a related hand gesture Fit in or fuck off Four - letter word Fuck ( film ) , documentary film about the word Fuck : Word Taboo and Protecting Our First Amendment Liberties Harcourt interpolation List of films that most frequently use the word `` fuck '' Madonna on Late Show with David Letterman Profanity Profanity in American Sign Language Profanity in science fiction Seven dirty words Sexual slang WTF Language portal References Jump up ^ Studies , Kate Wiles Ph D. in Medieval ; researcher ; writer ; Consultant , Language ( 18 February 2014 ) . `` On the Origin of F * ck '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Millwood Hargrave , Andrea ( 2000 ) . `` Delete Expletives ? : Research Undertaken Jointly by the Advertising Standards Authority , British Broadcasting Corporation , Broadcasting Standards Commission and the Independent Television Commission '' . Advertising Standards Authority . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Bivins , Tom . `` Euphemism definitions and list '' ( PDF ) . Persuasion and Ethics . University of Oregon . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Christian , Brian ( 2012 ) . The Most Human Human : What Artificial Intelligence Teaches Us About Being Alive . Random House Digital . p. 208 . Jump up ^ Hobbs , Pamela ( 2013 ) . `` Fuck as a metaphor for male sexual aggression '' . Gender and Language . Equinox. 7 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 176 . doi : 10.1558 / genl. v7i2. 149 . Pdf . Jump up ^ `` New edition of Canadian Press handbook includes infamous four - letter word '' . CBC News . 14 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fuck . '' OED Online . Draft Revision , June 2008 . Oxford University Press . Accessed 26 August 2008 OED.com http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/recent-updates-to-the-oed/previous-updates/march-2008-update/ Jump up ^ Booth , Paul ( 2015 ) . `` An early fourteenth - century use of the F - word in Cheshire , 1310 -- 11 '' . Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. 164 : 99 -- 102 . Pearl , Mike ( 13 September 2015 ) . `` We Interviewed the Historian Who Just Found the Oldest Use of the Word ' Fuck ' '' . Vice . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Paul Booth : ' The significance is the occurrence of ( possibly ) the earliest known use of the word `` fuck '' that clearly has a sexual connotation . ' Wordsworth , Dot ( 26 September 2015 ) . `` The remarkable discovery of Roger Fuckebythenavele : An exciting discovery in the records of the County Court of Chester -- but it 's probably not the oldest F - word '' . The Spectator . Archived from the original on 1 November 2015 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Emily Gosden ( 13 September 2015 ) . `` Earliest use of f - word discovered in court records from 1310 '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sheidlower , Jesse ( Autumn 1998 ) . `` Revising the F - Word '' . Verbatim : the Language Quarterly . 23 ( 4 ) : 18 -- 21 . Jump up ^ `` American Heritage Dictionary definition of fuck '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Liberman , Anatoly ( 2008 ) . An Analytic Dictionary of the English Etymology . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 9781452913216 . ^ Jump up to : Liddell , Henry George , & Scott , Robert . Greek - English Lexikon ; 3rd ed . New York : Harper & Brothers , 1857 ; p. 1638a , b . Jump up ^ `` snopes.com : Etymology of Fuck '' . Snopes.com. 8 July 2007 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ wickedwildabeast666 ( 23 September 2007 ) . `` the word fuck '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Mohr , Melissa ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` The modern history of swearing : Where all the dirtiest words come from '' . Salon . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Colin ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Very First Written Use of the F Word in English ( 1528 ) '' . openculture . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . `` Fuck '' . An Encyclopedia of Swearing : The Social History of Oaths , Profanity , Foul Language , and Ethnic Slurs in the English - Speaking World . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Silverton , Peter ( 2011 ) . Filthy English : The How , Why , When And What Of Everyday Swearing . London : Portobello Books . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` occupy '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mohr , Melissa ( 2013 ) . Holy Shit : A Brief History of Swearing . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 215 -- 216 . ISBN 0199742677 . Jump up ^ `` Expletive Deleted -- A good look at bad language '' by Ruth Wajnryb , Copyright 2005 Jump up ^ `` March 2008 update '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Joseph ( 1900 ) . The English Dialect Dictionary : Volume 2 , D-G . Oxford : Henry Frowde . p. 320 . Jump up ^ Doug Brown ( 15 May 2014 ) . `` Video : Youngstown Cop Loves Driver 's Pulp Fiction - Inspired `` Bad Motherfucker '' Wallet , Excuses Traffic Ticket `` . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Profanity in Basic Training '' . About.com . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Tom ( 2008 ) . The Right Stuff . Macmillan . pp. 112&113 . ISBN 1429961325 . Jump up ^ Fussell P : Wartime : Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War , Oxford University Press , New York , NY , 1990 Jump up ^ `` The trial of Lady Chatterley 's Lover '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 - 25 - 2014 Jump up ^ `` ALA 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . Ala.org. 2009 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Television 's magic moments The Guardian , 16 August 2013 . Retrieved September 27 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Lawson ( 2004 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Has swearing lost its power to shock ? UK news '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Chapman 's Memorial Service ( Longer version ) '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ BBFC page for Bronco Bullfrog , under `` insight '' section - LANGUAGE : Infrequent strong language ( ' f * * k ' ) occurs , as well as a single written use of very strong language ( ' c * * t ' ) which appears as graffiti on a wall . Jump up ^ M * A * S * H ( 1970 ) DVD commentary Jump up ^ Deane , Philip . I Should Have Died . pp. 113 -- 114 ISBN 0 - 241 - 89038 - 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 241 - 89038 - 7 ASIN : B000XYDADM Jump up ^ Blum , William . Killing hope : US military and CIA interventions since World War II : Publisher : Zed Books Ltd ; 2nd edition ( July 9 , 2003 ) ; ISBN 1 - 84277 - 369 - 0 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 84277 - 369 - 7 Google Books Jump up ^ `` BBC documentary ( 2004 ) - Empire Warriors : Mad Mitch and His Tribal Law '' . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaiser , Charles . 1968 in America , p241 . Grove Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3530 - 7 Jump up ^ Taylor , Elizabeth . American Pharaoh : Richard J Daley : His Battle for Chicago and the Nation , p478 . Back Bay , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 83489 - 0 . Jump up ^ Battleground Chicago : The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention , Frank Kusch , 2008 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Chicago Eyewitness , Mark Lane , 1968 , p. 30 Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Movie `` Conventions : The Land Around Us '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Montcombreaux , Charles . `` Flip the Bird : How Fuck and `` The Finger '' Came to Be '' Archived 2008 - 02 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 25 . `` ? '' . Vol 92 , Issue 13 . The Manitoban . November 17 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Hansard . `` Licensing of sex establishments '' . HC Deb 03 February 1982 vol 17 cc321 - 66 : `` Conegate Ltd. provides opportunities for prostitutes to operate . The shop in Lewisham was recently raided by the police and was the subject of a court case . When two women who had been accused of daubing the shop with paint were acquitted by the magistrates court it was revealed in the national newspapers that Conegate had been operating a list of sexual contacts in the shop , the heading of which was `` Phone them and ... them ''. `` '' Jump up ^ The Almanac of British Politics by Robert Waller and Byron Criddle ( Routledge , London , Fourth Edition 1991 and Fifth Edition 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 415 - 00508 - 6 and ISBN 0 - 415 - 11805 - 0 Jump up ^ Cursing Kerry Unleashes Foulmouthed Attack On Bush , New York Post On - line Edition ( Waybacked ) . Jump up ^ Dewar , Helen & Dana Milbank . `` Cheney Dismisses Critic With Obscenity '' , Washington Post , 25 June 2004 Jump up ^ `` Anger good , swearing bad : Iemma '' . The Age . 11 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Dicker , Fredric U. ( February 1 , 2007 ) . `` Full Steam Ahead for Spunky Spitz '' . The New York Post . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Adam Clymer ( 2000 - 03 - 04 ) . `` For McCain , Concerns In the Senate Are Subtle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` McCain , Cornyn Engage in Heated Exchange '' . The Washington Post . 2007 - 05 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Is Rush Limbaugh right ? '' . Salon . 2007 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Audrey Young ( 5 April 2007 ) . `` A couple of quick words from the Minister ... whoops '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Blagojevich : In His Own Words '' . CBS 2 Chicago . 9 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Committee on Procedure and Privileges ( 12 May 2010 ) . `` Report on Parliamentary Standards '' ( PDF ) . Dublin : Oireachtas . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : RTÉ ( 11 December 2009 ) . `` Gogarty sorry for ' unparliamentary language ' '' . RTÉ News , Ireland . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ U.K. newspaper article on Biden gaffe Accessed March 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` What 's behind ' shut the f -- - up ' -- thestar.com '' . www.thestar.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Congress Passes Fiscal Cliff Deal , But Not Before John Boehner Told Harry Reid to Go Fuck Himself -- gawker.com '' Archived March 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... www.gawker.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines ' Duterte gives middle finger to European Union after criticism of drug war '' . ABC News . Agence France - Presse. 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Murdoch , Lindsay ( 21 September 2016 ) . `` Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte flings profanities at EU , tells adversaries he 's ' watching them ' '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Salaverria , Leila B. ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` Duterte turns ire on EU , calls them hypocrites and uses ' F ' word '' . Inquirer.net . Philippine Global Star . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robert De Niro uses F - bomb against Trump on live TV '' . Reuters . June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mike ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` Robert De Niro Says ' F -- Trump ' at Tony Awards and Gets a Standing Ovation '' . People.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mikelionis , Lukas ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Robert De Niro throws F - bombs at Trump during Tony Awards '' . Foxnews.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Time called on FCUK posters '' , BBC News , 4 April 2001 Jump up ^ `` German beer can call itself fking hell '' . RNW.nl . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Sam ( 2007 ) . `` What the Fuck ? Curse Word Band Names Challenge The Music Industry '' . Exclaim ! Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ayto , J. ; Simpson , J. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861052 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gallop , J. ( 1980 ) . `` Impertinent Questions : Irigaray , Sade , Lacan '' . SubStance. 9 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 3683929 . JSTOR 3683929 . Jump up ^ Rice , C. `` Becoming the fat girl '' ( PDF ) . Women , Health , AND Education : CASWE 6 THBi - Annual International Institute Proceedings : 249 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Sharon : I did n't feel like a girl . Do girl things . I was not a girl , not a boy , just someone existing . Then compound that with being a black female . It 's even worse ' cause you feel , Jesus , I 'm nowhere . ' Cause it 's bad enough being a white little girl and you 're fat . But when you 're fat and you 're black , it 's like holy fuck . That 's like the lowest . The worst thing you could ever be . Jump up ^ Crobsie , L. ( 1997 ) . Paul 's Case : The Kingston Letters . Insomniac Press . ISBN 1 - 895837 - 09 - X . Jump up ^ Goodell , J. ( 2002 ) . Our Story : 77 Hours That Tested Our Friendship And Our Faith . Hyperion . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0055 - 3 ... holyfuck , what is it ? I yelled at Harpo , `` Get the fuck out o here now ! ... Jump up ^ Steffensmeier , D.J. ( 1986 ) . The Fence : In the Shadow of Two Worlds . Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Kay , K. ; Nagle , J. ; Gould , B. ( 2000 ) . Male Lust : Pleasure , Power , and Transformation . Haworth Press . p. 103 . ISBN 1 - 56023 - 982 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Language Log : The Etiology and Elaboration of a Flagrant Mistranslation '' . December 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The F - Bomb and Gary Carter : Did the late Mets catcher invent the phrase ? '' . Slate Magazine . 2012 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Italie , Leanne . `` F - bomb makes it into mainstream dictionary '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We Can Be Together '' . Song Facts. 1969 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Doggett , Peter ( 2009 ) . There 's a Riot Going on : Revolutionaries , Rock Stars , and the Rise and Fall of the ' 60s . Canongate U.S. p. 362 . ISBN 978 - 1847671936 . Jump up ^ `` Lebowski on the web '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Huff Jr. , David D. ( 2002 ) . `` Re : Mandrake 8.2 Musings '' . Newsgroup : alt. os. linux. mandrake . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 10 . At some point in your Linux career you should ask yourself : ' If there are 3.4 million successful , happy Mandrake users ... what the fsck is wrong with me ? ' Jump up ^ Talbott , Chris ( 2008 - 10 - 20 ) . `` What the ' frak ' ? Faux curse seeping into language '' . Associated Press . http://archive.azcentral.com/ent/tv/articles/2008/09/03/20080903whatthefrak0903.html Further reading Fairman , Christopher M. ( 2009 ) . Fuck : Word Taboo and Protecting Our First Amendment Liberties . Sphinx Publishing . ISBN 1572487119 . Hargrave , Andrea Millwood ( 2000 ) . Delete Expletives ? . London : Advertising Standards Authority , British Broadcasting Corporation , Broadcasting Standards Commission , Independent Television Commission . Sheidlower , Jesse ( 1999 ) . The F Word . Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70634 - 8 . Presents hundreds of uses of fuck and related words . Michael Swan , Practical English Usage , Oxford University Press , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 431198 - 8 . Wayland Young , Eros Denied : Sex in Western Society . Grove Press / Zebra Books , New York 1964 . Carl Jung , Psychology of the Unconscious : A Study of the Transformations and Symbolisms of the Libido . Moffat , Yard and Company , New York 1916 . Translated by Beatrice M. Hinkle , M.D. , Neurological Dept. of Cornell University Medical School and of the New York Post Graduate Medical School . Richard Dooling , Blue Streak : Swearing , Free Speech & Sexual Harassment , ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 679 - 44471 - 8 . Chapters on famous swear words , including the f - word , and the laws pertaining to their use . Fuck -- documentary film by Steve Anderson ( ThinkFilm 2005 ) External links Find more aboutFuckat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Fuck '' dated 2006 - 08 - 04 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Re : the Cheney - Leahy incident , slate.com - discusses how American newspapers decide whether or not to print fuck . `` Online Etymology Dictionary . '' Some etymological research on the word fuck . Fuck , academic paper exploring the legal implications of the word , by Christopher M. Fairman , Ohio State University -- Michael E. Moritz College of Law March 2006 . Ohio State Public Law Working Paper No. 59 . Archive.org -- Jack Wagner , `` The Word Fuck '' . Sexual slang General Anilingus Banjee Bareback Baseball metaphors for sex Blue balls Bottom Camel toe Chickenhead Circle jerk Cock tease Cornhole Cougar Cunt Daisy chain Deep - throating Dick Dirty Sanchez Dogging Donkey punch Douche Felching Fuck Girlfriend experience Glory hole Hogging Hot Karl Italian profanity Latin profanity Mama - san Mammary intercourse Mat Mile high club Motherfucker Nookie Party and play Pearl necklace Pegging Pirate Pussy Quickie Red wings Rusty trombone Saddlebacking Serosorting Shemale Slut Snowballing Soggy biscuit Switch Teabagging Tits Top Top , bottom and versatile Turkey slap Twat Voulez - vous coucher avec moi ? Wanker Whale tail Whore LGBT - specific Bara Bear Beard Bi-curious Breeder Bugchasing Chicken Chickenhawk Chub Daddy Down - low Dyke Fag hag Fruit Gay - for - pay Lipstick lesbian Queen Soft butch Swish Trade Troll Twink U-Haul lesbian In pornography Ass to mouth Bukkake Centerfold Clothed female , naked male ( CFNM ) Clothed male , naked female ( CMNF ) Creampie Cum shot Deep - throating Downblouse Facial Felching Fluffer Gang bang Gokkun Golden Age of Porn Insert MILF / DILF Money shot Paysite Point - of - view Rosebud Stunt cock Upskirt In popular culture List of films that most frequently use the word `` fuck '' Human sexuality Sexology Sexual slur Terminology of homosexuality Vulgar slang General Arse Asshole Bastard Bitch Bullshit Douche Shit Wanker Sexual slang Boner Cock Cunt Dick Fuck Motherfucker Slut Whore Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuck&oldid=854720795 '' Categories : Interjections Profanity Sexual slang English words Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Ido עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Slovenščina ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 09 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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-1860342652742780663 | America's Got Talent (season 11) | America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Got Talent Season 11 Broadcast from May 31 -- September 14 , 2016 Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Winner Grace VanderWaal Origin Suffern , New York Genre ( s ) Singer Runner - up The Clairvoyants Chronology ◀ 2016 ▶ Season eleven of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent was ordered on September 1 , 2015 . The season premiered on NBC on Tuesday , May 31 , 2016 . Nick Cannon returned for his eighth and final season as host . Howie Mandel returned for his seventh season as a judge , while Mel B and Heidi Klum returned for their fourth season . Simon Cowell replaced Howard Stern as the fourth judge . The live shows began on July 26 , at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles instead of Radio City Music Hall in New York from previous years . Due to the 2016 Summer Olympics broadcast schedule on NBC , the show took a hiatus from August 9 -- 17 . Dunkin ' Donuts sponsored the show for a second season , and this season again featured the golden buzzer for each judge and Cannon . Four guest judges joined the panel for the judge 's cuts : George Lopez , Reba McEntire , Ne - Yo , and Louis Tomlinson . Each judge was given a golden buzzer . Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner on September 14 , 2016 , making her the second female act and the second child act to win the show since season 1 . Mentalist duo , The Clairvoyants , placed second , marking the first time that females placed in the top two positions . Magician Jon Dorenbos , the NFL Long Snapper for the Philadelphia Eagles , placed third . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season changes 2 Preliminary auditions 2.1 Golden buzzer 3 Judge Cuts 3.1 Round 1 3.2 Round 2 3.3 Round 3 3.4 Round 4 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 ( July 26 -- 27 ) 4.2 Week 2 ( August 2 -- 3 ) 4.3 Week 3 ( August 23 -- 24 ) 5 Semifinals 5.1 Week 1 ( August 30 -- 31 ) 5.2 Week 2 ( September 6 -- 7 ) 6 Finals 6.1 Finale 7 Top 36 acts 8 Ratings 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8.2 Specials 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows 10 International broadcasts 11 References 12 External links Season changes ( edit ) Season 11 judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Nick Cannon On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . On January 12 , 2016 , it was announced that Mel B , Heidi Klum , and Howie Mandel would all return as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows will also move from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Howard Stern 's departure . The live shows will be held at the Dolby Theatre . This season will be the first time in the American version where the host , Nick Cannon , will also have the opportunity to use the golden buzzer . This is similar to the UK version of the series , Britain 's Got Talent , where together the co-hosts are also allowed to press the golden buzzer for an act . The position the judges sit at the judging table was flipped . From left to right ( as seen from the audience 's perspective ) , the order is : Simon Cowell , Heidi Klum , Mel B and Howie Mandel . This is likely because of the fact that Simon , who joined this season , has always been on the farthest left ( from the audience 's perspective ) whenever he 's on the judging panel . Preliminary auditions ( edit ) Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The premiere aired on May 31 , 2016 . The season had preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants could also submit online auditions . Golden buzzer ( edit ) This season again featured the golden buzzer , which allowed each judge ( and host Nick Cannon ) to send an act straight to the live shows . Mel B was the first judge to press it , using it for 13 - year - old opera singer Laura Bretan , who performed `` Nessun dorma '' . Howie Mandel was second to use it , for 12 - year - old singer / songwriter / ukelele player Grace VanderWaal , after she performed an original song titled `` I Do n't Know My Name '' in the third episode of auditions , Heidi Klum used her golden buzzer for 20 - year - old singer / crooner Sal Valentinetti , who performed `` My Way '' by Frank Sinatra . Simon Cowell used his golden buzzer for 16 - year - old Calysta Bevier , who performed `` Fight Song '' by Rachel Platten . All of the golden buzzers had been used for a singer until week 6 of auditions , when Cannon used his golden buzzer for Dorothy Williams , a 90 - year - old burlesque dancer . This was the first season in which Cannon was given a golden buzzer . This was the first time that an act who got a golden buzzer in the auditions round won a season . Judge Cuts ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Judge Cuts began on Tuesday , July 12 , 2016 and ended on Wednesday , July 20 , 2016 . Like the previous season , one guest judge joined the judges ' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced , including the one that received the guest judge 's golden buzzer . Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use . Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges were George Lopez , Reba McEntire , Ne - Yo , and Louis Tomlinson . This season , there were two Judge Cuts shows per week , on Tuesdays and Wednesdays . Consequently , the Judge Cuts ended in two weeks rather than the four weeks they have taken in earlier seasons . This change was made to avoid competition with NBC 's upcoming Olympic Games broadcast . After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were selected to compete in the live shows : FLIP , Sila Sveta , and Steven Brundage . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Eliminated Eliminated Immediately Advanced Immediately Wild Card Round 1 ( edit ) Guest judge : Ne - Yo Date : July 12 , 2016 This was the first Judge Cuts not to feature any acts getting four red buzzers . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Ne - Yo Brown Mandel Hara Multimedia Illusionist Advanced Philippe and Marie - Lee Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Edgar Family Band Advanced Miniotics Dance Group Eliminated Jumpers in Command 5 Acrobatic Jump Rope Team Eliminated Christopher 6 Dancing Puppeteer Eliminated Brennley Brown 7 Singer Eliminated Lori Mae Hernandez 8 Comedian Advanced John Ferraro 9 Danger Act Eliminated Jon Call 10 Strongman Eliminated Duo Guerrero 11 Tightrope Duo Eliminated Jon Dorenbos 12 Magician Advanced Immediately The Passing Zone 13 Juggling Duo Advanced Julian Davis and the Hayburners 14 Bluegrass Band Eliminated Raii and Whitney Smith 15 Singing Duo Eliminated Ronee Martin 16 Singer Advanced Cory Kahaney 17 Comedian Eliminated Axel Perez 18 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated Rory Freeman 19 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated Linkin ' Bridge 20 A Cappella Group Advanced ^ 1 Although Hara is a multimedia illusionist , his act he performed did not include any multimedia . Round 2 ( edit ) Guest judge : Reba McEntire Date : July 13 , 2016 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum McEntire Brown Mendel Kadie Lynn Roberson Singer And Guitarist Advanced Vello Vaher Contortionist Advanced House of Lewis Hip Hop Band Eliminated Zach Sherwin Comedic Rapper Eliminated Skylar Katz 5 Rapper Eliminated Erik Cavanaugh 6 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated Sofie Dossi 7 Contortionist Advanced Immediately Moya Angela 8 Singer Advanced Parker Garrison 9 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated Youngster 10 Dance Group Eliminated Cody Carter 11 Baton Twirler Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett 12 Illusionists Advanced Adam Grabowski 13 Comedian Eliminated Julia Scotti 14 Comedian Advanced OneVoice 15 Singing Group Eliminated RL Bell 16 Singer Eliminated Cecile and Mighty 17 Singing Illusionists Eliminated Steven Brundage 18 Rubik 's Cube Magician Wild Card Gary Sladek and Jim 19 Trampolinists Eliminated Deadly Games 20 Extreme Knife Throwers Advanced Round 3 ( edit ) Guest judge : George Lopez Date : July 19 , 2016 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Lopez Brown Mandel José and Carrie Dancing Dog Act Eliminated Daniel Joyner Singer Advanced Ilan & Josh Beatboxers Eliminated The Finest Family Dance Group Eliminated Blake Vogt 5 Magician Advanced Alla and Daniel 6 Ballroom Dancing Duo Advanced Charles & Rose 7 Singing Duo Eliminated Mason Bumba 8 Martial Artist Eliminated Tape Face 9 Mime Advanced Good Girl 10 R&B Vocal Group Eliminated Dominique Dy 11 Singer And Pianist Eliminated Madison Watkins 12 Singer Eliminated Charlie Plaças 13 Aerialist Eliminated Malevo 14 Malambo Group Advanced Immediately Ian Stewart 15 Crossbow Act Eliminated Ryan Stock & AmberLynn 16 Sideshow Act Advanced Al Ducharme 17 Comedian Eliminated Ryan Beard 18 Comedic Singer Eliminated Sam Morril 19 Comedian Eliminated Brian Justin Crum 20 Singer Advanced Round 4 ( edit ) Guest judge : Louis Tomlinson Date : July 20 , 2016 This was the only episode of Judge Cuts this season in which acts received four red buzzers . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Tomlinson Brown Mandel ThroWings Extreme Acrobats Advanced Campbell Walker Fields Singer And Pianist Eliminated FLIP Dance Group Wild Card Shane and Shannon Jessen Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated Outlawz 5 Dance Group Advanced Ary Hill 6 Singer Eliminated Avonlea Martin 7 Singer Eliminated Jayna Brown 8 Singer Advanced Immediately John Hetlinger 9 Rock Singer Eliminated Nathan Bockstahler 10 Comedian Eliminated Viktor Kee 11 Juggler Advanced Sos and Victoria 12 Quick Change Duo Advanced Jon Bernhardt 13 Musician Eliminated Immediately Jonathan Nosan 14 Contortionist Eliminated The Amazing Armando 15 Magician Eliminated Immediately Musicality 16 A Cappella Group Advanced Oksana Grishina 17 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated The Baron of the Universe 18 Strongman Eliminated D.J. Demers 19 Comedian Eliminated The Clairvoyants 20 Mentalists Advanced ^ 1 Because Mel B was on stage during Armando 's act , Louis pressed her buzzer . Quarterfinals ( edit ) The live quarterfinals were held at the Dolby Theatre , starting on July 26 , 2016 . They featured the nine golden buzzer acts , the 24 acts passed through during the Judge Cuts round , and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges . Twelve acts performed each week . Seven acts made it through to the semi-finals , while five were eliminated . Outlawz , ThroWings , Vello Vaher and Alla and Daniel received an `` X '' in the live shows . Key Buzzed Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Judges ' Wildcard Week 1 ( July 26 -- 27 ) ( edit ) Guests : Mat Franco , Paul Zerdin Act Order Act Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Simon Heidi Mel B Howie Jayna Brown Singer Advanced Hara Multimedia Illusionist Eliminated Outlawz Hip - Hop Dance Group Eliminated Musicality School Choir Advanced Lori Mae Hernandez 5 Comedian Dunkin ' Save Deadly Games 6 Extreme Knife Throwers Judges ' Choice Jon Dorenbos 7 Magician Advanced Daniel Joyner 8 Singer Eliminated Tape Face 9 Mime Advanced Dorothy Williams 10 Burlesque Dancer Eliminated Sila Sveta 11 Videomapping Dance Duo Eliminated Laura Bretan 12 Opera Singer Advanced ^ 1 After Howie 's vote tied the Judges ' Choice , Deadly Games was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Hara , and advanced to the semi-finals . ^ 2 In the middle of the Dunkin ' Save vote during the results show , Deadly Games 's picture was portrayed as Daniel Joyner , bringing Deadly Games 's voting percentage to 0 % . It was later fixed . Week 2 ( August 2 -- 3 ) ( edit ) Guests : Fitz and The Tantrums featuring Team iLuminate Act Order Act Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Simon Heidi Mel B Howie FLIP Dance Group Eliminated Moya Angela Singer Eliminated Viktor Kee Juggler Advanced Kadie Lynn Roberson Singer And Guitarist Judges ' Choice Ryan Stock and AmberLynn 5 Sideshow Act Eliminated Calysta Bevier 6 Singer Advanced Sofie Dossi 7 Contortionist Advanced The Clairvoyants 8 Mentalists Advanced Sal Valentinetti 9 Singer Dunkin ' Save ThroWings 10 Extreme Acrobats Eliminated Steven Brundage 11 Rubik 's Cube Magician Advanced Sos and Victoria 12 Quick Change Duo Eliminated ^ 1 After Simon 's vote tied the Judges ' Choice , Kadie Lynn Roberson was announced to have received more of America 's vote than ThroWings , and advanced to the semifinals . ^ 2 AmberLynn accidentally shot Ryan in the chest , but he was declared okay . ^ 3 Simon pressed his buzzer after his comments on ThroWings . He later stated that he did press his buzzer after the performance due to safety reasons . Week 3 ( August 23 -- 24 ) ( edit ) Guests : Recycled Percussion , Michael Phelps Act Order Act Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Simon Heidi Mel B Howie Vello Vaher Contortionist Eliminated Ronee Martin Singer Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett Illusionists Advanced Linkin ' Bridge A Cappella Group Judges ' Choice Alla and Daniel 5 Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated Blake Vogt 6 Magician Advanced Edgar 7 Family Band Advanced Julia Scotti 8 Comedian Eliminated Brian Justin Crum 9 Singer Advanced Malevo 10 Malambo Group Dunkin ' Save The Passing Zone 11 Juggling Duo Wild Card Grace VanderWaal 12 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player Advanced Semifinals ( edit ) The live semifinals started on August 30 , 2016 . They feature the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts will perform . Five will go through , while six will be eliminated . No acts got buzzed . Key Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Week 1 ( August 30 -- 31 ) ( edit ) Guests : The Illusionists Act Order Performance description Judges ' choices Result Simon Heidi Mel B Howie Sal Valentinetti Singer , performed `` That 's Life '' by Frank Sinatra . Advanced Blake Vogt Magician , performed a trick in which he tore off a piece of a card that Simon chose , and made it reappear in the empty card box . Vogt then got on a scissor lift and covered himself with a large cloth , only to disappear upon dropping the cloth and reappearing on one of the theater 's balconies . Eliminated Edgar Family Band , performed `` Bless the Broken Road '' by Rascal Flatts . Eliminated Lori Mae Hernandez Comedian , performed a routine in which she joked about the U.S Olympic team , her barbie doll collection , and Nick and the judges . Eliminated Musicality 5 School Choir , performed `` Born This Way '' by Lady Gaga . Eliminated Deadly Games 6 Extreme Knife Throwers , performed a routine consisting of Alfredo using a whip to cut a rose off of a stem in Anna 's mouth , throwing knives at Anna while she was obscured by a long white canvas , and shooting a crossbow at her whilst holding balloons with her mouth / hands . Eliminated Tape Face 7 Mime , performed a routine in which he brought an audience member to the stage to `` duel '' with him using staple guns and balloons under both men 's armpits and between their legs . Dunkin ' Save Jon Dorenbos 8 Magician , performed a trick in which he made the judges throw a football at a U.S. map , then proceeded to reveal 4 quarters in a locked chest that represented the states the judges threw their footballs at . Dorenbos also revealed a hidden map to the judges that predicted the locations of the judges ' throws . Advanced Grace VanderWaal 9 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player , performed her original song , `` Light the Sky '' . Advanced Malevo 10 Malambo Group , performed an Argentine folk dance routine with elements such as water and percussion incorporated . Eliminated Laura Bretan 11 Opera Singer , performed Andrew Lloyd Webber 's `` Pie Jesu '' . Judges ' Choice Week 2 ( September 6 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Guests : Andra Day , Blue Journey Act Order Performance description Judges ' choices Result Simon Heidi Mel B Howie Jayna Brown Singer , performed `` Rise '' by Katy Perry . Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett Illusionists , performed a trick in which they made all of their classmates appear out of a cardboard schoolhouse . Eliminated Kadie Lynn Roberson Singer , performed `` I Hope You Dance '' by Lee Ann Womack . Eliminated Viktor Kee Juggler , performed a routine consisting of emerging out of a treasure chest , levitating a ball , and then juggling four balls in a variety of ways . Judges ' Choice Linkin ' Bridge 5 A Cappella Group , performed `` 7 Years '' by Lukas Graham . Advanced The Passing Zone 6 Juggling Duo , performed a routine in which they juggled flaming torches around Cowell . Eliminated Calysta Bevier 7 Singer , performed `` Human '' by Christina Perri . Eliminated Steven Brundage 8 Rubik 's Cube Magician , performed a routine in which he asked Cannon to choose a card with a celebrity 's name on it while the judges were mixing Rubik 's cubes , followed by asking Cannon to place the mixed cubes on a board , followed by revealing the chosen celebrity on the board . Eliminated Sofie Dossi 9 Contortionist , performed a routine in which she balanced and rotated on a platform using her hands while contorting her body , followed by a performance on a suspended hoop . Dunkin ' Save The Clairvoyants 10 Mentalists , performed a routine in which they asked for Mandel to ask Cowell a question , asked Mel B for an influence , asked Klum to name a kiss location , named the time on a clock correctly , and correctly named what the judges wrote . Advanced Brian Justin Crum 11 Singer , performed `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' by Tears for Fears . Advanced ^ 1 After Howie 's vote tied the Judges ' Choice , Viktor Kee was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Steven Brundage , and advanced to the finals . Finals ( edit ) The performances took place on September 13 , 2016 , where 10 acts performed . Every performance received a standing ovation from every judge . No acts were buzzed . The season finale took place on September 14 , 2016 . During the finale results , the top 5 acts were revealed first ; then they were eliminated in reverse ranking from fifth place to third place . Grace VanderWaal was announced the winner at the end of the finale . She won the million - dollar prize and was set to headline at the PH Showroom at the Las Vegas Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino on October 27 , 28 , 29 and 30 , 2016 . Key Advanced to the top 5 Top 10 Guests : Pitbull , LunchMoney Lewis , Paula Abdul , Stevie Nicks , Il Volo Act Order Performance description Ranking Sal Valentinetti Singer , performed `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin Guest Performers : Jersey Boys ; Sang `` Oh What a Night . '' Advanced Sofie Dossi Contortionist , performed a compilation act , including a fast back - flip sequence and an aerial ring routine . Guest Performers : Il Volo , Sofie Dossi , and Viktor Kee ; Laura Bretan and II Volo sing a duet of `` Nessun Dorma '' from Turandot , while Sofie swings from a hoop in the sky and Viktor juggles balls . Top 10 Linkin ' Bridge A Cappella Group , performed `` See You Again '' by Charlie Puth . Guest Performer : Silhouettes ; Sang `` 7 Years '' with Silhouettes shadow dancing in the background . Top 10 Laura Bretan Opera Singer , performed `` O mio babbino caro '' , by Giacomo Puccini . Guest Performers : Il Volo , Sofie Dossi , and Viktor Kee ; Laura Bretan and II Volo sing a duet of `` Nessun Dorma '' from Turandot , while Sofie Dossi swings from a hoop in the sky and Viktor juggles balls . Top 10 The Clairvoyants 5 Mentalists , performed an act where they compiled their previous performances together , naming a man 's birthday from the crowd , naming the expiration date and the last four numbers of Simon 's credit card while Amelie was submerged underwater , and naming the Howie - flavored jelly bean that Mel B described inside of a pendant . Guest Performers : Paula Abdul , and Jon Dorenbos ; Thommy hands Heidi a book of celebrities . She yells `` stop '' on a photo of Paula Abdul , who joins them on stage carrying a box . We 're playing the lottery , and each judge picks a random number between 1 and 50 . Then they open a box , which contains a lottery ticket with the numbers each judge chose . They hand Paula an envelope , and Jon has Paula pick card from a giant deck of cards . He has her pick a card and tear it into four pieces , three of which he puts into a paper bag . Then he makes them disappear , and they reappear in the envelope reassembled . And the remaining corner is a perfect match . Advanced Brian Justin Crum 6 Singer , Performed `` Man in the Mirror '' by Michael Jackson . Brian did not have a Guest Performer ; instead he sang `` Creep '' by Radiohead . Advanced Tape Face 7 Mime , performed an act with horse puppets to the tune of `` William Tell Overture '' , featuring Mel B with a toilet seat around her neck as he fired a plunger at the toilet seat in a parody of the William Tell legend . Guest Performers : Jon Dorenbos , Brian Justin Crum , Viktor Kee , and Shon China Lacy ; Tape Face gets them all to sway to `` Lean on Me '' by Bill Withers . Then he sits them in four chairs , with their backs all facing the same direction . He lays them down so that they 're leaning on each other and pulls out the chairs , one by one , so that they are now the chairs . He sits down , reads some papers and snaps a selfie , and they 're stuck that way until he slides the chairs back so they can de-tangle . Top 10 Viktor Kee 8 Juggler , performed with several different juggling methods , including one with a flaming ball . Guest Performers : Il Volo , Sofie Dossi , and Laura Bretan ; juggles balls while Laura Bretan and II Volo sing a duet of `` Nessun Dorma '' from Turandot , while Sofie Dossi swings from a hoop in the sky . Top 10 Jon Dorenbos 9 Magician , told an inspirational story while manipulating cards the judges signed . Guest Performers : Guest Performers : Paula Abdul , and The Clairvoyants ; Thommy hands Heidi a book of celebrities . She yells `` stop '' on a photo of Paula Abdul , who joins them on stage carrying a box . We 're playing the lottery , and each judge picks a random number between 1 and 50 . Then they open a box , which contains a lottery ticket with the numbers each judge chose . They hand Paula an envelope , and Jon has Paula pick card from a giant deck of cards . He has her pick a card and tear it into four pieces , three of which he puts into a paper bag . Then he makes them disappear , and they reappear in the envelope reassembled . And the remaining corner is a perfect match . Advanced Grace VanderWaal 10 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player , sang an original song called `` Clay '' with an anti-bullying message . Grace did not have a guest performer , but she sang her original : `` I Do n't Know my Name . '' Advanced Finale ( edit ) Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - up ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place Act Result Grace VanderWaal Winner The Clairvoyants Runner - Up Jon Dorenbos 3rd place Brian Justin Crum 4th place Sal Valentinetti 5th place Top 36 acts ( edit ) Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Grace VanderWaal 12 Singing Singer Chicago , Illinois Winner The Clairvoyants 28 & 29 Magic Mentalists Vienna , Austria Runner - up Jon Dorenbos 35 Magic Magician Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 3rd Place Brian Justin Crum 28 Singing Singer San Diego , California 4th Place Sal Valentinetti 21 Singing Singer Bethpage , New York 5th Place Laura Bretan 14 Singing Opera Singer Chicago , Illinois Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Tape Face 38 Comedy Mime Canterbury , New Zealand Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Sofie Dossi 15 Gymnastics Contortionist Cypress , California Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Linkin ' Bridge 36 -- 41 Singing A Cappella Group Louisville , Kentucky Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) Viktor Kee 45 Juggling Juggler Priluki , Ukraine Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Steven Brundage 25 Magic Rubik 's Cube Magician Saratoga Springs , New York Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Edgar 15 -- 36 Singing Family Band Toluca Lake , California Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Blake Vogt 27 Magic Magician Lebanon , Indiana Eliminated Calysta Bevier 16 Singing Singer Grand Rapids , Ohio Eliminated Deadly Games 32 & 34 Danger Extreme Knife Throwers Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Jayna Brown 14 Singing Singer Baltimore , Maryland Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett 10 Magic Illusionists Hollywood , California Eliminated Kadie Lynn Roberson 12 Singing Singer And Guitarist Kemp , Texas Eliminated Lori Mae Hernandez 13 Comedy Comedian Lancaster , California Eliminated Malevo 17 -- 42 Dance Malambo Group Buenos Aires , Argentina Eliminated Musicality 15 -- 18 Singing School Choir Chicago , Illinois Eliminated The Passing Zone 49 Juggling Juggling Duo Hermosa Beach , California Eliminated Hara 25 Magic Multimedia Illusionist Japan N / A Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) ThroWings 25 & 29 Acrobatics Extreme Acrobats Boston , Massachusetts N / A Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Ronee Martin 62 Singing Singer Columbia , Virginia N / A Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Alla & Daniel 8 & 32 Dance Ballroom Dance Duo Saratov , Russia N / A Eliminated Daniel Joyner 17 Singing Singer Alamo , Tennessee N / A Eliminated Dorothy Williams 90 Dance Burlesque Dancer Hilo , Hawaii N / A Eliminated FLIP 14 -- 17 Dance Dance Group Lévis , Canada N / A Eliminated Julia Scotti 63 Comedy Comedienne Whiting , New Jersey N / A Eliminated Moya Angela 32 Singing Singer Las Vegas , Nevada N / A Eliminated Outlawz 17 -- 20 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Gilbert , Arizona N / A Eliminated Ryan Stock & AmberLynn 34 Danger Sideshow Act Las Vegas , Nevada N / A Eliminated Sila Sveta 20 -- 35 Dance Videomapping Dance Duo Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Sos & Victoria 37 & 44 Magic Quick Change Duo Mannheim , Germany N / A Eliminated Vello Vaher 52 Gymnastics Contortionist Tallinn , Estonia N / A Eliminated Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly rank Weekly rank Auditions Week 1 ( Premiere ) May 31 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 11.67 Auditions Week 2 June 7 , 2016 2.3 8 10.79 Auditions Week 3 June 14 , 2016 2.6 10 11.54 5 Auditions Week 4 June 21 , 2016 2.3 9 11.73 5 Auditions Week 5 June 28 , 2016 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.21 6 Auditions Week 6 July 5 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 10 12.81 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 12 , 2016 2.4 9 11.54 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 13 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.85 9 Judge Cuts 3 July 19 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.10 10 Judge Cuts 4 July 20 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 10.78 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) July 26 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 10.47 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) July 27 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 8 9.52 3 ( tie ) 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 2 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 9 11.57 4 ( tie ) 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 3 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 7 9.39 1 ( tie ) 8 ( tie ) 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 23 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.26 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 24 , 2016 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 10.67 1 ( tie ) 2 ( tie ) 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 30 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.28 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 31 , 2016 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.0 8 10.50 19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 6 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 9 11.96 6 20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 7 , 2016 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.0 7 10.61 9 21 Finals ( Performances ) September 13 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.8 10 13.97 4 ( tie ) 22 Finale September 14 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.8 10 14.41 4 ( tie ) Specials ( edit ) Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly rank Weekly rank S1 Best of Season 11 Auditions July 6 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 7 8.48 5 S2 Quarterfinals Week 3 Recap August 24 , 2016 1.4 6 7.26 13 ( tie ) S3 Semifinals Week 1 Recap August 31 , 2016 7 6.46 16 S4 Holiday Spectacular December 19 , 2016 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 6 9.54 5 ( tie ) Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows ( edit ) The Passing Zone competed in season 1 and finished in the final . Dan Meyer competed in season 3 , but was cut in Vegas . Russian Bar Trio competed in season 3 , but had to withdraw due to injury . Donald Braswell took their place . Diane Barnard competed in season 9 , and was eliminated during auditions in both seasons . Sal Valentinetti appeared on season 14 of American Idol and was cut during Hollywood Week . Cory Kahaney competed in season 1 of Last Comic Standing and finished in the final . She also appeared in season 4 of Food Network Star and was eliminated first . Steven Brundage and Blake Vogt participated on the second season of Penn & Teller : Fool Us , where Brundage successfully fooled Penn & Teller . Pato & Ginger participated on the first season of México Tiene Talento , where they finished runners - up . José and Carrie participated on the ninth season of La France a un incroyable talent and finished as a semifinalist . Laura Bretan won the sixth season of Românii au talent . Will Jay , a contestant who was eliminated in auditions , competed in the fourth season of The Voice of China and was eliminated in the Knockouts . Brennley Brown appeared on Season 12 of The Voice and finished in the Top 6 . International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season of the show has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10.00 PM WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5.00 PM WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Judge ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AGT 2016 Vote is now closed ! Please come back Tuesday , July 26 , to cast your first vote . ' '' . Jump up ^ `` AGT '' . NBC . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reba McEntire Joins ' America 's Got Talent ' as Guest Judge '' . Jump up ^ Kaur , Jaskiran ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) Season 11 ( 2016 ) Winner revealed : Things to know about Grace VanderWaal '' . Yibada . New York City , New York ( English edition ) . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Eichel , Molly ; Rowan , Tommy ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Dorenbos takes 3rd , Grace VanderWaal wins America 's Got Talent '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 -- via Philly.com . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell is FINALLY returning to US TV as an America 's Got Talent judge with Mel B and Heidi Klum '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cannon , Nick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` I FINALLY GET A GOLDEN BUZZER ! ! ! # AGTPremiere '' . Twitter . Twitter . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mel B and Heidi Klum show some skin on the red carpet during America 's Got Talent kick off event for 11th season '' . Jump up ^ Justin Harp ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Find out when Simon Cowell makes his US TV return on America 's Got Talent '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Audition In Person : 2015 - 2016 Audition Cities '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aaron Couch ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` America 's Got Talent : Laura Bretan Stuns Judges with Opera Singing '' . People.com . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` America 's Got Talent crowns Grace VanderWaal as winner '' . CNN . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' 500 Questions ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NBA Finals , ' America 's Got Talent ' lead the week of May 30 - June 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NBA Finals down but still dominant in week of June 6 -- 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Maya & Marty ' and ' Coupled ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NBA Finals rule the week of June 13 -- 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Maya & Marty , ' ' To Tell the Truth ' and ' Coupled ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' leads the week of June 20 -- 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Zoo ' premiere adjusts down to series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Bachelorette ' top the week of June 27 - July 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up to season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent , ' Olympic trials put NBC on top for July 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' and MLB All - Star Game adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' wins the week of July 11 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ESPYs , ' Big Brother ' and ' AGT ' adjust up ; ' The Night Shift , ' ' Wayward Pines ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Hotel Hell ' adjust up , final RNC numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' finishes 1 - 2 for July 18 -- 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Whose Line ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' AGT ' and ' Bachelorette ' adjust up , ' Zoo , ' ' Coupled ' and ' Whose Line ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' remains No. 1 for July 25 -- 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' adjust up , ' Night Shift ' and ' American Gothic ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Whose Line ' and ' MADtv ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Combined broadcast / cable weekly rankings , Aug. 1 - 7 : Olympics mean smaller cable presence '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : CMA Festival , ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Night Shift ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Better Late Than Never , ' everything else unchanged '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' leads NBC to a win '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up to season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : College football , ' America 's Got Talent ' top the week of Aug. 29 - Sept. 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' The Night Shift ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NFL rules the week of Sept. 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Presidential forum , ' America 's Got Talent ' , ' Big Brother ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : Football , finales and Emmys , oh my '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother adjust up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' Wayward Pines ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2016 ) . ( tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/great-christmas-light-fight-finale-adjusts-down-monday-final-ratings/ `` ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' finale adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 28 , 2016 ) . ( tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/weekly-ratings/week-14-broadcast-top-25-and-network-rankings-dec-19-25-2016/ `` NFL and NBC dominate the week 14 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NET . on Twitter : `` Mulai malam ini , setiap Sabtu & Minggu America 's ... '' . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akhir Ceritanya Menggantung , Kesempurnaan Cinta akan Berlanjut ke Season 3 '' . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 10 ( 2015 ) America 's Got Talent Season 11 ( 2016 ) Succeeded by Season 12 ( hide ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_11)&oldid=802344164 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2016 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 15 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the winner of america's got talent last year | [
"Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner on September 14, 2016, making her the second female act and the second child act to win the show since season 1. Mentalist duo, The Clairvoyants, placed second, marking the first time that females placed in the top two positions. Magician Jon Dorenbos, the NFL Long Snapper for the Philadelphia Eagles, placed third.[6]"
] | [
"Grace VanderWaal"
] |
-2663336633637274448 | List of examples of convergent evolution | List of examples of convergent evolution - wikipedia List of examples of convergent evolution Jump to : navigation , search Convergent evolution -- the repeated evolution of similar traits in multiple lineages which all ancestrally lack the trait -- is rife in nature , as illustrated by the examples below . The ultimate cause of convergence is usually a similar evolutionary biome , as similar environments will select for similar traits in any species occupying the same ecological niche , even if those species are only distantly related . In the case of cryptic species , it can create species which are only distinguishable by analysing their genetics . Unrelated organisms often develop analogous structures by adapting to similar environments . Contents ( hide ) 1 In animals 1.1 Mammals 1.2 Prehistoric reptiles 1.3 Extant reptiles 1.4 Avian 1.5 Fish 1.6 Amphibians 1.7 Arthropods 1.8 Molluscs 1.9 Other 2 In plants 3 In fungi 4 In proteins , enzymes and biochemical pathways 4.1 Functional convergence 4.2 Structural convergence 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References In animals ( edit ) The skulls of the thylacine ( left ) and the grey wolf , Canis lupus , are similar , although the species are only very distantly related ( different infraclasses ) . The skull shape of the red fox , Vulpes vulpes , is even closer to that of the thylacine . Mammals ( edit ) Several groups of ungulates have independently reduced or lost side digits on their feet , often leaving one or two digits for walking . That name comes from their hooves , which have evolved from claws several times . Among familiar animals , horses have one walking digit and domestic bovines two on each foot . Various other land vertebrates have also reduced or lost digits . Similarly , laurasiathere perissodactyls and afrothere paenungulates have several features in common , to the point of there being no obvious distinction among basal taxa of both groups . The pronghorn of North America , while not a true antelope and only distantly related to them , closely resembles the true antelopes of the Old World , both behaviorally and morphologically . It also fills a similar ecological niche and is found in the same biomes . Members of the two clades Australosphenida and Theria evolved tribosphenic molars independently . The marsupial thylacine ( Tasmanian tiger ) had many resemblances to the placental canids . Several mammal groups have independently evolved prickly protrusions of the skin -- echidnas ( monotremes ) , the insectivorous hedgehogs , some tenrecs ( a diverse group of shrew - like Madagascan mammals ) , Old World porcupines ( rodents ) and New World porcupines ( another biological family of rodents ) . In this case , because the two groups of porcupines are closely related , they would be considered to be examples of parallel evolution ; however , neither echidnas , nor hedgehogs , nor tenrecs are close relatives of the Rodentia . In fact , the last common ancestor of all of these groups was a contemporary of the dinosaurs . The eutriconodont Spinolestes that lived in the Early Cretaceous Period represents an even earlier example of a spined mammal , unrelated to any modern mammal group . Cat - like sabre - toothed predators evolved in three distinct lineages of mammals -- sabre - toothed cats , nimravids ( `` false '' sabre - tooths ) , and Sparassodonta Thylacosmilus . Gorgonopsids and creodonts also developed long canine teeth , but with no other particular physical similarities . A number of mammals have developed powerful fore claws and long , sticky tongues that allow them to open the homes of social insects ( e.g. , ants and termites ) and consume them ( myrmecophagy ) . These include the four species of anteater , more than a dozen armadillos , eight species of pangolin ( plus fossil species ) , the African aardvark , one echidna ( an egg - laying monotreme ) , the Fruitafossor of the Late Jurassic , the marsupial numbat , the aardwolf , and possibly also the sloth bear of South Asia , all unrelated . Koalas of Australasia have evolved fingerprints , indistinguishable from those of humans . The Australian honey possums acquired a long tongue for taking nectar from flowers , a structure similar to that of butterflies , some moths , and hummingbirds , and used to accomplish the same task . Marsupial sugar glider and squirrel glider of Australia are like the placental flying squirrel . Both lineages have independently developed wing - like flaps ( patagia ) for leaping from trees , and big eyes for foraging at night . The North American kangaroo rat , Australian hopping mouse , and North African and Asian jerboa have developed convergent adaptations for hot desert environments ; these include a small rounded body shape with large hind legs and long thin tails , a characteristic bipedal hop , and nocturnal , burrowing and seed - eating behaviours . These rodent groups fill similar niches in their respective ecosystems . Opossums have evolved an opposable thumb , a feature which is also commonly found in the non-related primates . Marsupial mole has many resemblances to the placental mole . Marsupial mulgara has many resemblances to the placental mouse . Planigale has many resemblances to the deer mouse . Marsupial Tasmanian devil has many resemblances to the placental hyena . Similar skull morphology , large canines and crushing carnasial molars . Kangaroo and Wallaby ( marsupials ) have many resemblances to the Patagonian cavy ( a large rodent ) and hares ( a Lagomorpha ) . The marsupial lion had retractable claws , the same way the placental felines ( cats ) do today . Microbats , toothed whales and shrews developed sonar - like echolocation systems used for orientation , obstacle avoidance and for locating prey . Modern DNA phylogenies of bats have shown that the traditional suborder of echolocating bats ( Microchiroptera ) is not a true clade , and instead some echolocating bats are more related to non-echolocating Old World fruit bats than to other echolocating species . The implication is that echolocation in at least two lineages of bats , Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera has evolved independently or been lost in Old World fruit bats . Echolocation in bats and whales also both necessitate high frequency hearing . The protein prestin , which confers high hearing sensitivity in mammals , shows molecular convergence between the two main clades of echolocating bats , and also between bats and dolphins . Other hearing genes also show convergence between echolocating taxa . Recently the first genome - wide study of convergence was published , this study analysed 22 mammal genomes and revealed that tens of genes have undergone the same replacements in echolocating bats and ceteaceans , with many of these genes encoding proteins that function in hearing and vision . Both the aye - aye lemur and the striped possum have an elongated finger used to get invertebrates from trees . There are no woodpeckers in Madagascar or Australia where the species evolved , so the supply of invertebrates in trees was large . Castorocauda a Jurassic Period mammal and beaver both have webbed feet and a flattened tail , but are not related . Prehensile tails evolved in a number of unrelated species New World monkeys , kinkajous , porcupines , tree - anteaters , marsupial opossums , and the salamander Bolitoglossa pangolins , tree rats , skinks and chameleons . Pig form , large - headed , pig - snouted and hoofs are independent in true pigs in Eurasia , peccary and the extinct entelodonts . Tapirs and pigs look much alike , but tapirs are perissodactyls ( odd - toed ungulates ) and pigs are artiodactyls ( even - toed ungulates ) . Filter feeding : baleen whales like the humpback and blue whale ( mammals ) , the whale shark and the basking shark separately , the manta ray , the Mesozoic bony fish Leedsichthys , and the early Paleozoic anomalocaridid Aegirocassis have separately evolved ways of sifting plankton from marine waters . Platypus have what looks like a bird 's beak ( hence its scientific name Ornithorhynchus ) , but is a mammal . It was thought that somebody had sewn a duck 's beak onto the body of a beaver - like animal . Shaw even took a pair of scissors to the dried skin to check for stitches . However , it is not structurally similar to a bird beak ( or any `` true '' beak , for that matter ) , being fleshy instead of keratinous . Red blood cells in mammals lack a cell nucleus . In comparison , the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei ; the only known exceptions are salamanders of the Batrachoseps genus and fish of the Maurolicus genus . Caniforms like skunks and raccoons in North and South America and Feliforms such as mongoose and civets in Asia and Africa have both evolved to fill the nich of small to medium omnivore / insectivore on their side of the world . Some species of mongoose and civet can even spray their attacker with musk similar to the skunk and some civets have also independently evolved similar markings to the raccoon such as the African civet . River Dolphins of the three species that live exclusively in freshwater , live in different rivers : Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers of India , the Yangtze River of China , and the Amazon River . Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence analysis demonstrates the three are not related . Mangabey have three different genera of Old World monkeys . The Lophocebus and Cercocebus were once thought to be closely related , so much so that all the species were in one genus . However , it is now known that the species within genus Lophocebus are more closely related to the baboons . While the species within genus Cercocebus are more closely related to the Mandrill , yet both are alike . Sperm whale and the microscopic copepods both use the same buoyancy control system . Wombat is a marsupial has many resemblances to the Groundhog a placental Fossa looks like a large cat . Fossa have semiretractable claws . Fossa also has flexible ankles that allow it to climb up and down trees head - first , and also support jumping from tree to tree . Its classification has been controversial because its physical traits resemble those of cats , but is more closely related to the mongoose family , ( Herpestidae ) . Gliders or passive flight has developed independently in Flying squirrels , Australian marsupial , lizards , Paradise tree snake , frogs , gliding ants and flying fish and the ancient volaticotherium that lived in the Jurassic Period looked like a flying squirrel , but is not an ancestor of squirrels . Amynodontidae a North American rhinoceros , looked and behaved like a squat , aquatic , hippopotamus . Trichromatic color vision , separate blue , green and red vision , found only in a few mammals and came about independently in humans , Old World monkeys and the howler monkeys of the New World , and a few Australian marsupials ... Ruminant forestomach came about independently in : hoatzin bird and tree sloths of the Amazon , by ruminant artiodactyls ( deer , cattle ) , colobus monkeys of the Old World and some macropodidae . Adept metabolic water , acquiring water by fat combustion in xerocole desert animal and others came about independently in : camel , kangaroo rat , migratory birds must rely exclusively on metabolic water production while making non-stop flights and more . Many aquatic mammals independently came to have adaptions to live in water ; for example , Dugongs and whales have similar - looking tail flukes . Unrelated herbivores and carnivores have adapted to marine and freshwater environments . Glyptodon , a mammal , had a shell much like a tortoise or turtle . Prehistoric reptiles ( edit ) Pterosaurian pycnofibrils strongly resemble mammalian hair , but are thought to have evolved independently . Ornithischian ( bird - hipped ) dinosaurs had a pelvis shape similar to that of birds , or avian dinosaurs , which evolved from saurischian ( lizard - hipped ) dinosaurs . The Heterodontosauridae evolved a tibiotarsus which is also found in modern birds . These groups are n't closely related . Ankylosaurs and glyptodont mammals both had spiked tails . The sauropods and giraffes independently evolved long necks . The horned snouts of ceratopsian dinosaurs like Triceratops have also evolved several times in Cenozoic mammals : rhinos , brontotheres , Arsinoitherium , and Uintatherium . Billed snouts on the duck - billed dinosaurs hadrosaurs strikingly convergent with ducks and duck - billed platypus . Ichthyosaurs a marine reptile of the Mesozoic era looked strikingly like dolphins . Beaks are independent in ceratopsian dinosaurs like Triceratops , birds , turtles , and cephalopods like squid and octopus . The Pelycosauria and the Ctenosauriscidae bore striking resemblance to each other because they both had a sail - like fin on their back . The pelycosaurs are more closely related to mammals while the ctenosauriscids are closely related to pterosaurs and dinosaurs . Also , the spinosaurids had sail - like fins on their backs , when they were not closely related to either . Also , Acrocanthosaurus and Ouranosaurus , which are not closely related to either pelycosaurs , ctenosauriscids or spinosaurids , also had similar , but thicker , spines on their vertebrae , and thus have humps , like the unrelated , mammalian camels and bison . Noasaurus , Baryonyx , and Megaraptor , all unrelated , all had an enlarged hand claw that were originally thought to be placed on the foot , as in dromaeosaurs . A similarly modified claw ( or in this case , finger ) is on the hand of Iguanodon . The Ornithopods had feet and beaks that resembled that of birds , but are only distantly related . Three groups of dinosaurs , the Tyrannosauridae , Ornithomimosauria , and the Troodontidae , all evolved an arctometatarsus , independently . Some Placodonts ( like Cyamodus , Psephoderma , Henodus and especially Placochelys ) bear striking resemblance to sea turtles ( and turtles in general ) in terms of size , shell , beak , mostly toothless jaws , paddle - shaped limbs and possibly other adaptations for aquatic lifestyle . Hesperornithes Cretaceous reptiles were just like modern diving ducks ; loon and grebes . Hesperornithes had the same lobed feet like grebes , with the hind legs very far back , that most likely they could not walk on land . Henodus chelyops ( Late Triassic ) , a placodont Proganochelys quenstedti ( Late Triassic ) , a turtle Extant reptiles ( edit ) The thorny devil ( Moloch horridus ) is similar in diet and activity patterns to the Texas horned lizard ( Phrynosoma cornutum ) , although the two are not particularly closely related . Modern crocodilians resemble prehistoric phytosaurs , champsosaurs , certain labyrinthodont amphibians , and perhaps even the early whale Ambulocetus . The resemblance between the crocodilians and phytosaurs in particular is quite striking ; even to the point of having evolved the graduation between narrow - and broad - snouted forms , due to differences in diet between particular species in both groups . The body shape of the prehistoric fish - like reptile Ophthalmosaurus was similar to those of other ichthyosaurians , dolphins ( aquatic mammals ) , and tuna ( scombrid fish ) . Death adders strongly resemble true vipers , but are elapids . The glass snake is actually a lizard but is mistaken as a snake . Large tegu lizards of South America have converged in form and ecology with monitor lizards , which are not present in the Americas . Legless lizards such as Pygopodidae are snake - like lizards that are much like true snakes . Anolis lizards , with populations on isolated islands , are one of the best examples of both adaptive radiation and convergent evolution . Tuataras resemble lizards but in fact are in an order of their own , the Rhynchocephalia . The tuatara has the sockets behind the eyes and has jagged extensions of the jaws instead of teeth . Asian sea snake , Enhydrina schistosa ( beaked sea snake ) look just like the Australian sea snake Enhydrina zweifeli , but in fact are not related . Emerald tree boa and the green tree python are two different species from two different genera , yet are very much alike . Avian ( edit ) Ostriches are large ratites specialised to cursoriality , having lost the first and second toes . Eogruids were crane relatives that also specialised for cursoriality in the same way , showing a reduction in the second toe 's trochea , culminating in its disappearance in more derived taxa . The little auk of the north Atlantic ( Charadriiformes ) and the diving - petrels of the southern oceans ( Procellariiformes ) are remarkably similar in appearance and habits . The Eurasian magpie is a corvid , the Australian magpie is not . Penguins in the Southern Hemisphere evolved similarly to flightless wing - propelled diving auks in the Northern Hemisphere : the Atlantic great auk and the Pacific mancallines . Vultures are a result of convergent evolution : both Old World vultures and New World vultures eat carrion , but Old World vultures are in the eagle and hawk family ( Accipitridae ) and use mainly eyesight for discovering food ; the New World vultures are of obscure ancestry , and some use the sense of smell as well as sight in hunting . Birds of both families are very big , search for food by soaring , circle over sighted carrion , flock in trees , and have unfeathered heads and necks . Nubian vulture , an Old World vulture Turkey vulture , a New World vulture Hummingbird , a New World bird , with a sunbird , an Old World bird Comparison of an ostrich and the eogruid Ergilornis ( to scale ) , combined with the closest living relatives , a tinamou and a trumpeter respectively ( not to scale ) . Hummingbirds resemble sunbirds . The former live in the Americas and belong to an order or superorder including the swifts , while the latter live in Africa and Asia and are a family in the order Passeriformes . Also the nectar - feeding Hawaiian honeycreepers resemble the two and differs from other honeycreeper . In an odd cross-phyla example , an insect , the hummingbird hawk - moth ( Macroglossum stellatarum ) , also feeds by hovering in front of flowers and drinking their nectar in the same way as the above - mentioned birds . Flightlessness has evolved in many different birds independently . However , taking this to a greater extreme , the terror birds , Gastornithiformes and dromornithids ( ironically all extinct ) all evolved the similar body shape ( flightlessness , long legs , long necks , big heads ) , yet none of them were closely related . They also share the trait of being giant , flightless birds with vestigial wings , long legs , and long necks with the ratites , although they are not related . Certain longclaws ( Macronyx ) and meadowlarks ( Sturnella ) have essentially the same striking plumage pattern . The former inhabit Africa and the latter the Americas , and they belong to different lineages of Passerida . While they are ecologically quite similar , no satisfying explanation exists for the convergent plumage ; it is best explained by sheer chance . Resemblances between swifts and swallows is due to convergent evolution . The chimney swift was originally identified as chimney swallow ( Hirundo pelagica ) by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 , before being moved to the swift genus Chaetura by James Francis Stephens in 1825 . Downy woodpecker and hairy woodpecker look almost the same , as do some ' Chrysocolaptes and Dinopium flamebacks , the smoky - brown woodpecker and some Veniliornis species , and other Veniliornis species and certain `` Picoides '' and Piculus . In neither case are the similar species particularly close relatives . Many birds of Australia , like wrens and robins , look like northern hemisphere birds but are not related . Oilbird like microbats and toothed whales developed sonar - like echolocation systems used for locating prey . The brain structure , forebrain , of hummingbirds , songbirds , and parrots responsible for vocal learning ( not by instinct ) is very similar . These types of birds are not closely related . Seriemas and Secretary Birds very closely resemble the ancient dromaeosaurid and troodontid dinosaurs . Both have evolved a retractable sickle - shaped claw on the second toe of each foot , both have feathers , and both are very similar in their overall physical appearance and lifestyle . Migrating birds like , Swainson 's thrushes can have half the brain sleep with the other half awake . Dolphins , whales , Amazonian manatee and pinnipeds can do the same . Called Unihemispheric slow - wave sleep . Brood parasitism , laying eggs in the nests of birds of other species , happens in types of birds that are not closely related . Fish ( edit ) Fish that swim by using an elongated fin along the dorsum , ventrum , or in pairs on their lateral margins ( such as Oarfish , Knifefish , Cephalopods ) have all come to the same ratio of amplitude to wavelength of fin undulation to maximize speed , 20 : 1 . Mudskippers exhibit a number of adaptations to semi-terrestrial lifestyle which are also usually attributed to Tiktaalik : breathing surface air , having eyes positioned on top of the head , propping up and moving on land using strong fins . Tiktaalik roseae - artistic interpretation . Neil Shubin , suggests the animal could prop up on its fins to venture onto land , though many palaeonthologists reject this idea as outdated Boleophthalmus boddarti - a mudskipper which is believed to share some features with extinct fishapods in terms of adaptations to terrestrial habitats A group of mudskippers coming ashore - they use pectoral fins to prop up and move on land . Some scientists believe Tiktaalik to have acted likewise Goby dorsal finned like the lumpsuckers , yet they are not related . The Rhenanids became extinct over 200 million years before the first stingrays evolved , yet they share quite a similar appearance . Sandlance fish and chameleons have independent eye movements and focusing by use of the cornea . Acanthurids and mbuna are both aggressive , brightly colored fish that feed principally on aufwuchs , although the former is found only in marine environments , while the latter is only found in freshwater Lake Malawi . Cichlids of South America and the `` sunfish '' of North America are strikingly similar in morphology , ecology and behavior . The peacock bass and largemouth bass are excellent examples . The two fishes are not related , yet are very similar . Peacock bass are native of South America and is a Cichla . While largemouth bass are native to Southern USA states and is a sunfish . others will surely be described ( but see the results based on DNA data ) . The antifreeze protein of fish in the arctic and Antarctic , came about independently . AFGPs evolved separately in notothenioids and northern cod . In notothenioids , the AFGP gene arose from an ancestral trypsinogen - like serine protease gene . Electric fish : electric organs and electrosensory systems evolved independently in South American Gymnotiformes and African Mormyridae . Eel form are independent in the North American brook lamprey , neotropical eels , and the African spiny eel . Stickleback fish , there is widespread convergent evolution in sticklebacks . Flying fish can fly up to 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) at speeds of more than 70 kilometres per hour ( 43 mph ) at a maximum altitude of more than 6 m ( 20 ft ) , much like other flying birds , bats and other gliders . Extinct fish of the family Thoracopteridae , like Thoracopterus or Potanichthys , were similar to modern flying fish ( gliding ability thanks to enlarged pair of pectoral fins and a deeply forked tail fin ) which is not , however , considered to be their descendant . The Cleaner Wrasse Labroides dimidiatus of the Indian Ocean is a small , longitudinally - striped black and bright blue cleaner fish , just like the Cleaner Goby Elacatinus evelynae of the Western Atlantic . The fish of the discredited genus Stylophthalmus , which are in fact only distantly related , but their larvae of s Stomiiformes and Myctophiformes have all developed stalked eyes . ( see : Stylophthalmine trait ) Sawfish , a ray and unrelated Sawshark have sharp transverse teeth for hunting . Underwater camouflage is found independently in many fish like : leafy seadragon ( large part of its body is just for camouflage , pygmy seahorse , leaf scorpionfish , flounder , peacock flounder . Some have active camouflage that changes with need . Distraction eye , many fish have spot on the tail to fool prey . Prey are not sure which is the front , the direction of travel . Cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus servicing a Bigeye squirrelfish Caribbean cleaning goby Elacatinus evelynae Amphibians ( edit ) Plethodontid salamanders and chameleons have evolved a harpoon - like tongue to catch insects . The Neotropical poison dart frog and the Mantella of Madagascar have independently developed similar mechanisms for obtaining alkaloids from a diet of mites and storing the toxic chemicals in skin glands . They have also independently evolved similar bright skin colors that warn predators of their toxicity ( by the opposite of crypsis , namely aposematism ) . Caecilians are lissamphibians that secondarily lost their limbs , superficially resembling snakes and Legless lizards . Oldest known tetrapods ( semi-aquatic Ichthyostegalia ) resembled giant salamanders ( body plan , lifestyle ) , though they are considered to be only distantly related . Lungless salamanders are found in two genus , not related , one set in Lineatriton and one set in Oedipina . Elginerpeton pacheni , the oldest known tetrapod Andrias japonicus , a giant salamander which resembles first tetrapods Ambystoma mexicanum , an extant species , is difficult to tell apart from Permian Branchiosaurus Branchiosaurus , a Permian genus Mexican salamander ( axolotl ) , extant Arthropods ( edit ) Pill bugs look like pill millipedes , but are actually wood lice that have converged on the same defenses , until they are difficult to tell apart Assassin spiders comprise two lineages that evolved independently . They have very long necks and fangs proportionately larger than those of any other spider , and they hunt other spiders by snagging them from a distance . The smelling organs of the terrestrial coconut crab are similar to those of insects . Pill bugs and pill millipedes have evolved not only identical defenses , but are even difficult tell apart at a glance . There is also a large ocean version the Giant isopod . Silk : Spiders , silk moths , larval caddis flies , and the weaver ant all produce silken threads . The praying mantis body type -- raptorial forelimb , prehensile neck , and extraordinary snatching speed - has evolved not only in mantid insects but also independently in neuropteran insects Mantispidae . Gripping limb ends have evolved separately in scorpions and in some decapod crustaceans , like lobsters and crabs . These chelae or claws have a similar architecture : the next - to - last segment grows a projection that fits against the last segment . Agriculture : Some kinds of ants , termites , and ambrosia beetles have for a long time cultivated and tend fungi for food . These insects sow , fertilize , and weed their crops . A damselfish also takes care of red algae carpets on its piece of reef ; the damselfish actively weeds out invading species of algae by nipping out the newcomer . Slave - making behavior has evolved several times independently in the ant subfamilies Myrmicinae and Formicinae , and more than ten times in total in ants . Proleg a fleshy leg on many larval of insects is found in all the orders in which they appear , formed independently of each order by convergent evolution . Parasitoid use of viruses , parasitoid wasps lay their eggs inside host caterpillars , to keep the caterpillar 's immune system from killing the egg , a viruses is also `` laid '' with the eggs . Two unrelated wasps use this trick . Short - lived breeders , species that are in the juvenile phase for most of their lives . The adult lives are so short most do not have working mouth parts . Unrelated species : cicada , mayflies , some flies , dragonfly , silk moths , and some other moths . Katydids and frogs both make loud sounds with a sound - producing organs to attract females for mating . Camouflage of two kinds : twig - like camouflage independently in walking sticks and the larvae of some butterflies and moths ; leaf camouflage is found independently in some praying mantids and winged moths . Dipteran flies and Strepsiptera insects independently came up with whirling drumsticks halteres that are used like gyroscopes in flight . Molluscs ( edit ) Bivalves and the gastropods in the family Juliidae have very similar shells . There are limpet - like forms in several lines of gastropods : `` true '' limpets , pulmonate siphonariid limpets and several lineages of pulmonate freshwater limpets . Cephalopod ( like in octopuses & squid ) and vertebrate eyes are both lens - camera eyes with much overall similarity , yet are very unrelated species . A closer examination reveals some differences like : embryonic development , extraocular muscles , how many lens parts , etc. to mice to fruit flies . Swim bladders : Buoyant bladders independently evolved in fishes , the tuberculate pelagic octopus , and siphonophores such as the Portuguese man o ' war . Bivalves and brachiopods independently evolved paired hinged shells for protection . However , the anatomy of their soft parts is very dissimilar , which is why molluscs and brachiopods are put into different phyla . Jet propulsion in squids and in scallops : these two groups of mollusks have very different ways of squeezing water through their bodies in order to power rapid movement through a fluid . ( Dragonfly larvae in the aquatic stage also use an anal jet to propel them , and jellyfish have used jet propulsion for a very long time . ) . Sea hares ( gastropod molluscs ) employ a similar means of jet propulsion , but without the sophisticated neurological machinery of cephalopods they navigate somewhat more clumsily . tunicates ( such as salps ) , and some jellyfish also employ jet propulsion . The most efficient jet - propelled organisms are the salps , which use an order of magnitude less energy ( per kilogram per metre ) than squid . Other ( edit ) The notochords in chordates are like the stomochords in hemichordates . Elvis taxon in the fossil record developed a similar morphology through convergent evolution . Venomous sting : To inject poison with a hypodermic needle , a sharppointed tube , has shown up independently 10 + times : jellyfish , spiders , scorpions , centipedes , various insects , cone shell , snakes , some Catfish , stingrays , stonefish , the male duckbill platypus , Siphonophorae and stinging nettles plant . Bioluminescence : A symbiotic partnerships with light - emitting bacteria developed many times independently in deep - sea fish , jellyfish , fireflies , rhagophthalmidae & Pyrophorus beetles , pyrosome , Mycena & Omphalotus nidiformis mushrooms , Vargula hilgendorfii , Quantula striata snail , Googly - Eyed Glass Squid , Stiptic fungus , Noctiluca scintillans , Pyrocystis fusiformis , Vargulin , Sea pen , Ostracod , Siphonophorae and glow worms . Parthenogenesis : Some lizards and insects have independent the capacity for females to produce live young from un fertilized eggs . Some species are entirely female . Extremely halophile archaeal family Halobacteriaceae and the extremely halophilic bacterium Salinibacter ruber both can live in high salt environment . In the evolution of sexual reproduction and origin of the sex chromosome : Mammals , females have two copies of the X chromosome ( XX ) and males have one copy of the X and one copy of the Y chromosome ( XY ) . In birds it is the opposite , with males have two copies of the Z chromosome ( ZZ ) and females have one copy of the Z and one copy of the W chromosome ( ZW ) . Multicellular organisms arose independently in brown algae ( seaweed and kelp ) , plants , and animals . Origins of teeth have happened at least two times . Winged flight is found in unrelated species : birds , bats ( mammal ) , insects , Pterosaur and Pterodactylus ( reptiles ) . Flying fish do not fly , but are very good at Glided flight . Hummingbird , Dragonfly and Hummingbird hawk - moth can hover and fly backwards . Neuroglobins are found in vertebrate neurons , ( deuterostomes ) , and are found in the neurons of unrelated protostomes , like photosynthesis acoel and jelly fish . Siphonophorae and Praya dubia resemble and act like jellyfish , but are Hydrozoa , a colony of specialized minute individuals called zooids . Salp , a Chordata , also is very much like jellyfish , yet completely different . Eusociality colonies in which only one female ( queen ) is reproductive and all other are divided into a castes system , all work together in a coordinate system . This system is used in many unrelated animals : ants , bees , and wasps , termites , naked mole - rat , Damaraland mole - rat , Synalpheus regalis shrimp , certain beetles , some gall thrips and some aphids . Oxygenate blood came about in unrelated animals groups : vertebrates use iron ( hemoglobin ) and crustaceans and many mollusks use copper ( hemocyanin ) . Biomineralization the secrete protective shells or carapaces made out of organically made hard materials like mineral carbonates and organic chitins came about in unrelated species all at the same time during the cambrian Explosion in : mollusks , brachiopods , arthropods , bryozoans , echinoderms , tube worms . Reef builders , a number of unrelated species of sea life build rocky like reefs : some types of bacteria make stromatolites , various sponges build skeletons of calcium carbonate , like : Archaeocyath sponges , and stromatoporoid sponges , corals , some anthozoan cnidarians , bryozoans , calcareous algae and some bivalves ( rudist bivalves ) . Magnetite for orientation , magnetically charged particles of magnetite for directional sensing have been found in unrelated species of salmon , rainbow trout , some butterflies and birds . Hydrothermal vent adaptations like the use of bacteria housed in body flesh or in special organs , to the point they no long have mouth parts , have been found in unrelated hydrothermal vent species of mollusks and tube worms ( like the giant tube worm . Lichens are a partnerships of fungi and algae . Each `` species '' of lichen is make of different fungi and algae species , thus each has to come about independently . Parental care came about independently in : mammals , most birds , some insects , some fish and crocodilians . Regeneration , many different unrelated species can grow new limbs , tail or other body parts , if body parts are lost . The Statocyst is a balance sensory receptor independently found in different organisms like : some aquatic invertebrates , including bivalves , cnidarians , echinoderms , cephalopods , and crustaceans . Also found in single - cell ciliate . A similar structure is also found in Xenoturbella . Hearing came about in many different unrelated species with the : Tympanal organ , Johnston 's organ and mammals / bird ears . Also the simpler hearing found in reptiles , with only the stapes bone . Infrared vision is in many different unrelated species : Pit viper snakes ( rattlesnakes ) , pythons , vampire bats , and wood - boring wasps and fire beetles . In plants ( edit ) Leaves have evolved multiple times - see Evolutionary history of plants . They have evolved not only in land plants , but also in various algae , like kelp . Prickles , thorns and spines are all modified plant tissues that have evolved to prevent or limit herbivory , these structures have evolved independently a number of times . Stimulant toxins : Plants which are only distantly related to each other , such as coffee and tea , produce caffeine to deter predators . The aerial rootlets found in ivy ( Hedera ) are similar to those of the climbing hydrangea ( Hydrangea petiolaris ) and some other vines . These rootlets are not derived from a common ancestor but have the same function of clinging to whatever support is available . Flowering plants ( Delphinium , Aerangis , Tropaeolum and others ) from different regions form tube - like spurs that contain nectar . This is why insects from one place sometimes can feed on plants from another place that have a structure like the flower , which is the traditional source of food for the animal . Some dicots ( Anemone ) and monocots ( Trillium ) in inhospitable environments are able to form underground organs such as corms , bulbs and rhizomes for reserving of nutrition and water until the conditions become better . Carnivorous plants : Nitrogen - deficient plants have in at least 7 distinct times become carnivorous , like : flypaper traps such as sundews and butterworts , spring traps - Venus fly trap , and pitcher traps in order to capture and digest insects to obtain scarce nitrogen . Pitcher plants : The pitcher trap evolved independently in three eudicot lineages and one monocot lineage . Similar - looking rosette succulents have arisen separately among plants in the families Asphodelaceae ( formerly Liliaceae ) and Crassulaceae . The orchids , the Birthwort family and Stylidiaceae have evolved independently the specific organ known as gynostemium , more popular as column . The Euphorbia of deserts in Africa and southern Asia , and the Cactaceae of the New World deserts have similar modifications ( see picture below for one of many possible examples ) . Sunflower : some types of sunflower and Pericallis are due to convergent evolution . Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) , a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in multiple plants as an adaptation to arid conditions . C4 photosynthesis is estimated to have evolved over 60 times within plants , via multiple different sequences of evolutionary events . C4 plants use a different metabolic pathway to capture carbon dioxide but also have differences in leaf anatomy and cell biology compared to most other plants . Trunk , a single woody stem came about in unrelated plants : paleozoic tree forms of club mosses , horsetails , and seed plants . The marine animals sea lily crinoid , looks like a terrestrial palm tree . Palm trees form are in unrelated plants : cycads ( from Jurassic period ) and older tree ferns . Flower petals came about independently in a number of different plant lineages . Bilateral flowers , with distinct up - down orientation , came about independently in a number of different plants like : violets , orchids and peas . United petals , petals that unite into a single bell shape came about independently in blueberries , Ericaceae and other plants . Hummingbird flowers are scentless tubular flowers that have independently came about in at least four plant families . They attract nectar - feeding birds like : hummingbirds , honey eaters , sunbirds . Remote Hawaii also has Hummingbird flowers . Carrion flower type flowers that smell like rotting meat have independently came about in : pawpaw ( family Annonaceae ) , the giant Indonesian parasitic flower Rafflesia , and African milkweed ( Stapelia gigantea ) . Fruit that develops underground , after the upper part is pollinated the flower stalk elongates , arches downward and pushes into the ground , this has independently came about in : peanut , legume , Florida 's endangered burrowing four o'clock and Africa 's Cucumis humifructus . Plant fruit the fleshy nutritious part of plants that animal dispense by eating independently came about in flowering plants and in some gymnosperms like : ginkgo and cycads . Water transport systems , like vascular plant systems , with water conducting vessels , independently came about in horsetails , club mosses , ferns , and gymnosperms . Wind pollination independently came about in Pine trees , grasses , and wind pollinated flower . Wind dispersal of seeds independently came about in dandelions , milkweed , cottonwood trees , and others tufted seeds like , impatiens sivarajanii , all adapted for wind dispersal . Hallucinogenic toxins independently came about in : peyotecactus , Ayahuasca vine , some fungi like psilocybin mushroom . Plant toxins independently came about in : Solauricine , Daphnin , Tinyatoxin , Ledol , Protoanemonin , Lotaustralin , Chaconine , Persin and more . Venus flytrap sea anemone is an Animalia and Venus flytrap plant . Both look and act the same . Euphorbia obesa Astrophytum asterias In fungi ( edit ) There are a variety of saprophytic and parasitic organisms that have evolved the habit of growing into their substrates as thin strands for extracellular digestion . This is most typical of the `` true '' fungi , but it has also evolved in Actinobacteria ( bacteria ) , oomycetes ( which are part of the stramenopile grouping , as are kelp ) , parasitic plants , and rhizocephalans ( parasitic barnacles ) . There are three types of slime molds . Slime molds are close to fungi , but are now not classed as fungi . The three types of slime mold are not related to each other : Plasmodial slime molds , cellular slime molds and slime nets called labyrinthulomycota . Specialized osmotrophy are found in unrelated fungi and animals . In proteins , enzymes and biochemical pathways ( edit ) Functional convergence ( edit ) Evolutionary convergence of serine and cysteine protease towards the same catalytic triads organisation of acid - base - nucleophile in different protease superfamilies . Shown are the triads of subtilisin , prolyl oligopeptidase , TEV protease , and papain . Evolutionary convergence of threonine proteases towards the same N - terminal active site organisation . Shown are the catalytic threonine of the proteasome and ornithine acetyltransferase . Here is a list of examples in which unrelated proteins have similar functions with different structure . The convergent orientation of the catalytic triad in the active site of serine and cysteine proteases independently in over 20 enzyme superfamilies . The use of an N - terminal threonine for proteolysis . The existence of distinct families of carbonic anhydrase is believed to illustrate convergent evolution . The use of ( Z ) - 7 - dodecen - 1 - yl acetate as a sex pheromone by the Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ) and by more than 100 species of Lepidoptera . The biosynthesis of plant hormones such as gibberellin and abscisic acid by different biochemical pathways in plants and fungi . The protein prestin that drives the cochlea amplifier and confers high auditory sensitivity in mammals , shows numerous convergent amino acid replacements in bats and dolphins , both of which have independently evolved high frequency hearing for echolocation . This same signature of convergence has also been found in other genes expressed in the mammalian cochlea The repeated independent evolution of nylonase in two different strains of Flavobacterium and one strain of Pseudomonas . The myoglobin from the abalone Sulculus diversicolor has a different structure from normal myoglobin but serves a similar function -- binding oxygen reversibly . `` The molecular weight of Sulculus myoglobin is 41kD , 2.5 times larger than other myoglobins . '' Moreover , its amino acid sequence has no homology with other invertebrate myoglobins or with hemoglobins , but is 35 % homologous with human indoleamine dioxygenase ( IDO ) , a vertebrate tryptophan - degrading enzyme . Interestingly , it does not share similar function with IDO . `` The IDO - like myoglobin is unexpectedly widely distributed among gastropodic molluscs , such as Sulculus , Nordotis , Battilus , Omphalius and Chlorostoma . '' The hemocyanin from arthropods and molluscs evolved from different ancestors , tyrosinase and insect storage proteins , respectively . They have different molecular weight and structure . However , the proteins both use copper binding sites to transport oxygen . The hexokinase , ribokinase , and galactokinase families of sugar kinases have similar enzymatic functions of sugar phosphorylation , but they evolved from three distinct nonhomologous families since they all have distinct three - dimensional folding and their conserved sequence patterns are strikingly different . Hemoglobins in jawed vertebrates and jawless fish evolved independently . The oxygen - binding hemoglobins of jawless fish evolved from an ancestor of cytoglobin which has no oxygen transport function and is expressed in fibroblast cells . Toxic agent , serine protease BLTX , in the venom produced by two distinct species , the North American short - tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda and the Mexican beaded lizard , undergo convergent evolution . Although their structures are similar , it turns out that they increased the enzyme activity and toxicity through different way of structure changes . These changes are not found in the other non-venomous reptiles or mammals . Another toxin BgK , a K+ channel - blocking toxin from the sea anemone Bunodosoma granulifera and scorpions adopt distinct scaffolds and unrelated structures , however , they have similar functions . Antifreeze proteins are a perfect example of convergent evolution . Different small proteins with a flat surface which is rich in threonine from different organisms are selected to bind to the surface of ice crystals . `` These include two proteins from fish , the ocean pout and the winter flounder , and three very active proteins from insects , the yellow mealworm beetle , the spruce budworm moth , and the snow flea . '' RNA - binding proteins which contain RNA - binding domain ( RBD ) and the cold - shock domain ( CSD ) protein family are also an interesting example of convergent evolution . Except that they both have conserved RNP motifs , other protein sequence are totally different . However , they have a similar function . Blue - light - receptive cryptochrome expressed in the sponge eyes likely evolved convergently in the absence of opsins and nervous systems . The fully sequenced genome of Amphimedon queenslandica , a demosponge larvae , lacks one vital visual component : opsin - a gene for a light - sensitive opsin pigment which is essential for vision in other animals . The structure of immunoglobulin G - binding bacterial proteins A and H do not contain any sequences homologous to the constant repeats of IgG antibodies , but they have similar functions . Both protein G , A , H are inhibited in the interactions with IgG antibodies ( IgGFc ) by a synthetic peptide corresponding to an 11 - amino - acid - long sequence in the COOH - terminal region of the repeats . Structural convergence ( edit ) Here is a list of examples in which unrelated proteins have similar tertiary structures but different functions . Whole protein structural convergence is not thought to occur but some convergence of pockets and secondary structural elements have been documented . Some secondary structure convergence occurs due to some residues favouring being in α - helix ( helical propensity ) and for hydrophobic patches or pocket to be formed at the ends of the parallel sheets . ABAC is a database of convergently evolved protein interaction interfaces . Examples comprise fibronectin / long chain cytokines , NEF / SH2 , cyclophilin / capsid proteins . See also ( edit ) Ecology portal McGhee , G.R. ( 2011 ) Convergent Evolution : Limited Forms Most Beautiful . Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology : Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press , Cambridge ( MA ) . 322 pp . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Biomineralization is a process generally concomitant to biodegradation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L Werdelin ( 1986 ) . `` Comparison of Skull Shape in Marsupial and Placental Carnivores '' . Australian Journal of Zoology. 34 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 117 . doi : 10.1071 / ZO9860109 . Jump up ^ The phylogeny of the ungulates - Donald Prothero Jump up ^ Gheerbrant , Emmanuel ; Filippo , Andrea ; Schmitt , Arnaud ( 2016 ) . `` Convergence of Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate - Like Mammals : First Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco '' . PLoS ONE . 11 ( 7 ) : e0157556 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157556 . PMC 4934866 . PMID 27384169 . Jump up ^ tcnj.edu , ANTELOPE Vs. PRONGHORN Jump up ^ Luo , Zhe - Xi ; Cifelli , Richard L. ; Kielan - Jaworowska , Zofia ( 2001 ) . `` Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals '' . Nature . 409 ( 6816 ) : 53 -- 57 . doi : 10.1038 / 35051023 . PMID 11343108 . Jump up ^ The Curious Evolutionary History of the ' Marsupial Wolf ' by Kyle Taitt Jump up ^ An Introduction to Zoology , Page 102 , by Joseph Springer , Dennis Holley , 2012 Jump up ^ Convergent Evolution : Limited Forms Most Beautiful , page 158 , by George R. McGhee , 2011 Jump up ^ When Nature Discovers The Same Design Over and Over , By NATALIE ANGIER , Published : December 15 , 1998 Jump up ^ BBC , Koalas ' Fingerprints Jump up ^ Convergent EVOLUTION : `` Are Dolphins and Bats more related than we think ? '' by Cariosa Switzer , October 16 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Analogy : Squirrels and Sugar Gliders '' . Understanding Evolution . The University of California Museum of Paleontology . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ / jerboa. html desertusa.com , The Jerboa , by Jay Sharp Jump up ^ johnabbott.qc.ca , COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATE SKELETA Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare , page 137 , D.S. Mills and Jeremy N. 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2089331737285700449 | The Song of Roland | The Song of Roland - wikipedia The Song of Roland For the 1978 film starring Klaus Kinski , see The Song of Roland ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The eight phases of The Song of Roland in one picture . The Song of Roland ( French : La Chanson de Roland ) is an epic poem ( Chanson de geste ) based on the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778 , during the reign of Charlemagne . It is the oldest surviving major work of French literature and exists in various manuscript versions , which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in the 12th to 14th centuries . The date of composition is put in the period between 1040 and 1115 : an early version beginning around 1040 with additions and alterations made up until about 1115 . The final text has about 4,000 lines of poetry . The epic poem is the first and , along with The Poem of the Cid , one of the most outstanding examples of the chanson de geste , a literary form that flourished between the 11th and 15th centuries and celebrated legendary deeds . Contents 1 Manuscripts and dating 1.1 AOI 2 Critical opinions 2.1 Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions 3 Plot 4 Form 5 Characters 5.1 Principal characters 5.2 Secondary characters 6 Durandal 7 Historical adaptations 8 Modern adaptations 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Manuscripts and dating ( edit ) Bodleian Library , MS Digby 23 , Part 2 Set in the Carolingian era , it was written much later . There is a single extant manuscript of the Song of Roland in Old French , held at the Bodleian Library at Oxford . This copy dates between 1129 and 1165 and was written in Anglo - Norman . There are also eight further manuscripts , and three fragments , of other poems on the subject of Roland . Some scholars estimate that the poem was written , possibly by a poet named Turold ( Turoldus in the manuscript itself ) , between approximately 1040 and 1115 , and most of the alterations were performed by about 1098 . Some favor an earlier dating , because it allows one to say that the poem was inspired by the Castilian campaigns of the 1030s , and that the poem went on to be a major influence in the First Crusade . Those who prefer a later dating do so based upon what they interpret as brief references made in the poem to events of the First Crusade . In the poem , the term d'oltre mer or l'oltremarin comes up three times in reference to named Muslims who came from oltre mer to fight in Spain and France . Oltre mer , modern French Outremer , literally `` oversea , beyond sea , other side of the sea '' , is a native French term from the classical Latin roots ultra = `` beyond '' and mare = `` sea '' . The name was commonly used by the Crusaders to refer to Palestine . The occurrence of this term in the poem can not be interpreted as showing influence from the Crusades in the poem ; on the contrary , the way it is used in the poem , in which it is simply a Muslim land , indicates that the author of the poem was unacquainted with the Crusades , and that the term was in French before the Crusades began meaning the far side of the Mediterranean Sea . The bulk of the poem is adjudged to date from before the Crusades ( which started in 1098 ) , but there are a few items where questions remain about these items being late additions shortly after the Crusades started . After two manuscripts were found in 1832 and 1835 , the Song of Roland became recognized as France 's national epic when an edition was published in 1837 . AOI ( edit ) Detail of manuscript showing `` AOI '' Certain lines of the Oxford manuscript end with the letters `` AOI '' . The meaning of this word or annotation is unclear . Scholars have hypothesized that the marking may have played a role in public performances of the text , such as indicating a place where a jongleur would change the tempo . Critical opinions ( edit ) Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions ( edit ) Scholarly consensus has long accepted that the Song of Roland differed in its presentation depending on oral or textual transmission ; namely , although a number of different versions of the song containing varying material and episodes would have been performed orally , the transmission to manuscript resulted in greater cohesiveness across versions . Early editors of the Song of Roland , informed in part by patriotic desires to produce a distinctly French epic , could thus overstate the textual cohesiveness of the Roland tradition . This point is expressed by Andrew Taylor , who notes , `` ( T ) he Roland song was , if not invented , at the very least constructed . By supplying it with an appropriate epic title , isolating it from its original codicological context , and providing a general history of minstrel performance in which its pure origin could be located , the early editors presented a 4,002 line poem as sung French epic '' . Plot ( edit ) The death of Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux , from an illuminated manuscript c. 1455 -- 1460 . Charlemagne 's army is fighting the Muslims in Spain . They have been there for seven years , and the last city standing is Saragossa , held by the Muslim King Marsile . Threatened by the might of Charlemagne 's army of Franks , Marsile seeks advice from his wise man , Blancandrin , who councils him to conciliate the Emperor , offering to surrender and giving hostages . Accordingly , Marsile sends out messengers to Charlemagne , promising treasure and Marsile 's conversion to Christianity if the Franks will go back to France . Charlemagne and his men , tired of fighting , accept his peace offer and select a messenger to Marsile 's court . The protagonist Roland , Charlemagne 's nephew , nominates his stepfather Ganelon as messenger . Ganelon , who fears to be murdered by the enemy and accuses Roland of intending this , takes revenge by informing the Saracens of a way to ambush the rear guard of Charlemagne 's army , led by Roland , as the Franks re-enter France through the mountain passes . As Ganelon predicted , Roland leads the rear guard , with the wise and moderate Oliver and the fierce Archbishop Turpin . The Muslims ambush them at Roncesvalles and the Christians are overwhelmed . Oliver pleads with Roland to blow his horn to call for help , but Roland tells him that blowing his horn in the middle of the battle would be an act of cowardice . If Roland continues to refuse , Oliver will not let Roland see his sister again whom Roland loves the most . However , Archbishop Turpin intervenes and tells them that the battle will be fatal for all of them and so instructs Roland to blow his horn oliphant ( the word is an old alternative to `` elephant '' , and was used to refer to a hunting horn made from an elephant tusk ) to call for help from the Frankish army . The emperor hears the call on their way to France . Charlemagne and his noblemen gallop back even though Count Ganelon tries to trick them . The Franks fight well , but are outnumbered , until almost all Roland 's men are dead and he knows that Charlemagne 's army can no longer save them . Despite this , he blows his olifant to summon revenge , until his temples burst and he dies a martyr 's death . Angels take his soul to Paradise . When Charlemagne and his men reach the battlefield , they find the dead bodies of Roland 's men , who have been utterly annihilated . They pursue the Muslims into the river Ebro , where the Muslims drown . Meanwhile , Baligant , the powerful emir of Babylon , has arrived in Spain to help Marsile . His army encounters that of Charlemagne at Roncesvalles , where the Christians are burying and mourning their dead . Both sides fight valiantly . When Charlemagne kills Baligant , the Muslim army scatters and flees , leaving the Franks to conquer Saragossa . With Marsile 's wife Bramimonde , Queen of Saragossa , Charlemagne and his men ride back to Aix , their capital in France . The Franks discover Ganelon 's betrayal and keep him in chains until his trial , where Ganelon argues that his action was legitimate revenge , not treason . While the council of barons assembled to decide the traitor 's fate is initially swayed by this claim , partially out of fear of Ganelon 's friend Pinabel who threatens to fight anyone who judges Ganelon guilty , one man , Thierry , argues that because Roland was serving Charlemagne when Ganelon delivered his revenge on him , Ganelon 's action constitutes a betrayal . Pinabel challenges Thierry to trial by combat . By divine intervention , Thierry kills Pinabel . By this the Franks are convinced of Ganelon 's treason . Thus , he is torn apart by having four galloping horses tied one to each arm and leg and thirty of his relatives are hanged . Bramimonde converts to Christianity , her name changing to Juliana . While sleeping , Charlemagne is told by Gabriel to ride to help King Vivien and bemoans his life . Form ( edit ) Charlemagne finds Roland dead ( 14th - century miniature ) . The poem is written in stanzas of irregular length known as laisses . The lines are decasyllabic ( containing ten syllables ) , and each is divided by a strong caesura which generally falls after the fourth syllable . The last stressed syllable of each line in a laisse has the same vowel sound as every other end - syllable in that laisse . The laisse is therefore an assonal , not a rhyming stanza . On a narrative level , the Song of Roland features extensive use of repetition , parallelism , and thesis - antithesis pairs . Roland proposes Ganelon for the dangerous mission to Sarrogossa ; Ganelon designates Roland to man the rearguard . Charlemagne is contrasted with Baligant . Unlike later Renaissance and Romantic literature , the poem focuses on action rather than introspection . The characters are presented through what they do , not through what they think or feel . The narrator gives few explanations for characters ' behavior . The warriors are stereotypes defined by a few salient traits ; for example , Roland is loyal and trusting while Ganelon , though brave , is traitorous and vindictive . The narrator is openly biased towards the Franks . His moral view is very black - and - white : the Franks are good , and the pagans are bad . The story moves at a fast pace , occasionally slowing down and recounting the same scene up to three times but focusing on different details or taking a different perspective each time . The effect is similar to a film sequence shot at different angles so that new and more important details come to light with each shot . Characters ( edit ) Principal characters ( edit ) Andriodos , helpless boy ; despite the honor came from King Charlemagne . Baligant , emir of Babylon ; Marsile enlists his help against Charlemagne . Blancandrin , wise pagan ; suggests bribing Charlemagne out of Spain with hostages and gifts , and then suggests dishonouring a promise to allow Marsile 's baptism Bassalt , came from the name of rocks that are solid and may occur in the second phrase of the poem ; captured the horse of the king . Bramimonde , Queen of Saragossa , King Marsile 's wife ; captured and converted by Charlemagne after the city falls . Charlemagne , Holy Roman Emperor ; his forces fight the Saracens in Spain . Ganelon , treacherous lord and Roland 's stepfather who encourages Marsile to attack the French army . King Marsile , Saracen king of Spain ; Roland wounds him and he dies of his wound later . Naimon , Charlemagne 's trusted adviser . Oliver , Roland 's friend ; mortally wounded by Margarice . He represents wisdom . Roland , the hero of the Song ; nephew of Charlemagne ; leads the rear guard of the French forces ; bursts his temples by blowing his olifant - horn , wounds from which he eventually dies facing the enemy 's land . Turpin , Archbishop of Rheims , represents the force of the Church . Secondary characters ( edit ) Aude , the fiancée of Roland and Oliver 's sister Basan , French baron , murdered while serving as Ambassador of Marsile . Bérengier , one of the twelve paladins killed by Marsile 's troops ; kills Estramarin ; killed by Grandoyne . Besgun , chief cook of Charlemagne 's army ; guards Ganelon after Ganelon 's treachery is discovered . Geboin , guards the French dead ; becomes leader of Charlemagne 's 2nd column . Godefroy , standard bearer of Charlemagne ; brother of Thierry , Charlemagne 's defender against Pinabel . Grandoyne , fighter on Marsile 's side ; son of the Cappadocian King Capuel ; kills Gerin , Gerier , Berenger , Guy St. Antoine , and Duke Astorge ; killed by Roland . Hamon , joint Commander of Charlemagne 's Eighth Division . Lorant , French commander of one of the first divisions against Baligant ; killed by Baligant . Milon , guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces . Ogier , a Dane who leads the third column in Charlemagne 's army against Baligant 's forces . Othon , guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces . Pinabel , fights for Ganelon in the judicial combat . Thierry , fights for Charlemagne in the judicial combat . Durandal ( edit ) According to the Song of Roland , the legendary sword called Durandal was first given to Charlemagne by an angel . It contained one tooth of Saint Peter , blood of Saint Basil , hair of Saint Denis , and a piece of the raiment of the Blessed Virgin Mary , and was supposedly the sharpest sword in all existence . In the story of the Song of Roland , the weapon is given to Roland , and he uses it to defend himself single - handedly against thousands of Muslim attackers . According to one 12th - century legend from the French town of Rocamadour , Roland threw the sword into a cliffside . You can still see a sword there , allegedly Durandal , embedded into the cliff - face . Historical adaptations ( edit ) A Latin poem , Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis , was composed around 1120 , and a Latin prose version , Historia Caroli Magni ( often known as `` The Pseudo-Turpin '' ) even earlier . Around 1170 , a version of the French poem was translated into the Middle High German Rolandslied by Konrad der Pfaffe ( formerly thought to have been the author of the Kaiserchronik ) . In his translation Konrad replaces French topics with generically Christian ones . The work was translated into Middle Dutch in the 13th century . It was also rendered into Occitan verse in the 14th - or 15th - century poem of Ronsasvals , which incorporates the later , southern aesthetic into the story . An Old Norse version of the Song of Roland exists as Karlamagnús saga , and a translation into the artificial literary language of Franco - Venetian is also known ; such translations contributed to the awareness of the story in Italy . In 1516 Ludovico Ariosto published his epic Orlando Furioso , which deals largely with characters first described in the Song of Roland . There is also Faroese adoption of this ballad named `` Runtsivalstríðið '' ( Battle of Roncevaux ) . The ballad is one of many sung during the Faroese folkdance tradition of chain dancing . Modern adaptations ( edit ) The Chanson de Roland has an important place in the background of Graham Greene 's The Confidential Agent , published in 1939 . The book 's protagonist had been a Medieval scholar specialising in this work , until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War forced him to become a soldier and secret agent . Throughout the book , he repeatedly compares himself and other characters with the characters of `` Roland '' . Particularly , the book includes a full two pages of specific commentary , which is relevant to its 20th - century plot line : `` Oliver , when he saw the Saracens coming , urged Roland to blow his horn and fetch back Charlemagne -- but Roland would n't blow . A big brave fool . In war one always chooses the wrong hero . Oliver should have been the hero of that song , instead of being given second place with the blood - thirsty Bishop Turpin. ( ... ) In the Oxford version Oliver is reconciled in the end , he gives Roland his death - blow by accident , his eyes blinded by wounds . ( But ) the story had been tidied up . In truth , Oliver strikes his friend down in full knowledge -- because of what he has done to his men , all the wasted lives . Oliver dies hating the man he loves -- the big boasting courageous fool who was more concerned with his own glory than with the victory of his faith . This makes the story tragedy , not just heroics '' . It is also adapted by Stephen King , in the Dark Tower series in which Roland Deschain wishes to save the Dark Tower from the Crimson King . The Song of Roland is part of the Matter of France ( the Continental counterpart to the Arthurian legendarium known as the Matter of Britain ) , and related to Orlando Furioso . The names Roland and Orlando are cognates . Emanuelle Luzzati 's animated short film , I paladini di Francia , together with Giulio Gianini , in 1960 , was turned into the children 's picture - story book , with verse narrative , I Paladini de Francia ovvero il tradimento di Gano di Maganz , which translates literally as `` The Paladins of France or the treachery of Gano of Maganz '' ( Ugo Mursia Editore , 1962 ) . This was then republished , in English , as Ronald and the Wizard Calico ( 1969 ) . The Picture Lion paperback edition ( William Collins , London , 1973 ) is a paperback imprint of the Hutchinson Junior Books edition ( 1969 ) , which credits the English translation to Hutchinson Junior Books . Luzatti 's original verse story in Italian is about the plight of a beautiful maiden called Biancofiore -- White Flower , or Blanchefleur -- and her brave hero , Captain Rinaldo , and Ricardo and his paladins -- the term used for Christian knights engaged in Crusades against the Saracens and Moors . Battling with these good people are the wicked Moors -- North African Muslims and Arabs -- and their Sultan , in Jerusalem . With the assistance of the wicked and treacherous magician , Gano of Maganz , Biancofiore is stolen from her fortress castle , and taken to become the reluctant wife of the Sultan . The catalyst for victory is the good magician , Urlubulu , who lives in a lake , and flies through the air on the back of his magic blue bird . The English translators , using the original illustrations , and the basic rhyme patterns , slightly simplify the plot , changing the Christians - versus - Muslim - Moors conflict into a battle between good and bad magicians and between golden knights and green knights . The French traitor in The Song of Roland , who is actually Roland 's cowardly step - father , is Ganelon -- very likely the inspiration for Luzzati 's traitor and wicked magician , Gano . Orlando Furioso ( literally , Furious or Enraged Orlando , or Roland ) , includes Orlando 's cousin , the paladin Rinaldo , who , like Orlando , is also in love with Angelica , a pagan princess . Rinaldo is , of course , the Italian equivalent of Ronald . Flying through the air on the back of a magic bird is equivalent to flying on a magic hippogriff . On July 22 , 2017 , Michael Eging and Steve Arnold released a novel '' The Silver Horn Echoes : A Song of Roland , '' inspired by the La Chanson de Roland . This work is more closely based on a screenplay written by Michael Eging in 2008 , simply known as `` Song of Roland '' and first optioned to Alan Kaplan at Cine LA that same year . The book explores the untold story of how Roland finds himself at Ronceveaux , betrayed by Ganelon and facing the expansive Saragossan host . Primary characters in the novel include Charles ( Charlemagne ) , Ganelon , Bishop Turpin , Oliver , Aude , Marsilion , Blancandarin and others recognizable from the poem . Introduced in this tale are additional characters that inject intrigue and danger to the story , including Charles oldest son , Pepin , Marsilion 's treacherous son , Saleem , and the scheming Byzantine emissary , Honorius . The cover artwork was hand painted by Jordan Raskin . The authors determined when writing both the screenplay and the novel to remain in the world created by the poem ; thus Charles remains an older man near the end of his long reign rather than in 778 when the attack on the rearguard actually occurred . Further , this novel bookends the story with William the Conqueror 's use of the poem as a motivator for Norman forces prior to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 . See also ( edit ) La Brèche de Roland Matter of France Herzog Ernst Lamprecht Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Song of Roland '' . FordhamUniversity.edu . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) La Chanson de Roland on Dictionnaire Étymologique de l'Ancien Français Jump up ^ Short , Ian ( 1990 ) . Introduction . France : Le Livre de Poche . pp. 5 -- 20 . Jump up ^ La Chanson de Roland on Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge Jump up ^ Gaunt , Simon ; Pratt , Karen ( 2016 ) . The Song of Roland , and Other Poems of Charlemagne ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY 10016 , United States of America : Oxford University Press . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 965554 - 0 . Jump up ^ Love , Nathan ( 1984 ) . `` AOI in the Chanson de Roland : A divergent hypothesis '' . Olifant. 10 ( 4 ) . Société Rencesvals . Jump up ^ Taylor , Andrew , `` Was There a Song of Roland ? '' Speculum 76 ( January 2001 ) : 28 - 65 ^ Jump up to : Brault , Gerard J. , Song of Roland : An Analytical Edition : Introduction and Commentary , Penn State Press , 2010 ISBN 9780271039145 Jump up ^ Part of Runtsivalstríðið with Dansifelagið í Havn Jump up ^ `` The Confidential Agent '' , Part 1 , Ch. 2 , quoted in `` Graham Greene : an approach to the novels '' by Robert Hoskins , p. 122 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Author 's Notes , The Silver Horn Echoes : A Song of Roland , iUniverse , July 2017 ( http://www.iuniverse.com/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-000995830 ) Further reading ( edit ) Brault , Gerard J. Song of Roland : An Analytical Edition : Introduction and Commentary ( Penn State Press , 2010 ) . DiVanna , Isabel N. `` Politicizing national literature : the scholarly debate around La chanson de Roland in the nineteenth century . '' Historical Research 84.223 ( 2011 ) : 109 - 134 . Jones , George Fenwick . The ethos of the song of Roland ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1963 ) . Vance , Eugene . Reading the Song of Roland ( 1970 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Song of Roland French Wikisource has original text related to this article : La Chanson de Roland Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Song of Roland Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chanson de Roland . The Song of Roland at Project Gutenberg ( English translation of Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff ) The Song of Roland -- ( Dorothy L. Sayers ) at Faded Page ( Canada ) The Song of Roland public domain audiobook at LibriVox La Chanson de Roland ( Old French ) The Romance of the Middle Ages : The Song of Roland , discussion of Oxford , Bodleian Library MS Digby 23 , audio clip , and discussion of the manuscript 's provenance . Earliest manuscript of the Chanson de Roland , readable online images of the complete original , Oxford , Bodleian Library MS Digby 23 ( Pt 2 ) La Chanson de Roland , in Anglo - Norman , 12th century , ? 2nd quarter `` . Old French Audio clips of a reading of The Song of Roland in Old French Timeless Myths : Song of Roland `` Roland , The Song of '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . King Charlemagne and the Matter of France Key people Charlemagne Roland Ganelon Naimon Oliver Renaud de Montauban Paladins and other characters Agolant Albracca Angelica Astolfo Atlantes Aude Aymon Baligant Blancandrin Bradamante Bramimonde Brandimarte Brunello Charlot Doon de Mayence Ferragut Fierabras Garin de Monglane Girart de Roussillon Huon of Bordeaux Marfisa Marsile Maugris Melissa Ogier the Dane Pinabel Rodomonte Ruggiero Sacripante Turpin William of Gellone Zerbino Horses and other animals Barbamouche Bayard Gaignun Gramimond Hippogriff Marmorie Passecerf Rabicano Sautperdu Sorel Tachëbrun Tencendur Veillantif Swords and other objects Almace Curtana Durendal Hauteclere Joyeuse Murgleys Olifant Précieuse Places Aachen La Brèche de Roland Roncevaux Pass Chansons de geste and other works The Song of Roland Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne Chanson de Guillaume Gormond et Isembart The Four Sons of Aymon Karlamagnús saga Orlando Innamorato Orlando Furioso Morgante The Song of Roland Source Battle of Roncevaux Pass Films The Song of Roland ( 1978 ) Other versions Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis Historia Caroli Magni Karlamagnús saga The Dark Tower Characters Baligant Blancandrin Bramimonde Charlemagne Ganelon King Marsile Naimon Oliver Roland Turpin Aude Ogier Pinabel BNF : cb12008442d ( data ) NKC : unn2010568621 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&oldid=865446055 '' Categories : Chansons de geste Matter of France French folklore French poems Epic poems in French Anglo - Norman folklore The Song of Roland Works of unknown authorship Cultural depictions of Charlemagne Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 00 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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-7027247545390287836 | List of Only Fools and Horses characters | List of only Fools and Horses characters - wikipedia List of only Fools and Horses characters Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters from the BBC situation comedy Only Fools and Horses and its prequel , Rock and Chips . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular characters 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Major 2.2 Minor 2.2. 1 Jevon 2.2. 2 Nerys 2.2. 3 Alan Parry 2.2. 4 Roy Slater 2.2. 5 PC Terry Hoskins 2.2. 6 June Snell 2.2. 7 Barmaids 3 Trotter relatives 3.1 Joan Trotter 3.2 Reg Trotter 3.3 Violet Trotter 3.4 Freddie Robdal 4 Guest and spin - off characters 4.1 Abdul Khan 4.2 Arnie 4.3 Solly Atwell 4.4 The Driscoll Brothers 4.5 Doctor Meadows 4.6 Jumbo Mills 4.7 Don Vincenzo Occhetti 4.8 Gerald `` Jelly '' Kelly 4.9 Reenie Turpin 4.10 Lady Victoria Marsham - Hales 4.11 Janice 5 Unseen characters 5.1 Albie Littlewood 5.2 Monkey Harris , Paddy the Greek & Sunglasses Ron 6 References Regular characters ( edit ) For more details , see individual character articles Character Actor First appearance Last appearance Duration Episodes Del Boy David Jason ( James Buckley in Rock & Chips ) `` Big Brother '' 2014 Sport Relief special 1981 - 2003 , 2014 64 Rodney Nicholas Lyndhurst `` Big Brother '' 2014 Sport Relief special 1981 - 2003 , 2014 64 Grandad Lennard Pearce ( Phil Daniels in Rock & Chips ) `` Big Brother '' `` Licensed to Drill '' 1981 -- 1984 22 Uncle Albert Buster Merryfield `` Strained Relations '' `` The Comic Relief Special '' 1985 -- 1997 37 Cassandra Gwyneth Strong `` Yuppy Love '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1989 -- 2003 21 Raquel Tessa Peake - Jones `` Dates '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1988 - 2003 20 Recurring characters ( edit ) Major ( edit ) For more details , see individual character articles Character Actor First appearance Last appearance Duration Episodes Trigger Roger Lloyd - Pack ( Lewis Osbourne in Rock & Chips ) `` Big Brother '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1981 - 2003 39 Boycie John Challis ( Stephen Lloyd in Rock & Chips ) `` Go West Young Man '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1981 -- 2009 33 Denzil Paul Barber ( Ashley Gerlach in Rock & Chips ) `` Who 's a Pretty Boy ? '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1983 -- 2003 18 Slater Jim Broadbent ( Callum McNab in Rock & Chips ) `` May The Force Be With You '' `` The Class of ' 62 '' 1983 , 1985 , 1991 Marlene Boyce Sue Holderness `` Sleeping Dogs Lie '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1985 -- 2009 20 Mike Kenneth MacDonald `` Who 's a Pretty Boy ? '' `` Time On Our Hands '' 1983 -- 1996 30 Mickey Pearce Patrick Murray `` Healthy Competition '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1983 -- 2003 20 Sid Roy Heather `` The Long Legs of the Law '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1982 , 1985 -- 2003 13 Damien Various `` Three Men , a Woman and a Baby '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1991 -- 2003 10 Minor ( edit ) Jevon ( edit ) Jevon ( Steven Woodcock ) is a friend of Rodney and Mickey Pearce , first seen in Dates . Unlike Mickey , Jevon is successful with the ladies , though to his chagrin Cassandra Parry rebuffed him when he asked her to dance . He was even more surprised when she agreed to dance with Rodney . Jevon set up a trading partnership with Mickey Pearce , which lasted throughout the sixth series . They apparently gave up on the trading business at the end of that series though , following a run - in with the Driscoll brothers which left them both in plaster . Jevon made one further appearance in The Jolly Boys ' Outing , after which Woodcock left the series to take the role of Clyde Tavernier in EastEnders and the character was not seen again . He appeared in The Jolly Boys ' Outing , Little Problems , Sickness & Wealth , Yuppy Love and Dates . Nerys ( edit ) `` Nervous '' Nerys ( Andrée Bernard ) was the Nag 's Head barmaid who appeared in two episodes , Dates and Sickness and Wealth . She briefly dated Rodney , although she was left terrified when a gang of yobs began chasing them in the van . The Trotter 's also scared her again , with their fake seance . Alan Parry ( edit ) Alan Parry ( Denis Lill ) was a regular cast member during series six and seven . He is Cassandra 's father and subsequently , Rodney 's father - in - law . He is the owner of a successful printing firm , which employs Rodney for a time from 1989 to 1991 , and later becomes a friend of Del Boy . Despite being a successful businessman by the time he met Del , Alan was still a Cockney wideboy at heart , often ending up drunk or getting sick after eating too many jellied eels whilst under Del 's influence , much to the chagrin of his more overtly middle - class wife , Pam ( Wanda Ventham ) . Roy Slater ( edit ) Main article : DCI Roy Slater Detective Chief Inspector Roy Slater ( Jim Broadbent in Only Fools and Horses and Calum MacNab in Rock & Chips ) appeared in three episodes - May The Force Be With You , To Hull and Back , and The Class of ' 62 . A much - reviled ex-schoolmate of Del 's , Slater was a corrupt policeman and ( as revealed in The Class of ' 62 ) the ex-husband of Raquel Turner . He was sent to prison for diamond smuggling after the events of To Hull and Back . Slater also appears in the prequel Rock & Chips , where he is barely tolerated by Del and the others as a member of their gang , as his friendship with them is at this point obviously falling apart . In Five Gold Rings , he leaves school to become a police cadet , and arrests Del and Jumbo for selling illegal American records ( although he is snubbed by his sergeant , who goes on to keep the records for himself and lets Del and Jumbo go with a warning ) . This is the last time Slater is seen , as he does not appear in The Frog and the Pussycat . In the entire series , Slater is the only character portrayed by an Academy Award - winning actor . Pc Terry Hoskins ( edit ) Police Constable Terence `` Terry '' Hoskins ( Christopher Mitchell ) appeared in two episodes - May The Force Be With You and To Hull and Back . He works alongside Roy Slater , but does n't like him . Slater often makes him miss lunch and watch suspects whilst Slater is away . He has a conversation with Del Boy , in which it is revealed Del Boy sold Terry 's mother a gas fire . Terry advises Del Boy to tell Slater and make it easier on himself . In To Hull and Back , Terry turns against Slater and hands him into the police force . June Snell ( edit ) June Snell ( Diane Langton ) was an ex-girlfriend of Del Boy 's from many years previously . They met up again when Rodney dated June 's daughter Debbie in Happy Returns , which Del scuppered in the mistaken belief that Debbie was his daughter . Del and June fell out when June revealed that Debbie 's real father was in fact Del 's best friend Albie Littlewood , and Del in turn admitted that he had been cheating on her with Albie 's girlfriend Deidre . They were later reconciled again , however , as Del invited June to the opera in A Royal Flush with Rodney and his date Lady Victoria . He and June ruined the evening and embarrassed Rodney by noisily eating snacks and arguing with other audience members . The evening then comes to an end after June becomes ill from eating too much and is sick ( off screen ) over an audience member sitting in front of her . Aside from Debbie , June has another child , a son named Jason . Barmaids ( edit ) Throughout the run of Only Fools and Horses , there were various barmaids employed at The Nag 's Head . Aside from Nerys , they only filled relatively minor roles , speaking only the occasional one - liner or flirting with Del . Joyce ( Peta Bernard ) appeared in two episodes of the first series . Julie ( Julie La Rousse ) appeared in five episodes between the second and third series ; however , La Rousse was credited for only her second appearance . Karen ( Michele Winstanley ) appeared in four episodes of the fourth series . In all her appearances , she was credited as Michèle Winstanley . Vicky ( Kim Clifford ) appeared in the Christmas special To Hull and Back . Maureen ( Nula Conwell ) appeared in five episodes between the fourth and fifth series . Trotter relatives ( edit ) Joan Trotter ( edit ) Joan Trotter Rock & Chips character Portrayed by Kellie Bright Duration 2010 - 11 First appearance Rock & Chips ( 2010 ) Last appearance The Frog and the Pussycat ( 2011 ) Created by John Sullivan Profile Occupation Cinema ice - cream girl Part - time Filing Clerk Tealady Home Nelson Mandela House , Peckham ( show ) Family Sisters Rose Husband Reg Trotter Sons Derek Trotter Rodney Trotter Grandsons Damien Trotter Granddaughters Joan Trotter II Other relatives Edward Trotter ( father - in - law ) Violet Trotter ( mother - in - law ) Cassandra Trotter ( daughter - in - law ) Joan Mavis Trotter is Del and Rodney 's late mother , and wife of Reg . Though she is never seen in the series , she is often mentioned by Del , especially in his attempts to emotionally blackmail Rodney , who had few memories of her . Del loved his mother deeply , and still mourns her death . Over the series , it became clear to Rodney and the viewers ( but not always to Del ) that Joan had had a series of affairs with numerous men during her loveless marriage to Del 's selfish , work - shy father , Reg . One such affair was with local `` gentleman thief '' Freddie Robdal , and resulted in the birth of Rodney . She died on 12 March 1964 ( according to The Yellow Peril ) of an unknown illness while Rodney was still very young . Her tombstone , a flamboyant fibreglass monument , is also seen occasionally . In `` The Yellow Peril '' , Del paints it yellow , not realising that the paint is luminous . In Danger UXD , they dress up the blow up dolls in Joan 's old clothes in order to get them out of the flat without being noticed . After the Trotters became millionaires , Del returns to their now deserted flat and remembers his mother telling him he could n't have the day off school with a hangover because he was taking his 11 - plus ( Joan is heard saying this in a voiceover provided by an uncredited actress ) . When Cassandra and Rodney have their baby in Sleepless in Peckham , they name her Joan . The character makes her first screen appearance in Rock & Chips . Portrayed as a hard - working woman in her late 30s , struggling to maintain a home , which included her workshy husband Reg , ageing father - in - law Ted and her teenage son Del Boy . She begins an affair with Freddie Robdal , a friend of Reg 's recently released from prison , and soon discovers she is pregnant . Joan and Freddie 's affair is n't one of lust ; they seem to love each other genuinely and Joan loves both her boys deeply . She is willing to leave Reg altogether and run away with Freddie to Bournemouth to raise Rodney with him , but would only do so once she was sure Del was financially secure . She tries her best to help Del 's relationship and hopeful eventual marriage to a rich man 's daughter , but the relationship does not work , and Joan ultimately chooses to remain in Peckham for Del 's sake . Joan is a huge fan of Hollywood films and actresses , given her job in the Ritz cinema , to the point that she changed her hairstyle multiple times during Rock & Chips to resemble actresses such as Marilyn Monroe , Elizabeth Taylor , Jane Fonda and Audrey Hepburn . Reg Trotter ( edit ) Reg Trotter Only Fools and Horses character Portrayed by Peter Woodthorpe ( 1983 ) Shaun Dingwall ( 2010 - 11 ) Duration 1983 , 2010 - 11 First appearance Thicker than Water ( 1983 ) Last appearance The Frog and the Pussycat ( 2011 ) Created by John Sullivan Profile Occupation Unemployed Home Newcastle ( show ) Family Father Edward Trotter ( deceased ) Mother Violet Trotter ( deceased ) Wife Joan Trotter Sons Derek Trotter Stepsons Rodney Trotter Grandsons Damien Trotter Granddaughters Joan Trotter II ( step - granddaughter ) Uncles Albert Trotter George Trotter Jack Trotter First cousins Stan Trotter Reginald `` Reg '' Trotter is the estranged father of Del Boy , stepfather of Rodney , and son of Grandad . Reg abandons his family shortly after the death of his wife Joan , upon which he steals Del 's sixteenth birthday cake and Rodney 's piggy bank . Eighteen years later he returns , in the episode Thicker than Water , claiming to have a hereditary blood disorder . When the results reveal Del and Rodney to have different blood groups , he attempts to split the family by questioning Del 's paternity . He quickly leaves once it becomes known that he has forged the test results himself , and is never heard from again . As with their mother , he is often mentioned by Del in other episodes . It was revealed in the final episode Sleepless in Peckham that Rodney is not in fact Reg 's biological son , but Freddie Robdal 's . It is also shown in Rock & Chips he is an abusive husband to Joan , earning him the hatred of Del and Freddie Robdal , and has an affair with the Nag 's Head barmaid called Val . Violet Trotter ( edit ) Violet Trotter Only Fools And Horses character Portrayed by Paula Wilcox Duration 2010 - 2011 First appearance Rock and Chips Created by John Sullivan Profile Occupation Cleaner Home Peckham ( show ) Family Husband Ted Trotter Sons Reg Trotter Grandsons Del Boy Rodney Trotter ( step - grandson ) Other relatives Damien Trotter ( great - grandson ) Joan Trotter II ( step - great - granddaughter ) Violet `` Vi '' Trotter was the estranged , sharp - tongued wife of Ted Trotter , mother of Reg and the paternal grandmother of Del Boy . She appeared in the second and third episodes of the prequel Rock & Chips , Five Gold Rings and The Frog and the Pussycat , where she baby - sat the infant Rodney - much to the fury of her husband , who resented her for throwing him out after she had discovered his affair with Alice Ball , Trigger 's grandmother . Despite her contempt for her husband , Vi maintained a friendly relationship with her son , grandson and daughter - in - law , and doted on Rodney . Vi mentioned she worked as the charlady for an art dealer , as Del mentioned in Yesterday Never Comes ; however she did not mention that she had stolen a valuable artwork from her employer . Freddie Robdal ( edit ) Freddie Robdal Only Fools And Horses character Portrayed by Nicholas Lyndhurst Duration 2010 - 2011 First appearance `` Rock & Chips '' ( 2010 ) Last appearance `` The Frog and the Pussycat '' ( 2011 ) Created by John Sullivan Profile Occupation Frogman Gangster Criminal Unemployed Home Rotherhithe ( show ) Family Sons Rodney Trotter Granddaughters Joan Trotter II First cousins Norman Frederick `` Freddie '' Robdal , also known by his nickname Freddie the Frog , was an unseen character in the original series . He is first mentioned in The Frog 's Legacy and later revealed to be Rodney 's biological father . Robdal was a career thief who had been a frogman in the Royal Navy ( hence the nickname ) , and had an extramarital affair with Joan Trotter . Robdal died shortly afterwards , when he accidentally sat on his own detonator during a bank robbery . The Trotters ' search for his hidden gold legacy was the focal point of the episode The Frog 's Legacy . When an old photograph of Robdal surfaced in the episode Sleepless in Peckham , his striking resemblance to Rodney finally settled the issue of the latter 's paternity after years of speculation . Robdal is one of the main characters in the Only Fools and Horses prequel Rock & Chips , where he is accompanied by explosive expert Gerald `` Jelly '' Kelly and has a habit of calling people `` cocker '' , among them Del Boy and Boycie . The first episode of Rock & Chips fully reveals the details surrounding Robdal 's affair with Joan which resulted in Rodney 's birth , and establishes the beginning of his uncle - nephew - like relationship with Del , who he accompanies ( along with Reg , Granddad , and Del 's gang ) on their first Jolly Boys ' Outing to Margate , although the trip is merely a ruse so that Robdal and Kelly can rob a nearby jewellery store . It is revealed in the second episode , Five Gold Rings , that Robdal did in fact love Joan deeply and wanted to see his son grow up , but it was difficult because of Joan 's marriage to Reg and his situations with Del Boy and the police . In The Frog and the Pussycat , Robdal and Kelly are again arrested on suspicion of murdering the sole eyewitness to the Margate robbery , although Robdal discovers it was a fraud by the police . However , Robdal is incarcerated when it is revealed one of the stolen jewels was pawned by Joan , who is `` working '' as Robdal 's charlady ( in order to fund Del 's film ) . While in prison , Robdal implores Joan to leave London with him to his seaside home with Rodney . Joan accepts but only once she is certain of Del 's financial state . However , Del 's planned film does not work out well , and Joan is forced to stay in Peckham . It is implied that Robdal remains in Peckham as well . Guest and spin - off characters ( edit ) Abdul Khan ( edit ) Abdul Khan ( Tony Anholt ) only appeared in one episode ; To Hull and Back , where he and Boycie arranged a deal with Del , in order to smuggle diamonds from Amsterdam . Although , this was the only episode in which he appeared , Abdul was also mentioned in Diamonds Are for Heather , when Del tells Heather where he got the engagement ring ; Video Nasty , when Del had struck a deal with Abdul 's cousin 's girlfriend 's brother 's friend , and in the second Rock & Chips episode Five Gold Rings when Del tells his friends that he got four glass diamond rings from Abdul 's father , who owns the Bermondsey Wholesale Jewellery Emporium . Arnie ( edit ) Arnie ( Philip McGough ) appeared in the episode Chain Gang . A conman , Arnie sold Del Boy , Boycie , Mike , Trigger , Uncle Albert and Rodney a batch of 24 carat gold chains for £ 12,500 , only to later double cross them by faking a heart attack in a restaurant and making off with both the chains and the money in an ambulance driven by his sons . The group eventually tracked him down while he was performing the same scam on Denzil and drove Arnie away in an ambulance of their own . Solly Atwell ( edit ) Solly Atwell ( Colin Jeavons ) appeared in the episode Hole in One . The Trotter family solicitor , believed to have represented Del on other , unspecified , occasions . Solly represented Uncle Albert in his case against the brewery when he fell down the Nag 's Head cellar . Solly was described by Rodney as being `` more bent than the villains '' , or according to Del : `` an expert '' . He faced being `` defrocked '' when it was revealed that Albert had been lying to obtain compensation . The Driscoll brothers ( edit ) Danny and Tony Driscoll ( Roy Marsden and Christopher Ryan ) , usually known as the Driscoll brothers , only appeared in one episode - Little Problems - but were mentioned in numerous others . The Driscoll brothers were the local gangsters with a fearsome reputation for violence ( although in order to avoid serious problems with the police , they followed a strict rule in never harming the victim 's head ) . They beat up Del Boy after he failed to repay money owed to them , and in the same episode left Mickey Pearce and Jevon with broken bones for a similar reason . In a similar joke to the different - looking Del and Rodney being brothers , the Driscoll brothers also differ in height , but by a good 18 inches ( 460 mm ) , though in their case the taller brother has the brains . The pair appear to have a love - hate relationship , as they often argue but continually work together to get what they want . In the spin - off series The Green Green Grass , it is revealed that the Driscoll brothers have finally been found guilty and sent to prison , thanks to Boycie grassing them to the police , but have been paroled and are now after his blood . The role of Danny Driscoll was originally written for series fan Anthony Hopkins but he was unable to appear due to the filming of The Silence of the Lambs . The role ultimately went to Roy Marsden , on Hopkins ' own advice , since Hopkins and Marsden are friends . Doctor Meadows ( edit ) Doctor Robert `` Robbie '' Meadows ( Ewan Stewart ) appears once in the episode Sickness and Wealth as Del 's one - time GP . When Del goes to visit him with stomach cramps , he discovers that Robbie has since left his practice and gone to the local hospital . Del tells his new GP a completely opposite story about his lifestyle , that he is a celibate , teetotal , non-smoking , vegetarian health freak . The GP , unable to ascertain why Del is experiencing such difficulties , sends him to hospital . While Del is worrying about what is wrong with him ( he fears he has Aids ) , Robbie finally comes to see him , stating he is now in charge of Del 's case , being as he is a former patient . Robbie warns Del that lying to his GP has meant that diagnosing Del 's condition ( IBS ) has taken far longer than it should , and that only because Robbie knows Del ( and begrudgingly admires him ) has Del 's condition been successfully identified . Jumbo Mills ( edit ) Jumbo Mills ( Nick Stringer in Who Wants to Be a Millionaire and Lee Long in Rock & Chips ) was Del 's old school friend and business partner ( they ran a jellied eels stall together ) who emigrated to Australia during the 1960s . Jumbo returned to Peckham in the episode Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , and offered Del the chance to restore their old partnership by helping him run his new used car business back in Australia , only for Del to refuse the offer due to Rodney being unable to go because of his drug conviction . Stringer also appeared in an earlier episode , Go West Young Man , playing an Australian man who bought a car with no brakes from Del Boy , which he later accidentally crashed into the back of an E-type Jaguar , which at the time was being driven by Del , who was looking after it for Boycie as a present to his `` bit on the side '' . Don Vincenzo Occhetti ( edit ) Don Vincenzo Occhetti ( David Jason ) appeared as the main antagonist in the two - part episode Miami Twice . Ochetti was a Mafia don and an exact doppelgänger for Del Boy . As the episode unfolded it emerged that Ochetti was under FBI surveillance and facing trial for murder , kidnapping and drug - running . After seeing Del 's resemblance to his father , Occhetti 's son Rico launched a series of unsuccessful attempts to assassinate Del , hoping that the authorities would believe Occhetti himself was dead and thus spare him the prison sentence . Every attempt failed , and Del and Rodney eventually uncovered the Mafia plan , providing the FBI with crucial evidence to send Occhetti to prison for life . Gerald `` Jelly '' Kelly ( edit ) Gerald `` Jelly '' Kelly ( Paul Putner ) is first mentioned in The Frog 's Legacy and later introduced in Rock & Chips , as Freddie Robdal 's partner - in - crime and best friend . He accompanies Robdal to Peckham following Robdal 's release from prison , but as they are almost out of money , they plan a jewellery robbery while in Margate on a Jolly Boys Outing with Del Boy and his family and friends , and pull it off while the others are elsewhere . Kelly , however , does not approve of Robdal 's relationship with Joan Trotter , whom he refers to as `` that slag from the cinema '' , as both Robdal and Kelly display dislike for the abusive , work - shy Reg . In Five Gold Rings , it is shown that Robdal and Kelly were arrested and imprisoned again for the jewellery robbery , but while they both make bail , Kelly only appears in the episode 's opening scene . In The Frog and the Pussycat , Robdal and Kelly are temporarily exonerated but later suspected again following the disappearance of their robbery 's sole eyewitness , although Robdal exposes the police 's fraud . Though Robdal eventually goes to prison on an alternate charge ( to protect Joan , who pawned the ring Robdal gave her in order to buy a lambretta for Del ) , Kelly does not , and shares a drink with Robdal once he is freed . In the final scene , he and Robdal rob an art gallery together . Several years later , Freddie and Kelly break into a post office in Plumstead . Unfortunately , while Kelly sets the explosives and is holding the nitroglycerine , Freddie sits on the detonator and the two men are both killed in the ensuing explosion . In The Frog 's Legacy , Rodney sarcastically quips that had Kelly survived , he `` would n't be any good in a Mexican Wave . '' Reenie Turpin ( edit ) Reenie Turpin ( Joan Sims in The Frog 's Legacy and Emma Cooke in Rock & Chips ) only appeared in the episode , The Frog 's Legacy but mentioned in Chain Gang . She is Trigger 's aunt and Joan Trotter 's best friend . She informs Del of the gold legacy that Freddie the Frog left to his mother . She also sparks a debate over who Rodney 's real father was after stating that `` Joanie was never 100 % sure about him '' . In Rock & Chips , Reenie works alongside her best friend , Joan , as an usherette at the local film house . Like Joan and Del , Reenie loathes Reg Trotter and is unafraid to stand up to him , threatening to reveal that Reg is often violent toward his wife . However , the prequel makes no mention of her relationship with Trigger , and she appears to be a mere family friend . She helps Joan determine her pregnancy in an anonymous clinic following her affair with Freddie Robdal and even submits her name for Joan to use while visiting Freddie in prison . Lady Victoria Marsham - Hales ( edit ) Lady Victoria `` Vicky '' Marsham - Hales ( Sarah Duncan ) is a one - off girlfriend of Rodney 's in the 1986 Christmas Special , A Royal Flush . The only daughter of a wealthy and prominent duke , Rodney meets her in the market one day whilst she is ( unsuccessfully ) trying to sell her artwork . They become close friends and eventually start dating . Del Boy is immediately interested in Vicky 's wealth and breeding and sees Rodney 's relationship as a way of making them both millionaires , and despite Rodney 's firm protests , repeatedly meddles in the relationship with disastrous results . He finally destroys all chances of Rodney and Vicky being together after inviting himself to dinner at the home of Vicky 's father , and getting drunk and obscene , insulting the guests and humiliating Rodney . The furious duke throws the Trotters out of his home , and Rodney and Vicky sadly realise that it would be better not to see each other any more . Unknown to Rodney , Del earlier had told the duke to bribe Rodney with £ 1,000 to get out of Vicky 's life , but a pained Rodney turns it down , angering Del . Janice ( edit ) Janice ( Gaynor Ward ) appears in the episode A Slow Bus To Chingford , and is one of Rodney 's girlfriends . Whilst Rodney is discussing art , Janice tells him her brother paints for the council . They then get intimate , but Del Boy enters and ruins it . Her last appearance is shortly after this , when Del Boy plays on snide joke on Rodney by telling him his whip and other implements have been washed by Grandad . Astonished and worried , she quietly sneaks out , not giving Rodney enough time tell her that Del is joking , causing Rodney to shout `` You rotten git , Del ! '' for ruining his evening . Del later reveals that he is taking Janice out , but for Rodney 's sake in order to keep Rodney from getting mad at him . Janice has a Corgi called Nero , which Del gets Rodney to help him patrol the bus garage as a Nocturnal Security Officer , telling Rodney that Nero is an ex-police dog , the morning after Rodney tells Del that he was up all night taking Nero for walks and that Nero ran away scared when he saw a cat . Unseen characters ( edit ) Albie Littlewood ( edit ) Albie Littlewood is an unseen character , mentioned in Happy Returns . He was Del 's best friend but had an affair with Del 's then - fiancée June Snell , something Del only found out years later . However at the same time Del was having an affair with Albie 's girlfriend Deidre . Albie is the father of June 's daughter Debbie , whom Rodney had dated . While en route to see June one night , Albie took a shortcut across a railway line and was killed when he fell onto the live rail ( the railways in Peckham are electrified using third rails rather than overhead wires ) . Albie also appears in the 2010 prequel drama Rock & Chips , played by Jonathan Readwin . In the prequel , he is shown to be ( in secret ) taking drugs to lighten his mood at certain times , and notably , Albie and Jumbo Mills trick Roy Slater into taking one and later dancing in a bar until he falls from exhaustion . Monkey Harris , Paddy the Greek & Sunglasses Ron ( edit ) Kenneth `` Monkey '' Harris , Paddy the Greek and Sunglasses Ron are Del Boy 's friends who are in the same `` business '' as him . Although they are mentioned regularly , they are never seen on screen . They are often involved in Del 's trading deals ( although separately ) , usually sourcing Del 's hooky gear , and are often described and mentioned in discussions between other characters in The Nag 's Head . Writer John Sullivan ( known for his attention to detail ) gives even the unseen characters a well - rounded back story . For instance , it is known that Monkey Harris lives in a bungalow , as mentioned in the episode No Greater Love . As such , the characters often play a minor role in plot development , usually as a device of comic resolution . According to The Class of ' 62 , Monkey Harris was also a schoolfriend of Del , Boycie , Denzil , Trigger and Roy Slater . It is suspected that Sunglasses Ron is the man sat at the back of the bus in The Jolly Boys ' Outing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0961250/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t17 Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0935533/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t18 Only Fools and Horses List of episodes Characters Derek Trotter Rodney Trotter Grandad Uncle Albert Trigger Boycie Marlene Mike Raquel Cassandra Damien Denzil Mickey Pearce Roy Slater Merchandise Home video DVD Collection See also Awards The Green Green Grass Rock & Chips Rock & Chips Regular characters Del Boy Grandad Trigger Boycie Denzil List of episodes Pilot Five Gold Rings The Frog and the Pussycat See also Only Fools and Horses The Green Green Grass John Sullivan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Only_Fools_and_Horses_characters&oldid=805933781 '' Categories : BBC - related lists Fictional characters introduced in 1981 Lists of British sitcom television characters Only Fools and Horses characters Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 15 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the driscoll brothers in only fools and horses | [
"Danny and Tony Driscoll (Roy Marsden and Christopher Ryan), usually known as the Driscoll brothers, only appeared in one episode - Little Problems - but were mentioned in numerous others. The Driscoll brothers were the local gangsters with a fearsome reputation for violence (although in order to avoid serious problems with the police, they followed a strict rule in never harming the victim's head). They beat up Del Boy after he failed to repay money owed to them, and in the same episode left Mickey Pearce and Jevon with broken bones for a similar reason. In a similar joke to the different-looking Del and Rodney being brothers, the Driscoll brothers also differ in height, but by a good 18 inches (460 mm), though in their case the taller brother has the brains. The pair appear to have a love-hate relationship, as they often argue but continually work together to get what they want.",
"Danny and Tony Driscoll (Roy Marsden and Christopher Ryan), usually known as the Driscoll brothers, only appeared in one episode - Little Problems - but were mentioned in numerous others. The Driscoll brothers were the local gangsters with a fearsome reputation for violence (although in order to avoid serious problems with the police, they followed a strict rule in never harming the victim's head). They beat up Del Boy after he failed to repay money owed to them, and in the same episode left Mickey Pearce and Jevon with broken bones for a similar reason. In a similar joke to the different-looking Del and Rodney being brothers, the Driscoll brothers also differ in height, but by a good 18 inches (460 mm), though in their case the taller brother has the brains. The pair appear to have a love-hate relationship, as they often argue but continually work together to get what they want."
] | [
"Roy Marsden",
"Christopher Ryan"
] |
3323422502433882729 | U.S. Route 20 | US Route 20 - wikipedia US Route 20 U.S. Route 20 Route information Length 3,365 mi ( 5,415 km ) Existed November 11 , 1926 -- present Major junctions West end US 101 in Newport , OR I ‐ 5 at Albany , OR I ‐ 15 at Idaho Falls , ID I ‐ 25 at Casper , WY I ‐ 35 near Williams , IA I ‐ 55 near Chicago , IL I ‐ 65 / I ‐ 90 in Gary , IN I ‐ 75 in Perrysburg , OH I ‐ 79 near Erie , PA I ‐ 90 near Rensselaer , NY I ‐ 95 in Waltham , MA East end Route 2 in Boston , MA Location States Oregon , Idaho , Montana , Wyoming , Nebraska , Iowa , Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York , Massachusetts Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided Replaced U.S. Highway 20 ( US 20 ) is an east -- west United States highway that stretches from the Pacific Northwest all the way to New England . The `` 0 '' in its route number indicates that US 20 is a coast - to - coast route . Spanning 3,365 miles ( 5,415 km ) , it is the longest road in the United States , and particularly from Idaho to Massachusetts , the route roughly parallels that of Interstate 90 ( I - 90 ) , which is in turn the longest Interstate Highway in the U.S. There is a discontinuity in the official designation of US 20 through Yellowstone National Park , with unnumbered roads used to traverse the park . It and US 30 break the general U.S. Route numbering rules in Oregon , since US 30 actually starts north of US 20 and runs parallel to the north throughout the state . The two run concurrently and continue in the correct positioning near Caldwell , Idaho . This is because US 20 was not a planned coast - to - coast route while US 30 was . US 20 originally ended at the eastern entrance of Yellowstone Park ; it was extended in 1940 . The highway 's eastern terminus is in Boston , Massachusetts , at Kenmore Square , where it meets Route 2 . Its western terminus is in Newport , Oregon , at an intersection with US 101 , within a mile of the Pacific Ocean . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 1.1 Oregon 1.2 Idaho 1.3 Montana 1.4 Wyoming 1.5 Nebraska 1.6 Iowa 1.7 Illinois 1.8 Indiana 1.9 Ohio 1.10 Pennsylvania 1.11 New York 1.12 Massachusetts 2 History 2.1 Historic termini 2.2 Historic routes 2.3 Historic names 3 Major intersections 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Route description ( edit ) The highway passes through the following states : Oregon ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Oregon New sign at western origin in Newport , Oregon US 20 begins at an intersection with US 101 in Newport , Oregon , and runs generally eastward towards Idaho . On the way it goes over the Central Oregon Coast Range , through several Willamette Valley cities including Corvallis and Albany , climbs the Cascade Mountains over Santiam Pass , goes through Bend , and traverses the Oregon High Desert passing through Burns . It eventually overlaps with US 26 in Vale , and the two roads continue concurrently to the Idaho border . Idaho ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Idaho US 20 crosses into Idaho from Oregon northwest of Parma . It runs concurrently with US 26 and joins US 95 through Parma . US 20 / US 26 leaves US 95 southeast of Parma and runs to Caldwell where US 20 / US 26 joins with I - 84 and US 30 for a short time . These four highways parallel each other ( on two roadways ) to Boise where US 20 / US 26 runs through downtown before joining with I - 84 and US 30 again to Mountain Home , where it departs at exit 95 to head east , past Rattlesnake Station , Anderson Ranch Dam road , and cresting at Cat Creek summit at 5,527 feet ( 1,685 m ) above mean sea level . It continues into and across Camas County through Fairfield to Timmerman Junction , the intersection in Blaine County with State Highway 75 , the route to Sun Valley , Galena Summit , and Stanley . US 20 continues east through Picabo and Carey , joined with US 26 and US 93 , to Craters of the Moon and Arco , where US 93 splits off and turns north - northwest to climb the Big Lost River valley . US 20 / US 26 continues on through the Idaho National Laboratory , where the highways split just west of Atomic City ; US 26 heads to Blackfoot and US 20 to Idaho Falls , where it turns north - northeast to pass near Rexburg as a freeway . US 20 then climbs through the communities of St. Anthony , Ashton , and Island Park , and crosses the Continental Divide at Targhee Pass at 7,072 feet ( 2,156 m ) , entering Montana west of West Yellowstone . Montana ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Montana In the state of Montana , US 20 runs for less than 10 miles ( 16 km ) . It runs from the Idaho state line to West Yellowstone , Montana , the western entrance to Yellowstone National Park . US 20 is known as the Targhee Pass Highway in Montana . Wyoming ( edit ) In the state of Wyoming , the eastern segment of US 20 starts at the eastern entrance to Yellowstone National Park along with the western termini of US 14 and US 16 . These three routes run east to Greybull , where US 14 continues east and US 16 / US 20 turns south ; at Worland , US 16 turns east while US 20 continues south , passing through Wind River Canyon south of Thermopolis . US 20 joins US 26 in Shoshoni , where it turns east . In Casper it joins I - 25 and US 87 . These four routes stay combined to Orin , where US 20 turns east . At its intersection with I - 25 , US 18 begins . US 18 and US 20 are concurrent from Orin to Lusk . US 18 separates there and US 20 runs east into Nebraska . Nebraska ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Nebraska See also : Interstate 129 US 20 enters Nebraska from Wyoming In the state of Nebraska , US 20 runs from west of Harrison to South Sioux City on the Missouri River . Portions overlap US 385 , US 83 , US 183 , US 275 , I - 129 , and US 75 . Iowa ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Iowa US 20 crosses the Mississippi River connecting Dubuque , Iowa , and East Dubuque , Illinois US 20 enters Iowa at Sioux City via the Missouri River crossing with I - 129 and US 75 . After skirting the southeast side of Sioux City as a freeway with US 75 , US 20 continues east as an expressway to Moville . From Moville through north of Early at the junction with U.S. Route 71 and Iowa Highway 471 , US 20 is a rural two - lane highway . North of Early , Iowa , US 20 becomes a four - lane road for the rest of its length in Iowa , passing to the north of Sac City , where it has another interchange with the realigned U.S. Route 71 , then passing to the south of Fort Dodge and Webster City before intersecting I - 35 near Williams . A new segment of freeway between US 65 south of Iowa Falls and Iowa Highway 14 opened in 2003 creating a continuous four - lane route from Moorland to Dubuque . The new segment shaved 16 miles ( 26 km ) off US 20 's length in Iowa . In the Waterloo / Cedar Falls area , the segment of US 20 overlapped by the Avenue of the Saints , which is also designated as Iowa Highway 27 . US 20 passes Independence , Manchester , and Dyersville before reaching Dubuque . At Dubuque , US 20 crosses into Illinois over the Julien Dubuque Bridge . Illinois ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Illinois See also : Interstate 290 ( Illinois ) , North Avenue ( Chicago ) , Lake Street ( Chicago ) , Mannheim Road , and 95th Street ( Chicago ) In the state of Illinois , US 20 begins in East Dubuque , following southeastward along the Mississippi River , and continues into the very hilly Driftless Area of northwest Illinois through Galena and Elizabeth . The highway then transitions eastward from the Driftless Area to the Interior Plains near Stockton . The road continues as a bypass north of Freeport , and then runs as a freeway along the southern fringe of Rockford . From Rockford to Chicago , Illinois , US 20 is a mixture of four - lane expressway , four - lane limited access freeway , and winding two - lane surface road . It is signed as `` General U.S. Grant Highway '' after Ulysses S. Grant . U.S. 20 runs through the south side of Chicago as 95th Street . US 20 exits Illinois along with US 12 and US 41 as Indianapolis Boulevard south of the Chicago Skyway . Indiana ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Indiana See also : St. Joseph Valley Parkway Looking westbound at US 20 as it meets State Road 127 in a traffic circle in Angola , Indiana In the state of Indiana , US 20 enters from the west beneath the Chicago Skyway with US 12 and US 41 . US 20 passes through heavily industrialized northwestern Indiana and is the main east -- west artery through Gary . It then parallels US 12 to just west of Michigan City before running due east to South Bend . US 20 travels around South Bend and Elkhart on the St. Joseph Valley Parkway , a four - lane limited access freeway , then returns to surface road east of Elkhart . US 20 then passes through LaGrange and Angola , intersecting with I - 69 before leaving Indiana just north of the eastern terminus of the Indiana Toll Road . From Gary to South Bend , US 20 was built as the Dunes Relief Road . During the 1930s and 1940s the Dunes Highway , US 12 , was becoming more crowded as housing lots and communities developed in the Indiana Dunes . Today , there are numerous communities along US 20 and the lakefront , including Gary , Portage , Burns Harbor , Porter , Chesterton , Pines , and Michigan City . Most notably , the route is one of the main access roads to the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore . Ohio ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Ohio Sign for US 20 along with the sign for State Route 7 in Conneaut , Ohio US 20 enters Ohio from Indiana just west of Columbia and traverses east through Pioneer and Alvordton to Fayette . It continues east through Oakshade , Assumption and becomes five - lane , non-limited access roadway into Sylvania to Toledo , and then turns south until into the Toledo suburb of Maumee . After Maumee , US 20 crosses Maumee River curving back east becoming 2 lanes through Perrysburg to Woodville , where it becomes a four - lane , non-limited access highway . It bypasses Fremont while concurrent with US 6 , State Route 53 , and State Route 19 , and then travels through the northern edge of Clyde and the downtown area of Bellevue , where it is joined by State Route 18 . From there the four - lane highway continues through Monroeville and bypasses Norwalk , then becomes a two - lane highway from there to Oberlin . Continuing east , US 20 traverses through Elyria , North Ridgeville , Westlake , Rocky River , Lakewood and Cleveland , where it goes right through Public Square . East of Cleveland US 20 follows the southern shore of Lake Erie , following Euclid Avenue from Public Square , and traverses Euclid , Wickliffe , where it intersects with I - 90 , Mentor , Painesville , Madison , Geneva , Ashtabula and crosses into Pennsylvania just east of Conneaut . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Pennsylvania I - 79 at US 20 ( exit 182 ) in Erie , Pennsylvania US 20 runs for nearly 50 miles ( 80 km ) across Erie County , Pennsylvania , most of that time just south of the CSX Amtrak railroad tracks . US 20 appears as West Ridge Road eastward from the Ohio border through Springfield , Girard , Fairview and Millcreek townships . At the intersection with Pennsylvania Route 832 , just outside the Erie city limits , it becomes West 26th Street . After it reaches city center at the intersection with State Street , it becomes East 26th Street . It turns sharply northward as Broad Street at the Bayfront Connector , then turns east again as Buffalo Road through Wesleyville and Harborcreek Township . Buffalo Road turns sharply northward at the town of Harborcreek . US 20 intersects with Pennsylvania Route 955 and resumes its eastward journey . At North East Township , US 20 becomes West Main Road . Within the town limits , it becomes West Main Street until it reaches the town center at its intersection with Pennsylvania Route 89 , where it becomes East Main Street . Outside the town limits it becomes East Main Road until it reaches Pennsylvania 's border with New York . New York ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in New York US 20 marker , east of Sangerfield , New York In New York , US 20 runs roughly parallel to the New York State Thruway ( I - 90 ) throughout the state . The route runs concurrently with New York State Route 5 twice , with the second overlap extending 68 miles ( 109 km ) across Western and Central New York from Avon to Auburn . US 20 runs across the rural Cherry Valley Turnpike between Skaneateles and Albany . US 20 was also known as the Boston - Buffalo highway prior to the construction of the New York Thruway and Massachusetts Turnpike . Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Massachusetts New sign for Route 20 at Kenmore Square , near the Boston Citgo sign In Massachusetts , US 20 runs near I - 90 Mass Pike , intersecting it at exits 2 and 10A . In part of Berkshire County , US 20 runs north -- south as it shares the roadway with US 7 . It is known as `` Jacob 's Ladder '' as it crosses the Berkshire Hills between Lee in Berkshire County and Chester in Hampden County . From Chester to Westfield , US 20 and the Boston and Albany Railroad follow the Westfield River down to the broad valley of the Connecticut River . In Shrewsbury , US 20 is called `` Hartford Turnpike . '' In Northborough , and Worcester it is called `` Southwest Cutoff '' , until it merges with the original Boston Post Road in Northborough ( Southwest Cutoff and West Main Street ) . Southwest Cutoff was created at the turn of the century to bypass truck traffic around Shrewsbury center as well as connecting to the Boston and Worcester Turnpike . In parts of eastern Massachusetts , US 20 follows the route of the old Boston Post Road and passes by Longfellow 's Wayside Inn , in Sudbury , the oldest continually operated Inn in America . In 1926 , after engineers determined that heavy truck traffic on the Boston Post Road was damaging the foundations of the Inn , Henry Ford , then owner & proprietor , ordered the construction of the mile - and - a-half - long Route 20 bypass . Upon its completion on December 11 , 1928 , he sold it to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for $1 and never cashed the check . According to the Boston Herald the by - pass cost Ford $288,000 . The original route of US 20 is now called Wayside Inn Road . US 20 continues from Sudbury through Wayland , Weston , Waltham , Watertown and then into Boston through Allston and Fenway -- Kenmore . U.S. Route 20 's official eastern terminus is in Kenmore Square at the intersection of Commonwealth Avenue , Beacon Street , and Brookline Avenue , where the alignment becomes Massachusetts Route 2 . Route 2 continues for a short distance where it terminates at U.S. Route 3 . History ( edit ) Before the U.S. Highway System , the route in New England and New York was designated as New England Interstate Route 5 ( NE - 5 ) , part of the New England Interstate Route system that existed between 1922 and 1927 . Around 1923 , from Springfield to Pittsfield , NE - 5 was known as `` Jacob 's Ladder '' , and from Boston to Albany , the `` Hubway '' . When US 20 was first commissioned , it took over the entirety of NE - 5 . Historic termini ( edit ) Until 1940 , the western endpoint of US 20 was the east entrance to Yellowstone National Park . Historic routes ( edit ) Between Fort Dodge , Iowa , and Dubuque , Iowa , the route has been upgraded to four lanes , the last link of this completed in 2003 . Much of the old route is a few miles north of the present route except between I - 35 and Waterloo . There , the old route is farther north , going through Iowa Falls , Aplington , and the north side of Cedar Falls along what is now Iowa Highway 57 . From just west of South Bend , Indiana , to the St. Joseph -- Elkhart county line , the old route of US 20 through St. Joseph County is now Business US 20 . In Elkhart County , its old route is now classified as a county road and is simply called Old US 20 . The St. Joseph Valley Parkway is the present route of US 20 in the South Bend -- Elkhart Area . From 1930 to 1933 , US 20 followed what are now Massachusetts Route 67 and Massachusetts Route 9 from Worcester to Palmer via Shrewsbury and Northborough . The 1953 Massachusetts Department of Public Works Master Plan would have relocated US 20 between Palmer , Massachusetts and either West Springfield , Massachusetts or Westfield , Massachusetts along the right - of - way now used by the Massachusetts Turnpike , but this was never implemented . Until 1970 -- 72 , US 20 followed an old route through downtown Springfield -- Boston Road and State Street -- crossing the Connecticut River via the older Memorial Bridge ( now Massachusetts Route 147 ) . The construction of I - 291 prompted a change . US 20 now crosses from West Springfield at the North End Bridge , and is co-signed with I - 291 until Page Boulevard , where it heads back to Boston Road via the former route of 20A . In 2012 , the Historic US Route 20 Association was formed to identify , promote and preserve the history of the route and original alignments that were once signed `` Route 20 '' from Boston to Newport . Historic names ( edit ) The portion of US 20 eastward from Illinois generally follows the path of the Yellowstone Trail . In Massachusetts , US 20 follows the Boston Post Road in Wayland and Sudbury . In the state of New York , part of US 20 follows the old Cherry Valley Turnpike and is still referred to by that name in some places . From Buffalo westward to Cleveland , Ohio , US 20 follows the path of the Buffalo Stage Road . One of the 1842 milestones marking the original Western Reserve and Maumee Turnpike in Woodville , Ohio . Between Fremont , Ohio and Perrysburg , Ohio , the road dates back to the late 1830s . It was known then as the Maumee and Western Reserve Road . Nicknamed `` Mud Pike '' and earned a reputation as `` The worst road on the continent '' for the mudholes that would trap wagon wheels and slow draft animals . Travelers sometimes would take three days to travel 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) . It is still signed as Maumee St. in and near Angola , IN . Through western Indiana , US 20 was built as the Dunes Relief Road , as it bypassed the heavily traveled Dunes Highway . Northwest of Chicago it is called Ulysses S. Grant Highway . Major intersections ( edit ) Western segment Oregon US 101 at West Olive Street in Newport I ‐ 5 in Albany US 97 in Bend US 395 in Riley . The highways travel concurrently to northeast of Burns . US 26 in Vale . The highways travel concurrently to Mountain Home , Idaho . Idaho US 95 north of Parma . The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Parma . I ‐ 84 / US 30 north of Caldwell . The highways travel concurrently to Caldwell . I ‐ 184 in Boise . The highways travel concurrently through the city . I ‐ 84 / US 30 in Boise . The highways travel concurrently to Mountain Home . US 26 / US 93 in Carey . US 20 / US 26 travel concurrently to northwest of Atomic City . US 20 / US 93 travel concurrently to Arco . I ‐ 15 in Idaho Falls . The highways travel concurrently through the city . Montana US 191 / US 287 at Firehole Avenue in West Yellowstone . The highways travel concurrently to West Thumb . Wyoming US 89 north - northwest of West Thumb . The highways travel concurrently to West Thumb . Eastern segment Wyoming US 14 / US 16 at the East Entrance to Yellowstone National Park , southeast of Pahaska Tepee . US 14 / US 20 travel concurrently to Greybull . US 16 / US 20 travel concurrently to Worland . US 310 west - northwest of Greybull US 26 in Shoshoni . The highways travel concurrently to Orin . I ‐ 25 / US 87 at Events Drive on the Casper -- Hartrandt city line . I - 25 / US 20 travel concurrently into Casper proper . US 20 / US 87 travel concurrently to Orin . I ‐ 25 in Casper I ‐ 25 southeast of Glenrock . The highways travel concurrently to Orin . I ‐ 25 / US 18 / US 26 / US 87 in Orin . US 18 / US 20 travel concurrently to Lusk . US 85 in Lusk . The highways travel concurrently through the town . Nebraska US 385 west of Chadron . The highways travel concurrently to Chadron . US 83 in Valentine . The highways travel concurrently to south - southeast of Valentine . US 183 west - northwest of Long Pine . The highways travel concurrently to Bassett . US 281 in O'Neill . The highways travel concurrently through the city . US 275 / US 281 in O'Neill . US 20 / US 275 travel concurrently to southeast of Inman . US 81 west - southwest of Randolph I ‐ 129 / US 75 / US 77 in South Sioux City . I - 129 / US 20 travel concurrently to Sioux City , Iowa . US 20 / US 75 travel concurrently to the Woodbury -- Concord township line . Iowa I ‐ 29 / I ‐ 129 in Sioux City US 59 in Holstein . The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Holstein . US 71 in Boyer Valley Township . US 169 in Elkhorn Township US 69 in Liberty Township I ‐ 35 in Rose Grove Township US 65 in Ellis Township US 63 in Waterloo I ‐ 380 / US 218 in Waterloo . I - 380 / US 20 travel concurrently to Poyner Township . Illinois I ‐ 39 / US 51 in Rockford . The highways travel concurrently to Cherry Valley . I ‐ 90 north - northeast of Hampshire I ‐ 355 in Addison I ‐ 290 in Elmhurst . The highways travel concurrently through the city . US 12 / US 45 on the Stone Park - Melrose Park city line . US 12 / US 20 travel concurrently to East Chicago , Indiana . US 20 / US 45 travel concurrently to west of the Palos Hills - Hickory Hills city line . I ‐ 290 on the Bellwood - Hillside - Westchester city line US 34 in La Grange I ‐ 55 on the Countryside - Hodgkins city line I ‐ 294 in Willow Springs I ‐ 294 on the Hickory Hills - Bridgeview city line US 41 in Chicago . The highways travel concurrently to Whiting . Indiana I ‐ 90 northwest of Whiting US 12 on the Hammond - Gary city line . The highways travel concurrently into Gary proper . I ‐ 65 in Gary I ‐ 90 in Gary I ‐ 94 in Burns Harbor US 421 in Michigan City I ‐ 94 east - southeast of Michigan City US 35 east - southeast of Michigan City US 31 in South Bend . The highways travel concurrently through the city . US 33 in Elkhart I ‐ 69 in Jackson Township Ohio US 127 in Mill Creek Township . The highways travel concurrently to Gorham Township . I ‐ 475 / US 23 in Sylvania I ‐ 80 / I ‐ 90 in Maumee US 24 in Maumee I ‐ 75 / US 23 in Perrysburg . US 20 / US 23 travel concurrently to the Troy - Woodville township line . US 6 in Sandusky Township . The highways travel concurrently to Fremont . US 250 in Norwalk US 6 in Lakewood . The highways travel concurrently to Cleveland . US 6 / US 42 / US 322 / US 422 in Cleveland . US 20 / US 422 travel concurrently for one block . US 6 in East Cleveland . The highways travel concurrently to Euclid . I ‐ 90 on the Euclid - Wickliffe city line Pennsylvania US 6N in Springfield Township I ‐ 79 in Erie US 19 in Erie I ‐ 90 east - northeast of North East New York I ‐ 90 in Hanover I ‐ 390 east of Avon I ‐ 81 south - southwest of LaFayette US 11 south of LaFayette I - 87 in McKownville US 9W in Albany US 9 in Albany . The highways travel concurrently to Schodack . US 4 in East Greenbush I ‐ 90 in Schodack Massachusetts US 7 in Pittsfield . The highways travel concurrently to Lenox . I ‐ 90 in Lee US 202 in Westfield . The highways travel concurrently through the city . US 5 in West Springfield I ‐ 91 in Springfield I ‐ 291 in Springfield . The highways travel concurrently through the city . I ‐ 84 in Sturbridge I ‐ 395 / I ‐ 290 in Auburn I ‐ 495 in Marlborough I ‐ 95 in Waltham Route 2 in Boston See also ( edit ) U.S. Roads portal Book : U.S. 20 Book : U.S. Routes 20 - 29 Massachusetts Route 20A U.S. Route 20A in New York U.S. Route 20A in Ohio U.S. Route 20 Business -- Sioux City , Iowa ; also passes through South Sioux City , Nebraska U.S. Route 20 Business -- Fort Dodge , Iowa U.S. Route 120 , became Pennsylvania Route 120 in 1967 U.S. Route 220 U.S. Route 320 ( now decommissioned , was part of the old Route 26 ) U.S. Route 420 ( part of U.S. Route 14 Alternate ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials ( November 11 , 1926 ) . United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials ( Map ) . 1 : 7,000,000 . Washington , DC : U.S. Geological Survey . OCLC 32889555 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 -- via University of North Texas Libraries . ^ Jump up to : Weingroff , Richard ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Ask the Rambler : What Is The Longest Road in the United States ? '' . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Endpoints of US highways '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sudbury , 1890 - 1989 , 100 years in the Life of a Town ( Chapter 7 ) '' . sudbury.ma.us . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Save BIG with $9.99 . COMs from GoDaddy ! '' . Go Daddy . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : : US 20 Archived October 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ US 5 : A Highway To History Jump up ^ `` The Historic US Route 20 Association '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Laura ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` More on Cleveland walking tours and history '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Nelson , Mac ( 2008 ) . Twenty West : The Great Road across America . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7469 - 3 . Czarnecki , Michael ( 1997 ) . Twenty Days on Route 20 . FootHills Publishing . ISBN 0 - 941053 - 01 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Route 20 . Galena Bypass project homepage Illinois Highway Ends : US 20 Indiana Highway Ends : US 20 In Search of ... U.S. Route 20 in Ohio by Michael G. Buettner , February 2006 US 20 Travelogue in New York at Empire State Roads `` On Route 20 , Where the Past Is Present '' : August 11 , 2006 , article in The New York Times Escapes section . Flickr Group for photos taken along US 20 Endpoints of US 20 at USends.com Twenty West : The Great Road Across America -- book about US 20 Historic US Route 20 Association Site dedicated to the preservation and promotion of Historic US Route 20 Browse numbered routes ← US 18 WY WYO 22 → United States Numbered Highway System 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 87 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 101 163 400 412 425 Mainline highways Divided routes Special routes Routes in italics are no longer a part of the system . Highlighted routes are considered main routes of the system . hide U.S. Routes related to US 20 US 120 former US 220 US 320 former US 420 former Special ( 220 ) LCCN : sh2007007323 VIAF : 315531471 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Route_20&oldid=850036480 '' Categories : United States Numbered Highways U.S. Highways in Idaho U.S. Highways in Illinois U.S. Highways in Indiana U.S. Highways in Iowa U.S. Highways in Massachusetts U.S. Highways in Montana U.S. Highways in Nebraska U.S. Highways in New York ( state ) U.S. Highways in Ohio U.S. Highways in Oregon U.S. Highways in Pennsylvania U.S. Highways in Wyoming U.S. Route 20 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2018 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Svenska ไทย 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 04 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does us hwy 20 start and end | [] | [] |
-5598644905334302235 | Somebody's Watching Me | Somebody 's Watching Me - wikipedia Somebody 's Watching Me For the album , see Somebody 's Watching Me ( album ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Side - A label of US 12 - inch vinyl single Single by Rockwell from the album Somebody 's Watching Me B - side `` Somebody 's Watching Me ( Instrumental ) '' Released January 14 , 1984 Format 7 '' single cassette single Genre Synth - funk Length 4 : 59 ( Album version ) 4 : 00 ( Single version ) 3 : 33 ( Radio version ) Label Motown M 1702 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Curtis Anthony Nolen Rockwell Rockwell singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' is a song recorded by American singer Rockwell , released by the Motown label on January 14 , 1984 , as the lead single from his debut studio album of the same name . Rockwell 's debut single release , the song features guest vocals by brothers Michael Jackson ( in the chorus ) and Jermaine Jackson ( additional backing vocals ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' became a major commercial success internationally , topping the charts in Belgium , France and Spain , and reaching the Top 5 in Canada , Germany , the Netherlands , New Zealand , South Africa , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States ( peaking at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . The song reached No. 6 in the United Kingdom , Rockwell 's only Top 40 hit there . Contents 1 Background and composition 2 Music video 2.1 Plot 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Sales and certifications 4 DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' 5 Beatfreakz version 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Chart performance 6 Other cover versions 7 Sampling 8 Appearances in other media 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background and composition ( edit ) Rockwell is a son of Motown CEO Berry Gordy . At the time of the recording , Rockwell was estranged from his father and living with Ray Singleton , his father 's ex-wife and the mother of his older half - brother , Kerry Gordy . Singleton served as executive producer on the project and would occasionally play some demo tracks to Berry . The elder Gordy was less than enthusiastic about Rockwell 's music until he heard the single with a familiar voice featuring prominently on background vocals . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' was written in the key of C - sharp minor in time with a tempo of 124 beats per minute . The vocals span from C# to C# . Produced by Curtis Anthony Nolen , the song featured backing vocals by Michael and Jermaine Jackson , with Alan Murray on percussion . Music video ( edit ) The music video to `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( which uses the radio edit instead of the album version ) underscores the song 's paranoid tone with a haunted house - inspired theme , including imagery of floating heads , ravens , graveyards , and shower scenes referencing Psycho . Plot ( edit ) The video opens with Rockwell coming home to discover that a newspaper in Chinese has been delivered to his doorstep . As he takes a quick shower , he begins to have strange visions ( in a manner recalling The Dead Zone ) of himself being pursued around his house by assorted ghoulish appartions , of the looming figure of a cadaverous - looking man , and of finding a tombstone engraved with his own name . His shower is interrupted when he hears something outside and goes out on his balcony to investigate . He is shocked to see the man from his visions standing at his gate , but as he struggles to get a better look in spite of the sun in his face he is greatly relieved to see that he is merely a mailman , coming to deliver the correct newspaper . As the mailman walks up the path towards the front porch , however , a brief close - up of his arm reveals that he is , in fact , a zombie . Rockwell emerges onto the porch to receive the paper , which the mailman genially hands over . As the mailman brings his other arm around to strike , Rockwell has just enough time to notice that he is not human . Due in part to the popularity of the music video , the song is sometimes used for Halloween celebrations , with cover versions found in various collections of Halloween music . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Cash Box US Dance / Disco Top 80 ( Billboard ) US Top Tracks ( Billboard ) 31 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 28 France ( IFOP ) 46 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 46 Italy ( FIMI ) 84 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 26 US Cash Box 21 US Top Black Singles ( Billboard ) 12 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 France 354,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' ( edit ) Main article : Somebody Dance with Me DJ BoBo based his 1992 single `` Somebody Dance with Me '' on `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' with new lyrics and rap . The DJ BoBo single reached No. 1 in Sweden and Switzerland , and the Top 5 in Austria , Finland , Germany , the Netherlands and Norway . In 2012 , a remix of the hit was made by Remady titled `` Somebody Dance With Me ( Remady 2013 Mix ) '' by DJ BoBo featuring Manu - L. Released early in 2013 , it charted on the Swiss Hitparade , reaching No. 4 . The mix was made on the 20th anniversary of the initial hit by DJ BoBo in November 1992 . Beatfreakz version ( edit ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Single by Beatfreakz Released 2006 Format CD single Length 2 : 48 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Beatfreakz Beatfreakz singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube In 2006 , Dutch dance group Beatfreakz recorded a pseudo-cover of the song which sampled the chorus but omitted the verses . This version was a Top 10 hit in Belgium , Finland , Ireland , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . Track listing ( edit ) CD single Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Edit ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Club Mix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( E-Craig's 2006 Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( DeNnis Christopher Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Ian Carey Club Mix ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Wallonia ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 France ( SNEP ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 65 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Other cover versions ( edit ) Electro / hip hop artist / DJ / producers , Mysto & Pizzi , recorded a cover of the song for a series of GEICO television commercials . Sampling ( edit ) TRU incorporated the lyrics and main melody of the chorus into their 1997 single `` I Always Feel Like ( Somebody 's Watching Me ) '' . In 2001 , French hip hop group Fonky Family sampled the song in `` Art de Rue '' . Canadian artist Virginia to Vegas sampled the chorus for his single `` Lights Out '' . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) The Mysto & Pizzi cover version was featured in a series of commercials for GEICO that began airing in December 2008 and throughout 2009 . The campaign , created by The Martin Agency , consisted of various advertisements in which people would happen upon Kash , a stack of money with googly eyes , while the song is played in the background . See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1984 List of number - one singles of 1984 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1984 ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Rockwell -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Son of Berry Gordy who scored a number two Hot 100 hit with the 1983 synth - funk single `` Somebody 's Watching Me . '' ^ Jump up to : Somebody 's Watching Me ( Media notes ) . Rockwell . Hollywood , California : Motown Records . 1984 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gordy Singleton , Raynoma ( 1990 ) . `` Super Three '' . Berry , Me and Motown ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : Contemporary Books . pp. 297 -- 299 . ISBN 0 - 8092 - 4340 - 7 . As they finished mixing down the record , I could barely wait to rush it over and play it for Berry . Jump up ^ `` Somebody 's Watching Me By Rockwell -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Higginson , Cheryl ( May 1 , 1984 ) . `` Rockwell Rockets Up The Popular Charts '' . Luddington Daily News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6316 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toutes les Chansons N ° 1 des Années 80 's '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1984 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Rockwell - Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( R ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 24 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 03 - 10 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . March 10 , 1984 . pp. 22 , 57 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1984 '' . RPM . Vol. 41 no . 17 . January 5 , 1985 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1984 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts -- 1984 '' ( in German ) . Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 12 - 22 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 22 , 1984 . pp. 14 , TA -- 19 , TA -- 21 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes Tout Temps de 45 T. / Singles '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beatfreakz : Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebodys Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Beatfreakz - Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Issue nr : 23 / 2006 ( 12 Iunie -- 18 Iunie 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2006 ... see last week position . Romanian Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO -- The Remake of Somebody 's Watching Me ... '' January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TRU 's I Always Feel Like ... sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jean ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Isleym : Premier album ' Où ça nous mène ' en 2014 '' . Evous ( in French ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John R ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia to Vegas Channels Rockwell In ' Lights Out ' '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parpis , Elefteria ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Kash Debuts for Geico '' . Adweek . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' 1980s `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. 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8039966990977230711 | Carl Tanzler | Carl Tanzler - wikipedia Carl Tanzler Jump to : navigation , search Carl Tanzler Tanzler in 1942 ( 1877 - 02 - 08 ) February 8 , 1877 Dresden , German Empire July 3 , 1952 ( 1952 - 07 - 03 ) ( aged 75 ) Pasco County , Florida , U.S. Occupation radiology technician Spouse ( s ) Doris Tanzler Children Ayesha Tanzler , Clarista Tanzler Carl Tanzler , or sometimes Count Carl von Cosel ( February 8 , 1877 -- July 3 , 1952 ) , was a German - born radiology technician at the Marine - Hospital Service in Key West , Florida . He developed an obsession for a young Cuban - American tuberculosis patient , Elena `` Helen '' Milagro de Hoyos ( July 31 , 1909 -- October 25 , 1931 ) , that carried on well after the disease had caused her death . In 1933 , almost two years after her death , Tanzler removed Hoyos ' body from its tomb , and lived with the corpse at his home for seven years until its discovery by Hoyos ' relatives and authorities in 1940 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Early life 3 Maria Elena Milagro de Hoyos 4 Obsession 5 Later life and death 6 In popular culture 7 Timeline 8 See also 9 References Name ( edit ) Tanzler went by many names ; he was listed as Georg Karl Tänzler on his German marriage certificate . He was listed as Carl Tanzler von Cosel on his United States citizenship papers , and he was listed as Carl Tanzler on his Florida death certificate . Some of his hospital records were signed Count Carl Tanzler von Cosel . Early Life ( edit ) He was born as Karl Tänzler or Georg Karl Tänzler on February 8 , 1877 in Dresden , Germany . Around 1920 he married Doris Anna Shafer ( 1889 -- 1977 ) and he was listed as `` Georg Karl Tänzler '' on the marriage certificate . Together they had two children : Ayesha Tanzler ( 1922 -- 1998 ) , and Clarista Tanzler ( 1924 -- 1934 ) , who died of diphtheria . Tanzler grew up in Germany . The following `` Editorial Note '' accompanying the autobiographical account `` The Trial Bay Organ : A Product of Wit and Ingenuity '' by `` Carl von Cosel '' in the Rosicrucian Digest of March and April 1939 , gives details about his stay in Australia before and during World War I and his return to Germany after the war : Many years ago , Carl von Cosel travelled from India to Australia with the intention of proceeding to the South Seas Islands . He paused in Australia to collect equipment and suitable boats , and to become acquainted with prevailing weather and sea conditions . However , he became interested in engineering and electrical work there , bought property , boats , an organ , an island in the Pacific -- so that he was still in Australia at the end of ten years . He had just begun to build a trans - ocean flyer when the war broke out and the British military authorities placed him in a concentration camp for ' safe - keeping ' along with many officers India and China who were prisoners of war . Later he was removed to Trial Bay to a castle - like prison on the cliffs , and there the work in this narrative was accomplished . At the end of the war no prisoner was permitted to return to his former residence , but all were shipped to the prisoner 's exchange in Holland . When Carl von Cosel was released he set out to find his mother from whom he had not heard since the beginning of the war . Finding her safe , he remained with her for three years , witnessing the chaos that followed in the wake of the war ... Finally , she suggested that her son return to his sister in the United States ... Tanzler 's account of Trial Bay Gaol , his secret building of a sailing boat , etc. , is confirmed by Nyanatiloka Mahathera , who mentions that he planned to escape from the Gaol with `` Count Carl von Cosel '' in a sailing boat , and provides other information about the internment of Germans in Australia during WWI . Tanzler emigrated to the United States in 1926 , sailing from Rotterdam on February 6 , 1926 to Havana , Cuba . From Cuba he settled in Zephyrhills , Florida , to where his sister had already emigrated , and was later joined by his wife and two daughters . Leaving his family behind in Zephyrhills in 1927 , he took a job as a radiology technician at the U.S. Marine Hospital in Key West , Florida under the name Carl von Cosel . During his childhood in Germany , and later while traveling briefly in Genoa , Italy , Tanzler claimed to have been visited by visions of a dead ancestor , Countess Anna Constantia von Cosel , who revealed the face of his true love , an exotic dark - haired woman , to him . Maria Elena Milagro de Hoyos ( edit ) On April 22 , 1930 , while working at the Marine Hospital in Key West , Tanzler met Maria Elena `` Helen '' Milagro de Hoyos ( 1909 -- 1931 ) , a local Cuban - American woman who had been brought to the hospital by her mother for an examination . Tanzler immediately recognized her as the beautiful dark - haired woman that had been revealed to him in his earlier `` visions . '' By all accounts , Hoyos was viewed as a local beauty in Key West . Elena was the daughter of local cigar maker Francisco `` Pancho '' Hoyos ( 1883 -- 1934 ) and Aurora Milagro ( 1881 -- 1940 ) . She had two sisters , Florinda `` Nana '' Milagro Hoyos ( 1906 -- 1944 ) , who married Mario Medina ( c. 1905 -- 1944 ) and also succumbed to tuberculosis ; and Celia Milagro Hoyos ( 1913 -- 1934 ) . Medina , Nana 's husband , was electrocuted trying to rescue a coworker who hit a powerline with his crane at a construction site . On February 18 , 1926 , Hoyos married Luis Mesa ( 1908 -- ? ) , the son of Caridad and Isaac Mesa . Luis left Hoyos shortly after Hoyos miscarried the couple 's child , and moved to Miami . Hoyos was legally married to Mesa at the time of her death . Hoyos was eventually diagnosed with tuberculosis , a typically fatal disease at the time , that eventually claimed the lives of almost all of her entire immediate family . Tanzler , with his self - professed medical knowledge , attempted to treat and cure Hoyos with a variety of medicines , as well as x-ray and electrical equipment , that were brought to the Hoyoses ' home . Tanzler showered Hoyos with gifts of jewelry and clothing , and allegedly professed his love to her , but no evidence has surfaced to show that any of his affection was reciprocated by Hoyos . Obsession ( edit ) The corpse of Maria Elena Milagro de Hoyos ( 1910 -- 1931 ) encased in wax and plaster circa 1940 . Despite Tanzler 's best efforts , Hoyos died of tuberculosis at her parents ' home in Key West on October 25 , 1931 . Tanzler paid for her funeral , and with the permission of her family he then commissioned the construction of an above ground mausoleum in the Key West Cemetery , which he visited almost every night . One evening in April 1933 , Tanzler crept through the cemetery where Hoyos was buried and removed her body from the mausoleum , carting it through the cemetery after dark on a toy wagon , and transporting it to his home . He reportedly said that Hoyo 's spirit would come to him when he would sit by her grave and serenade her corpse with a favorite Spanish song . He also said that she would often tell him to take her from the grave . Tanzler attached the corpse 's bones together with wire and coat hangers , and fitted the face with glass eyes . As the skin of the corpse decomposed , Tanzler replaced it with silk cloth soaked in wax and plaster of paris . As the hair fell out of the decomposing scalp , Tanzler fashioned a wig from Hoyos 's hair that had been collected by her mother and given to Tanzler not long after her burial in 1931 . Tanzler filled the corpse 's abdominal and chest cavity with rags to keep the original form , dressed Hoyos 's remains in stockings , jewelry , and gloves , and kept the body in his bed . Tanzler also used copious amounts of perfume , disinfectants , and preserving agents , to mask the odor and forestall the effects of the corpse 's decomposition . In October , 1940 , Hoyo 's sister Florinda heard rumors of Tanzler sleeping with the disinterred body of her sister , and confronted Tanzler at his home , where Hoyos 's body was eventually discovered . Florinda notified the authorities , and Tanzler was arrested and detained . Tanzler was psychiatrically examined , and found mentally competent to stand trial on the charge of `` wantonly and maliciously destroying a grave and removing a body without authorization . '' After a preliminary hearing on October 9 , 1940 at the Monroe County Courthouse in Key West , Tanzler was held to answer on the charge , but the case was eventually dropped and he was released , as the statute of limitations for the crime had expired . Shortly after the corpse 's discovery by authorities , Hoyos 's body was examined by physicians and pathologists , and put on public display at the Dean - Lopez Funeral Home , where it was viewed by as many as 6,800 people . Hoyos 's body was eventually returned to the Key West Cemetery where the remains were buried in an unmarked grave , in a secret location , to prevent further tampering . The facts underlying the case and the preliminary hearing drew much interest from the media at the time ( most notably , from the Key West Citizen and Miami Herald ) , and created a sensation among the public , both regionally and nationwide . The public mood was generally sympathetic to Tanzler , whom many viewed as an eccentric `` romantic '' . Though not reported contemporaneously , research ( most notably by authors Harrison and Swicegood ) has revealed evidence of Tanzler 's necrophilia with Hoyos 's corpse . Two physicians ( Dr. DePoo and Dr. Foraker ) who attended the 1940 autopsy of Hoyos 's remains recalled in 1972 that a paper tube had been inserted in the vaginal area of the corpse that allowed for intercourse . Others contend that since no evidence of necrophilia was presented at the 1940 preliminary hearing , and because the physicians ' `` proof '' surfaced in 1972 , over 30 years after the case had been dismissed , the necrophilia allegation is questionable . While no existing contemporary photographs of the autopsy or photographs taken at the public display show a tube , the necrophilia claim was repeated by the HBO Autopsy program in 2005 . Later Life and death ( edit ) In 1944 , Tanzler moved to Pasco County , Florida close to Zephyrhills , Florida , where he wrote an autobiography that appeared in the Pulp publication , Fantastic Adventures , in 1947 . His home was near his wife Doris , who apparently helped to support Tanzler in his later years . Tanzler received United States citizenship in 1950 in Tampa . Separated from his obsession , Tanzler used a death mask to create a life - sized effigy of Hoyos , and lived with it until his death on July 3 , 1952 . His body was discovered on the floor of his home three weeks after his death . He died under the name `` Carl Tanzler '' . It has been recounted that Tanzler was found in the arms of the Hoyos effigy upon discovery of his corpse , but his obituary reported that he died on the floor behind one of his organs . The obituary recounted : `` a metal cylinder on a shelf above a table in it wrapped in silken cloth and a robe was a waxen image '' . It has been written ( most notably by Swicegood ) that Tanzler had the bodies switched ( or that Hoyos 's remains were secretly returned to him ) , and that he died with the real body of Hoyos . In popular culture ( edit ) A Spanish language song , Bodas Negras ( Black Wedding ) which narrates a similar story , may have been based on the story of Tanzler and Hoyos . Several bands have released musical interpretations of the Tanzler story , such as And You Will Know Us By the Trail of Dead 's The Secret of Elena 's Tomb album , and Sleep Station 's Von Cosel album , both released in 2003 . In 2010 , the electroindie band Fiordmoss released a song titled Cold Night which is sung from Tanzler 's perspective . The band `` Through The Strip '' released a song called `` One Moment In Time ( Carl Von Cosels Requiem ) '' Which featured sound clips from documentaries in the intro . The song is told from the points of view of both Elena and Carl Tanzler . The band Brian Blew It released a song called `` Count Von Cosel '' off their 2013 EP Tales of Love & Horror . It depicts the story of Carl Cosel and Elena as a beautiful tragedy . The band The Black Dahlia Murder released a song titled Deathmask Divine which tells the story . The band Loch Lomond 's song Wax & Wire tells the story of Tanzler 's love for Elena . In 2008 , ChansoNoir released the single Count Von Cosels Obsession , with the b - side A Cemetery Serenade presenting an instrumental piece reenacting Carl Tanzler 's organ playing in the tomb . The Ripley 's Believe It or Not museum In Key West , Florida , has an exhibit recreating Elena 's body being cared for by Tanzler . Portions of the original memorial plaque that was commissioned by Tanzler and affixed to Elena Hoyos 's mausoleum have been reassembled and are on display at the Martello Gallery - Key West Art and Historical Museum in Key West . Sharon Needles wrote `` Dead Girls Never Say No '' inspired by Tanzler on her album PG - 13 The novel Buried by Tom Baker , is a horror novel based on Carl Tanzler . The story of Dr. Von Cosel and Elena Hoyos was featured in an episode Investigation Discovery series `` True Nightmares '' entitled `` Overstay Your Welcome '' . `` This American Life '' aired a story about Elena and Von Cossel on Feb. 17 . 2017 . Japanese composer Kanon69 released a song which depicts the story , not including the events of after she was returned to her grave . Timeline ( edit ) 1877 Birth of Carl Tanzler in Dresden , Germany , on February 8 . 1920 ( circa ) Marriage to Doris in Germany . 1922 Birth of Ayesha Tanzler , his daughter . 1924 Birth of Crysta Tanzler , his daughter . 1926 Rotterdam to Havana , Cuba , on February 6 . 1926 Enters USA and goes to Zephyrhills , Florida , where he may have had a sister . 1927 Begins work at Marine Hospital in Key West , Florida . 1930 1930 US Census with Doris Tanzler in Zephyrhills , Florida . 1930 1930 US Census with Hoyos family in Key West , Florida . 1931 Death of Maria Elena Milagro `` Helen '' de Hoyos in October . 1933 Removal of the body of Maria Elena Milagro de Hoyos to his home . 1934 Death of Crysta Tanzler , his daughter , from diphtheria . 1940 Arrest for desecration of a grave . 1940 Released on bond from jail on October 12 . 1944 Moves to Pasco County , Florida , near Zephyrhills , Florida . 1950 Receives United States citizenship in Tampa , Florida . 1952 Death of Carl Tanzler on July 23 . 1977 Death of Doris Tanzler , his estranged widow , on May 11 . 1998 Death of Ayesha Tanzler , his daughter . See also ( edit ) The Secret of Elena 's Tomb a music EP by ... And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead inspired by the story Fantastic Adventures Tanzler von Cosel , Karl ( September 1947 ) ; `` The Secret of Elena 's Tomb '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Swicegood , Tom ( 2003 ) . Von Cosel . iUniverse . ISBN 0 - 595 - 74652 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` A Macabre Love Story '' . Crime Library . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 24 . Radiologist Carl von Cosel , 56 , became obsessed with one of the tuberculosis patients at the sanitarium where he worked . Her name was Maria Elena de Hoyos and she was a beautiful , 22 - year - old woman . Jump up ^ `` Rosicrucian Digest '' . Supreme Council of the Rosicrucian Order . 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` The Trial Bay Organ : A Product of Wit and Ingenuity , '' The Rosicrucian Digest , March 1939 , pp. 54 -- 58 , April 1939 , pp. 92 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ben ( 2001 ) . Undying Love : The True Story Of A Passion That Defied Death . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 97802 - 2 ... Tanzler left Germany , a country that was dispirited and defeated after the First World War , and sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to the United States , ... Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Nyanatusita & Hellmuth Hecker , The Life of Nyanatiloka Thera , Kandy , 2008 , pp. 53 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison , Ben ( 2001 ) . Undying Love . St. Martin 's True Crime . ISBN 0 - 312 - 97802 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Sloan , David ( 1998 ) . Ghosts of Key West . Phantom Press . ISBN 0 - 9674498 - 0 - 4 . A German citizen , his real name was Carl Tanzler , and though he was well - read in many subjects , it is doubtful that he had any real schooling in the various ... ^ Jump up to : `` Autopsy 6 : Secrets of the Dead - The Strange Obsession of Dr. Carl Von Cosel '' . HBO.com. 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Key West Citizen ; July 24 , 1952 Jump up ^ `` La Boda Negra : Count Carl von Cosel 's macabre obsession with Elena Hoyos - '' . lynncinnamon.com . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Gesture '' . thisamericanlife.org . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl Tanzler . VIAF : 55888311 LCCN : n96117249 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Tanzler&oldid=815328114 '' Categories : 1877 births 1952 deaths German emigrants to the United States History of Key West , Florida People from Zephyrhills , Florida People from Dresden People from the Kingdom of Saxony Necrophiles Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Articles containing timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 05 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | doctor who fell in love with dead patient | [
"Carl Tanzler, or sometimes Count Carl von Cosel (February 8, 1877 – July 3, 1952), was a German-born radiology technician at the Marine-Hospital Service in Key West, Florida. He developed an obsession for a young Cuban-American tuberculosis patient, Elena \"Helen\" Milagro de Hoyos (July 31, 1909 – October 25, 1931), that carried on well after the disease had caused her death.[1] In 1933, almost two years after her death, Tanzler removed Hoyos' body from its tomb, and lived with the corpse at his home for seven years until its discovery by Hoyos' relatives and authorities in 1940.[2]"
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"Carl Tanzler"
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5179493812051437465 | Sebastian Stan | Sebastian Stan - wikipedia Sebastian Stan Jump to : navigation , search Sebastian Stan Stan in September 2015 ( 1982 - 08 - 13 ) August 13 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Constanța , Romania Alma mater Rutgers University Occupation Actor Years active 2003 -- present Home town Rockland County , New York , U.S. Sebastian Stan ( born August 13 , 1982 ) is a Romanian - American actor , known for his role as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . On television , Stan portrayed Carter Baizen in Gossip Girl , Prince Jack Benjamin in Kings , Jefferson in Once Upon a Time , and T.J. Hammond in Political Animals . His role in Political Animals earned him a nomination for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries . In 2015 , he co-starred in Jonathan Demme 's Ricki and the Flash , Ridley Scott 's The Martian , and Bryan Buckley 's The Bronze . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Stan was born in Constanța , Romania . He has stated that his parents divorced when he was two years old . At the age of eight , Stan and his mother , Georgeta Orlovschi , moved to Vienna , Austria following the Romanian Revolution , where Georgeta was employed as a pianist . Four years later , they moved to Rockland County , New York , after his mother married Anthony Fruhauf , the headmaster of Rockland Country Day School , where Stan was educated . During Stan 's years at the Rockland school , he starred in productions including Harvey , Cyrano de Bergerac , Little Shop of Horrors , Over Here ! , and West Side Story . He also attended the Stagedoor Manor summer camp where he was cast in many camp productions . It was then that he decided to take acting seriously and began to apply for acting programs at several universities . He was accepted to and attended Rutgers University 's Mason Gross School of the Arts , which also gave him the opportunity to spend a year abroad studying acting at Shakespeare 's Globe Theatre in London , England . Stan became a United States citizen in 2002 . Career ( edit ) Stan at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2013 After several film and television roles , including The Covenant and Gossip Girl , Stan landed a lead role in the 2009 series Kings as Jack Benjamin . In 2010 , he appeared in Darren Aronofsky 's ballet thriller , Black Swan . Stan also began filming the supernatural horror film The Apparition in February that year ; the film was released on August 24 , 2012 . Stan played Blaine , the main antagonist of Hot Tub Time Machine in March 2010 . In July 2011 , he portrayed Bucky Barnes in the film Captain America : The First Avenger , based on the Marvel Comics character . It was his first film in a nine - picture contract he has with Marvel Studios . In 2012 , he starred in the thriller Gone and began a recurring role in Once Upon a Time as the Mad Hatter . The A.V. Club described his work in `` Hat Trick '' , his premiere episode , as `` excellent '' and placed the episode in their list of the 30 best episodes of 2012 from series which did not make their top list . It was initially reported the role would be recast for Once Upon a Time in Wonderland due to Stan 's commitment to the Marvel Cinematic Universe , but Edward Kitsis later revealed the next month that due to fan backlash and respect for Stan 's performance , the character would not be recast and the series would proceed without the character . The same year , he also appeared in the USA Network miniseries Political Animals as the troubled gay son of the former first lady . This role resulted in a nomination for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries . In 2013 , Stan played the role of Hal Carter in the Roundabout Theater Company 's production of William Inge 's Picnic , at the American Airlines Theater in New York . In 2014 , Stan reprised his role as Bucky Barnes in Captain America : The Winter Soldier . In 2015 , Stan played Joshua Brummel in Ricki and the Flash , and co-starred in The Martian , as NASA scientist Dr. Chris Beck . He reprised his role as the Winter Soldier in the third Captain America film , Captain America : Civil War , released in 2016 , and will portray the character in Avengers : Infinity War in 2018 , and its untitled sequel in 2019 . Stan co-starred as NASCAR driver Dayton White in Steven Soderbergh 's comedy film Logan Lucky . He is set to portray Jeff Gillooly , alongside Margot Robbie , in Craig Gillespie 's biopic I , Tonya , based on the rivalry between figure skaters Tonya Harding and Nancy Kerrigan . Stan will portray Charles Blackwood in We Have Always Lived in the Castle , an adaptation of Shirley Jackson 's novel of the same name , and will also star alongside J.K. Simmons in the drama film I 'm Not Here . Stan has been cast in the lead role of Scott Huffman in the Vietnam War drama film The Last Full Measure . Personal life ( edit ) In early 2008 , Stan and Gossip Girl star Leighton Meester were reported to be in a relationship . Meester and Stan were reported to have broken up in 2010 . In summer 2012 , Stan and Once Upon a Time star Jennifer Morrison met on the Once Upon A Time set and dated for a year , breaking up in mid-2013 . In 2009 , Stan and actress Margarita Levieva starred in the film Spread . They had been reported to be good friends leading up to 2014 , when they were reported to be dating . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 71 Fragments of a Chronology of Chance Boy in Subway Tony n ' Tina 's Wedding Johnny Nunzio 2005 Red Doors Simon 2006 Architect , The The Architect Martin Waters 2006 Covenant , The The Covenant Chase Collins 2007 Education of Charlie Banks , The The Education of Charlie Banks Leo Reilly 2008 Rachel Getting Married Walter 2009 Spread Harry Hot Tub Time Machine Blaine Black Swan Andrew / Suitor 2011 Captain America : The First Avenger Bucky Barnes 2012 Gone Billy 2012 Apparition , The The Apparition Ben Curtis 2014 Captain America : The Winter Soldier Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier 2015 Bronze , The The Bronze Lance Tucker 2015 Ant - Man Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier Uncredited cameo 2015 Ricki and the Flash Joshua Brummel 2015 Martian , The The Martian Dr. Chris Beck 2016 Captain America : Civil War Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier 2017 Logan Lucky Dayton White 2017 I , Tonya Jeff Gillooly 2017 I 'm Not Here Steve Completed 2017 We Have Always Lived in the Castle Charles Blackwood In post-production 2018 Avengers : Infinity War Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier In post-production 2018 The Last Full Measure Scott Huffman In post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Law & Order Justin Capshaw Episode : `` Sheltered '' 2007 -- 2010 Gossip Girl Carter Baizen 11 episodes 2009 Kings Jack Benjamin 13 episodes 2012 Once Upon a Time Jefferson / The Mad Hatter 6 episodes 2012 Political Animals T.J. Hammond Miniseries ; 6 episodes 2012 Labyrinth Will Franklyn Miniseries ; 2 episodes 2017 I 'm Dying Up Here Clay Appuzzo Episode : `` Pilot '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Captain America : Super Soldier Bucky Barnes Voice Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist 2008 `` Wake Up Call '' Hayden Panettiere Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref . 2013 Critics Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries Political Animals Nominated Online Film & Television Association Award Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Gold Derby Awards TV Movie / Mini Supporting Actor Nominated 2015 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight ( vs. Chris Evans ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Chemistry Captain America : Civil War Nominated See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Biography portal Romania portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( December 28 , 2006 ) . `` Pedi , Stan and Rosenblat Join Broadway 's Talk Radio Cast '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sebastian Stan talking for Romanian television ProTV ( with English subtitle ) '' . Pro TV . YouTube . December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Amy ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Interview with Sebastian Stan '' . Box Office . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` Aronofsky 's Black Swan Cast Expands by One '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ `` Two More Catch a Glimpse of Dark Castle 's ' Apparition ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shaw - Williams , Hannah ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America 2 ' Actor Sebastian Stan has 9 - Picture Marvel Deal '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the top 30 : Our favorite episodes of shows that did n't make the cut , part one '' . The A.V. Club . December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Eyeing Potential ' Once Upon a Time ' Spinoff , Recasting Mad Hatter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' exec : ' No plans to recast The Mad Hatter ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl 's ' Sebastian Stan Joins USA 's ' Political Animals ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` THEATER REVIEW ; ' Picnic ' at American Airline Theater '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Mackie mulls Falcon in ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sebastian Stan Joins ' The Martian ' And ' Ricki And The Flash ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Pits Captain America & Iron Man in a Cinematic Civil War '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America 's ' Sebastian Stan Joins Steven Soderbergh 's ' Logan Lucky ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sebastian Stan To Play Jeff Gillooly In ' I , Tonya ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Actor Sebastian Stan to Star in Thriller ' We Have Always Lived in the Castle ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` J.K. Simmons stars in ' I 'm Not Here ' '' . Screen Daily . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Samuel L. Jackson , Sebastian Stan Join Political Drama ' The Last Full Measure ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ PEOPLE STAFF ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` How Leighton Meester 's Boyfriend Handles Her Kissing Scenes '' . PEOPLE . Jump up ^ STAFF of Us Weekly ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Source : Leighton Meester `` Still Friends '' With Ex Despite Split `` . Us Weekly . Jump up ^ Monde , Chiderah ( November 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' stars Jennifer Morrison , Sebastian Stan split : ' Once Upon A Time ' actors ' grew apart ' after real - life year long romance '' . NY Daily News . Jump up ^ Marquina , Sierra ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Sebastian Stan and Margarita Levieva Are Dating ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees for the 3rd annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' . Critics ' Choice Awards . June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Online Film & Television Association Awards ( 2012 -- 13 ) '' . OFTA . Jump up ^ Wickman , Kate ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sebastian Stan . Sebastian Stan on IMDb Sebastian Stan at Rotten Tomatoes Sebastian Stan at AllMovie Sebastian Stan on Instagram Sebastian Stan on Sina Weibo VIAF : 76634920 LCCN : n2007080539 ISNI : 0000 0000 4230 9664 GND : 1061584186 BNF : cb155859064 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Stan&oldid=803668707 '' Categories : 1982 births 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American people of Romanian descent Living people Male actors from New York ( state ) Mason Gross School of the Arts alumni People from Constanța People from Rockland County , New York Romanian emigrants to the United States Rutgers University alumni Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 22 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the winter soldier in captain america | [
"Sebastian Stan (born August 13, 1982) is a Romanian-American[1] actor, known for his role as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. On television, Stan portrayed Carter Baizen in Gossip Girl, Prince Jack Benjamin in Kings, Jefferson in Once Upon a Time, and T.J. Hammond in Political Animals. His role in Political Animals earned him a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries. In 2015, he co-starred in Jonathan Demme's Ricki and the Flash, Ridley Scott's The Martian, and Bryan Buckley's The Bronze."
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"Sebastian Stan"
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-2417072312902284716 | List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins | List of golfers with Most PGA Tour wins - wikipedia List of golfers with Most PGA Tour wins Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of golfers who have won five or more official ( or later deemed as historically significant ) money events on the PGA Tour The distinction between these two categories is important to understand as many players won important events early in the 20th century , well before a PGA Tour was officially established . The significance of many of these events was retrospectively established by golf historians , working together with PGA Tour staff , in the 1980s , during the course of a major statistical research project . The column for Major refers to so - called `` Professional Majors '' . The U.S. Amateur and the British Amateur were also considered to be majors for much of their history , but these championships are not considered here . Players under 50 years of age are shown in bold . During the last 30 years , only three players have won PGA Tour events after their 50th birthday . A golfer becomes eligible to compete on PGA Tour Champions , against other older players , at that age . Craig Stadler won in 2003 at age 50 , Fred Funk won in 2007 at age 50 , and Davis Love III won in 2015 at age 51 . Sam Snead is the oldest to win a PGA event , at age 52 , in 1965 . Others who have won PGA Tour events past age 50 include Jim Barnes , John Barnum , and Art Wall , Jr . The rarity of golfers winning a non-senior event at that age is not restricted to the PGA Tour ; Miguel Ángel Jiménez is the only golfer to win a European Tour event after turning 50 , doing so in 2014 . Accumulating 20 wins is significant , because it is one of the requirements for `` life membership '' on the PGA Tour . This means that the golfer does not need to requalify for membership on the tour each year by finishing in the top 125 on the money list ( starting in 2013 , top 125 on the FedEx Cup points list ) , or through an exemption for tournament victories . Many golfers struggle to do this through their 40s , and go through a hiatus in their career before they qualify for the Champions Tour , but those with 20 wins avoid this problem . However , life members are required to maintain a certain ( relatively modest ) standard of play to retain their playing privileges : when they can no longer do so , they are moved into the `` Past champions '' membership category , effectively becoming honorary members . Some of the players on this list have won numerous events on other tours , in particular many of the non-Americans . Seve Ballesteros , for example , is shown with only nine PGA Tour wins , but five of them majors . He won an additional 45 European Tour events . A substantial number of players born from approximately 1930 to 1960 have won many PGA Tour Champions events , with some having significantly more wins on the senior circuit than on the regular PGA Tour ( notably Hale Irwin and Gil Morgan ) . The PGA Tour recognized The Open Championship as an official tour event in 1995 . In 2002 , it decided to classify Open Championship victories before 1995 as PGA Tour wins , and the victory tallies in the table reflect this amendment . Members of the World Golf Hall of Fame are indicated by H . Players with the same number of wins are listed alphabetically . The list is complete as of November 4 , 2017 . Rank Name Year of birth and death Country Wins Majors Winning span Span ( years ) Snead , Sam Sam Snead H 1912 -- 2002 United States 82 7 1936 -- 1965 30 Tiger Woods 1975 -- United States 79 14 1996 -- 2013 18 Jack Nicklaus H 1940 -- United States 73 18 1962 -- 1986 25 Ben Hogan H 1912 -- 1997 United States 64 9 1938 -- 1959 22 5 Arnold Palmer H 1929 -- 2016 United States 62 7 1955 -- 1973 19 6 Byron Nelson H 1912 -- 2006 United States 52 5 1935 -- 1951 17 7 Billy Casper H 1931 -- 2015 United States 51 1956 -- 1975 20 8 Walter Hagen H 1892 -- 1969 United States 45 11 1914 -- 1936 23 9 Phil Mickelson H 1970 -- United States 42 5 1991 -- 2013 23 10 Cary Middlecoff H 1921 -- 1998 United States 40 1945 -- 1961 17 11 Gene Sarazen H 1902 -- 1999 United States 39 7 1922 -- 1941 20 Tom Watson H 1949 -- United States 39 8 1974 -- 1998 25 13 Lloyd Mangrum H 1914 -- 1973 United States 36 1940 -- 1956 17 14 Vijay Singh H 1963 -- Fiji 34 1993 -- 2008 16 15 Horton Smith H 1908 -- 1963 United States 32 1928 -- 1941 14 16 Harry Cooper H 1904 -- 2000 United States 31 0 1923 -- 1939 17 Jimmy Demaret H 1910 -- 1983 United States 31 1938 -- 1957 20 18 Leo Diegel H 1899 -- 1951 United States 30 1920 -- 1934 15 19 Gene Littler H 1930 -- United States 29 1954 -- 1977 24 Paul Runyan H 1908 -- 2002 United States 29 1930 -- 1941 12 Lee Trevino H 1939 -- United States 29 6 1968 -- 1984 17 22 Henry Picard H 1906 -- 1997 United States 26 1932 -- 1945 14 23 Tommy Armour H 1894 -- 1968 Scotland United States 25 1920 -- 1938 19 Johnny Miller H 1947 -- United States 25 1971 -- 1994 24 25 Gary Player H 1935 -- South Africa 24 9 1958 -- 1978 21 Macdonald Smith 1892 -- 1949 Scotland United States 24 0 1924 -- 1936 13 27 Johnny Farrell 1901 -- 1988 United States 22 1921 -- 1936 16 Raymond Floyd H 1942 -- United States 22 1963 -- 1992 30 29 Jim Barnes H 1886 -- 1966 England 21 1916 -- 1937 22 Davis Love III H 1964 -- United States 21 1987 -- 2015 29 Willie Macfarlane 1890 -- 1961 Scotland United States 21 1916 -- 1936 21 Lanny Wadkins H 1949 -- United States 21 1972 -- 1992 21 Craig Wood H 1901 -- 1968 United States 21 1928 -- 1944 17 34 Hale Irwin H 1945 -- United States 20 1971 -- 1994 24 Bill Mehlhorn 1898 -- 1989 United States 20 0 1923 -- 1930 8 Greg Norman H 1955 -- Australia 20 1984 -- 1997 14 Doug Sanders 1933 -- United States 20 0 1956 -- 1972 17 38 Ben Crenshaw H 1952 -- United States 19 1973 -- 1995 23 Ernie Els H 1969 -- South Africa 19 1994 -- 2012 19 Doug Ford H 1922 -- United States 19 1952 -- 1963 12 Hubert Green H 1946 -- United States 19 1971 -- 1985 15 Tom Kite H 1949 -- United States 19 1976 -- 1993 18 43 Julius Boros H 1920 -- 1994 United States 18 1952 -- 1968 17 Jim Ferrier 1915 -- 1986 Australia 18 1944 -- 1961 18 E.J. `` Dutch '' Harrison 1910 -- 1982 United States 18 0 1939 -- 1958 20 Nick Price H 1957 -- Zimbabwe 18 1983 -- 2002 20 Johnny Revolta 1911 -- 1991 United States 18 1933 -- 1944 12 48 Bobby Cruickshank 1894 -- 1975 Scotland 17 0 1921 -- 1936 16 Jim Furyk 1970 -- United States 17 1995 -- 2015 21 Harold `` Jug '' McSpaden 1908 -- 1996 United States 17 0 1933 -- 1945 13 Curtis Strange H 1955 -- United States 17 1979 -- 1989 11 52 Jack Burke , Jr . H 1923 -- United States 16 1950 -- 1963 14 Ralph Guldahl H 1911 -- 1987 United States 16 1931 -- 1940 10 Dustin Johnson 1984 -- United States 16 2008 -- 2017 10 Mark O'Meara H 1957 -- United States 16 1984 -- 1998 15 Denny Shute H 1904 -- 1974 United States 16 1929 -- 1939 11 Tom Weiskopf 1942 -- United States 16 1968 -- 1982 15 58 Tommy Bolt H 1916 -- 2008 United States 15 1951 -- 1961 11 Fred Couples H 1959 -- United States 15 1983 -- 2003 21 Ed Dudley 1901 -- 1963 United States 15 0 1928 -- 1939 12 Bobby Locke H 1917 -- 1987 South Africa 15 1947 -- 1957 11 Corey Pavin 1959 -- United States 15 1984 -- 2006 23 Mike Souchak 1927 -- 2008 United States 15 0 1955 -- 1964 10 64 Bruce Crampton 1935 -- Australia 14 0 1961 -- 1975 15 Jock Hutchison H 1884 -- 1977 Scotland United States 14 1918 -- 1928 11 Kenny Perry 1960 -- United States 14 0 1991 -- 2009 19 Hal Sutton 1958 -- United States 14 1982 -- 2001 20 Joe Turnesa 1901 -- 1991 United States 14 0 1924 -- 1933 10 Ken Venturi H 1931 -- 2013 United States 14 1957 -- 1966 10 Art Wall , Jr . 1923 -- 2001 United States 14 1953 -- 1975 23 71 George Archer 1939 -- 2005 United States 13 1965 -- 1984 20 Billy Burke 1902 -- 1972 United States 13 1927 -- 1940 14 Mark Calcavecchia 1960 -- United States 13 1986 -- 2007 22 David Duval 1971 -- United States 13 1997 -- 2001 5 Dave Hill 1937 -- 2011 United States 13 0 1961 -- 1976 16 Joe Kirkwood , Sr . 1897 -- 1970 Australia United States 13 0 1923 -- 1933 11 Bruce Lietzke 1951 -- United States 13 0 1977 -- 1994 18 Rory McIlroy 1989 -- Northern Ireland 13 2010 -- 2016 7 Craig Stadler 1953 -- United States 13 1980 -- 2003 24 David Toms 1967 -- United States 13 1997 -- 2011 15 Adam Scott 1980 -- Australia 13 2003 -- 2016 14 82 Paul Azinger 1960 -- United States 12 1987 -- 2000 14 Zach Johnson 1976 -- United States 12 2004 -- 2015 12 Tony Lema 1934 -- 1966 United States 12 1962 -- 1966 5 Justin Leonard 1972 -- United States 12 1996 -- 2008 13 Wayne Levi 1952 -- United States 12 0 1978 -- 1990 13 Bobby Nichols 1936 -- United States 12 1962 -- 1974 13 Calvin Peete 1943 -- 2015 United States 12 0 1979 -- 1986 8 Steve Stricker 1967 -- United States 12 0 1996 -- 2012 17 90 Miller Barber 1931 -- 2013 United States 11 0 1964 -- 1978 15 Andy Bean 1953 -- United States 11 0 1977 -- 1986 10 Frank Beard 1939 -- United States 11 0 1963 -- 1971 9 John Cook 1957 -- United States 11 0 1981 -- 2001 21 Dow Finsterwald 1929 -- United States 11 1955 -- 1963 9 Al Geiberger 1937 -- United States 11 1962 -- 1979 18 Vic Ghezzi 1910 -- 1976 United States 11 1935 -- 1948 14 Bob Goalby 1929 -- United States 11 1958 -- 1971 14 Scott Hoch 1955 -- United States 11 0 1980 -- 2003 24 Jordan Spieth 1993 -- United States 11 2013 -- 2017 5 Payne Stewart H 1957 -- 1999 United States 11 1982 -- 1999 18 101 Gay Brewer 1932 -- 2007 United States 10 1961 -- 1972 12 Jason Day 1987 -- Australia 10 2010 -- 2016 7 Olin Dutra 1901 -- 1983 United States 10 1929 -- 1936 8 Steve Elkington 1962 -- Australia 10 1990 -- 1999 10 David Frost 1959 -- South Africa 10 0 1988 -- 1997 10 Sergio García 1980 -- Spain 10 2001 -- 2017 17 Don January 1929 -- United States 10 1956 -- 1976 21 Ky Laffoon 1908 -- 1984 United States 10 0 1933 -- 1946 14 John Mahaffey 1948 -- United States 10 1973 -- 1989 17 Mark McCumber 1951 -- United States 10 0 1979 -- 1994 16 Dick Metz 1908 -- 1993 United States 10 0 1935 -- 1949 15 Larry Nelson H 1947 -- United States 10 1979 -- 1988 10 Dave Stockton 1941 -- United States 10 1967 -- 1976 10 Fuzzy Zoeller 1951 -- United States 10 1979 -- 1986 8 115 Stuart Appleby 1971 -- Australia 9 0 1997 -- 2010 14 Seve Ballesteros H 1957 -- 2011 Spain 9 5 1978 -- 1988 11 Mike Brady 1887 -- 1972 United States 9 0 1916 -- 1926 11 Wiffy Cox 1896 -- 1969 United States 9 0 1930 -- 1937 8 Al Espinosa 1891 -- 1957 United States 9 0 1924 -- 1935 12 Nick Faldo H 1957 -- England 9 6 1984 -- 1997 14 Johnny Golden 1896 -- 1936 United States 9 0 1927 -- 1935 9 Jay Haas 1953 -- United States 9 0 1978 -- 1993 16 Jimmy Hines 1903 -- 1986 United States 9 0 1933 -- 1946 14 Bobby Jones H 1902 -- 1971 United States 9 7 1923 -- 1930 8 Willie Klein 1901 -- 1957 United States 9 0 1922 -- 1936 15 Bubba Watson 1978 - United States 9 2010 - 2016 7 127 K.J. Choi 1970 -- South Korea 8 0 2002 -- 2011 10 Jim Colbert 1941 -- United States 8 0 1969 -- 1983 15 Roberto De Vicenzo H 1923 -- 2017 Argentina 8 1951 -- 1968 18 Bruce Devlin 1937 -- Australia 8 0 1964 -- 1972 9 Dave Douglas 1918 -- 1978 United States 8 0 1947 -- 1954 8 Brad Faxon 1961 -- United States 8 0 1991 -- 2005 15 Fred Funk 1956 -- United States 8 0 1992 -- 2007 16 David Graham H 1946 -- Australia 8 1972 -- 1983 12 Lee Janzen 1964 -- United States 8 1992 -- 1998 7 Steve Jones 1958 -- United States 8 1988 -- 1998 11 George Knudson 1937 -- 1989 Canada 8 0 1961 -- 1972 12 Ted Kroll 1919 -- 2002 United States 8 0 1952 -- 1962 11 Lawson Little H 1910 -- 1968 United States 8 1936 -- 1948 13 Tony Manero 1905 -- 1989 United States 8 1929 -- 1938 10 Geoff Ogilvy 1977 -- Australia 8 2005 -- 2014 10 Ed Oliver 1916 -- 1961 United States 8 0 1940 -- 1958 19 Jerry Pate 1953 -- United States 8 1976 -- 1982 7 Loren Roberts 1955 -- United States 8 0 1994 -- 2002 9 Chi - Chi Rodríguez H 1935 -- Puerto Rico United States 8 0 1963 -- 1979 17 Justin Rose 1980 -- England 8 2010 -- 2017 8 J.C. Snead 1940 -- United States 8 0 1971 -- 1987 17 Brandt Snedeker 1980 -- United States 8 0 2007 -- 2016 10 Bob Tway 1959 -- United States 8 1986 -- 2003 18 Al Watrous 1899 -- 1983 United States 8 0 1922 -- 1933 12 Mike Weir 1970 -- Canada 8 1999 -- 2007 9 152 Jerry Barber 1916 -- 1994 United States 7 1953 -- 1963 11 Mark Brooks 1961 -- United States 7 1988 -- 1996 9 Clarence Clark 1907 -- 1974 United States 7 0 1931 -- 1936 6 Gardner Dickinson 1927 -- 1998 United States 7 0 1956 -- 1971 16 Bill Glasson 1960 -- United States 7 0 1985 -- 1997 13 Retief Goosen 1969 -- South Africa 7 2001 -- 2009 9 Clarence Hackney 1894 -- 1941 Scotland United States 7 0 1923 -- 1931 9 Chick Harbert 1915 -- 1992 United States 7 1941 -- 1954 14 Chandler Harper 1923 -- 1997 United States 7 1942 -- 1955 14 Jay Hebert 1923 -- 1997 United States 7 1957 -- 1961 5 John Huston 1961 -- United States 7 0 1990 -- 2003 14 Peter Jacobsen 1954 -- United States 7 0 1980 -- 2003 24 Matt Kuchar 1978 -- United States 7 0 2002 -- 2014 13 Billy Maxwell 1929 -- United States 7 0 1955 -- 1962 8 Dick Mayer 1924 -- 1989 United States 7 1953 -- 1965 13 Gil Morgan 1946 -- United States 7 0 1977 -- 1990 14 Johnny Palmer 1918 -- 2006 United States 7 0 1946 -- 1954 9 Scott Simpson 1955 -- United States 7 1980 -- 1998 19 Joey Sindelar 1958 -- United States 7 0 1985 -- 2004 20 Justin Thomas 1993 -- United States 7 2015 -- 2017 Harry Vardon H 1870 -- 1937 Jersey 7 7 1896 -- 1914 19 Bert Yancey 1938 -- 1994 United States 7 0 1966 -- 1972 7 174 Sammy Byrd 1906 -- 1981 United States 6 0 1942 -- 1945 Bob Charles H 1936 -- New Zealand 6 1963 -- 1974 12 Stewart Cink 1973 -- United States 6 1997 -- 2009 13 Henry Ciuci 1903 -- 1986 United States 6 0 1928 -- 1931 Ed Furgol 1917 -- 1997 United States 6 1947 -- 1957 11 Bob Gilder 1950 -- United States 6 0 1976 -- 1983 8 Lou Graham 1938 -- United States 6 1967 -- 1979 13 Bill Haas 1982 -- United States 6 0 2010 -- 2015 6 Paul Harney 1929 -- 2011 United States 6 0 1957 -- 1972 16 Pádraig Harrington 1971 -- Ireland 6 2005 -- 2015 11 Willie Hunter 1892 -- 1968 Scotland United States 6 0 192 ? -- 1936 ~ 11 Gary Koch 1952 -- United States 6 0 1976 -- 1988 13 Bob Lunn 1945 -- United States 6 0 1968 -- 1972 5 Sandy Lyle H 1958 -- Scotland 6 1985 -- 1988 Hunter Mahan 1982 -- United States 6 0 2007 -- 2014 8 Rocco Mediate 1962 -- United States 6 0 1991 -- 2010 20 José María Olazábal H 1966 -- Spain 6 1990 -- 2002 13 Steve Pate 1961 -- United States 6 0 1987 -- 1998 12 Bill Rogers 1951 -- United States 6 1978 -- 1983 6 Bob Rosburg 1926 -- 2009 United States 6 1954 -- 1972 19 Rory Sabbatini 1976 -- South Africa 6 0 2000 -- 2011 12 Dan Sikes 1929 -- 1987 United States 6 0 1963 -- 1968 6 Jeff Sluman 1957 -- United States 6 1988 -- 2002 15 Henrik Stenson 1976 -- Sweden 6 2007 -- 2017 11 Frank Stranahan 1922 -- 2013 United States 6 0 1945 -- 1958 Peter Thomson H 1929 -- Australia 6 5 1954 -- 1965 12 Mike Turnesa 1907 -- 2000 United States 6 0 1931 -- 1949 19 Cyril Walker 1892 -- 1948 England United States 6 1917 -- 1930 14 Jimmy Walker 1979 -- United States 6 2013 -- 2016 Bo Wininger 1922 -- 1967 United States 6 0 1955 -- 1963 9 Lew Worsham 1917 -- 1990 United States 6 1946 -- 1953 8 205 Buddy Allin 1944 -- 2007 United States 5 0 1971 -- 1976 6 James Braid 1870 -- 1950 Scotland 5 5 1901 -- 1910 10 Jonathan Byrd 1978 -- United States 5 0 2002 -- 2011 10 Pete Cooper 1914 -- 1993 United States 5 0 1949 -- 1958 10 Ben Crane 1976 -- United States 5 0 2003 -- 2014 12 John Daly 1966 -- United States 5 1991 -- 2004 14 Luke Donald 1977 -- England 5 0 2002 -- 2012 11 Jason Dufner 1977 -- United States 5 2012 -- 2017 6 Danny Edwards 1951 -- United States 5 0 1977 -- 1985 9 Dan Forsman 1958 -- United States 5 0 1985 -- 2002 18 Marty Furgol 1916 -- 2005 United States 5 0 1951 -- 1959 9 Jim Gallagher , Jr . 1961 -- United States 5 0 1990 -- 1995 6 Ken Green 1958 -- United States 5 0 1985 -- 1989 5 Fred Haas 1916 -- 2004 United States 5 0 1945 -- 1954 10 Bob Hamilton 1916 -- 1990 United States 5 1944 -- 1949 6 Jerry Heard 1947 -- United States 5 0 1971 -- 1978 8 Lionel Hebert 1928 -- 2000 United States 5 1957 -- 1966 10 Herman Keiser 1914 -- 2003 United States 5 1942 -- 1947 6 Tom Lehman 1959 -- United States 5 1994 -- 2000 7 Roger Maltbie 1951 -- United States 5 0 1975 -- 1985 11 Ray Mangrum 1910 -- 1975 United States 5 0 1936 -- 1946 11 Hideki Matsuyama 1992 -- Japan 5 0 2014 -- 2017 Billy Mayfair 1966 -- United States 5 0 1993 -- 1998 6 Blaine McCallister 1958 -- United States 5 0 1988 -- 1993 6 Ryan Moore 1982 -- United States 5 0 2009 -- 2016 8 Bob Murphy 1943 -- United States 5 0 1968 -- 1986 19 Gilbert Nicholls 1878 -- 1950 England United States 5 0 191 ? -- 1927 ~ 11 Jesper Parnevik 1965 -- Sweden 5 0 1998 -- 2001 Carl Pettersson 1977 -- Sweden 5 0 2005 -- 2012 8 Johnny Pott 1935 -- United States 5 0 1960 -- 1968 9 Tom Purtzer 1951 -- United States 5 0 1977 -- 1991 15 Henry Ransom 1911 -- 1987 United States 5 0 1946 -- 1955 10 Patrick Reed 1990 -- United States 5 0 2013 -- 2016 Phil Rodgers 1938 -- United States 5 0 1962 -- 1966 5 Mason Rudolph 1934 -- 2011 United States 5 0 1959 -- 1970 12 John Henry Taylor 1871 -- 1963 England 5 5 1894 -- 1913 20 Bob Toski 1926 -- United States 5 0 1953 -- 1954 Scott Verplank 1964 -- United States 5 0 1985 -- 2007 23 George Von Elm 1901 -- 1961 United States 5 0 19 ? ? -- 1938 ~ 10 Nick Watney 1981 -- United States 5 0 2007 -- 2012 6 D.A. Weibring 1953 -- United States 5 0 1979 -- 1996 18 Mark Wilson 1974 -- United States 5 0 2007 -- 2012 6 ^ Harry Cooper was born in England , but grew up in Dallas , Texas , and became a U.S. citizen before starting his professional career . However , he was not allowed to compete for the U.S. in the Ryder Cup . U.S. citizens born outside the country , even if they were born with only U.S. citizenship , were not eligible to represent the U.S. in the Ryder Cup until 2002 . Even today , those who naturalize after age 18 are ineligible for Team USA . ^ Jim Barnes was born in England , but became a U.S. citizen soon after moving to the United States in 1906 . See also ( edit ) List of longest PGA Tour win streaks Most PGA Tour wins in a year References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most all - time PGA Tour Wins '' . PGA Tour , Inc . December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Career Wins on the PGA Tour '' . About.com . December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barkow , Al ( November 1989 ) . The History of the PGA TOUR . Doubleday . pp. 200 -- 298 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 26145 - 4 . 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-8344453600577607889 | The Edge Chronicles | The Edge Chronicles - wikipedia The Edge Chronicles Jump to : navigation , search `` Ratbird '' redirects here . For the NFL team commonly known as the Ratbirds , see Baltimore Ravens . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert in Children 's literature . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Children 's literature may be able to help recruit an expert . ( March 2010 ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Edge Chronicles Books from the Edge Chronicles Series Author Paul Stewart Illustrator Chris Riddell Language English Genre High fantasy , Adventure novel , Steampunk Publisher Doubleday Publication date 1998 - present Media type Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) The Edge Chronicles is a children 's fantasy novel series by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell . It consists of four trilogies , plus four additional books , and other books related to the universe ( The Edge ) . Originally published in the United Kingdom , this series has since been published in the United States , Canada and Australia . To date , more than three million copies of the novels have been sold . The stories of The Edge Chronicles take place in the fictional world of The Edge , a vast cliff with no apparent bottom . The majority of books are grouped into trilogies , with each trilogy focusing on one character . The series covers a 600 - year period , divided into three `` Ages of Flight '' . In The first age , flight rocks were used to stay airborne but then stone sickness hit . Then floating wood was used and finally phrax - power . The power of flight is a major theme of the books , with each age defined by the current technology used for air travel . The series is notable for its flora and fauna , along with the maps of various locations in the edge . The first three trilogies were released over the course of 1998 to 2006 , with a final standalone book serving as a conclusion to the trilogies released in 2009 . The series was planned to end after the tenth book , with the authors blog , Weird New Worlds serving as the continuous adventures of minor characters within the universe . After the completion of the 66 chapters of the blog , the authors decided to revisit the series with the fourth trilogy which would adapt the characters and stories from the blog , with the first and second books released in 2014 and 2015 respectively . The series also includes a number of short stories , along with a companion book . Contents ( hide ) 1 Books 1.1 The Quint Trilogy 1.2 The Twig Trilogy 1.3 The Rook Trilogy 1.4 The Cade Trilogy 1.5 Standalone Books 1.6 Other 2 Chronology 3 The Edge 4 List of Characters 4.1 Generation I 4.2 Generation II 4.3 Generation III 4.4 Generation IV 4.5 Generation V 4.6 Sky Pirate Crews 4.6. 1 The Galerider 4.6. 2 Stormchaser 4.6. 3 Edgedancer 4.7 Villains 4.7. 1 Quint Trilogy Villains ( in order of appearance ) 4.7. 2 Twig Trilogy Villains ( in order of appearance ) 4.7. 3 Rook Trilogy Villains ( in order of appearance ) 4.7. 4 The Immortals Villains 4.8 Allies 5 Animals and Plants of the Edge 6 The Farrow Ridges 7 Adaptations 8 See also 9 External links Books ( edit ) The Quint Trilogy ( edit ) The Curse of the Gloamglozer ( 2001 ) The Winter Knights ( 2005 ) Clash of the Sky Galleons ( 2006 ) The Twig Trilogy ( edit ) Main article : The Edge Chronicles Twig Saga Beyond the Deepwoods ( 1998 ) Stormchaser ( 1999 ) Midnight Over Sanctaphrax ( 2000 ) The Rook Trilogy ( edit ) Main article : The Edge Chronicles : Rook Barkwater Saga The Last of the Sky Pirates ( 2002 ) Vox ( 2003 ) Freeglader ( 2004 ) The Cade Trilogy ( edit ) The Nameless One ( 2014 ) Doombringer ( 2015 ) The Descenders ( 2018 ) Standalone books ( edit ) Cloud Wolf ( 2001 ) - A short side story , specially published for World Book Day . Serves as a prequel to the Quint Trilogy . The Stone Pilot ( 2006 ) - A short side story , specially published for World Book Day . The Lost Barkscrolls ( 2006 ) an anthology that includes `` Cloud Wolf '' ( 2001 ) , `` The Stone Pilot '' ( 2006 ) and two additional short stories from the series named `` The Slaughterer 's Quest '' and `` The Blooding of Rufus Filatine '' . The Immortals ( 2009 ) ( a conclusion to the first three trilogies ) The Edge Chronicles Maps ( 2004 ) a companion book to the series , detailing the Edge in the First and Second Age of Flight . It also contains a double - sided map : on one side the Edge in the First Age of Flight , on the other the Edge in the Second Age of Flight . Other ( edit ) The following titles are not available in book form . The Sky Chart : A Book of Quint ( 2014 ) ( Available in digital form only ) Weird New Worlds ( 2009 - 2011 ) ( Story in blog form spanning 66 posts ) . Chronology ( edit ) The Edge Chronicles books are not always released in chronological order . The following table summarizes the stories to date : Order Chronologically Story Title Main Protagonist Order Released Year Released Book Number Cloud Wolf * Quintinius Verginix 2001 Side Story Curse of the Gloamglozer Quintinius Verginix 5 2001 04 The Winter Knights Quintinius Verginix 9 2005 08 The Stone Pilot * Maugin 10 2006 Side Story 5 Clash of the Sky Galleons Quintinius Verginix 11 2006 09 6 The Sky Chart : A Book of Quint Quintinius Verginix 15 2014 Maps 7 Beyond the Deepwoods Arbornius Verginix ( Twig ) 1998 01 8 Stormchaser Arbornius Verginix ( Twig ) 1999 02 9 Midnight Over Sanctaphrax Arbornius Verginix ( Twig ) 2000 03 10 The Slaughterer 's Quest * Keris Barkwater 12 2006 Side Story 11 The Last of the Sky Pirates Rook Barkwater 6 2002 05 12 Vox Rook Barkwater 7 2003 06 13 Freeglader Rook Barkwater 8 07 14 The Blooding of Rufus Filatine * Rufus Filatine 13 2006 Side Story 15 The Immortals Nate Quarter 14 2009 10 16 The Nameless One Cade Quarter 16 2014 11 17 Doombringer Cade Quarter 17 2015 12 18 The Descenders Cade Quarter 18 2017 13 * Part of The Lost Barkscrolls ( Also marked by `` Side Story '' in book number column ) . Cloud Wolf and The Stone Pilot were also released separately as individual novellas previously . The Stone Pilot is told from the narrative of Maugin reminiscing on her past . Content of this story falls chronologically fourth while the story is told by Maugin at a later point in time , likely around the end of The Last of the Sky Pirates . The Edge Chronicles Maps Detail ' The Edge ' during the first and second age of flight covering a time period from before Cloud Wolf until some point in time between The Blooding of Rufus Filatine and The Immortals . The Edge ( edit ) See also : Geography of the Edge Chronicles The Edge itself is described as a vast outcropping into the sky , with a river pouring over the tip . The world is made up of a number of locations , which change over the course of the series . Notable locations include the twin cities of Undertown and Sanctaphrax , The Deepwoods , The Twilight Woods , The Mire , The Nightwoods , Riverrise , Great Glade , The Free Glades , Hive , The Edgelands and the Stone Gardens . It was thought that the Edge was endless but that was false in the recent books . List of characters ( edit ) Further information : List of characters in The Edge Chronicles Generation i ( edit ) Wind Jackal ( Orlis Verginix ) Wind Jackal is the father of Quintinius Verginix and captain of the Galerider , a sky pirate ship , who is well known for his successful raids of league ships and his close friendship with Linius Pallitax , a Most High Academe of Old Sanctaphrax . His wife , Hermina Lintrax , and children Lucius , Centrix , Murix , Pellius and Martilius died in a fire that razed their palace in the Western Quays , which the youngest son , Quint , survived . After a long hunt for the arsonist , his old traitorous quartermaster Turbot Smeal , Wind Jackal is murdered by Thaw Daggerslash in `` Clash of the Sky Galleons '' . Linius Pallitax Linius Pallitax was the Most High Academe of Old Sanctaphrax and Maris Pallitax 's father . He is introduced to us in the first book of the Edge Chronicles , `` The Curse of the Gloamglozer '' . His desire to reunite the studies of Earth and Sky in Sanctaphrax was ultimately squandered by his attempts , performed in an ancient laboratory deep in the centre of the rock on which Old Sanctaphrax was located , to recreate previous experiments concerning the creation of life . His experiments are successful , but he ended up creating the most feared creature in all of The Edge : the Gloamglozer . The monster caused his death , although it was driven from Sanctaphrax by his apprentice , Quintius Verginix Generation ii ( edit ) Quintinius Verginix Quintinius Verginix is the youngest son of the great sky pirate Wind Jackal , and , after a brief period studying as an apprentice under Linius Pallitax , succeeds his father as captain of the skyship Galerider . After the Galerider 's destruction , Quint devotes his life to becoming a knight academic . Just as he is about to be knighted , an old enemy Vilnix Pompolnius stages a coup to become most High Academe , leaving Quint with nothing . Quint then sets out to become a sky pirate captain , taking his great sky ship the Stormchaser , and reassuming his sky pirate name of Cloud Wolf . However , he suffers a terrible personal tragedy when he is forced to abandon his son at birth , and eventually abandons his wife , Maris , when he becomes unable to face her over his failures to find the boy . Nonetheless , Cloud Wolf becomes well - known as one of the greatest sky pirate captains ever , flying and trading across the vast expanse of the Deepwoods ( above ) for many years . He later finds and reunites with his son Twig , and they enjoy a few years together aboard the ship . This happiness comes to an end when Cloud Wolf is persuaded to embark on a stormchasing voyage for Stormphrax to end Pompolnius 's stranglehold over Sanctaphrax and Undertown . Mutiny in the crew results in the Stormchaser being whirled away over the Edge , with Cloud Wolf at the helm , into the heart of a Great Storm . He gives his sword and miniature painting to Twig , who later hands it down to his daughter Keris . Eventually , the painting makes its way into the hands of Quint 's great - grandson , Rook Barkwater . Although Twig finds him after setting out into Open Sky , Cloud Wolf perishes as he becomes one with The Mother Storm . In The Immortals , he reunites with Twig and his great - grandson , Rook Barkwater in defeating the Gloamglozers once and for all , before dying and returning to Open Sky as a glister , along with Twig and Rook . Maris Verginix ( Maris Pallitax ) Raised by her woodtroll nanny , Welma Thornwood , Maris is said to closely resemble her mother , Yena Vespius , who died in childbirth . The neglected only daughter of the Most High Academe , she very much admires her father and is thus at first jealous of the attention Linius bestows on Quint , his new apprentice . A bond soon develops between Quint and Maris , however , as they brave the mysteries and horrors of the Sanctaphrax stonecomb to discover the terrible secret that Linius has been harboring . When Quint takes his place on the Galerider , she follows him and contributes to the well - being of the ship by setting up an infirmary . She falls in love with Quint during these adventures and kisses him near the end of Clash of the Sky Galleons . She later becomes the mother of Twig , who she and Quint abandon during a ship wreck . Maris is the founder of the Free Glades , where she later dies of old age . Generation iii ( edit ) Arborinus Verginix ( Twig ) Twig is the son of Maris Pallitax and the sky pirate captain Cloud Wolf . He remains unaware of this for many years , his only link to his heritage being a comfort blanket embroidered with a lullabee tree . As a baby , he is left in the Deepwoods to be raised by a family of woodtrolls , but his sense of adventure leads him to stray from the path , thereby beginning a series of adventures which eventually reunite him with his father . He later joins his father 's crew and , following a disastrous final voyage that sees all but two of the crew lost , becomes captain of the Edgedancer and the Skyraider . Although he is a natural captain of sky ships , Twig 's only voyage with the Edgedancer sees his crew scattered across the Edge , and Twig travels across the Edgeworld from Sanctaphrax to Riverrise to rescue them , but then has to travel back to Undertown by sky - firing to set Sanctaphrax adrift , so that the Mother Storm can renew Riverrise and all life on the Edge . He leaves behind his apprentice Cowlquape to rebuild Sanctaphrax , while he sets off to rescue his remaining crew again , but , after his own crew perishes and Stone Sickness prevents him from replacing them , is forced to give up . Twig wanders in the Deep Woods for a time , fathering a daughter , before reaching the Convocation of Banderbears . Many years later , he is found by a young Rook Barkwater , who joins him in a suicide attack against the Tower of Night to rescue Cowlquape . There , Twig is mortally wounded , and the Caterbird that swore to watch over him carries him to Riverrise , home of the life - giving waters that can save him . In The Immortals , he is revealed to have seen his old friend and crew member Maugin die just as he reached Riverrise , and was subsequently trapped there , unable to die . After the Mother Storm returns to Riverrise , Twig assists Rook Barkwater and his father , Quintinius Verginix , in defeating the Gloamglozers once and for all , before dying and returning to Open Sky as a glister , along with Rook and his father . Cowlquape Pentephraxis Cowlquape Pentephraxis is the son of an incredibly wealthy and brutish leaguesman , Ulbus Pentephraxis , and grandson of Ruptus Pentephraxis , who is featured in ' Clash of the Sky Galleons ' . He was sent to be an under - apprentice in the great floating city of Sanctaphrax , but when his father dies , he is left with no money to pay for his tuition . Cowlquape meets Twig just as the young sky pirate captain regains his memory , and saves his life . Because of this , Twig , under the protection of the Professor of Darkness , makes Cowlquape his apprentice , saving him from poverty and homelessness . Cowlquape joins Twig on his quest to rescue his missing crew , and in doing so , discovers Riverrise , the source of all life on the Edge . After he and Twig save the Edgeworld , Cowlquape becomes the Most High Academe of Sanctaphrax , after the Professor of Darkness floats away with Sanctaphrax itself , and founds New Sanctaphrax . But his power and position are not to last , as he is ousted by Vox Verlix , who names himself the new Most High Academe . After the ascension to power of the Guardians of Night , Cowplquape is taken prisoner by Orbix Xaxis , where he befriends Xanth Filatine , his jailer . Cowlquape later regains his position as Most High Academe after Vox Verlix 's demise and joins the librarians in the Free Glades . Vox Verlix Vox Verlix became Most High Academe of Sanctaphrax after seizing power from Cowlquape Pentephraxis , and began huge architectural projects including the Tower of Night and the Great Mire Road , to combat the problems caused by stone sickness . The fanatical Guardians of Night later took over the Tower of Night on the New Sanctaphrax rock , while the shrykes gained control of the Great Mire Road . After this , Vox retreated to Undertown , and recruited the Hammerhead Goblin mercenary , General Tytugg , to enslave the people for his next project , the Sanctaphrax Forest , designed to stop the New Rock touching the ground , something that the Guardians of Night believed would mean the rock could never be cured with lightning . However , Tytugg cuts Vox out of the loop and becomes determined to kill his old client to become Most High Academe . Fat , desperate , and angry , Vox locked himself up in his new home , the Palace of Statues , where he worked on his ultimate tool for revenge . He created a flying bomb made of bloodoak acorn powder and phraxdust to destroy Undertown and his enemies forever and launched it while both the goblin and shryke armies were lured underground to kill the Librarians , and they perished , whilst the Guardians of Night were eradicated whilst trying to unsuccessfully revive the Sanctaphrax rock . After defeating his enemies , he sent for a ride to the Free Glades with the librarians , but it never came , for his Waif assistant , Amberfuce , took it in his stead , behind his back . Vox Verlix died in his Palace of Statues with Hestera Spikesap , his servant , as the Storm he created closed in . Generation iv ( edit ) Keris Barkwater Keris is the daughter of sky pirate captain , Twig , and a slaughterer , Sinew Tatum . She married Shem Barkwater , son of Cal Barkwater , brother of Tem Barkwater , who was featured in both the Quint and Twig books . She is featured in the stand - alone , The Lost Barkscrolls , where she journeyed with a tribe of web - foot goblins to speak to their Great Clam , which she hoped could tell help her find her father . It sent her to the Free Glades , where she seeded one of its lakes with clamdust , and journeyed to Waif Glen for information . There , she met Maris , her grandmother , who tells her that she will see her father Twig in her dreams . Although she never sees her father again , her son Rook encounters Twig during the events of The Last of the Sky Pirates . Keris was killed by slavers along with her husband Shem , but Rook is rescued by Varis Lodd . Shem Barkwater Shem is Tem Barkwater 's nephew and father of Rook Barkwater . He marries Keris Verginix ( Twig 's daughter ) , and they live in the Free Glades together with his uncle . Shem was killed by slavers along with Keris , but their son is rescued by Varis Lodd . Generation v ( edit ) Rook Barkwater Rook Barkwater is the son of Keris , Twig 's daughter ; and Shem Barkwater , Tem Barkwater 's nephew . He too is at first tragically unaware of his family , as his parents were both murdered by slavers when he was a baby . Raised by banderbears during his early childhood , he becomes one of the few characters in the Edgeworld able to communicate with them . Found in the Deepwoods by Varis Lodd when he was very young , he had no knowledge of his life with the banderbears . Varis brought him back to the librarians ' city in the sewers of Undertown , where he served as an under - librarian . He later joins an expedition to the Free Glades along with Stob Lummus and Magda Burlix ( who takes the role as his potential love interest ) , where he studies to become a librarian knight . His destiny , however , takes him on a mission over Screetown , where a terrible crash leads him into slavery . There , he serves under Most High Academe , Vox Verlix , and figures out his plans to destroy Undertown with a bomb made of bloodoak powder and phraxdust . However , Rook 's attempt to stop the weapon being launched accidentally sets it off , and Undertown 's destruction begins . Due to the destruction , Rook and the rest of the librarians , Ghosts of Screetown , and Undertowners go to the Mire , where they meet up with Deadbolt Vulpoon , and the rest of the sky pirates in the Armada of the Dead . Together they reach the Free Glades , where Rook joins the Free Glade Lancers , bonding with a prowlgrin named Chinquix , and helps defeat the hordes of attacking goblins and glade - eaters attacking the Free Glades . By the end of Freeglader , Rook becomes a veteran of the Lancers , with Captain Welt and almost all of his other comrades slain . It is established in The Blooding of Rufus Filatine that he is now Commander of the Third Roost and leads the attack on the Phrax Glade . It is then revealed that he marries Magda and has several children who also have children . After the death of Magda , he takes Cancaresse to Riverrise and never returns . Xanth Filatine Xanth Filatine was an apprentice to Orbix Xaxis , sinister High Guardian of the Guardians of Night . When Xaxis received news of an expedition to the Free Glades ( The same one Rook Barkwater went on ) , Xanth was sent as a spy to go there with the soon - to - be-librarian knights and act as one of their own . Xanth befriends Rook Barkwater and Magda Burlix during his stay , but is found out , and escapes back to the Tower of Night , headquarters of the Guardians of Night . When Xanth returns , the Skyraider attacks the tower with Captain Twig , Rook , and their Banderbear crew onboard . During this , Cowlquape Pentephraxis , a friend of Xanth and Twig and rightful Most High Academe , escapes from his prison cell in the tower and goes to the sewers to join the librarians . Eventually , Xanth makes a break for freedom with the captive Magda . Before leaving , he sabotages Midnight 's Spike , leading to the destruction of the Tower of Night . Xanth later joins the librarians as well , after seeing the error of his , and Orbix Xaxis ' ways . He is put on trial for his mistakes , during an event called `` Reckoning '' , and is finally accepted as a Freeglader , and librarian . During the war of the Free Glades , he becomes recognized as a hero due to his leading the rescue from Lake Landing . He later becomes High Master of Lake Landing and has a son , Rufus , who later joins the Freeglade Lancers . Magda Burlix Magda Burlix was , along with Stob Lummus , one of Rook 's fellow Librarian Knight Elects . Due to her having three younger brothers , she was quick to take the younger , naive Rook under her wing , and guided him through the tougher stages of their perilous journey . While at the Free Glades , she became great friends with her fellow librarian knights and served as Rook 's potential love interest . Later , she gets captured by the Guardians of Night while searching Screetown for Rook , who was reported as having crashed there . She escaped with Xanth Filatine , and met up with Rook and the librarians in the Mire after the destruction of Undertown . There , she left on her skycraft , the Woodmoth , and was shot down . Surviving the crash , however , she found her way to the Free Glades , where she saved Xanth by standing up for him at his Reckoning . During the war for the Free Glades , she acted as flight leader of the Grey Flight , a section of the librarian knights ' air forces . As revealed in The Immortals , she later married Rook . Upon her death , Rook made a voyage to Riverrise , never to return . Stob Lummus Stob , Magda and Rook were selected to leave the Great Library Sewer and become librarian knights at Lake Landing Academy . He finds he does n't really fit in with the other librarian knights , so he decides to work at Lake Landing Academy . When the Battle of the Free Glades begins and the Lake Landing Academy starts to burn Stob , the apprentices and the academics are rescued when Varis Lodd and her librarian knights sacrifice themselves to save them . Varis Lodd Varis is the daughter of Fenbrus Lodd , High Librarian , and sister of Felix Lodd . She is an instructor at Lake Landing Academy and is also head of the librarian knights . She dies in a fire at Lake Landing when she sacrifices herself for the academics and apprentices trapped inside . She rescues Rook Barkwater from the Deepwoods on her treatise voyage to write about banderbears . Felix Lodd Felix is Varis 's brother but his sister always overshadows his achievements , even when he becomes the leader of the Screetown Ghosts and saves the Undertowners . He was Rook Barkwater 's best friend in the sewers and was thought to be sure to be selected to train to be a librarian knight but Rook , who was younger , was chosen instead . He gave up academic learning and ran away to Screetown , after leaving Rook his sword . When his sister dies he helps his father rebuild the Great Library . Sky pirate crews ( edit ) The Galerider ( edit ) The Galerider is an old and durable sky pirate ship - at least sixty years old in Clash of the Sky Galleons . She is also one of the finest of all sky pirate ships . By the time she is lost to Open Sky , she has seen at least four captains - Hurricane Razorflit , Rain Quarm , Wind Jackal and finally Cloud Wolf . Wind Jackal - captain Ramrock - Stone Pilot , killed in action during The Stone Pilot Garum Gall Grim and Grem Turbot Smeal - treacherous quarter - master who is eventually revealed as Thaw Daggerslash in `` '' Clash of the Sky Galleons `` '' , but before that he betrayed Wind Jackal to the leagues and later started the fire of the Great Western Quays that killed most of the Verginix Family . Quintinius Verginix - Wind Jackal 's son , later becomes captain . Maris Pallitax - crewmember and nurse The Stone Pilot ( Maugin ) - rescued from the Shryke Slave Market , takes over from Ramrock when she is killed . Tem Barkwater - rescued from the Shryke Slave Market , becomes Steg Jambles ' assistant . Hubble ( Banderbear ) Sagbutt - a flat - head goblin , sidekick to Filbus Queep . Spillins - lookout , an oakelf and oldest member of the crew . Filbus Queep - Turbot Smeal 's replacement as quartermaster . Thaw Daggerslash - tags on to the Galerider 's crew in order to try to become captain . Steg Jambles - harpooneer Ratbit Duggin - captain of an Undertown taxi craft , the Edgehopper , he is made a member of the crew after saving Quint 's and Wind Jackal 's lives . Stormchaser ( edit ) The Stormchaser was originally built for Quint when he became a Knight Academic and was assigned to chase the next Great Storm . However , thanks to Vilnix Pompolnius 's policy of banning stormchasing , he was unable to fulfill his true purpose for twenty years . During this time she was captained by Quint , now Cloud Wolf . Her first Stormchasing voyage was to be her last , as the storm was more powerful than any other since the arrival of the last Mother Storm . Cloud Wolf ordered his crew to abandon ship but stayed onboard , and was carried out into Open Sky and the Mother Storm itself . There , she and her master were slowly absorbed by the storm . Captain : Cloud Wolf ( Quintinius Verginix ) Stone Pilot : Maugin Quartermaster : Slyvo Spleethe Lookout : Spiker Fighter : Mugbutt ( Flathead Goblin ) Hands : Tem Barkwater Hands : Stope Boltjaw Steerman : Hubble ( Banderbear ) Ship 's Boy : Twig Edgedancer ( edit ) Paid for by Mother Horsefeather and built to Twig 's own specifications , the Edgedancer made only one ill - fated voyage . Twig flew it over the edge and into Open Sky in search of his father . But shortly after he discovered Cloud Wolf , the Mother Storm destroyed the ship . The wreckage bombarded Undertown and the crew was scattered across the Edgeworld . Twig later became captain of the Skyraider . Twig ( Arborinus Verginix ) - captain Maugin - Stone Pilot Wingnut Sleet ( Fourthling ) - quartermaster Tarp Hammelherd ( Slaughterer ) Goom ( Banderbear ) Spooler ( Oakelf ) Woodfish ( Water Waif ) Bogwitt ( Flat Head Goblin ) Other famous Sky Pirate Ships include the Cloudbreaker , captained by the mighty Ice Fox , the fast sailing Maelstrom Seeker , the Windspinner , known for its uniquely powerful catapult , the Fogscythe which was equipped with several curved blades , the Thundercrusher , which boasted a huge wrecking ball , the Driftcleaver , a sleek white vessel with a plough - shaped battering ram at its prow - which had been known to cut other ships in half and had an all female crew , and the Skyraider , the second ship captained by Twig that he used to try to get back to Riverrise to get Maugin , Woodfish , and Goom . It was later used by Twig and Rook to rescue Cowlquape Pentephraxis from the Tower of Night . Some league ships are the Bane of Mighty , the Forger of Triumph and the Smelter of Woes , both belonging to the League of Furnace Tenders , and the giant Bringer of Doom , complete with six masts , huge sails , and a crew of bloodthirsty black shrykes , the flight rock , the largest and most perfect flight rock ever , contained a shard of stormphrax wrapped in glow worm skin was what eventually brought the ship to its doom , when the glow worm skin faded the weight of the stormphrax in darkness sent the sky ship crashing to the ground . Villains ( edit ) Quint Trilogy Villains ( in order of appearance ) ( edit ) Seftus Leprix Bagswill Gloamglozer Vilnix Pompolnius Hax Vostillix Daxiel Xaxis Imbix Hoth ( Leaguesmaster of Flight ) Ruptus Pentaphraxis ( High Leaguesmaster ) Ulbus Pentephraxis Ilmus Pentephraxis Turbot Smeal Thaw Daggerslash Twig Trilogy Villains ( in order of appearance ) ( edit ) Gloamglozer Slyvo Spleethe Mugbutt Vilnix Pompolnius Screed Toe - Taker ( Screedius Tollinix ) Thunderbolt Vulpoon Mother Muleclaw Rook Trilogy Villains ( in order of appearance ) ( edit ) Vox Verlix Orbix Xaxis General Tytugg Mother Muleclaw the Second Amberfuce Sister Drab Matron Featherhorn Mother Muleclaw the Third Hemuel Spume Hemtuft Battleaxe Goblin clan chiefs : ( Lytugg ; Grossmother Nectarsweet ; Rootrott Underbiter ; Meegmewl the Grey ) The Guardians of Night The Shrykes Goblins The Immortals Villains ( edit ) Grint Grayle Quove Lentis Branxford Drew Felftis Brack Kulltuft Warhammer Golderayce One - Eye Gloamglozer Allies ( edit ) The Professor of Light The Professor of Darkness Felix Lodd Varis Lodd Belphinius `` Phin '' Mendellix Raffix `` Raff '' Emilius Stope Boltjaw Bungus Septrill Stob Lummus Magda Burlix Xanth Filatine ( he is recognized as an ally in Freeglader ) Maris Pallitax Animals and plants of the Edge ( edit ) See also : List of animals of The Edge Chronicles and List of plants of The Edge Chronicles One of the elements the series is known for is its interesting array of plant and animal life , described in detail and accompanied by line drawings by Chris Riddell . The Farrow Ridges ( edit ) Since writing The Immortals , Stewart and Riddell have written series of blogs about a small settlement mentioned in The Immortals called The Farrow Ridges . It follows two characters , Forden Drew and Hedgethorn Lammergyre , a Fourthling and a Grey Goblin . Hedgethorn has lived in the Farrow Ridges for twelve years since the Battle of the Midwood Marshes where he lost all his friends . Fordon has moved to the area after sorting out his father 's financial problems in Hive . The two become friends and the series follows their epic adventure to build the Farrow Ridges . It ended with 66 chapters on Feb. 03 , 2011 . The blogs were located at www.weirdnewworlds.com but this now seems to be deleted . Adaptations ( edit ) There are audiobooks available for most of the Edge Chronicles series . Stewart and Riddell have expressed interest in a film adaptation . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Children 's literature portal The Edge Chronicles : Twig Saga The Edge Chronicles : Rook Barkwater Saga External links ( edit ) Official Random House site Edge Chronicles fan site http://www.stewartandriddell.co.uk - covers all the series the pair have written together . The Farrow Ridges ( hide ) The Edge Chronicles by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell Main series The Curse of the Gloamglozer The Winter Knights Clash of the Sky Galleons Beyond the Deepwoods Stormchaser Midnight Over Sanctaphrax The Last of the Sky Pirates Vox Freeglader The Immortals The Nameless One Other books Cloud Wolf The Stone Pilot The Lost Barkscrolls The Sky Chart Characters Twig Quintinius Verginix Locations Undertown Sanctaphrax Riverrise Geography of the Edge Chronicles Universe Sky Ship Stone Pilot The Galerider List of animals List of plants Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Edge_Chronicles&oldid=837197245 '' Categories : The Edge Chronicles Fantasy books by series Young adult fantasy novels Series of children 's books High fantasy novels Steampunk literature Doubleday ( publisher ) books Hidden categories : Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from March 2010 All articles needing expert attention Children 's literature articles needing expert attention Articles to be expanded from February 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles with multiple maintenance issues Books with missing cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית 日本 語 Русский Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 09 : 46 . 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-595445400937010116 | Theseus | Theseus - wikipedia Theseus Jump to : navigation , search Greek mythology Deities Primordial Titans Olympians Nymphs Sea - deities Earth - deities Heroes and heroism Heracles / Hercules ( Labors ) Achilles Hector ( Trojan War ) Odysseus ( Odyssey ) Jason Argonauts ( Golden Fleece ) Perseus ( Medusa Gorgon ) Oedipus ( Sphinx ) Orpheus ( Orphism ) Theseus ( Minotaur ) Bellerophon ( Pegasus Chimera ) Daedalus ( Labyrinth ) Atalanta Hippomenes ( Golden apple ) Cadmus ( Thebes ) Aeneas ( Aeneid ) Triptolemus ( Eleusinian Mysteries ) Pelops ( Ancient Olympic Games ) Pirithous ( Centauromachy ) Amphitryon ( Teumessian fox ) Narcissus ( Narcissism ) Meleager ( Calydonian Boar ) Otrera ( Amazons ) Related Satyrs Centaurs Dragons Demogorgon Religion in Ancient Greece Mycenaean gods Greek mythology portal Silver kylix with Theseus and the Marathon bull , 445 - 440 BC , part of the Vassil Bojkov collection , Sofia , Bulgaria For other uses , see Theseus ( disambiguation ) . Theseus ( UK : / ˈθiːsjuːs / , US : / ˈθiːsiəs / ; Ancient Greek : Θησεύς ( thɛːsěu̯s ) ) was the mythical king and founder - hero of Athens . Like Perseus , Cadmus , or Heracles , Theseus battled and overcame foes that were identified with an archaic religious and social order : `` This was a major cultural transition , like the making of the new Olympia by Hercules '' ( Ruck & Staples , p. 204 ) . Theseus was a founding hero for the Athenians in the same way that Heracles was the founding hero for the Dorians . The Athenians regarded Theseus as a great reformer ; his name comes from the same root as θεσμός ( thesmos ) , Greek for `` The Gathering '' . The myths surrounding Theseus -- his journeys , exploits , and family -- have provided material for fiction throughout the ages . Theseus was responsible for the synoikismos ( `` dwelling together '' ) -- the political unification of Attica under Athens -- represented emblematically in his journey of labours , subduing ogres and monstrous beasts . Because he was the unifying king , Theseus built and occupied a palace on the fortress of the Acropolis that may have been similar to the palace that was excavated in Mycenae . Pausanias reports that after the synoikismos , Theseus established a cult of Aphrodite Pandemos ( `` Aphrodite of all the People '' ) and Peitho on the southern slope of the Acropolis . Plutarch 's Life of Theseus ( a literalistic biography ) makes use of varying accounts of the death of the Minotaur , Theseus ' escape , and the love of Ariadne for Theseus . Plutarch 's sources , not all of whose texts have survived independently , included Pherecydes ( mid-fifth century BCE ) , Demon ( c. 400 BCE ) , Philochorus , and Cleidemus ( both fourth century BCE ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Birth and early years 1.1 The Six Labours 2 Medea and the Marathonian Bull , Androgeus and the Pallantides 3 Theseus and the Minotaur 4 Ship of Theseus 5 Theseus and Pirithous 5.1 The abduction of Persephone and encounter with Hades 6 Phaedra and Hippolytus 7 Other stories and his death 8 Adaptations of the myth 8.1 Literature 8.2 Opera , film and television 9 Notes 10 Sources 11 External links Birth and early years ( edit ) Theseus and Aethra , by Laurent de La Hyre Aegeus , one of the primordial kings of Athens , was childless . Desiring an heir , he asked the Oracle of Delphi for advice . Her cryptic words were `` Do not loosen the bulging mouth of the wineskin until you have reached the height of Athens , lest you die of grief . '' Aegeus did not understand the prophecy and was disappointed . He asked the advice of his host Pittheus , king of Troezen . Pittheus understood the prophecy , got Aegeus drunk , and gave Aegeus his daughter Aethra . But following the instructions of Athena in a dream , Aethra left the sleeping Aegeus and waded across to the island of Sphairia that lay close to Troezen 's shore . There she poured a libation to Sphairos ( Pelops ' charioteer ) and Poseidon , and was possessed by the sea god in the night . The mix gave Theseus a combination of divine as well as mortal characteristics in his nature ; such double paternity , with one immortal and one mortal , was a familiar feature of other Greek heroes . After Aethra became pregnant , Aegeus decided to return to Athens . Before leaving , however , he buried his sandals and sword under a huge rock and told Aethra that when their son grew up , he should move the rock , if he were heroic enough , and take the tokens for himself as evidence of his royal parentage . In Athens , Aegeus was joined by Medea , who had left Corinth after slaughtering the children she had borne , and had taken Aegeus as her new consort . Priestess and consort together represented the old order in Athens . Thus Theseus was raised in his mother 's land . When Theseus grew up and became a brave young man , he moved the rock and recovered his father 's tokens . His mother then told him the truth about his father 's identity and that he must take the sword and sandals back to king Aegeus to claim his birthright . To journey to Athens , Theseus could choose to go by sea ( which was the safe way ) or by land , following a dangerous path around the Saronic Gulf , where he would encounter a string of six entrances to the Underworld , each guarded by a chthonic enemy . Young , brave , and ambitious , Theseus decided to go alone by the land route and defeated a great many bandits along the way . The six labours ( edit ) Map of Theseus 's labours Theseus and the Crommyonian Sow , with Phaea ( detail of a kylix ) At the first site , which was Epidaurus , sacred to Apollo and the healer Asclepius , Theseus turned the tables on the chthonic bandit , Periphetes , the Club Bearer , who beat his opponents into the Earth , and took from him the stout staff that often identifies Theseus in vase - paintings . At the Isthmian entrance to the Underworld was a robber named Sinis , often called `` Pityokamptes '' ( Greek : Πιτυοκάμπτης , `` he who bends Pinetrees '' ) . He would capture travellers , tie them between two pine trees that were bent down to the ground , and then let the trees go , tearing his victims apart . Theseus killed him by his own method . He then became intimate with Sinis 's daughter , Perigune , fathering the child Melanippus . In another deed north of the Isthmus , at a place called Crommyon , he killed an enormous pig , the Crommyonian Sow , bred by an old crone named Phaea . Some versions name the sow herself as Phaea . The Bibliotheca by Pseudo-Apollodorus described the Crommyonian Sow as an offspring of Typhon and Echidna . Near Megara , an elderly robber named Sciron forced travellers along the narrow cliff - face pathway to wash his feet . While they knelt , he kicked them off the cliff behind them , where they were eaten by a sea monster ( or , in some versions , a giant turtle ) . Theseus pushed him off the cliff . Another of these enemies was Cercyon , king at the holy site of Eleusis , who challenged passers - by to a wrestling match and , when he had beaten them , killed them . Theseus beat Cercyon at wrestling and then killed him instead . The last bandit was Procrustes the Stretcher , who had two beds , one of which he offered to passers - by in the plain of Eleusis . He then made them fit into it , either by stretching them or by cutting off their feet . Since he had two beds of different lengths , no one would fit . Theseus turned the tables on Procrustes , cutting off his legs and decapitating him with his own axe . Medea and the Marathonian bull , androgeus and the Pallantides ( edit ) When Theseus arrived at Athens , he did not reveal his true identity immediately . Aegeus gave him hospitality but was suspicious of the young , powerful stranger 's intentions . Aegeus 's wife Medea recognised Theseus immediately as Aegeus ' son and worried that Theseus would be chosen as heir to Aegeus ' kingdom instead of her son Medus . She tried to arrange to have Theseus killed by asking him to capture the Marathonian Bull , an emblem of Cretan power . Theseus captures the Marathonian Bull ( kylix painted by Aison , 5th century BC ) On the way to Marathon , Theseus took shelter from a storm in the hut of an ancient woman named Hecale . She swore to make a sacrifice to Zeus if Theseus were successful in capturing the bull . Theseus did capture the bull , but when he returned to Hecale 's hut , she was dead . In her honour Theseus gave her name to one of the demes of Attica , making its inhabitants in a sense her adopted children . When Theseus returned victorious to Athens , where he sacrificed the Bull , Medea tried to poison him . At the last second , Aegeus recognised the sandals and the sword , and knocked the poisoned wine cup from Theseus 's hand . Thus father and son were reunited , and Medea , it was said , fled to Asia . When Theseus appeared in the town , his reputation had preceded him , having travelled along the notorious coastal road from Troezen and slain some of the most feared bandits there . It was not long before the Pallantides ' hopes of succeeding the apparently childless Aegeus would be lost if they did not get rid of Theseus ( the Pallantides were the sons of Pallas and nephews of King Aegeus , who were then living at the royal court in the sanctuary of Delphic Apollo ) . So they set a trap for him . One band of them would march on the town from one side while another lay in wait near a place called Gargettus in ambush . The plan was that after Theseus , Aegeus , and the palace guards had been forced out the front , the other half would surprise them from behind . However , Theseus was not fooled . Informed of the plan by a herald named Leos , he crept out of the city at midnight and surprised the Pallantides . `` Theseus then fell suddenly upon the party lying in ambush , and slew them all . Thereupon the party with Pallas dispersed , '' Plutarch reported . ) Theseus and the Minotaur ( edit ) Pasiphaë , wife of King Minos of Crete , had several children . The eldest of these , Androgeos , set sail for Athens to take part in the Panathenaic Games , which were held there every four years . Being strong and skilful , he did very well , winning some events outright . He soon became a crowd favourite , much to the resentment of the Pallantides who assassinated him , incurring the wrath of Minos . Theseus and the Minotaur When King Minos had heard of what befell his son , he ordered the Cretan fleet to set sail for Knossos . Minos asked Aegeus for his son 's assassins , and if they were to be handed to him , the town would be spared . However , not knowing who the assassins were , King Aegeus surrendered the whole town to Minos ' mercy . His retribution was that , at the end of every Great Year , which occurred after every seven cycles on the solar calendar , the seven most courageous youths and the seven most beautiful maidens were to board a boat and be sent as tribute to Crete , never to be seen again . Theseus and the Minotaur on 6th - century black - figure pottery In another version , King Minos had waged war with the Athenians and was successful . He then demanded that , at nine - year intervals , seven Athenian boys and seven Athenian girls were to be sent to Crete to be devoured by the Minotaur , a half - man , half - bull monster that lived in the Labyrinth created by Daedalus . On the third occasion , Theseus volunteered to talk to the monster to stop this horror . He took the place of one of the youths and set off with a black sail , promising to his father , Aegeus , that if successful he would return with a white sail . Like the others , Theseus was stripped of his weapons when they sailed . On his arrival in Crete , Ariadne , King Minos ' daughter , fell in love with Theseus and , on the advice of Daedalus , gave him a ball of thread ( a clew ) , so he could find his way out of the Labyrinth . That night , Ariadne escorted Theseus to the Labyrinth , and Theseus promised that if he returned from the Labyrinth he would take Ariadne with him . As soon as Theseus entered the Labyrinth , he tied one end of the ball of string to the door post and brandished his sword which he had kept hidden from the guards inside his tunic . Theseus followed Daedalus ' instructions given to Ariadne ; go forwards , always down and never left or right . Theseus came to the heart of the Labyrinth and also upon the sleeping Minotaur . The beast awoke and a tremendous fight then occurred . Theseus overpowered the Minotaur with his strength and stabbed the beast in the throat with his sword ( according to one scholium on Pindar 's Fifth Nemean Ode , Theseus strangled it ) . After decapitating the beast , Theseus used the string to escape the Labyrinth and managed to escape with all of the young Athenians and Ariadne as well as her younger sister Phaedra . Then he and the rest of the crew fell asleep on the beach of the island of Naxos , where they stopped on their way back , looking for water . Athena woke Theseus and told him to leave early that morning and to leave Ariadne there for Dionysus , for Naxos was his island . Stricken with distress , Theseus forgot to put up the white sails instead of the black ones , so his father , the king , believing he was dead , committed suicide , throwing himself off a cliff of Sounio and into the sea , thus causing this body of water to be named Aegean Sea . Dionysus later saw Ariadne crying out for Theseus and took pity on her and married her . Ship of Theseus ( edit ) According to Plutarch 's Life of Theseus , the ship Theseus used on his return from Crete to Athens was kept in the Athenian harbour as a memorial for several centuries . The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned had thirty oars , and was preserved by the Athenians down even to the time of Demetrius Phalereus , for they took away the old planks as they decayed , putting in new and stronger timber in their place ... The ship had to be maintained in a seaworthy state , for , in return for Theseus 's successful mission , the Athenians had pledged to honour Apollo every year henceforth . Thus , the Athenians sent a religious mission to the island of Delos ( one of Apollo 's most sacred sanctuaries ) on the Athenian state galley -- the ship itself -- to pay their fealty to the god . To preserve the purity of the occasion , no executions were permitted between the time when the religious ceremony began to when the ship returned from Delos , which took several weeks . To preserve the ship , any wood that wore out or rotted was replaced ; it was , thus , unclear to philosophers how much of the original ship actually remained , giving rise to the philosophical question whether it should be considered `` the same '' ship or not . Such philosophical questions about the nature of identity are sometimes referred to as the Ship of Theseus Paradox . Regardless of these issues , Athenians preserved the ship . Their belief was that Theseus had been an actual , historic figure and the ship gave them a tangible connection to their divine providence . Theseus and Pirithous ( edit ) Theseus Defeats the Centaur by Antonio Canova ( 1804 -- 1819 ) , Kunsthistorisches Museum Theseus 's best friend was Pirithous , prince of the Lapiths . Pirithous had heard stories of Theseus 's courage and strength in battle but wanted proof so he rustled Theseus 's herd of cattle and drove it from Marathon and Theseus set out in pursuit . Pirithous took up his arms and the pair met to do battle but were so impressed with each other they took an oath of friendship and joined the hunt for the Calydonian Boar . In Iliad I , Nestor numbers Pirithous and Theseus `` of heroic fame '' among an earlier generation of heroes of his youth , `` the strongest men that Earth has bred , the strongest men against the strongest enemies , a savage mountain - dwelling tribe whom they utterly destroyed . '' No trace of such an oral tradition , which Homer 's listeners would have recognised in Nestor 's allusion , survived in literary epic . Later , Pirithous was preparing to marry Hippodamia . The centaurs were guests at the wedding feast , but got drunk and tried to abduct the women , including Hippodamia . The Lapiths won the ensuing battle . In Ovid 's Metamorphoses Theseus fights against and kills Eurytus , the `` fiercest of all the fierce centaurs '' at the wedding of Pirithous and Hippodamia . The abduction of Persephone and encounter with Hades ( edit ) Theseus carries off the willing Helen , on an Attic red - figure amphora , c. 510 BC Theseus , a great abductor of women , and his bosom companion , Pirithous , since they were sons of Zeus and Poseidon , pledged themselves to marry daughters of Zeus . Theseus , in an old tradition , chose Helen , and together they kidnapped her , intending to keep her until she was old enough to marry . Pirithous chose Persephone . They left Helen with Theseus 's mother , Aethra at Aphidna , whence she was rescued by the Dioscuri . On Pirithous ' behalf they travelled to the underworld , domain of Persephone and her husband Hades . As they wandered through the outskirts of Tartarus , Theseus sat down to rest on a rock . As he did so he felt his limbs change and grow stiff . He tried to rise but could not . He was fixed to the rock . As he turned to cry out to his friend , he saw that Pirithous too was crying out . Around him gathered the terrible band of Furies with snakes in their hair , torches and long whips in their hands . Before these monsters the hero 's courage failed and he was led away to eternal punishment . For many months in half darkness , Theseus sat immovably fixed to the rock , mourning for both his friend and for himself . In the end he was rescued by Heracles who had come to the underworld for his 12th task . There he persuaded Persephone to forgive him for the part he had taken in the rash venture of Pirithous . So Theseus was restored to the upper air but Pirithous never left the kingdom of the dead , for when he tried to free Pirithous , the underworld shook . When Theseus returned to Athens , he found that the Dioscuri had taken Helen and Aethra to Sparta . Phaedra and Hippolytus ( edit ) Theseus saves Hippodameia , work by Johannes Pfuhl in Athens Phaedra , Theseus 's second wife and the daughter of King Minos , bore Theseus two sons , Demophon and Acamas . While these two were still in their infancy , Phaedra fell in love with Hippolytus , Theseus 's son by the Amazon queen Hippolyta . According to some versions of the story , Hippolytus had scorned Aphrodite to become a follower of Artemis , so Aphrodite made Phaedra fall in love with him as punishment . He rejected her out of chastity . Alternatively , in Euripides ' version , Hippolytus , Phaedra 's nurse told Hippolytus of her mistress 's love and he swore he would not reveal the nurse as his source of information . To ensure that she would die with dignity , Phaedra wrote to Theseus on a tablet claiming that Hippolytus had raped her before hanging herself . Theseus believed her and used one of the three wishes he had received from Poseidon against his son . The curse caused Hippolytus ' horses to be frightened by a sea monster , usually a bull , and drag their rider to his death . Artemis would later tell Theseus the truth , promising to avenge her loyal follower on another follower of Aphrodite . In a version by Seneca , the Roman playwright , entitled Phaedra , after Phaedra told Theseus that Hippolytus had raped her , Theseus called upon Neptune ( as he did Poseidon in Euripides ' interpretation ) to kill his son . Upon hearing the news of Hippolytus ' death at the hands of Neptune 's sea monster , Phaedra committed suicide out of guilt , for she had not intended for Hippolytus to die . In yet another version , Phaedra simply told Theseus Hippolytus had raped her and did not kill herself . Dionysus sent a wild bull which terrified Hippolytus 's horses . A cult grew up around Hippolytus , associated with the cult of Aphrodite . Girls who were about to be married offered locks of their hair to him . The cult believed that Asclepius had resurrected Hippolytus and that he lived in a sacred forest near Aricia in Latium . Other stories and his death ( edit ) A fresco depicting Theseus , from Herculaneum ( Ercolano ) , Italy , 45 -- 79 AD According to some sources , Theseus also was one of the Argonauts , although Apollonius of Rhodes states in the Argonautica that Theseus was still in the underworld at this time . Both statements are inconsistent with Medea being Aegeus ' wife by the time Theseus first came to Athens . With Phaedra , Theseus fathered Acamas , who was one of those who hid in the Trojan Horse during the Trojan War . Theseus welcomed the wandering Oedipus and helped Adrastus to bury the Seven Against Thebes . Lycomedes of the island of Skyros threw Theseus off a cliff after he had lost popularity in Athens . In 475 BC , in response to an oracle , Cimon of Athens , having conquered Skyros for the Athenians , identified as the remains of Theseus `` a coffin of a great corpse with a bronze spear - head by its side and a sword . '' ( Plutarch , Life of Cimon , quoted Burkert 1985 , p. 206 ) . The remains found by Cimon were reburied in Athens . The early modern name Theseion ( Temple of Theseus ) was mistakenly applied to the Temple of Hephaestus which was thought to be the actual site of the hero 's tomb . Adaptations of the myth ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Literature ( edit ) Theseus with the head of Minotaur Theseus Slaying Minotaur ( 1843 ) , bronze sculpture by Antoine - Louis Barye The deeds of Theseus , on an Attic red - figured kylix , c. 440 -- 430 BC ( British Museum ) Sophocles ' tragedy Oedipus at Colonus features Theseus as a major character . Euripides ' tragedy Hippolytus and Seneca 's Phaedra revolve around the death of Theseus ' son . In Geoffrey Chaucer 's epic chivalric romance `` The Knight 's Tale , '' one of the Canterbury Tales , Theseus is duke of Athens , husband of Ypolita , and protector of Emelye , Ypolita 's sister , for whom the two knights of Thebes , Arcite and Palamon , do battle . Racine 's Phèdre ( 1677 ) features Theseus as well as Hippolytus and the title character Phaedra . Theseus is a prominent character as the Duke of Athens in William Shakespeare 's plays , A Midsummer Night 's Dream and The Two Noble Kinsmen . Hippolyta also appears in both plays . F.L. Lucas 's epic poem Ariadne ( 1932 ) is an epic reworking of the Labyrinth myth : Aegle , one of the sacrificial maidens who accompany Theseus to Crete , is Theseus 's sweetheart , the Minotaur is Minos himself in a bull - mask , and Ariadne , learning on Naxos of Theseus 's earlier love for Aegle , decides to leave him for the Ideal ( Dionysus ) . André Gide 's 1946 Thésée is a fictional autobiography where the mythical hero of Athens , now elderly , narrates his life story from his carefree youth to his killing of the Minotaur . Mary Renault 's The King Must Die ( 1958 ) is a dramatic retelling of the Theseus legend from his childhood in Troizen until the return from Crete to Athens . While fictional , it is generally faithful to the spirit and flavor of the best - known variations of the original story . The sequel is The Bull from the Sea ( 1962 ) , about the hero 's later career . Evangeline Walton 's 1983 historical fiction novel The Sword is Forged chronicles the story of Theseus and Antiope . Stephen Dobyns , wrote the poem Theseus within the Labyrinth ( 1986 ) which provides a retelling of the myth of Ariadne , Theseus and the Minotaur , in particular the feelings of Ariadne . In issue No. 12 of Fright Night comics , entitled Bull - Whipped , Theseus and the Minotaur are resurrected by the comic 's Aunt Claudia Hinnault , who is the reincarnation of Ariadne . Kir Bulychov 's 1993 book An Attempt on Theseus ' Life ( Покушение на Тезея ) is about a plot to assassinate a man during a virtual reality tour in which he lives through Theseus ' life . Troy Denning 's 1996 novel Pages of Pain features an amnesic Theseus fighting to recover his past while interacting with some of the more colourful beings of the Planescape universe . Steven Pressfield 's 2002 novel Last of the Amazons attempts to situate Theseus 's meeting and subsequent marriage to Antiope , as well as the ensuing war , in a historically plausible setting . Jorge Luis Borges presents an interesting variation of the myth in a short story , `` La Casa de Asterión '' ( `` The House of Asterion '' ) . British comedian Tony Robinson wrote a version of the Theseus story entitled Theseus : Super Hero . Author Suzanne Collins was inspired by Theseus to write The Hunger Games trilogy , which was published from 2008 to 2010 . Opera , film and television ( edit ) Thésée ( 1675 ) is an early French opera by Jean - Baptiste Lully to a libretto by Philippe Quinault , based on Ovid . Teseo ( 1713 ) is an opera seria by George Frideric Handel to a libretto by Nicola Francesco Haym , based on Quinault . The opera Hippolyte et Aricie ( 1733 ) by Jean - Philippe Rameau , based on Racine , features Theseus as a character . Theseus is played by Bob Mathias in the 1960 film Minotaur , the Wild Beast of Crete , and by Tom Hardy in the 2006 film Minotaur . The first episode of the 2001 children 's television series MythQuest , entitled `` Minotaur , '' features a story in which the modern day teen - aged protagonist finds himself unexpectedly thrust into Theseus ' role and must follow through with the events of the existing myth , including slaying the Minotaur with the help of Ariadne and Daedalus . The storyline was also adapted into a novelisation . In the 2003 miniseries Helen of Troy , Theseus , played by Stellan Skarsgård , kidnaps Helen with Pirithous and waits for her to reach marriageable age ; however , he is slain by Pollux and she is returned to Sparta . In the 2007 video game God of War 2 , Theseus , voiced by Paul Eiding , serves as a guardian to the Sisters of Fate . He wears a bronze armband that serves as a key across the Sisters lair . In the film Immortals ( 2011 ) , directed by Tarsem Singh , Theseus , played by Henry Cavill , leads a war against King Hyperion of Heraklion , played by Mickey Rourke . The Indian film Ship of Theseus ( 2012 ) directed by Anand Gandhi , is an exploration of the philosophical idea underlying the myth . In the Canadian television series , Continuum ( 2012 -- 2015 ) , the leader of an anti-corporate human rights / terrorist group is called Theseus . In 2013 , the BBC series Atlantis was released . In the first episode of season one , The Earth Bull , Jason enters the labyrinth . He is helped by Ariadne to slay him , as the myth of the Minotaur . Jason is based on the characters of Theseus , Perseus and the myth of Jason And The Argonauts . In Season 2 Part 1 , Medea is introduced . Pasiphaё seeks to take back Atlantis after Ariadne is made Queen . The plot seems to be leading to Jason and The Argonauts . In Canadian / British television series Olympus ( 2015 ) , the main character ' Hero ' is loosely based on the myths of Theseus . The show follows Hero 's quest to unlock the ' Lexicon ' , the door to Olympus , and to stop the apocalypse as foreseen by the Oracle of Gaia . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carl A.P. Ruck & Danny Staples. ( 1994 ) . The World of Classical Myth , ch . ix , `` Theseus : Making the New Athens '' , pp 203 -- 222 . Durham , NC : Carolina Academic Press . Jump up ^ `` May I therefore succeed in purifying Fable , making her submit to reason and take on the semblance of History . But where she obstinately disdains to make herself credible , and refuses to admit any element of probability , I shall pray for kindly readers , and such as receive with indulgence the tales of antiquity . '' ( Plutarch , Life of Theseus ) . Plutarch 's avowed purpose is to construct a life that parallels the Life of Romulus that embodies the founding myth of Rome . Jump up ^ Edmund P. Cueva . ( Fall 1996 ) . `` Plutarch 's Ariadne in Chariton 's Chaereas and Callirhoe '' . American Journal of Philology , 117 ( 3 ) pp. 473 -- 484 . Jump up ^ Morford , Mark P.O. , Robert J. Lenardon , and Michael Sham . Classical Mythology . 10th ed . Oxford : Oxford UP , 2014 . Jump up ^ The theory , expounded as natural history by Aristotle , was accepted through the nineteenth century and only proven wrong in modern genetics : see Telegony . Sometimes in myth the result could be twins , one born divine of a divine father , the other human of a human sire : see Dioscuri . Of a supposed Parnassos , founder of Delphi , Pausanias observes , `` Like the other heroes , as they are called , he had two fathers ; one they say was the god Poseidon , the human father being Cleopompus . '' ( Description of Greece x. 6.1 ) . Jump up ^ Rock `` which had a hollow in it just large enough to receive these objects , '' Plutarch says . Jump up ^ Compared to Hercules and his Labours , `` Theseus is occupied only with the sacred Entrances that are local to the lands of Athens '' ( Ruck and Staples 1994 : 204 ) . Jump up ^ Plutarch ( Life of Theseus , XII ) Jump up ^ Plutarch ( Life of Theseus , XIII ) Jump up ^ Plutarch quotes Simonides to the effect that the alternate sail given by Aegeus was not white , but `` a scarlet sail dyed with the tender flower of luxuriant holm oak . '' ( Plutarch , 17.5 ) . Jump up ^ Ariadne is sometimes represented in vase - paintings with the thread wound on her spindle . Jump up ^ Noted by Kerenyi 1959 : 232 note 532 . Jump up ^ Demetrius Phalereus was a distinguished orator and statesman , who governed Athens for a decade before being exiled , in 307 BC . Jump up ^ Plutarch . `` Theseus '' . The Internet Classics Archive . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , John M. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Plato : Complete Works . Associate editor , D.S. Hutchinson . Indianapolis / Cambridge : Hackett . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ovid , Metamorphoses , XII : 217 -- 153 Jump up ^ Scholia on Iliad iii. 144 and a fragment ( # 227 ) of Pindar , according to Kerenyi 1951 : 237 , note 588 . Jump up ^ Reported at Athenaeus , Deipnosophistae 13.4 ( 557a ) ; cf . Kerenyi 1959 : 234 and note . Jump up ^ Sen. Phaed. 941 - 949 Jump up ^ Sen. Phaed. 1159 - 1198 . Jump up ^ F.L. Lucas ( 2014 ) . Ariadne . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107677524 . Jump up ^ `` The Sword is Forged by Evangeline Walton '' . Kirkus Reviews . 1983 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( 24 March 2012 ) . `` Which dystopian property does The Hunger Games most resemble ? '' . Los Angeles Times via Boston Herald . Boston Herald and Herald Media . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ TV Tropes -- Recap : Myth Quest E 1 `` The Minotaur '' Jump up ^ The Minotaur ( MythQuest # 1 ) goodreads.com Sources ( edit ) Primary sources Pseudo-Apollodorus , Bibliotheca Ovid , Metamorphoses Plutarch , Theseus Secondary sources Burkert , Walter , Greek Religion ( 1985 ) Stephen Dobyns , Theseus within the Labyrinth ( 1986 ) https://www.jstor.org/stable/20600617 Kerényi , Karl , The Heroes of the Greeks ( 1959 ) Price , Anne , The Quest for Theseus ( London , 1970 ) examines the Theseus - Minotaur - Ariadne myth and its historical basis , and later treatments and adaptations of it in Western culture . Ruck , Carl A.P. and Danny Staples , The World of Classical Myth : ch . IX `` Theseus : making the new Athens '' ( 1994 ) , pp. 203 -- 222 . Sideris , Athanasios , Theseus in Thrace . The silver lining on the clouds of the Athenian - Thracian relations in the 5th century BC ( Sofia , 2015 ) presents new iconographical sources and examines the role of Theseus in the state ideology of Athens and in its gift - diplomacy with Thrace . Walker , Henry J. , Theseus and Athens , Oxford University Press ( US 1995 ) . The most thorough scholarly examination of Theseus 's archaic origins and classical myth and cult , and his place in classical literature . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Theseus Wikisource has original text related to this article : Theseus Media related to Theseus at Wikimedia Commons ( Theoi Project ) Plutarch : Life of Theseus Greek Myth Comix : The Story of Theseus , pt. 1 Pt. 2 Pt. 3 The story of Theseus in comic - strip format , by Greek Myth Comix The works of Plutarch Works Parallel Lives Moralia Pseudo-Plutarch Lives Alcibiades and Coriolanus Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar Aratus of Sicyon / Artaxerxes and Galba / Otho Aristides and Cato the Elder Crassus and Nicias Demetrius and Antony Demosthenes and Cicero Dion and Brutus Fabius and Pericles Lucullus and Cimon Lysander and Sulla Numa and Lycurgus Pelopidas and Marcellus Philopoemen and Flamininus Phocion and Cato the Younger Pompey and Agesilaus Poplicola and Solon Pyrrhus and Gaius Marius Romulus and Theseus Sertorius and Eumenes Agis / Cleomenes and Tiberius Gracchus / Gaius Gracchus Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus Themistocles and Camillus Translators and editors Jacques Amyot Arthur Hugh Clough John Dryden Philemon Holland Thomas North Comparison extant Four unpaired Lives GND : 11862184X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theseus&oldid=841371629 '' Categories : Theseus Argonauts Attic culture heroes Characters in A Midsummer Night 's Dream Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid Founding monarchs Greek mythological heroes Heroes who ventured to Hades Kings of Athens Male Shakespearean characters Mythological swordsmen Offspring of Poseidon Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with trivia sections from May 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مازِرونی Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 12 : 49 . 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5490992721193017254 | Killing Me Softly with His Song | Killing Me Softly with His song - wikipedia Killing Me Softly with His song Jump to : navigation , search `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' is a song composed by Charles Fox with lyrics by Norman Gimbel . The song was written in collaboration with Lori Lieberman , who recorded the song in late 1971 . In 1973 it became a number - one hit in the US and Canada for Roberta Flack , also reaching number six in the UK Singles Chart . The song has since been covered by numerous artists , including the version by the Fugees , which won the 1997 Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lori Lieberman version and disputed origins 2 Roberta Flack version 3 Cover versions 3.1 Chart performance 3.2 Weekly 3.3 All - time 4 Fugees version 4.1 Background 4.2 Composition 4.3 Critical reception 4.4 Music video 4.5 Bounty Killer remix 4.6 Track listing 4.6. 1 UK CD1 4.6. 2 UK CD2 4.7 Charts 4.7. 1 Chart performance 4.7. 2 Year - end charts 4.8 Certifications 5 Charts on which `` Killing Me Softly '' reached number one 6 References 7 External links Lori Lieberman version and disputed origins ( edit ) According to Lori Lieberman , who performed the original recording in 1971 , the song was born of a poem she wrote after experiencing a strong reaction to the Don McLean song `` Empty Chairs '' , writing some poetic ideas on a napkin at the Troubadour Club after seeing McLean perform the song , then related this information to Gimbel , who took her feelings and put them into words . Then Gimbel passed the words to Fox , who set them to music . According to Norman Gimbel , Gimbel was introduced to the Argentinean - born composer Lalo Schifrin ( then of Mission : Impossible fame ) and began writing songs to a number of Schifrin 's films . Both Gimbel and Schifrin made a suggestion to write a Broadway musical together , and Schifrin gave Gimbel an Argentinean novel -- Hopscotch by Julio Cortázar -- to read as a possible idea . The book was never made into a musical , but in chapter two , the narrator describes himself as sitting in a bar listening to an American pianist friend `` kill us softly with some blues '' . Gimbel put the phrase in his `` idea book '' for use at a future time with a parenthesis around the word `` blues '' and substituted the word `` song '' instead . Don McLean said he did n't know the song described him and , when asked about it , said `` I 'm absolutely amazed . I 've heard both Lori 's and Roberta 's version and I must say I 'm very humbled about the whole thing . You ca n't help but feel that way about a song written and performed as well as this one is . '' Nevertheless , Fox has repudiated Lieberman 's having input into the song 's creation , saying : `` We ( Gimbel and Fox ) wrote the song and ( Lieberman ) heard it and said it reminded her of how she felt at ( a Don McLean ) concert . Don McLean did n't inspire Norman or me to write the song but even Don McLean thinks he 's the inspiration for the song . '' Don McLean supported Lieberman both on his website and from the stage of a concert which he invited her to attend in 2010 . However , the matter only reached an unequivocal conclusion when contemporaneous articles from the early 1970s were exhumed , all of them vindicating Lieberman . In an April 5 , 1973 article in the Daily News , Norman Gimbel was quoted as follows : `` She ( Lori Lieberman ) told us about this strong experience she had listening to McLean ( ' I felt all flushed with fever / Embarrassed by the crowd / I felt he had found my letters / And read each one out loud / I prayed that he would finish / But he just kept right on ' ) . I had a notion this might make a good song so the three of us discussed it . We talked it over several times , just as we did for the rest of the numbers we wrote for this album and we all felt it had possibilities . '' Roberta Flack version ( edit ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' One of A-side labels of U.S. vinyl single Single by Roberta Flack from the album Killing Me Softly B - side `` Just Like a Woman '' Released January 21 , 1973 Format 7 '' single Recorded November 17 , 1972 Genre Soul Length 4 : 46 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Charles Fox Norman Gimbel Producer ( s ) Joel Dorn Roberta Flack singles chronology `` Where Is the Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' ( 1973 ) `` Jesse '' ( 1973 ) `` Where Is the Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' ( 1973 ) `` Jesse '' ( 1973 ) Alternative release German vinyl single `` Killing Me Softly With His Song '' Roberta Flack 's `` Killing Me Softly With His Song '' from Killing Me Softly Problems playing this file ? See media help . Lieberman was the first to record the song in late 1971 , releasing it in early 1972 . Helen Reddy has said she was sent the song , but `` the demo ... sat on my turntable for months without being played because I did n't like the title '' . Roberta Flack first heard the song on an airline , when the Lieberman original was featured on the in - flight audio program . After scanning the listing of available audio selections , Flack would recall : `` The title , of course , smacked me in the face . I immediately pulled out some scratch paper , made musical staves ( then ) play ( ed ) the song at least eight to ten times jotting down the melody that I heard . When I landed , I immediately called Quincy ( Jones ) at his house and asked him how to meet Charles Fox . Two days later I had the music . '' Shortly afterwards Flack rehearsed the song with her band in the Tuff Gong Studios in Kingston , Jamaica , but did not then record it . In September 1972 , Flack was opening for Marvin Gaye at the Greek Theater ; after performing her prepared encore song , Flack was advised by Gaye to sing an additional song . Flack later said , `` I said well , I got this song I 've been working on called ' Killing Me Softly ... ' and he said ' Do it , baby . ' And I did it and the audience went crazy , and he walked over to me and put his arm around me and said , ' Baby , do n't ever do that song again live until you record it . ' '' Released in January 1973 , Flack 's version spent a total of five non-consecutive weeks at # 1 in February and March , more weeks than any other record in 1973 , being bumped to number 2 by the O'Jays ' `` Love Train '' after four straight weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 3 song for 1973 . Charles Fox suggested that Flack 's version was more successful than Lieberman 's because Flack 's `` version was faster and she gave it a strong backbeat that was n't in the original '' . According to Flack : `` My classical background made it possible for me to try a number of things with ( the song 's arrangement ) . I changed parts of the chord structure and chose to end on a major chord . ( The song ) was n't written that way . '' Flack plays electric piano on the track . The bass is played by Ron Carter , the guitar by Hugh McCracken and the drums by Ray Lucas . The single appeared as the opening track of the album of the same name , issued in August 1973 . Flack won the 1973 Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female , for the single , with Gimbel and Fox earning the Song of the Year Grammy . In 1996 a house remix of Flack 's version went to number one on the US dance chart . In 1999 Flack 's version was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . It ranked number 360 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and number 82 on Billboard 's greatest songs of all time . Cover versions ( edit ) Contralto pop singer Vicki Lawrence covered this song on her 1973 debut album , `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia ( Vicki Lawrence album ) '' . Eric Gale made an instrumental cover of this song in his 1973 debut albumForecast . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Canada ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 30 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 32 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B Singles US Hot Adult Contemporary Singles All - time ( edit ) Chart Position US Billboard Hot 100 92 Preceded by `` Crocodile Rock '' by Elton John Billboard Hot 100 number - one single February 24 , 1973 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Love Train '' by The O'Jays Preceded by `` Love Train '' by The O'Jays Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 31 , 1973 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' by Vicki Lawrence Fugees version ( edit ) `` Killing Me Softly '' Single by Fugees from the album The Score Released May 31 , 1996 Format CD single Recorded 1995 Genre R&B , hip hop soul Length 4 : 58 ( album version ) 4 : 16 ( radio edit ) 4 : 00 ( radio edit : without intro ) Label Ruffhouse Songwriter ( s ) Charles Fox Norman Gimbel Producer ( s ) The Fugees Fugees singles chronology `` Fu - Gee - La '' ( 1996 ) `` Killing Me Softly '' ( 1996 ) `` Ready or Not '' ( 1996 ) `` Fu - Gee - La '' ( 1996 ) `` Killing Me Softly '' ( 1996 ) `` Ready or Not '' ( 1996 ) `` Killing Me Softly '' The Fugees ' `` Killing Me Softly '' from The Score Problems playing this file ? See media help . Hip hop group Fugees covered the song ( as simply `` Killing Me Softly '' ) on their 1996 album The Score , with Lauryn Hill singing the lead vocals . Their version became a hit , reaching number two on the U.S. airplay chart . The song topped the charts in the United Kingdom , where it became the country 's biggest - selling single of 1996 . It has since sold 1.36 million copies in Britain . The Fugees recording won the 1997 Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and their video earned the MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video . This version sampled the 1990 song `` Bonita Applebum '' by A Tribe Called Quest ( ATCQ ) from their debut album People 's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm . ATCQ themselves had sampled the riff from the song `` Memory Band '' from psychedelic soul band Rotary Connection 's 1967 eponymous debut album . The Fugees single was so successful that the track was `` deleted '' and thus no longer supplied to retailers whilst the track was still in the top 20 so that attention could be drawn to the next single , `` Ready or Not '' . Propelled by the success of the Fugees track , the 1972 recording by Roberta Flack was remixed in 1996 with the vocalist adding some new vocal flourishes : this version topped the Hot Dance Club Play chart . Flack and the Fugees have performed the song together since then . In 2008 , `` Killing Me Softly '' was ranked number 25 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop and # 44 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 90s '' . Background ( edit ) `` Killing Me Softly '' was the last song the Fugees recorded for The Score , after member Pras Michael made the suggestion to cover it . They wanted to `` see how we can create break beats . And of course , we all love A Tribe Called Quest and we went in like ' Okay , let 's cut that sample ' . '' They then added a bass reggae drop . Initially , the Fugees wanted to change the lyrics of the song to make it anti-drugs and anti-poverty but the songwriters , Norman Gimbel and Charles Fox , refused . Composition ( edit ) The Fugees ' version features `` percussive rhythms '' with `` a synth sitar sound , Wyclef 's blurted chants , Hill 's vocal melisma on the scatted bridge , and a bombastic drum - loop track '' . Critical reception ( edit ) In January 1997 , Spin called the song `` an instant classic , pumped out of every passing car from coast to coast , with Lauryn Hill 's timeless voice never losing its poignant kick '' . Celebrating the album 's 20th anniversary in February 2016 , Billboard reviewed the song , saying : `` It 's a lovely cover that maintains the spirit of the original while taking the material in new directions . '' Music Video ( edit ) The video , directed by Aswad Ayinde and based on Lauryn Hill 's ideas , never came out commercially in America . It features Roberta Flack . Bounty Killer remix ( edit ) The Fugees recorded a dancehall version with Bounty Killer rapping and Hill singing a rewritten chorus . However , they did not receive permission to release it on The Score . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD1 ( edit ) `` Killing Me Softly '' ( Album Version W / Out Intro ) -- 4 : 03 `` Killing Me Softly '' ( Album Instrumental ) -- 4 : 03 `` Cowboys '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 35 `` Nappy Heads '' ( Remix ) -- 3 : 49 UK CD2 ( edit ) `` Killing Me Softly '' ( Album Version With Intro ) -- 4 : 16 `` Fu - Gee - La '' ( Refugee Camp Global Mix ) -- 4 : 15 `` Vocab '' ( Refugees Hip Hop Mix ) -- 4 : 07 `` Vocab '' ( Salaam 's Acoustic Remix ) -- 5 : 54 Charts ( edit ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 -- 97 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) 6 Denmark ( IFPI ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 30 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 48 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Radio Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 43 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Preceded by `` Three Lions '' by Baddiel and Skinner and The Lightning Seeds UK Singles Chart Number 1 single June 2 , 1996 -- June 30 , 1996 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Three Lions '' by Baddiel and Skinner and The Lightning Seeds Preceded by `` Three Lions '' by Baddiel and Skinner and The Lightning Seeds UK Singles Chart Number 1 single July 7 , 1996 -- July 13 , 1996 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Forever Love '' by Gary Barlow Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Platinum 500,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 1,000,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Charts on which `` Killing Me Softly '' reached number one ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of RPM number - one singles of 1973 List of number - one singles in 1973 ( New Zealand ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1990s List of number - one hits of 1996 ( Austria ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1996 List of European number - one hits of 1996 List of number - one hits of 1996 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1996 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles in 1996 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles from the 1990s ( UK ) List of number - one dance singles of 1996 ( U.S. ) List of Mainstream Top 40 number - one hits of 1996 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 1990s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9McU5zPEjs Jump up ^ `` The `` Killing Me Softly '' Story `` . Don-mclean.com . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lori Lieberman - Killing Me Softly ( The Story Behind ) on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Classic Albums - Don McLean : American Pie '' . BBC iPlayer . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Billboard Magazine , June 22 , 1974 . p. 53 ^ Jump up to : Davis , Sheila ( 1984 ) . The Craft of Lyric Writing . Writers Digest Books . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 89879 - 149 - 9 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Cortázar , Julio ( 1966 ) . Hopscotch . Pantheon Books . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 75284 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Killing Me Softly '' Story `` . Don-mclean.com. 21 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Daeida February 2012 . p. 11 Jump up ^ O'Haire , Patricia `` A Killer of a Song Archived 2013 - 05 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , '' Daily News Jump up ^ Cad , Saint . `` Top 10 Famous Songs With Unknown Originals '' . listverse.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Helen . The Woman I Am. Penguin Group , New York , NY . ISBN 1 - 58542 - 489 - 7 . p. 158 Jump up ^ Fox , Charles . Killing Me Softly : My Life In Music . Scarecrow Press , Lanham , MD . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6991 - 2 . ( 2010 ) p . X Jump up ^ `` Roberta Flack Recalls Debuting `` Killing Me Softly '' At The Greek Theatre With Marvin Gaye `` . 94.7 The WAVE -- Smooth R&B. 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1973 Jump up ^ Cresswell , Toby. 1001 Songs . Hardie Grant Books , Pahran , Aus . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74066 - 458 - 5 . ( 2005 ) p. 388 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY Hall Of Fame '' . GRAMMY.org . Archived from the original on 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 29 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Roberta Flack -- Killing Me Softly with His Song '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Roberta Flack Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Roberta Flack '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Roberta Flack -- Killing Me Softly with His Song '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Roberta Flack -- Killing Me Softly with His Song '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Killing Me Softly With His Song '' . Official UK Charts Co . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Purple Rain > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles at AllMusic . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs . Billboard.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music - Band of the Year '' . Spin . Camouflage Associates : 54 . January 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Various Mojo Magazine ( November 1 , 2007 ) . The Mojo Collection : 4th Edition . Canongate Books . p. 626 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fugees Producer Jerry Wonder Talks About The 16th Anniversary of `` The Score '' `` . Complex . February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iandoli , Kathy ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Inside Fugees ' The Score , 20 Years Later , With Its Collaborators '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weisbard , Eric ( 2007 ) . Listen Again : A Momentary History of Pop Music . Duke University Press . p. 194 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music - Band of the Year '' . Spin : 54 . January 1997 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Kenneth ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Fugees ' ' The Score ' at 20 : Classic Track - by - Track Album Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tardio , Andres ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` The Fugees ' `` Killing Me Softly '' Video Director Sentenced To 50 Years In Prison For Sexual Assault `` . HipHopDX . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Brian ( March 12 , 2009 ) . Check the Technique : Liner Notes for Hip - Hop Junkies . New York : Random House Publishing Group . p. 218 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Charles ( 2010 ) . Killing Me Softly : My Life in Music . Scarecrow Press . p. x . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fugees : Killing Me Softly '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly ( With His Song ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Fugees Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Fugees '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly ( With His Song ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Fugees : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Fugees Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Fugees Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Fugees Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Fugees Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Fugees Chart History ( Radio Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1996 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1996 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Fugees ; ' Killing Me Softly ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Killing Me Softly in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Music video at MTV.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Roberta Flack Studio albums First Take ( 1969 ) Chapter Two ( 1970 ) Quiet Fire ( 1971 ) Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway ( 1972 ) Killing Me Softly ( 1973 ) Feel Like Makin ' Love ( 1975 ) Blue Lights in the Basement ( 1977 ) Roberta Flack ( 1978 ) Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway ( 1980 ) I 'm the One ( 1982 ) Born to Love ( 1983 ) Oasis ( 1988 ) Set the Night to Music ( 1991 ) Roberta ( 1994 ) The Christmas Album ( 1997 ) Holiday ( 2003 ) Live albums Live & More ( 1980 ) At Her Best -- Live ( 2008 ) Soundtrack albums Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) Compilation albums The Best of Roberta Flack ( 1981 ) Greatest Hits ( 1984 ) Softly with These Songs : The Best of Roberta Flack ( 1993 ) The Very Best of Roberta Flack ( 2006 ) Singles `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Where Is the Love '' `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' `` Feel Like Makin ' Love ( Roberta Flack song ) '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` If Ever I See You Again '' `` Making Love '' `` Tonight , I Celebrate My Love '' `` Oasis '' `` Uh - Uh Ooh - Ooh Look Out ( Here It Comes ) '' Related articles Discography Donny Hathaway Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1970s ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis , Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) produced by Bones Howe ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) produced by Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon & Roy Halee ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King produced by Lou Adler ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack produced by Joel Dorn ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack produced by Joel Dorn ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John produced by John Farrar ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) produced by Daryl Dragon ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson produced by Tommy LiPuma ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) produced by Bill Szymczyk ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel produced by Phil Ramone ( 1979 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1970s ) 1970 Joe South - `` Games People Play '' 1971 Paul Simon - `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' 1972 Carole King - `` You 've Got a Friend '' 1973 Ewan MacColl - `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox - `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch - `` The Way We Were '' 1976 Stephen Sondheim - `` Send in the Clowns '' 1977 Bruce Johnston - `` I Write the Songs '' 1978 Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams - `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' and Joe Brooks - `` You Light Up My Life '' 1979 Billy Joel - `` Just the Way You Are '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killing_Me_Softly_with_His_Song&oldid=818928926 '' Categories : 1971 songs 1973 singles 1996 singles Soul ballads Pop ballads Fugees songs Songs with lyrics by Norman Gimbel Songs with music by Charles Fox ( composer ) Roberta Flack songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria RPM Top Singles number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Torch songs Songs about music Atlantic Records singles Ruffhouse Records singles Hip hop soul songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardradiosongs Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 12 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is roberta flack singing about in killing me softly | [] | [] |
-7668173438392711411 | Leaders of the Vietnam War | Leaders of the Vietnam War - wikipedia Leaders of the Vietnam War Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Leaders of the Vietnam War listed below comprise the important political and military figures of the Vietnam War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ho Chi Minh ( 19 May 1890 -- 2 September 1969 ) 2 Vo Nguyen Giap ( August 25 , 1911 -- October 4 , 2013 ) 3 Ngo Dinh Diem ( 3 January 1901 -- 2 November 1963 ) 4 Nguyen Cao Ky ( 8 September 1930 -- 23 July 2011 ) 5 Nguyen Van Thieu ( 5 April 1923 -- 29 September 2001 ) 6 Anti-Communist forces 6.1 South Vietnam 6.1. 1 Political 6.1. 2 Military 6.2 United States of America 6.2. 1 Political 6.2. 2 Military 6.3 Republic of Korea 6.4 Australia 6.5 New Zealand 6.6 Philippines 6.7 Taiwan 6.8 Thailand 6.9 Khmer Republic 6.10 Kingdom of Laos 6.11 Spain 7 Communist forces 7.1 North Vietnam 7.1. 1 Political 7.1. 2 Military 7.2 Viet Cong ( National Liberation Front ) 7.3 Khmer Rouge 7.4 Pathet Lao 7.5 People 's Republic of China 7.6 Soviet Union 7.7 North Korea Ho Chi Minh ( 19 may 1890 -- 2 september 1969 ) ( edit ) Ho Chi Minh whose birth name was Nguyen Sinh Cung and also known as Nguyen Tat Thanh and Nguyen Ai Quoc was a Vietnamese revolutionary leader following the path of communism . He left his country on a French steamer in 1911 and traveled extensively around the world participating actively in the Communist International before returning to Vietnam in 1941 . He then organized and led the Viet Minh to fight for Vietnamese Independence . He became more popular for his declaration of Vietnam independence from France , which paraphrased a part of the U.S declaration of independence that says `` All men are created equal ... '' Since 1945 , he became a prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) . In the late 1950s , Ho Chi Minh organized another communist guerrilla movement widely known as Viet Cong in South Vietnam . Ho Chi Minh was the key figure and held the main leadership of North Vietnam during both wars in the country . He remained as a great source of inspiration for the Vietnamese who were fighting for a united Vietnam as in his wish after he officially stepped aside in 1965 and even after his death in 1969 . The final offensive against Saigon -- the capital of South Vietnam in 1975 was named after him ( the Ho Chi Minh Campaign ) . Vietnam was reunified under the Communist rule after the fall of Saigon in April 1975 , nearly 30 years after Ho 's declaration of independence and 6 years after his death . Soon after that , Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh city in honour of his vast contributions to Vietnam . Vo Nguyen Giáp ( august 25 , 1911 -- october 4 , 2013 ) ( edit ) Vo Nguyen Giap was a General , Commander in Chief of the Vietnam People 's Army ( VNA ) and Vietnamese politician . He played a major role as a commander in the First Indochina War ( 1946 - 1954 ) and the Vietnam War ( 1960 - 1975 ) in which he was involved directly in many important campaigns such as the Border Campaign in Fall -- Winter ( 1950 ) , the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ( 1954 ) , the Tet Offensive ( 1968 ) , the Easter Offensive ( 1972 ) , the final Ho Chi Minh Campaign ( 1975 ) which led to the fall of Saigon and South Vietnam . Giap , together with Ho Chi Minh , was the most prominent figure of North Vietnam during the wars in the country . After the war , he was still the Minister of Defence until 1980 and served as a member of Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Vietnam until his retirement in 1991 . Giap celebrated his 100th birthday in 2011 and becomes the oldest Vietnam political and military figure that have ever lived . He is also considered by both his partisans and opponents as one of the greatest military commanders in history . Ngô dinh Diem ( 3 January 1901 -- 2 november 1963 ) ( edit ) Diem was a Vietnamese politician served as an officer in the Nguyen Dynasty . Because of his drastic ideological of anti-communism , Diem received support from the United States and became the first President of the Republic of Vietnam in 1955 . However , as a Catholic , Diem pursued the persecution of Buddhists which led to many religious protests notably the self - immolation of Thich Quang Duc in 1963 . As a result , Diem gradually lost U.S support and was assassinated , together with his brother Nhu , in a coup in 1963 . Nguyen Cao Ky ( 8 september 1930 -- 23 july 2011 ) ( edit ) Nguyen Cao Ky was a senior army officer and a former politician of Republic of Vietnam . He served as a prime minister ( 1965 - 1967 ) and Vice President ( 1967 - 1971 ) of the Republic of Vietnam . From an ally , he then became the opponent of President Nguyen Van Thieu and was mostly sidelined during Thieu 's presidency . Ky had been seen as an aggressive anti-Communist person in the period before 1975 and but then was regarded as a symbol of national reconciliation by the Vietnamese Communist Party since 2004 when he became the first South Vietnamese leader returning to the country . Nguyen Văn Thieu ( 5 April 1923 -- 29 september 2001 ) ( edit ) Thieu was the Leadership Committee Chairman ( 1965 - 1967 ) and President of the Republic of Vietnam ( 1967 - 1975 ) . In 1963 , Thieu joined a military coup to overthrow Diem . During his years as president , Thieu was accused of indulging in corruption . His struggle for power with Ky led to the decisions of side - lining Ky 's supporters and choosing loyalists instead of decent commanders to lead the Army of Public of Vietnam ( APVN ) forces . He strongly opposed the Paris Peace Accords ( 1973 ) and publicly blamed the U.S not keeping its promise for fall of Saigon and South Vietnam in 1975 . Anti-Communist forces ( edit ) South Vietnam ( edit ) Political ( edit ) Ngô Đình Diệm was the President of South Vietnam from 1955 until his assassination in 1963 . Ngô Đình Nhu was Diệm 's younger brother and generally regarded as the architect of the Ngô family 's rule . Dương Văn Minh led the South Vietnamese Army under President Diệm and was briefly leader of South Vietnam in 1963 and 1975 . He was the last president . Nguyễn Thành was a general who was in power from early 1964 to 1965 . Nguyễn Văn Thiệu was the President of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1975 . Nguyễn Cao Kỳ was the Prime Minister of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1967 and the Vice President from 1967 to 1971 . Trần Văn Hương was the second to last President of South Vietnam before its surrender in 1975 . Military ( edit ) Hoàng Xuân Lãm was a general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam , commander of I Corps . Lê Nguyên Khang was the commander of the Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps . Ngo Quang Truong a lieutenant general and commander of the I Corps . United States of america ( edit ) Political ( edit ) Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 . John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States from 1961 until his death in 1963 . Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969 . Richard Nixon was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until he resigned in 1974 . Gerald Ford was the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977 . Robert McNamara was the 8th Secretary of Defense , serving under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 to 1968 . Clark Clifford was the 9th Secretary of Defense , serving under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1968 to 1969 . Melvin R. Laird was the 10th Secretary of Defense , serving under President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973 . James R. Schlesinger was the 12th Secretary of Defense , serving under President Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford from 1973 to 1975 . Henry Kissinger was the 8th National Security Advisor and the 56th Secretary of State , serving under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford from 1969 to 1977 . Military ( edit ) Earle Wheeler was a United States Army General who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1964 to 1970 . Thomas Hinman Moorer was a U.S. admiral who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1970 to 1974 . William Westmoreland was an American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1968 . Creighton Abrams was an American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1972 . Frederick C. Weyand was a U.S. Army General who was the last commander of American military operations in the Vietnam War from 1972 to 1973 . Elmo Zumwalt was an American naval officer and commander of American naval forces in Vietnam . William W. Momyer was commander of the U.S. Air Force Tactical Air Command and the commander of the 7th Air Force . John S. McCain , Jr. was an American admiral and Commander - in - Chief of the Pacific Command . George Stephen Morrison was an American Rear Navy Admiral in Command during the Gulf of Tonkin incident , which escalated the U.S involvement in Vietnam . Republic of Korea ( edit ) Park Chung - hee was the President of South Korea from 1963 until his assassination in 1979 . Chae Myung - shin was the Commander of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces in Vietnam from 1965 to 1969 . Lee Se - ho was the Commander of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces in Vietnam from 1969 to 1973 . Australia ( edit ) Sir Robert Menzies was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1949 to 1966 . Harold Holt was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1966 to 1967 . John Gorton was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1968 to 1971 . Gough Whitlam was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1972 to 1975 . Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick Scherger was Chairman , Chiefs of Staff Committee from 1961 to 1966 . Lieutenant General Sir Reginald Pollard was Chief of Army from 1960 to 1963 . Ted Serong was a senior officer of the Australian Army and commander of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam from 1962 to 1965 . Donald Dunstan was an Australian Army officer , who was commander of Australian Forces in Vietnam in 1971 and 1972 . New Zealand ( edit ) Keith Holyoake was the Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1960 to 1972 . Jack Marshall was the Prime Minister of New Zealand in 1972 . Norman Kirk was the Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1972 to 1974 . Philippines ( edit ) Ferdinand Marcos was the President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986 . Taiwan ( edit ) Chiang Kai Shek was the President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975 Thailand ( edit ) Sarit Thanarat prime minister of Thailand from 1958 to 1963 against the communist Pathet Lao guerrillas in the neighboring Kingdom of Laos . During his years as prime minister Sarit was a patron of his cousin , the Lao strongman General Phoumi Nosavan , against the communist Pathet Lao guerrillas in the neighboring Kingdom of Laos . Thanom Kittikachorn was the prime minister of Thailand from 1963 to 1973 and Royal Thai Armed Forces in Vietnam from 1967 to 1972 . Khmer Republic ( edit ) Lon Nol was the Prime Minister of Cambodia from 1966 to 1967 and then again in 1969 to 1972 , after which he was President until 1975 . Sosthene Fernandez was the commander - in - chief of the Khmer National Armed Forces of Lon Nol 's Khmer Republic . Kingdom of Laos ( edit ) Souvanna Phouma was the prince of Laos and a political figure . Vang Pao was a major general in the Royal Lao Army and commander of the Hmong guerrilla forces that had a large impact on the war . Spain ( edit ) Francisco Franco was the Caudillo of Spain from 1939 to 1975 . Communist forces ( edit ) North Vietnam ( edit ) Political ( edit ) Hồ Chí Minh was prime minister from 1946 to 1955 and president from 1945 until his death in 1969 of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) . Lê Duẩn was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam and leader of North Vietnam and later the unified Vietnam from 1969 until his death in 1986 . Tôn Đức Thắng was the second and final President of North Vietnam and the first President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . Phạm Văn Đồng was the Prime Minister of North Vietnam from 1955 to 1976 . Lê Đức Thọ was a Vietnamese politician who , as North Vietnam 's representative , negotiated the Paris Peace Accords . Trường Chinh was ranked in the top 3 of the Vietnamese Politburo from 1941 to 1986 and both preceded and succeeded Le Duan as General Secretary . Military ( edit ) Võ Nguyên Giáp was the Vietnamese General in the Vietnam People 's Army ( NVA ) , Commander - in - Chief of PAVN and was one of the most prominent military leaders during the war . Văn Tiến Dũng was a Vietnamese general in the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) , PAVN chief of staff ( 1954 -- 1974 ) ; PAVN commander in chief ( 1974 -- 1980 ) ; and Socialist Republic of Vietnam defense minister ( 1980 -- 1986 ) . Hoàng Văn Thái was the General Staff formed National Army , after holding The first Chief of General Staff of the People 's Army of Vietnam . Nguyễn Hữu An was a general in the Vietnamese People 's Army , commander of the 2nd Army Corps . Lê Trọng Tấn was a general and key figure of the Vietnamese People 's Army , he was the deputy commander of the Viet Cong and held senior commands in the Easter Offensive and the Ho Chi Minh campaign . Hoàng Minh Thảo was a general and military theorist of Vietnamese People 's Army and an advisor to the Viet Cong . Viet Cong ( National Liberation Front ) ( edit ) Nguyễn Hữu Thọ was the chairman of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam . Hoàng Văn Thái was one of the leading commanders of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam ( 1967 -- 1973 , during the U.S. buildup in South Vietnam ) , during the Tet Offensive he was the most senior North Vietnamese Officer in South Vietnam . Trần Văn Trà was one of the leading commanders of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam and a member of the Central Committee of the Lao Dong Party . Tran Do was the deputy commander of the Viet Cong . Nguyễn Văn Linh was a political leader of the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War who served as party secretary of South Vietnam for Communist Party of Vietnam . Võ Chí Công was a Vietnamese Communist political figure who was one of the founding members of the Viet Cong . Huỳnh Tấn Phát chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam from 1969 to 1976 . Khmer Rouge ( edit ) Pol Pot was the leader of the Cambodian communist movement known as the Khmer Rouge . Khieu Samphan was the head of the CPNLAF , the Khmer Rouge armed forces . Pathet Lao ( edit ) Souphanouvong was the figurehead leader of the Lao People 's Revolutionary Party , and upon its successful seizure of power in 1975 , he became the first President of the Lao People 's Democratic Republic . Phoumi Vongvichit was a leading figure of the Pathet Lao and an elder statesman of the Lao People 's Democratic Republic . Kaysone Phomvihane was the actual head of the LPRP from 1955 to his death in 1992 and Prime Minister and then President after the takeover . Khamtai Siphandon was the military commander of the Pathet Lao and Defense Minister after the takeover before succeeding Kaysone Phomvihane . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) Mao Zedong was the leader of the People 's Republic of China from 1949 until his death in 1976 . Soviet Union ( edit ) Nikita Khrushchev was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 . He was the leader of USSR when JFK was U.S. president . Leonid Brezhnev was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982 . He was the leader of the USSR when Lyndon B. Johnson was U.S. president . Rodion Malinovsky was the Marshal of the Soviet Union and Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union in 1957 -- 1967 . Andrei Grechko was the Marshal of the Soviet Union Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union in 1967 -- 1976 . Anatoliy Hiuppinen was the commander of the Soviet forces stationed in Vietnam . North Korea ( edit ) Kim Il - sung was the leader of North Korea from 1948 until his death in 1994 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leaders_of_the_Vietnam_War&oldid=843503533 '' Categories : People of the Vietnam War Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2012 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 15 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | leader of north vietnam during the late 1950s | [
"He left his country on a French steamer in 1911 and traveled extensively around the world participating actively in the Communist International before returning to Vietnam in 1941. He then organized and led the Viet Minh to fight for Vietnamese Independence. He became more popular for his declaration of Vietnam independence from France, which paraphrased a part of the U.S declaration of independence that says \"All men are created equal…\" Since 1945, he became a prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). In the late 1950s, Ho Chi Minh organized another communist guerrilla movement widely known as Viet Cong in South Vietnam."
] | [
"Ho Chi Minh"
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-833830209978357524 | Gazetted Officer (India) | Gazetted officer ( India ) - wikipedia Gazetted officer ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search Gazetted Officers ( Hindi : राजपत्रित अधिकारी ) are executive / managerial / supervisorial level ranked public servants in India . Authority for a gazetted officer to issue an official stamp comes from the President of India or the Governors of States . To that effect , they are de jure representatives and delegates of the Indian State and the President . The Gazette of India is published on the regular basis by the Directorate of Printing , Department of Publication , Ministry of Urban Development , Government of India . It is an official Central Government or State Government publication , which publishes the appointments or promotions of certain government officials . An officer or public servant , who is appointed under the seal of the Governor at State level or by the President of India at the national level ( and in the Union Territories ) , requires being listed in the Indian Gazette or State Government Gazette and is considered to be a Gazetted Officer . If a person 's name is published in the Gazette , he / she is called Gazetted . Many are honorary Justices of the Peace and have the same standing as some of the Magistrates . Such officers , among other functions , have the power to verify the documents for academic , immigration and other purposes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ranks 2 Who can certify documents 3 Non-Gazetted 4 References 5 External links Ranks ( edit ) The Central Government of India and Governments of States in India classify public employees into Group A ( Gazetted / Executive ) , B ( Gazetted ) , B ( Non-Gazetted ) , C and D. Earlier classification was Class I ( Gazetted ) , II ( Gazetted ) , II ( Non-Gazetted ) , III and IV . Class I or Group A is the highest rank class and the Class IV or Group D is the least . The Government of India has plans to merge Group D into Group C. Class I and II ( Gazetted ) belong to the class of officers whose transfers , appointments , promotions and superannuation are published on a yearly basis in the official gazette of State or Union Government . Class I or Group A ( Gazetted ) These officials belong to the managerial or highest class of government servants . Examples - Bureaucrats from the All India Services , General Central Service and the Central Civil Services , Scientists in ISRO , DRDO , BARC , CSIR etc . Class II or Group B ( Gazetted ) Examples - Section Officers in the Indian Armed Forces Headquarters Services , Officers in State Civil Services etc . Class II or Group B ( Non-Gazetted ) Examples - Office executives and office supervisors , Inspectors in Central and State Police services etc . Class III or Group C Public servants in non-supervisory roles . Examples - Head Coach / Section Heads , Police Head Constables , Typists , Stenographers , Tax Assistants , Postmen , Telephone Operators , Havildar and Naik or equivalent in the Armed Forces etc . Class IV or Group D Manual workers ( skilled or semi-skilled ) . Examples - Peons , Sweepers etc Gazetted Status of Commissioned Officers of Armed forces has not been conferred till date by the Government of India . Who can certify documents ( edit ) Attestation of copies of original documents : Group A and B ( Gazetted ) public servants Character certificate , Police records verification : Group A officers . Citizenship certification : Group A officers , certification is limited to very few officials such as Sub-Divisional Magistrate etc . Non-Gazetted ( edit ) Officers falling under the category of class III and IV are not gazetted . They do not have the personal authority to issue an official stamp on behalf of the Government . Further employees serving in Nationalized Banks and PSUs are not gazetted . Officers belong to state board and corporation like GEB , GIDC , GSPC , GNFC etc and Commissioned Officers / JCOs of Indian Armed Forces are also not gazetted as per rules and regulations of government . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DoP - Gazette '' . Department of Publication . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.imyideas.com/2010/10/group-d-posts-abolished-in-department.html External links ( edit ) http://egazette.nic.in/ http://wbxpress.com/attestation-by-gazetted-officer/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gazetted_Officer_(India)&oldid=800555760 '' Categories : Titles Civil Services of India Indian government officials Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 07 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who appoints and dismisses the gazetted officials of the union government | [
"The Gazette of India is published on the regular basis by the Directorate of Printing, Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.[1] It is an official Central Government or State Government publication, which publishes the appointments or promotions of certain government officials. An officer or public servant, who is appointed under the seal of the Governor at State level or by the President of India at the national level (and in the Union Territories), requires being listed in the Indian Gazette or State Government Gazette and is considered to be a Gazetted Officer. If a person's name is published in the Gazette, he/she is called Gazetted. Many are honorary Justices of the Peace and have the same standing as some of the Magistrates. Such officers, among other functions, have the power to verify the documents for academic, immigration and other purposes."
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"the President of India"
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800453166240039525 | Tola (unit) | Tola ( unit ) - wikipedia Tola ( unit ) For other uses , see Tola ( disambiguation ) . Silver rupee coins , issued by the British East India Company , were a practical standard for the tola . 400 tolas British Indian units of mass Mughal Empire ( show ) 1 maund = 40 seers 1 seer = 30 dams 1 dam = 5 tanks 1 tank = 3 mashas 1 masha = 8 ruttees Bengal Presidency ( show ) 1 maund = 8 passerees 1 passeree = 5 seers 1 seer = 16 chitaks 1 chitak = 5 tolas 1 tola = 12 mashas 1 masha = 8 rattis 1 ratti = 4 dhans Regulation VII 1833 fixed the mass of one tola as 180 troy grains ( 11.663 8038 grams ) Bombay Presidency ( show ) 1 candy = 20 maunds 1 maund = 40 seers 1 seer = 72 tanks The maund was fixed at 28 pounds avoirdupois ( 1⁄4 hundredweight ) ( 12.700 586 36 kilograms ) Madras Presidency ( show ) 1 candy = 20 maunds 1 maund = 8 vis 1 vis = 5 seers 1 seer = 8 pollums 1 pollum = 10 pagodas The maund was fixed at 25 pounds avoirdupois ( 11.339 809 25 kilograms ) The tola ( Hindi : तोला ; Urdu : تولا ; Bengali : তোলা ; tolā. from Sanskrit : तोलकः ; tolaka ) Punjabi ਤੋਲਾ , also transliterated as tolah or tole , is a traditional Ancient Indian and South Asian unit of mass , now standardised as 180 troy grains ( 11.3398038 grams ) or exactly 3 / 8 troy ounce . It was the base unit of mass in the British Indian system of weights and measures introduced in 1833 , although it had been in use for much longer . It was also used in Aden and Zanzibar : in the latter , one tola was equivalent to 175.90 troy grains ( 0.97722222 British tolas , or 11.33980925 grams ) . The tola is a Vedic measure , with the name derived from the Sanskrit tol ( तोलः root तुल् ) meaning `` weighing '' or `` weight '' . One tola was traditionally the weight of 100 ratti ( ruttee ) seeds , and its exact weight varied according to locality . However , it is also a convenient mass for a coin : several pre-colonial coins , including the currency of Akbar the Great ( 1556 -- 1605 ) , had a mass of `` one tola '' within slight variation . The very first rupee ( Urdu : رپيا ; rupayā ) , minted by Sher Shah Suri ( 1540 -- 45 ) , had a mass of 178 troy grains , or about 1 % less than the British tola . The British East India Company issued a silver rupee coin of 180 troy grains , and this became the practical standard mass for the tola well into the 20th century . A set of tolas The British tola of 180 troy grains ( from 1833 ) can be seen as more of a standardisation than a redefinition : the previous standard in the Bengal Presidency , the system of `` sicca weights '' , was the mass of one Murshidabad rupee , 179.666 troy grains . For the larger weights used in commerce ( in the Bengal Presidency ) , the variation in the pre-1833 standards was found to be greater than the adjustment . The tola formed the base for units of mass under the British Indian system , and was also the standard measure of gold and silver bullion . Although the tola has been officially replaced by metric units since 1956 , it is still in current use , and is a popular denomination for gold bullion bars in Bangladesh , India , Nepal , Pakistan and Singapore , with a ten tola bar being the most commonly traded . In Nepal , minting of tola size gold coins continue up to the present , even though the currency of Nepal is called rupee and has no official connection to the tola . It is also used in most gold markets ( bazars / souks ) in the United Arab Emirates and in all the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ( GCC ) countries . Tola is still used as a measure of charas . ( Indian hashish ) See also ( edit ) Troy ounce Dus Tola References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Prinsep , James ( 1840 ) , Useful tables , forming an appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society : part the first , Coins , weights , and measures of British India ( 2nd ed . ) , Calcutta : Bishop 's College Press , pp. 65 -- 74 , 79 -- 90 . Jump up ^ tola , Sizes , Inc . Jump up ^ Platts , John T. ( 1884 ) , A dictionary of Urdu , classical Hindi , and English , London : W.H. Allen & Co. , p. 344 , archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Martin , Robert Montgomery . Statistics of the colonies of the British empire , London : W.H. Allen and Co. , 1839 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Prinsep ( 1840 ) , pp. 45 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Mughal Coinage , RBI Monetary Museum , archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 16 , retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Silberrad , C.A. ( 1922 ) , `` New Weights and Measures for India '' , Nature , 110 ( 2770 ) : 735 , Bibcode : 1922Natur. 110Q. 735S , doi : 10.1038 / 110735a0 Jump up ^ Standards of Weights and Measures Act , 1956 ( No. 89 of 1956 ) Archived 2009 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Green , Timothy ( 1970 ) . The world of gold . Simon and Schuster . pp. 103 , 179 . Jump up ^ David Hooper , F.C.S. , F.L.S. ( September 19 , 1908 ) . `` Charas of Indian Hemp '' . Pharmaceutical journal : A weekly record of pharmacy and allied sciences . J. Churchill : 347 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tola . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tola_(unit)&oldid=853072909 '' Categories : Units of mass Customary units in India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch हिन्दी മലയാളം Norsk Svenska తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 07 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-6366091651986986490 | Article (grammar) | Article ( grammar ) - wikipedia Article ( grammar ) Jump to : navigation , search For grammatical articles in English , see English articles . `` Definite article '' redirects here . For the Eddie Izzard comedy DVD , see Definite Article . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An article ( with the linguistic glossing abbreviation ART ) is a word that is used with a noun ( as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix ) to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun , and in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope . The articles in English grammar are the and a / an , and in certain contexts some . `` An '' and `` a '' are modern forms of the Old English `` an '' , which in Anglian dialects was the number `` one '' ( compare `` on '' in Saxon dialects ) and survived into Modern Scots as the number `` owan '' . Both `` on '' ( respelled `` one '' by the Norman language ) and `` an '' survived into Modern English , with `` one '' used as the number and `` an '' ( `` a '' , before nouns that begin with a consonant sound ) as an indefinite article . In many languages , articles are a special part of speech which can not easily be combined with other parts of speech . In English grammar , articles are frequently considered part of a broader category called determiners , which contains articles , demonstratives ( such as `` this '' and `` that '' ) , possessive determiners ( such as `` my '' and `` his '' ) , and quantifiers ( such as `` all '' and `` few '' ) . Articles and other determiners are also sometimes counted as a type of adjective , since they describe the words that they come before . In languages that employ articles , every common noun , with some exceptions , is expressed with a certain definiteness , definite or indefinite , as an attribute ( similar to how many languages express every noun with a certain grammatical number -- singular or plural -- or a grammatical gender ) . Articles are among the most common words in many languages ; in English , for example , the most frequent word is the . Articles are usually categorized as either definite or indefinite . A few languages with well - developed systems of articles may distinguish additional subtypes . Within each type , languages may have various forms of each article , due to confirming to grammatical attributes such as gender , number , or case . Articles may also be modified as influenced by adjacent sounds or words as in elision ( e.g. , French `` le '' becoming `` l ' '' before a vowel ) , epenthesis ( e.g. , English `` a '' becoming `` an '' before a vowel ) , or contraction ( e.g. Irish `` i + na '' becoming `` sna '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definite article 2 Indefinite article 3 Proper article 4 Partitive article 5 Negative article 6 Zero article 7 Variation among languages 7.1 Tokelauan 8 Evolution 8.1 Definite articles 8.2 Indefinite articles 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Definite article ( edit ) The definite article is used to refer to a particular member of a group or class . It may be something that the speaker has already mentioned or it may be something uniquely specified . There is one definite article in English , for both singular and plural nouns : the : The children know the fastest way home . The sentence above refers to specific children and a specific way home ; it contrasts with the much more general observation that : Children know the fastest ways home . The latter sentence refers to children in general and their specific ways home . Likewise , Give me the book . refers to a specific book whose identity is known or obvious to the listener ; as such it has a markedly different meaning from Give me a book . which uses an indefinite article , which does not specify what book is to be given . The definite article can also be used in English to indicate a specific class among other classes : The cabbage white butterfly lays its eggs on members of the Brassica genus . However , recent developments show that definite articles are morphological elements linked to certain noun types due to lexicalization . Under this point of view , definiteness does not play a role in the selection of a definite article more than the lexical entry attached to the article . Indefinite article ( edit ) An indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one identifiable to the listener . It may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first time , or the speaker may be making a general statement about any such thing . a / an are the indefinite articles used in English . The form an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound ( even if spelled with an initial consonant , as in an hour ) , and a before words that begin with a consonant sound ( even if spelled with a vowel , as in a European ) . She had a house so large that an elephant would get lost without a map . Before some words beginning with a pronounced ( not silent ) h in an unstressed first syllable , such as historic ( al ) , hallucination , hilarious , horrendous , and horrific , some ( especially older ) British writers prefer to use an over a ( an historical event , etc . ) . An is also preferred before hotel by some writers of British English ( probably reflecting the relatively recent adoption of the word from French , in which the h is not pronounced ) . The use of `` an '' before words beginning with an unstressed `` h '' is more common generally in British English than in American . American writers normally use a in all these cases , although there are occasional uses of an historic ( al ) in American English . According to the New Oxford Dictionary of English , such use is increasingly rare in British English too . Unlike British English , American English typically uses an before herb , since the h in this word is silent for most Americans . The correct usage in respect of the term `` hereditary peer '' was the subject of an amendment debated in the UK Parliament . The word some can be viewed as functionally a plural of a / an in that , for example , `` an apple '' never means more than one apple but `` give me some apples '' indicates more than one is desired but without specifying a quantity . In this view it is functionally homologous to the Spanish plural indefinite article unos / unas ; un / una ( `` one '' ) is completely indistinguishable from the unit number , except where it has a plural form ( unos / unas ) . Thus Dame una manzana '' ( `` Give me an apple '' ) but `` Dame unas manzanas '' ( `` Give me some apples '' ) . The indefiniteness of some or unos can sometimes be semiquantitatively narrowed , as in `` There are some apples there , but not many . '' Some also serves as a singular indefinite article , as in `` There is some person on the porch '' . Proper article ( edit ) A proper article indicates that its noun is proper , and refers to a unique entity . It may be the name of a person , the name of a place , the name of a planet , etc . The Maori language has the proper article a , which is used for personal nouns ; so , `` a Pita '' means `` Peter '' . In Maori , when the personal nouns have the definite or indefinite article as an important part of it , both articles are present ; for example , the phrase `` a Te Rauparaha '' , which contains both the proper article a and the definite article Te refers to the person name Te Rauparaha . The definite article is sometimes also used with proper names , which are already specified by definition ( there is just one of them ) . For example : the Amazon , the Hebrides . In these cases , the definite article may be considered superfluous . Its presence can be accounted for by the assumption that they are shorthand for a longer phrase in which the name is a specifier , i.e. the Amazon River , the Hebridean Islands . Where the nouns in such longer phrases can not be omitted , the definite article is universally kept : the United States , the People 's Republic of China . This distinction can sometimes become a political matter : the former usage the Ukraine stressed the word 's Russian meaning of `` borderlands '' ; as Ukraine became a fully independent state following the collapse of the Soviet Union , it requested that formal mentions of its name omit the article . Similar shifts in usage have occurred in the names of Sudan and both Congo ( Brazzaville ) and Congo ( Kinshasa ) ; a move in the other direction occurred with The Gambia . In certain languages , such as French and Italian , definite articles are used with all or most names of countries : la France / le Canada / l'Allemagne , l'Italia / la Spagna / il Brasile . If a name ( has ) a definite article , e.g. the Kremlin , it can not idiomatically be used without it : we can not say Boris Yeltsin is in Kremlin . -- R.W. Burchfield Some languages also use definite articles with personal names . For example , such use is standard in Portuguese ( a Maria , literally : `` the Maria '' ) , in Greek ( η Μαρία , ο Γιώργος , ο Δούναβης , η Παρασκευή ) and in Catalan ( la Núria , el / en Oriol ) . It also occurs colloquially in Spanish , German , French , Italian and other languages . In Hungary it is considered to be a Germanism . Rarely , this usage can appear in English . A prominent example is how President of The United States and businessman Donald Trump is known as `` The Donald '' , this wording being used by many publications such as Newsweek and New York Post . ( This is derived from his ex-wife Ivana Trump 's use of the article with his name , a second - language error influenced by the lack of articles in her native Czech . ) Another is US President Ronald Reagan 's nickname of `` The Gipper '' ; publisher Townhall.com issued an article after Reagan 's death titled simply `` Goodbye to ' the Gipper ' '' . Partitive article ( edit ) A partitive article is a type of article , sometimes viewed as a type of indefinite article , used with a mass noun such as water , to indicate a non-specific quantity of it . Partitive articles are thus a class of determiner ; they are used in French and Italian in addition to definite and indefinite articles . ( In Finnish and Estonian , the partitive is indicated by inflection . ) The nearest equivalent in English is some , although the latter is classified as a determiner but not in all authorities ' classifications as an indefinite article , and English uses it less than French uses de . French : Veux - tu du café ? Do you want ( some ) coffee ? For more information , see the article on the French partitive article . Haida has a partitive article ( suffixed - gyaa ) referring to `` part of something or ... to one or more objects of a given group or category , '' e.g. , tluugyaa uu hal tlaahlaang `` he is making a boat ( a member of the category of boats ) . '' Negative article ( edit ) A negative article specifies none of its noun , and can thus be regarded as neither definite nor indefinite . On the other hand , some consider such a word to be a simple determiner rather than an article . In English , this function is fulfilled by no , which can appear before a singular or plural noun : No man has been on this island . No dogs are allowed here . No one is in the room . Zero article ( edit ) See also : Zero article in English The zero article is the absence of an article . In languages having a definite article , the lack of an article specifically indicates that the noun is indefinite . Linguists interested in X-bar theory causally link zero articles to nouns lacking a determiner . In English , the zero article rather than the indefinite is used with plurals and mass nouns , although the word `` some '' can be used as an indefinite plural article . Visitors end up walking in mud . Variation among languages ( edit ) Articles in languages in and around Europe indefinite and definite articles only definite articles indefinite and suffixed definite articles only suffixed definite articles no articles Note that although the Saami languages spoken in northern parts of Norway and Sweden lack articles , Norwegian and Swedish are the majority languages in this area . Note also that although the Irish and Scottish Gaelic languages lack indefinite articles they too are minority languages in this area , with English being the main spoken language . Articles are found in many Indo - European languages , Semitic languages ( only the definite article ) , and Polynesian languages , but are formally absent from many of the world 's major languages , such as Chinese , Indonesian , Japanese , Hindi , Punjabi , Urdu , Russian , the majority of Slavic and Baltic languages , Yoruba , and the Bantu languages . In some languages that do have articles , like for example some North Caucasian languages , the use of articles is optional but in others like English and German it is mandatory in all cases . Linguists believe the common ancestor of the Indo - European languages , Proto - Indo - European , did not have articles . Most of the languages in this family do not have definite or indefinite articles : there is no article in Latin or Sanskrit , nor in some modern Indo - European languages , such as the families of Slavic languages ( except for Bulgarian and Macedonian , which are rather distinctive among the Slavic languages in their grammar ) and Baltic languages . Although Classical Greek had a definite article ( which has survived into Modern Greek and which bears strong functional resemblance to the German definite article , which it is related to ) , the earlier Homeric Greek used this article largely as a pronoun or demonstrative , whereas the earliest known form of Greek known as Mycenaean Greek did not have any articles . Articles developed independently in several language families . Not all languages have both definite and indefinite articles , and some languages have different types of definite and indefinite articles to distinguish finer shades of meaning : for example , French and Italian have a partitive article used for indefinite mass nouns , whereas Colognian has two distinct sets of definite articles indicating focus and uniqueness , and Macedonian uses definite articles in a demonstrative sense , with a tripartite distinction ( proximal , medial , distal ) based on distance from the speaker or interlocutor . The words this and that ( and their plurals , these and those ) can be understood in English as , ultimately , forms of the definite article the ( whose declension in Old English included thaes , an ancestral form of this / that and these / those ) . In many languages , the form of the article may vary according to the gender , number , or case of its noun . In some languages the article may be the only indication of the case . Many languages do not use articles at all , and may use other ways of indicating old versus new information , such as topic -- comment constructions . The articles used in some languages Language definite article partitive article indefinite article Afrikaans die ' n Albanian - a , - ja , - i , - u , - t , - të ( all suffixes ) disa një Arabic al - or el ال ( prefix ) - n Assamese - tû , - ta , - ti , - khôn , - khini , - zôn , - zôni , - dal , - zûpa etc . êta , êkhôn , êzôn , êzôni , êdal , êzûpa etc . Bangla ঐ একটি Breton an , al , ar un , ul , ur Bulgarian - та , - то , - ът , - ят , - те един / някакъв , една / някаква , едно / някакво , едни / някакви Catalan el , la , l ' , els , les ses , lo , los , es , sa un , una uns , unes Cornish an Danish Singular : - en , - et , - ( all suffixes ) Plural : - e , - ene ( all suffixes ) en , et Dutch de , het ( 't ) een ( ' n ) English the a , an Esperanto la Finnish * se yks ( i ) French le , la , l ' les du , de la , de l ' des un , une des German der , die , das des , dem , den ein , eine , einer , eines einem , einen Greek ο , η , το οι , οι , τα ένας , μια , ένα Hawaiian ka , ke nā he Hebrew ha - ה ( prefix ) Hungarian a , az egy Icelandic - ( i ) nn , - ( i ) n , - ( i ) ð , - ( i ) na , - num , - ( i ) nni , - nu , - ( i ) ns , - ( i ) nnar , - nir , - nar , - ( u ) num , - nna ( all suffixes ) Interlingua le un Irish an , na Italian il , lo , la , l ' i , gli , le del , dello , della , dell ' dei , degli , degl ' , delle un ' , uno , una , un Khasi u , ka , i ki Kurdish - eke - ekan hendê , birrê - êk - anêk Latin Luxembourgish den , déi ( d ' ) , dat ( d ' ) dem , der däers / es , däer / er en , eng engem , enger Macedonian - от - ов - он - та - ва - на - то - во - но - те - ве - не - та - ва - на ( all suffixes ) неколку еден една едно едни Manx y , yn , ' n , ny Norwegian Bokmål Singular : - en , - et , - a ( all suffixes ) Plural : - ene , - a ( all suffixes ) en , et , ei Norwegian Nynorsk Singular : - en , - et , - a ( all suffixes ) Plural : - ane , - ene , - a ( all suffixes ) ein , eit , ei Portuguese o , a os , as um , uma uns , umas Quenya i , in , ' n Romanian - ( u ) l , - le , - ( u ) a - ( u ) lui , - i , - lor ( all suffixes ) un , o unui , unei niște , unor Scots the Scottish Gaelic an , am , a ' , na , nam , nan Sindarin i , in , - in , - n , en Spanish el , la , lo los , las un , una unos , unas Swedish Singular : - en , - n , - et , - t ( all suffixes ) Plural : - na , - a , - en ( all suffixes ) en , ett Welsh y , yr , - ' r Yiddish דער ( der ) , די ( di ) , דאָס ( dos ) , דעם ( dem ) אַ ( a ) , אַן ( an ) * Grammatically speaking Finnish has no articles , but the words se ( it ) and yks ( i ) ( one ) are used in the same fashion as the and a / an in English and are , for all intents and purposes , treated like articles when used in this manner in colloquial Finnish . The following examples show articles which are always suffixed to the noun : Albanian : zog , a bird ; zogu , the bird Aramaic : שלם ( shalam ) , peace ; שלמא ( shalma ) , the peace Note : Aramaic is written from right to left , so an Aleph is added to the end of the word . ם becomes מ when it is not the final letter . Assamese : `` কিতাপ ( kitap ) '' , book ; `` কিতাপখন ( kitapkhôn ) '' : `` The book '' Bengali : `` Bôi '' , book ; `` Bôiti / Bôita / Bôikhana '' : `` The Book '' Bulgarian : стол stol , chair ; столът stolǎt , the chair ( subject ) ; стола stola , the chair ( object ) Icelandic : hestur , horse ; hesturinn , the horse Macedonian : стол stol , chair ; столот stolot , the chair ; столов stolov , this chair ; столон stolon , that chair Persian : sib , apple ; sibe , the apple . ( The Persian language does not have definite articles . Sibe ' man ، means my apple . One could argue that in rare cases it has . Sibe ' ke ' kharidi ; `` The apple that you bought '' . But Sibe ' in this case is an abbreviation of Sibi ra ' . `` That Apple '' ) Romanian : drum , road ; drumul , the road ( the article is just `` l '' , `` u '' is a `` connection vowel '' Romanian : vocală de legătură ) Swedish and Norwegian : hus , house ; huset , the house ; if there is an adjective : det gamle ( N ) / gamla ( S ) huset , the old house Danish : hus , house ; huset , the house ; if there is an adjective : det gamle hus , the old house Example of prefixed definite article : Hebrew : ילד , transcribed as yeled , a boy ; הילד , transcribed as hayeled , the boy A different way , limited to the definite article , is used by Latvian and Lithuanian . The noun does not change but the adjective can be defined or undefined . In Latvian : galds , a table / the table ; balts galds , a white table ; baltais galds , the white table . In Lithuanian : stalas , a table / the table ; baltas stalas , a white table ; baltasis stalas , the white table . Languages in the above table written in italics are constructed languages and are not natural , that is to say that they have been purposefully invented by an individual ( or group of individuals ) with some purpose in mind . They do , however , all belong to language families themselves . Esperanto is derived from European languages and therefore all of its roots are found in Proto - Indo - European and cognates can be found in real - world languages like French , German , Italian and English . Interlingua is also based on European languages but with its main source being that of Italic descendent languages : English , French , Spanish , Italian and Portuguese , with German and Russian being secondary sources , with words from further afield ( but internationally known and often borrowed ) contributing to the language 's vocabulary ( such as words taken from Japanese , Arabic and Finnish ) . The result is a supposedly easy - to - learn language for the world . As well as these `` auxiliary '' languages the list contains two more : Quenya and Sindarin ; these two languages were created by Professor Tolkien and used in his fictional works . They are not based on any real - world language family ( as are Esperanto and Interlingua ) , but do share a common history with roots in Common Eldarin . Tokelauan ( edit ) When using a definite article in Tokelauan language , unlike in some languages like English , if the speaker is speaking of an item , they need not to have referred to it previously as long as the item is specific . This is also true when it comes to the reference of a specific person . So , although the definite article used to describe a noun in the Tokelauan language is te , it can also translate to the indefinite article in languages that requires the item being spoken of to have been referenced prior . When translating to English , te could translate to the English definite article the , or it could also translate to the English indefinite article a . An example of how the definite article te can be used as an interchangeable definite or indefinite article in the Tokelauan language would be the sentence `` Kua hau te tino '' . In the English language , this could be translated as `` A man has arrived '' or `` The man has arrived '' where using te as the article in this sentence can represent any man or a particular man . The word he , which is the indefinite article in Tokelauan , is used to describe ' any such item ' . The word he is used in negative statements because that is where it is most often found , alongside its great use in interrogative statements . Though this is something to make note of , he is not used in just in negative statements and questions alone . Although these two types of statements are where he occurs the most , it is also used in other statements as well . An example of the use of he as an indefinite article is `` Vili ake oi k'aumai he toki '' , where ' he toki ' mean ' an axe ' . The use of he and te in Tokelauan are reserved for when describing a singular noun . However , when describing a plural noun , different articles are used . For plural definite nouns , rather than te , the article nā is used . ' Vili ake oi k'aumai nā nofoa ' in Tokelauan would translate to `` Do run and bring me the chairs '' in English . There are some special cases in which instead of using nā , plural definite nouns have no article before them . The absence of an article is represented by 0 . One way that it is usually used is if a large amount or a specific class of things are being described . Occasionally , such as if one was describing an entire class of things in a nonspecific fashion , the singular definite noun te would is used . In English , ' Ko te povi e kai mutia ' means `` Cows eat grass '' . Because this is a general statement about cows , te is used instead of nā . The ko serves as a preposition to the `` te '' The article ni is used for describing a plural indefinite noun . ' E i ei ni tuhi ? ' translates to `` Are there any books ? '' Evolution ( edit ) Articles have developed independently in many different language families across the globe . Generally , articles develop over time usually by specialization of certain adjectives or determiners , and their development is often a sign of languages becoming more analytic instead of synthetic , perhaps combined with the loss of inflection as in English , Romance languages , Bulgarian , Macedonian and Torlakian . Joseph Greenberg in Universals of Human Language describes `` the cycle of the definite article '' : Definite articles ( Stage I ) evolve from demonstratives , and in turn can become generic articles ( Stage II ) that may be used in both definite and indefinite contexts , and later merely noun markers ( Stage III ) that are part of nouns other than proper names and more recent borrowings . Eventually articles may evolve anew from demonstratives . Definite articles ( edit ) Definite articles typically arise from demonstratives meaning that . For example , the definite articles in the Romance languages -- e.g. , el , il , le , la , lo -- derive from the Latin demonstratives ille ( masculine ) , illa ( feminine ) and illud ( neuter ) . The English definite article the , written þe in Middle English , derives from an Old English demonstrative , which , according to gender , was written se ( masculine ) , seo ( feminine ) ( þe and þeo in the Northumbrian dialect ) , or þæt ( neuter ) . The neuter form þæt also gave rise to the modern demonstrative that . The ye occasionally seen in pseudo-archaic usage such as `` Ye Olde Englishe Tea Shoppe '' is actually a form of þe , where the letter thorn ( þ ) came to be written as a y . Multiple demonstratives can give rise to multiple definite articles . Macedonian , for example , in which the articles are suffixed , has столот ( stolot ) , the chair ; столов ( stolov ) , this chair ; and столон ( stolon ) , that chair . These derive from the Common Slavic demonstratives * tъ `` this , that '' , * ovъ `` this here '' and * onъ `` that over there , yonder '' respectively . Colognian prepositions articles such as in dat Auto , or et Auto , the car ; the first being specifically selected , focused , newly introduced , while the latter is not selected , unfocused , already known , general , or generic . Standard Basque distinguishes between proximal and distal definite articles in the plural ( dialectally , a proximal singular and an additional medial grade may also be present ) . The Basque distal form ( with infix - a - , etymologically a suffixed and phonetically reduced form of the distal demonstrative har - / hai - ) functions as the default definite article , whereas the proximal form ( with infix - o - , derived from the proximal demonstrative hau - / hon - ) is marked and indicates some kind of ( spatial or otherwise ) close relationship between the speaker and the referent ( e.g. , it may imply that the speaker is included in the referent ) : etxeak ( `` the houses '' ) vs. etxeok ( `` these houses ( of ours ) '' ) , euskaldunak ( `` the Basque speakers '' ) vs. euskaldunok ( `` we , the Basque speakers '' ) . Indefinite articles ( edit ) Indefinite articles typically arise from adjectives meaning one . For example , the indefinite articles in the Romance languages -- e.g. , un , una , une -- derive from the Latin adjective unus . Partitive articles , however , derive from Vulgar Latin de illo , meaning ( some ) of the . The English indefinite article an is derived from the same root as one . The - n came to be dropped before consonants , giving rise to the shortened form a . The existence of both forms has led to many cases of juncture loss , for example transforming the original a napron into the modern an apron . The Persian indefinite article is yek , meaning one . See also ( edit ) English articles Al - ( definite article in Arabic ) Definiteness Definite description False title References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What Is a Determiner ? '' . YourDictionary . Jump up ^ `` Using Articles -- A , An , The Scribendi.com '' . Scribendi . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Most Commonly Used Words in the English Language '' . World English . Archived from the original on 13 January 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Use and Non-Use of Articles Jump up ^ Recasens , Taulé and Martí https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228748115_First-mention_definites_more_than_exceptional_cases Jump up ^ Diaz Collazos , Ana Maria . 2016 . Definite and indefinite articles in Nikkei Spanish . In González - Rivera , Melvin , & Sessarego , Sandro . New Perspectives on Hispanic Contact Linguistics in the Americas . Madrid / Frankfurt : Iberoamericana - Vervuert ^ Jump up to : New Oxford Dictionary of English , 1999 , usage note for an : `` There is still some divergence of opinion over the form of the indefinite article to use preceding certain words beginning with h - when the first syllable is unstressed : ' a historical document ' or ' an historical document ' ; ' a hotel ' or ' an hotel ' . The form depends on whether the initial h is sounded or not : an was common in the 18th and 19th centuries , because the initial h was commonly not pronounced for these words . In standard modern English the norm is for the h to be pronounced in words like hotel and historical , and therefore the indefinite article a is used ; however , the older form , with the silent h and the indefinite article an , is still encountered , especially among older speakers . '' ^ Jump up to : Brown Corpus and Lancaster - Oslo - Bergen Corpus , quoted in Peters ( 2004 : 1 ) Jump up ^ Algeo , p. 49 . Jump up ^ www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199899/ldhansrd/vo990427/text/90427-43.htm . Jump up ^ Burchfield , R.W. ( 1996 ) . The New Fowler 's Modern English Usage ( 3rd ed . ) . p. 512 . ISBN 0199690367 . Jump up ^ Argetsinger , Amy ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` Why does everyone call Donald Trump ' The Donald ' ? It 's an interesting story '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story/ Jump up ^ http://townhall.com/columnists/patbuchanan/2004/06/08/goodbye_to_the_gipper/page/full Jump up ^ Lawrence , Erma ( 1977 ) . Haida dictionary . Fairbanks : Alaska Native Language Center . p. 64 . Jump up ^ ScienceDirect Master , Peter ( 1997 ) `` The English Article System : acquisition , function , and pedagogy '' in : System , Volume 25 , Issue 2 , pp. 215 -- 232 ^ Jump up to : Simona , Ropati ( 1986 ) . Tokelau Dictionary . New Zealand : Office of Tokelau Affairs . p . Introduction . Jump up ^ `` Genetic Linguistics : Essays on Theory and Method '' . google.com . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Article . `` The Definite Article , ' The ' : The Most Frequently Used Word in World 's Englishes '' Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animate / Inanimate Attributive Common / Proper Countable / Mass / Collective Initial - stress - derived Relational Strong / Weak Verbal / Deverbal Verb Forms Finite / Non-finite Attributive Converb Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle ( adjectival adverbial ) Supine Verbal noun Types Accusative Ambitransitive Andative / Venitive Anticausative Autocausative Auxiliary Captative Catenative Compound Copular Defective Denominal Deponent Ditransitive Dynamic ECM Ergative Frequentative Impersonal Inchoative Intransitive Irregular Lexical Light Modal Monotransitive Negative Performative Phrasal Predicative Preterite - present Reflexive Regular Separable Stative Stretched Strong Transitive Unaccusative Unergative Weak Adjective Collateral Demonstrative Nominalized Possessive Postpositive Adverb Genitive Conjunctive Flat Locative Interrogative Prepositional Pronominal Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Disjunctive Distributive Donkey Dummy Formal / Informal Gender - neutral Gender - specific Inclusive / Exclusive Indefinite Intensive Interrogative Objective Personal Possessive Prepositional Reciprocal Reflexive Relative Resumptive Subjective Weak Preposition / postposition Inflected Casally modulated Stranded Conjunction Determiner Article Demonstrative Interrogative Possessive Quantifier Classifier Measure word Particle Discourse Interrogative Modal Noun Possessive Complementizer Other Yes and no Copula Coverb Expletive Interjection ( verbal ) Preverb Pro-form Pro-sentence Pro-verb Procedure word Prop - word GND : 4003090 - 8 NDL : 00577103 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&oldid=842567111 '' Categories : Grammar Parts of speech Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Romanian - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Walon ייִדיש 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 08 : 08 . 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-1329424589128330362 | United States Congress | United States Congress - wikipedia United States Congress Jump to : navigation , search For the current Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For the building , see United States Capitol . United States Congress 115th United States Congress Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives History Founded March 4 , 1789 ( 229 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Preceded by Congress of the Confederation New session started January 3 , 2017 Leadership President of the Senate & Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Since January 20 , 2017 Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Since January 6 , 2015 Structure Seats 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members Senate political groups Republican ( 51 ) Democratic ( 47 ) Independent ( 2 ) House of Representatives political groups Republican ( 235 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 7 ) Elections Senate last election November 8 , 2016 House of Representatives last election November 8 , 2016 Meeting place United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website www.congress.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States . The legislature consists of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C . Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 Representatives and 100 Senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members representing Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and Washington , D.C. in addition to its 435 voting members . Although they can not vote , these members can sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation . The members of the House of Representatives serve two - year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at - large in their state for a six - year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one - third of the Senate is up for election . To be eligible for election , a candidate must be aged at least 25 ( House ) or 30 ( Senate ) , have been a citizen of the United States for seven ( House ) or nine ( Senate ) years , and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent . The Congress was created by the Constitution of the United States and first met in 1789 , replacing in its legislative function the Congress of the Confederation . Although not legally mandated , in practice since the 19th century , Congress members are typically affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party and only rarely to a third party or as independents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 1780s -- 1820s : formative era 2.2 1830s -- 1900s : partisan era 2.3 1910s -- 1960s : committee era 2.4 1970s -- present : contemporary era 3 Congress in the United States government 3.1 Powers of Congress 3.1. 1 Overview of congressional power 3.1. 2 Enumerated powers 3.1. 3 Implied powers and the commerce clause 3.1. 4 Territorial Government 3.2 Checks and balances 4 Structure 4.1 Committees 4.1. 1 Specializations 4.1. 2 Power 4.1. 3 Officer 4.2 Support services 4.2. 1 Library of Congress 4.2. 2 Congressional Research Service 4.2. 3 Congressional Budget Office 4.2. 4 Lobbyists 4.2. 5 United States Capitol Police 4.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 5 Procedures of Congress 5.1 Sessions 5.2 Joint sessions 5.3 Bills and resolutions 6 Congress and the public 6.1 Advantage of incumbency 6.1. 1 Citizens and representatives 6.1. 2 Expensive campaigns 6.1. 3 Television and negative advertising 6.1. 4 Public perceptions of Congress 6.2 Smaller states and bigger states 6.3 Members and constituents 6.4 Congressional style 7 Privileges and pay 7.1 Privileges protecting members 7.2 Pay and benefits 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Other notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Play media Overview of the United States legislative process , as explained by the Library of Congress In 1868 , this committee of representatives prosecuted president Andrew Johnson in his impeachment trial , but the Senate did not convict him . Article One of the United States Constitution states , `` All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . '' The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process -- legislation can not be enacted without the consent of both chambers . However , the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers . The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue - raising bills . The House initiates impeachment cases , while the Senate decides impeachment cases . A two - thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be forcibly removed from office . The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature . A Congress covers two years ; the current one , the 115th Congress , began on January 3 , 2017 , and will end on January 3 , 2019 . The Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd - numbered year . Members of the Senate are referred to as senators ; members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives , congressmen , or congresswomen . Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the `` historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom '' and insisted it was a `` driving force in American government '' and a `` remarkably resilient institution '' . Congress is the `` heart and soul of our democracy '' , according to this view , even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that `` legislators remain ghosts in America 's historical imagination '' . One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure . Several academics described Congress : Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses . It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies , our ethnic , religious , and racial diversity , our multitude of professions , and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values . Congress is the government 's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day . -- Smith , Roberts , and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux . In recent times , the American south and west have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more minorities and women although both groups are still underrepresented , according to one view . While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change , the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so - called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap : local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and a state 's at - large representation to the federal government by senators . Most incumbents seek re-election , and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent . The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives , which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . Congress is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Congress The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the thirteen British Colonies in North America . On July 4 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the `` United States of America '' . The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions . Congress had executive but not legislative authority , and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty. and lacked authority to collect taxes , regulate commerce , or enforce laws . George Washington presiding over the signing of the United States Constitution . Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed a revised constitution with a two -- chamber or bicameral congress . Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state . The two - chamber structure had functioned well in state governments . A compromise plan was adopted with representatives chosen by population ( benefiting larger states ) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments ( benefiting smaller states ) . The ratified constitution created a federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual was subjected to both the power of state government and the national government . To protect against abuse of power , each branch of government -- executive , legislative , and judicial -- had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . Furthermore , there were checks and balances within the legislature since there were two separate chambers . The new government became active in 1789 . Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras , with considerable overlap , and included the formative era ( 1780s -- 1820s ) , the partisan era ( 1830s -- 1900s ) , the committee era ( 1910s -- 1960s ) , and the contemporary era ( 1970s -- today ) . 1780s -- 1820s : formative era ( edit ) Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced , surprising the Constitution 's Founding Fathers of the United States . With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the Anti-Federalist movement was exhausted . Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790 -- 91 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic - Republican Party or the Jeffersonian Democrat Party and began the era of the First Party System . Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties in 1800 . John Marshall , 4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803 , effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation . 1830s -- 1900s : partisan era ( edit ) These years were marked by growth in the power of political parties . The watershed event was the Civil War which resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority , but weakened the power of states rights . The Gilded Age ( 1877 -- 1901 ) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress . During this time , lobbying activity became more intense , particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool . Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace . The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress as well as calls for reform ; sometimes reformers would attack lobbyists as corrupting politics . The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . The Senate was effectively controlled by a half dozen men . 1910s -- 1960s : committee era ( edit ) United States Congress meeting , c. 1915 The United States Capitol A system of seniority -- in which long - time Members of Congress gained more and more power -- encouraged politicians of both parties to serve for long terms . Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s . Important structural changes included the direct election of senators by popular election according to the Seventeenth Amendment , ratified in April 8 , 1913 , with positive effects ( senators more sensitive to public opinion ) and negative effects ( undermining the authority of state governments ) . Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution 's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy . One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate . Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment ended the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability . The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies . Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch . Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress . The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years . During this time , Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition . Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees . Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years . More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise , such as space flight and atomic energy policy . Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism and conducted televised hearings . In 1960 , Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994 . 1970s -- present : contemporary era ( edit ) Historical graph of party control of the Senate , House , and Presidency . Since 1980 , the Democrats have held the Presidency for four terms , but because of the Senate filibuster , have only been able to freely legislate in two years . The Republicans have been similarly disabled . Congress enacted Johnson 's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger . The Watergate Scandal had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups ; the scandal `` substantially reshaped '' relations between the branches of government , suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . Partisanship returned , particularly after 1994 ; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education . Congress began reasserting its authority . Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions . While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates , the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates . Reforms such as the 2002 McCain - Feingold act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions . One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the `` influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs '' instead `` legitimized PACs '' since they `` enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates '' . From 1974 to 1984 , PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5 million to $120 million along with concern over PAC influence in Congress . In 2009 , there were 4,600 business , labor and special - interest PACs including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . From 2007 to 2008 , 175 members of Congress received `` half or more of their campaign cash '' from PACs . From 1970 to 2009 , the House expanded delegates , along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas , beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico 's Resident Commissioner in 1970 . In 1971 , a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized , and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam. 1978 saw an additional delegate for American Samoa , and another for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands began in 2009 . These six Members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions , and in recent congresses they vote in permanent and select committees , in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate . They have Capitol Hill offices , staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies . While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of the Whole votes , recent Congresses have not allowed for that , and they can not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives . In the late 20th century , the media became more important in Congress 's work . Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused `` more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions '' . Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress , and referred to this as the tabloidization of media coverage . Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty - second soundbite . A report characterized Congress in 2013 as being unproductive , gridlocked , and `` setting records for futility '' . In October 2013 , with Congress unable to compromise , the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments , causing 60 % of the public to say they would `` fire every member of Congress '' including their own representative . One report suggested Congress posed the `` biggest risk to the US economy '' because of its brinksmanship , `` down - to - the - wire budget and debt crises '' and `` indiscriminate spending cuts '' , resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed . There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress , with extremely low approval ratings which dropped to 5 % in October 2013 . Congress in the United States government ( edit ) Powers of Congress ( edit ) Main article : Powers of the United States Congress Overview of congressional power ( edit ) Congress 's `` power of the purse '' authorizes taxing citizens , spending money , and printing currency . Article I of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress . Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure . Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws , and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers . Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have , and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state , some of which may only be granted by Congress . Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers . Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution 's Necessary and Proper Clause . Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to `` lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States '' . There is vast authority over budgets , although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress 's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since `` entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress 's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm '' . Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary . The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration . The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds , and this power of the purse is one of Congress 's primary checks on the executive branch . Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States , regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states , and coin money . Generally , both the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority , although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . Congress authorizes defense spending such as the purchase of the USS Bon Homme Richard ( CV - 31 ) . Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war , to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military . Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress 's constitutionally defined task of declaring war . While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war , they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I , and World War II , although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval . In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described the American response as a `` police action '' . According to Time magazine in 1970 , `` U.S. presidents ( had ) ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times . '' In 1993 , Michael Kinsley wrote that `` Congress 's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution , '' and that the `` real erosion ( of Congress 's war power ) began after World War II . '' Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation 's history . '' Congress can establish post offices and post roads , issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures , establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and `` make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . '' Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union . Congress oversees other government branches , for example , the Senate Watergate Committee , investigating President Nixon and Watergate , in 1973 -- 74 . One of Congress 's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch . Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress 's subpoena power . Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government . In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case . There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions . Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection . Congress also has the exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president , federal judges and other federal officers . There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress . So - called signing statements are one way in which a president can `` tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch , '' according to one account . Past presidents , including Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it , and commentators including the American Bar Association have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution . There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress . In 2008 , George F. Will called the Capitol building a `` tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters . '' Enumerated powers ( edit ) Main article : Powers of the United States Congress The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail . In addition , other congressional powers have been granted , or confirmed , by constitutional amendments . The Thirteenth ( 1865 ) , Fourteenth ( 1868 ) , and Fifteenth Amendments ( 1870 ) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans , including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law . Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments , not Congress . Implied powers and the commerce Clause ( edit ) Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution 's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to `` make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . '' Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce , in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress 's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section 8 . Territorial government ( edit ) Main article : Territories of the United States Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington , D.C. , the federal district and national capital and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress . The republican form of government in territories is devolved by Congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors , the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures . Each territory and Washington , D.C. elect a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives as they have throughout Congressional history . They `` possess the same powers as other members of the House , except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives . '' They are assigned offices and allowances for staff , participate in debate , and appoint constituents to the four military service academies for the Army , Navy , Air Force and Coast Guard . Washington , D.C. citizens alone among U.S. territories have the right to directly vote for the President of the United States , although the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their presidential candidates at national conventions which include delegates from the five major territories . Checks and balances ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Congress in relation to the president and Supreme Court View of the United States Capitol from the United States Supreme Court building . Representative Lee H. Hamilton explained how Congress functions within the federal government : To me the key to understanding it is balance . The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other -- balancing powers among the three branches : Congress , the president , and the Supreme Court ; between the House of Representatives and the Senate ; between the federal government and the states ; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests ; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens , as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other . The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government . Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One . The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership , presidential political influence , historical circumstances such as war , and individual initiative by members of Congress . The impeachment of Andrew Johnson made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards . The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . However , in recent years , Congress has restricted presidential power with laws such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 and the War Powers Resolution . Nevertheless , the Presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century . Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret ; in return , knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity , congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies . Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies , and this is a task that Congress is ill - suited for . Congress is slow , open , divided , and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity , according to one analysis . The impeachment trial of President Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to impeach both executive and judicial officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors . '' Impeachment is a formal accusation of unlawful activity by a civil officer or government official . The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments . A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official ; however , a two - thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction . A convicted official is automatically removed from office ; in addition , the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future . Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this ; however , a convicted party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial . Only two presidents have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1999 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . In 1974 , Richard Nixon resigned from office after impeachment proceedings in the House Judiciary Committee indicated he would eventually be removed from office . The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials , judges , and other high officers `` by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate . '' It confirms most presidential nominees but rejections are not uncommon . Furthermore , treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two - thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect . As a result , presidential arm - twisting of senators can happen before a key vote ; for example , President Obama 's secretary of state , Hillary Clinton , urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010 . The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials , other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president ; in such a case , a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president 's nomination of a vice president . In 1803 , the Supreme Court established judicial review of federal legislation in Marbury v. Madison , holding , however , that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself . The Constitution does not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review ; however , the notion that courts could declare laws unconstitutional was envisioned by the founding fathers . Alexander Hamilton , for example , mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in Federalist No. 78 . Originalists on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution does not say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should , might or could have said . Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law . It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power substantially . In 1857 , for example , the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in its Dred Scott decision . At the same time , the Supreme Court can extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations . Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation , to test the effectiveness of laws already passed , and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches . Committees may hold hearings , and , if necessary , compel individuals to testify when investigating issues over which it has the power to legislate by issuing subpoenas . Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for contempt of Congress , and those who testify falsely may be charged with perjury . Most committee hearings are open to the public ( the House and Senate intelligence committees are the exception ) ; important hearings are widely reported in the mass media and transcripts published a few months afterwards . Congress , in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters , generates an incredible amount of information in various forms , and can be described as a publisher . Indeed , it publishes House and Senate reports and maintains databases which are updated irregularly with publications in a variety of electronic formats . Congress also plays a role in presidential elections . Both Houses meet in joint session on the sixth day of January following a presidential election to count the electoral votes , and there are procedures to follow if no candidate wins a majority . The main result of congressional activity is the creation of laws , most of which are contained in the United States Code , arranged by subject matter alphabetically under fifty title headings to present the laws `` in a concise and usable form '' . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Structure of the United States Congress Congress is split into two chambers -- House and Senate -- and manages the task of writing national legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different areas . Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these committees . Further , Congress has ancillary organizations such as the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress to help provide it with information , and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them as well . In addition , a vast industry of lobbyists helps members write legislation on behalf of diverse corporate and labor interests . Committees ( edit ) Play media Library of Congress video explanation of committees in the United States Congress . Second committee room in Congress Hall in Philadelphia Main article : United States congressional committee Specializations ( edit ) The committee structure permits members of Congress to study a particular subject intensely . It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before Congress . As time goes by , members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects . Committees investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Congress about choices and trade - offs . The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member 's constituency , important regional issues , prior background and experience . Senators often choose a different specialty from that of the other senator from their state to prevent overlap . Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all legislation ; for example , the House Ways and Means Committee has considerable influence over House affairs . Power ( edit ) Committees write legislation . While procedures such as the House discharge petition process can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input , they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action . Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms . Legislative , oversight , and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information , evaluate alternatives , and identify problems . They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber . In addition , they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing . Officer ( edit ) At the start of each two - year session the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party 's leader . In the Senate , the Vice President is the ex officio president of the Senate . In addition , the Senate elects an officer called the President pro tempore . Pro tempore means for the time being and this office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate 's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there 's a change in party control . Accordingly , the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress . In both the House and Senate , the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party who is appointed so that new members become acquainted with the rules of the chamber . Support services ( edit ) Library of Congress ( edit ) Library of Congress Jefferson Building Main article : Library of Congress The Library of Congress was established by an act of Congress in 1800 . It is primarily housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill , but also includes several other sites : the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in Washington , D.C. ; the National Audio - Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper , Virginia ; a large book storage facility located at Ft . Meade , Maryland ; and multiple overseas offices . The Library had mostly law books when it was burned by a British raiding party during the War of 1812 , but the library 's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of Thomas Jefferson 's private library . One of the Library 's missions is to serve the Congress and its staff as well as the American public . It is the largest library in the world with nearly 150 million items including books , films , maps , photographs , music , manuscripts , graphics , and materials in 470 languages . Congressional Research Service ( edit ) Main article : Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service provides detailed , up - to - date and non-partisan research for senators , representatives , and their staff to help them carry out their official duties . It provides ideas for legislation , helps members analyze a bill , facilitates public hearings , makes reports , consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure , and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements . It has been called the `` House 's think tank '' and has a staff of about 900 employees . Congressional budget office ( edit ) Main article : Congressional Budget Office The Congressional Budget Office or CBO is a federal agency which provides economic data to Congress . It was created as an independent nonpartisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 . It helps Congress estimate revenue inflows from taxes and helps the budgeting process . It makes projections about such matters as the national debt as well as likely costs of legislation . It prepares an annual Economic and Budget Outlook with a mid-year update and writes An Analysis of the President 's Budgetary Proposals for the Senate 's Appropriations Committee . The Speaker of the House and the Senate 's President pro tempore jointly appoint the CBO Director for a four - year term . Lobbyists ( edit ) Lobbying depends on cultivating personal relationships over many years . Photo : Lobbyist Tony Podesta ( left ) with former senator Kay Hagan ( center ) and her husband . Main article : Lobbying in the United States Lobbyists represent diverse interests and often seek to influence congressional decisions to reflect their clients ' needs . Lobby groups and their members sometimes write legislation and whip bills . In 2007 , there were approximately 17,000 federal lobbyists in Washington . They explain to legislators the goals of their organizations . Some lobbyists represent non-profit organizations and work pro bono for issues in which they are personally interested . United States Capitol Police ( edit ) Main article : United States Capitol Police Partisanship versus bipartisanship ( edit ) Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties known as bipartisanship and periods of deep political polarization and fierce infighting known as partisanship . The period after the Civil War was marked by partisanship as is the case today . It is generally easier for committees to reach accord on issues when compromise is possible . Some political scientists speculate that a prolonged period marked by narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress has intensified partisanship in the last few decades but that an alternation of control of Congress between Democrats and Republicans may lead to greater flexibility in policies as well as pragmatism and civility within the institution . Procedures of Congress ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States Congress Sessions ( edit ) A term of Congress is divided into two `` sessions '' , one for each year ; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or special session . A new session commences on January 3 each year unless Congress decides differently . The Constitution requires Congress meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house . Joint sessions ( edit ) Main article : Joint session of the United States Congress Joint Sessions of the United States Congress occur on special occasions that require a concurrent resolution from both House and Senate . These sessions include counting electoral votes after a presidential election and the president 's State of the Union address . The constitutionally - mandated report , normally given as an annual speech , is modeled on Britain 's Speech from the Throne , was written by most presidents after Jefferson but personally delivered as a spoken oration beginning with Wilson in 1913 . Joint Sessions and Joint Meetings are traditionally presided over by the Speaker of the House except when counting presidential electoral votes when the Vice President ( acting as the President of the Senate ) presides . Bills and resolutions ( edit ) See also : Act of Congress and List of United States federal legislation An Act of Congress from 1960 . The House Financial Services committee meets . Committee members sit in the tiers of raised chairs , while those testifying and audience members sit below . Ideas for legislation can come from members , lobbyists , state legislatures , constituents , legislative counsel , or executive agencies . Anyone can write a bill , but only members of Congress may introduce bills . Most bills are not written by Congress members , but originate from the Executive branch ; interest groups often draft bills as well . The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review . A proposal is usually in one of these forms : Bills are laws in the making . A House - originated bill begins with the letters `` H.R. '' for `` House of Representatives '' , followed by a number kept as it progresses . Joint resolutions . There is little difference between a bill and a joint resolution since both are treated similarly ; a joint resolution originating from the House , for example , begins `` H.J. Res . '' followed by its number . Concurrent Resolutions affect only both the House and Senate and accordingly are not presented to the president for approval later . In the House , they begin with `` H. Con. Res . '' Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with `` H. Res . '' or `` S. Res . '' Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the hopper on the Clerk 's desk . It 's assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage . Drafting statutes requires `` great skill , knowledge , and experience '' and sometimes take a year or more . Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction . Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war . On the other hand , concurrent resolutions ( passed by both houses ) and simple resolutions ( passed by only one house ) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure . Bills may be introduced by any member of either house . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives . '' While the Senate can not originate revenue and appropriation bills , it has power to amend or reject them . Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels . Each chamber determines its own internal rules of operation unless specified in the Constitution or prescribed by law . In the House , a Rules Committee guides legislation ; in the Senate , a Standing Rules committee is in charge . Each branch has its own traditions ; for example , the Senate relies heavily on the practice of getting `` unanimous consent '' for noncontroversial matters . House and Senate rules can be complex , sometimes requiring a hundred specific steps before becoming a law . Members sometimes use experts such as Walter Oleszek , a senior specialist in American national government at the Congressional Research Service , to learn about proper procedures . Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office . Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations . The House has twenty standing committees ; the Senate has sixteen . Standing committees meet at least once each month . Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes , publicly , to close the meeting . A committee might call for public hearings on important bills . Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party . Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill . Then , a bill may go to what 's called a mark - up session where committee members debate the bill 's merits and may offer amendments or revisions . Committees may also amend the bill , but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments . After debate , the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house . If a bill is tabled then it is rejected . If amendments are extensive , sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so - called clean bill with a new number . Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used . Generally , members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power . A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex and begins with an enacting formula such as `` Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled . '' Consideration of a bill requires , itself , a rule which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate -- time limits , possibility of further amendments , and such . Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak . Sometimes opponents seek to recommit a bill which means to change part of it . Generally , discussion requires a quorum , usually half of the total number of representatives , before discussion can begin , although there are exceptions . The house may debate and amend the bill ; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ . A final vote on the bill follows . Once a bill is approved by one house , it is sent to the other which may pass , reject , or amend it . For the bill to become law , both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill . If the second house amends the bill , then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a conference committee , an ad hoc committee that includes both senators and representatives sometimes by using a reconciliation process to limit budget bills . Both houses use a budget enforcement mechanism informally known as pay - as - you - go or paygo which discourages members from considering acts which increase budget deficits . If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee , the bill passes , otherwise it fails . The Constitution specifies that a majority of members known as a quorum be present before doing business in each house . However , the rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a quorum call demonstrates the contrary . Since representatives and senators who are present rarely demand quorum calls , debate often continues despite the lack of a majority . Voting within Congress can take many forms , including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting . Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout `` aye '' or `` no '' and the presiding officer announces the result . The Constitution , however , requires a recorded vote if demanded by one - fifth of the members present . If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial , a recorded vote usually happens . The Senate uses roll - call voting , in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators , each senator stating `` aye '' or `` no '' when their name is announced . In the Senate , the vice president may cast the tie - breaking vote if present . The House reserves roll - call votes for the most formal matters , as a roll call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time ; normally , members vote by using an electronic device . In the case of a tie , the motion in question fails . Most votes in the House are done electronically , allowing members to vote yea or nay or present or open . Members insert a voting ID card and can change their votes during the last five minutes if they choose ; in addition , paper ballots are used on some occasions -- yea indicated by green and nay by red . One member can not cast a proxy vote for another . Congressional votes are recorded on an online database . After passage by both houses , a bill is enrolled and sent to the president for approval . The president may sign it making it law or veto it , perhaps returning it to Congress with their objections . A vetoed bill can still become law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two - thirds majority . Finally , the president may do nothing -- neither signing nor vetoing the bill -- and then the bill becomes law automatically after ten days ( not counting Sundays ) according to the Constitution . But if Congress is adjourned during this period , presidents may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it ; the maneuver is known as a pocket veto , and can not be overridden by the adjourned Congress . Congress and the public ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Congress and citizens Advantage of incumbency ( edit ) Citizens and Representatives ( edit ) Senators face reelection every six years , and representatives every two . Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts . Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund - raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing , according to some critics although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters . In this example , the more even distribution is on the left and the gerrymandering is presented on the right . Nevertheless , incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers . They raise more money because donors expect incumbents to win , they give their funds to them rather than challengers , and donations are vital for winning elections . One critic compared being elected to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university . Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering . After each ten - year census , states are allocated representatives based on population , and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party . As a result , reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent , causing some critics to accuse them of being a privileged class . Academics such as Princeton 's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering . Both senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges called franking privileges . Expensive campaigns ( edit ) In 1971 , the cost of running for congress in Utah was $70,000 but costs have climbed . The biggest expense is television ads . Today 's races cost more than a million dollars for a House seat , and six million or more for a Senate seat . Since fundraising is vital , `` members of Congress are forced to spend ever - increasing hours raising money for their re-election . '' Nevertheless , the Supreme Court has treated campaign contributions as a free speech issue . Some see money as a good influence in politics since it `` enables candidates to communicate with voters . '' Few members retire from Congress without complaining about how much it costs to campaign for reelection . Critics contend that members of Congress are more likely to attend to the needs of heavy campaign contributors than to ordinary citizens . Elections are influenced by many variables . Some political scientists speculate there is a coattail effect ( when a popular president or party position has the effect of reelecting incumbents who win by `` riding on the president 's coattails '' ) , although there is some evidence that the coattail effect is irregular and possibly declining since the 1950s . Some districts are so heavily Democratic or Republican that they are called a safe seat ; any candidate winning the primary will almost always be elected , and these candidates do not need to spend money on advertising . But some races can be competitive when there is no incumbent . If a seat becomes vacant in an open district , then both parties may spend heavily on advertising in these races ; in California in 1992 , only four of twenty races for House seats were considered highly competitive . Television and negative advertising ( edit ) Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television , this usually involves negative advertising , which smears an opponent 's character without focusing on the issues . Negative advertising is seen as effective because `` the messages tend to stick . '' However , these ads sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame . One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election , which leads to a culture of risk avoidance , a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors , and concentrating publicity efforts in the members ' home districts . Public perceptions of Congress ( edit ) The Federalist Papers argued in favor of a strong connection between citizens and their representatives . Prominent Founding Fathers writing in The Federalist Papers felt that elections were essential to liberty , and that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential and that `` frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured . '' In 2009 , however , few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress . The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did , in fact , vote was 63 % in 1960 , but has been falling since , although there was a slight upward trend in the 2008 election . Public opinion polls asking people if they approve of the job Congress is doing have , in the last few decades , hovered around 25 % with some variation . Scholar Julian Zeliger suggested that the `` size , messiness , virtues , and vices that make Congress so interesting also create enormous barriers to our understanding the institution ... Unlike the presidency , Congress is difficult to conceptualize . '' Other scholars suggest that despite the criticism , `` Congress is a remarkably resilient institution ... its place in the political process is not threatened ... it is rich in resources '' and that most members behave ethically . They contend that `` Congress is easy to dislike and often difficult to defend '' and this perception is exacerbated because many challengers running for Congress run against Congress , which is an `` old form of American politics '' that further undermines Congress 's reputation with the public : The rough - and - tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil , human frailties too often taint its membership , and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still , we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy . We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society , conducted a public debate on the major issues , found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully , and limited the power of our executive , military , and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public 's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike -- it often generates political posturing and grandstanding , it necessarily involves compromise , and it often leaves broken promises in its trail . Also , members of Congress often appear self - serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial . Scandals , even when they involve a single member , add to the public 's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution 's low ratings in opinion polls. -- Smith , Roberts & Wielen An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science , engineering and economics . As a result , Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch . Since 2006 , Congress has dropped 10 points in the Gallup confidence poll with only 9 % having `` a great deal '' or `` quite a lot '' of confidence in their legislators . Since 2011 , Gallup poll has reported Congress 's approval rating among Americans at 10 % or below three times . Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5 % in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed ' nonessential government ' shut down . Smaller States and bigger States ( edit ) When the Constitution was ratified in 1787 , the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one . The Connecticut Compromise gave every state , large and small , an equal vote in the Senate . Since each state has two senators , residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states . But since 1787 , the population disparity between large and small states has grown ; in 2006 , for example , California had seventy times the population of Wyoming . Critics such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from `` large states to small states . '' However , others argue that the Connecticut compromise was deliberately intended by the Framers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population , and contend that the result works well on balance . Members and constituents ( edit ) A major role for members of Congress is providing services to constituents . Constituents request assistance with problems . Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections and can make a difference in close races . Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies . One academic described the complex intertwined relation between lawmakers and constituents as home style . Congressional style ( edit ) One way to categorize lawmakers , according to political scientist Richard Fenno , is by their general motivation : Reelection . These are lawmakers who `` never met a voter they did n't like '' and provide excellent constituent services . Good public policy . Legislators who `` burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership . '' Power in the chamber . Lawmakers who spend serious time along the `` rail of the House floor or in the Senate cloakroom ministering to the needs of their colleagues . '' Famous legislator Henry Clay in the mid-19th century was described as an `` issue entrepreneur '' who looked for issues to serve his ambitions . Privileges and pay ( edit ) Privileges protecting members ( edit ) Members of Congress enjoy parliamentary privilege , including freedom from arrest in all cases except for treason , felony , and breach of the peace and freedom of speech in debate . This constitutionally derived immunity applies to members during sessions and when traveling to and from sessions . The term arrest has been interpreted broadly , and includes any detention or delay in the course of law enforcement , including court summons and subpoenas . The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege ; a member may not waive the privilege on their own , but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so . Senate rules , however , are less strict and permit individual senators to waive the privilege as they choose . The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses , providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that `` for any Speech or Debate in either House , they shall not be questioned in any other Place . '' Accordingly , a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house , although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches , and may punish members who transgress . Obstructing the work of Congress is a crime under federal law and is known as contempt of Congress . Each member has the power to cite individuals for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation -- the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case . If convicted in court , an individual found guilty of contempt of Congress may be imprisoned for up to one year . The franking privilege allows members of Congress to send official mail to constituents at government expense . Though they are not permitted to send election materials , borderline material is often sent , especially in the run - up to an election by those in close races . Indeed , some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers . Pay and Benefits ( edit ) See also : Salaries of members of the United States Congress From 1789 to 1815 , members of Congress received only a daily payment of $6 while in session . Members received an annual salary of $1,500 per year from 1815 to 1817 , then a per diem salary of $8 from 1818 to 1855 ; since then they have received an annual salary , first pegged in 1855 at $3,000 . In 1907 , salaries were raised to $7,500 per year , the equivalent of $173,000 in 2010 . In 2006 , members of Congress received a yearly salary of $165,200 . Congressional leaders were paid $183,500 per year . The Speaker of the House of Representatives earns $212,100 annually . The salary of the President pro tempore for 2006 was $183,500 , equal to that of the majority and minority leaders of the House and Senate . Privileges include having an office and paid staff . In 2008 , non-officer members of Congress earned $169,300 annually . Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income of $45,113 for men and $35,102 for women . Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government . Another criticism is that members of Congress have access to free or low - cost medical care in the Washington D.C. area . The petition , `` Remove health - care subsidies for Members of Congress and their families '' , has already gathered over 1,076,000 signatures on the website Change.org . Lipton , Eric ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Half of Congress Members Are Millionaires , Report Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . < / ref > Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute . Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress . Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on lucrative careers as lobbyists after serving -- -- that Congress was a `` Farm League for K Street '' -- -- instead of on public service . Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System ( FERS ) . Like other federal employees , congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants ' contributions . Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3 % of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2 % of their salary in Social Security taxes . And like Federal employees , members contribute one - third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two - thirds . The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary . By law , the starting amount of a member 's retirement annuity may not exceed 80 % of their final salary . In 2006 , the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) was $60,972 , while those who retired under FERS , or in combination with CSRS , was $35,952 . Members of Congress make fact - finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed , but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing . For example , the Wall Street Journal reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas , $300 - per - night extra unused rooms , and shopping excursions . Lawmakers respond that `` traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington '' and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations . See also ( edit ) Caucuses of the United States Congress Elections in the United States § Congressional elections Current members of the United States House of Representatives Current members of the United States Senate List of United States Congresses Lobbying in the United States 115th United States Congress Oath of office § United States Party divisions of United States Congresses Term limits in the United States United States Congressional Baseball Game United States congressional hearing United States presidents and control of congress United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction Radio and Television Correspondents ' Association Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John V. Sullivan ( July 24 , 2007 ) . `` How Our Laws Are Made '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lee H. Hamilton ( 2004 ) . How Congress works and why you should care . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34425 - 5 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 23 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) Joanne Barrie Freeman , Jack N. Rakove , Alan Taylor ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. xiii -- xiv . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Perry Bacon Jr . ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` Post Politics Hour : Weekend Review and a Look Ahead '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Information about the Archives of the United States Senate '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kramnick , Isaac ( ed ) ; Thomas Paine ( 1982 ) . Common Sense . Penguin Classics . p. 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` References about weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation '' . * Pauline Maier ( book reviewer ) ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` HISTORY -- The Framers ' Real Motives ( book review ) UNRULY AMERICANS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION book by Woody Holton '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . * `` The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise '' . PBS . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . * Alexander Hamilton ( 1788 ) . `` FEDERALIST No. 15 -- The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union '' . FoundingFathers.info . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Collier ( 1986 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ James Madison ( 1787 ) . `` James Madison and the Federal Constitutional Convention of 1787 -- Engendering a National Government '' . The Library of Congress -- American memory . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers : New Jersey '' . The Charters of Freedom . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE PRESIDENCY : Vetoes '' . Time . March 9 , 1931 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : David E. Kyvig , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 362 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ David B. Rivkin Jr. & Lee A. Casey ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Illegal Health Reform '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Founding Fathers via FindLaw ( 1787 ) . `` U.S. Constitution : Article I ( section 8 paragraph 3 ) -- Article Text -- Annotations '' . FindLaw . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` The Convention Timeline '' . U.S. Constitution Online . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eric Patashnik , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Margaret S. Thompson , The `` Spider Web '' : Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Elisabeth S. Clemens , The People 's Lobby : Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest - Group Politics in the United States , 1890 -- 1925 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ David B. Rivkin Jr. & Lee A. Casey ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Illegal Health Reform '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 38 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David E. Kyvig , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : 72nd Made '' . Time . November 17 , 1930 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : English ( 2003 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Democratic Senate '' . Time . November 14 , 1932 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` POLITICAL NOTES : Democratic Drift '' . Time . November 16 , 1936 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CONGRESS : The 76th '' . Time . November 21 , 1938 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE VICE PRESIDENCY : Undeclared War '' . Time . March 20 , 1939 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CONGRESS : New Houses '' . Time . November 11 , 1940 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Before the G.O.P. Lay a Forked Road '' . Time . November 16 , 1942 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Business & Finance : Turn of the Tide '' . Time . November 16 , 1942 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Congress : Effort toward Efficiency '' . Time . May 21 , 1965 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : JUDGMENTS & PROPHECIES '' . Time . November 15 , 1954 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Ahead of the Wind '' . Time . November 17 , 1958 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Party in Power - Congress and Presidency - A Visual Guide to the Balance of Power in Congress , 1945 - 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bruce J. Schulman ( author ) , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 638 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` THE HOUSE : New Faces and New Strains '' . Time . November 18 , 1974 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 58 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nick Anderson ( March 30 , 2004 ) . `` Political Attack Ads Already Popping Up on the Web '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Tifft ; Richard Homik ; Hays Corey ( August 20 , 1984 ) . `` Taking an Ax to the PACs '' . Time . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : ADAM CLYMER ( October 29 , 1992 ) . `` Campaign spending in congress races soars to new high '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey H. Birnbaum ( October 3 , 2004 ) . `` Cost of Congressional Campaigns Skyrockets '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Richard E. Cohen ( August 12 , 1990 ) . `` PAC Paranoia : Congress Faces Campaign Spending -- Politics : Hysteria was the operative word when legislators realized they could not return home without tougher campaign finance laws '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Walter Isaacson , Evan Thomas , other bureaus ( October 25 , 1982 ) . `` Running with the PACs '' . Time . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : John Fritze ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` PACs spent record $416 M on federal election '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas Frank ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` Beer PAC aims to put Congress under influence '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Isikoff & Dina Fine Maron ( March 21 , 2009 ) . `` Congress -- Follow the Bailout Cash '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Berke ( February 14 , 1988 ) . `` Campaign Finance ; Problems in the PAC 's : Study Finds Frustration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Betsy . 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Retrieved October 10 , 2013 , `` ... 60 percent of Americans ... if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress ... they would ... '' Jump up ^ Andy Sullivan of Reuters , NBC News , October 17 , 2013 , Washington : the biggest risk to US economy . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 , `` ... the biggest risk to the world 's largest economy may be its own elected representatives ... Down - to - the - wire budget and debt crises , indiscriminate spending cuts and a 16 - day government shutdown ... '' Jump up ^ Domenico Montanaro , NBC News , October 10 , 2013 , NBC / WSJ poll : 60 percent say fire every member of Congress . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 , `` ... 60 percent of Americans ... saying if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress , including their own representative , they would ... '' ^ Jump up to : Wall Street Journal , Approval of Congress Matches All - Time Low . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Carrie Dann , NBC News , Americans ' faith in Congress lower than all major institutions -- ever . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` White House : Republicans Will ' Do the Right Thing ' '' . Voice of America . October 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett ( 2013 ) . American Epic : Reading the U.S. Constitution . New York : Oxford . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 938971 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Patashnik ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 671 -- 2 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` Congress and the Dollar '' . New York Sun . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kate Zernike ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Senate Passes Detainee Bill Sought by Bush '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` References about congressional war declaring power '' . Dana D. Nelson ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Steve Holland ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Obama revelling in U.S. power unseen in decades '' . Reuters UK . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The President 's News Conference of June 29 , 1950 '' . Teachingamericanhistory.org . June 29 , 1950 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Kinsley ( March 15 , 1993 ) . `` The Case for a Big Power Swap '' . Time . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Time Essay : Where 's Congress ? '' . Time . May 22 , 1972 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The proceedings of congress. ; senate '' . The New York Times . June 28 , 1862 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David S. Broder ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Oversight Offensive '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas Ferraro ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James Gerstenzang ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` Bush claims executive privilege in Valerie Plame Wilson case '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth B. Bazan and Jennifer K. Elsea , legislative attorneys ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linda P. Campbell & Glen Elsasser ( October 20 , 1991 ) . `` Supreme Court Slugfests A Tradition '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eric Cantor ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's 32 Czars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Lee ( January 2 , 2006 ) . `` Alito Once Made Case For Presidential Power '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dan Froomkin ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Playing by the Rules '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dana D. Nelson ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charlie Savage ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Undercuts Whistle - Blowers , Senator Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Binyamin Appelbaum & David Cho ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Seeks Expanded Power to Seize Firms Goal Is to Limit Risk to Broader Economy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George F. Will -- op - ed columnist ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Making Congress Moot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ J. Leslie Kincaid ( January 17 , 1916 ) . `` To Make the Militia a National Force : The Power of Congress Under the Constitution `` for Organizing , Arming , and Disciplining '' the State Troops `` . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Herrington ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Red State Anxiety and The Constitution '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . CBS News . 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randy E. Barnett ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Case for a Federalism Amendment '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13423 Sec. 9. ( l ) . `` The ' United States ' when used in a geographical sense , means the fifty states , the District of Columbia , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Guam , American Samoa , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands , and associated territorial waters and airspace . '' Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty Chart , under `` Sovereignty '' , lists five places under United States sovereignty administered by a local ' Administrative Center ' , with ' Short form names ' , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , Virgin Islands , U.S. Jump up ^ House Learn webpage . Viewed January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Green Papers , 2016 Presidential primaries , caucuses and conventions , viewed September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The very structure of the Constitution gives us profound insights about what the founders thought was important ... the Founders thought that the Legislative Branch was going to be the great branch of government . '' -- Hon . John Charles Thomas ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Susan Sachs ( January 7 , 1999 ) . `` Impeachment : The Past ; Johnson 's Trial : 2 Bitter Months for a Still - Torn Nation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Richard ( January 19 , 2005 ) . `` Kings in the White House '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 19 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Charles Wolfson ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Clinton Presses Senate to Ratify Nuclear Arms Treaty with Russia '' . CBS News . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Interpretation the Old Fashioned Way '' . Center For Individual Freedom . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott Case '' . The New York Times . March 6 , 1851 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frank Askin ( July 21 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Power To Compel '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ben 's Guide to US Government ( 2010 ) . `` Congressional Hearings : About '' . GPO Access . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : United States government ( 2010 ) . `` Congressional Reports : Main Page '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 112th Congress , 1st session ( 2011 ) . `` Tying It All Together : Learn about the Legislative Process '' . United States House of Representatives . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ English , p. 46 Jump up ^ Schiller , Wendy J. ( 2000 ) . Partners and Rivals : Representation in U.S. Senate Delegations . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04887 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Committees '' . U.S. Senate . 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Committee Types and Roles , Congressional Research Service , April 1 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` General Information - Library of Congress '' . Jump up ^ `` The Congressional Research Service and the American Legislative Process '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 388 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Budget Office -- About CBO '' . Cbo.gov . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Washington Representatives ( 32 ed . ) . Bethesda , MD : Columbia Books . November 2007 . p. 949 . ISBN 1 - 880873 - 55 - 9 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 9781139446990 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Partnership for Public Service ( March 29 , 2009 ) . `` Walter Oleszek : A Hill Staffer 's Guide to Congressional History and Habit '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` BLACKS : Confronting the President '' . Time . April 5 , 1971 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News from Washington '' . The New York Times . December 3 , 1861 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ United States government ( 2010 ) . `` Recent Votes '' . United States Senate . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Congress -- Votes Database -- Members of Congress / Robert Byrd '' . The Washington Post . June 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Larry J. Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` An amendment is needed to fix the primary mess '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph A. Califano Jr . ( May 27 , 1988 ) . `` PAC 's Remain a Pox '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brian Kalish ( May 19 , 2008 ) . `` GOP exits to cost party millions '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Page ( May 9 , 2006 ) . `` 5 keys to who will control Congress : How immigration , gas , Medicare , Iraq and scandal could affect midterm races '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Macedo , Stephen ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Toward a more democratic Congress ? Our imperfect democratic constitution : the critics examined '' . Boston University Law Review . Boston University Law Review . 89 : 609 -- 628 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Time Essay : Campaign Costs : Floor , Not Ceiling '' . Time . May 17 , 1971 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Borst , Associated Press ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` Campaign spending up in U.S. congressional elections '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Froomkin ( September 15 , 1997 ) . `` Campaign Finance -- Introduction '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Evan Thomas ( April 4 , 2008 ) . `` At What Cost ? -- Sen. John Warner and Congress 's money culture '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about diffname '' . Jean Merl ( October 18 , 2000 ) . `` Gloves Come Off in Attack Ads by Harman , Kuykendall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Shanto Iyengar -- Director , Political Communications Lab , Stanford University ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Election 2008 : The Advertising '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Dave Lesher ( September 12 , 1994 ) . `` COLUMN ONE -- TV Blitz Fueled by a Fortune -- Once obscure , Huffington now is pressing Feinstein . His well - financed rapid - response team has mounted an unprecedented ad attack '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Howard Kurtz ( October 28 , 1998 ) . `` Democrats Chase Votes With a Safety Net '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Oliphant ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` ' 08 Campaign costs nearing $2 Billion . Is it worth it ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign Finance Groups Praise Rep. Welch for Cosponsoring Fair Elections Now Act '' . Reuters . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Balzar ( May 24 , 2006 ) . `` Democrats Battle Over a Safe Seat in Congress '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Congress : An Idea on the March '' . Time . January 11 , 1963 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Decision ' 92 -- SPECIAL VOTERS ' GUIDE TO STATE AND LOCAL ELECTIONS -- THE CONGRESSIONAL RACES '' . Los Angeles Times . October 25 , 1992 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about prevalence of attack ads '' . Brooks Jackson & Justin Bank ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Radio , Radio -- New Democratic ads attacking House Republicans in the lead - up to the 2010 midterm elections do n't tell the whole story '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Fredreka Schouten ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Union helps non-profit groups pay for attack ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Ruth Marcus ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` Attack Ads You 'll Be Seeing '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Chris Cillizza ( September 20 , 2006 ) . `` Ads , Ads Everywhere ! '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . SAMANTHA GROSS Associated Press ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` Coming Soon : Personalized Campaign Ads '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard Kurtz ( January 6 , 2008 ) . `` CAMPAIGN ON TELEVISION People May Dislike Attack Ads , but the Messages Tend to Stick '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 21 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Hamilton or James Madison ( February 8 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist Paper No. 52 '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Congress ' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year '' . Reuters . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Makings of the 72nd ( Cont . ) '' . Time . September 22 , 1930 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Peterson ( October 21 , 1996 ) . `` Confident Clinton Lends Hand to Congress Candidates '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about diffname '' . `` THE CONGRESS : Makings of the 72nd ( Cont . ) '' . Time . September 22 , 1930 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Maki Becker ( June 17 , 1994 ) . `` Informed Opinions on Today 's Topics -- Looking for Answers to Voter Apathy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Daniel Brumberg ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Re-emerging Democracy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Karen Tumulty ( July 8 , 1986 ) . `` Congress Must Now Make Own Painful Choices '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Janet Hook ( December 22 , 1997 ) . `` As U.S. Economy Flows , Voter Vitriol Ebbs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congress gets $4,100 pay raise '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gallup Poll / Newsweek ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` Congress and the Public : Congressional Job Approval Ratings Trend ( 1974 -- present ) '' . The Gallup Organization . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about low approval ratings '' . `` Congress ' Approval Rating Jumps to 31 % '' . Gallup . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . `` Congress ' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year '' . Reuters . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . John Whitesides ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Bush , Congress at record low ratings : Reuters poll '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Seung Min Kim ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Poll : Congress ' job approval at 31 % '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ interview by David Schimke ( September -- October 2008 ) . `` Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch '' . Utne Reader . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guy Gugliotta ( November 3 , 2004 ) . `` Politics In , Voter Apathy Out Amid Heavy Turnout '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout Rate Said to Be Highest Since 1968 '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. xiv -- xv . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Norman , Jim ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Americans ' Confidence in Institutions Stays Low '' . Gallup . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Sherman and The Connecticut Compromise '' . Connecticut Judicial Branch : Law Libraries . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cass R. Sunstein ( October 26 , 2006 ) . `` It Could Be Worse '' . The New Republic . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reviewed by Robert Justin Lipkin ( January 2007 ) . `` OUR UNDEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTION : WHERE THE CONSTITUTION GOES WRONG ( AND HOW WE THE PEOPLE CAN CORRECT IT ) '' . Widener University School of Law . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sanford Levinson ( 2006 ) . `` Our Undemocratic Constitution '' . p. 60 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Labunski interviewed by Policy Today 's Dan Schwartz ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Time for a Second Constitutional Convention ? '' . Policy Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charles L. Clapp , The Congressman , His Work as He Sees It ( Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution , 1963 ) , p. 55 ; cf . pp. 50 -- 55 , 64 -- 66 , 75 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 35 ( September 3 , 1977 ) : 1855 . English , op . cit. , pp. 48 -- 49 , notes that members will also regularly appear at local events in their home district , and will maintain offices in the home congressional district or state . Jump up ^ Robert Preer ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Two Democrats in Senate race stress constituent services '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Malloy ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Incumbents battle association with stimulus , Obama '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Amy Gardner ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` Wolf 's Decisive Win Surprised Even the GOP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : William T. Blanco , editor ( 2000 ) . `` Congress on display , Congress at work '' . University of Michigan . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08711 - 8 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Simpson , G.R. ( October 22 , 1992 ) . `` Surprise ! Top Frankers Also Have the Stiffest Challenges '' . Roll Call . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 79 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate Salaries since 1789 . United States Senate . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salaries of Members of Congress ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Salaries of Legislative , Executive , and Judicial Officials ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau news release in regards to median income '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lui , Kevin ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` A Petition to Remove Health Care Subsidies From Members of Congress Has Nearly 500000 Signatures '' . Time Magazine . Washington D.C . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . In January 2014 , it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires . Jump up ^ `` A Quiet Raise -- Congressional Pay -- special report '' . The Washington Post . 1998 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Lessig ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` How to Get Our Democracy Back '' . CBS News . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Lessig ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Republic , Lost : How Money Corrupts Congress -- and a Plan to Stop It '' . Google , YouTube , The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . ( see 30 : 13 minutes into the video ) Jump up ^ Scott , Walter ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` Personality Parade column : Q. Does Congress pay for its own health care ? '' . New York , NY : Parade . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service , February 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Brody Mullins & T.W. Farnam ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Congress Travels More , Public Pays : Lawmakers Ramp Up Taxpayer - Financed Journeys ; Five Days in Scotland '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Other notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The two independent senators formally caucus with the Democratic Party . References ( edit ) `` How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System , A Plea -- And A Plan -- To Reform Campaign Finance Before It 's Too '' . NEWSWEEK . October 28 , 1996 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . `` The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise '' . PBS . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Alexander Hamilton ( 1788 ) . `` FEDERALIST No. 15 -- The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union '' . FoundingFathers.info . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Bacon , Donald C. ; Davidson , Roger H. ; Keller , Morton , editors ( 1995 ) . Encyclopedia of the United States Congress ( 4 vols . ) . Simon & Schuster . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Collier , Christopher & Collier , James Lincoln ( 1986 ) . Decision in Philadelphia : The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 394 - 52346 - 6 . Davidson , Roger H. & Walter J. Oleszek ( 2006 ) . Congress and Its Members ( 10th ed . ) . Congressional Quarterly ( CQ ) Press . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 325 - 7 . ( Legislative procedure , informal practices , and other information ) English , Ross M. ( 2003 ) . The United States Congress . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6309 - 4 . Francis - Smith , Janice ( October 22 , 2008 ) . `` Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma '' . The Oklahoma City Journal Record . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Herrnson , Paul S. ( 2004 ) . Congressional Elections : Campaigning at Home and in Washington . CQ Press . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 826 - 1 . Huckabee , David C. ( 2003 ) . Reelection Rates of Incumbents . Hauppauge , New York : Novinka Books , an imprint of Nova Science Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 1 - 59033 - 509 - 0 . Huckabee , David C. -- Analyst in American National Government -- Government Division ( March 8 , 1995 ) . `` Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790 -- 1990 Summary ( page 2 ) '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service -- The Library of Congress . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Maier , Pauline ( book reviewer ) ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` HISTORY -- The Framers ' Real Motives ( book review ) UNRULY AMERICANS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION book by Woody Holton '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Oleszek , Walter J. ( 2004 ) . Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . CQ Press . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 477 - 6 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) . How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Price , David E. ( 2000 ) . The Congressional Experience . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 1157 - 8 . Struble , Robert , Jr. ( 2007 ) . chapter seven , Treatise on Twelve Lights . TeLL . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Further Reading ( edit ) Baker , Ross K. ( 2000 ) . House and Senate , 3rd ed . New York : W.W. Norton . ( Procedural , historical , and other information about both houses ) Barone , Michael and Richard E. Cohen . The Almanac of American Politics , 2006 ( 2005 ) , elaborate detail on every district and member ; 1920 pages Berg - Andersson , Richard E. ( 2001 ) . Explanation of the types of Sessions of Congress ( Term of congress ) Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) . In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . ( Legislative procedure ) Bianco , William T. ( 2000 ) Congress on Display , Congress at Work , University of Michigan Press . Hamilton , Lee H. ( 2004 ) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care , Indiana University Press . Herrick , Rebekah ( 2001 ) . `` Gender effects on job satisfaction in the House of Representatives '' . Women and Politics . 23 ( 4 ) : 85 -- 98 . doi : 10.1300 / J014v23n04_04 . Hunt , Richard ( 1998 ) . `` Using the Records of Congress in the Classroom '' . OAH Magazine of History . 12 ( Summer ) : 34 -- 37 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 12.4. 34 . Imbornoni , Ann - Marie , David Johnson , and Elissa Haney . ( 2005 ) . `` Famous Firsts by American Women . '' Infoplease . Lee , Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer . ( 1999 ) . Sizing Up the Senate : The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . University of Chicago Press : Chicago . ( Equal representation in the Senate ) Rimmerman , Craig A. ( 1990 ) . `` Teaching Legislative Politics and Policy Making . '' Political Science Teacher , 3 ( Winter ) : 16 -- 18 . Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2010 ) . The U.S. Congress : A Very Short Introduction . ( History , representation , and legislative procedure ) Smith , Steven S. , Jason M. Roberts , and Ryan Vander Wielen ( 2007 ) . The American Congress ( 5th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 19704 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( Legislative procedure , informal practices , and other information ) Story , Joseph . ( 1891 ) . Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States . ( 2 vols ) . Boston : Brown & Little . ( History , constitution , and general legislative procedure ) Tarr , David R. and Ann O'Connor . Congress A to Z ( CQ Congressional Quarterly ) ( 4th 2003 ) 605pp Wilson , Woodrow. ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . Some information in this article has been provided by the Senate Historical Office . 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-8116752837064488372 | Luv Is Rage 2 | Luv Is Rage 2 - wikipedia Luv Is Rage 2 Jump to : navigation , search Luv Is Rage 2 Studio album by Lil Uzi Vert Released August 25 , 2017 Recorded 2015 -- 17 Genre Alternative hip hop trap Length 56 : 13 Label Generation Now Atlantic Producer Don Cannon ( also exec . ) DJ Drama ( exec . ) Leighton `` LakeShow '' Morrison ( exec . ) BeldonDidThat Bobby Kritical Cubeatz DaHeala DJ Plugg FrancisGotHeat Ike Beatz Illmind J.W. Lucas Lyle LeDuff Maaly Raw Metro Boomin Michael Piroli Pharrell Williams Pi'erre Bourne Rex Kudo The Weeknd TM88 WondaGurl Lil Uzi Vert chronology Luv Is Rage 1.5 ( 2017 ) Luv Is Rage 1.5 2017 Luv Is Rage 2 ( 2017 ) Singles from Luv Is Rage 2 `` XO Tour Llif3 '' Released : March 24 , 2017 `` The Way Life Goes '' Released : October 3 , 2017 Luv Is Rage 2 is the debut studio album by American rapper Lil Uzi Vert . It was released on August 25 , 2017 , by Generation Now and Atlantic Records . The album serves as a sequel to Uzi Vert 's commercial breakthrough mixtape Luv Is Rage ( 2015 ) . It features guest appearances from The Weeknd , Oh Wonder and Pharrell Williams . The album was supported by two singles : `` XO Tour Llif3 '' and `` The Way Life Goes '' . Luv Is Rage 2 charted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , and received positive critical reviews from critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Singles 3 Release 4 Critical reception 5 Commercial performance 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 References Background ( edit ) In November 2016 , Lil Uzi Vert initially announced Luv Is Rage 2 that would suffered from numerous delays and media confusion . In February 2017 , Lil Uzi released a extended play ( EP ) , Luv Is Rage 1.5 ( 2017 ) containing four tracks for streaming on SoundCloud . It serves as a prequel for Luv Is Rage 2 ; as well as Uzi previewing snippets of those songs online throughout the whole year . In July 2017 , DJ Drama and Don Cannon premiered five songs on their Shade 45 radio show , which were not to be included on the album . On August 24 , 2017 , Lil Uzi unexpectedly announced the release of Luv Is Rage 2 a day before release via social media , including the cover art and track listing . Singles ( edit ) `` XO Tour Llif3 '' was released for free streaming as the album 's lead single on March 24 , 2017 . The song was originally included on Lil Uzi 's prequel extended play ( EP ) , Luv Is Rage 1.5 ( 2017 ) . The song was produced by TM88 and JW Lucas . The song peaked at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 . `` The Way Life Goes '' was released as the album 's second single to urban contemporary radio on October 3 , 2017 . The remix to the single was released on November 3 , 2017 , with a guest appearance from Trinidadian - American rapper Nicki Minaj . Release ( edit ) Luv Is Rage 2 was released on August 25 , 2017 , for purchase on iTunes and Google Play , and for streaming on Apple Music , Spotify , Deezer , Google Play and Tidal . The physical edition of the album is scheduled for release on November 17 , 2017 , and is set to include four bonus tracks : `` Skir Skir '' , `` Loaded '' , `` Diamonds All on My Wrist '' and `` 20 Min '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 76 / 100 Review scores Source Rating Consequence of Sound HipHopDX 3.7 / 5 HotNewHipHop 77 % Pitchfork 7.7 / 10 RapReviews.com 6.5 / 10 Sputnikmusic 3 / 5 Tiny Mix Tapes XXL 4 / 5 ( XL ) Luv Is Rage 2 received generally positive reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 76 , based on seven reviews . Scott Glaysher of XXL gave a positive review , stating `` Despite the long - winded nature of the album , Uzi definitely got it right with Luv Is Rage 2 . The songs are catchy , the beats are hot and Uzi gives a vocal performance that redefines the term rap rock star . '' Hip hop website HotNewHipHop stated that `` Uzi is changed a person now , more weary of the world , less naively cheerful , and this is reflected on Luv Is Rage 2 . If he does have a heart , it may soon be blackened . Uzi is feeling vindictive , rather than just being `` happy to be here '' ( as he was on Luv Is Rage ) , he 's looking , now , for admiration and acknowledgement that 's deserved of him . '' Dan Weiss of Consequence of Sound said , `` Nearly every song on Luv Is Rage 2 comes with a distinct enough hook to break up the limited set of things it does and subjects it ponders . '' In his review , Aaron McKrell of HipHopDX states , `` Luv Is Rage 2 is proof that Lil Uzi Vert is simply an artist who succeeds in makes music he loves , for people that hold tightly to his carpe - diem attitude . '' Corrigan B of Tiny Mix Tapes said , `` The breadth of sounds covered will scan as inconsistency to all but the most pious Uzi devotees , but it 's hard to imagine anything else serving as a more comprehensive document of rap in 2017 . '' Paul Thompson of Pitchfork stated that Luv Is Rage 2 is Lil Uzi Vert 's `` most musically developed work and features a bulk of his most interesting songs to date '' , as well as commending the subject matter and production , concluding : `` Whether he 's full of joy or howling into the void , he pushes his songs to their edge , which helps to deliver on the promise shown in his earlier work . We knew Lil Uzi Vert would become one of rap 's biggest stars , but Rage 2 suggests that he may spend his time on top experimenting rather than retreating to a comfort zone . '' Steve `` Flash '' Juon of RapReviews.com wrote : `` As for today 's singing rappers , Vert fits in comfortably next to the likes of Fetty Wap and French Montana , and I have little qualms with calling him a better writer than the latter . The production is a little bit more of a mixed bag . '' In a mixed review , Sputnikmusic 's Robert Lowe stated : `` A lot of tracks start off OK , but his flow and style are so unfocused and muddled the songs become a chore to sit through . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) Luv Is Rage 2 debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 135,000 album - equivalent units , of which 28,000 were pure album sales . In its second week on the chart , Luv Is Rage 2 moved another 73,000 units bringing the total sales to 208,000 . On October 13 , 2017 , the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for over 500,000 combined sales and album - equivalent units . The album also entered at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart , selling 3,000 album - equivalent units in its first week . Track listing ( edit ) Credits were adapted from Tidal . Luv Is Rage 2 No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Two ® '' Symere Woods Donald Cannon Don Cannon Lyle LeDuff Lil Uzi Vert 3 : 05 2 . `` 444 + 222 '' Woods Jamaal Henry Ike Smith Maaly Raw Ike Beatz 4 : 07 3 . `` Sauce It Up '' Woods Cannon Don Cannon Ike Beatz Maaly Raw Michael Piroli BeldonDidThat 3 : 27 4 . `` No Sleep Leak '' Woods Cannon Don Cannon Cubeatz 3 : 09 5 . `` The Way Life Goes '' ( featuring Oh Wonder ) Woods Smith Ike Beatz Don Cannon 3 : 41 6 . `` For Real '' Woods Kenneth Smith Bobby Turner DJ Plugg Bobby Kritical 2 : 57 7 . `` Feelings Mutual '' Woods Ebony Oshunrinde WondaGurl FrancisGotHeat 3 : 53 8 . `` Neon Guts '' ( featuring Pharrell Williams ) Woods Pharrell Williams Williams 4 : 18 9 . `` Early 20 Rager '' Woods Henry Maaly Raw 4 : 34 10 . `` Unfazed '' ( featuring The Weeknd ) Woods Henry Cannon Abel Tesfaye Maaly Raw Don Cannon DaHeala The Weeknd 3 : 10 11 . `` Pretty Mami '' Woods Cannon Ramon Ibanga , Jr . Don Cannon Illmind 4 : 24 12 . `` How to Talk '' Woods Oshunrinde WondaGurl 3 : 21 13 . `` X '' Woods Leland Wayne Jordan Jenks Metro Boomin Pi'erre Bourne Maaly Raw 2 : 53 14 . `` Malfunction '' Woods Oshunrinde WondaGurl 3 : 19 15 . `` Dark Queen '' Woods Henry Maaly Raw Rex Kudo 2 : 53 16 . `` XO Tour Llif3 '' Woods Bryan Simmons John Lucas TM88 J.W. Lucas 3 : 02 Total length : 56 : 13 ( show ) Luv Is Rage 2 -- Deluxe version ( bonus tracks ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 17 . `` Skir Skirr '' Woods Dwayne Richardson D. Rich 18 . `` Loaded '' Woods Simmons TM88 19 . `` Diamonds All on My Wrist '' Woods Turner Bobby Kritical 20 . `` 20 Min '' Woods Carlton Mays , Jr . Honorable C.N.O.T.E. Notes signifies an additional producer signifies a co-producer `` Two ® '' features additional vocals from Kesha Lee `` The Way Life Goes '' originally did n't credit featured vocals by Oh Wonder `` Unfazed '' is stylized as `` UnFazed '' `` How To Talk '' features additional vocals from Dream Doll `` XO Tour Llif3 '' is stylized as `` XO TOUR Llif3 '' Sample credits `` The Way Life Goes '' contains a sample of `` Landslide '' , written by Josephine Gucht and Anthony West and performed by Oh Wonder . Personnel ( edit ) Performers Lil Uzi Vert -- primary artist Oh Wonder -- featured artist ( track 5 ) Pharrell Williams -- featured artist ( track 8 ) The Weeknd -- featured artist ( track 10 ) Technical Kesha Lee -- mixing engineer ( tracks 1 , 2 , 9 , 12 ) , recording engineer ( tracks 1 - 9 , 11 - 16 ) Chris Athens -- mastering engineer ( tracks 1 - 15 ) Don Cannon -- mixing engineer ( tracks 2 , 9 , 15 ) Leslie Braithwaite -- mixing engineer ( tracks 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 16 ) Jason Joshua -- mixing engineer ( tracks 5 , 7 , 10 , 13 , 14 ) Ben Sedano -- engineer ( track 8 ) Jon Sher -- engineer ( track 8 ) Thomas Cullison -- engineer ( track 8 ) Mike Larson -- recording engineer ( track 8 ) Colin Leonard -- mastering engineer ( track 16 ) Production Don Cannon -- producer ( tracks 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 10 , 11 ) Lyle LeDuff -- producer ( track 1 ) Lil Uzi Vert -- producer ( track 1 ) Maaly Raw -- producer ( tracks 2 , 3 , 9 , 10 , 13 , 15 ) Ike Beatz -- producer ( tracks 2 , 3 , 5 ) BeldonDidThat -- producer ( track 3 ) Michael Piroli -- producer ( track 3 ) Cubeatz -- producer ( tracks 4 ) DJ Plugg -- producer ( track 6 ) Bobby Kritical -- producer ( track 6 ) WondaGurl -- producer ( tracks 7 , 12 , 14 ) FrancisGotHeat -- co-producer ( track 7 ) Pharrell Williams -- producer ( track 8 ) DaHeala -- producer ( track 10 ) The Weeknd -- producer ( track 10 ) Illmind -- producer ( track 11 ) Metro Boomin -- producer ( track 13 ) Pi'erre Bourne -- producer ( track 13 ) Rex Kudo -- producer ( track 15 ) TM88 -- producer ( track 16 ) J.W. Lucas -- producer ( track 16 ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 22 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 27 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 88 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) 80 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 12 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 13 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 French Albums ( SNEP ) 51 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 80 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 27 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 10 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 9 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 91 UK Albums ( OCC ) 14 UK R&B Albums ( OCC ) 7 US Billboard 200 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format ( s ) Label Ref . Worldwide August 25 , 2017 Streaming digital download Generation Now Atlantic United States November 17 , 2017 CD December 8 , 2017 Cassette See also ( edit ) List of Billboard 200 number - one albums of 2017 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Luv Is Rage 2 by Lil Uzi Vert on Apple Music '' . Apple Music . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uzi London 🌎 ☄ ️ 💕 ® on Twitter : `` Luv Is RAGE 2 ® 😔 🔥 '' . Twitter . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uzi London 🌎 ☄ ️ 💕 ® on Twitter : `` Y'all want me too drop the real one before the Album 🔥 ® LuvIsRage 2 '' . Twitter . November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 1.5 ( New Mixtape ) '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So What 's Really Going on With Lil Uzi Vert 's ' Luv Is Rage 2 ' ? '' . Complex . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uzi London 🌎 ☄ ️ 💕 ® on Twitter : `` Y'all thought them songs was on luv is rage 🙄 we coming way harder den dat 🔥 🔥 🔥 🔥 🔊 🦇 2 ® '' . Twitter . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uzi London 🌎 ☄ ️ 💕 ® on Twitter : `` Tonight at 12 🦇 ... 2 the album ® 🚧 Okay Bye 🤓 ⚰ ️ 🔥 ® '' . Twitter . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XO TOUR Llif3 -- Single by Lil Uzi Vert on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goddard , Kevin ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Uzi Vert -- XO Tour Lif3 ( Prod . By TM88 ) '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Uzi Vert XO TOUR Llif3 Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Urban / UAC Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Way Life Goes ( Remix ) ( feat . Nicki Minaj ) -- Single by Lil Uzi Vert on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lil Uzi Vert : Luv Is Rage 2 -- Music on Google Play '' . Google Play . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luv Is Rage 2 '' . Spotify . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discover Luv Is Rage 2 by Lil Uzi Vert on Deezer '' . Deezer . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luv Is Rage 2 / Lil Uzi Vert TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lil Uzi Vert 's ' Luv Is Rage 2 ' to Get Physical Release '' . Hypebeast . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews for Luv Is Rage 2 by Lil Uzi Vert '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Dan ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McKrell , Aaron ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Lil Uzi Vert 's `` Luv Is Rage 2 '' Is Solo Cup Turn - Up & Sorrow `` . HipHopDX . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pierre , Alphonso ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Uzi Vert `` Luv Is Rage 2 '' ( Review ) `` . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Paul ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Uzi Vert : Luv Is Rage 2 Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Joun , Steve `` Flash '' ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` RapReviews.com Feature for September 5 , 2017 -- Lil Uzi Vert -- `` Luv Is Rage 2 '' `` . RapReviews.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Robert ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 -- Sputnikmusic '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : B , Corrigan . `` Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' . Tiny Mix Tapes . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Glaysher , Scott ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Uzi Vert Mixes Passion With Pain on ' Luv Is Rage 2 ' Album -- XXL '' . XXL . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Uzi Vert 's ' Luv Is Rage 2 ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` LCD Soundsystem Earns First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' American Dream ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Analysis : Queens Of The Stone Age debut at No. 1 on albums chart '' . Music Week . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Riley ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Uzi Vert Accused Of Jacking Beat From Twitter Troll Beats By Saif '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv is Rage 2 ( Explicit ) ( Deluxe Edition ) -- Amazon.com Music '' . Amazon Music . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On The Charts : September 4 , 2017 '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201735 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Uzi Vert : Luv Is Rage 2 '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums -- SNEP ( Week 35 , 2017 ) '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Uzi Vert Chart History ( Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Uzi Vert -- Luv Is Rage 2 Limited Cassette Tape '' . Urban Outfitters . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Lil Uzi Vert Discography Studio albums Luv Is Rage 2 ( 2017 ) Extended plays 1017 vs. The World ( with Gucci Mane ) ( 2016 ) Luv Is Rage 1.5 ( 2017 ) Mixtapes The Real Uzi ( 2014 ) Luv Is Rage ( 2015 ) Lil Uzi Vert vs. the World ( 2016 ) The Perfect Luv Tape ( 2016 ) Singles `` Money Longer '' `` XO Tour Llif3 '' Featured singles `` Pull Up '' `` Too Much Sauce '' `` Bad and Boujee '' `` Woke Up Like This '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luv_Is_Rage_2&oldid=809631982 '' Categories : 2017 albums Atlantic Records albums English - language albums Lil Uzi Vert albums Albums produced by Pharrell Williams Albums produced by Metro Boomin Albums produced by Don Cannon Albums produced by WondaGurl Albums produced by Illmind Sequel albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 11 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | lil uzi vert - luv is rage 2 album | [] | [] |
-4570662044584917172 | Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me) | Make Me Smile ( Come up and See Me ) - wikipedia Make Me Smile ( Come up and See Me ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' Artwork for Scandinavian vinyl release Single by Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel from the album The Best Years of Our Lives B - side `` Another Journey '' Released 31 January 1975 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded Genre Glam rock Length 4 : 01 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Steve Harley Producer ( s ) Steve Harley Alan Parsons Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel singles chronology `` Big Big Deal '' ( 1974 ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( 1975 ) `` Mr. Raffles ( Man , It Was Mean ) '' ( 1975 ) `` Big Big Deal '' ( 1974 ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( 1975 ) `` Mr. Raffles ( Man , It Was Mean ) '' ( 1975 ) file help `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' is a song by British rock band Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel , released as the lead single from the band 's 1975 album The Best Years of Our Lives . It was written by Harley , and produced by Harley and Alan Parsons . In February 1975 , the song reached the number - one spot on the UK chart and received a UK Silver certification . It spent nine weeks in the Top 50 , and as of 2015 , has sold over 1.5 million copies worldwide . More than 120 cover versions of the song have been recorded by other artists , most notably by Duran Duran and Erasure , although Harley has stated his favourite cover version is by The Wedding Present . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and composition 2 Recording 3 Release 3.1 Top Gear 4 Promotion 5 Critical reception 6 Track listing 7 Chart performance 8 Personnel 9 Duran Duran version 10 Erasure version 11 Other cover versions 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Writing and composition ( edit ) The song was the first single to be released under the name `` Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel '' , as opposed to simply `` Cockney Rebel '' . In July 1974 , the original Cockney Rebel disbanded , and Harley then assembled a new line - up later in the year . `` Make Me Smile '' described Harley 's feelings on the band 's split . For many years , it was believed that Harley purposely chose to disband the original line - up and embark on a new career path . However , years later , Harley began to reveal the truth behind the band 's split . Between May and July 1974 , Cockney Rebel embarked on a major British tour to promote their second studio album The Psychomodo . As the tour progressed , the band began facing growing tensions , which ultimately led to their split at the end of the tour in late July . On 18 July , the band received a ' Gold Award ' for outstanding new act of 1974 , and a week later they had split up over their disagreements . Jean - Paul Crocker , Milton Reame - James and Paul Jeffreys had approached Harley , insisting they could also write material for the group . Harley , the band 's sole songwriter , felt this was unfair as he had been the one to originally hire the musicians for his group , and explained the deal to them at the time . After the band split , only the original line - up 's drummer , Stuart Elliott , would join the new line - up . In a television interview recorded in 2002 , Harley described how the lyrics were vindictively directed at the former band members who , he felt , had abandoned him . On The One Show in October 2010 , Harley called the lyric `` a finger - pointing piece of vengeful poetry . It 's getting off my chest how I felt about the guys splitting up a perfectly workable machine . I wrote it saying ' Look , you 'll learn how well we 're doing here , we 're doing well , why are you doing this ? ' '' He elaborated : `` Three of them came to me in a little posse with several ultimatums . They wanted to write songs for the third album , and I said ' Well you know I started the band , and I auditioned you , and I told you the deal at the time . We 're not moving the goal posts here . ' They knew this , and they came to me demanding that they could write songs too , and I just said ' Well go and do it then ' . '' Harley began writing the song only days after the band 's split . The original vision for the song was vastly different to the one that was recorded . Harley had written the piece as a slow blues track with a dark mood . In January 2012 , he told Uncut magazine that the first verse was probably written at four in the morning after a bottle of brandy , feeling sorry for himself . On The One Show Harley added , `` I was in distress , there 's no doubt at all , out of adversity I had to talk about it , I had to write about it . I had to say these things , I had to get it off my chest . '' In One Thousand UK Number One Hits by Jon Kutner and Spencer Leigh , Harley recalled the end of Cockney Rebel version 1 : `` We split up because they wanted to take my leadership away . They wanted to dilute it and `` Make Me Smile '' is saying ' Come back one day and I 'll laugh . ' It was arrogant but I knew they were wrong - they did n't understand the group like I did . '' Recording ( edit ) The new line - up of the band recorded The Best Years of Our Lives album in November - December 1974 at Abbey Road Studios in London . On a day in November , Harley arrived at the studio and played the band the original slow blues version of the song for them to rehearse . Harley recalled to Uncut in 2012 : `` It was a little dirgy , slower and a little pedestrian , very on the beat '' . After producer Alan Parsons heard the song , he suggested speeding the song 's tempo up , as he felt it would suit the song better . Harley then developed the song further , introducing tacits , dead stops and gaps into it . Harley recalled in 2014 : `` Alan was great , he did n't try to dissuade me , he just said , ' Do it ' . '' On The One Show , Harley added : `` Suddenly it was swinging , and bopping , and ooh - la - la . We saw a hit record being built here , there was no doubt . '' In a 2015 interview for Songwriting Magazine , Parsons recalled : `` I think a good producer can transform a song . If you make a small change compositionally that really makes a song gel then you can say production is part of songwriting . For example I remember on Steve Harley 's `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) '' he was phrasing the chorus completely differently and I suggested that he made it more rhythmic and I think that is part of the hook of the whole record , so I take a bit of credit for that -- although I did n't get paid for it . '' A saxophone solo was originally planned for the song 's instrumental break . However , after hearing Harley 's idea for the solo , guitarist Jim Cregan began to play the idea on the guitar . Harley recalled in 2014 : `` The guitar solo was over a completely new chord sequence . The middle - eight is totally separate from the rest of the song , with no lyrics , so it 's an instrumental break that 's a little bit left field . We took ages getting the solo right . Some of the guys who play the guitar for me now have a lot of problems with it . It 's a tough solo to play properly . It was a composite of three separate takes . '' A number of backing singers contributed to the song , including future chart - topper Tina Charles , as well as Yvonne Keeley , Linda Lewis and Liza Strike . When the song was near completion , Harley played an early mix of the song to Bob Mercer , who was the head of A&R at EMI . Mercer was so blown away by what he heard that he immediately pronounced the song as a number - one hit . Harley remembered : `` We were all drinking Martini , it was late at night , and we were completely knackered . Bob came in and was absolutely blown away . I asked him what he thought and he said simply , `` Number one '' . By the time the song was finished , Harley and the band felt confident the song was a hit single . He recalled : `` We certainly smelled something cooking that was very special . We had a huge chorus on there . Once they 'd ( the backing vocalists ) had done their bit I came up with The Beatles bit - ' Ooh - la - la - la ' - kind of from their `` Rubber Soul '' period . I made the song really hooky because the lyrics are quite dark and cynical , frankly . '' Release ( edit ) The single was released by EMI Records on 7 '' vinyl in the UK , Ireland , Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Italy , the Netherlands , Portugal , Spain , Yugoslavia , Scandinavia , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , and Japan . Each release , except in the UK , Ireland , Australia and New Zealand , featured a different picture sleeve , usually featuring a photograph of Harley , or the band . The song 's B - Side was the non-album track `` Another Journey '' , which was written by Harley . `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' became Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel 's biggest selling hit , selling over one million copies globally . It was also the band 's only number - one hit in their home country , topping both the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Chart in February 1975 . In addition to this , it was the band 's only chart entry in America , reaching No. 96 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1976 . `` Make Me Smile '' has been reissued a number of times in the UK . In October 1980 , EMI re-issued it on 7 '' vinyl by EMI , with `` Sebastian '' as the B - Side , to promote the compilation album The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel . In 1983 , it was issued again on 7 '' vinyl , by the Old Gold label , with `` Judy Teen '' as the B - Side . Both re-issues failed to chart . In 1992 , the song was released by EMI as a CD single and 7 '' vinyl . The re-issue reached No. 46 in the UK , and remained in the Top 100 for two weeks . In 1995 , the song was re-issued again on 7 '' vinyl and CD after it was used in a Carlsberg TV advertisement . This release reached No. 33 in the UK , spending three weeks in the chart . In June 2005 , a newly recorded 2005 version of the track was released , dubbed as the `` 30th Anniversary Re-mix '' of the song . The new version was released as a single on 7 '' vinyl and CD . The single reached No. 55 , spending two weeks on the chart . Following a request on Top Gear to download the song , `` Make Me Smile '' re-entered the UK charts at No. 72 in early February 2015 . The song has been used in the soundtracks of the films Rik Mayall Presents Dancing Queen ( 1993 ) , The Full Monty ( 1997 ) , Velvet Goldmine ( 1998 ) , Best - The George Best Story ( 2000 ) , Saving Grace ( 2000 ) , and Blackball ( 2003 ) . It was also used in a 2006 Marks & Spencer advertisement and during the opening of episode 3 of Phoenix Nights series 1 ( 2001 ) . The song also featured in adverts for Furniture Village . The song was later included as a playable song in Lego Rock Band ( 2009 ) for the seventh generation of games consoles . Top Gear ( edit ) In late 2014 , Harley received a speeding fine of £ 1,000 , and six points on his licence , after being caught by a speed camera doing 70 miles per hour on the M25 in Kent , in an area where the limit had been temporarily reduced to 40 mph . In January 2015 , this incident was discussed on the BBC television series Top Gear . The show 's presenters Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond and James May urged viewers to download the song in a bid to help him pay the fine . Clarkson had commented , `` He 's making a meagre living out of , let 's be honest , one hit single . Everybody loves that song - you ca n't trust someone who does n't like that song . '' Hammond added , `` Imagine if everybody did it - he would wake up tomorrow and think ' I 'm number one , where did that come from ? ' It would cheer him up . '' The campaign , dubbed the `` Make Me Smile Foundation '' by Clarkson , saw Harley respond with a message via Twitter : `` Thanks Jeremy Clarkson for kicking off the Make Me Smile Foundation , more than happy to subsidise the poor sods who drive down Swanley Way ! '' Additionally , Harley posted a YouTube video where he performed a forty - second version of the song acoustically , with a new set of lyrics relating to the speeding fine . In late January 2015 , the song entered the Top 30 on iTunes , the Top 15 on Amazon. co. uk 's Top 100 Bestsellers , and the number one best - seller under the Rock category on the same website . On 27 January , the song entered at No. 25 on the official UK mid-week chart , and No. 72 on the overall chart for the week . Promotion ( edit ) Upon its original release , the band performed the song on UK music show Top of the Pops . The performance on the show featured mimed instrumental backing , with Harley performing a live vocal . On the show , Harley was suffering from jet - lag , and subsequently forgot the lyrics to the majority of the second and third verses . According to the EMI producer of the single , Tony Clark , it was Marc Bolan who made the phone call to Top of the Pops , and had Harley in the BBC studio that same evening of the recording . The band also performed the song on the Russell Harty Show while it was at number one . Critical reception ( edit ) In a retrospective review of The Best Years of Our Lives , Donald A. Guarisco of AllMusic described the song as a `` romantic pop tune '' and a `` most impressive hit '' , adding that it `` pairs Harley 's clever wordplay with a clever pop tune that boasts an inventive stop - start arrangement and a lovely flamenco - styled acoustic guitar solo '' . Guarisco also spoke of the song in a retrospective review of the 1975 American compilation album A Closer Look . He described it as a `` catchy acoustic love song with a memorable flamenco guitar solo '' . In a review of the 1987 compilation Greatest Hits he noted `` Songs like ' Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) ' still sound fresh today thanks to their ability to mix insistent pop hooks into their mix of unconventional sounds and oblique lyrics '' . George Starostin reviewed The Best Years of Our Lives album for his website , and described the song as `` an excellent mid-tempo pop - rocker with a glammy multi-vocal chorus and great use of the stop - and - start structure ( as well as Beatlesque ooh - la - la - las all over the place ) '' . He added : `` It 's shorter , catchier and more concise than anything else on here , certainly chart - oriented at heart , but smart enough so as not to linger in the charts for too long '' . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' Single `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 55 `` Another Journey '' - 2 : 47 7 '' Single ( 1982 UK reissue ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 55 `` Sebastian '' 7 '' Single ( 1983 UK reissue ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 58 `` Judy Teen '' - 3 : 41 7 '' Single ( 1992 UK reissue ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 59 `` Mr. Soft '' - 3 : 19 CD Single ( 1992 UK reissue ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 59 `` Mr. Soft '' - 3 : 19 `` Spaced Out '' - 3 : 02 `` ( Love ) Compared with You '' - 4 : 19 7 '' Single ( 1995 UK reissue ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 59 `` Mr. Soft '' - 3 : 17 CD Single ( 1995 UK reissue ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' - 3 : 59 `` Mr. Soft '' - 3 : 17 `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' - 4 : 07 `` Another Journey '' - 2 : 48 7 '' Single ( 2005 UK 30th Anniversary Re-mix ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) 30th Anniversary Re-mix '' - 4 : 29 `` Judy Teen ( Live ) '' - 3 : 16 CD Single ( 2005 UK 30th Anniversary Re-mix ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) 30th Anniversary Re-mix '' - 4 : 29 `` Judy Teen ( Live ) '' - 3 : 16 `` The Quality Of Mercy ( Taster ) '' - 1 : 58 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 France Germany ( Official German Charts ) 20 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 South Africa 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 96 Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 46 Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 33 Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 55 Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 72 Personnel ( edit ) Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel : Steve Harley -- vocals Jim Cregan -- guitar , backing vocals Duncan Mackay -- keyboards George Ford -- bass , backing vocals Stuart Elliott -- drums Additional personnel Tina Charles , Martin Jay , Yvonne Keeley , Linda Lewis , Liza Strike -- backing vocals Steve Harley , Alan Parsons - producers Alan Parsons - mixing , engineer Gary Edwards , Peter James -- tape operators Chris Blair - mastering Duran Duran version ( edit ) `` Come Up and See Me ( Make Me Smile ) '' B - side label of `` The Reflex '' UK vinyl release B - side to `` The Reflex '' by Duran Duran A-side `` The Reflex '' Released 16 April 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 16 ) Recorded 16 November 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 16 ) at the Hammersmith Odeon , London Genre Rock Length 4 : 54 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Steve Harley A live cover version of `` Make Me Smile '' was released as the B - side to Duran Duran 's 1984 number one single `` The Reflex '' . On the label and sleeve , the song 's original title was reversed and listed as `` Come Up and See Me ( Make Me Smile ) '' . The band frequently covered the song during their early 1980s concerts , and this recording was made during a 16 November 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 16 ) live performance for the BBC College Concert series . The entire concert was released on the live CD / DVD Live at Hammersmith ' 82 ! in September 2009 . After dropping the song from their set list for over twenty years , the reunited Duran Duran brought the song back as a surprise encore at their 28 May 2005 homecoming gig at the Birmingham Football Ground to an audience of 25,000 fans . Harley was invited to perform with them , but was unable to attend . The Duran Duran version of the song appeared on the soundtrack to the movie Threesome ( 1994 ) , and as a bonus track on the double CD single for `` Perfect Day '' , from their 1995 covers album Thank You . Track Listing 7 '' single ( UK : EMI / DURAN2 ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Reflex '' Duran Duran 4 : 20 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Come Up and See Me ( Make Me Smile ) '' ( live ) Steve Harley 4 : 54 Erasure version ( edit ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' Single by Erasure from the album Other People 's Songs B - side `` Oh L'amour '' `` Walking in the Rain '' `` When Will I See You Again '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' Released 7 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 07 ) Format CD , DVD Recorded 2002 Genre Synthpop Length 3 : 58 Label Mute Songwriter ( s ) Steve Harley Producer ( s ) Gareth Jones , Erasure Erasure singles chronology `` Solsbury Hill '' ( 2003 ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( 2003 ) `` Oh L'amour ( August Mix ) '' ( 2003 ) `` Solsbury Hill '' ( 2003 ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( 2003 ) `` Oh L'amour ( August Mix ) '' ( 2003 ) British pop duo Erasure included `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' on their cover versions album Other People 's Songs . After the UK Top 10 success of their previous single `` Solsbury Hill '' , Erasure charted well again when `` Make Me Smile '' hit number fourteen . A live performance recorded in Copenhagen on 9 June 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 09 ) is included on the DVD The Erasure Show - Live in Cologne . The music video sees Erasure members Vince Clarke and Andy Bell in the midst of computer - generated special effects and graphics . The statue in the video also appears in their 2005 video for `` Breathe '' . Erasure 's version appeared in the first episode of season one of the television show My Name Is Earl in 2005 . Track Listing CD single UK : Mute / CDMUTE292 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( Dave Bascombe Edit Mix ) Steve Harley 3 : 27 2 . `` Oh L'amour '' ( Acoustic , recorded live at the Sirius National Broadcast Studios in New York on 14 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 14 ) ) Vince Clarke , Andy Bell 3 : 28 3 . `` Walking in the Rain '' ( 37b Remix ) Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil , Phil Spector 2 : 48 UK : Mute / LCDMUTE292 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( Dan Frampton Radio Mix ) Harley 3 : 32 2 . `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( Manhattan Clique Extended Remix ) Harley 7 : 30 3 . `` When Will I See You Again '' ( 37b Remix ) Gamble and Huff 2 : 26 DVD single UK : Mute / DVDMUTE292 Audio tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( Album version ) Harley 3 : 56 2 . `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( Acoustic , recorded live at the Sirius National Broadcast Studios in New York on 14 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 14 ) ) George David Weiss , Hugo Peretti , Luigi Creatore 3 : 12 Video tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 3 . `` Solsbury Hill '' ( Music video , directed by Vince Clarke ) Peter Gabriel 4 : 20 Other cover versions ( edit ) Suzi Quatro covered the song on her Aggro - Phobia album in 1977 . Australian group , Nick Barker & the Reptiles ' version reached the top 30 on the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) Singles Chart in November 1989 . A version by The Wedding Present peaked in the UK Singles Chart at number 25 in 1990 , as a track on the 3 Songs EP . Steve Harley was very positive about this version , saying , `` There are 120 cover versions of ' Make Me Smile ' , but only the Wedding Present have done it differently . They did a punk version and made it kick . They understood the venom in the lyrics . '' Robbie Williams recorded a medley of `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) '' , `` You Can Leave Your Hat On '' and `` Land of 1000 Dances '' as a B - side to `` Let Me Entertain You '' in 1998 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley And Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) / Another Journey - EMI - UK - EMI 2263 '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` Steve Harley 's Make Me Smile turns 40 : ' It sounds fresh to this day ' '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kutner , Jon ; Leigh , Spencer . 1000 UK Number One Hits . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84449 - 283 - 1 . Jump up ^ Barton 2014 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel Story '' . Steveharley.www.50megs.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( Come Up And See Me ) Make Me Smile - Steve Harley Interview '' . YouTube . 2010 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Alcantara in association with FosterCraig . `` pro-music / making music '' . Archived from the original on 25 October 2005 . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Songfacts '' . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Steve Harley '' . The One Show . 26 October 2010 . BBC . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : Watts , Peter ( January 2012 ) . `` The Making of ... Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' . Uncut : 24 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) - Songs From The Shed Session '' . YouTube . 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Alan Parsons '' . Songwriting Magazine . 2015 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Barton 2014 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David , ed. ( 2001 ) . British Hit Singles ( 14th ed . ) . London , England : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 156 - 7 . Jump up ^ Barton 2014 , pp. 11 & 12 . Jump up ^ Barton 2014 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley And Cockney Rebel Discography - All Countries - 45cat '' . 45cat.com . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley And Cockney Rebel * - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 - 76 '' . harleyfanzone.com . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 45cat - Steve Harley And Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) / Another Journey - EMI - UK - EMI 2263 '' . 45cat.com . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd . pp. 358 -- 359 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley And Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) / Sebastian - EMI - UK - EMI 5112 '' . 45cat.com. 2015 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) / Judy Teen '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Harley : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Green , Harriet ( 1 December 1995 ) . `` NEWS : KHBB unveils Carlsberg Xmas ad '' . Campaign . London , England : Haymarket Media Group . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Come Up And See Me ) 30th Anniversary Re-mix '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Archive Chart : 2015 - 02 - 01 , UK Singles Chart ^ Jump up to : McGeorge , Alistair ( 26 January 2015 ) . `` Top Gear presenters give pop classic new lease of life to help Steve Harley pay speeding fine '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley , Make Me Smile - Driving Penalty '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Moss , Liv ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Steve Harley 's Make Me Smile re-enters Top 40 ... thanks to Top Gear '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Come Up & See '' . YouTube . 28 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Make Me Smile ( Russell Harty Show 1975 '' . YouTube . 1975 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Donald A. Guarisco . `` The Best Years of Our Lives - Steve Harley , Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Donald A. Guarisco . `` A Closer Look - Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Donald A. Guarisco . `` Greatest Hits ( EMI ) - Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley / Cockney Rebel '' . rinet.ru . Jump up ^ Kent , David . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St. Ives , New South Wales , Australia : Australian Chart Books . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel -- Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Songs from the Year 1975 '' . tsort.info . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel -- Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website - SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts ( H ) '' . rock.co.za . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel - Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Steve Harley - 2005 Diary Archive Archived 15 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Erasure : Artist Chart History -- Official Charts Company '' . Jump up ^ Strong , Martin C. ( 2000 ) . The Great Rock Discography ( 5th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Mojo Books . pp. 785 -- 6 . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 017 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Nick Barker & the Reptiles '' . Australian charts portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding Present : Artist Chart History -- Official Charts Company '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Barton , Geoff ( 2014 ) . The Best Years of Our Lives -- Definitive Edition ( booklet ) . Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel . London , England : Parlophone Records . EMCDX 3068 . External links ( edit ) Top of the Pops performance by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` January '' by Pilot UK number one single 22 February 1975 ( 1975 - 02 - 22 ) -- 7 March 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 07 ) ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` If '' by Telly Savalas Ireland number one single 6 March 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 06 ) -- 19 March 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 19 ) ( 2 weeks ) Steve Harley / Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Steve Harley Barry Wickens Robbie Gladwell James Lascelles Kuma Harada Adam Houghton Jean - Paul Crocker Paul Jeffreys Milton Reame - James Jim Cregan George Ford Duncan Mackay Stuart Elliott Lincoln Anderson Studio albums ( Cockney Rebel ) The Human Menagerie ( 1973 ) The Psychomodo ( 1974 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1975 ) Timeless Flight ( 1976 ) Love 's a Prima Donna ( 1976 ) The Quality of Mercy ( 2005 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley ) Hobo with a Grin ( 1978 ) The Candidate ( 1979 ) Yes You Can ( 1992 ) Poetic Justice ( 1996 ) Stranger Comes to Town ( 2010 ) Live albums Face to Face : A Live Recording ( 1977 ) Stripped to the Bare Bones ( 1999 ) Acoustic and Pure : Live ( 2003 ) Anytime ! ( A Live Set ) ( as The Steve Harley Band , 2004 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Compilations A Closer Look ( 1975 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 1980 ) The Collection ( 1983 ) Greatest Hits ( 1987 ) Mr Soft ( 1988 ) Live at the BBC ( 1995 ) More Than Somewhat -- The Very Best of Steve Harley ( 1998 ) The Cream of Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ( 1999 ) Best of the ' 70s ( 2000 ) The Cockney Rebel - A Steve Harley Anthology ( 2006 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 2008 ) Cavaliers : An Anthology 1973 - 1974 ( 2012 ) Original Album Series ( 2014 ) Singles ( Cockney Rebel ) `` Sebastian '' `` Judy Teen '' `` Hideaway '' `` Psychomodo '' `` Mr. Soft '' `` Tumbling Down '' Singles ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' `` Mr. Raffles ( Man , It Was Mean ) '' `` Black or White '' `` White , White Dove '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' `` ( Love ) Compared with You '' `` The Best Years of Our Lives ( live ) '' `` I Ca n't Even Touch You '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Last Goodbye '' Singles ( Steve Harley ) `` Big Big Deal '' `` Roll the Dice '' `` Someone 's Coming '' `` Freedom 's Prisoner '' `` Ballerina ( Prima Donna ) '' `` Heartbeat Like Thunder '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( with Sarah Brightman ) `` Whatever You Believe '' ( as Anderson , Harley & Batt ) `` When I 'm with You '' `` Star for a Week ( Dino ) '' `` A Friend for Life '' `` Faith & Virtue '' `` For Sale . Baby Shoes . Never Worn '' `` Ordinary People '' Video Live from London ( 1985 ) The Come Back , All is Forgiven Tour : Live ( 1989 ) Live at the Isle of Wight Festival ( 2005 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Related articles Discography List of songs recorded by Steve Harley The Alan Parsons Project Erasure Andy Bell Vince Clarke Albums Wonderland The Circus The Innocents Wild ! Chorus I Say I Say I Say Erasure Cowboy Loveboat Other People 's Songs Nightbird Union Street Light at the End of the World Tomorrow 's World Snow Globe The Violet Flame World Be Gone EPs Crackers International Am I Right ? EP Abba-esque I Love Saturday EP Rain : Plus Moon and the Sky : Plus Boy EP Storm Chaser Pop ! Remixed Erasure. Club Phantom Bride EP Compilations The Two Ring Circus Pop ! The First 20 Hits Hits ! The Very Best of Erasure Pop ! Remixed Total Pop ! The First 40 Hits Pop2 ! The Second 20 Hits 10 Great Songs Always : The Very Best of Erasure Live album Acoustic Live Live at the Royal Albert Hall Box sets EBX From Moscow To Mars Singles `` Who Needs Love Like That '' `` Heavenly Action '' `` Oh L'amour '' `` Sometimes '' `` It Does n't Have to Be '' `` Victim of Love '' `` The Circus '' `` Ship of Fools '' `` Chains of Love '' `` A Little Respect '' `` Stop ! '' `` Drama ! '' `` You Surround Me '' `` Blue Savannah '' `` Star '' `` Chorus '' `` Love to Hate You '' `` Am I Right ? '' `` Breath of Life '' `` Take a Chance on Me '' `` Always '' `` Run to the Sun '' `` I Love Saturday '' `` Stay with Me '' `` Fingers & Thumbs ( Cold Summer 's Day ) '' `` Rock Me Gently '' `` In My Arms '' `` Do n't Say Your Love Is Killing Me '' `` Rain '' `` Freedom '' `` Moon & the Sky '' `` Solsbury Hill '' `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' `` Breathe '' `` Do n't Say You Love Me '' `` Here I Go Impossible Again '' `` All This Time Still Falling Out of Love '' `` Boy '' `` I Could Fall in Love with You '' `` Sunday Girl '' `` Storm in a Teacup '' `` Phantom Bride '' `` When I Start To ( Break It All Down ) '' `` Be with You '' `` Fill Us with Fire '' `` Gaudete '' Video Live at the Seaside Innocents Wild ! Abba-esque Pop ! The First 20 Hits Hits ! the Videos The Erasure Show - Live in Cologne Live at the Royal Albert Hall Related articles Discography Yazoo Depeche Mode The Assembly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Make_Me_Smile_(Come_Up_and_See_Me)&oldid=834159209 '' Categories : 1975 songs 1990 singles 1995 singles 2003 singles 2005 singles Erasure songs Duran Duran songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Mute Records singles 1975 singles Songs written by Steve Harley Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2012 Use British English from March 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart making named ref Music infoboxes with unknown value for type Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 07 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | come up and see me make me smile lyrics meaning | [] | [] |
-7799713079711130656 | 2018 NBA Finals | 2018 NBA Finals - wikipedia 2018 NBA Finals 2018 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Golden State Warriors Steve Kerr Cleveland Cavaliers Tyronn Lue 0 Dates May 31 -- June 8 MVP Kevin Durant ( Golden State Warriors ) Television U.S. : English : ABC Spanish : ESPN Deportes Canada : TSN ( Games 1 and 3 ) Sportsnet ( Games 2 and 4 ) Announcers ABC : Mike Breen ( play - by - play ) Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy ( analysts ) Doris Burke ( sideline reporter ) ESPN Deportes : Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play ) Carlos Morales ( analyst ) Radio network ESPN Radio ( National ) Cleveland Cavaliers Radio Network ( Cleveland ) Golden State Warriors Radio Network ( Golden State ) Announcers Marc Kestecher and Hubie Brown ( ESPN Radio ) John Michael and Jim Chones ( Cleveland ) Tim Roye , Jim Barnett and Tom Tolbert ( Golden State ) Referees Game 1 : Ken Mauer , Tony Brothers , Ed Malloy Game 2 : Mike Callahan , David Guthrie , Derrick Stafford Game 3 : Marc Davis , John Goble , Zach Zarba Game 4 : Scott Foster , James Capers , Jason Phillips Eastern Finals Cavaliers defeated Celtics , 4 -- 3 Western Finals Warriors defeated Rockets , 4 -- 3 < 2017 NBA Finals 2019 > The 2018 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 2017 -- 18 season and conclusion of the season 's playoffs . In this best - of - seven playoff , the defending NBA champion and Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors swept the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers 4 games to 0 . This Finals was the first time in any of North America 's four major professional sports leagues that the same two teams met for the championship four years in a row . This was also the first time that a team was swept in the NBA Finals since 2007 , in which the Cavaliers were also the losing team . LeBron James , in his eighth consecutive NBA Finals appearance , suffered the second Finals sweeps of his career , having also played in the 2007 NBA Finals . Kevin Durant was named NBA Finals MVP for the second straight year . After his third appearance in the Finals , Durant became the only player to shoot over 50 -- 40 -- 90 for an NBA Finals career under the non-shortened 3 - point line . The Warriors had home - court advantage in the series since they had a better regular season record of 58 -- 24 , compared to the Cavaliers 50 -- 32 . Entering the Finals matchup , the Warriors were also noted by various sports media outlets as one of the biggest NBA Finals favorites in recent history . This was the first time since 2012 that the Finals did not feature either of the top seeds in each conference . The 2018 Finals began on May 31 and ended on June 8 . The series was sponsored by the Internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the 2018 NBA Finals presented by YouTube TV . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 1.2 Golden State Warriors 1.3 Road to the Finals 1.4 Regular season series 2 Series summary 3 NBA Finals Series 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 4 Rosters 4.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 4.2 Golden State Warriors 5 Player statistics 6 Sponsorship 7 Broadcast 7.1 Television ratings 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Cleveland Cavaliers season This was the Cleveland Cavaliers ' fourth consecutive trip to the NBA Finals , and fifth appearance overall . This is also the eighth consecutive NBA Finals appearance for LeBron James . LeBron James of the Cleveland Cavaliers Prior to the 2017 -- 18 season , point guard Kyrie Irving demanded to be traded away from the Cavaliers . The Cavaliers agreed to his request , trading Irving to the Boston Celtics in exchange for point guard Isaiah Thomas , small forward Jae Crowder , center Ante Žižić , the first round pick from the Brooklyn Nets in the 2018 NBA Draft and the Miami Heat 's 2020 second round pick . Miami 's second round pick was added as compensation after Isaiah Thomas failed his physical . Other major changes included shooting guard Dwyane Wade signing with the Cavaliers , thus reuniting with James from their time together on the Big Three - era Miami Heat , and the signing of point guard Derrick Rose to a one - year contract . On February 8 , 2018 -- just before the NBA trade deadline -- the Cavaliers radically changed their roster in a little more than an hour , acquiring George Hill , Rodney Hood , Jordan Clarkson , and Larry Nance Jr. in exchange for Thomas , Rose , Crowder , Wade , Channing Frye , Iman Shumpert , and their own 2018 first - round pick . Multiple writers argued at the time that the trades made the Cavaliers significantly better . The Cavaliers finished the 2017 -- 18 regular season with a 50 -- 32 record , securing the 4th seed in the Eastern Conference . In the playoffs , the Cavaliers defeated the Indiana Pacers in seven games in the first round , swept the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference semifinals , and defeated the Boston Celtics in seven games in the Eastern Conference Finals . Golden State Warriors ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors season This was the Golden State Warriors ' fourth consecutive trip to the NBA Finals . During the 2017 -- 18 offseason , the Warriors resigned their core players , including Stephen Curry to a five - year contract worth $201 million , and Kevin Durant to a two - year , $53 million contract . Golden State also resigned Andre Iguodala , Shaun Livingston , Zaza Pachulia , and David West . A major free agent acquired during the offseason was guard Nick Young . The Warriors finished the 2017 -- 18 regular season with a 58 -- 24 record , winning the Pacific Division and securing the 2nd seed in the Western Conference . In the playoffs , Golden State defeated the San Antonio Spurs in five games in the first round , eliminated the New Orleans Pelicans in five games in the Western Conference semifinals , and defeated the Houston Rockets in seven games in the Western Conference Finals . The Warriors entered the series as heavy favorites . Road to the Finals ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NBA Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers ( Eastern Conference champion ) Golden State Warriors ( Western Conference champion ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP c -- Toronto Raptors * 59 23 . 720 -- 82 x -- Boston Celtics 55 27 . 671 4.0 82 x -- Philadelphia 76ers 52 30 . 634 7.0 82 y -- Cleveland Cavaliers * 50 32 . 610 9.0 82 5 x -- Indiana Pacers 48 34 . 585 11.0 82 6 y -- Miami Heat * 44 38 . 537 15.0 82 7 x -- Milwaukee Bucks 44 38 . 537 15.0 82 8 x -- Washington Wizards 43 39 . 524 16.0 82 9 Detroit Pistons 39 43 . 476 20.0 82 10 Charlotte Hornets 36 46 . 439 23.0 82 11 New York Knicks 29 53 . 354 30.0 82 12 Brooklyn Nets 28 54 . 341 31.0 82 13 Chicago Bulls 27 55 . 329 32.0 82 14 Orlando Magic 25 57 . 305 34.0 82 15 Atlanta Hawks 24 58 . 293 35.0 82 4th seed in the East , 6th best league record Regular season Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP z -- Houston Rockets * 65 17 . 793 -- 82 y -- Golden State Warriors * 58 24 . 707 7.0 82 y -- Portland Trail Blazers * 49 33 . 598 16.0 82 x -- Oklahoma City Thunder 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 5 x -- Utah Jazz 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 6 x -- New Orleans Pelicans 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 7 x -- San Antonio Spurs 47 35 . 573 18.0 82 8 x -- Minnesota Timberwolves 47 35 . 573 18.0 82 9 Denver Nuggets 46 36 . 561 19.0 82 10 Los Angeles Clippers 42 40 . 512 23.0 82 11 Los Angeles Lakers 35 47 . 427 30.0 82 12 Sacramento Kings 27 55 . 329 38.0 82 13 Dallas Mavericks 24 58 . 293 41.0 82 14 Memphis Grizzlies 22 60 . 268 43.0 82 15 Phoenix Suns 21 61 . 256 44.0 82 2nd seed in the West , 3rd best league record Defeated the 5th seeded Indiana Pacers , 4 -- 3 First round Defeated the 7th seeded San Antonio Spurs , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 1st seeded Toronto Raptors , 4 -- 0 Conference Semifinals Defeated the 6th seeded New Orleans Pelicans , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 2nd seeded Boston Celtics , 4 -- 3 Conference Finals Defeated the 1st seeded Houston Rockets , 4 -- 3 Regular season series ( edit ) The Warriors won the regular season series 2 -- 0 . December 25 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 92 , Golden State Warriors 99 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 15 , 2018 Recap Golden State Warriors 118 , Cleveland Cavaliers 108 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Series summary ( edit ) Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Thursday , May 31 Golden State Warriors 124 -- 114 ( OT ) ( 1 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 2 Sunday , June 3 Golden State Warriors 122 -- 103 ( 2 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 3 Wednesday , June 6 Cleveland Cavaliers 102 -- 110 ( 0 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Game 4 Friday , June 8 Cleveland Cavaliers 85 -- 108 ( 0 -- 4 ) Golden State Warriors NBA Finals series ( edit ) All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) Game 1 ( edit ) Klay Thompson of the Warriors suffered a leg injury in the first quarter , but returned to the game in the second quarter . With the score tied at 107 in the last five seconds of regulation , J.R. Smith of the Cavaliers dribbled the ball towards half court rather than taking a final shot . Tyronn Lue , Cleveland 's coach , later said that Smith thought the Cavaliers were ahead , though Smith denied not knowing the correct score , and claimed he assumed his team would take a time - out . Cleveland was not able to score in the final seconds and the game went to overtime . In overtime , the Warriors outscored the Cavaliers 17 -- 7 to win the game . Tristan Thompson was ejected following a flagrant foul with 2.6 seconds remaining in overtime . Cleveland 's LeBron James scored 51 points in Game 1 , the sixth - highest point total for an NBA Finals game and the most in a loss . After Game 1 , James punched a whiteboard in the Cavaliers lockerroom due to frustration , suffering a bone contusion in his hand that he kept private for the remainder of the series . ( ( ( teamA ) ) ) v ( ( ( teamB ) ) ) May 31 Cleveland Cavaliers 114 -- 124 0 ( OT ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 9 : 00 pm Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 29 , 26 -- 27 , 22 -- 28 , 29 -- 23 , Overtime : 7 -- 17 ABC Pts : LeBron James 51 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 8 Boxscore Pts : Stephen Curry 29 Rebs : Draymond Green 11 Asts : Green , Curry 9 each Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Tony Brothers , Ed Malloy Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG George Hill 7 SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 6 SF 23 LeBron James 51 8 8 PF 0 Kevin Love 21 13 13 Tristan Thompson 5 0 Reserves : G 8 Jordan Clarkson 0 32 Jeff Green 7 5 22 Larry Nance Jr . 9 11 0 26 Kyle Korver Rodney Hood DNP F / C 41 Ante Žižić DNP 16 Cedi Osman DNP 81 José Calderón DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors 0 Cavaliers Statistics Warriors 44 / 99 ( 44.4 % ) Field goals 46 / 90 ( 51.1 % ) 10 / 37 ( 27 % ) 3 - pt field goals 13 / 36 ( 36.1 % ) 16 / 22 ( 72 / 7 % ) Free throws 19 / 20 ( 95 % ) 19 Offensive rebounds 34 Defensive rebounds 34 53 Total rebounds 38 18 Assists 31 11 Turnovers 7 5 Steals 10 Blocks 6 18 Fouls 18 Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG 30 Stephen Curry 29 6 9 SG 11 Klay Thompson 24 SF 35 Kevin Durant 26 9 6 PF 23 Draymond Green 13 11 9 5 Kevon Looney 8 0 Reserves : C Jordan Bell 6 Nick Young 0 G / F 34 Shaun Livingston 10 0 Patrick McCaw 0 0 David West 0 JaVale McGee 0 Quinn Cook 0 0 0 27 Zaza Pachulia DNP 15 Damian Jones DNP G / F 9 Andre Iguodala DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 2 ( edit ) The Warriors employed more double teams against James in Game 2 , limiting him to 29 points . Cleveland had a 41 % field goal percentage , including 9 - for - 27 ( 33.3 % ) on three - point field goals . Meanwhile , Golden State 's Stephen Curry set an NBA Finals record in Game 2 with nine three - point field goals . He scored 33 points , while the Warriors got 26 points , nine rebounds , and seven assists from Kevin Durant , and 20 points from Klay Thompson . Smith struggled for Cleveland , shooting 2 - for - 9 ( 22.2 % ) with both baskets coming in the first quarter . The Warriors won 122 -- 103 over the Cavaliers . ( ( ( teamA ) ) ) v ( ( ( teamB ) ) ) June 3 Cleveland Cavaliers 103 -- 122 Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 8 : 00 pm Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 32 , 18 -- 27 , 34 -- 31 , 23 -- 32 ABC Pts : LeBron James 29 Rebs : Kevin Love 10 Asts : LeBron James 13 Boxscore Pts : Stephen Curry 33 Rebs : Kevin Durant 9 Asts : Stephen Curry 8 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Mike Callahan , David Guthrie , Derrick Stafford Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG George Hill 15 SG 5 J.R. Smith 5 SF 23 LeBron James 29 9 13 PF 0 Kevin Love 22 10 13 Tristan Thompson 11 5 0 Reserves : G 8 Jordan Clarkson 32 Jeff Green 6 22 Larry Nance Jr . 9 11 0 26 Kyle Korver Rodney Hood F / C 41 Ante Žižić 0 0 16 Cedi Osman 0 81 José Calderón Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors 0 Cavaliers Statistics Warriors 37 / 90 ( 41.1 % ) Field goals 47 / 82 ( 57.3 % ) 9 / 27 ( 33.3 % ) 3 - pt field goals 15 / 36 ( 41.7 % ) 20 / 26 ( 76.9 % ) Free throws 13 / 21 ( 61 / 9 % ) 16 Offensive rebounds 7 26 Defensive rebounds 34 42 Total rebounds 41 25 Assists 28 10 Turnovers 12 9 Steals Blocks 8 15 Fouls 25 Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG 30 Stephen Curry 33 7 8 SG 11 Klay Thompson 20 SF 35 Kevin Durant 26 9 7 PF 23 Draymond Green 5 8 7 JaVale McGee 12 0 Reserves : C 5 Kevon Looney 0 Jordan Bell 5 6 Nick Young 0 0 G / F 34 Shaun Livingston 10 5 0 Patrick McCaw 0 0 0 David West Quinn Cook 0 0 27 Zaza Pachulia 6 0 15 Damian Jones DNP G / F 9 Andre Iguodala DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 3 ( edit ) Andre Iguodala of the Warriors , who missed the previous six games , including the first two games of the NBA Finals , due to a left leg injury , returned in Game 3 . He injured his right leg early in the game , not returning until after halftime . The Cavaliers started the game with a 14 -- 4 advantage and led for the entire first half , at one point leading by 13 . The Warriors trimmed Cleveland 's lead to six by halftime . The Cavaliers enjoyed strong contributions from Rodney Hood , who scored 15 points , Smith , who scored 13 points , and Kevin Love , who had 20 points and 13 rebounds . Durant scored a playoff career - high 43 points , while also contributing 13 rebounds and seven assists , in a 110 -- 102 win over the Cavaliers , helping the Warriors take a 3 -- 0 lead . Golden State withstood poor offensive performances from Curry and Klay Thompson , the Splash Brothers . Curry missed 13 out of his first 14 shot attempts in the game . The Cavaliers were 3 - for - 17 ( 17.6 % ) on three point shots in the second half , and Durant scored a three - pointer late in the game that ended Cleveland 's chances of a comeback . With the 110 -- 102 victory , the Warriors took a 3 -- 0 series lead . ( ( ( teamA ) ) ) v ( ( ( teamB ) ) ) June 6 Golden State Warriors 110 -- 102 Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 pm Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 29 , 24 -- 29 , 31 -- 23 , 27 -- 21 ABC Pts : Kevin Durant 43 Rebs : Kevin Durant 13 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 33 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 11 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Marc Davis , John Goble , Zach Zarba Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG 30 Stephen Curry 11 5 6 SG 11 Klay Thompson 10 SF 35 Kevin Durant 43 13 7 PF 23 Draymond Green 10 9 JaVale McGee 10 0 Reserves : G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 8 5 Kevon Looney 0 0 0 Jordan Bell 10 6 0 6 Nick Young 0 0 0 G / F 34 Shaun Livingston 8 0 0 Patrick McCaw 0 0 0 David West 0 0 Quinn Cook DNP 27 Zaza Pachulia DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers 0 Warriors Statistics Cavaliers 42 / 81 ( 51.9 % ) Field goals 37 / 90 ( 41.1 % ) 9 / 26 ( 34.6 % ) 3 - pt field goals 9 / 27 ( 33.3 % ) 17 / 19 ( 89.5 % ) Free throws 20 / 26 ( 76.9 % ) 6 Offensive rebounds 16 31 Defensive rebounds 26 37 Total rebounds 42 27 Assists 25 10 Turnovers 10 6 Steals 9 5 Blocks 20 Fouls 15 Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG George Hill 5 SG 5 J.R. Smith 13 0 SF 23 LeBron James 33 10 11 PF 0 Kevin Love 20 13 13 Tristan Thompson 8 7 0 Reserves : G 8 Jordan Clarkson DNP 32 Jeff Green 0 22 Larry Nance Jr . 5 26 Kyle Korver 0 0 Rodney Hood 15 6 0 F / C 41 Ante Žižić DNP 16 Cedi Osman DNP 81 José Calderón DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 4 ( edit ) The Warriors led the game nearly from start to finish . Golden State led 13 -- 3 at the start of the game . Though the Cavaliers took the lead , 39 -- 38 , in the second quarter , the Warriors led 61 -- 52 at halftime . The Warriors expanded their lead in the third quarter and entered the last period of play with a 86 -- 65 advantage . With Golden State leading 102 -- 77 with 4 : 03 remaining , James came out of the game . Curry scored 37 points and made seven three - pointers , while Durant recorded a triple - double with 20 points , 12 rebounds and 10 assists . The Warriors won 108 -- 85 to sweep the series . Durant was named Finals MVP for the second straight year . The Warriors ' victory parade took place on June 12 in Downtown Oakland . ( ( ( teamA ) ) ) v ( ( ( teamB ) ) ) June 8 Golden State Warriors 108 -- 85 ( Series : Golden State wins series , 4 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 pm Scoring by quarter : 34 -- 25 , 27 -- 27 , 25 -- 13 , 22 -- 20 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 37 Rebs : Kevin Durant 12 Asts : Kevin Durant 10 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 23 Rebs : Kevin Love 9 Asts : LeBron James 8 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Scott Foster , James Capers , Jason Phillips Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG 30 Stephen Curry 37 6 SG 11 Klay Thompson 10 6 0 SF 35 Kevin Durant 20 12 10 PF 23 Draymond Green 9 9 JaVale McGee 6 0 Reserves : C 5 Kevon Looney 0 Jordan Bell 6 Nick Young 0 G / F 34 Shaun Livingston 0 0 Patrick McCaw 0 0 David West 0 Quinn Cook DNP 27 Zaza Pachulia 0 15 Damian Jones DNP G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 11 0 Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers 0 Warriors Statistics Cavaliers 47 / 82 ( 57.3 % ) Field goals 37 / 90 ( 41.1 % ) 15 / 36 ( 41.7 % ) 3 - pt field goals 9 / 27 ( 33.3 % ) 13 / 21 ( 61.9 % ) Free throws 20 / 26 ( 76.9 % ) 7 Offensive rebounds 16 34 Defensive rebounds 26 41 Total rebounds 42 28 Assists 25 12 Turnovers 10 Steals 9 8 Blocks 25 Fouls 15 Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG George Hill SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 SF 23 LeBron James 23 7 8 PF 0 Kevin Love 13 9 13 Tristan Thompson 6 0 Reserves : G 8 Jordan Clarkson DNP 32 Jeff Green 5 0 22 Larry Nance Jr . 7 8 26 Kyle Korver Rodney Hood 10 8 F / C 41 Ante Žižić 0 16 Cedi Osman 0 0 81 José Calderón 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Rosters ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) 2017 -- 18 Cleveland Cavaliers roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 Calderón , José 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1981 -- 09 -- 28 Spain 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Clarkson , Jordan 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 194 lb ( 88 kg ) 1992 -- 06 -- 07 Missouri 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Green , Jeff 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1986 -- 08 -- 28 Georgetown 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Hill , George 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 188 lb ( 85 kg ) 1986 -- 05 -- 04 IUPUI G / F 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Holland , John ( TW ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1988 -- 11 -- 06 Boston University G / F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Hood , Rodney 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 206 lb ( 93 kg ) 1992 -- 10 -- 20 Duke G / F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 James , LeBron ( C ) 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1984 -- 12 -- 30 St. Vincent -- St. Mary HS ( OH ) G / F 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Korver , Kyle 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 212 lb ( 96 kg ) 1981 -- 03 -- 17 Creighton F / C 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Love , Kevin ( C ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 251 lb ( 114 kg ) 1988 -- 09 -- 07 UCLA 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Nance Jr. , Larry 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 01 Wyoming G / F 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Osman , Cedi 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1995 -- 04 -- 08 Turkey 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Perkins , Kendrick 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1984 -- 11 -- 10 Clifton J. Ozen HS ( TX ) 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Perrantes , London ( TW ) 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1994 -- 10 -- 03 Virginia G / F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Smith , J.R. 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 09 Saint Benedict 's Prep ( NJ ) F / C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Thompson , Tristan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 238 lb ( 108 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 13 Texas 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 White , Okaro 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1992 -- 08 -- 13 Florida State F / C 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Žižić , Ante 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1997 -- 01 -- 04 Croatia Head coach Tyronn Lue Assistant coach ( es ) Larry Drew ( Assoc . HC ) Jim Boylan Phil Handy Damon Jones Mike Longabardi James Posey Vitaly Potapenko Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : April 11 , 2018 Golden State Warriors ( edit ) 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From F / C 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Bell , Jordan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 224 lb ( 102 kg ) 1995 -- 01 -- 07 Oregon 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Boucher , Chris ( TW ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 11 Oregon 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Cook , Quinn 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 179 lb ( 81 kg ) 1993 -- 03 -- 23 Duke 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Curry , Stephen ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 -- 03 -- 14 Davidson 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Durant , Kevin 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1988 -- 09 -- 29 Texas 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Green , Draymond 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 04 Michigan State G / F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Iguodala , Andre 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1984 -- 01 -- 28 Arizona 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jones , Damian 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1995 -- 06 -- 30 Vanderbilt 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Livingston , Shaun 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 11 Peoria Central HS ( IL ) F / C 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Looney , Kevon 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 -- 02 -- 06 UCLA 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 McCaw , Patrick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1995 -- 10 -- 25 UNLV 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 McGee , JaVale 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1988 -- 01 -- 19 Nevada 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Pachulia , Zaza 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1984 -- 02 -- 10 Georgia 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Thompson , Klay 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1990 -- 02 -- 08 Washington State 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 West , David 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1980 -- 08 -- 29 Xavier G / F 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Young , Nick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1985 -- 06 -- 01 Southern California Head coach Steve Kerr Assistant coach ( es ) Mike Brown ( associate HC ) Ron Adams Jarron Collins Chris DeMarco ( player development ) Bruce Fraser ( player development ) Willie Green ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : April 10 , 2018 Player statistics ( edit ) Kevin Durant won his second consecutive NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award . Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Golden State Warriors Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Kevin Durant 41.3 . 526 . 409 . 963 10.8 7.5 0.8 2.3 28.8 Stephen Curry 40.6 . 402 . 415 1.000 6.0 6.8 1.5 0.8 27.5 Klay Thompson 37.0 . 480 . 429 . 800 3.8 1.0 0.5 0.3 16.0 Draymond Green 41.4 . 517 . 214 . 800 6.0 8.5 2.0 1.5 9.3 JaVale McGee 13.8 . 800 . 000 . 000 2.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 8.0 Shaun Livingston 0 16.2 . 867 . 000 1.000 2.8 1.5 0.3 0.0 7.5 Jordan Bell 0 13.5 . 714 . 000 . 500 3.3 1.0 0.3 0.5 5.8 Andre Iguodala 0 22.3 . 583 . 500 1.000 2.0 0.5 1.5 1.0 9.5 Kevon Looney 9.7 . 714 . 000 . 000 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.0 2.5 Zaza Pachulia 0 3.1 . 333 . 000 1.000 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 4.0 David West 0 7.0 . 600 1.000 . 000 1.3 1.0 0.0 0.8 1.8 Quinn Cook 0 1.8 . 333 . 000 . 000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Nick Young 0 9.5 . 154 . 100 . 000 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 Patrick McCaw 0 2.7 . 000 . 000 1.000 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 Cleveland Cavaliers Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG LeBron James 44.7 . 527 . 333 . 842 8.5 10.0 1.3 1.0 34.0 Kevin Love 33.2 . 406 . 321 . 938 11.3 1.8 1.0 0.3 19.0 J.R. Smith 32.5 . 317 . 360 . 600 3.3 1.3 1.3 0.0 9.5 George Hill 29.2 . 323 . 438 . 500 2.3 2.3 0.8 0.3 7.5 Tristan Thompson 23.4 . 520 . 000 . 333 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.8 6.8 Rodney Hood 0 14.1 . 444 . 200 . 667 3.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 6.8 Larry Nance Jr . 0 17.1 . 500 . 000 . 417 7.0 1.5 0.5 0.5 5.8 Jeff Green 0 24.4 . 286 . 214 1.000 1.3 2.0 0.3 0.3 5.3 Jordan Clarkson 0 12.6 . 231 . 000 . 000 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 3.0 Kyle Korver 0 16.2 . 063 . 091 . 600 1.8 0.8 0.0 0.3 1.5 Ante Žižić 0 1.7 1.000 . 000 . 000 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 José Calderón 0 2.5 . 500 . 000 . 000 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 1.3 Cedi Osman 0 2.8 . 400 . 000 . 000 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time , the NBA sold a presenting sponsorship to the Finals ; the internet television service YouTube TV became the first - ever presenting sponsor of the Finals . YouTube TV had previously been the presenting sponsor for the 2017 World Series , the first time that Major League Baseball 's championship series had a title sponsor as well . As part of a multi-year partnership deal , YouTube TV also broadcast the NBA Finals . Broadcast ( edit ) In the United States , the NBA Finals aired on ABC with Mike Breen as play - by - play commentator , and Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy serving as color commentators . ESPN Radio aired it as well and had Marc Kestecher and Hubie Brown as commentators . ESPN Deportes provided exclusive Spanish - language coverage of The Finals , with a commentary team of Álvaro Martín and Carlos Morales . Television ratings ( edit ) Game Ratings ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) Ref 10.0 17.4 10.3 18.5 10.4 17.9 11.2 16.5 Avg 12.2 17.6 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Death lineup Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors Dispatch Rockets , Setting Up Fourth Finals Against Cavs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder '' . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Finals Odds : Warriors - Cavs IV '' . Sports Illustrated . May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Purdum , David ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors open over Cavs in Vegas as largest Finals favorites in 16 seasons '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Andrea , Christian ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` The Cleveland Cavaliers are historic NBA Finals betting underdogs '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA , YouTube TV announce first - ever partnership for 2018 Finals '' . USA Today . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff . `` ' He gives you a chance ' : Do n't take LeBron James ' incredible NBA Finals streak for granted '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Ellentuck , Matt ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Kyrie Irving trade finalized with Celtics adding 2020 2nd - round pick '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Sign Dwyane Wade '' . NBA.com/cavaliers . September 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Chris ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Derrick Rose signs 1 - year , $2.1 million contract with Cavaliers '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ellentuck , Matt ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Cavaliers traded nearly half their team just before the trade deadline '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Matt ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers undergo series of reported trade makeovers '' . National Basketball Association . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bontemps , Tim ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Cavaliers won the trade deadline , and have emerged as a legit NBA finals contender again '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Win now and keep LeBron James ? NBA source says Cavaliers ' trades a ' win - win ' '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schuhmann , John ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Numbers notebook : Cleveland Cavaliers upgrade at the trade deadline '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 -- 18 Cleveland Cavaliers Schedule and Results '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals : Get set for Warriors - Cavaliers , Version 4.0 '' . The Mercury News . May 31 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Marissa . `` Warriors keep stars , lose role players '' . The Pioneer . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors sign free agent guard Nick Young '' . NBA.com/warriors . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors Schedule and Results '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James , underdog : NBA 's top star once again faces long odds in NBA Finals '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors withstand James ' 51 points to win NBA Finals Game 1 '' . CBS News . Associated Press . June 3 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Anatomy of a Blunder : Inside J.R. Smith 's Devastating Game 1 Mistake '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walker , Mollie ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` New footage shows LeBron James ' bench reaction to J.R. Smith 's blunder '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If LeBron James scored 51 points with one eye in Game 1 , what 's he need for Game 2 against the Warriors ? '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James injured hand punching whiteboard following Game 1 loss '' . USA Today . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , Colin ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals 2018 : LeBron James shows he 's human in Game 2 , and that 's just not good enough for these Cavs '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam . `` Steph Curry 's historic NBA Finals Game 2 a window to Warriors before Kevin Durant '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Curry dazzles from deep , Warriors take 2 -- 0 NBA Finals lead '' . ESPN . June 3 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavs ' J.R. Smith struggles in Game 2 after Game 1 blunder '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors clear Andre Iguodala to play in Game 3 of finals '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Finals injury updates : Warriors ' Andre Iguodala will play in Game 4 vs. Cavs '' . CBSSports.com. April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Kevin Durant Pulls Warriors Closer to Another N.B.A. Title '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cavaliers let chances slip away _ again _ in NBA Finals '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant 's Playoff Career - High 43 Points Leads Warriors to Game 3 Win , 3 -- 0 Series Lead ( Video ) '' . Yahoo !. April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Durant has 43 , Warriors take 3 -- 0 NBA Finals lead over Cavs '' . ESPN . June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant 's Game 3 masterpiece leaves Warriors one win shy of NBA title NBA '' . Sporting News . May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Owens , Jason . `` Warriors beat Cavs into submission , secure 3rd NBA championship in 4 years '' . Yahoo . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ; Hoffman , Benjamin ; Stein , Marc ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors , in Full Dynasty Mode , Sweep Cavaliers in N.B.A. Finals '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bontemps , Tim ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors sweep LeBron James , Cavaliers to claim second straight NBA championship '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Letourneau , Connor ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` Sweep ! Warriors finish off Cavs for back - to - back championships '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Dowd , Katie ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors NBA title parade set for Tuesday in Oakland '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland again celebrates NBA champion Golden State Warriors '' . NBA.com. 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA , YouTube TV Announce Partnership To Air 2018 Finals '' . Sports Illustrated . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carafdo , Ben . `` 2018 NBA Finals Exclusively on ABC : Golden State Warriors vs. Cleveland Cavaliers in Historic Fourth - Consecutive Championship Series '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen . `` Four is Enough : Finals Game 1 Behind Previous Cavs - Warriors Openers '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen . `` Interest in Cavs - Warriors Strong , But Slipping '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals Strong , But Down Again , in Game 3 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals Ends With Lowest Overnight of Warriors - Cavs Era '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen . `` NBA Finals Ends With Lows , Particularly in Young Demos '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` TV Ratings : NBA Finals Take a Hit With Blowout Conclusion '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2018 NBA Finals at Basketball-Reference.com NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Golden State Warriors 2017 -- 18 NBA champions 0 McCaw 1 McGee 2 Bell 3 West 4 Cook 5 Looney 6 Young 9 Iguodala 11 Thompson 15 Jones 23 Green 25 Boucher 27 Pachulia 30 Curry 34 Livingston 35 Durant ( Finals MVP ) Head coach Kerr Assistant coaches Adams Brown Collins Fraser Green Regular season Playoffs Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 2018 Conference Championships ( 10 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 2018 Culture / lore 73 -- 9 Death Lineup Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC Splash Brothers The Block The Sleepy Floyd game Warrior Girls Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ - FM Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Cleveland Cavaliers Founded in 1970 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Franchise History 1970 Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Cleveland Arena Richfield Coliseum Quicken Loans Arena Key personnel Owner : Dan Gilbert General manager : Koby Altman Head coach : Tyronn Lue Culture and lore `` Cleveland Rocks '' Cleveland sports curse Joe Tait Ted Stepien rule The Block The Decision The Miracle of Richfield The Shot Rivalries Chicago Bulls Golden State Warriors Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1976 1977 1978 1985 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 2016 2017 2018 Central Division titles ( 7 ) 1976 2009 2015 2016 2017 2018 Eastern Conference titles ( 5 ) 2007 2015 2016 2017 2018 NBA Championships ( 1 ) 2016 Retired numbers 7 11 22 25 34 42 43 Hall of Fame inductees Wayne Embry Nate Thurmond Lenny Wilkens G League affiliate Canton Charge Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WTAM WMMS Spanish : WLFM - LP Television : Fox Sports Ohio 2017 -- 18 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions G League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. 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Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio NBA on ABC Related programs NBA Countdown NBA Access with Ahmad Rashad NBA Inside Stuff NBA Saturday Primetime NBA Sunday Showcase NBA on ESPN Radio NBA Wednesday NBA Friday WNBA on ESPN NBA Drafts 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Non-NBA programs ESPN College Basketball on ABC Olympics on ABC Related articles Ratings ( NBA Finals ) Game history Key figures All - Star Game ESPN NBA Finals WNBA Finals Play - by - play Mike Breen Jim Durham Bill Flemming Chet Forte Jim Gordon Curt Gowdy Chuck Howard Keith Jackson Mark Jones Jim McKay Al Michaels Brent Musburger Brad Nessler Dave Pasch John Saunders Chris Schenkel Color commentators Greg Anthony Hubie Brown Bob Cousy Sean Elliott Len Elmore Tim Legler Mark Jackson Steve Jones Johnny Kerr Dan Majerle Jack Ramsay Doc Rivers Bill Russell Tom Tolbert Jack Twyman Jeff Van Gundy Bill Walton Jerry West Sideline reporters David Aldridge Doris Burke Howard Cosell Heather Cox Dave Diles Israel Gutierrez Mark Jones Sal Masekela Tom Rinaldi Craig Sager Lisa Salters Michele Tafoya Bob Wolff Studio hosts Mike Greenberg Michelle Beadle Rachel Nichols Sage Steele Hannah Storm Studio analysts Jon Barry Chauncey Billups Chris Broussard Doug Collins Steve Javie Avery Johnson Magic Johnson George Karl Scottie Pippen Jalen Rose Byron Scott Bill Simmons ABC Radio announcers Marv Albert Dave Barnett Chick Hearn Rod Hundley Steve Jones Fred Manfra Earl Monroe Johnny Most Oscar Robertson Dick Vitale NBA Finals 1965 ( Games 1 , 5 ) 1966 ( Games 1 , 5 ) 1967 ( Games 2 , 5 ) 1968 ( Games 1 , 4 ) 1969 ( Games 3 , 5 - 7 ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 ABC Radio 's coverage 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 WNBA Finals 2003 ( Game 2 on ABC ) 2005 ( Game 3 on ABC ) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2011 2012 2013 2014 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2015 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2016 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2017 ( Game 1 on ABC ) All - Star Game 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 ABC Radio 's coverage 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 Lore Music `` I think we see Willis coming out ! '' `` The Block '' Christmas Day Rivalries Bryant -- O'Neal Lakers -- Pistons Celtics -- Lakers Cavaliers -- Warriors ESPN lore Pacers -- Pistons brawl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NBA_Finals&oldid=857079640 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NBA season National Basketball Association Finals May 2018 sports events in the United States June 2018 sports events in the United States Cleveland Cavaliers games Golden State Warriors games 2018 in sports in Ohio 2018 in sports in California 2010s in Cleveland 2010s in Oakland , California Sports competitions in Cleveland Sports competitions in Oakland , California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 12 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won game 1 of the 2018 nba finals | [
"Klay Thompson of the Warriors suffered a leg injury in the first quarter, but returned to the game in the second quarter.[22] With the score tied at 107 in the last five seconds of regulation, J. R. Smith of the Cavaliers dribbled the ball towards half court rather than taking a final shot. Tyronn Lue, Cleveland's coach, later said that Smith thought the Cavaliers were ahead, though Smith denied not knowing the correct score, and claimed he assumed his team would take a time-out. Cleveland was not able to score in the final seconds and the game went to overtime.[23] In overtime, the Warriors outscored the Cavaliers 17–7 to win the game.[24] Tristan Thompson was ejected following a flagrant foul with 2.6 seconds remaining in overtime.[22]\n"
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"Warriors"
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7873306404757855587 | Reagan coalition | Reagan coalition - wikipedia Reagan coalition See also : History of the United States Republican Party § Reagan to Bush : 1980 -- 2008 Reagan in Minneapolis , Minnesota , 1982 The Reagan coalition was the combination of voters that Republican Ronald Reagan assembled to produce a major political realignment with his landslide in the 1980 United States Presidential Election . In 1980 the Reagan coalition was possible because of Democrat Jimmy Carter 's losses in most social - economic groups . In 1984 Reagan confirmed his support by winning nearly 60 % of the popular vote and carried 49 of the 50 states . The Reagan Democrats were Democrats before the Reagan years , and afterwards , but who voted for Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 ( and for George H.W. Bush in 1988 ) , producing their landslide victories . They were mostly white , socially conservative blue - collar workers , who lived in the Northeast , and were attracted to Reagan 's social conservatism on issues such as abortion , and to his hawkish foreign policy . They did not continue to vote Republican in 1992 or 1996 , so the term fell into disuse except as a reference to the 1980s . The term is not generally used to describe the southern whites who permanently changed party affiliation from Democrat to Republican during the Reagan administration , and they have largely remained Republican to this day . Stan Greenberg , a Democratic pollster , analyzed white , largely unionized auto workers in suburban Macomb County , Michigan , just north of Detroit . The county voted 63 % for John F. Kennedy in 1960 and 66 % for Reagan in 1984 . He concluded that Reagan Democrats no longer saw Democrats as champions of their middle class aspirations , but instead saw it as being a party working primarily for the benefit of others , especially African Americans and the very poor . Democrat Bill Clinton targeted the Reagan Democrats with considerable success in 1992 and 1996 . Voter demographics ( edit ) VOTER GROUPS AND THE PRESIDENTIAL VOTE , 1980 AND 1976 Size ' 80 Carter ' 80 Reagan ' 80 Anderson ' 76 Carter ' 76 Ford Party Democratic 43 66 26 6 77 22 Independent 23 30 54 12 43 54 Republican 28 11 84 9 90 Ideology Liberal 18 57 27 11 70 26 Moderate 51 42 48 8 51 48 Conservative 31 23 71 29 70 Race Black 10 82 14 82 16 Hispanic 54 36 7 75 24 White 88 36 55 8 47 52 Sex Female 48 45 46 7 50 48 Male 52 37 54 7 50 48 Religion Protestant 46 37 56 6 44 55 White Protestant 41 31 62 6 43 57 Catholic 25 40 51 7 54 44 Jewish 5 45 39 14 64 34 Family Income Less than $10,000 13 50 41 6 58 40 $10,000 -- $14,999 15 47 42 8 55 43 $15,000 -- $24,999 29 38 53 7 48 50 $25,000 -- $50,000 24 32 58 8 36 62 Over $50,000 5 25 65 8 -- -- Occupation Professional or manager 39 33 56 9 41 57 Clerical , sales , white collar 11 42 48 8 46 53 Blue - collar 17 46 47 5 57 41 Agriculture 29 66 -- -- Unemployed 55 35 7 65 34 Education Less than high school 11 50 45 58 41 High school graduate 28 43 51 54 46 Some college 28 35 55 8 51 49 College graduate 27 35 51 11 45 55 Union Membership Labor union household 28 47 44 7 59 39 No member of household in union 62 35 55 8 43 55 Age 18 -- 21 years old 6 44 43 11 48 50 22 -- 29 years old 17 43 43 11 51 46 30 -- 44 years old 31 37 54 7 49 49 45 -- 59 years old 23 39 55 6 47 52 60 years or older 18 40 54 47 52 Region East 25 42 47 9 51 47 South 27 44 51 54 45 South ( whites ) 22 35 60 46 52 Midwest 27 40 51 7 48 50 Far West 19 35 53 9 46 51 Community Size City over 250,000 18 54 35 8 60 40 Suburb / small city 53 37 53 8 53 47 Rural / town 29 39 54 5 47 53 Source : CBS News / New York Times interviews with 12,782 voters as they left the polls , as reported in the New York Times , November 9 , 1980 , p. 28 ; 1976 data are from CBS News interviews . Further reading ( edit ) Ehrman , John . The Eighties : America in the Age of Reagan . ( 2005 ) Ferguson Thomas , and Joel Rogers , Right Turn : The Decline of the Democrats and the Future of American Politics 1986 . Germond , Jack W. and Jules Witcover . Blue Smoke & Mirrors : How Reagan Won & Why Carter Lost the Election of 1980 . 1981 . Detailed journalism . Greenberg , Stan . Middle Class Dreams : The Politics and Power of the New American Majority ( 1985 ) Jensen , Richard J. , Steven L. Piott , Christopher C. Gibbs ; Grass Roots Politics : Parties , Issues , and Voters , 1854 - 1983 Greenwood Press , 1983 Nelson Michael ed . The Elections of 1984 1985 . Patterson , James T. Restless Giant : The United States from Watergate to Bush vs. Gore. ( 2005 ) , standard scholarly synthesis . Pemberton , William E. Exit with Honor : The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan ( 1998 ) Troy , Gill . Morning in America : How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980s ( 2004 ) . Study of Reagan 's image . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reagan_coalition&oldid=653763686 '' Categories : Political history of the United States Presidency of Ronald Reagan Talk About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2015 , at 15 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | identify the demographic groups that made up the new reagan coalition | [] | [] |
8926481588930524589 | Masterminds (2016 film) | Masterminds ( 2016 film ) - wikipedia Masterminds ( 2016 film ) Masterminds Theatrical release poster Directed by Jared Hess Produced by John Goldwyn Lorne Michaels Written by Chris Bowman Hubbel Palmer Emily Spivey Starring Zach Galifianakis Owen Wilson Kristen Wiig Kate McKinnon Leslie Jones Jason Sudeikis Music by Geoff Zanelli Cinematography Erik Wilson Edited by Keith Brachmann David Rennie Production company Michaels - Goldwyn Relativity Media Distributed by Relativity Media Release date September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) ( United States ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $30.9 million Masterminds is a 2016 American comedy film based on the October 1997 Loomis Fargo Robbery in North Carolina . Directed by Jared Hess and written by Chris Bowman , Hubbel Palmer and Emily Spivey , the film stars Zach Galifianakis , Owen Wilson , Kristen Wiig , Kate McKinnon , Leslie Jones and Jason Sudeikis . It premiered in Los Angeles on September 26 , 2016 and was theatrically released in the United States on September 30 , 2016 , by Relativity Media . The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $30 million . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In March 1997 , Loomis Fargo & Company was robbed of $18.8 million in Jacksonville by company security guard Philip Noel Johnson . This gives Steve Eugene Chambers ( Owen Wilson ) and Kelly Campbell ( Kristen Wiig ) the idea to also rob Loomis . They involve Loomis armored car driver David Scott Ghantt ( Zach Galifianakis ) . After some awkward training in preparation for the robbery , the team has David go inside Loomis ' vault and load the entire money supply into the company 's van . Before he leaves , David takes out three CCTV tapes , but misses one . The next day , David flees to Mexico with $20,000 and takes the cover name `` Michael McKinney '' , which is the name of a friend of Steve 's . Meanwhile , Steve takes most of the heist , around $17 million . FBI Special Agent Scanlon ( Leslie Jones ) and her partner ( Jon Daly ) take the case , and immediately have David as the prime suspect , but have no idea of Steve 's involvement . Steve plans to cut David loose but Kelly thinks it would be wrong to abandon him . In Mexico , David narrowly escapes from the three Interpol agents looking for him , and then calls Kelly about what happened . Unfortunately , he inadvertently learns Steve 's name from the ID in a wallet that Kelly gave to him . With his cover blown , Steve hires the real Michael McKinney ( Jason Sudeikis ) to find and kill David . He travels to Mexico and attempts to shoot David , but the gun backfires and David escapes . David phones Kelly and learns that Steve is trying to kill him , and that Steve will not send the money for him as expected . David is then knocked unconscious by McKinney . When David regains consciousness , McKinney is about to kill him but reconsiders upon looking at `` McKinney '' 's birth certificate , thinking that David was born under the same circumstances ; they become friends . David calls Steve , threatening to surrender himself to Interpol if Steve does n't wire $6 million into his bank account in two days . Kelly is then confronted by Jandice , who , learning of her engagement to David , attacks her . When Steve refuses to wire the money , his two friends kidnap Kelly after her escape from Jandice , and he tells David to get a ticket to South America in exchange for releasing her . At the airport , he meets McKinney , who is returning to the States , but as he bids farewell he sees Kelly 's name written on his hand and he tells McKinney that he knows her . Realizing that he ca n't bring himself to kill her , they switch tickets just as the three Interpol agents show up but he manages to escape . While Steve is hosting a party , the FBI puts a wire on one of the party members in an attempt to record Steve 's confession . Unbeknownst to them , David sneaks in and rescues Kelly . They escape by stealing Steve 's BMW but unfortunately the car is destroyed when they try to smash it through the front gate . Steve catches and assaults him , until David realizes he is near the FBI van with the agents inside . David tricks Steve into admitting that he was the mastermind of the whole plan , giving the agents enough reason to arrest all of them , including Kelly . David is sentenced to seven years in prison , while Steve serves 11 years . About $2 million of the money is still unaccounted for . Upon David 's release , he is picked up by McKinney and they drive to visit Kelly . Cast ( edit ) Zach Galifianakis as David Scott Ghantt Kristen Wiig as Kelly Campbell Owen Wilson as Steven Eugene `` Steve '' Chambers Jason Sudeikis as Michael Aaron `` Mike '' McKinney Kate McKinnon as Jandice Leslie Jones as FBI Special Agent Scanlon Mary Elizabeth Ellis as Michelle Chambers Ken Marino as Doug Karsten Friske as Cort Chambers Dallas Edwards as Ken Chambers Devin Ratray as Runny Jon Daly as Detective Ross Kimball as Eric Jordan Israel as Valet Njema Williams as Ty Production ( edit ) On February 1 , 2013 , Jim Carrey joined the cast . On June 10 , 2013 , Owen Wilson joined the cast of the film . On December 3 , 2013 , Zach Galifianakis joined the cast to replace Carrey after he dropped out . On May 16 , 2014 , Kristen Wiig joined the cast , and on June 25 , 2014 , Jason Sudeikis was added as well . On June 30 , 2014 , Ken Marino , Kate McKinnon , Devin Ratray , Leslie Jones , Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Ross Kimball joined the cast . On July 10 , Jon Daly joined the cast of the film to play an FBI agent . The film was produced by Brent Almond . Filming ( edit ) The title used in media coverage was Untitled Armored Car . Principal photography began on July 7 , 2014 , in Hazelwood , North Carolina in the Asheville area . On July 29 , Galifianakis was spotted in a prisoner 's costume , during filming in the streets of downtown Asheville , which were made over . The BB&T Center building , also the location of the production office , was transformed into the `` Park Street Citizens Bank '' , with a Loomis Fargo burgundy truck parked outside of the entrance . The crew also shot the film on the steps of Buncombe County Courthouse , inside of the Buncombe County Jail , and in front of the Mediterranean Restaurant . Release ( edit ) The film was released in the United States on September 30 , 2016 . The film was previously scheduled to be released on August 19 , 2015 , a date which , in July 2015 , Relativity rescheduled to October 9 , 2015 . The company pushed back the date because it was facing a financial crisis . The film was pulled from the October 9 , 2015 release date before being released on September 30 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Masterminds has grossed $30.9 million worldwide against a $25 million budget . The film was released in North America on September 30 , 2016 . The film was projected to gross $10 million from 3,042 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $2,325,546 on its first day . It went on to gross $6,541,205 in its opening weekend , finishing 6th at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 34 % of 89 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating is 4.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Mastermind 's great cast and stranger - than - fiction true story are largely wasted on a scattershot comedy with a handful of funny moments and far too much wackiness . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 47 out of 100 based on 29 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine gave the film one - and - a-half out of four stars , mainly criticizing its lack of good jokes : `` The laughs evaporate almost as soon as they land , and some ( make that most ) of them do n't land at all ... Masterminds owes us our two hours back . '' On the other hand , Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars , stating that `` If smart dumb comedies hold a place in your heart , you 'll like ' Masterminds . ' '' Although he acknowledged the film 's weakness in its length , structure , and pacing , he emphasized that `` Most of the time in these kinds of films the notes of sweetness , naivete and regret feel forced ... Here , though , you believe the sweetness , because Hess and his cast sell it with poker faces . '' Richard Brody of The New Yorker also gave praise to the film , writing that `` Yes , the comedy is funny -- even when it 's not laugh - out - loud funny , it 's sparklingly inventive and charmingly loopy -- but , above all , it has the religious intensity and spiritual resonance that marks all of Hess 's other films , and it extends his world of ideas into wild new realms , extends his vision into darker corners of existence than he had formerly contemplated . '' He also observed the filmmaking of Hess as `` suggest ( ing ) a kinship with the transcendental cinema of Robert Bresson and Carl Theodor Dreyer ... his images belong to a similar realm of astonishment , even if his are frankly comedic where theirs are irreconcilably tragic . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MASTERMINDS ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah . `` Was ' Masterminds ' the Last Straw for Relativity ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Masterminds '' . Boxofficemojo . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Masterminds ( Foreign Gross ) '' . Boxofficemojo . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kristen Wiig Joins Zach Galifianakis , Owen Wilson in Relativity Comedy ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywoodreporter.com. 2014 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( 2014 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Jason Sudeikis To Play Hit Man In Jared Hess Heist Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Ken Marino , ' SNL 's Kate McKinnon , More Join Jared Hess Heist Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` Jon Daly Joins Zach Galifianakis , Kristen Wiig in Armored Car Heist Comedy '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Jim Carrey Joins ' Napoleon Dynamite ' Helmer For ' Loomis Fargo ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Owen Wilson Joins Jim Carrey in the Formerly - Titled Loomis Fargo '' . ComingSoon.net. 2013 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Zach Galifianakis in Final Negotiations to Join Owen Wilson in Relativity Heist Comedy ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap. 2013 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Motsinger , Carol ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Galifianakis movie will extend filming in Asheville '' . citizen-times.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Motsinger , Carol ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` First look at Asheville area Galifianakis movie set '' . citizen-times.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toppman , Lawrence ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Loomis Fargo ' shooting in North Carolina this summer '' . charlotteobserver.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Motsinger , Carol ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Comedy filming already transforming downtown Asheville '' . citizen-times.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Detroit Free Press , ' Masterminds ' turns real crime into goofy fun , by Katie Walsh , page 2C , 29 September 2016 Jump up ^ Rainey , James ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Masterminds ' Pushed to October by Struggling Relativity Studios '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Relativity Moving Release of ' Kidnap ' With Halle Berry ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thewrap.com/kristen-wiig-zach-galifianakis-comedy-masterminds-yanked-by-relativity/ Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Relativity Dates Five Films For 2016 Including ' Kidnap ' & ' Masterminds ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Miss Peregrine ' To Punish Competition At Weekend Box Office -- Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Enrolls Moviegoers On Thursday Night -- Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Masterminds ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Masterminds reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Travers , Peters ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` ' Masterminds ' Review : No Amount of ' SNL ' Alumnae Can Save This Mess '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` Masterminds Movie Review & Film Summary '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( 29 September 2016 ) . `` Jared Hess 's Spiritual Gross - Out Comedy , in `` Masterminds '' `` . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Masterminds on IMDb Masterminds at AllMovie Masterminds at Box Office Mojo Masterminds at Metacritic Masterminds at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Jared and Jerusha Hess Directed by Jared Peluca ( 2002 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2004 ) Nacho Libre ( 2006 ) Gentlemen Broncos ( 2009 ) Don Verdean ( 2015 ) Masterminds ( 2016 ) Directed by Jerusha Austenland ( 2013 ) Works by Lorne Michaels Film producer Gilda Live Nothing Lasts Forever Three Amigos Wayne 's World Coneheads Wayne 's World 2 Lassie Tommy Boy Stuart Saves His Family Black Sheep Kids in the Hall : Brain Candy A Night at the Roxbury Superstar The Ladies Man Enigma Mean Girls Hot Rod Baby Mama MacGruber The Guilt Trip Masterminds Film writer Gilda Live Three Amigos Television writer Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In Barris and Company The Hart and Lorne Terrific Hour Lily Saturday Night Live The New Show Late Night with Conan O'Brien The Colin Quinn Show Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday Television producer Lily The Hart and Lorne Terrific Hour The New Show Television creator Saturday Night Live Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masterminds_(2016_film)&oldid=857775736 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s criminal comedy films 2010s heist films American criminal comedy films American films American heist films Comedy films based on actual events Crime films based on actual events Films based on actual events Films directed by Jared Hess Films set in North Carolina Films set in 1997 Films set in the 1990s Films shot in North Carolina Relativity Media films Films produced by Lorne Michaels Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Русский Simple English 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2018 , at 23 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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7549334258525200278 | Bill of Rights 1689 | Bill of Rights 1689 - wikipedia Bill of Rights 1689 The Bill of Rights Parliament of England Long title An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown . Citation 1 William & Mary Sess 2 c 2 Dates Royal assent 16 December 1689 Commencement 1689 Status : Amended Revised text of statute as amended The Bill of Rights Created 1689 Location Parliamentary Archives Author ( s ) Parliament of England Purpose Assert the rights of Parliament and the individual , and ensure a Protestant political supremacy The Bill of Rights , also known as the English Bill of Rights , is an Act of the Parliament of England that sets out certain basic civil rights and clarifies who would be next to inherit the Crown . It received the Royal Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary II in February 1689 , inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England . The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament , including the requirement for regular parliaments , free elections , and freedom of speech in Parliament . It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished the right of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law . Furthermore , the Bill of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James II of England . These ideas reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England . It also sets out -- or , in the view of its drafters , restates -- certain constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people , as represented in Parliament . In the United Kingdom , the Bill of Rights is further accompanied by Magna Carta , the Petition of Right , the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 and the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 as some of the basic documents of the uncodified British constitution . A separate but similar document , the Claim of Right Act 1689 , applies in Scotland . The Bill of Rights 1689 was one of the inspirations for the United States Bill of Rights . Along with the Act of Settlement 1701 , the Bill of Rights is still in effect in all Commonwealth realms . Following the Perth Agreement in 2011 , legislation amending both of them came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Glorious Revolution 1.2 Declaration of Right 2 Provisions of the Act 3 Date and title 4 Augmentation and effect 5 Legal status 5.1 United Kingdom 5.2 Australia 5.3 Canada 5.4 New Zealand 5.5 Republic of Ireland 6 Modern recognition 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) During the 17th century , there was renewed interest in Magna Carta . The Parliament of England passed the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects . The English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament , during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647 . Subsequently , the Protectorate ( 1653 -- 1659 ) and the English Restoration ( 1660 ) restored more autocratic rule although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 , which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence . Glorious Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Glorious Revolution Objecting to the policies of King James II of England ( James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland ) , a group of English Parliamentarians invited the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange - Nassau ( William of Orange ) to overthrow the King . William 's successful invasion with a Dutch fleet and army led to James fleeing to France . In December 1688 , William took over the provisional government by appointment of the peers of the realm , as was the legal right of the latter in circumstances when the King was incapacitated , and summoned an assembly of certain members of parliament . This assembly called for an English Convention Parliament to be elected , which convened on 22 January 1689 . Declaration of Right ( edit ) Main article : Declaration of Right , 1689 An 18th century engraving , based on a drawing by Samuel Wale , of the Bill of Rights being presented to William III and Mary II The proposal to draw up a statement of rights and liberties and James 's violation of them was first made on 29 January 1689 in the House of Commons , with members arguing that the House `` can not answer it to the nation or Prince of Orange till we declare what are the rights invaded '' and that William `` can not take it ill if we make conditions to secure ourselves for the future '' in order to `` do justice to those who sent us hither '' . On 2 February a committee specially convened reported to the Commons 23 Heads of Grievances , which the Commons approved and added some of their own . However , on 4 February the Commons decided to instruct the committee to differentiate between `` such of the general heads , as are introductory of new laws , from those that are declaratory of ancient rights '' . On 7 February the Commons approved this revised Declaration of Right , and on 8 February instructed the committee to put into a single text the Declaration ( with the heads which were `` introductory of new laws '' removed ) , the resolution of 28 January and the Lords ' proposal for a revised oath of allegiance . It passed the Commons without division . On 13 February the clerk of the House of Lords read the Declaration of Right , and the Marquess of Halifax , in the name of all the estates of the realm , asked William and Mary to accept the throne . William replied for his wife and himself : `` We thankfully accept what you have offered us '' . They then went in procession to the great gate at Whitehall . The Garter King at Arms proclaimed them King and Queen of England , France , and Ireland , whereupon they adjourned to the Chapel Royal , with the Bishop of London preaching the sermon . They were crowned on 11 April , swearing an oath to uphold the laws made by Parliament . The Coronation Oath Act 1688 had provided a new coronation oath , whereby the monarchs were to `` solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England , and the dominions thereunto belonging , according to the statutes in parliament agreed on , and the laws and customs of the same '' . They were also to maintain the laws of God , the true profession of the Gospel , and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law . This replaced an oath which had deferred more to the monarch . The previous oath required the monarch to rule based on `` the laws and customs ... granted by the Kings of England '' . Provisions of the Act ( edit ) The Declaration of Right was enacted in an Act of Parliament , the Bill of Rights 1689 , which received the Royal Assent in December 1689 . The Act asserted `` certain ancient rights and liberties '' by declaring that : the pretended power of suspending the laws and dispensing with laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal ; the commission for ecclesiastical causes is illegal ; levying taxes without grant of Parliament is illegal ; it is the right of the subjects to petition the king , and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal ; keeping a standing army in time of peace , unless it be with consent of Parliament , is against law ; Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law ; election of members of Parliament ought to be free ; the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament ; excessive bail ought not to be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted ; jurors in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders ; promises of fines and forfeitures before conviction are illegal and void ; for redress of all grievances , and for the amending , strengthening and preserving of the laws , Parliaments ought to be held frequently . The Act declared James ' flight from England following the Glorious Revolution to be an abdication of the throne . It listed twelve of James 's policies by which James designed to `` endeavour to subvert and extirpate the protestant religion , and the laws and liberties of this kingdom '' . These were : by assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament ; by prosecuting the Seven Bishops ; by establishing of the court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes ; by levying taxes for the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative as if the same was granted by Parliament ; by raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament ; by causing Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law ; by violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament ; by prosecutions in the Court of King 's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament , and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses ; by employing unqualified persons on juries in trials , and jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders ; by imposing excessive bail on persons committed in criminal cases against the laws made for the liberty of the subjects ; by imposing excessive fines and illegal and cruel punishments ; by making several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied ; all which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm . In a prelude to the Act of Settlement to come twelve years later , the Bill of Rights barred Roman Catholics from the throne of England as `` it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince '' ; thus William III and Mary II were named as the successors of James II and that the throne would pass from them first to Mary 's heirs , then to her sister , Princess Anne of Denmark and her heirs ( and , thereafter , to any heirs of William by a later marriage ) . Date and title ( edit ) The Bill of Rights is commonly dated in legal contexts to 1688 . This convention arises from the legal fiction ( prior to the passage of the Acts of Parliament ( Commencement ) Act 1793 ) that an Act of Parliament came into force on the first day of the session in which it was passed . The Bill was therefore deemed to be effective from 13 February 1689 ( New Style ) , or , under the Old Style calendar in use at the time , 13 February 1688 . Under the Short Titles Act 1896 , the Bill was given the official short title of `` The Bill of Rights '' , without a calendar year suffix . Augmentation and effect ( edit ) See also : Glorious Revolution § Legacy The Bill of Rights was later supplemented by the Act of Settlement 1701 ( which was agreed to by the Parliament of Scotland as part of the Treaty of Union ) . The Act of Settlement altered the line of succession to the throne laid out in the Bill of Rights . However , both the Bill of Rights and the Claim of Right contributed a great deal to the establishment of the concept of parliamentary sovereignty and the curtailment of the powers of the monarch . Leading , ultimately , to the establishment of constitutional monarchy , while also ( along with the penal laws ) settling the political and religious turmoil that had convulsed Scotland , England and Ireland in the 17th century . The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) reinforced the Petition of Right ( 1628 ) and the Habeas Corpus Act ( 1679 ) by codifying certain rights and liberties . Described by William Blackstone as Fundamental Laws of England , the rights expressed in these Acts became associated with the idea of the rights of Englishmen . The Bill of Rights directly influenced the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights , which in turn influenced the Declaration of Independence . Although not a comprehensive statement of civil and political liberties , the Bill of Rights stands as one of the landmark documents in the development of civil liberties in the United Kingdom and a model for later , more general , statements of rights ; these include the United States Bill of Rights , the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights . For example , as with the Bill of Rights 1689 , the US Constitution prohibits excessive bail and `` cruel and unusual punishment '' . Similarly , `` cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment '' is banned under Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights . Legal status ( edit ) The Bill of Rights remains in statute and continues to be cited in legal proceedings in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms , particularly Article 9 on parliamentary freedom of speech . Following the Perth Agreement in 2011 , legislation amending the Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement 1701 came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 which changed the laws of succession to the British throne . Part of the Bill of Rights remains in statute in the Republic of Ireland . United Kingdom ( edit ) The Bill of Rights applies in England and Wales ; it was enacted in the Kingdom of England which at the time included Wales . Scotland has its own legislation , the Claim of Right Act 1689 , passed before the Act of Union between England and Scotland . There are doubts as to whether , or to what extent , the Bill of Rights applies in Northern Ireland . On 21 July 1995 a libel case brought by Neil Hamilton ( then a member of parliament ) against The Guardian was stopped after Justice May ruled that the Bill of Rights ' prohibition on the courts ' ability to question parliamentary proceedings would prevent The Guardian from obtaining a fair hearing . Section 13 of the Defamation Act 1996 , was subsequently enacted to permit MPs to waive their parliamentary privilege and thus cite their own speeches if relevant to litigation . Following the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum in 2016 , the Bill of Rights was quoted in a court ruling on a legal challenge seeking a judicial declaration that triggering EU exit must first be authorised by an act of Parliament . Australia ( edit ) The ninth article , regarding parliamentary freedom of speech , is actively used in Australia . Canada ( edit ) The article on parliamentary freedom of speech is in active use in Canada . New Zealand ( edit ) The Bill of Rights was invoked in New Zealand in the 1976 case of Fitzgerald v Muldoon and Others , which centred on the purporting of newly appointed Prime Minister Robert Muldoon that he would advise the Governor - General to abolish a superannuation scheme established by the New Zealand Superannuation Act , 1974 , without new legislation . Muldoon felt that the dissolution would be immediate and he would later introduce a bill in parliament to retroactively make the abolition legal . This claim was challenged in court and the Chief Justice declared that Muldoon 's actions were illegal as they had violated Article 1 of the Bill of Rights , which provides `` that the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority ... is illegal . '' Republic of Ireland ( edit ) The Act was retained in the Republic of Ireland although sections were repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 2007 section 2 ( 2 ) ( a ) , and Part 2 of Schedule 1 . Section 2 ( 3 ) of that Act repealed : all of the Preamble down to `` Upon which Letters Elections having been accordingly made '' the seventh paragraph `` Subjects ' Arms . That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . '' all words from `` And they doe Claime Demand and Insist '' down to , but not including , section 2 , bars Roman Catholics from Crown or Government , succession et cetera . Modern recognition ( edit ) Two special designs of commemorative two pound coins were issued in the United Kingdom in 1989 to celebrate the tercentenary of the Glorious Revolution . One referred to the Bill of Rights and the other to the Claim of Right . Both depict the Royal Cypher of William and Mary and the mace of the House of Commons , one also shows a representation of the St Edward 's Crown and the other the Crown of Scotland . In May 2011 , the Bill of Rights was inscribed in UNESCO 's UK Memory of the World Register recognizing that : All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today , and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries . It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties , starting with Magna Carta in 1215 . It also has international significance , as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789 , and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings , such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man , the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights . As part of the Parliament in the Making programme , the Bill of Rights was on display at the Houses of Parliament in February 2015 and at the British Library from March through September 2015 . See also ( edit ) Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689 English Civil War Financial Revolution History of liberalism Toleration Act 1689 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Act is cited as `` The Bill of Rights '' in the United Kingdom , as authorised by section 1 of , and the First Schedule to , the Short Titles Act 1896 . Owing to the repeal of those provisions , it is now authorised by section 19 ( 2 ) of the Interpretation Act 1978 . In the Republic of Ireland , it is cited as `` The Bill of Rights 1688 '' , as authorised by section 1 of , and the First Schedule to , the Short Titles Act 1896 ( as amended by section 5 ( a ) of the Statute Law Revision Act 2007 ) . The short title of this Act was previously `` The Bill of Rights '' . Jump up ^ i.e. ignoring Jump up ^ Arguably , this right is subject to continuing derogation in modern times ; see , for example , Armed Forces Act and discussion of the same in Military Covenant . Jump up ^ Section Seven of the Virginia Declaration of Rights reads , That all power of suspending laws , or the execution of laws , by any authority , without consent of the representatives of the people , is injurious to their rights and ought not to be exercised . which strongly echoes the first two `` ancient rights and liberties '' asserted in the Bill of Rights 1689 : That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal ; That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority , as it hath been assumed and exercised of late , is illegal ; And the Virginia Declaration 's Section Nine , That excessive bail ought not to be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . is borrowed word for word from the Bill of Rights 1689 . Jump up ^ In Quebec the validity of the Canadian parliament 's legislation is under judicial review . Blanchfield , Mike ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` Quebec government to mount legal challenge to new royal succession law '' . National Post . Jump up ^ The United Kingdom consists of four countries and three distinct legal systems : England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland . These jurisdictions have particular legal considerations of their own , arising from differences in English law , Scots law and Northern Ireland law . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The key landmark is the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown ... The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch 's prerogatives , providing for the regular meeting of Parliament , free elections to the Commons , free speech in parliamentary debates , and some basic human rights , most famously freedom from ' cruel or unusual punishment ' . `` Britain 's unwritten constitution '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwoerer 1990 , pp. 531 -- 548 . Jump up ^ Maurice Adams ; Anne Meuwese ; Ernst Hirsch Ballin ( 2017 ) . Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law : Bridging Idealism and Realism . Cambridge University Press . p. 97 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` From legal document to public myth : Magna Carta in the 17thth century '' . The British Library . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta : Magna Carta in the 17th century '' . The Society of Antiquaries of London . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Origins and growth of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Putney debates '' . The British Library . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Anon. 2010 , pp. 2 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights '' . British Library . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Horwitz 1977 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1956 , pp. 145 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , pp. 37 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Convention and Bill of Rights '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Thatcher 1907 , pp. 10 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights ( 1688 ) '' . legislation.gov.uk . note X1 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Act of Settlement '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ This vigorous assertion of the rights of the subject meant that the Bill of Rights is often seen as parallel in importance with Magna Carta itself . `` The Bill of Rights '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Although the Bill of Rights attacked the abuse of prerogative power rather than prerogative power itself , it had the virtue of enshrining in statute what many regarded as ancient rights and liberties . However , some historians maintain that a more profound change in the relationship between sovereign and Parliament emerged as a result of the financial settlement that Parliament negotiated with William and Mary . `` Rise of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ The earliest , and perhaps greatest , victory for liberalism was achieved in England . The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th , and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and , eventually , of the House of Commons . What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law ( although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism ) . This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages . What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced . Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects ... However , as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights , the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property ( in the narrow sense ) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth . The `` rights of man '' enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England , notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789 . `` Constitutionalism : America & Beyond '' . Bureau of International Information Programs . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker 2009 , p. 2 : `` thereby establishing a constitutional monarchy '' . Jump up ^ Billias 2011 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Maier 1997 , pp. 126 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today , and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries . It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties , starting with Magna Carta in 1215 . It also has international significance , as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789 , and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings , such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man , the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights . `` 2011 UK Memory of the World Register '' . United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO . 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About the Bill of Rights on Its 220th Anniversary '' . History.com. 15 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lock 1989 , pp. 540 -- 561 . Jump up ^ Toporoski , Richard ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Monarchy Canada : The Invisible Crown '' . Archived from the original on 17 June 1997 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to the UK Legal System '' . Hauser Global Law School Program . New York University School of Law . November 2005 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legal System of the United Kingdom '' . The Chartered Institute of Legal Executives . Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander Horne ; Oonagh Gay ( 21 May 2014 ) . `` Ending the Hamilton Affair ? '' . UK Constitutional Law Association Blog . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ This subordination of the Crown ( i.e. the executive government ) to law is the foundation of the rule of law in the United Kingdom . It has its roots well before the war between the Crown and Parliament in the seventeenth century but was decisively confirmed in the settlement arrived at with the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and has been recognised ever since , Sir Edward Coke reports the considered view of himself and the senior judges of the time in The Case of Proclamations ( 1610 ) 12 Co . Rep. 74 , that : the King by his proclamation or other ways can not change any part of the common law , or statute law , or the customs of the realm '' and that : the King hath no prerogative , but that which the law of the land allows him . '' The position was confirmed in the first two parts of Section 1 of the Bill of Rights 1688 : Suspending power -- That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regall authority without consent of Parlyament is illegall . Late dispensing power -- That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regall authoritie as it hath beene assumed and exercised of late is illegall . '' `` Miller & Anor , R ( On the Application Of ) v The Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ( 2016 ) EWHC 2768 ( Admin ) '' . England and Wales High Court ( Administrative Court ) Decisions. 3 November 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit court ruling : Your questions answered '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitutional Setting '' . States Services Commission , New Zealand . Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The legitimacy of judicial review of executive decision - making '' . New Zealand Law Society . Archived from the original on 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Statute Law Revision Act 2007 Section 2 '' . Irish Statute Book . Jump up ^ `` Statute Law Revision Act 2007 Schedule 1 '' . Irish Statute Book . Jump up ^ `` Two Pound Coin '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Life , death and everything in between '' . UK Parliament . 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta & Parliament Exhibition '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta : Law , Liberty , Legacy '' . The British Library . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Anon. ( 2010 ) . `` The Glorious Revolution '' . Factsheet General Series . G4 . House of Commons Information Office . Billias , George Athan ( 2011 ) . American constitutionalism heard round the world , 1776 - 1989 : A global perspective . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 9780814725177 -- via Google Books . Blick , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change '' . History and Policy . Carpenter , Edward ( 1956 ) . The Protestant Bishop . Being the Life of Henry Compton , 1632 -- 1713 . Bishop of London . London : Longmans , Green and Company . OCLC 1919768 . Horwitz , Henry ( 1977 ) . Parliament , Policy and Politics in the Reign of William III . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 0661 - 6 . Lock , Geoffrey ( 1989 ) . `` The 1689 Bill of Rights '' . Political Studies . 37 ( 4 ) : 540 -- 561 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9248.1989. tb00288. x . Maier , Pauline ( 1997 ) . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Schwoerer , Lois G. ( 1990 ) . `` Locke , Lockean Ideas , and the Glorious Revolution '' . Journal of the History of Ideas . University of Pennsylvania Press . 51 ( 4 ) . JSTOR 2709645 . Thatcher , Oliver Joseph , ed. ( 1907 ) . The library of original sources . University Research Extension . Walker , Aileen ; Gay , Oonagh ; Maer , Lucinda ( 2009 ) . `` Bill of Rights 1689 '' . House of Commons Library . Williams , E.N. ( 1960 ) . The Eighteenth - Century Constitution . 1688 -- 1815 . Cambridge University Press . OCLC 1146699 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Bill of Rights 1689 Wikimedia Commons has media related to English Bill of Rights of 1689 . Text of the Bill of Rights Yale Law School Law Library Text of the Bill of Rights 1689 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk `` The Parliamentary Archives '' . holds the original document Succession to the British throne Legislation Succession Act 1533 Succession Act 1536 Succession Act 1543 Coronation Oath Act 1688 Bill of Rights 1689 Act of Settlement 1701 Act of Union 1706 Accession Declaration Act 1910 Perth Agreement 2011 Succession to the Crown Act 2013 Regency Acts United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1707 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union ( formally European Communities ) 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council 1994 to date for Northern Ireland 1972 -- 2009 Secondary legislation United Kingdom statutory instruments Scottish statutory instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal Constitution of Canada List of constitutional documents Quasi-constitutional law Pre-Confederation constitutional documents Iroquois constitution Mi'kmaq constitution Constitution of New France Royal Proclamation of 1763 Quebec Act of 1774 Constitutional Act of 1791 Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada ( 1838 ) Report on the Affairs of British North America ( 1839 ) Act of Union 1840 Confederation Charlottetown Conference , 1864 Quebec Conference , 1864 Quebec Resolutions London Conference , 1866 Fathers of Confederation Constitution Act , 1867 Canadian federalism Preamble Section 121 Section 125 Powers under Section 91 Peace , order , and good government Trade and commerce Criminal law Matters excepted from s . 92 Powers under Section 92 Licensing Works and undertakings Property and civil rights Administration of justice Fines and penalties for provincial laws Matters of a local or private nature Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867 -- 1982 British North America Acts , 1867 -- 1982 Manitoba Act , 1870 Alberta Act , 1905 Saskatchewan Act , 1905 Statute of Westminster , 1931 Newfoundland Act , 1949 Patriation Fulton -- Favreau formula Victoria Charter Kitchen Accord / Night of the Long Knives Constitution Act , 1982 Part I -- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Preamble 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16.1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Part II -- Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada 35 Part III -- Equalization and regional disparities 36 Part VII -- General 52 59 Conventions At Her Majesty 's pleasure Cabinet collective responsibility Disallowance and reservation Responsible government Fusion of powers Queen - 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292061714867493385 | List of cities proper by population | List of cities proper by Population - wikipedia List of cities proper by Population Jump to : navigation , search Population tables of world cities World 's largest cities World 's largest cities proper World 's largest conurbations World 's largest urban areas World megacities World megalopolises This article lists the most populous cities in the world defined according to a concept of city proper . A city proper is a locality defined according to legal or political boundaries and an administratively recognised urban status that is usually characterised by some form of local government . Cities proper and their boundaries and population data may not include suburbs . World Urbanization Prospects , a UN publication , defines population of a city proper as `` the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city or controlled directly from the city by a single authority . '' The book continues to say that `` city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives . '' This definition does not give an accurate picture of the urban area or metropolitan area of cities . Using this strictly administrative definition , many cities will be included on this list that are smaller than their urban area . However , many Chinese cities included govern territories that extend well beyond the traditional `` city proper '' into suburban and rural areas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cities proper by population 2 Notes 3 References 4 See also 5 External links Cities proper by population ( edit ) Rank City Image Population Definition Total area ( km2 ) Population density ( / km2 ) Country Shanghai 7007241833000000000 ♠ 24,183,300 City 7003634050000000000 ♠ 6,340.5 3,814 China Beijing 7007207940000000000 ♠ 20,794,000 City 7004164110000000000 ♠ 16,411 1,267 China Karachi 7007149103520000000 ♠ 14,910,352 City 7003378000000000000 ♠ 3,780 3,944 Pakistan Shenzhen 7007137230000000000 ♠ 13,723,000 City 7003149332000000000 ♠ 1,493.32 9,190 China 5 Guangzhou 7007130810000000000 ♠ 13,081,000 City 7003134781000000000 ♠ 1,347.81 9,705 China 6 Mumbai 7007124423730000000 ♠ 12,442,373 City 7002465780000000000 ♠ 465.78 27,223 India 7 Istanbul 7007126610000000000 ♠ 12,661,000 City 7002620290000000000 ♠ 620.29 20,411 Turkey 8 Moscow 7007122290000000000 ♠ 12,229,000 City 7003102175000000000 ♠ 1,021.75 11,969 Russia 9 São Paulo 7007120380000000000 ♠ 12,038,000 City 7003108105000000000 ♠ 1,081.05 11,199 Brazil 10 Kinshasa 7007114620000000000 ♠ 11,462,000 City 7002473730000000000 ♠ 473.73 24,195 Democratic Republic of the Congo 11 Tianjin 7007112490000000000 ♠ 11,249,000 City 7003133183000000000 ♠ 1,331.83 8,446 China 12 Lahore 7007111260000000000 ♠ 11,126,000 City 7002502550000000000 ♠ 502.55 22,139 Pakistan 13 Delhi 7007110345550000000 ♠ 11,034,555 City 7002461830000000000 ♠ 461.83 2,457 India 14 Jakarta 7007106240000000000 ♠ 10,624,000 City 7002661500000000000 ♠ 661.50 16,060 Indonesia 15 Dongguan 7007106150000000000 ♠ 10,615,000 City 7003172134000000000 ♠ 1,721.34 6,167 China 16 Lagos 7007105520000000000 ♠ 10,552,000 City 7002433340000000000 ♠ 433.34 24,350 Nigeria 17 Seoul 7006980600000000000 ♠ 9,806,000 City 7002605250000000000 ♠ 605.25 16,202 South Korea 18 Foshan 7006927900000000000 ♠ 9,279,000 City 7003132588000000000 ♠ 1,325.88 6,998 China 19 Tokyo 7006927300000000000 ♠ 9,273,000 City 7002626990000000000 ♠ 626.99 14,790 Japan 20 Chengdu 7006901200000000000 ♠ 9,012,000 City 7002970840000000000 ♠ 970.84 9,283 China 21 Lima 7006889400000000000 ♠ 8,894,000 City 7002215740000000000 ♠ 215.74 41,226 Peru 22 Mexico City 7006887500000000000 ♠ 8,875,000 City 7002607220000000000 ♠ 607.22 14,616 Mexico 23 London 7006878789200000000 ♠ 8,787,892 City 7003157200000000000 ♠ 1,572 5,590 United Kingdom 24 Tehran 7006869400000000000 ♠ 8,694,000 City 7002574130000000000 ♠ 574.13 15,143 Iran 25 New York 7006862269800000000 ♠ 8,622,698 City 7002786300000000000 ♠ 786.30 10,966 United States 26 Bangalore 7006844367500000000 ♠ 8,443,675 City 7002709000000000000 ♠ 709 11,909 India 27 Dhaka 7006806300000000000 ♠ 8,063,000 City 7002337540000000000 ♠ 337.54 23,888 Bangladesh 28 Wuhan 7006803500000000000 ♠ 8,035,000 City 7002898860000000000 ♠ 898.86 8,939 China 29 Bogotá 7006796300000000000 ♠ 7,963,000 City 7002428260000000000 ♠ 428.26 18,594 Colombia 30 Cairo 7006774000000000000 ♠ 7,740,000 City 7002302560000000000 ♠ 302.56 25,582 Egypt 31 Hyderabad 7006749179000000000 ♠ 7,491,790 City 7002651750000000000 ♠ 651.75 11,494 India 32 Ho Chi Minh City 7006743100000000000 ♠ 7,431,000 City 7002453600000000000 ♠ 453.60 16,382 Vietnam 33 Nanjing 7006726000000000000 ♠ 7,260,000 City 7002886810000000000 ♠ 886.81 8,187 China 34 Chongqing 7006724700000000000 ♠ 7,247,000 City 7002831800000000000 ♠ 831.80 8,712 China 37 Hong Kong 7006729860000000000 ♠ 7,298,600 Special Administrative Region 7003110443000000000 ♠ 1,104.43 6,608 China 35 Hangzhou 7006703500000000000 ♠ 7,035,000 City 7002850830000000000 ♠ 850.83 8,268 China 36 Ahmedabad 7006702100000000000 ♠ 7,021,000 City 7002351210000000000 ♠ 351.21 19,991 India 37 Baghdad 7006679300000000000 ♠ 6,793,000 City 7002424539999900000 ♠ 424.53 16,001 Iraq 38 Riyadh 7006669400000000000 ♠ 6,694,000 City 7002410970000000000 ♠ 410.97 16,288 Saudi Arabia 39 Shenyang 7006651900000000000 ♠ 6,519,000 City 7002649220000000000 ♠ 649.22 10,041 China 40 Rio de Janeiro 7006652000000000000 ♠ 6,520,000 City 7002751440000000000 ♠ 751.44 8,677 Brazil 41 Xi'an 7006622000000000000 ♠ 6,220,000 City 7002765080000000000 ♠ 765.08 8,130 China 42 Suzhou 7006598300000000000 ♠ 5,983,000 City 7002995240000000000 ♠ 995.24 6,012 China 43 Surat 7006586800000000000 ♠ 5,868,000 City 7002210200000000000 ♠ 210.20 27,916 India 44 Bangkok 7006578200000000000 ♠ 5,782,000 City 7002764730000000000 ♠ 764.73 7,561 Thailand 45 Santiago 7006556100000000000 ♠ 5,561,000 City 7002595490000000000 ♠ 595.49 9,339 Chile 46 Singapore 7006560700000000000 ♠ 5,607,000 City 7002602750000000000 ♠ 602.75 9,302 Singapore 47 Harbin 7006529900000000000 ♠ 5,299,000 City 7002614309999900000 ♠ 614.31 8,626 China 48 Dar es Salaam 7006525700000000000 ♠ 5,257,000 City 7002330520000000000 ♠ 330.52 15,905 Tanzania 49 Saint Petersburg 7006513200000000000 ♠ 5,132,000 City 7002463110000000000 ♠ 463.11 11,082 Russia 50 Johannesburg 7006494900000000000 ♠ 4,949,000 City 7002432840000000000 ♠ 432.84 11,434 South Africa 51 Xiamen 7006353134700000000 ♠ 3,531,347 Sub-provincial City 7003169900000000000 ♠ 1,699 2,078 China 52 Chennai 7006672700000000000 ♠ 6,727,000 Municipal Corporation 7002426510000000000 ♠ 426.51 15,772 India 54 Yangon 7006521400000000000 ♠ 5,214,000 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7002598750000000000 ♠ 598.75 8,708 Myanmar 55 Hefei 7006335207600000000 ♠ 3,352,076 Prefecture - level City 7002838520000000000 ♠ 838.52 3,998 China 57 Abidjan 7006476500000000000 ♠ 4,765,000 Department / City District 7003211900000000000 ♠ 2,119 2,249 Ivory Coast 58 Zhengzhou 7006412208700000000 ♠ 4,122,087 Sub-provincial City 7003101566000000000 ♠ 1,015.66 4,059 China 59 Ankara 7006447080000000000 ♠ 4,470,800 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003191092000000000 ♠ 1,910.92 2,340 Turkey 60 Kolkata 7006449669400000000 ♠ 4,496,694 Municipal corporation 7002185000000000000 ♠ 185 24,306 India 63 Jeddah 7006345625900000000 ♠ 3,456,259 Municipality City 7003176500000000000 ♠ 1,765 1,958 Saudi Arabia 64 Casablanca 7006335981800000000 ♠ 3,359,818 Prefecture 7002230000000000000 ♠ 230 14,608 Morocco 65 Nairobi 7006313836900000000 ♠ 3,138,369 Capital District 7002694900000000000 ♠ 694.9 4,829 Kenya 67 Zhongshan 7006312127500000000 ♠ 3,121,275 Prefecture - level City 7003178367000000000 ♠ 1,783.67 1,750 China 68 Shantou 7006539102800000000 ♠ 5,391,028 Prefecture - level City 7003206442000000000 ♠ 2,064.42 2,611 China 69 Alexandria 7006461662500000000 ♠ 4,616,625 Governorate 7003230000000000000 ♠ 2,300 2,007 Egypt 70 Cape Town 7006374002600000000 ♠ 3,740,026 Municipality City 7003244497000099999 ♠ 2,444.97 1,530 South Africa 71 Los Angeles 7006397632200000000 ♠ 3,976,322 Municipality City 7003121385000099999 ♠ 1,213.85 3,276 United States 72 New Taipei City 7006395492900000000 ♠ 3,954,929 Special Municipality 7003205257000000000 ♠ 2,052.57 1,927 Taiwan 73 Changsha 7006704411800000000 ♠ 7,044,118 Prefecture - level City 7004118190000000000 ♠ 11,819 596 China 75 Kabul 7006341410000000000 ♠ 3,414,100 Municipality City 7002275000000000000 ♠ 275 12,415 Afghanistan 77 Yokohama 7006372616700000000 ♠ 3,726,167 Designated City 7002437490000000000 ♠ 437.49 8,517 Japan 79 Wenzhou 7006303943900000000 ♠ 3,039,439 Prefecture - level City 7003118788000000000 ♠ 1,187.88 2,559 China 80 Durban 7006344236100000000 ♠ 3,442,361 Municipality City 7003229131000000000 ♠ 2,291.31 1,502 South Africa 82 Busan 7006359000000000000 ♠ 3,590,000 Metropolitan City 7002347490000000000 ♠ 347.49 10,331 South Korea 84 Berlin 7006367100000000000 ♠ 3,671,000 City State 7002891750000000000 ♠ 891.75 4,117 Germany 85 Jaipur 7006307335000000000 ♠ 3,073,350 Municipal corporation 7002485000000000000 ♠ 485 6,337 India 87 Pune 7006311543100000000 ♠ 3,115,431 Municipal corporation 7002450690000000000 ♠ 450.69 6,913 India 90 Ekurhuleni 7006317847000000000 ♠ 3,178,470 Municipality City 7003197531000000000 ♠ 1,975.31 1,609 South Africa 91 Addis Ababa 7006310367300000000 ♠ 3,103,673 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7002526990000000000 ♠ 526.99 5,889 Ethiopia 93 Ningbo 7006760568900000000 ♠ 7,605,689 Sub-provincial city 7003981623000000000 ♠ 9,816.23 775 China 95 Pyongyang 7006325538800000000 ♠ 3,255,388 Direct - controlled Municipality 7003211300000000000 ♠ 2,113 1,541 North Korea 96 Madrid 7006320724700000000 ♠ 3,207,247 Municipality City 7002605770000000000 ♠ 605.77 5,294 Spain 97 Faisalabad 7006320384600000000 ♠ 3,203,846 City District 7002214000000000000 ♠ 214 14,971 Pakistan 102 Hanoi 7006723270000000000 ♠ 7,232,700 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003332450000000000 ♠ 3,324.5 2,176 Vietnam 103 Incheon 7006300264500000000 ♠ 3,002,645 Metropolitan City 7002328550000000000 ♠ 328.55 9,139 South Korea 104 Buenos Aires 7006305430000000000 ♠ 3,054,300 Federal District 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 15,046 Argentina 106 Giza 7006423998800000000 ♠ 4,239,988 Governorate 7002289080000000000 ♠ 289.08 14,667 Egypt Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sum of the 2014 population estimates for the `` urban - function core district '' and `` urban - function extended district '' of Chongqing , which were 3,677,600 and 4,512,200 respectively . See also the next note . Jump up ^ The nine districts of Yuzhong , Jiangbei , Shapingba , Jiulongpo , Nan'an , Dadukou , Banan , Yubei and Beibei together comprise the area commonly referred to as Central Chongqing ( 重庆 主 城区 ) . The first six districts make up the `` urban - function core district '' ( 都市 功能 核心 区 ) and the last three comprise the `` urban - function extended district '' ( 都市 功能 拓展 区 ) defined by the Chongqing municipal government . Jump up ^ Sum of the areas of the `` urban - function core district '' and `` urban - function extended district '' of Chongqing . See also the previous note . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Urbanization Prospects : The 2007 Revision Population Database '' . Esa.un.org . Archived from the original on 22 August 2010 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Statistics Division -- Demographic and Social Statistics '' . Millenniumindicators.un.org . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Demographic Yearbook 2005 , Volume 57 . United Nations . 2008 . p. 2 ; 756 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 051099 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : World Urbanization Prospects : The 2003 Revision . United Nations . 2004 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 151396 - 0 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Ruth ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` The world 's biggest cities : How do you measure them ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/html/xwdt/201801/1001501.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Land Area '' . Basic Facts . Shanghai Municipal People 's Government . Retrieved 19 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/xwgb/tjgb/ndgb/201502/t20150211_288370.htm . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in China -- Survey '' . Ministry Of Commerce -- People 's Republic Of China . Archived from the original on 5 August 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Town / District Maps '' . Urban Habitat . Jump up ^ `` Shenzhen Statistics '' . Shenzhen Government Online . Retrieved 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Shenzhen General Info '' . Shenzhen Government Online . Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : http://citypopulation.de/China-UA.html Jump up ^ http://citypopulation.de/China-UA.html Jump up ^ https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html Jump up ^ Mumbai City consists of two distinct regions : Mumbai City district ( Island City ) and Mumbai Suburban district ( Western Suburban and Eastern Suburban ) , grouped into 24 wards , under the administration of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation ( BMC ) . The remaining area belongs to Defence , Mumbai Port Trust , Atomic Energy Commission and Borivali National Park , which are out of the jurisdiction of the BMC . Jump up ^ http://citypopulation.de/ Jump up ^ http://citypopulation.de/ Jump up ^ `` RUSSIA : Moscow '' . Jump up ^ `` Территориальное устройство '' . Moscow City Government . Archived from the original on 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ The federal city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs , which are in turn subdivided into districts ( raions ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation . Federal Registration , Cadastre&Cartography Service . Russia Landuse National Report 2008 , p. 187 - 188 ( in Russian ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IBGE divulga as estimativas populacionais dos municípios em 2016 '' ( in Portuguese ) . IBGE . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Administratively , the Municipality of São Paulo is divided into 31 subprefectures , each in turn divided into 96 districts . Locally , districts may contain one or more neighborhoods ( bairros ) . The city of São Paulo recognizes ten geographical areas used to reference locations in the city . ^ Jump up to : `` Demographia World Urban Areas ( 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Demographia . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Evenements : `` Avec une population de 9 , 5 millions , Kinshasa est la troisième plus grande ville sur le continent africain , de taille égale à Johannesburg . Le Kinois ( habitants de Kinshasa ) sont connus pour leur sens de l'humour , leur musique et leur amour pour la danse . '' ( 2013 ) `` . Ville de Kinshasa . Jump up ^ The province of Kinshasa is divided into twenty - four districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Kinshasa . But the districts ( communes ) of Maluku and Nsele ( N'Sele ) are rural and not part of the city proper . The city proper ( urban area ) of Kinshasa is generally considered to be formed by twenty - two `` communes '' . Jump up ^ According to the Constitution of Democratic Republic of the Congo , the province of Kinshasa covers 9965.21 km . Maluku and N'Sele ( total area 8847.59 km ) are entirely rural , with a very very low density . Jump up ^ http://citypopulation.de/China-UA.html Jump up ^ `` CHINA : Administrative Division of Tianjin ( 天津 市 ) '' . Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/50-delhi.html Jump up ^ `` Statistik Daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2017 '' . BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta . Statistics Indonesia . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` INDONESIA : Administrative Division '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` China -- Guangdong Province ( 2010 ) '' . GeoHive . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ http://citypopulation.de/Nigeria-Cities.html Jump up ^ The surface of the Metropolitan Lagos is 1171 square kilometres , but 171 square kilometres is water ( lagoon ) . Jump up ^ 2016 년 5 월 행정 자치부 주민등록 인구 통계 Archived 3 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Seoul Statistics ( Land Area ) '' . Seoul Metropolitan Government . Retrieved 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 佛山 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 ( 1 ) '' . City of Foshan . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Districts of Changcheng , Nanhai , Shunde ; see Foshan # Administration Jump up ^ `` About Foshan '' . City of Foshan . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://citypopulation.de/Japan-Cities.html Jump up ^ http://citypopulation.de/China-UA.html Jump up ^ `` PERU : Lima population '' . La Republica . Jump up ^ The province of Lima is divided into forty three `` districts of Lima '' which are administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima . Jump up ^ `` MEXICO : Mexico City ( 2014 ) '' . CityPopulation.De . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Consejo Nacional de Población , México ; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005 Archived 2 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates for UK , England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland '' . ONS. 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ The 33 local authorities are the 32 London borough councils and the City of London Corporation . Jump up ^ `` IRAN : Tehran City ( Census 2016 - 09 - 24 ) '' . CITY POPULATION.DE . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TEHRAN : Administrative Districts '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Teheran '' . Tehran Municipality . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 - 2017 Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` United States '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ New York City is composed of five boroughs : Manhattan , The Bronx , Brooklyn , Queens , Staten Island Jump up ^ https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/448-bangalore.html Jump up ^ https://www.citypopulation.de/php/bangladesh-dhaka.php . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Brinkhoff , Thomas . `` Bangladesh : Districts and Cities '' . CityPopulation . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 武汉 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 -- 湖北 省 统计 局 ( Main Data from Wuhan 2010 Census ) '' . Hubei Provincial Statistics Bureau . 9 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ The sub-provincial city of Wuhan has direct jurisdiction over 13 districts ( eight urban / five rural ) . The city proper ( urban ) based on the districts of Jiang'an , Jianghan , Qiaokou , Hanyang , Wuchang and Qingshan considered `` core districts '' + Inner suburbs ( districts ) : Hongshan , Dongxihu . Jump up ^ Wuhan Statistical Yearbook 2010 Archived 5 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Estimaciones y proyecciones de hogares y viviendas '' . DANE ( 2014 ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Capital District of Bogotá is divided into twenty districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Bogotá . Jump up ^ `` Límites '' . Bogota Government Corporation . Jump up ^ The district of Sumapaz is completely rural ( no city services ) and is not part of the city proper . The area was an important pilgrimage arheoligic site for the Muisca indigenous peoples in pre-Columbian times and for visiting the Sumapaz National Park . The district of Sumapaz represents 0.1 % of the population ( 48 % `` area '' ) of Bogotá Municipality . Jump up ^ `` Egypt '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ In April 2011 , Prime Minister Essam Sharaf abolished the Helwan Governorate and reincorporated its territory into the Cairo Governorate . The total area of the governorate is 3085.1 square kilometers , the city area is 453 square kilometers , but the Egyptian government considered the Cairo Governorate is that a whole city and all statistics relate to the `` governorate '' . Jump up ^ `` EGYPT : Cairo '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greater Hyderabad ( Maharashtra , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greater Hyderabad Municipal corporation 2010 '' . GHMC . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2014 Archived 6 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , General Statistics Office Of Vietnam Jump up ^ `` Census ( 2014 ) '' . Nanjing Municipal Bureru Statistucs . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 年 重庆 市 国民 经济 和 社会 发展 统计 公报 ( Chongqing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . Chongqing Bureau of Statistics . 16 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Position of Five Function Districts in Chongqing '' . Chongqing Municipal Government . 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ 五大 功能 区域 : 都市 功能 核心 区 ( Five Functional Districts : Urban - function Core District ) . CQNEWS Corporation . Archived from the original on 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Te Kan ( 9 November 2007 ) . `` New city group in the making '' . China Daily . Beijing . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Statistics '' . Census and Statistics Department . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ The only legally defined city in Hong Kong is the City of Victoria but it serves almost no administrative function . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Geographic '' ( PDF ) . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 杭州 市 2010 年 国民 经济 和 社会 发展 统计 公报 ( in Chinese ) . Hangzhou Municipal Statistic Bureau . 24 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cities having population 1 lakh and above '' ( PDF ) . censusindia . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Demographic Statistics of Iraq ( 2009 ) '' . Central Statistical Government of Iraq . Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The province of Baghdad is divided into nine district , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Baghdad . The districts are distributed into 89 Neighborhood Councils . Jump up ^ There are many disputes about Baghdad city ( urban ) area . The city of Baghdad has the special status of provincial . The demographic information reported to the city proper are non-existent or are the estimates , projections inconclusive . The Metropolitan Municipality of Baghdad is a city `` federal district -- province '' . Is similar to the case of Cairo Governorate . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Population ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Arriyadh Development Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Riyadh is divided into 15 branch municipalities , in addition to the Diplomatic Quarter . Each branch municipality in turn contains several districts , amounting to over 130 in total , though some districts are divided between more than one branch municipality . The branch municipalities are Al - Shemaysi , Irqah , Al - Ma'athar , Al - Olayya , Al - Aziziyya , Al - Malaz , Al - Selayy , Nemar , Al - Neseem , Al - Shifa , Al - ' Urayja , Al - Bat'ha , Al - Ha'ir , Al - Rawdha , and Al - Shimal ( `` the North '' ) . Jump up ^ Arriyadh Development Authority ( Investment_Arriyadh_2013 ) Jump up ^ `` 2010 年 沈阳 市 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 ( Sixth National Population Census of the People 's Republic of China '' . National Bureau of Statistics of China . Jump up ^ `` IBGE divulga as estimativas populacionais dos municípios em 2016 '' ( in Portuguese ) . IBGE . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística ( 2013 ) '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 西安 市 2015 年 国民 经济 和 社会 发展 统计 公报 '' . http://www.xatj.gov.cn/ . Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ The sub-provincial city of Xi'an has direct jurisdiction over 9 districts ( 区 qu ) and 4 counties ( 县 xian ) . The city proper based on the districts of Xīnchéng , Bēilín and Liánhú considered `` core districts '' + Inner suburbs ( districts ) : Bàqiáo , Wèiyāng and Yàntǎ . Jump up ^ `` Suzhou ( Statistics 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Sztjj.gov.cn . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The city proper based on the districts of Gūsū , Wúzhōng , Sūzhōu Gōngyèyuán ( Industrial Park ) , Xiàngchéng and Sūzhōu Gāo Xīnjìshù Chǎnyè Kāifāqū ( New District ) Jump up ^ Sztjj.gov.cn Jump up ^ `` Greater Mumbai ( Maharashtra , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Demographics : Surat Municipal Corporation Archived 4 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 Population by sex , household type and household by type , average size of private household by region and area : 2010 '' . Statistic tables , NSO website . National Statistics Office . Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bangkok is subdivided into 50 districts ( khet เขต , also sometimes wrongly called amphoe อําเภอ as in the other provinces , derived from Pali khetta , cognate to Sanskrit kṣetra ) , which are further subdivided into 169 khwaeng แขวง , roughly equivalent to tambon ตําบล in the other provinces . Jump up ^ `` Chile -- Santiago ( Census 2012 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The province of Santiago is divided into thirty - two districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Santiago . But the district of Lo Barnechea is rural ( mountains ) and is not part of the city proper . The city proper ( urban area ) of Santiago is generally considered to be formed by thirty - one districts ( Province of Santiago ) , the district of Puente Alto ( Province of Cordillera ) , and the district of San Bernardo ( Province of Maipo ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Population & Land Area ( Mid-Year Estimates ) '' . Statistics Singapore . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 黑龙江 省 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 '' . National Bureau of Statistics of the People 's Republic of China . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ All city proper districts except Sōngběi ; namely Dàolǐ , Nángǎng , Dàowài , Píngfáng , Xiāngfang ; see Harbin # Administrative divisions Jump up ^ `` 中国 年鉴 信息 网 -- 中国 规模 最大 、 实力 最 强 的 研究 报告 提供 商 ! '' . Harbin Yearbook . China Yearbook . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Pinda , Mizengo Peter . `` Welcome to the 2012 Tanzania Population and Housing Census WebPage '' . Census General Report ( pdf ) ; available by clicking `` Population Distribution by Administrative Units '' . National Bureau of Statistics of Tanzania . Archived from the original on 5 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Dar es Salaam is divided into five districts , governed as municipal councils , and so all of the city 's suburbs or wards are affiliated with them . Jump up ^ `` TANZANIA : Administrative Division '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosstat . Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2017 г. ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : `` Census ( 2011 ) '' . Statistics South Africa . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Xiamen ( Sub-provincial city , Fujian ) '' . citypopulation.de. 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai : India Smart Cities Challenge '' . Official website of Smart Cities Challenge , India . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Chennai city is governed by the Chennai Corporation , dividing into three regions -- fifteen districts : North ( Tiruvottiyur , Manali , Madhavaram , Tondiarpet and Royapuram ) , South ( Valasaravakkam , Alandur , Adyar , Perungudi and Sholinganallur ) and Central ( Thiru - Vi - Ka Nagar , Ambattur , Anna Nagar , Teynampet and Kodambakkam ) , which covers 200 wards . Of the total land area , reserved forests cover 2.71 km2 and is concentrated in and around the Guindy National Park region , one of the few national parks in the world located within a city . Jump up ^ `` Expanded Chennai Corporationto be divided into 3 regions '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Yangon is administered by the Yangon City Development Committee ( YCDC ) . The city proper is divided into four districts : Western District , Eastern District , Southern District and Northern District . The districts combined have a total of 33 townships . Jump up ^ Third Regional EST Forum , Presentation of Myanmar . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 合肥 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 : 合肥 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公 报 ( 1 ) '' . Baidu . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ The prefecture - level city of Hefei administers 9 county - level divisions , including 4 districts , 1 County - city and 4 counties . The city proper based on the districts of Luyang , Yaohai , Shushan and Baohe considered `` core districts '' . Jump up ^ `` Presentation '' . District Autonome D'Abidjan . Archived from the original on 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Sub-provincial City ( Census 2010 ) Jump up ^ The city proper based on the districts of Zhōngyuán , Èrqī , Guǎnchéng Huízú , Jīnshuǐ and Huìjì Jump up ^ `` Turkey : Ankara City '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ The province of Ankara is divided into twenty five districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Ankara . The city proper ( urban area ) of Ankara is generally considered to be formed by eight districts ( Sincan , Yenimahalle , Etimesgut , Keçiören , Pursaklar , Altındağ , Mamak , Çankaya ) . Here , Gölbaşı district is excluded , because it is rural . Jump up ^ Yenimahalle district , whose area is not given by citypopulation.de , covers 274 km Jump up ^ `` Districts of Turkey '' . statoids . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata ( West Bengal , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Census - 2010 '' . Central Departament of Statistics Saudi Government . Archived from the original on 1 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Area and Population '' . Jeddah Municipality . Archived from the original on 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco : Grand Casablanca - Settat '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya ( Census 2009 ) '' . Geohive . Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 现 将 汕头 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 分区 县 常住 人口 ( 2 ) 数据 公布 如下 : '' . 汕头 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated Population by Governorate '' . CAPMAS . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved September 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Egypt : Administrative Units '' . GeoHive . Archived from the original on 16 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The city of Alexandria has an area of approximately 400 square kilometres . Egyptian officials provides information at governorate level . In the case of `` city proper '' provides information at intervals of many years . It is impossible to assess the population ( official ) reported in the city proper area . Jump up ^ Los Angeles City is divided into over 80 districts and neighborhoods . Jump up ^ `` TAIWAN : Administrative Division ( Census 2013 ) '' . CityPopulation.De . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Taipei City '' . New Taipei City Government . Archived from the original on 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunan Statistical Bureau ( 2011 - 5 - 13 ) : Hunan Major data communique of National Census 2010 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Based on the following districts : Furong , Tianxin , Yuelu , Kaifu , Yuhua ; see Administration Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan ( 2013 ) '' . GeoHive . Archived from the original on 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1103 - 浙江 省 温州 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 : 温州 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 '' . Baidu . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Based on the following districts : Lucheng , Longwan , Ouhai ; see Administration ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . , Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Berlins Einwohnerzahl wächst 2016 weiter '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Agency Berlin - Brandenburg . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population Size of Towns by Sex , Region , Zone and Wereda : July 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Central Statistical Agency -- CSA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved July 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` based on the districts of Akaki Kaliti - Sub City , Nefas Silk - Lafto - Sub City , Kolfe Keraniyo - Sub City , Gulele - Sub City , Lideta - Sub City , Kirkos - Sub City , Arada - Sub City , Addis Ketema - Sub City , Yeka - Sub City , Bole - Sub City considered `` districts '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Ningbo 2011 population report issued '' . Ningbo Municipal People 's Government . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ United Nations Statistics Division ; Preliminary results of the 2008 Census of Population of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea conducted on 1 -- 15 October 2008 ( pdf - file ) Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ PYONGYANG Archived 17 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Municipal Register : Last data published : Population at 1st January ( 2013 ) '' . Instituto Nacional de Estadística ( INE -- Spain ) . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ 연령별 인구 현황 ( Population by Age ) . egov.go.kr . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina : Provinces and Agglomerations '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EGYPT : Greater Cairo ( 2006 ) '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ All districts that are listed as being in Greater Cairo and are contiguous ; namely Ad - Duqī , Al - Ahrām ; Al - ' Ajūzah ; Al - Badrashayn ; Al - Ḥawāmidiyah ; Al - Jīzah ; Al - Jīzah ; Al - ' Umrāniyah ; Al - Warrāq ; Awsīm ; Būlāq al - Dakrūr ; Imbābah ; Kirdāsah . See also ( edit ) List of urban areas by population List of cities by population density List of metropolitan areas by population List of population concern organizations External links ( edit ) The worlds biggest cities : How do you measure them ? -- BBC article ( hide ) World 's largest cities City proper World ( Capitals ) Americas ( North Latin Central South ) Asia ( Arab world ASEAN Arabia Far East ) Europe ( European Union Nordic ) Metropolitan area World Americas ( North South West Indies ) Europe ( European Union Nordic ) Asia Africa Transborder Aggregate urban area † World Europe ( European Union Nordic ) Asia Urban agglomeration † North America Europe ( European Union ) Asia Historical World Europe Related articles Global city Megacity Megalopolis Conurbation Suburbs † Aggregate urban areas are entire continuous built - up areas , grouping together contiguous cities ( known as conurbations ) , whereas urban agglomerations are the built - up areas of individual cities . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_proper_by_population&oldid=836616872 '' Categories : Censuses Demographic lists Lists of cities by demography Lists of cities by population Lists of cities ( worldwide ) by population Populated places by type Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : dates CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Webarchive template wayback links Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 errors : external links Articles with Russian - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Буряад Català Deutsch Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Scots Shqip Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 21 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what's the most populated city on earth | [
"\n\nRank\nCity\nImage\nPopulation\nDefinition\nTotal\narea (km²)\nPopulation\ndensity (/km²)\nCountry\n\n\n1\nShanghai\n\n7007241833000000000♠24,183,300[6]\nCity\n7003634050000000000♠6,340.5[7]\n3,814\n China\n\n\n2\nBeijing\n\n7007207940000000000♠20,794,000[8]\nCity\n7004164110000000000♠16,411[9]\n1,267\n China\n\n\n3\nKarachi\n\n7007149103520000000♠14,910,352[10]\nCity[11]\n7003378000000000000♠3,780\n3,944\n Pakistan\n\n\n4\nShenzhen\n\n7007137230000000000♠13,723,000[12]\nCity\n7003149332000000000♠1,493.32[13]\n9,190\n China\n\n\n5\nGuangzhou\n\n7007130810000000000♠13,081,000[14]\nCity\n7003134781000000000♠1,347.81[15]\n9,705\n China\n\n\n6\nMumbai\n\n7007124423730000000♠12,442,373[16]\nCity[17]\n7002465780000000000♠465.78\n27,223\n India\n\n\n7\nIstanbul\n\n7007126610000000000♠12,661,000[18]\nCity\n7002620290000000000♠620.29[19]\n20,411\n Turkey\n\n\n8\nMoscow\n\n7007122290000000000♠12,229,000[20]\nCity[21][22]\n7003102175000000000♠1,021.75[23]\n11,969\n Russia\n\n\n9\nSão Paulo\n\n7007120380000000000♠12,038,000[24]\nCity[25]\n7003108105000000000♠1,081.05\n11,199\n Brazil\n\n\n10\nKinshasa\n\n7007114620000000000♠11,462,000[26][27]\nCity[28]\n7002473730000000000♠473.73[29]\n24,195\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n\n\n11\nTianjin\n\n7007112490000000000♠11,249,000[30]\nCity\n7003133183000000000♠1,331.83[31]\n8,446\n China\n\n\n12\nLahore\n\n7007111260000000000♠11,126,000[32]\nCity\n7002502550000000000♠502.55[26]\n22,139\n Pakistan\n\n\n13\nDelhi\n\n7007110345550000000♠11,034,555[33]\nCity\n7002461830000000000♠461.83\n2,457\n India\n\n\n14\nJakarta\n\n7007106240000000000♠10,624,000[34]\nCity[35]\n7002661500000000000♠661.50\n16,060\n Indonesia\n\n\n15\nDongguan\n\n7007106150000000000♠10,615,000[36]\nCity\n7003172134000000000♠1,721.34\n6,167\n China\n\n\n16\nLagos\n\n7007105520000000000♠10,552,000[37]\nCity\n7002433340000000000♠433.34[38]\n24,350\n Nigeria\n\n\n17\nSeoul\n\n7006980600000000000♠9,806,000[39]\nCity\n7002605250000000000♠605.25[40]\n16,202\n South Korea\n\n\n18\nFoshan\n\n7006927900000000000♠9,279,000[41][42]\nCity\n7003132588000000000♠1,325.88[43]\n6,998\n China\n\n\n19\nTokyo\n\n7006927300000000000♠9,273,000[44]\nCity\n7002626990000000000♠626.99[44]\n14,790\n Japan\n\n\n20\nChengdu\n\n7006901200000000000♠9,012,000[45]\nCity\n7002970840000000000♠970.84[14]\n9,283\n China\n\n\n21\nLima\n\n7006889400000000000♠8,894,000[46]\nCity[47]\n7002215740000000000♠215.74\n41,226\n Peru\n\n\n22\nMexico City\n\n7006887500000000000♠8,875,000[48]\nCity\n7002607220000000000♠607.22[49]\n14,616\n Mexico\n\n\n23\nLondon\n\n7006878789200000000♠8,787,892[50]\nCity[51]\n7003157200000000000♠1,572\n5,590\n United Kingdom\n\n\n24\nTehran\n\n7006869400000000000♠8,694,000[52]\nCity[53]\n7002574130000000000♠574.13[54]\n15,143\n Iran\n\n\n25\nNew York\n\n7006862269800000000♠8,622,698[55]\nCity[56]\n7002786300000000000♠786.30\n10,966\n United States\n\n\n26\nBangalore\n\n7006844367500000000♠8,443,675[57]\nCity\n7002709000000000000♠709\n11,909\n India\n\n\n27\nDhaka\n\n7006806300000000000♠8,063,000[58]\nCity\n7002337540000000000♠337.54[59]\n23,888\n Bangladesh\n\n\n28\nWuhan\n\n7006803500000000000♠8,035,000[60]\nCity[61]\n7002898860000000000♠898.86[62]\n8,939\n China\n\n\n29\nBogotá\n\n7006796300000000000♠7,963,000[63]\nCity[64]\n7002428260000000000♠428.26[65][66]\n18,594\n Colombia\n\n\n30\nCairo\n\n7006774000000000000♠7,740,000[67]\nCity[68]\n7002302560000000000♠302.56[69]\n25,582\n Egypt\n\n\n31\nHyderabad\n\n7006749179000000000♠7,491,790[70]\nCity\n7002651750000000000♠651.75[71]\n11,494\n India\n\n\n32\nHo Chi Minh City\n\n7006743100000000000♠7,431,000[72]\nCity\n7002453600000000000♠453.60[72]\n16,382\n Vietnam\n\n\n33\nNanjing\n\n7006726000000000000♠7,260,000[73]\nCity\n7002886810000000000♠886.81\n8,187\n China\n\n\n34\nChongqing\n\n7006724700000000000♠7,247,000[a]\nCity[b]\n7002831800000000000♠831.80[c]\n8,712\n China\n\n\n37\nHong Kong\n\n7006729860000000000♠7,298,600[78]\nSpecial Administrative Region[79]\n7003110443000000000♠1,104.43[80]\n6,608\n China\n\n\n35\nHangzhou\n\n7006703500000000000♠7,035,000[81]\nCity\n7002850830000000000♠850.83[81]\n8,268\n China\n\n\n36\nAhmedabad\n\n7006702100000000000♠7,021,000[82]\nCity\n7002351210000000000♠351.21\n19,991\n India\n\n\n37\nBaghdad\n\n7006679300000000000♠6,793,000[83]\nCity[84]\n7002424539999900000♠424.53[85]\n16,001\n Iraq\n\n\n38\nRiyadh\n\n7006669400000000000♠6,694,000[86]\nCity[87]\n7002410970000000000♠410.97[88]\n16,288\n Saudi Arabia\n\n\n39\nShenyang\n\n7006651900000000000♠6,519,000[89]\nCity\n7002649220000000000♠649.22\n10,041\n China\n\n\n40\nRio de Janeiro\n\n7006652000000000000♠6,520,000[90]\nCity\n7002751440000000000♠751.44[91]\n8,677\n Brazil\n\n\n41\nXi'an\n\n7006622000000000000♠6,220,000[92]\nCity[93]\n7002765080000000000♠765.08\n8,130\n China\n\n\n42\nSuzhou\n\n7006598300000000000♠5,983,000[94]\nCity[95]\n7002995240000000000♠995.24[96]\n6,012\n China\n\n\n43\nSurat\n\n7006586800000000000♠5,868,000[97]\nCity\n7002210200000000000♠210.20[98]\n27,916\n India\n\n\n44\nBangkok\n\n7006578200000000000♠5,782,000[99]\nCity[100]\n7002764730000000000♠764.73\n7,561\n Thailand\n\n\n45\nSantiago\n\n7006556100000000000♠5,561,000[101]\nCity[102]\n7002595490000000000♠595.49\n9,339\n Chile\n\n\n46\nSingapore\n\n7006560700000000000♠5,607,000[103]\nCity\n7002602750000000000♠602.75[103]\n9,302\n Singapore\n\n\n47\nHarbin\n\n7006529900000000000♠5,299,000[104][105]\nCity\n7002614309999900000♠614.31[106]\n8,626\n China\n\n\n48\nDar es Salaam\n\n7006525700000000000♠5,257,000[107]\nCity[108]\n7002330520000000000♠330.52[109]\n15,905\n Tanzania\n\n\n49\nSaint Petersburg\n\n7006513200000000000♠5,132,000[110]\nCity\n7002463110000000000♠463.11[23]\n11,082\n Russia\n\n\n50\nJohannesburg\n\n7006494900000000000♠4,949,000[111]\nCity\n7002432840000000000♠432.84\n11,434\n South Africa\n\n\n51\nXiamen\n\n7006353134700000000♠3,531,347[112]\nSub-provincial City\n7003169900000000000♠1,699\n2,078\n China\n\n\n52\nChennai\n\n7006672700000000000♠6,727,000[113]\nMunicipal Corporation[114]\n7002426510000000000♠426.51[115]\n15,772\n India\n\n\n54\nYangon\n\n7006521400000000000♠5,214,000[26]\nMetropolitan Municipality-Province[116]\n7002598750000000000♠598.75[117]\n8,708\n Myanmar\n\n\n55\nHefei\n\n7006335207600000000♠3,352,076[118]\nPrefecture-level City[119]\n7002838520000000000♠838.52\n3,998\n China\n\n\n57\nAbidjan\n\n7006476500000000000♠4,765,000[26]\nDepartment/City District\n7003211900000000000♠2,119[120]\n2,249\n Ivory Coast\n\n\n58\nZhengzhou\n\n7006412208700000000♠4,122,087[121]\nSub-provincial City[122]\n7003101566000000000♠1,015.66\n4,059\n China\n\n\n59\nAnkara\n\n7006447080000000000♠4,470,800[123]\nMetropolitan Municipality-Province[124]\n7003191092000000000♠1,910.92[125][126]\n2,340\n Turkey\n\n\n60\nKolkata\n\n7006449669400000000♠4,496,694[127]\nMunicipal corporation\n7002185000000000000♠185\n24,306\n India\n\n\n63\nJeddah\n\n7006345625900000000♠3,456,259[128]\nMunicipality City\n7003176500000000000♠1,765[129]\n1,958\n Saudi Arabia\n\n\n64\nCasablanca\n\n7006335981800000000♠3,359,818[130]\nPrefecture\n7002230000000000000♠230\n14,608\n Morocco\n\n\n65\nNairobi\n\n7006313836900000000♠3,138,369[131]\nCapital District\n7002694900000000000♠694.9\n4,829\n Kenya\n\n\n67\nZhongshan\n\n7006312127500000000♠3,121,275[132]\nPrefecture-level City\n7003178367000000000♠1,783.67\n1,750\n China\n\n\n68\nShantou\n\n7006539102800000000♠5,391,028[133]\nPrefecture-level City\n7003206442000000000♠2,064.42\n2,611\n China\n\n\n69\nAlexandria\n\n7006461662500000000♠4,616,625[134]\nGovernorate\n7003230000000000000♠2,300[135][136]\n2,007\n Egypt\n\n\n70\nCape Town\n\n7006374002600000000♠3,740,026[111]\nMunicipality City\n7003244497000099999♠2,444.97\n1,530\n South Africa\n\n\n71\nLos Angeles\n\n7006397632200000000♠3,976,322[55]\nMunicipality City[137]\n7003121385000099999♠1,213.85\n3,276\n United States\n\n\n72\nNew Taipei City\n\n7006395492900000000♠3,954,929[138]\nSpecial Municipality\n7003205257000000000♠2,052.57[139]\n1,927\n Taiwan\n\n\n73\nChangsha\n\n7006704411800000000♠7,044,118[140]\nPrefecture-level City[141]\n7004118190000000000♠11,819\n596\n China\n\n\n75\nKabul\n\n7006341410000000000♠3,414,100[142]\nMunicipality City\n7002275000000000000♠275\n12,415\n Afghanistan\n\n\n77\nYokohama\n\n7006372616700000000♠3,726,167[44]\nDesignated City\n7002437490000000000♠437.49\n8,517\n Japan\n\n\n79\nWenzhou\n\n7006303943900000000♠3,039,439[143]\nPrefecture-level City[144]\n7003118788000000000♠1,187.88\n2,559\n China\n\n\n80\nDurban\n\n7006344236100000000♠3,442,361[111]\nMunicipality City\n7003229131000000000♠2,291.31\n1,502\n South Africa\n\n\n82\nBusan\n\n7006359000000000000♠3,590,000[145]\nMetropolitan City\n7002347490000000000♠347.49[145]\n10,331\n South Korea\n\n\n84\nBerlin\n\n7006367100000000000♠3,671,000[146]\nCity State\n7002891750000000000♠891.75\n4,117\n Germany\n\n\n85\nJaipur\n\n7006307335000000000♠3,073,350[82]\nMunicipal corporation\n7002485000000000000♠485\n6,337\n India\n\n\n87\nPune\n\n7006311543100000000♠3,115,431[82]\nMunicipal corporation\n7002450690000000000♠450.69\n6,913\n India\n\n\n90\nEkurhuleni\n\n7006317847000000000♠3,178,470[111]\nMunicipality City\n7003197531000000000♠1,975.31\n1,609\n South Africa\n\n\n91\nAddis Ababa\n\n7006310367300000000♠3,103,673[147]\nMetropolitan Municipality-Province[148]\n7002526990000000000♠526.99\n5,889\n Ethiopia\n\n\n93\nNingbo\n\n7006760568900000000♠7,605,689[149]\nSub-provincial city\n7003981623000000000♠9,816.23\n775\n China\n\n\n95\nPyongyang\n\n7006325538800000000♠3,255,388[150]\nDirect-controlled Municipality\n7003211300000000000♠2,113[151]\n1,541\n North Korea\n\n\n96\nMadrid\n\n7006320724700000000♠3,207,247[152]\nMunicipality City\n7002605770000000000♠605.77\n5,294\n Spain\n\n\n97\nFaisalabad\n\n7006320384600000000♠3,203,846[153]\nCity District\n7002214000000000000♠214\n14,971\n Pakistan\n\n\n102\nHanoi\n\n7006723270000000000♠7,232,700[72]\nMetropolitan Municipality-Province\n7003332450000000000♠3,324.5[72]\n2,176\n Vietnam\n\n\n103\nIncheon\n\n7006300264500000000♠3,002,645[154]\nMetropolitan City\n7002328550000000000♠328.55\n9,139\n South Korea\n\n\n104\nBuenos Aires\n\n7006305430000000000♠3,054,300[155]\nFederal District\n7002203000000000000♠203\n15,046\n Argentina\n\n\n106\nGiza\n\n7006423998800000000♠4,239,988[156]\nGovernorate[157]\n7002289080000000000♠289.08\n14,667\n Egypt\n\n"
] | [
"Shanghai"
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-4615337413581579075 | Let Me Love You (Mario song) | Let Me Love You ( Mario song ) - wikipedia Let Me Love You ( Mario song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Let Me Love You '' Single by Mario from the album Turning Point Released November 16 , 2004 Format 12 '' CD digital download Recorded 2003 Genre R&B Length 4 : 09 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Scott Storch Shaffer Smith Kameron Houff Producer ( s ) Scott Storch Mario singles chronology `` C'mon '' ( 2003 ) `` Let Me Love You '' ( 2004 ) `` How Could You '' ( 2005 ) `` C'mon '' ( 2003 ) `` Let Me Love You '' ( 2004 ) `` How Could You '' ( 2005 ) Music video `` Let Me Love You '' on YouTube `` Let Me Love You '' is a song by American singer Mario , from his second studio album , Turning Point ( 2004 ) . It was written by Ne - Yo , and produced by Scott Storch . The remix of the song , also produced by Storch , contains rapped verses from Jadakiss and T.I. . The song was an instant hit , garnering Mario a Grammy Award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2006 . In 2008 , it was ranked at number 45 on Billboard 's All - Time Top 100 Hot 100 singles during the first 50 years of the chart . It was the eighth most successful single of the decade according to the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade chart released in December 2009 . In 2013 , it was ranked at number 53 on Billboard 's All - Time Top 100 Hot 100 singles during the first 55 years of the chart . Dutch producer Dastic sampled the song and released his own tropical house version featuring vocals from singer CADE . The version charted on the Belgian Dance and Ultratip Bubbling Under charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music and structure 2 Reception 2.1 Critical reception 2.2 Accolades and nominations 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Covers 6 Track listing 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 7.4 Certifications 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Music and structure ( edit ) `` Let Me Love You '' is a moderate R&B ballad in the Dorian mode , centered around the progression C minor / G minor / F major . It is written in common time . The song was written by Ne - Yo , and features him singing backing vocals in two - part harmony and unison . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Jon Parales from The New York Times commented that `` Let Me Love You '' `` looks back to another 1980s blockbuster , lifting its keyboard sound from Tina Turner 's ' What 's Love Got to Do with It ' . '' Accolades and nominations ( edit ) In 2004 , `` Let Me Love You '' was nominated for a Vibe Award for Best R&B Song and two Teen Choice Awards , Choice Love Song and Choice R&B / Rap Track , but it failed to receive any awards . In 2005 , it received nominations for Billboard Music Awards , including `` Hot 100 Single of the Year '' , `` Hot 100 Airplay Single of the Year '' , `` Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Single of the Year '' , `` Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay Single of the Year , winning in both the R&B categories . It was also nominated for an MTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B Single , a Viewer 's Choice award at the BET Awards , Best Single at the MOBO Awards , and Best R&B / Soul Song at the Soul Train Music Awards . In 2006 , Mario was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance with `` Let Me Love You '' . He also received an MTV Australia Awards nomination for Best R&B music video for `` Let Me Love You '' . Commercial Performance ( edit ) `` Let Me Love You '' held the number - one position on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for nine consecutive weeks from January to February 2005 , and , as of 2017 , is Mario 's biggest single . It also reached number one on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . Internationally , it reached the number - one position on the singles charts in Germany , the Netherlands , and New Zealand . In the United Kingdom , the song reached number two on the UK Singles Chart ( held off the top spot by `` ( Is This the Way to ) Amarillo '' ) , making it Mario 's biggest hit to date in the UK . The single also holds the honor of being one of the highest - selling ringtones with 1.6 million downloads . Music video ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : more details . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) The music video was directed by Little X . Covers ( edit ) Charlotte Church covered the song as a B - side to her `` Call My Name '' single . The cast of Glee covered the song in the season 3 episode `` Heart '' . Zayn Malik from One Direction sang the song at his audition for The X Factor in 2010 . Austin Mahone and Justin Bieber each covered the song at the start of their careers . Indonesian singer Dhika Moela covered the song in 2014 . Mario and Zendaya performed the song on ABC 's Greatest Hits in 2016 ( season 1 , episode 5 ) . Country pop artist Chris Lane recorded a cover version of the song for his debut studio album , Girl Problems . The Voice Nigeria contestants Chike and Patrick from team Patoranking did a cover version of the song for their battle round in 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) U.S. CD single `` Let Me Love You '' ( album version ) `` Let Me Love You '' ( remix version ) `` Let Me Love You '' ( Mauve Remix Extended ) `` Let Me Love You '' ( video ) U.S. promo CD `` Let Me Love You '' ( album version ) `` Let Me Love You '' ( Mauve Remix Edit ) Australian CD single `` Let Me Love You '' ( album version ) `` Let Me Love You '' ( remix version ) `` Whiz '' Multimedia track 12 - inch maxi single `` Let Me Love You '' `` Let Me Love You '' ( instrumental ) `` Call Out Hook '' Remix `` Let Me Love You '' ( featuring Jadakiss and T.I. ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 -- 05 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Brazil ( ABPD ) 38 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 18 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 18 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Download ( Official Charts Company ) 6 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 18 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 8 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 Ringtone United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2005 List of European number - one hits of 2005 List of number - one hits of 2005 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles from the 2000s ( New Zealand ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2005 List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2005 List of number - one R&B singles of 2005 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs ( 50 - 41 ) Jump up ^ `` Charts '' . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Jump up ^ `` Dastic feat . CADE - Let Me Love You '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Download Sheet Music Software - Musicnotes.com '' . Jump up ^ Jasmine Dotiwala ( 2010 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Ne - Yo 's one night stand '' . Voice Online . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Let Me Love You at the time that I wrote it I was n't trying to be an artist , I was completely content with just being a song writer but I think back on that song and I look back and think had I been trying to be an artist at the time that 's definitely one I would have held on to . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( December 20 , 2004 ) . `` CRITIC 'S CHOICE New CD 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mario 2005 BET Awards , Teen Choice Awards & Billboard Music Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Award Nominations 2005 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Usher , 50 Cent Lead Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Winners '' . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2014 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mario grammy nominations '' . Rock on the Net . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mobo awards 2005 : The winners '' . BBC . September 22 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Darkness And The Veronicas Set To Perform At The 2006 MTV Australia Video Music Awards '' . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Usher gets five Soul Train nominations '' . USA Today . February 2 , 2005 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VIBE Announces 2005 VIBE Award Nominees '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mario - Top selling ringtones '' . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Mario : Let Me Love You '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Mario Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 3 , 2005 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Mario search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Mario -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Mario . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mario -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Mario . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mario -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Mario . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mario > Awards at AllMusic . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Year - end UK Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Year - End Charts : The Hot 100 . '' Billboard 2005 Year In Music . Billboard. 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Year - End Charts : R&B / Hip - Hop Songs - 2005 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Singles & Tracks - Decade Year End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2005 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Let Me Love You in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Mario -- Let Me Love You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Music video at MTV.com ( Windows Media format ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Mario Discography Awards and nominations Albums Mario Turning Point Go D.N.A. Singles `` Just a Friend 2002 '' `` Braid My Hair '' `` C'mon '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` How Could You '' `` Here I Go Again '' `` Boom '' `` How Do I Breathe '' `` Crying Out for Me '' `` Music for Love '' `` Break Up '' `` Thinkin ' About You '' `` Somebody Else '' `` Fatal Distraction '' Featured singles `` Headboard '' `` Ms. Chocolate '' Promotional singles `` Do Right '' `` The Walls '' Other songs `` Ooh Baby '' Related articles Knightwritaz Sterling Simms Marsha Ambrosius Cassidy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_Me_Love_You_(Mario_song)&oldid=801866233 '' Categories : 2004 songs 2004 singles 2005 singles Mario ( American singer ) songs Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Song recordings produced by Scott Storch Songs written by Scott Storch Songs written by Ne - Yo Torch songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2010 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hAudio microformats Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdownload Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Nederlands Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 11 : 57 . 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-4498980812442129221 | Prisons in India | Prisons in India - Wikipedia Prisons in India , and their administration , is a state subject covered by item 4 under the State List in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India . The management and administration of prisons falls exclusively in the domain of the State governments , and is governed by the Prisons Act , 1894 and the Prison manuals of the respective state governments . Thus , the states have the primary role , responsibility and authority to change the current prison laws , rules and regulations . The Central Government provides assistance to the states to improve security in prisons , for the repair and renovation of old prisons , medical facilities , development of borstal schools , facilities to women offenders , vocational training , modernization of prison industries , training to prison personnel , and for the creation of high security enclosures . The Supreme Court of India , in its judgements on various aspects of prison administration , has laid down 3 broad principles regarding imprisonment and custody . Firstly , a person in prison does not become a non-person . Secondly , a person in prison is entitled to all human rights within the limitations of imprisonment . Lastly , there is no justification for aggravating the suffering already inherent in the process of incarceration . Contents 1 Types of prisons 2 Central jail 2.1 District jail 2.2 Sub jail 2.3 Women 's Jail 2.4 Borstal School 2.5 Open jail 2.6 Special jail 2.7 Other jails 3 Expenditure 4 Prison population statistics 4.1 Types of prison inmates 4.2 Prison conditions 4.3 Population 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Types of prisons ( edit ) Entrance to the Central Prison in Viyyur , Thrissur district , Kerala . The Central Prison in Puzhal , Chennai . A section of the Madras Central Prison before demolition in 2009 . Prison establishments in India comprise 8 categories of jails . The most common and standard jail institutions are Central Jails , District Jails and Sub Jails . The other types of jail establishments are Women Jails , Borstal Schools , Open Jails and Special Jails . Type Number Total Capacity Central Jails 134 159,158 District Jails 379 137,972 Sub Jails 741 46,368 Women Jails 18 4,748 Open Jails 63 5,370 Borstal Schools 20 1,830 Special Jails 43 10,915 Other Jails 420 Total 1387 366,781 Central jail ( edit ) The criteria for a jail to be categorised as a Central Jail varies from state to state . However , the common feature observed throughout India is that prisoners sentenced to imprisonment for a long period ( more than 2 years ) are confined in the Central Jails , which have larger capacity in comparison to other jails . These jails also have rehabilitation facilities . Madhya Pradesh has the highest number of 11 Central Jails followed by Maharashtra , Punjab , Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu with 9 each . Karnataka and Delhi each have 8 Central Jails . Arunachal Pradesh , Meghalaya , Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Dadra and Nagar Haveli , Daman and Diu & Lakshadweep do not have any Central Jails . District jail ( edit ) District jails serve as the main prisons in States / UTs where there are no Central Jails . District old jail Bhopal States which have considerable number of District Jails are Uttar Pradesh ( 57 ) , Madhya Pradesh ( 39 ) , Bihar ( 31 ) , Maharashtra ( 28 ) , Rajasthan ( 24 ) , Assam ( 22 ) , Karnataka ( 19 ) , Jharkhand ( 17 ) and Haryana ( 16 ) , Kerala ( 11 ) , West Bengal ( 12 ) , Chhattisgarh ( 11 ) , Jammu & Kashmir and Nagaland ( 10 each ) . Sub jail ( edit ) Sub jails are smaller institutions situated at a sub-divisional level in the States . 9 states have reported comparatively higher number of sub-jails revealing a well - organized prison set - up even at lower formation . These states are Maharashtra ( 100 ) , Andhra Pradesh ( 99 ) , Tamil Nadu ( 96 ) , Madhya Pradesh ( 72 ) , Karnataka ( 70 ) , Odisha ( 73 ) , Rajasthan ( 60 ) , Telangana and West Bengal ( 33 each ) . Odisha had the highest capacity of inmates in various Sub-Jails . 7 States / UTs have no sub-jails namely Arunachal Pradesh , Haryana , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Sikkim , Chandigarh and Delhi . Women 's jail ( edit ) Jails built to exclusively house women prisoners . Most of the staff in such jails are usually women . Maharashtra has 5 women jails . Kerala and Tamil Nadu each have 3 women jails . Borstal school ( edit ) Borstal Schools are a type of youth detention centre and are used exclusively for the imprisonment of minors or juveniles . The primary objective of Borstal Schools is to ensure care , welfare and rehabilitation of young offenders in an environment suitable for children and keep them away from contaminating atmosphere of the prison . The juveniles in conflict with law detained in Borstal Schools are provided various vocational training and education with the help of trained teachers . The emphasis is given on the education , training and moral influence conducive for their reformation and prevention of crime . Nine States namely , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Karnataka , Kerala , Maharashtra , Punjab , Rajasthan , Tamil Nadu and Telangana have borstal schools in their respective jurisdictions . Tamil Nadu had the highest capacity for keeping 678 inmates . Himachal Pradesh and Kerala are the only states that have the capacity to lodge female inmates in 2 of their Borstal Schools . There are no borstal schools in any of the UTs at the end of 2015 . Open jail ( edit ) Open jails are minimum security prisons . Prisoners with good behaviour satisfying certain norms prescribed in the prison rules are admitted in open prisons . Prisoners , here , are engaged in agricultural activities . Seventeen states have functioning Open Jails in their jurisdiction . Rajasthan reported the highest number of 29 open jails . There are no Open Jails in any of the UTs at the end of 2015 . Special jail ( edit ) Special jails are high security facilities that have specialized arrangements for keeping offenders and prisoners who are convicted of terrorism , insurgency and violent crimes . Special jail means any prison provided for the confinement of a particular class or particular classes of prisoners which are broadly as follows : Prisoners who have committed serious violations of prison discipline . Prisoners showing tendencies towards violence and aggression . Difficult discipline cases of habitual offenders . Difficult discipline cases from a group of professional / organised criminals . Kerala has the highest number of special jails - 16 . Provision for keeping female prisoners in these special jails is available in Tamil Nadu , West Bengal , Gujarat , Kerala , Assam , Karnataka and Maharashtra . Other jails ( edit ) Jails that do not fall into the categories discussed above , fall under the category of Other Jails . Three states - Karnataka , Kerala & Maharashtra - have 1 other jail each in their jurisdiction . No other state / UT has an other jail at the end of 2015 . The capacity of inmates ( male & female ) reported by these three States in such jails was highest in Karnataka ( 250 ) followed by Kerala ( 142 ) , Goa ( 45 ) and Maharashtra ( 28 ) . Expenditure ( edit ) All states and UTs in India had a combined sanctioned budget of ₹ 42,788.12 million ( US $600 million ) in 2014 - 15 for prison related expenditure . Prison expenditure is broadly categorised as Plan Expenditure and Non-Plan Expenditure . Expenditure on specific planned activities under the Five Year Plan is termed as Plan Expenditure . Expenditure made for meeting day - to - day expenses and running establishments like payment of salaries , wages , rent , etc. come under the Non-Plan Expenditure . Non-Plan Expenditure may also include activities for development of existing infrastructure and bringing about improvements in the prisons . Expenditure on prison inmates is categorised as Food , Clothing , Medical , Vocational / Educational facilities , Welfare and Other expenses . Food expenses account for more than half the total expenditure on prison inmates . Prison population Statistics ( edit ) As of 31 December 2014 , there are 1387 functioning jails in India having a total capacity to house 356,561 prisoners . As of the same date , there were 418,536 inmates in jails across in India . Males at 400,855 make up 95.8 % of prisoners while females at 17,681 represent 4.2 % . As of 31 December 2015 , there are 1401 functioning establishments / institutions in India housing a total of 419,623 inmates , which includes pre-trial detainees and remand prisoners . The remand prisoners and pre-trial detainees account for 67.2 % of the prison population in India . The official capacity of the prison system is 366,781 therefore , the occupancy level is at 114.4 % . Of these prisoners , 4.3 % are female prisoners and 1.5 % are foreign prisoners . One of the primary reasons for the overcrowding of prisons is the pendency of court cases . As on March 31 , 2016 , more than 3 crore cases are pending in various courts , and two of every three prison inmates in the country are under trials . The 4 , 19,623 prisoners of 2015 , for example , included 2 , 82,076 under trials , or 67 % , according to NCRB data. . Some other causes for big pre-trial population are corruption , role of police , prosecutors , and judiciary . Indian police system is heavily understaffed and underpaid . It contributes to high detainees population since there are less officials for accused prisoners to accompany them to court . So , their date for hearing keeps getting pushed back . Prosecutors in India are also substantially burdened . There are many vacant assistant posts , but no incentive has been made to fill those posts to fast track the process . Judiciary department also contributes to such extensiveness of pre-trial detainees . There is a back log of 30 million cases in India . With so many cases to handle , shockingly the number of judges in India is comparatively very low . There are only 10.5 judges on average per every million people . Many of the pre - trial detainees are poor and underprivileged . Even though for some of them bail is approved , they still can not get out because they do not have the money or resources to payout the bail . Many of detainees are also uneducated and completely unaware of their rights . About 71 % of pre-trial detainees are illiterate and do not even have a high school diploma . So , they are ignorant of many amendments that have been passed , which they can seek to go free Types of prison inmates ( edit ) Prison inmates lodged in Indian jails are categorised as Convicts , Under - trials and Detenues . A convict is `` a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court '' or `` a person serving a sentence in prison '' . An under - trial is a person who is currently on trial in a court of law . A detenue is any person held in custody . Prison inmates lodged in Indian jails in relation to non-Indian Penal Code ( IPC ) crimes are classified as civil prisoners . They consist of Convicts and Under - trials . The terms `` prison '' and `` jail '' are used interchangeably in India , perhaps reflecting the fact that no significant effort is made to separate `` undertrials , '' as those awaiting trial are known , from convicts . Prison conditions ( edit ) Prison condition in India are bad and unhealthy as they are `` frequently life threatening '' and do not meet international standards . Prisons were severely overcrowded with an occupancy rate of 114 % . Prison lacks so much funding that in some areas occupancy level is as high as 277 % ; almost three times the permitted capacity . Population ( edit ) The following table gives the population and occupancy rate of prisons in India annually : Year No. of Inmates Occupancy Rate Male Female Total 2009 122.8 % 115.1 % 2011 356,902 16,024 372,926 112.1 % 2012 368,184 16,951 385,135 112.2 % 2013 393,804 18,188 411,992 118.4 % 2014 400,855 17,681 418,536 117.4 % 2015 401,789 17,834 419,623 114.4 % See also ( edit ) India portal Prisons portal Capital punishment in India National Crime Records Bureau Prison officers ranks : Inspector General of Prisons Deputy Inspector General of Prisons Assistant Inspector General of Prisons Superintendent of Jail Related : Crime in India Law enforcement in India List : List of prisons in India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Occupancy Rate means number of inmates staying in jails against the authorized capacity for 100 inmates . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-6166.html title = India - The Penal System publisher = Country-data.com accessdate = 4 June 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` National Crime Records Bureau - Prison Statistics '' ( PDF ) . ncrb.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` Prison Statistics India 2014 '' ( PDF ) . ncrb.gov.in . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` PRISON STATISTICS INDIA 2015 '' . ncrb.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prison Statistics India '' ( PDF ) . National Crime Records Bureau . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Statistics India 2014 '' ( PDF ) . National Crime Records Bureau . 2014 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Statistics India 2014 '' ( PDF ) . National Crime Records Bureau . 2014 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India . '' India World Prison Brief , 1 Jan. 1970 Jump up ^ `` Jails at 14 per cent over capacity , two in three prisoners undertrials '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bhandari , V. ( 2016 ) . Pretrial detention in India : An examination of the causes and possible solutions . Asian Journal of Criminology : An Interdisciplinary Journal on Crime , Law and Deviance in Asia , 11 ( 2 ) , 83 - 110 . Jump up ^ Bhandari , V. ( 2016 ) . Pretrial detention in India : An examination of the causes and possible solutions . Asian Journal of Criminology : An Interdisciplinary Journal on Crime , Law and Deviance in Asia , 11 ( 2 ) , 83 - 110 . Jump up ^ Bhandari , V. ( 2016 ) . Pretrial detention in India : An examination of the causes and possible solutions . Asian Journal of Criminology : An Interdisciplinary Journal on Crime , Law and Deviance in Asia , 11 ( 2 ) , 83 - 110 . Jump up ^ Derek P. Jinks. ( 2001 ) . The Anatomy of an Institutionalized Emergency : Preventive Detention and Personal Liberty in India . 22 Mich. J. Int'lL , 311 . Jump up ^ Derek P. Jinks. ( 2001 ) . The Anatomy of an Institutionalized Emergency : Preventive Detention and Personal Liberty in India . 22 Mich. J. Int'lL , 311 . Jump up ^ Webster 's New World Dictionary of the American Language , p. 311 ( 2d Coll . Ed . 1978 ) . Jump up ^ `` Definition of undertrial in Oxford Dictionaries ( British & World English ) '' . Oxforddictionaries.com. 29 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of detenu in Oxford Dictionaries ( British & World English ) '' . Oxforddictionaries.com. 29 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Détenu - Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ v Jump up ^ Bhandari , V. ( 2016 ) . Pretrial detention in India : An examination of the causes and possible solutions . Asian Journal of Criminology : An Interdisciplinary Journal on Crime , Law and Deviance in Asia , 11 ( 2 ) , 83 - 110 . Jump up ^ `` Prisons in India Statistics 2013 '' ( PDF ) . National Crime Records Bureau . ncrb.nic.in . Jump up ^ `` Prison Statistics India 2014 '' ( PDF ) . National Crime Records Bureau . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Capacity of Jails , Inmate Population and Occupancy Rate at the end of 2015 '' ( PDF ) . National Crime Records Bureau . ncrb.gov.in . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . 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-431639658340198697 | Standard 52-card deck | Standard 52 - card deck - wikipedia Standard 52 - card deck Jump to : navigation , search `` Two of hearts '' redirects here . For other uses , see Two of hearts ( disambiguation ) . `` Six of Hearts '' redirects here . For the EP by Kenny G , see Six of Hearts ( EP ) . `` Four of Diamonds '' redirects here . For the English girl group , see Four of Diamonds ( band ) . This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . A set of 52 playing cards of the Rouennais or English pattern by Piatnik & Söhne The deck of 52 French playing cards is the most common deck of playing cards used today . It includes thirteen ranks of each of the four French suits : clubs ( ♣ ) , diamonds ( ) , hearts ( ♥ ) and spades ( ♠ ) , with reversible `` court '' or face cards . Some modern designs , however , have done away with reversible face cards . Each suit includes an ace , depicting a single symbol of its suit ; a king , queen and jack , each depicted with a symbol of its suit ; and ranks two through ten , with each card depicting that many symbols ( pips ) of its suit . Anywhere from one to six ( most often two or three since the mid-20th century ) jokers , often distinguishable with one being more colorful than the other , are added to commercial decks , as some card games require these extra cards . Modern playing cards carry index labels on opposite corners or in all four corners to facilitate identifying the cards when they overlap and so that they appear identical for players on opposite sides . The most popular stylistic pattern of the French deck is sometimes referred to as `` English '' or `` Anglo - American '' pattern . It has been shown that because of the large number of possibilities from shuffling a 52 - card deck , it is probable that no two fair card shuffles have ever yielded exactly the same order of cards . Contents ( hide ) 1 English pattern cards and nicknames 2 Size of the cards 3 Rank and color 4 Unicode 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References English pattern cards and nicknames ( edit ) For a comprehensive list of card nicknames , see List of playing card nicknames . The fanciful design and manufacturer 's logo commonly displayed on the ace of spades began under the reign of James I of England , who passed a law requiring an insignia on that card as proof of payment of a tax on local manufacture of cards . Until August 4 , 1960 , decks of playing cards printed and sold in the United Kingdom were liable for taxable duty and the ace of spades carried an indication of the name of the printer and the fact that taxation had been paid on the cards . The packs were also sealed with a government duty wrapper . Though specific design elements of the court cards are rarely used in game play and many differ between designs , a few are notable . Face cards - jacks , queens , and kings are called `` face cards '' because the cards have pictures of their names . One - eyed Royals - the jack of spades and jack of hearts ( often called the `` one - eyed jacks '' ) and the king of diamonds are drawn in profile ; therefore , these cards are commonly referred to as `` one - eyed '' . The rest of the courts are shown in full or oblique face . The jack of diamonds is sometimes known as `` laughing boy '' . Wild cards - When deciding which cards are to be made wild in some games , the phrase `` acey , deucey or one - eyed jack '' ( or `` deuces , aces , one - eyed faces '' ) is sometimes used , which means that aces , twos , and the one - eyed jacks are all wild . The king of hearts is the only king with no mustache ; Suicide kings - The king of hearts is typically shown with a sword behind his head , making him appear to be stabbing himself . Similarly , the one - eyed king of diamonds is typically shown with an axe behind his head with the blade facing toward him . These depictions , and their blood - red color , inspired the nickname `` suicide kings '' . The king of diamonds is traditionally armed with an axe while the other three kings are armed with swords ; thus , the king of diamonds is sometimes referred to as `` the man with the axe '' . This is the basis of the trump `` one - eyed jacks and the man with the axe '' . The ace of spades , unique in its large , ornate spade , is sometimes said to be the death card or the picture card , and in some games is used as a trump card . The queen of spades usually holds a scepter and is sometimes known as `` the bedpost queen '' , though more often she is called `` black lady '' . In many decks , the queen of clubs holds a flower . She is thus known as the `` flower queen '' , though this design element is among the most variable ; the Bicycle Poker deck depicts all queens with a flower styled according to their suit . `` 2 '' cards are also known as deuces . `` 3 '' cards are also known as treys . Size of the cards ( edit ) Imperial measure ( inches ) Metric measure ( mm ) Length Width Length Width Bridge size 3 ⁄ 2 ⁄ 88.9 57.15 Poker size 3 ⁄ 2 ⁄ 88.9 63.50 Modern playing cards are most commonly referred to as either ' poker ' or ' bridge ' sized ; nominal dimensions are summarized in the adjacent table . Notwithstanding these generally accepted dimensions , there is no formal requirement for precise adherence and minor variations are produced by various manufacturers . The more narrow cards are more suitable for games such as bridge in which a large number of cards must be held concealed in a player 's hand . Nevertheless , in most casino poker games , the bridge - sized card is used ; the use of less material reduces manufacturing costs and since a casino may use thousands of decks per day , the total savings are significant . Other sizes are also available , such as a smaller ' patience ' size ( usually 1 ⁄ × 2 ⁄ inches ( 44 × 60 mm ) ) for solitaire and larger ' jumbo ' ones for card tricks . The thickness and weight of modern playing cards is subject to numerous variables related to their purpose of use and associated material design for durability , stiffness , texture and appearance . Rank and color ( edit ) Some decks include additional design elements . Casino blackjack decks may include markings intended for a machine to check the ranks of cards , or shifts in rank location to allow a manual check via inlaid mirror . Many casino decks and solitaire decks have four indices instead of just two . Many modern decks have bar code markings on the edge of the face to enable them to be sorted by machine ( for playing duplicate bridge , especially simultaneous events where the same hands may be played at many different venues ) . Many decks have large indices , largely for use in stud poker games , where being able to read cards from a distance is a benefit and hand sizes are small . Some decks use four colors for the suits in order to make it easier to tell them apart : the most common set of colors is black ( spades ♠ ) , red ( hearts ♥ ) , blue ( diamonds ) and green ( clubs ♣ ) . Another common color set is borrowed from the German suits and uses green spades and yellow diamonds with red hearts and black clubs . When giving the full written name of a specific card , the rank is given first followed by the suit , e.g. , `` ace of spades '' . Shorthand notation may reflect this by listing the rank first , `` A ♠ '' ; this is common usage when discussing poker . Alternately , listing the suit first , as in `` ♠ K '' for a single card or `` ♠ AKQ '' for multiple cards , is common practice when writing about bridge ; this helps differentiate between the card ( s ) and the contract ( e.g. `` 4 ♥ '' , a contract of four hearts ) . Tens may be either abbreviated to T or written as 10 . Example set of 52 playing cards ; 13 of each suit clubs , diamonds , hearts , and spades Ace 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jack Queen King Clubs Diamonds Hearts Spades Unicode ( edit ) As of Unicode 7.0 playing cards are now represented . Note that the following chart ( `` Playing Cards '' , Range : 1F0A0 -- 1F0FF ) includes cards from the Tarot Nouveau deck as well as the standard 52 - card deck . Playing Cards Official Unicode Consortium code chart ( PDF ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 U + 1F0Ax 🂠 🂡 🂢 🂣 🂤 🂥 🂦 🂧 🂨 🂩 🂪 🂫 🂬 🂭 🂮 U + 1F0Bx 🂱 🂲 🂳 🂴 🂵 🂶 🂷 🂸 🂹 🂺 🂻 🂼 🂽 🂾 🂿 U + 1F0Cx 🃁 🃂 🃃 🃄 🃅 🃆 🃇 🃈 🃉 🃊 🃋 🃌 🃍 🃎 🃏 U + 1F0Dx 🃑 🃒 🃓 🃔 🃕 🃖 🃗 🃘 🃙 🃚 🃛 🃜 🃝 🃞 🃟 U + 1F0Ex 🃠 🃡 🃢 🃣 🃤 🃥 🃦 🃧 🃨 🃩 🃪 🃫 🃬 🃭 🃮 🃯 U + 1F0Fx 🃰 🃱 🃲 🃳 🃴 🃵 Notes 1. ^ As of Unicode version 10.0 2. ^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points See also ( edit ) French playing cards Stripped decks come with fewer ranks 500 decks come with extra ranks Tarot Nouveau , the most common French - suited tarot game deck Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stamp Act 1765 imposed a tax on playing cards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McLeod , John . Games played with French suited cards at pagat.com . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ The English pattern at the International Playing - Card Society . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Truth About a Deck of Cards '' . KnowledgeNuts . Jump up ^ The poker size is associated with the B8 size according to ISO 216 Jump up ^ Kem Cards official website . Narrow ( Bridge ) Size verses Wide ( Poker ) Size , retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ In a sample of 95 bridge and poker card sets , lengths ranged from 87.50 mm to 89.50 mm . In a sample of 28 bridge sized cards , widths varied from 56.98 mm to 58.25 mm . In a sample of 67 poker sized cards , widths varied from 62.44 to 63.54 mm . Reference : Home Poker Tourney website . Playing Card Review , retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ In a sample of 28 bridge sized cards , the weight of a card varied from 1.8 g to 2.48 g and thickness from 0.26 mm to 0.34 mm . In a sample of 67 poker sized cards , the weight of a card varied from 1.4 g to 2.78 g and thickness from 0.24 mm to 0.34 mm . Reference : Home Poker Tourney website . Playing Card Review , retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . Playing cards Standard 52 - card deck Suit / rank Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Spades ♠ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Hearts ♥ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Diamonds Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Clubs ♣ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Others Face card Pip card Knight Joker Card nicknames Stripped deck Unicode Playing card decks Italicized are not used for games at the present By suit - system French Standard 52 - card deck 500 Four - color deck Russian Cego Industrie und Glück Tarot Nouveau Germanic German Swiss Latin Italian Tarocco Bolognese Tarocco Piemontese Swiss 1JJ Tarot of Marseilles Trappola Spanish Aluette Portuguese Tarocco Siciliano Minchiate Single - suited As - Nas Gnav Kvitlech By geography Chinese Zi pai Chess - suited : Four Color Cards , Tam cúc Money - suited : Madiao , Tổ tôm Ganjifa Ganjapa Karuta Hanafuda Kabufuda Uta - garuta Tujeon Standard 52 - card deck card games Shuffling Cutting Glossary of card game terms Matching Cribbage Three - card Monte Snip Snap Snorem Fishing Cuarenta Go Fish Escoba Diplomat Rummy Conquian Carioca Buraco Kalooki Rummy Gin rummy Rumino Tonk Shedding Big Two Crazy Eights ( Craits Bartok Schlafmütze Screw Your Neighbour ) Cheat Daifugō Dupa Biskupa Durak Jack Change It Mao Mau Mau One Card Pasur / Pasoor President ( Around the World ) Ristiseiska Shithead ( Paskahousu ) Spit Switch ( Irish Switch ) Yaniv Accumulating War ( Beggar - My - Neighbour Egyptian Ratscrew ) Slapjack Ninety - nine Trick - taking ( list ) All Fours ( Pitch Pedro Cinch ) Contract bridge Euchre ( variations rule variations ) Forty - fives Hearts Lanterloo Marjapussi Napoleon Piquet Pinochle Bezique Put Ruff and Honours Spades Tute variations Whist Other Kings in the Corner Golf Thirty - one Kings Poker List of solitaires List of dice games Category : Anglo - American playing card games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_52-card_deck&oldid=808263167 '' Categories : Playing cards Game equipment Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Español Français हिन्दी Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 21 : 12 . 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-7622341147497811046 | Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery | Armed Services Vocational aptitude Battery - wikipedia Armed Services Vocational aptitude Battery Trends in recruiting 1975 -- 2001 showing total numbers of enlisted recruits in all branches of US armed forces in light blue and percentage of recruiting goals met in dark blue . Percentage of recruits with at least a high school diploma is shown in gold , percentage with an above average AFQT in orange , and the percentage called `` high quality '' , with both a diploma and above - average AFQT score , is in purple . The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery ( ASVAB ) is a multiple choice test , administered by the United States Military Entrance Processing Command , used to determine qualification for enlistment in the United States Armed Forces . It is often offered to American high school students when they are in the 10th , 11th and 12th grade , though anyone eligible for enlistment may take it . Contents 1 History 2 Categories 2.1 Current 2.1. 1 Computerized test format 2.1. 2 Written test format 2.2 Previous 3 Armed Forces Qualification Test 4 Composite scores 5 Test validity 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) The ASVAB was first introduced in 1968 and was adopted by all branches of the military in 1976 . It underwent a major revision in 2002 . In 2004 , the test 's percentile rank scoring system was renormalized , to ensure that a score of 50 % really did represent doing better than exactly 50 % of the test takers . Categories ( edit ) Current ( edit ) The ASVAB currently contains 9 sections ( except the written test , which contains 8 sections ) . The duration of each test varies from as low as ten minutes up to 36 minutes for Arithmetic Reasoning ; the entire ASVAB is three hours long . The test is typically administered in a computerized format at Military Entrance Processing Stations , known as MEPS , or at a satellite location called a Military Entrance Test ( MET ) site . The ASVAB is administered by computer at the MEPS , while a written version is given at most MET sites . Testing procedures vary depending on the mode of administration . Computerized test format ( edit ) General Science ( GS ) -- 16 questions in 8 minutes Arithmetic Reasoning ( AR ) -- 16 questions in 39 minutes Word Knowledge ( WK ) -- 16 questions in 8 minutes Paragraph Comprehension ( PC ) -- 11 questions in 22 minutes Mathematics Knowledge ( MK ) -- 16 questions in 20 minutes Electronics Information ( EI ) -- 16 questions in 8 minutes Automotive and Shop Information ( AS ) -- 11 questions in 7 minutes Mechanical Comprehension ( MC ) -- 16 questions in 20 minutes Assembling Objects ( AO ) -- 30 questions in 40 minutes Verbal Expression ( VE ) = ( WK ) + ( PC ) Written test format ( edit ) General Science ( GS ) -- 45 questions in 20 minutes Arithmetic Reasoning ( AR ) -- 30 questions in 36 minutes Word Knowledge ( WK ) -- 35 questions in 11 minutes Paragraph Comprehension ( PC ) -- 15 questions in 13 minutes Mathematics Knowledge ( MK ) -- 25 questions in 24 minutes Electronics Information ( EI ) -- 20 questions in 9 minutes Automotive and Shop Information ( AS ) -- 25 questions in 11 minutes Mechanical Comprehension ( MC ) -- 25 questions in 19 minutes Assembling Objects ( AO ) -- 25 questions in 15 minutes Verbal Expression ( VE ) = ( WK ) + ( PC ) Navy applicants also complete a Coding Speed ( CS ) test . Previous ( edit ) `` Numerical Operations '' ( NO ) `` Space Perception '' ( SP ) `` Tool Knowledge '' ( TK ) `` General Information '' ( GI ) `` Attention to Detail '' ( AD ) `` Coding Speed '' ( CS ) Armed Forces qualification test ( edit ) An Armed Forces Qualification Test ( AFQT ) score is used to determine basic qualification for enlistment . AFQT Scores are divided into the following categories Category I : 93 -- 99 Category II : 65 -- 92 Category III A : 50 -- 64 Category III B : 31 -- 49 Category IV A : 21 -- 30 Category IV B : 16 -- 20 Category IV C : 10 -- 15 Category V : 0 -- 9 - The formula for computing an AFQT score is : AR + MK + ( 2 x VE ) . - The VE ( verbal ) score is determined by adding the raw scores from the PC and WK tests and using a table to get the VE score from that combined PC and WK raw score . - AFQT scores are not raw scores , but rather percentile scores indicating how each examinee performed compared with the base youth population . Thus , someone who receives an AFQT of 55 scored better than 55 percent of all other members of the base youth population . The highest possible percentile is 99 . - The minimum score for enlistment varies according to branch of service and whether the enlistee has a high school diploma . Minimum AFQT Tier I Tier II Branch ≥ HS Diploma = GED Army 31 50 Marines 32 50 Air Force 36 65 Navy 31 50 Coast Guard 36 50 with 15 college credits * Army National Guard 50 50 * Air National Guard 50 50 GED holders who earn 15 college credits 100 level or greater are considered equivalent with those holding high school diplomas , so that they need only the Tier I score to enlist . Eligibility is not determined by score alone . Certain recruiting goal practices may require an applicant to achieve a higher score than the required minimum AFQT score in order to be considered for enlistment . Rules and regulations are subject to change ; applicants should call their local recruiting center for up to date qualification information . Law prohibits applicants in Category V from enlisting . In addition , there are constraints placed on Category IV recruits ; recruits in Category IV must be high school diploma graduates but can not be denied enlistment solely on this criteria if the recruit is needed to satisfy established strength requirements . Furthermore , the law constrains the percentage of accessions who can fall between Categories IV - V ( currently , the limit is 20 % of all persons originally enlisted in a given armed force in a given fiscal year ) . Composite scores ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In addition to the ASVAB 's AFQT , each branch has military occupational specialty , or MOS , scores . Combinations of scores from the nine tests are used to determine qualification for a MOS . These combinations are called `` aptitude area scores '' , `` composite scores '' , or `` line scores '' . Each of the five armed services has its own aptitude area scores and sets its own minimum composite scores for each MOS . Army / Army National Guard Composite Scores CL Clerical VE + AR + MK CO Combat Operations VE + AS + MC EL Electronics GS + AR + MK + EI FA Field Artillery AR + MK + MC GM General Maintenance GS + AS + MK + EI GT General Technical WK + PC + AR MM Mechanical Maintenance AS + MC + EI OF Operators and Food VE + AS + MC SC Surveillance and Communications VE + AR + AS + MC ST Skilled Technical VE + GS + MC + MK * SF Special Forces GT ≥ 110 CO ≥ 100 Navy Line Scores GT General Technical AR + VE EL Electronics AR + EI + GS + MK BEE Basic Electricity and Electronics AR + GS + 2 * MK ENG Engineering AI + EI + MK MEC Mechanical Maintenance AR + AI + SI + MC MEC2 Mechanical Maintenance 2 AO + AR + MC NUC Nuclear Field AR + MC + MK + VE OPS Operations Specialist WK , PC , AR , MK , AO HM Hospital Corpsman ( medical ) GS + MK + VE ADM Administrative MK + VE * SEALs Special Operations GS + MC + EI ≥ 165 or VE + MK + MC + CS ≥ 220 ( minimum for BUD / S ) Coast Guard Line Scores AET Aviation Electrical Technician MK + EI + GS ≥ 172 & AR ≥ 52 or AFQT ≥ 65 AMT Aviation Maintenance Technician AR + MC + AS + EI ≥ 220 & AR ≥ 52 or AFQT ≥ 65 AST Aviation Survival Technician VE + MC + AS ≥ 162 & AR ≥ 52 or AFQT ≥ 65 BM Boatswain 's Mate VE + AR ≥ 100 DC Damage Controlman VE + MC + AS ≥ 155 EM Electrician 's Mate MK + EI + GS ≥ 153 & AR ≥ 52 ET Electronics Technician MK + EI + GS ≥ 172 & AR ≥ 52 or AFQT ≥ 65 FS Food Service Specialist VE + AR ≥ 105 GM Gunner 's Mate AR + MK + EI + GS ≥ 209 HS Health Services Technician VE + MK + GS + AR ≥ 207 & AR ≥ 50 IS Intelligence Specialist VE + AR ≥ 109 IT Information Systems Technician MK + EI + GS ≥ 172 & AR ≥ 52 or AFQT ≥ 65 ME Maritime Enforcement Specialist VE + AR ≥ 100 MK Machinery Technician AR + MC + AS ≥ 154 or VE + AR ≥ 105 MST Marine Science Technician VE + AR ≥ 114 & MK ≥ 56 OS Operational Specialist VE + AR ≥ 105 PA Public Affairs Specialist VE + AR ≥ 109 & VE ≥ 54 SK Storekeeper VE + AR ≥ 105 & VE ≥ 51 YN Yeoman VE + AR ≥ 105 Air Force / Air National Guard Composite Scores ( Standard AFQT score AR + MK + ( 2 x VE ) ) Mechanical MC + GS ( 2 × AS ) Administrative NO + CS + VE General VE + AR Electrical AR + MK + EI + GS Marine Corps Line Score : CL Clerical VE + AR + MK EL Electronics GS + AR + MK + EI GT General Technical VE + AR MM Mechanical Maintenance NO + AS + MC + EI ST Skilled Technical GS + VE + MK + MC * MARSOC Special Operations GT = 105 Test validity ( edit ) The AFQT has been used in non-military settings as a proxy measure of intelligence , for example , in Herrnstein & Murray 's book The Bell Curve . Because of the test 's significance both inside and outside military settings , it is important to examine what the test measures , i.e. to evaluate the construct validity of the AFQT . Kaufman 's 2010 review stated that David Marks ( 2010 ) scanned the literature for datasets containing test estimates for populations or groups taking both the AFQT and tests of literacy . One study on nine groups of soldiers differing in job and reading ability found a correlation of . 96 between the AFQT and reading achievement ( Sticht , Caylor , Kern , & Fox , 1972 ) . Another study showed significant improvements among Black and Hispanic populations in their AFQT scores between 1980 and 1992 while Whites only showed a slight decrement ( Kilburn , Hanser , & Klerman , 1998 ) . Another study obtained reading scores for 17 - year olds for those same ethnic groups and dates ( Campbell et al. , 2000 ) and found a correlation of . 997 between reading scores and AFQT scores . This nearly perfect correlation was based on six pairs of data points from six independent population samples evaluated by two separate groups of investigators . According to Marks , `` On the basis of the studies summarized here , there can be little doubt that the Armed Forces Qualifications Test is a measure of literacy . '' However , it is important to note that AFQT has been shown to correlate more highly with classic IQ tests than they do with one another , and that the `` crystallized '' intelligence measured by AFQT is measured very similarly by Wechsler , in particular . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kapp , Lawrence ( February 25 , 2002 ) , Recruiting and Retention in the Active Component Military : Are There Problems ? ( PDF ) , Defense Foreign Affairs , Defense , and Trade ; Congressional Research Service , The Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` ASVAB '' . Military.com . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What To Expect When You Take the ASVAB '' . Department of Defense , Official site of the ASVAB. 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum ASVAB Scores '' . Jump up ^ `` 10 Steps to Joining the Military -- Step 2 : Decide if you 're ready '' . Retrieved 3 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : 10 USC Sec. 520 Jump up ^ `` ASVAB and Air Force Jobs '' . Military.com . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/20060619_IQ.pdf Further reading ( edit ) Gregory , Robert J. ( 2011 ) . Psychological Testing : History , Principles , and Applications ( Sixth ed . ) . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 78214 - 7 . Lay summary ( 7 November 2010 ) . Hogan , Thomas P. ; Brooke Cannon ( 2007 ) . Psychological Testing : A Practical Introduction ( Second ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 73807 - 7 . Lay summary ( 21 November 2010 ) . Marks , D.F. ( 2010 ) . `` IQ variations across time , race , and nationality : an artifact of differences in literacy skills '' . Psychological Reports , 106 , 643 - 664 . External links ( edit ) Official ASVAB Information : The official ASVAB web site for the U.S. Department of Defense . ASVAB test description : Includes structure of the test , time allotted per section of the test and which sections are counted towards the Armed Forces Qualifying Test ( AFQT ) score . Kaufman , S.B. ( 2010 ) . `` The Flynn Effect and IQ Disparities Among Races , Ethnicities , and Nations : Are There Common Links ? 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4095887855606819816 | The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film) | The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 film ) - wikipedia The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 film ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Amazing Spider - Man ( film ) '' redirects here . For the pilot of the 1970s television series , see Spider - Man ( 1977 film ) . The Amazing Spider - Man Theatrical release poster Directed by Marc Webb Produced by Avi Arad Matt Tolmach Laura Ziskin Screenplay by James Vanderbilt Alvin Sargent Steve Kloves Story by James Vanderbilt Based on The Amazing Spider - Man by Stan Lee Steve Ditko Starring Andrew Garfield Emma Stone Rhys Ifans Denis Leary Campbell Scott Irrfan Khan Martin Sheen Sally Field Music by James Horner Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Alan Edward Bell Michael McCusker Pietro Scalia Production company Marvel Entertainment Laura Ziskin Productions Arad Productions , Inc . Matt Tolmach Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 30 ) ( Tokyo ) July 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 03 ) ( United States ) Running time 136 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 -- 230 million Box office $757.9 million The Amazing Spider - Man is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider - Man , and sharing the title of the character 's longest - running comic book . It is the fourth theatrical Spider - Man film produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Entertainment , and a reboot of Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man 2002 - 2007 trilogy preceding it . The film was directed by Marc Webb . It was written by James Vanderbilt , Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves and it stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider - Man , Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy , Rhys Ifans as Dr. Curtis Connors , Denis Leary as NYPD Captain George Stacy , along with Martin Sheen and Sally Field as the uncle and aunt of Peter Parker , Ben Parker and May Parker . The film tells the story of Peter Parker , a teenager from New York who becomes Spider - Man after being bitten by a genetically altered spider . Parker must stop Dr. Curt Connors as a mutated lizard , from spreading a mutation serum to the city 's human population . Development of the film began with the cancellation of Spider - Man 4 in 2010 , ending director Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man film series that had starred Tobey Maguire as the titular superhero . Columbia Pictures opted to reboot the franchise with the same production team along with James Vanderbilt to stay on with writing the next Spider - Man film while Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves helped with the script as well . During pre-production , the main characters were cast in 2010 . New designs were introduced from the comics , such as artificial web - shooters . Using Red Digital Cinema Camera Company 's RED Epic camera , principal photography started in December 2010 in Los Angeles before moving to New York City . The film entered post-production in April 2011 . 3ality Technica provided 3D image processing , and Sony Pictures Imageworks handled CGI . This was also the final American film to be scored by James Horner and released during his lifetime , before his death in 2015 from an aircraft accident . Sony Pictures Entertainment built a promotional website , releasing many previews and launched a viral marketing campaign , among other moves . Tie - ins included a video game by Beenox . The film premiered on June 30 in Tokyo , and was released in the United States on July 3 , ten years after release of Spider - Man ( 2002 ) , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D and released in home media in November 2012 . The reboot received generally favorable reviews , with critics praising mostly Andrew Garfield 's performance , the visual style , James Horner 's musical score , and the realistic portrayal of the title character , but the introduction of the character , the Lizard , was criticized for being too surreal for the film . The film was a box office success , grossing over $757 million worldwide , becoming the seventh - highest - grossing film of 2012 , and the highest - grossing reboot of all time . The film 's sequel , The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , was released on May 2 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.4. 1 Stunts 3.5 Effects 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.1. 1 Merchandising 4.1. 2 Previews 4.1. 3 Viral campaign 4.1. 4 Philanthropy 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Themes and analysis 6 Legacy 6.1 Other media 6.2 Sequels and reboot 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) A young Peter Parker discovers that his father Richard Parker 's study has been burgled . Peter 's parents gather hidden documents , take Peter to the home of his Aunt May and Uncle Ben , and then mysteriously depart . Years later , a teenage Peter attends Midtown Science High School , where he is bullied by Flash Thompson , and has caught the eye of Gwen Stacy . At home , Peter finds his father 's papers , and learns his father worked with fellow scientist Dr. Curt Connors at Oscorp in the field of cross-species genetics . Sneaking into Oscorp , Peter enters a lab where a `` biocable '' is under development from genetically modified spiders , one of which bites him . He later discovers he has developed spider - like abilities , such as sharp senses , reflexes and speed . After studying Richard 's papers , Peter visits the one - armed Connors , reveals he is Richard 's son and gives Connors his father 's `` decay rate algorithm '' , the missing piece in Connors ' experiments on regenerating limbs . Connors is being pressed by his superior , Dr. Ratha , to devise a cure for the dying head of Oscorp , Norman Osborn . In school , Peter is exposed after a basketball challenge with Flash , in which Peter accidentally shatters the backboard glass . His uncle changes work shifts to meet with the principal , and asks Peter to walk May home for him that night . Peter forgets to do so , distracted while at Oscorp helping Connors regenerate the limb of a laboratory mouse . At home , he and Ben argue , and Peter leaves . At a nearby deli , a cashier refuses to let Peter buy milk when Peter is two cents short ; when a thief suddenly raids the store , Peter indifferently observes . While searching for Peter , Ben attempts to stop the thief , and is killed . The thief escapes as Peter finds Ben dead on the sidewalk . Afterward , Peter uses his new abilities to track down criminals matching the killer 's description . After a fall lands him inside an abandoned gym , a luchador - wrestling poster inspires him to create a mask to hide his identity . He adds a spandex suit and builds mechanical devices to attach to his wrists to shoot a biocable `` web '' . Later , at dinner with Gwen 's family , he has a tense conversation with her father , police captain George Stacy , over the new masked vigilante 's motives . After dinner , Peter reveals his identity to Gwen , and they kiss . After seeing success with the mouse using lizard DNA , Ratha demands Connors begin human trials immediately . Connors refuses to rush the drug - testing procedure and put innocent people at risk . Ratha fires Connors and decides to test Connors ' serum at a Veterans Administration hospital under the guise of a flu shot . In an act of desperation , Connors tries the formula on himself . After passing out , he awakens to find his missing arm has regenerated . Discovering that Ratha is on his way to the VA hospital , Connors , whose skin is turning green and scaly , goes to intercept him . By the time he gets to the Williamsburg Bridge , Connors has become a violent hybrid of lizard and man , tossing cars , including Ratha 's , over the side . Peter , now calling himself Spider - Man , snatches each falling car with his web - lines . Peter suspects Connors is the Lizard and unsuccessfully confronts the creature in the sewers . The Lizard learns Spider - Man 's real identity via the name on an abandoned camera and follows Peter to school , where they fight . Police start a manhunt for both Spider - Man and the Lizard . The Police corner Spider - Man by taking off his mask and Captain Stacy discovers that Spider - Man is really Peter . The Lizard plans to make all humans lizard - like by releasing a chemical cloud from Oscorp 's tower , to eliminate the weaknesses he believes plague humanity . Spider - Man eventually disperses an antidote cloud instead , restoring Connors and earlier victims to normal , but not before the Lizard mortally wounds Captain Stacy . Before his death , Captain Stacy requests Peter avoid Gwen , in order to keep her safe . Peter initially does so , but later at school , suggests to Gwen he may see her after all . In a mid-credits scene , Connors , in a prison cell , speaks with a man in the shadows who asks if Peter knows the truth about his father . Connors does n't know , and demands Peter to be left alone before the man disappears . Cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Spider - Man films cast members and List of Spider - Man supporting characters Andrew Garfield ( top ) and Emma Stone ( bottom ) at 2013 San Diego Comic Con Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider - Man : A teenager struggling to find his place in life ever since his parents disappeared when he was a child . A spider bites him on the back of his neck , giving him spider - powers . He becomes Spider - Man . Garfield described Parker as someone he can relate to and stated that the character had been an important influence on him since he was little . Garfield drew from his life experiences as inspiration for the role , revealing , `` I was thinking of my history and thinking of the kid at school who I was n't as strong as , who behaved badly to a lot of people -- including myself -- and who I constantly tried to stand up to but never had the physical prowess to '' . Discussing his predecessor , Garfield said he respects Tobey Maguire as an actor and that when he first saw Maguire play Spider - Man he `` was blown away by his interpretation . '' Garfield said in interviews , including one in which he was interviewed by Maguire , that when he watched the film Spider - Man when he was younger , he would jokingly recite Maguire 's lines in the mirror with a friend who joked that he would never be Spider - Man . On accepting the role Garfield explained , `` I see it as a massive challenge in many ways ... To make it authentic . To make the character live and breathe in a new way . The audience already has a relationship with many different incarnations of the character . I do , as well . I 'm probably going to be the guy in the movie theater shouting abuse at myself . But I have to let that go . No turning back . And I would n't want to . '' After taking the role , Garfield studied the movements of athletes and spiders and tried to incorporate them , saying Parker is `` a boy / spider in terms of how he moves , and not just in the suit . '' He did yoga and Pilates for the role in order to be as flexible as possible . When first wearing his costume Garfield admitted to shedding tears and trying to imagine `` a better actor in the suit '' , which he described as `` uncomfortable '' and admitted to wearing nothing beneath it since it is skintight . When filming Garfield explained that he had four months of training and described his physical roles on stunts as terribly challenging and exhausting . Max Charles portrayed Young Peter Parker Rhys Ifans as Dr. Curt Connors / The Lizard : One of Oscorp 's leading scientific minds who attempts to engineer a revolutionary regeneration serum to help regrow limbs and human tissue . Something goes wrong , and he is transformed into the monster known as the Lizard . Ifans said his character spends the majority of the film as a human . While playing the 9 - foot - tall reptile , Ifans was required to wear a CGI suit . Initially , a large stunt - double was used as a stand - in for the role , but Ifans insisted on portraying the transformed character . Commenting on the technology used to bring his character to life , Ifans continued , `` I had a green suit on , and then this cardboard head , and these small claws ... Each and every time you see the Lizard , the technology is so advanced now that when the Lizard 's eyes move , they 're my eyes . If I frown or show any emotion , they 're my emotions . That 's how spectacularly advanced technology is . '' Ifans said that he voiced the man - beast as well , explaining , `` I 'm sure the voice will be toyed with in the eventual edits , but when I was shooting the CGI moments , when I was n't actually human , when I was Lizard , I looked like a crash - test dummy in a green leotard thing . There were many moments when I had to speak to Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone as the Lizard . '' Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy A high school classmate and love interest of Parker 's , a smart and charismatic girl who is the chief Intern at Oscorp . For the role , Stone kept her natural blonde hair color , rather than maintaining her usual dyed red hair . She felt that she had a responsibility to educate herself on Spider - Man , admitting she `` had n't read the comic book growing up , and my experience was with the Sam Raimi movies ... I always assumed that Mary Jane was his first love '' , and having only been familiar with her The Help co-star Bryce Dallas Howard 's portrayal in Spider - Man 3 . Stone said , `` There 's a part of me that really wants to please people ( who ) love Spider - Man or Gwen Stacy and want her to be done justice . I hope they 'll give me license to interpret her my way . '' Denis Leary as Captain Stacy : `` This is a Denis Leary you 've never seen before -- he 's not the cool cat bucking the system , he is the system . He 's got wit , he 's got an attitude , and he 's got 500 officers looking for Spider - Man -- who just happens to be dating his daughter . '' -- Matt Tolmach explaining Leary 's character . Gwen 's father and a New York City Police Department captain who hunts both Spider - Man out of distrust and the Lizard for his rampage . Leary explained that he did not know much about Spider - Man in the comics and was `` more of a Batman guy . Not the ' 60s ( TV version ) but the really dark Batman . But my wife was a Spider - Man nut , which was why I went to Tobey Maguire ones . '' He added that long before he was cast as George Stacy his friend Jeff Garlin , a Spider - Man fan , `` said to me , ' The first time I met you , I thought you were George Stacy ! ' This was like 30 years ago . I was like , ' What ? ! ' '' Director Webb said of his casting , `` ( W ) e all trust Denis Leary . He 's got this attitude , but you love him . In this movie , he puts pressure on Peter Parker . He 's on Spider - Man 's case , but you understand him . I 've said this before , but good drama comes from competing ideas of what 's good . '' Martin Sheen as Uncle Ben : Peter 's uncle . Sheen admitted he was unfamiliar with Spider - Man other than Maguire 's portrayal , and knew little of the character Ben Parker except for knowing Cliff Robertson had played the part . Sheen described his character as a surrogate father , saying , `` I 'm dealing with this adolescent who is having problems with changes , with hormones changing and his getting out of hand . I have to give him the marching orders and so forth . '' Webb said , `` You think of Martin Sheen as President Bartlet ( of TV 's The West Wing ) . He has that sense of benevolent authority , but there 's something else that 's important , in terms of the dynamic that I wanted to explore , vis - à - vis Peter 's relationship with his absent parents . '' Webb felt that unlike the scientifically inclined Peter , Uncle Ben represented the blue - collar working man , a gap that could create a dynamic between the characters . Sally Field as Aunt May : Ben Parker 's wife and Peter 's aunt . Field said the main reason she felt she had to be in the film was because of producer Laura Ziskin ( they worked together on the 1985 film Murphy 's Romance ) because she had an instinct that this was to be Ziskin 's last film . After Ziskin 's death Field expressed her gratitude at being a part of both Ziskin 's first and last films . Director Webb felt that `` when you cast someone like Sally , they come with a certain level of awareness and real genuine affection , which for Aunt May is an incredibly important thing to have . '' Webb said that while `` we all love Aunt May '' , he wanted to create a tension between May and Peter . `` He 's got bruises on his face , and what happens in that moment ? That can create some tension , but you want there to be love there . That 's what someone like Sally Field gives you . '' Irrfan Khan as Rajit Ratha : An Oscorp executive , Connors ' immediate superior . Khan said he was offered what he described as this `` pivotal role '' after appearing in the TV drama series In Treatment . Webb described himself as a fan of the actor when watching the series along with the films The Namesake and The Warrior . Khan said he was uninterested in the project at first , but that his sons were excited about it and insisted he take the role . Chris Zylka as Flash Thompson : A high school bully who is also the captain of the Midtown Science High basketball team and typically picks on Parker . On playing the role , Zylka said , `` You just try to focus . As an artist or as an actor , you just try to focus and stay in that world and block it all out . '' Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portray Peter 's parents , Richard and Mary Parker . Leif Gantvoort plays the burglar who robs the convenience store . Hannah Marks portrays Missy Kallenback , an unpopular girl who has a crush on Peter . Kelsey Asbille 's brief role is simply credited as `` Hot Girl '' during the end credits of the film , but the actress revealed to media outlets around the time of the film 's release that her character is in fact Sally Avril . Similarly , C. Thomas Howell 's character is credited as `` Jack 's Father '' at the end of the film ( Jack being a boy that Spider - Man rescues on the Williamsburg Bridge ) but he is referred to as Troy by one of his fellow construction workers in the film itself . Unlike the previous films , J. Jonah Jameson does not appear . Spider - Man co-creator Stan Lee has a cameo appearance , as he did in the previous films . At the 2011 Dallas Comic Con , Lee detailed that he plays a librarian listening to music on his headphones while stamping books , oblivious to the ongoing battle . Michael Massee plays the mysterious man in the shadows who talks with Connors in his prison cell in a teaser scene during the end credits . As to the man 's identity , director Marc Webb said , `` It 's intentionally mysterious . And I invite speculation ... '' In The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , the character was revealed to be Gustav Fiers . Michael Papajohn , who played Uncle Ben 's killer in the 2002 film , has a cameo as Alfred , Dr. Ratha 's limo driver . Kari Coleman , Charlie DePew , Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier portray the Stacy family : Helen Stacy , Philip Stacy , Howard Stacy and Simon Stacy respectively . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Further information : Spider - Man in film § Spider - Man 4 Following the release of Spider - Man 3 , Sony Pictures Entertainment had announced a May 5 , 2011 , release date for Sam Raimi 's next film in the earlier series . By this time , screenwriters James Vanderbilt , David Lindsay - Abaire and Gary Ross had all written rejected versions of a script and Ziskin 's husband Alvin Sargent , who wrote the second and third films , was working on yet another attempt . Raimi wanted John Malkovich to play his next villain . However , on January 11 , 2010 , Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that rather than continue the earlier saga , they were rebooting the series with a new cast and crew . Industry reports claimed that Raimi had admitted that he could not meet the scheduled release date and retain creative integrity . Avi Arad , Matt Tolmach and Ziskin continued as producers . Arad later explained , `` We were working on what we called Spider - Man 4 and it was the same team ( as with the first three films ) . The problem was we did n't have a story that was strong enough and warranted ... another movie . And Sam Raimi ... realized we ( did n't ) have a good reason to make another one . And between ( him ) and Tobey and obviously the studio , we all went into it not feeling good about the next story . '' Tolmach said one reason to restart the series was that the producers felt the core Spider - Man story was that of a boy becoming a man . Screenwriter Steve Kloves did a polish of Sargent 's script , saying he had originally declined the opportunity to do so but relented `` as a favor '' to the filmmakers . `` I also really wanted to write for Emma Stone , because I like to write for women and I particularly like Emma , '' he explained . `` So ... I did basically character and dialogue , and that was enjoyable for me . So that was my hand in it . And I did a little plot work , but a lot of the plot was done . '' He did `` a little bit '' of dialog for Peter Parker / Spider - Man . In April 2012 , writer - director Paul Feig said that Webb `` invited me on set , and I did a little bit of writing for that movie , for one of the high school scenes '' . `` When you walk out of the theater , I want the world you see to resemble what you saw on the screen . Part of the joy of cinema ( is that ) you make the impossible look real . I wanted it to be more grounded and more realistic and that went for the emotion of the scenes , the physical action and wardrobe . It 's less based in Steve Ditko world and probably closer visually and more influenced by `` Ultimate Spider - Man '' but it is also very much a world of our own devising . '' -- Marc Webb in an interview with the Los Angeles Times Days after announcing Raimi 's departure , the studio announced that Webb , whose previous film ( 500 ) Days of Summer was his directorial debut , would direct the reboot . Tolmach , now president of Columbia Pictures and Amy Pascal , co-chairman of Sony Pictures Entertainment , said they looked for a director who could give sharp focus to Parker 's life . Webb said he `` was a little sceptical at first -- you feel the presence of those other movies . But then I was like , ' How could I walk away from this ? What an opportunity ! ' '' Webb said in the press release announcing him that , `` Sam Raimi 's virtuoso rendering of Spider - Man is a humbling precedent to follow and build upon . The first three films are beloved for good reason . But I think the Spider - Man mythology transcends not only generations but directors as well . I am signing on not to ' take over ' from Sam . That would be impossible . Not to mention arrogant . I 'm here because there 's an opportunity for ideas , stories , and histories that will add a new dimension , canvas , and creative voice to Spider - Man . '' Webb felt Spider - Man is different from the Harry Potter franchise , which is based on a few novels and `` more like James Bond '' because `` there 's so much material in Spider - Man that there are so many stories to tell and so many characters . '' He described the film as `` not a remake '' explaining that `` we 're not making Sam 's movie again . It 's a different universe and a different story with different characters . '' Casting ( edit ) Chosen supporting cast for comic book characters roles Rhys Ifans Denis Leary Martin Sheen Sally Field In May 2010 , The Hollywood Reporter said the actors who met with Webb to be considered for the lead role included Jamie Bell , Alden Ehrenreich , Frank Dillane , Ose Hayble , Garfield and Josh Hutcherson . In June 2010 the Los Angeles Times reported that the shortlist had expanded to include Aaron Johnson and Anton Yelchin . At least Bell , Ehrenreich , Garfield , Yelchin , Logan Lerman and Michael Angarano had screen tests . On July 1 , 2010 , the choice of Garfield was confirmed . Webb stated that he felt he knew Garfield was the right guy when they were filming a cutscene where he was eating a cheeseburger while telling Gwen to calm down . Sony then held auditions for the role of the young Peter , who needed to resemble Garfield . Webb said , `` I think we saw the origin of Spider - Man before but not the origin of Peter Parker . '' Webb felt that when you try to build the film you must build the protagonist from the ground up . That 's why he wanted Parker to begin as a child . It was reported originally that the film would feature both Mary Jane Watson and Gwen Stacy as love interests , but the website The Wrap later reported that only Gwen Stacy would appear . In August 2010 , the list of candidates included Lily Collins , Ophelia Lovibond , and Imogen Poots , with Teresa Palmer , Emma Roberts , and Mary Elizabeth Winstead cited by The Hollywood Reporter as `` potentially in the mix '' . In September 2010 , Variety reported that the shortlist had expanded to include Stone and Mia Wasikowska . The shortlist was reported to then include Dianna Agron , Georgina Haig and Dominique McElligott . On October 5 , 2010 , the choice of Stone was confirmed . Webb noted that the chemistry between Stone and Garfield made her the clear choice . That chemistry inspired their off - screen romance . On October 11 , 2010 , Rhys Ifans was confirmed to be the unnamed villain , and two days later his character was revealed to be Dr. Curt Connors / The Lizard . Arad said that Lizard is his favorite Spider - Man villain , and he had long wanted to use him in a film . Well before the choice of villain , Arad had had conceptual drawings prepared for the character . In November , Martin Sheen was reported to be Uncle Ben while Sally Field was in negotiations to play Aunt May . That same month , Denis Leary was reported to accept the role of George Stacy . In December 2010 , Campbell Scott and Julianne Nicholson were in negotiations to play Peter 's parents . Khan was originally reported as playing Van Adder until the character 's name was revealed to be Dr. Ratha . Embeth Davidtz then replaced Nicholson . Annie Parisse was originally reported to play `` the villain 's wife '' , and Miles Elliot was reported to portray Billy Connors , son of Dr. Connors ; but they did not appear in the final cut of the film . Design ( edit ) Further information : Spider - Man 's powers and equipment Webb felt a responsibility to reinvent Spider - Man . One departure from the preceding trilogy was to have Spider - Man build artificial web - shooters , as the character does in the comics . In February 2011 , with the launch of the official website , the title and first official image of Garfield as Spider - Man depicting both his costume and web - shooters for the first time were revealed . Writer Geoff Boucher of the Los Angeles Times was skeptical of the change , feeling that it was too hard to believe that a financially strapped young man could conceive a wrist - worn device that can instantly produce a strand of synthetic webbing and noted `` the suit lives up to the challenge of being different from the Sam Raimi films but not too different from the classic suit that stands as one of the great comic - book costumes ever . '' Matt Goldberg of Collider admitted that he was not crazy about the costume , explaining that the bug - yellow eyes felt weird to him and the mesh - pattern felt too busy . He explained that the design of the gloves caused flashbacks to the Spider - Man 2099 costume which he did not like , although he felt that the web - shooters looked fine . Webb explained that he felt that `` the web - shooters were able to dramatize Peter 's intellect '' . Webb paid attention to the question of `` How would a kid make it ? '' and then took some license with it . About the new costume , Webb explained that he and the crew `` wanted a design that would make the body longer and more lithe , more of an acrobat , someone incredibly agile and the legs of the spider ( symbol on the chest ) were something we used to emphasize that . '' He revealed that the film used varying suits for different lighting conditions . They made the webbing on the costume a little darker . Webb stated that `` With the costume and the web - shooters we wanted to emphasize that these are things that Peter Parker made '' . Webb also looked at the Mark Bagley art in Ultimate Spider - Man for the hero 's body . While Webb introduced a few elements from Ultimate Spider - Man , he wanted to keep the mainstream version of Gwen Stacy instead of that world 's punk rocker , though he states that the `` texture '' of the romantic relationship between her and Peter is based on that of the Ultimate versions of Peter and Mary Jane . The release of Lizard merchandise designs along with unconfirmed concept art featuring a humanoid - shape with a layer of scales on top instead of a pronounced snout ( similar to a dinosaur or crocodile ) as in the most recent comics , produced a mixed reaction . Many commenters compared it to other fictional characters instead of his rendering in comics . Russ Fischer of / Film described the character as looking more `` Steve Ditko derived '' ( the character 's original artist ) . Webb felt that there are different incarnations of Lizard in the comic book . He felt that he should do it without the snout because he was interested more in human emotions and wanted to keep Rhys ' presence in the creature . Webb wanted him to have emotion , have a face and have feeling . He stated `` that in a comic book , you just put that thing up there , and you can say , oh , thought bubble , whatever . But when you try to do that and make it look real , it 's a different challenge , and I 'm creating a movie , I 'm not creating a comic book . That was part of the design . '' Webb `` wanted to do something that felt more contemporary , and was less based in representing panels from the comics '' and focus on spirit over style . Filming ( edit ) Some filming locations in New York were near East River close to the Williamsburg Bridge as shown above . However , most action scenes could not be done there . A 150 - foot replica of a piece of the bridge near a tank had to be replaced for some scenes in Los Angeles and some tighter shots and close - ups were done on a soundstage in New York City . Principal photography began on December 6 , 2010 , in Los Angeles . The working title was Fiona 's Tale . The 90 - day shoot included two weeks in New York City , while the bulk of filming occurred in and around Los Angeles , including such locations as the Henry Fonda Theater in Hollywood , St. John Bosco High School 's Gym , Immanuel Presbyterian Church in Mid-Wilshire , and various locations around South Pasadena , San Pedro and Woodland Hills . Sony Entertainment spokesman Steve Elzer explained , `` ( T ) here is a comfort level in producing a project of this size and scope on your own backlot ... Basing the film on the lot also makes it easier for producers to interact with Sony 's in - house visual effects team , and gives the studios greater control of quality and security . '' Some location shooting took place in New York City . The Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House served as the exterior for NYPD headquarters , and an apartment house at 15 West 81st Street , on Manhattan 's Upper West Side , was used as the exterior for the home of Gwen Stacy and her family . A row of houses on Fuller Place in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Windsor Terrace stood in for the Forest Hills , Queens neighborhood of Ben and May Parker . A web - swinging stunt sequence takes place along the Riverside Drive Viaduct in Harlem . The film was the first Hollywood production to be filmed with the Red Digital Cinema Camera Company 's RED Epic camera and was shot in 3 - D at 5K resolution . Cinematographer John Schwartzman had this to say about the camera : `` Today was Epic , Monday December 6 marks the first day the Red Epic camera was used to shoot a major studio motion picture . I can say for certainty the camera does exist and boy is it ready for primetime , as a matter of fact it 's a true game changer . '' Schwartzman felt that the 3D would have been impossible without it . He said , `` I can tell you without these cameras it would be impossible to move a 3D rig in the ways that THIS story demands , if Jim and the crew had n't made these cameras available to us I do n't think we could have shot this movie the way our director envisioned it in 3D . '' Webb wanted cameras small enough to fit on the rigs and swing around very fast , saying that the `` RED Epic cameras were the right cameras to do that . '' Webb continued that `` you need to shoot it with a level of velocity and 3D cameras can be very large ... and so we need those cameras to mount on rigs that could fly to the air and run to the streets in a certain pace . That allowed us to do it . '' The Amazing Spider - Man 's climax was filmed in a 1 : 78 : 1 aspect ratio for its IMAX DMR release . On April 2011 , Stone revealed that the cinematography had wrapped and that post-production began in May although some reshooting took place in New York City in November 2011 and in Los Angeles in December 2011 . Stunts ( edit ) Webb stated that he and the crew wanted to keep the stunts more grounded physically , a challenge for a superhuman character . The stunt performers included the Armstrong family , Vic and Andy , along with Richard Norton who plays a SWAT team member . Andy Armstrong was the stunt coordinator while Vic was the second unit director . To determine how Spider - Man should swing , Andy videotaped an Olympic Games gymnast swinging on a horizontal bar . Andy noted that in the computer - generated swing in the earlier Spider - Man films , `` he swings down at the same speed as he swings up , '' and this `` constant '' speed is unlike a real gymnast 's movement where `` he 's accelerating until he reaches the bottom , then as he starts to come up , he 's decelerating until he gets to the top of his swing and he actually gets negative gravity , where he 'll go weightless for a second , and then the next swing starts , and it becomes another violent swing again . '' Vic felt that Spider - Man 's moves were comparable to those of Tarzan , and he wanted to add that in the film . While filming in New York City , they swung a man through traffic down the street . Then , while the crew built a rig hundreds of feet long over Riverside Drive in Harlem , Andy built a car rig with a series of wires to help with effects which Webb said required an `` incredible wealth of acrobatics '' . These rigs were over 200 -- 300 feet long and demanded months of rehearsals and design . According to Andy , operating the rigs `` was a combination of a lot of human skills and mechanical engineering . '' The purpose of the rigs was to depict Spider - Man 's swing in a way that was n't computer - generated . Garfield was reported to be involved with some of the stunts . Leaked pictures reveal Garfield with a nosebleed that reports claimed was from swinging . Arad explained that `` Andrew is not only a brilliant actor but he is a sportsman . This gave us the opportunity to try things with him that were it not so it would have been almost impossible . '' Effects ( edit ) External video The Amazing Spider - Man : Sewer Battle Shot Build on YouTube . How Sony Imageworks brought Spider - Man 's poses and environments to life on YouTube The Amazing Spider - Man : The Lizard Shot Build on YouTube . The Amazing Spider - Man : High School Fight Shot Build on YouTube . The company 3ality Technica of Burbank , California produced some of the equipment . The film was reported to be the first to adopt 3ality Digital 's TS - 5 wireless and handheld beamsplitter mirror rig . 3ality technology helped make it possible to avoid 2D to 3D conversion . Webb wanted a new 3D experience for Spider - Man : `` Because we 're shooting in 3D , I wanted to conceive of certain things very specifically for 3D . There 's an experimental component to 3D that 's fascinating and we 're experimenting with generating that point of view -- so you feel what Peter Parker feels , you feel what Spider - Man feels when he 's jumping over buildings and over the streets . '' He felt that Spider - Man was ideal for 3D , admitting that they `` started making the movie around the time Avatar came out '' which made every studio want 3D . This was Webb 's first film using the technique , and he did not want a force - fit or clumsy conversion as he had seen in other films . Webb cited childhood films such as Creature from the Black Lagoon and House of Wax for inspirations to push the 3D in his film even further than the type of depth that James Cameron uses in his film . The Vancouver branch of Sony Pictures Imageworks was responsible for the digital touch - up . The group improved the sewer and high school battle scene with many of Spider - Man 's poses and environments that were used in the film . The comic book was cited as a basic source for Spider - Man 's poses . The visual designers helped bring the Lizard to life by first building a digital version of a production design maquette . Many of the staff were involved with the process . They also started by thinking about lizard biology and how his muscles would work . A large man referred to as `` Big John '' stood in as the character during shooting , performing much of the interaction with other characters . The computer - generated Lizard replaced him in post-production . The creators would then fuse the design of the Lizard with the actor Rhys Ifans . Ifans then used motion capture for the Lizard 's speaking parts , which Webb found challenging to incorporate into the character 's final version . Music ( edit ) Further information : The Amazing Spider - Man ( soundtrack ) `` Main Title -- Young Peter '' Critics like Filmtracks.com 's Christian Clemmensen felt that `` Horner 's mix of the electronic elements into the major ensemble cues is tastefully handled '' in this score . He also felt that the instruments such as the piano like played in this score is one of the heart of the score following Parker 's relationships in their tender and mysterious turns . Problems playing this file ? See media help . James Horner scored the film . Webb described Horner 's first musical cue as `` spectacular '' . Webb said , `` I wanted to create a score that felt massive and huge but also intimate and small . '' The film also features the Coldplay song `` ' Til Kingdom Come '' from the album X&Y . In May 2012 , Sony Classical revealed details about the soundtrack . Release ( edit ) On February 10 , 2010 , Sony announced that the film would be released in 3D and IMAX 3D on July 3 , 2012 . Release dates outside the US were moved up to June in other countries to increase first - week sales . Premieres took place in Tokyo , Japan on June 13 . The film is rated PG - 13 for sequences of action and violence . Marketing ( edit ) Merchandising ( edit ) Spider - Man 's stunt double shoots a Hardee 's / Carl 's Jr. commercial promoting the film . Spider - Man and Lizard PEZ dispensers were revealed at the November 2011 Comic - Con first depicted the film 's Lizard . In December 2011 , it was revealed that Mega Brands had the rights to produce construction sets . A Marvel Select Spider - Man action figure by Diamond Select Toys was announced on January 2012 -- the fifth Marvel Select Spider - Man figure , but the first based on a film . The first look at a Hasbro action figure of the film 's version of Spider - Man was revealed at the July 2011 Comic - Con . Hasbro made a radio control speed - climbing figure . Minimates made action figures from the film . Other companies releasing action figures for the film include Hot Toys , MediCom and Kaiyodo . OPI Products released a collection of The Amazing Spider - Man nail polish . Trading cards were also available . CKE Restaurants , parent company of Carl 's Jr. and Hardee 's , helped sponsor the film . Chief marketing officer Brad Haley said they would market a new burger as part of the promotion . The burger was dubbed `` The Amazing Grilled Cheese Bacon Burger '' . It was promoted through film - themed commercials and radio ads featuring Stan Lee . Spider - Man - themed premiums were offered as part of the Cool Kid 's Combo . Tours and PlayStation 3 game prizes were part of the promotion along with a video game . Stan Lee then helped spread the word that fans would also have been treated for a free Amazing Grilled Cheese Bacon Burger in Independence Day if dressed as Spider - Man . Big Cola was reported to enter a deal for promoting the film . The Kellogg Company and the Keebler Company built marketing campaigns around clips from the film . Sony launched a new augmented reality mobile application for the film using Qualcomm 's Vuforia platform . Sony 's Dwight Caines felt that the `` use of augmented reality technology is a fun way of embracing the 3D aspects of the movie while nurturing the playful kid inside all of us who wants to collect items from their favorite superhero character to share with their friends and family . '' Twizzlers challenged fans nationwide to help the hero build a virtual web of Twizzlers Twists to unlock prizes and exclusive content . D - Box Technologies provide motion simulation for the film in select theaters . As is common in Sony films , Sony product placements abounded , replacing the ubiquitous Apple Computer products often used by other studios . The film 's mobile phones , tablets , monitors and laptops all came from other Sony divisions . Other placements included Microsoft 's Bing search engine . Previews ( edit ) Play media The point of view shot in the teaser trailer that was compared to the 2008 first person video game , Mirror 's Edge by writers . This was the first preview audiences had of Spider - Man fully in the new costume in video . Only a few of these scenes appeared in the final cut of the film . A teaser trailer was leaked on the Internet and aired at San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2011 , attached to the superhero film Captain America : The First Avenger . Rob Keyes of Screen Rant felt that `` it takes on a noticeably different tone from that of Raimi trilogy of Spider - Man movies , and presents itself in a similar fashion to what Christopher Nolan did with Batman Begins . '' Some writers observed that the trailer very closely resembles the 2008 video game Mirror 's Edge . After the third trailer was released , Webb defended the point of view footage , saying it was an early rendering and that the CGI was still in production . A `` sneak peek screening '' of The Amazing Spider - Man was held on February 6 , 2012 in 13 cities internationally : Berlin , London , Los Angeles , Madrid , Mexico City , Moscow , New York City , Paris , Rio de Janeiro , Rome , Seoul , Sydney and Tokyo . On January 8 , 2012 , the Spider - Man logo appeared on some of the world 's most iconic buildings , such as the Sydney Opera House , the Colosseum of Rome , the Kremlin in Moscow and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris . The screening revealed a second trailer in 3D , which thereafter appeared online . Glen Levy of Time magazine felt that the trailer 's `` dialogue goes hand in hand with the action , rather than be dominated by it '' and that the action scenes from the film looked `` polished and slick '' . The special screening included an eight and a half minute extended trailer . Scott Mantz of Access Hollywood felt that the extended footage seemed is edgier and more character - driven and that `` the Lizard looks like a great villain '' . Peter Sciretta of / Film said that the trailers had left him `` impressed '' and had captured a feeling of dark naturalism alongside Spider - Man 's trademark wisecracking . With the second official trailer and the sizzle reel , Webb felt that it was important to provide a more specific idea of the film , such as showcasing Peter and Gwen 's relationship and the visual effects , just to display the attitude of the film that he and the crew were trying to create . On February 7 , 2012 it was reported that the latest official trailer revealed a link to the viral marketing internet site for the film . A third official trailer debuted on iTunes on May 3 , 2012 . The trailer was attached to the 3D première of The Avengers , the day after . The trailer contains what most reporters called a better and more fleshed Lizard . Adam Chitwood of Collider said , `` The webslinging has an edge to it and The Lizard has much more texture . I like Andrew Garfield a whole lot , and the biggest draw for me here is the character work between Garfield and Emma Stone . They look to have some great chemistry and Garfield brings out a ... side of Peter Parker that we did n't really see in Sam Raimi 's trilogy . '' Sandy Schaefer of ScreenRant felt that `` the darker color palette and 3D visuals shown here look overall quite crisp , even without the benefit of the big screen . '' Webb felt that `` there 's a small , intimate little indie movie at the heart of Spider - Man '' . In May 9 , 2012 the first television trailer was revealed which teased an `` 4 minute Super Preview '' on NBC with the season premiere of America 's Got Talent on May 14 . The super preview revealed Spider - Man saving a boy near a bridge . Fans and writers rated that scene the highest in the trailer . Angela Watercutter of Wired called the rescue scene `` pretty freaking epic . '' Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant felt that the biggest thing to note `` is the tone and composition of the film '' and that most of the footage `` manages to showcase a version of Peter Parker / Spider - Man that is both familiar and fresh . '' A six - minute 3D preview was tied in with IMAX 3D showings of Men in Black 3 . Sony 's Rory Bruer explained that the audience of Men in Black 3 should be a perfect match for this footage and that the six minutes should get everyone excited . The footage revealed an exchange between Peter and Gwen that Brad Williams from WhatCulture.com described as `` brief and cutesy '' . Brad found the CGI fairly clean and felt that the film seemed like a perfect match for 3D . Viral campaign ( edit ) Graffiti of the Spider - Man logo in Seattle , Washington , painted by operatives for the viral campaign for The Amazing Spider - Man . The main viral marketing site was revealed in the second trailer in February 2012 . The official Twitter account revealed a scavenger hunt by posting `` Property of Peter Parker ... Lost '' with the longitude and latitude coordinates of direct markets in major US cities . The missing items included a JanSport backpack . One of the clues hidden in the backpack was a link to a page on the viral site that unlocked countdown timers for the cities of Los Angeles , New York City , Atlanta , Denver , Seattle and Phoenix , Arizona . Once the countdown was up , each of the city - specific Twitter accounts for the marketing campaign sent out five locations in each city . A person at each spot waited to give the first person with the password a package and the tag - name `` operative '' . These operatives painted the Spider - Man logo as graffiti . The operatives then could view a scene related to the film . The main viral website revealed hints to other websites , such as a photo blog that expressed Peter Parker 's point of view . An unlocked puzzle there revealed the words `` evolve '' , `` through '' and `` engineering '' which when put together led to another website with design sketches on how to build a web - shooter . A Daily Bugle website revealed Denis Leary as George Stacy , lamenting the appearance of the wall - crawler and asking whoever spots Spider - Man to e-mail the police . The site hosted the best fan - made Spider - Man scenes . People who uploaded images of `` Spider - Man '' on the `` Webbed Menace '' viral site received a poster that sent them to a website for a boxing gym called `` Jerera 's Boxing Gym '' . The gym was funded by Peter Parker 's school . A viral website of that class was discovered . Entering the correct password revealed Parker 's class schedule . The Midtown High School site then revealed a Twitter user tracking down Lizard and asked people in Los Angeles , New York City , Atlanta , Chicago , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , Phoenix , Austin , Tampa , Minneapolis and New Orleans to stay tuned for details . A viral site for Oscorp Industries was available . The Twitter account that coordinated a nationwide effort to track Lizard sightings revealed locations that had packages containing Connors ' shredded lab coat , an Oscorp ID badge and scientific samples of reptilian skin . When unscrambling the letters listed on each sample , the words `` animal dynamics lab '' led players to a new Oscorp Industries site focusing on a science program about reptile genetics . The site depicts Doctor Connors search for interns who could begin applying on May 14 . Completing the application and supplying the keyword `` Mutagen '' unveiled a Lizard featurette . The Oscorp Industries website contained puzzles that revealed two in - game documents , two video updates featuring Connors and a following cipher that as of July 2012 had yet to be cracked . From there images were then unscrambled , revealing a research project with spiders , a letter from Mary Parker to Richard Parker that exposed his workaholic habits and a Daily Bugle newspaper that contained notes about Oscorp . On May 30 , 2012 , the third ( and apparently final ) set of challenges in the Animal Dynamics Lab was launched with two new video updates of Doctor Connors , an image of Richard and Mary Parker , letters from Rajit Ratha to Doctor Connors , one from Doctor Connors to Richard Parker and another note to Richard from Mary . In June 1 , 2012 , a Carl 's Jr. in Glendale , California hosted the next viral campaign by decorating webs and declaring a crime scene due to Spider - Man 's apprehension of a serial car and motorcycle thief . It was announced via The Mark of the Spider - Man Twitter feed , and with the code word `` Web of Crime '' , a hidden message was discovered , entitled a `` Spider cipher '' . The code name `` adhere '' named another sub-site of the Mark of the Spider - Man campaign that revealed crime reports . Oliver Lyttleton of indieWire felt that viral ads such as the webbed menace website seemed a little forced and cribbed heavily from the example set by The Dark Knight with viral games . Silas Lesnick of SuperheroHype ! , on the other hand , described the film 's viral as `` one of the most comprehensive film virals to date '' . Philanthropy ( edit ) T - shirts depicting the film 's Spider - Man to help the cause for Stand Up to Cancer were available . Garfield wore the shirt , explaining that `` these shirts underscore the idea that anyone has the power to be a hero . Cancer is one of our greatest villains . I 'm proud to join others in standing up to this disease . '' Ziskin 's death from cancer was used as inspiration for the cause . Sony created a website for the cause . Columbia Pictures teamed up with New York City cultural institutions to create `` Spider - Man week '' by helping out in the community . Home Media ( edit ) The Amazing Spider - Man was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and digital download on November 9 , 2012 in North America . These releases contain a ninety - minute behind - the - scenes documentary for the film along with UltraViolet download . Other special features include `` Rite of Passage : The Amazing Spider - Man reborn '' and `` The Oscorp Archives - Production Art Gallery '' . The discs also contain audio commentary from Marc Webb , Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach . The deleted scenes included relationship - building between Peter and Connors which Joey Esposito of IGN thought gives the Lizard a sense of sympathy that is lacking in the final film . The Blu - ray / DVD combo pack contains three disks and also contains a second screen app for the iPad . Sony also included a limited edition gift set on November 9 , 2012 containing four disks with the special editions along with figurines of Spider - Man and the Lizard from the film . While released , the film was reported as dominating the sales chart on its first release until the end of November 11 , 2012 while its rental chart had The Amazing Spider - Man at number two behind Prometheus . It then became number one in rental and dropped to number two in sales chart after its second week . FX has acquired the TV commercial rights to the film to air in late 2014 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Amazing Spider - Man earned $262 million in North America and $495.9 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $757.9 million . It is the 75th highest - grossing film , the seventh highest grossing film of 2012 , the 19th highest - grossing superhero film , the fourth grossing Spider - Man film , the sixth highest grossing film distributed by Sony / Columbia and the highest grossing reboot of all time worldwide . In North America , the film earned $7.5 million during its midnight run at 3,150 locations , including $1.2 million from 300 IMAX venues . On its opening day , a pre-holiday Tuesday , it set a Tuesday - gross record with $35 million ( previously held by Transformers ) . The next day , the film dropped 33.4 percent to $23.3 million -- the second highest non-opening Wednesday . Over the three - day weekend , it grossed $62.0 million . This pushed the film 's six - day gross to $137.0 million , which was smaller than those of Transformers ( $155.41 million ) and Spider - Man 2 ( $180.07 million ) among past Fourth of July releases . Although the film did not match its predecessors , Sony Pictures stated , `` In the world of re-launched franchises , this is a spectacular success by any measure '' . For example , both Batman Begins ( $79.5 million ) and X-Men : First Class ( $69.9 million ) ( both were non 3D - movies ) opened significantly below The Amazing Spider - Man . It remained at the number 1 spot for ten consecutive days , until the opening day of Ice Age : Continental Drift . Outside North America , The Amazing Spider - Man grossed $51.1 million on its five - day opening weekend ( June 27 -- July 1 , 2012 ) from 13 markets , with strong openings in many Asian countries . In India , it earned $6.0 million , a record opening for a Hollywood film . Its final box office collection in India was $20 million making it the eightth highest grossing Hollywood film in India of all time . Kercy Daruwala of Sony Pictures in India felt very confident that the presence of famed Indian actor Irrfan Khan would enhance attendance . Opening in an additional 61 markets , the film made $127.5 million over its second weekend . The movie ranked number one in over 30 countries . In Indonesia , it broke the opening - weekend record with $4.5 million while , in the UK , it opened to £ 11.1 million ( $18.1 million ) which is about equal with Spider - Man 3 ( £ 11.8 million ) . In its last market , China , The Amazing Spider - Man grossed $33.3 million over its seven - day debut , which is more than Spider - Man 3 's lifetime box office in China . China is also the movie 's highest - grossing territory with $48.8 million . Critical response ( edit ) The Amazing Spider - Man was the last Marvel Comics - based film that Roger Ebert ever reviewed before he died . He regarded it as `` probably the second best '' within the Spider - Man film franchise ( after Spider - Man 2 ) . The Amazing Spider - Man received generally favorable reviews by critics upon release with critics praising the performance of Andrew Garfield . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 72 % based on 307 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A well - chosen cast and sure - handed direction allows The Amazing Spider - Man to thrill despite revisiting many of the same plot points from 2002 's Spider - Man . '' On Metacritic , the film has an average score of 66 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . According to Rotten Tomatoes ' yearly lists ( by using a weighted formula of the critics review in the site ) , it was placed number 32 on its list of the all - time best comic book films in 2012 and had fallen to 36th in 2013 . CinemaScore 's audience graded it an `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter felt that the film was satisfying , explaining that Webb directed with emotional and comedic touches and provided a darker depiction and a stronger romance than the original . Boyd Van Hoeija of Variety described the film as a `` mostly slick , entertaining and emotionally involving recombination of fresh and familiar elements '' . A columnist of The Village Voice , Chris Pakham felt that the film was faithful to the comics and that `` Garfield 's spindly physicality evokes the Marvel illustrations of the 1960s . '' Conversely , Lou Lemenick of the New York Post wrote that the film was dull and uninspiring and felt that it did not compare to Batman Begins and was `` a pointless rehash in the mode of Superman Returns . '' New Yorker critic Anthony Lane described the film as `` running out of nimbleness and fun , and the promise contained in its title seems ever more tendentious . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called the film `` memorable in pieces but not as a whole '' and said that its best element is the relationship between Peter and Gwen , while the Lizard `` is not quite an opponent for the ages . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A - describing the film as `` a friskier , sweeter - natured variation '' when compared to Raimi 's work . She explained that the most `` amazing '' element was not the `` blockbuster wow ! '' but instead the `` intimate awww . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today explained that `` as a new chapter in the superpowered arachnid saga , it stands on its own quite nicely , focusing more on human emotions than on a panoply of special effects . '' She said `` where Tobey Maguire in the original Spider - Man trilogy was earnest , Garfield 's Spider - Man is whip - smart and likably cheeky , with an undercurrent of teenage angst . '' She also called the film `` as much a coming - of - age story as a crime - fighting action saga . '' Christy Lemire of the Associated Press described Garfield 's Spider - Man as an arrogant and misunderstood outsider , giving the film a `` restless , reckless energy and a welcome sense of danger . '' She also concluded that Webb was a different sort of director , saying that while Webb 's big set pieces lacked Raimi 's imagination , they conveyed `` emotional truth '' and `` a pervasive sense of humanity '' . However , Ty Burr of The Boston Globe felt that the film lacked the original 's pop grace and the pulpy joy , saying the film was `` dumbed down , tarted up '' and `` almost shockingly uninspired '' . Burr evaluated it as `` the worst superhero film since Green Lantern '' . Colin Covert of the Star Tribune also felt that The Amazing Spider - Man is weaker than its predecessor and described it as `` The Notebook in spandex '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times felt that the reboot provided better reasons for why Peter Parker adopts his superhero role , even if the origin story did n't need to be told once again . He also remarked that it was `` probably the second best '' of the four Spider - Man films after Spider - Man 2 , explaining that Lizard was lackluster compared to that film 's villain , Doctor Octopus , and had the dramatic range of Godzilla . Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal , pointed out that `` the truly amazing thing is that most of what happens to Peter Parker in the first half of the film has already happened in previous chapters of the Spidey saga '' , that `` what 's old is old again . '' However , Randy Myers from the San Jose Mercury News found it `` the best Spidey yet '' , describing it as `` strong , bold and well - acted . '' He felt that a viewer could n't help but feel déjà vu , but that the work shows greater `` dimension '' . Dana Stevens at Slate magazine believed that the film was an `` absolutely unnecessary '' retelling of the origin story , although it avoided `` the common comic - book adaptation trap of gloomy self - seriousness '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also opined that the `` unnecessary '' reboot pulled stellar performances from Garfield and Stone and touches the heart . Andrew Garfield received good notices for his performance . Bob Mondello of NPR said , `` Here comes another Spider - dude : This Andrew Garfield guy . So he 'd better be really something , right ? Well , as it happens , he is . '' Tom Charity of CNN found Garfield 's `` combination of fresh - faced innocence , nervous agitation and wry humor ... immediately appealing . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Movieline said she `` had no specific desire to see the series resuscitated . But watching Garfield and Stone made me think doing so was n't such a bad idea '' . Mary F. Pols of Time said that even though the story was familiar Garfield and Webb made it feel `` convincingly fresh and exciting . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Category Recipients and nominees Result Annie Awards Best Animated Effects in a Live Action Production Stephen Marshall , Joseph Pepper , Dustin Wicke Nominated Best Character Animation in a Live Action Production Mike Beaulieu , Roger Vizard , Atushi Sato , Jackie Koehler , Derek Esparza , Richard Smith , Max Tyrie Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Motion / Title Graphics `` Domestic Trailer 2 '' Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie : Action Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Rhys Ifans Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Andrew Garfield Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Emma Stone Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Action Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Franchise Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Emma Stone Nominated Favorite Movie Superhero Andrew Garfield as Spider - Man Nominated Favorite On - Screen Chemistry Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone Nominated Favorite Face of Heroism Emma Stone Nominated Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Nominated Themes and analysis ( edit ) `` I have tried to capture how Peter copes with the feelings of being an underdog , his confusions and his self - doubt . This , I hope , has brought , a certain empathy and sensitivity to his character that explains how it helps him become the hero that he eventually turns out to be . '' -- Andrew Garfield Webb described the film as `` a story about a kid who grows up looking for his father and finds himself . '' Both Webb and star Garfield described Parker as an outsider by choice , someone hard to get close to . As in the early comic books , the character `` is a science whiz . If you look back to the early Stan Lee and Steve Ditko comics , he 's a nerd with big glasses , '' said Webb . He explained `` the idea of what a nerd is has changed in 40 or 50 years . Nerds are running the world . Andrew Garfield made a movie ( called The Social Network ) about it ... What was important in those early comics was this notion that Peter Parker is an outsider and how we define that in a contemporary context . '' Garfield compared his Spider - Man façade as a metaphor for internet anonymity , saying , `` You feel the power of it , the power of not being seen , the power of the mask . Peter becomes witty when he 's got that protective layer . It 's like he 's on a message board . He 's got the anonymity of the Internet within that suit , and he can say whatever the @ # ! * % he likes , and he can get away with anything . '' Garfield tried to explore Parker as an orphan , whom he feels `` are the strongest human beings on the planet . '' He said Parker is `` a human hero ( who ) goes through all of the same struggles that we all have gone through , especially the skinny ones ( who ) want more power than they feel they have . '' He believes Parker represents `` a very inspiring , aspirational character that symbolizes goodness -- and how difficult it is to be good -- but how worth it it is . '' Rhys Ifans compared this film to William Shakespeare 's Hamlet on the grounds that Spider - Man can be redone over and over in different ways . He felt that they are similar in that they both represent meaningful archetypal young men grappling with the loss of their father . Critics like Claudia Puig of USA Today felt that Garfield 's character as the superhero `` embodies the nerdy Parker , the anguished fatherless teen and the cocky super-hero in equal doses '' . Boyd Hoij of Variety noted that Garfield 's character as Spider - Man makes an interesting hero in the film because of how it establishes early on that Peter 's growing pains along with his search for an identity are common to any teenager and that `` his struggles involve real people -- and real lives . '' Stone described her character as `` a daddy 's girl '' who is very responsible and protective of her family and loves science . She said of her character , `` she offers Parker a world of stability , of a family unit not marred with parental loss and , beyond physical allure , the two forge an intellectual connection over their shared love of science . '' Her character , she explained , `` is stuck between ( her father ) the Captain and Peter Parker and Spider - Man , who have different ways about going about finding justice in their lives '' which she felt was a fun thing to explore . Dana Stevens of Slate described her character `` as the stuff of a comic nerd 's dreams : a sweet , smart , wisecracking dame in demure sweaters , miniskirts , thigh - high stockings and boots . '' Webb felt that the Lizard was the best villain because , `` He 's the literal embodiment of the theme of the movie , which is we all have a missing piece . He has no arm . Peter has no parents , and he fills that void with Spider - Man . '' Producer Avi Arad felt likewise , explaining , `` ( Y ) ou look at Peter , he misses the parents , ( and ) Connors has one arm ... ( E ) motionally , ( it ) is a very similar problem . It is a cautionary tale . '' Webb said that the Lizard `` is not the worst villain on the planet . He 's not a mustache - twirling guy who wants to terrorize people . He believes he 's doing the right thing . '' Actor Rhys Ifans described his character as a flawed character comparable to Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . `` Curt Connors is by no means an evil villain , '' Ifans stated . `` He 's not like the Batman villains , like the Joker , who are the embodiment of evil . Curtis Connors is a great man who makes a bad decision ... ( T ) hat 's the whole magic of the Spider - Man idea . These people are the embodiment of our flaws and our desires that lead to tragedy . '' Ifans described Connors as a force for good throughout his life : `` He 's a geneticist who wants to help people , like him , who are limbless . In his eagerness to advance that science , he makes a mistake and that 's an occurrence we 've seen throughout time , sometimes to our benefit , sometimes to our detriment . '' `` ... He is a broken man who wants to fix himself . '' Ifans added , `` I 'm not portraying a villain in any sense . Connors does feel cheated by God , and he 's looking for answers in science . God seems to intervene . '' Webb said that Oscorp Tower is pivotal as a part of a new mythology of the film . He liked that Parker was connected to the building in some way and to think of it as `` a Tower of Babel in the middle of Manhattan that has something dark and seedy going on in there . '' The critic Roger Ebert described the place as a `` typical comic - book mega-corporation with a madman at the top . '' Legacy ( edit ) The comic - book website Newsarama placed The Amazing Spider - Man on its top 10 list of comic - book films . Mark Hughes of Forbes ranked the film as the seventh greatest comic book superhero film being the highest Spider - Man film in the list while Jacob Hall of ScreenCrush ranked the film as 13th greatest modern Marvel film being the lowest Spider - Man film in the list . A scientist from Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center referenced the film to news organizations in explaining how scientists from the medical center are working on a long - term project involving spider silks and potential human regeneration along with deciphering fact and fiction from the film . Other Media ( edit ) Main articles : The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 video game ) and The Amazing Spider - Man ( soundtrack ) A video game of the same name developed by Beenox was announced at the 2011 New York Comic Con . They were the development team behind the previous two Spider - Man games , Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions and Spider - Man : Edge of Time . The game was released on June 26 , 2012 , in Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , personal computer , Nintendo Wii , Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS . Dee Brown of Beenox noted , `` The fact that our game is based on the movie , and the movie is re-approaching the universe in a completely different way -- a more grounded , more realistic approach -- gives us an incredible setting to play with '' . The game takes place after the events of the film . Sony and Gameloft teamed up again to create an official mobile game for the film . Sky Betting and Gaming 's online casino website Sky Vegas created a related casino game . The comic was released in June , named Amazing Spider - Man : The Movie # 1 -- 2 , written by Tom Cohen and illustrated by Neil Edwards . A trade paperback was published collecting the two - parter a week before the film 's release , entitled Amazing Spider - Man : The Movie Prelude , which also included The Amazing Spider - Man issues # 75 -- 77 . The soundtrack album of the film was released the same day as the film , under the Sony Classical banner . Sequels and reboot ( edit ) See also : Spider - Man in film § Marc Webb series The Amazing Spider - Man was originally reported as being the first of at least three planned sequels to the original trilogy . The second sequel , The Amazing Spider - Man 2 was released on May 2 , 2014 . On June 17 , 2013 Sony announced two more sequels to follow The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , which were scheduled to release on June 10 , 2016 and May 4 , 2018 , respectively . However , in July 2014 , the third film was delayed to an unspecified date in 2018 . In November 2013 , Sony Pictures Entertainment chief Michael Lynton told analysts , `` We do very much have the ambition about creating a bigger universe around Spider - Man . There are a number of scripts in the works '' . A Venom spinoff had been in early stages of planning at the studio since 2008 . In December 2013 , Sony announced plans for spinoffs featuring the supervillains Sinister Six and Venom . In February 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that Spider - Man would appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , with the character first appearing in 2016 's Captain America : Civil War . Sony released Spider - Man : Homecoming , which was produced by Feige and Pascal , on July 7 , 2017 , and will continue to finance , distribute , own and have final creative control of the Spider - Man films . Marvel Studios will also explore opportunities to integrate other characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe into future Spider - Man films . Notes ( edit ) ^ The official cost of The Amazing Spider - Man is unknown ; however , various estimates put its cost at $200 million , $215 million , $220 million , and $230 million . one of the top forty most expensive films of all time both adjusting for inflation and not by inflation but still second last in place compared to the Spider - Man films preceding it . ^ Ifans said of the scene , `` Connors is sent to an asylum , a high - security asylum ... ( a ) nd he 's visited by , shall we say , a representative from Oscorp . How he gets into that cell and how he leaves that cell without the guards knowing ? We have yet to find out . '' The unnamed character , played by Michael Massee , is credited as `` Man in the shadows '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mintzer , Jordan ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website '' . Columbia Pictures . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` Official Website for The Amazing Spider - Man Provides New Wallpapers and Character Bios '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Cover : ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' -- plus , our annual Comic - Con preview ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . I related to Peter Parker ( Spidey 's alter ego ) so much because I felt like someone else inside . I loved the comic books and the animated TV series and I even dressed up as Spider - Man as a kid . Jump up ^ Rick , Katey ( September 11 , 2010 ) . `` Interview : Andrew Garfield Says Playing Spider - Man Is Every Skinny Boy 's Dream '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . I 'm going to approach it like I approach any other role . I 'm just going to work as much as I can , because it 's been such an important symbol to me since I was four years old . ^ Jump up to : `` This Week 's Cover : ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' heads up your Summer Must List '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rollings , Grant ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Andrew Garfield : Playing Spider - Man is a dream '' . The Sun . UK . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Andrew Garfield '' . V. March 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cina , Mark ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` BAFTA Rising Star Andrew Garfield : ' I Hope I Never Blow Up ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Jeff ( August 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' star Andrew Garfield on fame : ' It terrifies me ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andrew Garfield , Disappearing Into Spidey 's Suit '' . NPR . June 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . If you 're gon na do it and treat it real -- if my DNA is being mixed with that of an actual spider , then why not actually bring in the physicality of a spider ? The lightness , the stillness , the patience and how that changes a 17 - year - old boy . That 's a fun thing to play with , as well . Jump up ^ Villemarin , Jenalyn ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man 's Andrew Garfield Shows Off Bulging Biceps '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Garfield expounds on Spider - Man production '' . Crave Online . December 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terry ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man debuts three new clips , plus Andrew Garfield speaks out '' . IFC ( U.S. TV channel ) . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . It 's made of something that 's designed to make you irritated . I do n't know what the exact name is , but that 's the description on the ( label ) . Jump up ^ Schutte , Lauren ( January 19 , 2012 ) . - 283405 `` New ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Details Revealed : The Kiss , Stunts And What to Expect From the Reboot '' Check archiveurl = value ( help ) . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Rhys Ifans Talks Wearing A Green CGI Suit And Cardboard Head On The Amazing Spider - Man Set '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terry ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Villain Debuts His Lizard Voice '' . MTV . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Confirmed ! Emma Stone to Play Gwen Stacy in Spider - Man ! '' . CraveOnline . October 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herbst , Kendall ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Emma Stone goes blonde for Spiderman '' . InStyle . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Erik ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Star Emma Stone On Going Blonde , Science Class , And Becoming Gwen Stacy '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Spidey 's Other Woman '' . The Vancouver Sun . January 3 , 2012 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Huver , Scott ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` '' Spider - Man '' Director and Star Talk Up `` Amazing '' New Film `` . NBC Chicago . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emma Stone on the Amazing Spider - Man '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who are Peter and Gwen ? '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Jeff ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' : Denis Leary dazzled by ' real thing ' Emma Stone '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Denis Leary to Join Spider - Man Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Denis Leary talks Amazing Spider - Man '' . IGN . August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Marc Webb Talks New ' The amazing Spider - man ' Trailer , Running Time , the 3D , the Lizard , and More '' . Collider . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Sheen to Play Uncle Ben in Spider - Man ! '' . Crave Online . November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Sheen Talks Andrew Garfield '' . Total Film . March 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Skinner , Craig ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Martin Sheen Interview -- Argo , Spider - man Spoilers and Brando Impressions '' . UK : Hey u guys . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Sally Field in Talks for Spider - Man Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean ( December 27 , 2010 ) . `` Weekly Ketchup : Fresh Developments from 2010 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Butler , Karen ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Field proud to star in Ziskin 's first and last films '' . United Press International . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irrfan has a commanding presence : Spider - Man director Marc Webb '' . CNN - IBN / Press Trust of India . June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Off the Couch , Into the Multiplexes : Irrfan Khan on His New Big - Screen Roles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irrfan Khan turns baddie for ' Thank you ' '' . NDTV . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Desi '' . The Indian Express . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orange , Alan ( November 20 , 2010 ) . `` Chris Zylka Is Eugene Flash Thompson in Spider - Man '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Zylka Talks Shark Night 3D and The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Spider - Man Gets a Set of Parents and Another Villain '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amazing Spider - Man Richard and Mary Parker Photo '' . Movieweb.com . February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Angell , Sarah ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` The Meet & Greet : Hannah Marks Talks Kristen Stewart & Crushing on Spider - Man '' . Celebuzz . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Americ , Ngwije ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Pair of Kings ' Kelsey Chow Talks Fight Scenes , Spider - Man and True Blood '' . TV Equals . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Spotlight on J.K. Simmons '' . Crave Online . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick . `` Stan Lee reveals his cameo '' . MTV . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` The ' Amazing Spider - Man ' credits sequence : So ... who was that ? '' . Entertainment Weekly ( spoiler ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' End Credits Scene : Director Marc Webb Explains '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Do Audiences Realize ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' is Trying to Launch a Spinoff ? '' . The Wire . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Meet The Man In ' Spider - Man ' & ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' '' . Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Spider - Man 4 ' Officially Has No Start Date as of Today Because of Script Problems ; Sony ' Unlikely ' To Make Scheduled May 5 , 2011 , Release Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin Sargent spit - shining ' Spider - Man ' reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . May 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ; Fleming , Mike ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Spider - Man 4 ' Scrapped ; Sam Rami & Tobey Maguire & Cast Out ; Franchise Reboot for 2012 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Includes separate full text of Columbia / Marvel Studios press release . Jump up ^ Collider video , 3 : 42 Jump up ^ Collider video , 5 : 48 ^ Jump up to : `` 8 Things We Learned About ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' from Our Exclusive Interview with Screenwriter Steve Kloves '' . Collider.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Bridesmaids Director Paul Feig Wrote Some of The Amazing Spider - Man '' . New York . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Spider - Man ' director Marc Webb feels a ' responsibility to reinvent ' the hero '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Untitled Columbia Pictures / Marvel Studios press release via Deadline.com ( January 19 , 2010 ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Director Marc Webb talks ' The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Total Film . September 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Director Marc Webb Plays With ' Amazing ' Canon '' . MTV . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Marc Webb Talks New Story & Universe in ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Meet the Men Who Could Play Spider - Man '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` ' Kick - @ # ! * % ' star Aaron Johnson on the shortlist for Spider - Man reboot '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 26 , 2010 ) . `` Sony Views Screen Tests of ' Spider - Man ' Finalists ; Decision Expected Shortly '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official ! Andrew Garfield to Play Spider - Man ! '' . CraveOnline . July 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Matt ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' director Marc Webb reveals how Andrew Garfield won the role '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Casting Young Actors for Spider - Man ? '' . CraveOnline . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Exclusive Interview w / The Amazing Spider - Man 's Marc Webb '' . G4. April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' female leads : they 're getting closer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Martin Sheen & Sally Field in Talks to Raise ' Spider - Man ' '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Will one of these women be Spider - Man 's love interest ? ( exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ; Stewart , Andrew ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Emma Stone tangled in Sony 's web '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee 's Dianna Agron , Georgina Haig Tangled In Spidey Love Interest Web '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rhys Ifans to Play the Spider - Man Villain ! '' . CraveOnline . October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Sony 's New ' Spider - Man ' Villain Is ... The Lizard ! '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Website Is Crawling With Plot Details '' . TheWrap.com . December 25 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Son of Dr. Curt Connors Cast in Spider - Man '' . Crave Online . December 10 , 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Beocher , Jeff ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' director : Why the web - shooters are back '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Reboot Officially Titled The Amazing Spider - Man , Full Costume Revealed '' . CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Winning , Josh ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Spidey reboot officially titled ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' '' . Total Film . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Jeff ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' : Andrew Garfield is ' glad that people like the suit ' -- but do they ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Spider - man Reboot Titled ' The amazing Spider - man ' ; New Image Released ( Updated ) '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gilchrist , Tod ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` WonderCon 2012 : Emma Stone and Marc Webb Spill ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Secrets '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielson Company . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man 's Lizard revealed in concept art '' . Total Film . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moore , Ben ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` First Look at The Lizard in The Amazing Spider - Man ... as a Pez Dispenser ! '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazing Spider - Man ' : Lizard Concept Art Revealed ? '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` See the Lizard From The Amazing Spider - Man incarnated as a Pez Dispenser '' . / Film . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sluis , Sarah ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` Spider - Man redux : Marc Webb spins new image for comics icon in Sony reboot '' . Film Journal International . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man and Men in Black III Start Dates '' . CraveOnline . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spider - Man Starts Shooting Using Epic Digital Cameras '' . CraveOnline . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Updated information for ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' filming in Manhattan this weekend ! '' . OnLocationVacations. April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Verrier , Richard ( December 21 , 2010 ) . `` Spider - Man and Cameron Crowe movies give L.A. production a jolt '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pesce , Nicole Lyn ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' brings the Big Apple to the big screen : From Broadway to Brooklyn '' . Daily News . New York City . pp. 40 -- 41 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Director Marc Webb On The Amazing Spider - Man '' . G4 ( U.S. TV channel ) G4. April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man Swings Into IMax ( blog ) , IMAX Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Spider - Man Reboot Wrapping Up Filming ... Finally '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bord , Christine . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Filming Locations in New York City for November 17 & 18 , 2011 '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ December 3 , 2011 . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Wire Work Reshoot Photos with Andrew Garfield '' . Movie Web . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodsell , Luke ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Five Favorite Films with Stuntman Vic Armstrong '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fury , Mike ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` A Warrior 's Return : An Exclusive Interview with Richard Norton '' . MikeFury.net . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Cited article introduction links to PDF of article at the Wayback Machine ( archived September 7 , 2012 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kendrick , Ben . `` Marc Webb on The Amazing Spider - Man 3D & First Person Shots '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pesce , Nicole Lyn ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' stunt coordinator reveals how the film got Andrew Garfield into the swing of things '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brunner , Rob ( July 4 , 2012 ) . `` How the ' Amazing Spider - Man ' team made Spidey 's swing look so real '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Web - Slinging Stunts Explained '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Behind - the - Scenes Photos From The Amazing Spider - Man '' . CraveOnline . May 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Mike ( November 20 , 2011 ) . `` Too many daredevil stunts Andrew ? Garfield spotted with a tissue up his nose after filming Spider - Man scenes '' . Daily Mail . UK : Daily Mail . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Video interview at `` Producers Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach Talk ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' , Rebooting the Franchise , Practical Effects and More '' . Collider.com . May 30 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Accompanying text only June 7 , 2012 . English - language video originally at `` O Espetacular Homem - Aranha KingCon Rio - parte 1 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universo Online . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` How 3ality Made Amazing Spider - Man 's 3D Not Suck '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Marc Webb on Hulu 's `` Battleground '' And Making ' Spider - Man ' In 3D `` . CraveOnline . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' to Use Pioneering 3D Technology '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Neilson Company . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chavez , Kellvin . `` Marc Webb dishes out ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' tidbits '' . LatinoReview . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man , Dracula , the Wizard of Oz and the Men in Black get digital polish in Vancouver '' . The Province . Postmedia Network . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amazing Spider - Man playlist '' . Sony Pictures Imageworks ( YouTube page ) . July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Marc Webb Briefly Chats ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Trailer & The Lizard '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clemmensen , Christian ( 14 July 2012 ) . `` Filmtracks : The Amazing Spider - Man : '' . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wondercon 2012 -- Full Schedule Announced '' . February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( March 17 , 2012 ) . `` Director Marc Webb Talks ' The amazing Spider - man ' ; Reveals Running Time , an Awesome Donald Glover Easter Egg , and More '' . Collider . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Talking with the Producers of The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Crave Online . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Warmer , Kara ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Sequel ' Holy Grail ' For Writing Duo '' . MTV . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sony Announces THE AMAZING SPIDER - MAN 3 and 4 for 2016 and 2018 '' . Collider . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://variety.com/2014/film/news/spider-man-spinoff-sinister-six-dated-for-nov-11-2016-amazing-spider-man-3-back-to-2018-1201267269/ Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Update : Sony Pictures Plans More Spider - Man Sequels And Spinoffs -- But Still No Marvel Reunion '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( March 2012 ) . `` ' Chronicle 's ' Josh Trank looks to spit some Venom '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pattern , Dominic ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sony Sets Spider - Man Spinoffs ' Venom , ' ' Sinister Six ' With New `` Franchise Brain Trust '' `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Entertainment Brings Marvel Studios Into The Amazing World Of Spider - Man '' . Marvel.com . February 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Release Date Pushed , ' Spider - Man ' Shifts Up '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Entertainment Brings Marvel Studios Into The Amazing World Of Spider - Man '' . Marvel . February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dodes , Rachel ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Spinning a Tangled Web -- Again '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grover , Ronald ; Richwine , Lisa ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Sony 's big summer bet starts strong with `` MIB 3 '' debut `` . Reuters . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Spider - Man campaign aims to snare femmes '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Horn , John ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Sony 's new ' Spider - Man ' poised for amazing opening '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Josh ( July 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Post-Credits Scene : What Just Happened ? '' . MTV . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Paur , Joey . Sam Raimi finally sees The Amazing Spider - Man Geek Tyrant . March 2013 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 film ) . 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-2954250786041664991 | Spanish–American War | Spanish -- American war - wikipedia Spanish -- American war Jump to : navigation , search Spanish -- American War Part of the Philippine Revolution and the Cuban War of Independence Explosion of the USS Maine Date April 21 , 1898 -- August 13 , 1898 ( 3 months , 3 weeks and 2 days ) Location Cuba and Puerto Rico ( Caribbean Sea ) Philippines and Guam ( Asia - Pacific ) Result American victory Treaty of Paris of 1898 Territorial changes Spain relinquishes sovereignty over Cuba , cedes Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippine Islands to the United States for $20 million Belligerents United States Cuban revolutionaries Filipino revolutionaries Spain Cuba Philippines Guam Puerto Rico Commanders and leaders William McKinley Nelson A. Miles Theodore Roosevelt William R. Shafter George Dewey William Sampson Wesley Merritt Joseph Wheeler Charles D. Sigsbee Máximo Gómez Demetrio Castillo Duany Emilio Aguinaldo Apolinario Mabini Antonio Luna Maria Christina Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Manuel Macías Ramón Blanco Antero Rubín Valeriano Weyler Basilio Augustín Fermín Jáudenes José Toral y Velázquez Diego de los Ríos Strength 72,339 troops ( total ) 53,000 rebels 40,000 rebels 206,000 troops ( Caribbean ) Unknown ( Philippines ) Casualties and losses American : 281 killed and 1,577 wounded ( Army ) 16 killed and 68 wounded ( Navy ) 2,061 dead from disease 11 prisoners 1 cargo ship sunk 1 cruiser damaged Spanish : 200 killed and 400 wounded ( Army ) 500 -- 600 killed and 300 -- 400 wounded ( Navy ) 15,000 dead from disease 40,000 + prisoners 6 small ships sunk 11 cruisers sunk 2 destroyers sunk The higher naval losses are attributed to the disastrous naval defeats inflicted on the Spanish at Manila Bay and Santiago de Cuba . Spanish -- American War Atlantic Ocean Theater Cuba Puerto Rico Pacific Ocean Theater The Philippines Guam Banana Wars Cuba First US Occupation ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Second US Occupation ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Campaign ( 1898 ) Honduras ( 1903 -- 1925 ) Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 1933 ) Granada Masaya Coyotepe Hill 1926 -- 1927 civil war La Paz Centro Ocotal San Fernando Santa Clara Telpaneca Sapotillal 1st Las Cruces 2nd Las Cruces Quilali El Bramadero La Flor Achuapa Agua Carta El Sauce Mexico ( 1914 ) Veracruz Haiti ( 1915 -- 1934 ) Fort Dipitie Fort Rivière 1st Port - au - Prince 2nd Port - au - Prince Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 1924 ) Santo Domingo Guayacanas San Francisco de Macoris Part of a series on the History of Cuba Governorate of Cuba ( 1511 -- 1519 ) Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( 1607 -- 1898 ) Cuban War of Independence Spanish -- American War Treaty of Paris US Military Government ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) Cuban Pacification ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Cuban Revolution ( 1953 -- 1959 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1959 -- ) Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Intervention in Angola Special Period Cuban Thaw Timeline Topical Military history Cuba portal The Spanish -- American War ( Spanish : Guerra hispano - americana or Guerra hispano - estadounidense ; Filipino : Digmaang Espanyol - Amerikano ) was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . American acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine -- American War . Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule . The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish -- American War . There had been war scares before , as in the Virginius Affair in 1883 , but in the late 1890s , U.S. public opinion was agitated by anti-Spanish propaganda led by newspaper publishers such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst which used yellow journalism to call for war . The business community across the United States had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains . It lobbied vigorously against going to war . The United States Navy armoured cruiser Maine had mysteriously sunk in Havana Harbor ; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid . President McKinley signed a joint Congressional resolution demanding Spanish withdrawal and authorizing the President to use military force to help Cuba gain independence on April 20 , 1898. . In response , Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21 . On the same day , the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba . On April 23 , Spain stated that it would declare war if the US forces invaded its territory . On April 25 , the U.S. Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21 , the day the blockade of Cuba had begun . The United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding that it surrender control of Cuba , but due to Spain not replying soon enough , the United States had assumed Spain had ignored the ultimatum and continued to occupy Cuba . The main issue was Cuban independence ; the ten - week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific . As the American agitators for war well knew , U.S. naval power proved decisive , allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already facing nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further wasted by yellow fever . American , Cuban , and Philippine forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and fierce fighting for positions such as San Juan Hill . Madrid sued for peace after two obsolete Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay and a third , more modern fleet was recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts . The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris , negotiated on terms favourable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippine islands . The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ( $575,760,000 today ) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain . The defeat and loss of the last remnants of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock to Spain 's national psyche and provoked a thorough philosophical and artistic revaluation of Spanish society known as the Generation of ' 98 . The United States gained several island possessions spanning the globe and a rancorous new debate over the wisdom of expansionism . It was one of only five US wars ( against a total of eleven sovereign states ) to have been formally declared by the U.S. Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 1.1 Spain 's attitude towards its colonies 1.2 American interest in the Caribbean 2 Path to war 2.1 Cuban struggle for independence 2.2 Spanish attitude 2.3 U.S. response 2.4 USS Maine . Dispatch to Havana and loss 2.5 Declaring war 2.6 Alternative historical interpretations 3 Pacific theater 3.1 Philippines 3.2 Guam 4 Caribbean Theater 4.1 Cuba 4.1. 1 Cuban sentiment 4.1. 2 Land campaign 4.1. 3 Naval operations 4.1. 4 U.S. withdrawal 4.2 Puerto Rico 5 Making peace 6 Aftermath 6.1 Postwar American investment in Puerto Rico 7 In film and television 8 Military decorations 8.1 United States 8.2 Other countries 9 See also 10 Notes 10.1 Footnotes 10.2 Source citations 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Media 13.2 Reference materials 13.3 Newspapers Historical background ( edit ) Spain 's attitude towards its colonies ( edit ) The combined problems arising from the Peninsular War ( 1807 -- 1814 ) , the loss of most of its colonies in the Americas in the early 19th - century Spanish American wars of independence , and three Carlist Wars ( 1832 -- 1876 ) effected a new interpretation of Spain 's remaining empire . Liberal Spanish elites like Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and Emilio Castelar offered new interpretations of the concept of `` empire '' to dovetail with Spain 's emerging nationalism . Cánovas made clear in an address to the University of Madrid in 1882 his view of the Spanish nation as based on shared cultural and linguistic elements -- on both sides of the Atlantic -- that tied Spain 's territories together . Cánovas saw Spanish imperialism as markedly different in its methods and purposes of colonization from those of rival empires like the British or French . Spaniards regarded the spreading of civilization and Christianity as Spain 's major objective and contribution to the New World . The concept of cultural unity bestowed special significance on Cuba , which had been Spanish for almost four hundred years , and was viewed as an integral part of the Spanish nation . The focus on preserving the empire would have negative consequences for Spain 's national pride in the aftermath of the Spanish -- American War . American interest in the Caribbean ( edit ) In 1823 , American fifth President James Monroe ( 1758 - 1831 , served 1817 - 1825 ) enunciated the Monroe Doctrine , which stated that the United States would not tolerate further efforts by European governments to retake , expand their colonial holdings in the Americas or to interfere with the newly independent states in the hemisphere ; at the same time , the doctrine stated that the U.S. would respect the status of the existing European colonies . Before the American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) , Southern interests attempted to have the United States purchase Cuba and convert it into a new slave territory . The Ostend Manifesto proposal of 1854 failed , and national attention shifted to the growing sectional conflict and threat of civil war . After the American Civil War and Cuba 's Ten Years ' War , U.S. businessmen began monopolizing the devalued sugar markets in Cuba . In 1894 , 90 % of Cuba 's total exports went to the United States , which also provided 40 % of Cuba 's imports . Cuba 's total exports to the U.S. were almost twelve times larger than the export to her mother country , Spain . U.S. business interests indicated that while Spain still held political authority over Cuba , economic authority in Cuba , acting - authority , was shifting to the U.S.A. The U.S. became interested in a trans - isthmus canal across Central America , either in Nicaragua , or in Panama , where the Panama Canal would later be built ( 1903 - 1914 ) , and realized the need for naval protection . Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was an especially influential theorist ; his ideas were much admired by future 26th President Theodore Roosevelt , as the U.S. rapidly built a powerful naval fleet of steel warships in the 1880s and 1890s . Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897 -- 1898 and was an aggressive supporter of a war with Spain over Cuba . Meanwhile , the `` Cuba Libre '' movement , led by Cuban intellectual José Martí , had established offices in Florida and New York to buy and smuggle weapons . It mounted a large propaganda campaign to generate sympathy that would lead to official pressure on Spain . Protestant churches and Democratic farmers were supportive , but business interests called on Washington to ignore them . Although Cuba attracted American attention , little note was made of the Philippines , Guam , or Puerto Rico . Historians note that there was little popular demand in the United States for an overseas colonial empire , though at this time the longtime colonial empires of the United Kingdom ( Great Britain ) with its British Empire `` on which the sun never set '' and France 's French Empire maintained theirs with some added growths and additions , now joined by the German Empire , Italian Empire and the Empire of Japan . These new and growing empires were dramatically expanding their overseas holdings during the late 19th century in unclaimed areas among native and indigenous peoples in the less developed continents of Africa , Asia and the Pacific . Path to war ( edit ) Cuban struggle for independence ( edit ) Main article : Cuban War of Independence The first serious bid for Cuban independence , the Ten Years ' War , erupted in 1868 and was subdued by the authorities a decade later . Neither the fighting nor the reforms in the Pact of Zanjón ( February 1878 ) quelled the desire of some revolutionaries for wider autonomy and ultimately independence . One such revolutionary , José Martí , continued to promote Cuban financial and political autonomy in exile . In early 1895 , after years of organizing , Martí launched a three - pronged invasion of the island . The plan called for one group from Santo Domingo led by Máximo Gómez , one group from Costa Rica led by Antonio Maceo Grajales , and another from the United States ( preemptively thwarted by U.S. officials in Florida ) to land in different places on the island and provoke an uprising . While their call for revolution , the grito de Baíre , was successful , the result was not the grand show of force Martí had expected . With a quick victory effectively lost , the revolutionaries settled in to fight a protracted guerrilla campaign . Antonio Cánovas del Castillo , the architect of Spain 's Restoration constitution and the prime minister at the time , ordered General Arsenio Martínez - Campos , a distinguished veteran of the war against the previous uprising in Cuba , to quell the revolt . Campos 's reluctance to accept his new assignment and his method of containing the revolt to the province of Oriente earned him criticism in the Spanish press . The mounting pressure forced Cánovas to replace General Campos with General Valeriano Weyler , a soldier who had experience in quelling rebellions in overseas provinces and the Spanish metropole . Weyler deprived the insurgency of weaponry , supplies , and assistance by ordering the residents of some Cuban districts to move to reconcentration areas near the military headquarters . This strategy was effective in slowing the spread of rebellion . In the United States , this fueled the fire of anti-Spanish propaganda . In a political speech President William McKinley used this to ram Spanish actions against armed rebels . He even said this `` was not civilized warfare '' but `` extermination '' . Spanish attitude ( edit ) A Spanish satirical drawing published in La Campana de Gràcia ( 1896 ) criticizing U.S. behavior regarding Cuba by Manuel Moliné . Upper text reads ( in old Catalan ) : `` Uncle Sam 's craving '' , and below : `` To keep the island so it wo n't get lost . '' An American cartoon published in Judge , Feb. 6 , 1897 : Columbia ( representing the American people ) reaches out to the oppressed Cuba ( the caption under the chained child reads `` Spain 's 16th Century methods '' ) while Uncle Sam ( representing the US government ) sits blindfolded , refusing to see the atrocities or use his guns to intervene ( cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton ) . The Spanish Government regarded Cuba as a province of Spain rather than a colony , and depended on it for prestige and trade , and as a training ground for the army . Prime minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo announced that `` the Spanish nation is disposed to sacrifice to the last peseta of its treasure and to the last drop of blood of the last Spaniard before consenting that anyone snatch from it even one piece of its territory . '' He had long dominated and stabilized Spanish politics . He was assassinated in 1897 by Italian anarchist Michele Angiolillo , leaving a Spanish political system that was not stable and could not risk a blow to its prestige . U.S. response ( edit ) Further information : Presidency of William McKinley The eruption of the Cuban revolt , Weyler 's measures , and the popular fury these events whipped up proved to be a boon to the newspaper industry in New York City , where Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World and William Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal recognized the potential for great headlines and stories that would sell copies . Both papers denounced Spain , but had little influence outside New York . American opinion generally saw Spain as a hopelessly backward power that was unable to deal fairly with Cuba . American Catholics were divided before the war began , but supported it enthusiastically once it started . The U.S. had important economic interests that were being harmed by the prolonged conflict and deepening uncertainty about the future of Cuba . Shipping firms that had relied heavily on trade with Cuba now suffered losses as the conflict continued unresolved . These firms pressed Congress and McKinley to seek an end to the revolt . Other American business concerns , specifically those who had invested in Cuban sugar , looked to the Spanish to restore order . Stability , not war , was the goal of both interests . How stability would be achieved would depend largely on the ability of Spain and the U.S. to work out their issues diplomatically . While tension increased among the Cubans and Spanish Government , popular support of intervention began to spring up in the United States , due to the emergence of the `` Cuba Libre '' movement and the fact that many Americans had drawn parallels between the American Revolution and the Cuban revolt , seeing the Spanish Government as the tyrannical colonial oppressor . Historian Louis Pérez notes that `` The proposition of war in behalf of Cuban independence took hold immediately and held on thereafter . Such was the sense of the public mood . '' At the time many poems and songs were written in the United States to express support of the `` Cuba Libre '' movement . At the same time , many African Americans , facing growing racial discrimination and increasing retardation of their civil rights , wanted to take part in the war because they saw it as a way to advance the cause of equality , service to country hopefully helping to gain political and public respect amongst the wider population . President McKinley , well aware of the political complexity surrounding the conflict , wanted to end the revolt peacefully . In accordance with this policy , McKinley began to negotiate with the Spanish government , hoping that the negotiations would be able to end the yellow journalism in the United States , and therefore , end the loudest calls to go to war with Spain . An attempt was made to negotiate a peace before McKinley took office , however , the Spanish refused to take part in the negotiations . In 1897 McKinley appointed Stewart L. Woodford as the new minister to Spain , who again offered to negotiate a peace . In October 1897 , the Spanish government still refused the United States offer to negotiate between the Spanish and the Cubans , but promised the U.S. it would give the Cubans more autonomy . However , with the election of a more liberal Spanish government in November , Spain began to change their policies in Cuba . First , the new Spanish government told the United States that it was willing to offer a change in the Reconcentration policies ( the main set of policies that was feeding yellow journalism in the United States ) if the Cuban rebels agreed to a cessation of hostilities . This time the rebels refused the terms in hopes that continued conflict would lead to U.S. intervention and the creation of an independent Cuba . The liberal Spanish government also recalled the Spanish Governor General Valeriano Weyler from Cuba . This action alarmed many Cubans loyal to Spain . The Cubans loyal to Weyler began planning large demonstrations to take place when the next Governor General , Ramon Blanco , arrived in Cuba . U.S. consul Fitzhugh Lee learned of these plans and sent a request to the U.S. State Department to send a U.S. warship to Cuba . This request lead to the U.S.S. Maine being sent to Cuba . While the Maine was docked in Havana , an explosion sank the ship . The sinking of the Maine was blamed on the Spanish and made the possibility of a negotiated peace very slim . Throughout the negotiation process , the major European powers , especially Britain , France , and Russia , generally supported the American position and urged Spain to give in . Spain repeatedly promised specific reforms that would pacify Cuba but failed to deliver ; American patience ran out . USS Maine . Dispatch to Havana and loss ( edit ) Main article : USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) The sunken USS Maine in Havana harbor McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana to ensure the safety of American citizens and interests , and to underscore the urgent need for reform . Naval forces were moved in position to attack simultaneously on several fronts if the war was not avoided . As Maine left Florida , a large part of the North Atlantic Squadron was moved to Key West and the Gulf of Mexico . Others were also moved just off the shore of Lisbon , and still others were moved to Hong Kong . At 9 : 40 on the evening of February 15 , 1898 , Maine sank in Havana Harbor after suffering a massive explosion . While McKinley urged patience and did not declare that Spain had caused the explosion , the deaths of 250 out of 355 sailors on board focused American attention . McKinley asked Congress to appropriate $50 million for defense , and Congress unanimously obliged . Most American leaders took the position that the cause of the explosion was unknown , but public attention was now riveted on the situation and Spain could not find a diplomatic solution to avoid war . Spain appealed to the European powers , most of whom advised it to accept U.S. conditions for Cuba in order to avoid war . Germany urged a united European stand against the United States but took no action . The U.S. Navy 's investigation , made public on March 28 , concluded that the ship 's powder magazines were ignited when an external explosion was set off under the ship 's hull . This report poured fuel on popular indignation in the U.S. , making the war inevitable . Spain 's investigation came to the opposite conclusion : the explosion originated within the ship . Other investigations in later years came to various contradictory conclusions , but had no bearing on the coming of the war . In 1974 , Admiral Hyman George Rickover had his staff look at the documents and decided there was an internal explosion . A study commissioned by National Geographic magazine in 1999 , using AME computer modelling , stated that the explosion could have been caused by a mine , but no definitive evidence was found . Declaring war ( edit ) Main article : Propaganda of the Spanish -- American War United States Army Colonel Charles A. Wikoff was the most senior U.S. military officer killed in the Spanish -- American War . After the Maine was destroyed , New York City newspaper publishers Hearst and Pulitzer decided that the Spanish were to blame , and they publicized this theory as fact in their papers . They both used sensationalistic and astonishing accounts of `` atrocities '' committed by the Spanish in Cuba by using headlines in their newspapers , such as `` Spanish Murderers '' and `` Remember The Maine '' . Their press exaggerated what was happening and how the Spanish were treating the Cuban prisoners . The stories were based on factual accounts , but most of the time , the articles that were published were embellished and written with incendiary language causing emotional and often heated responses among readers . A common myth falsely states that when illustrator Frederic Remington said there was no war brewing in Cuba , Hearst responded : `` You furnish the pictures and I 'll furnish the war . '' This new `` yellow journalism '' was , however , uncommon outside New York City , and historians no longer consider it the major force shaping the national mood . Public opinion nationwide did demand immediate action , overwhelming the efforts of President McKinley , Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed , and the business community to find a negotiated solution . Wall Street , big business , high finance and Main Street businesses across the country were vocally opposed to war and demanded peace . After years of severe depression , the economic outlook for the domestic economy was suddenly bright again in 1897 . However , the uncertainties of warfare posed a serious threat to full economic recovery . `` War would impede the march of prosperity and put the country back many years , '' warned the New Jersey Trade Review . The leading railroad magazine editorialized , `` From a commercial and mercenary standpoint it seems peculiarly bitter that this war should come when the country had already suffered so much and so needed rest and peace . '' McKinley paid close attention to the strong anti-war consensus of the business community , and strengthened his resolve to use diplomacy and negotiation rather than brute force to end the Spanish tyranny in Cuba . A speech delivered by Republican Senator Redfield Proctor of Vermont on March 17 , 1898 , thoroughly analyzed the situation and greatly strengthened the pro-war cause . Proctor concluded that war was the only answer . Many in the business and religious communities which had until then opposed war , switched sides , leaving McKinley and Speaker Reed almost alone in their resistance to a war . On April 11 , McKinley ended his resistance and asked Congress for authority to send American troops to Cuba to end the civil war there , knowing that Congress would force a war . The American transport ship Seneca , a chartered vessel that carried troops to Puerto Rico and Cuba On April 19 , while Congress was considering joint resolutions supporting Cuban independence , Republican Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado proposed the Teller Amendment to ensure that the U.S. would not establish permanent control over Cuba after the war . The amendment , disclaiming any intention to annex Cuba , passed the Senate 42 to 35 ; the House concurred the same day , 311 to 6 . The amended resolution demanded Spanish withdrawal and authorized the President to use as much military force as he thought necessary to help Cuba gain independence from Spain . President McKinley signed the joint resolution on April 20 , 1898 , and the ultimatum was sent to Spain . In response , Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21 . On the same day , the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba . Spain stated , it would declare war if the US forces invaded its territory , on April 23 . On April 25 , the U.S. Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21 , the day the blockade of Cuba had begun . Spanish Vessels captured up to evening of May 1 , 1898 The Navy was ready , but the Army was not well - prepared for the war and made radical changes in plans and quickly purchased supplies . In the spring of 1898 , the strength of the Regular U.S. Army was just 25,000 men . The Army wanted 50,000 new men but received over 220,000 through volunteers and the mobilization of state National Guard units , even gaining nearly 100,000 men on the first night after the explosion of the USS Maine . Alternative Historical interpretations ( edit ) The Department of State of the United States of America summarizes the aftermath of the war for the Filipino people : `` After its defeat in the Spanish - American War of 1898 , Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris . On February 4 , 1899 , just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty , fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo , who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers . The ensuing Philippine - American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants . As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence , famine , and disease . '' The last stand of the Spanish Garrison in Cuba by Murat Halstead , 1898 In 1901 , novelist Mark Twain wrote about the aftermath of the war for the Philippines : `` We have robbed a trusting friend of his land and his liberty ; we have invited clean young men to shoulder a discredited musket and do bandit 's work under a flag which bandits have been accustomed to fear , not to follow ; we have debauched America 's honor and blackened her face before the world . '' In his War and Empire , Prof. Paul Atwood of the University of Massachusetts ( Boston ) writes : `` The Spanish - American War was fomented on outright lies and trumped up accusations against the intended enemy ... War fever in the general population never reached a critical temperature until the accidental sinking of the USS Maine was deliberately , and falsely , attributed to Spanish villainy ... In a cryptic message ... Senator lodge wrote that ' There may be an explosion any day in Cuba which would settle a great many things . We have got a battleship in the harbor of Havana , and our fleet , which overmatches anything the Spanish have , is masked at the Dry Tortugas . ' '' In his autobiography , Theodore Roosevelt gave his views of the origins of the war : `` Our own direct interests were great , because of the Cuban tobacco and sugar , and especially because of Cuba 's relation to the projected Isthmian ( Panama ) Canal . But even greater were our interests from the standpoint of humanity ... It was our duty , even more from the standpoint of National honor than from the standpoint of National interest , to stop the devastation and destruction . Because of these considerations I favored war . '' Pacific theater ( edit ) Philippines ( edit ) The Pacific theatre of the Spanish -- American War In the 333 years of Spanish rule , the Philippines developed from a small overseas colony governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain to a land with modern elements in the cities . The Spanish - speaking middle classes of the 19th century were mostly educated in the liberal ideas coming from Europe . Among these Ilustrados was the Filipino national hero José Rizal , who demanded larger reforms from the Spanish authorities . This movement eventually led to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule . The revolution had been in a state of truce since the signing of the Pact of Biak - na - Bato in 1897 , with revolutionary leaders having accepted exile outside of the country . The Battle of Manila Bay The first battle between American and Spanish forces was at Manila Bay where , on May 1 , Commodore George Dewey , commanding the U.S. Navy 's Asiatic Squadron aboard USS Olympia , in a matter of hours defeated a Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo . Dewey managed this with only nine wounded . With the German seizure of Tsingtao in 1897 , Dewey 's squadron had become the only naval force in the Far East without a local base of its own , and was beset with coal and ammunition problems . Despite these problems , the Asiatic Squadron not only destroyed the Spanish fleet but also captured the harbor of Manila . Following Dewey 's victory , Manila Bay was filled with the warships of Britain , Germany , France , and Japan . The German fleet of eight ships , ostensibly in Philippine waters to protect German interests , acted provocatively -- cutting in front of American ships , refusing to salute the United States flag ( according to customs of naval courtesy ) , taking soundings of the harbor , and landing supplies for the besieged Spanish . The Germans , with interests of their own , were eager to take advantage of whatever opportunities the conflict in the islands might afford . There was a fear at the time that the islands would become a German possession . The Americans called the bluff of the Germans , threatening conflict if the aggression continued , and the Germans backed down . At the time , the Germans expected the confrontation in the Philippines to end in an American defeat , with the revolutionaries capturing Manila and leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking . Commodore Dewey transported Emilio Aguinaldo , a Filipino leader who had led rebellion against Spanish rule in the Philippines in 1896 , from exile in Hong Kong to the Philippines to rally more Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government . By June , U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands , except for the walled city of Intramuros . On June 12 , Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines . On August 13 , with American commanders unaware that a cease - fire had been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day , American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish in the Battle of Manila . This battle marked the end of Filipino -- American collaboration , as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos . This later led to the Philippine -- American War , which would prove to be more deadly and costly than the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. had sent a force of some 11,000 ground troops to the Philippines . Armed conflict broke out between U.S. forces and the Filipinos when U.S. troops began to take the place of the Spanish in control of the country after the end of the war , resulting in the Philippine -- American War . On August 14 , 1899 , the Schurman Commission recommended that the U.S. retain control of the Philippines , possibly granting independence in the future . Guam ( edit ) Main article : Capture of Guam On June 20 , a U.S. fleet commanded by Captain Henry Glass , consisting of the protected cruiser USS Charleston and three transports carrying troops to the Philippines , entered Guam 's Apra Harbor , Captain Glass having opened sealed orders instructing him to proceed to Guam and capture it . Charleston fired a few cannon rounds at Fort Santa Cruz without receiving return fire . Two local officials , not knowing that war had been declared and believing the firing had been a salute , came out to Charleston to apologize for their inability to return the salute as they were out of gunpowder . Glass informed them that the U.S. and Spain were at war . The following day , Glass sent Lt. William Braunersruehter to meet the Spanish Governor to arrange the surrender of the island and the Spanish garrison there . Some 54 Spanish infantry were captured and transported to the Philippines as prisoners of war . No U.S. forces were left on Guam , but the only U.S. citizen on the island , Frank Portusach , told Captain Glass that he would look after things until U.S. forces returned . Caribbean theater ( edit ) Cuba ( edit ) See also : San Juan Hill order of battle and El Caney order of battle The Spanish armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón , which was destroyed during the Battle of Santiago on July 3 , 1898 Detail from Charge of the 24th and 25th Colored Infantry and Rescue of Rough Riders at San Juan Hill , July 2 , 1898 depicting the Battle of San Juan Hill Theodore Roosevelt advocated intervention in Cuba , both for the Cuban people and to promote the Monroe Doctrine . While Assistant Secretary of the Navy , he placed the Navy on a war - time footing and prepared Dewey 's Asiatic Squadron for battle . He also worked with Leonard Wood in convincing the Army to raise an all - volunteer regiment , the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry . Wood was given command of the regiment that quickly became known as the `` Rough Riders '' . The Americans planned to capture the city of Santiago de Cuba to destroy Linares ' army and Cervera 's fleet . To reach Santiago they had to pass through concentrated Spanish defenses in the San Juan Hills and a small town in El Caney . The American forces were aided in Cuba by the pro-independence rebels led by General Calixto García . Cuban sentiment ( edit ) For quite some time the Cuban public believed the United States government to possibly hold the key to its independence , and even annexation was considered for a time , which historian Louis Pérez explored in his book Cuba and the United States : Ties of Singular Intimacy . The Cubans harbored a great deal of discontent towards the Spanish Government , due to years of manipulation on the part of the Spanish . The prospect of getting the United States involved in the fight was considered by many Cubans as a step in the right direction . While the Cubans were wary of the United States ' intentions , the overwhelming support from the American public provided the Cubans with some peace of mind , because they believed that the United States was committed to helping them achieve their independence . However , with the imposition of the Platt Amendment of 1903 after the war , as well as economic and military manipulation on the part of the United States , Cuban sentiment towards the United States became polarized , with many Cubans disappointed with continuing American interference . Land campaign ( edit ) From June 22 to 24 , the Fifth Army Corps under General William R. Shafter landed at Daiquirí and Siboney , east of Santiago , and established an American base of operations . A contingent of Spanish troops , having fought a skirmish with the Americans near Siboney on June 23 , had retired to their lightly entrenched positions at Las Guasimas . An advance guard of U.S. forces under former Confederate General Joseph Wheeler ignored Cuban scouting parties and orders to proceed with caution . They caught up with and engaged the Spanish rearguard of about 2,000 soldiers led by General Antero Rubín who effectively ambushed them , in the Battle of Las Guasimas on June 24 . The battle ended indecisively in favor of Spain and the Spanish left Las Guasimas on their planned retreat to Santiago . The U.S. Army employed Civil War - era skirmishers at the head of the advancing columns . Three of four of the U.S. soldiers who had volunteered to act as skirmishers walking point at the head of the American column were killed , including Hamilton Fish II ( grandson of Hamilton Fish , the Secretary of State under Ulysses S. Grant ) , and Captain Allyn K. Capron , Jr. , whom Theodore Roosevelt would describe as one of the finest natural leaders and soldiers he ever met . Only Oklahoma Territory Pawnee Indian , Tom Isbell , wounded seven times , survived . The Battle of Las Guasimas showed the U.S. that quick - thinking American soldiers would not stick to the linear tactics which did not work effectively against Spanish troops who had learned the art of cover and concealment from their own struggle with Cuban insurgents , and never made the error of revealing their positions while on the defense . Americans advanced by rushes and stayed in the weeds so that they , too , were largely invisible to the Spaniards who used un-targeted volley fire to try to mass fires against the advancing Americans . While some troops were hit , this technique was mostly a waste of bullets as the Americans learned to duck as soon as they heard the Spanish word Fire , `` Fuego '' yelled by the Spanish officers . Spanish troops were equipped with smokeless powder arms that also helped them to hide their positions while firing . Receiving the news of the surrender of Santiago Regular Spanish troops were mostly armed with modern charger - loaded 1893 7mm Spanish Mauser rifles and using smokeless powder . The high - speed 7 × 57mm Mauser round was termed the `` Spanish Hornet '' by the Americans because of the supersonic crack as it passed overhead . Other irregular troops were armed with Remington Rolling Block rifles in . 43 Spanish using smokeless powder and brass - jacketed bullets . US regular infantry were armed with the . 30 -- 40 Krag -- Jørgensen , a bolt - action rifle with a complex rotating magazine . Both the US regular cavalry and the volunteer cavalry used smokeless ammunition . In later battles , state volunteers used the . 45 -- 70 Springfield a single - shot black powder rifle . On July 1 , a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments , including all four of the army 's `` Colored '' regiments , and volunteer regiments , among them Roosevelt and his `` Rough Riders '' , the 71st New York , the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry , and 1st North Carolina , and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War - style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago . More than 200 U.S. soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting , thanks to the high rate of fire the Spanish were able to put down range at the Americans . Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault . Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later . First Lieutenant John J. Pershing , nicknamed `` Black Jack , '' oversaw the 10th Cavalry Unit during the war . Pershing and his unit fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill . Pershing was cited for his gallantry during the battle . The Spanish forces at Guantánamo were so isolated by Marines and Cuban forces that they did not know that Santiago was under siege , and their forces in the northern part of the province could not break through Cuban lines . This was not true of the Escario relief column from Manzanillo , which fought its way past determined Cuban resistance but arrived too late to participate in the siege . After the battles of San Juan Hill and El Caney , the American advance halted . Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa , allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago . The Americans and Cubans forcibly began a bloody , strangling siege of the city . During the nights , Cuban troops dug successive series of `` trenches '' ( raised parapets ) , toward the Spanish positions . Once completed , these parapets were occupied by U.S. soldiers and a new set of excavations went forward . American troops , while suffering daily losses from Spanish fire , suffered far more casualties from heat exhaustion and mosquito - borne disease . At the western approaches to the city , Cuban general Calixto Garcia began to encroach on the city , causing much panic and fear of reprisals among the Spanish forces . Naval operations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Santiago Campaign ( 1898 ) Crewmen pose under the gun turrets of Iowa in 1898 The major port of Santiago de Cuba was the main target of naval operations during the war . The U.S. fleet attacking Santiago needed shelter from the summer hurricane season ; Guantánamo Bay , with its excellent harbor , was chosen . The 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay happened between June 6 and 10 , with the first U.S. naval attack and subsequent successful landing of U.S. Marines with naval support . The Battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3 , was the largest naval engagement of the Spanish -- American War and resulted in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron ( also known as the Flota de Ultramar ) . In May , the fleet of Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete had been spotted by American forces in Santiago harbor , where they had taken shelter for protection from sea attack . A two - month stand - off between Spanish and American naval forces followed . When the Spanish squadron finally attempted to leave the harbor on July 3 , the American forces destroyed or grounded five of the six ships . Only one Spanish vessel , the new armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón , survived , but her captain hauled down her flag and scuttled her when the Americans finally caught up with her . The 1,612 Spanish sailors who were captured , including Admiral Cervera , were sent to Seavey 's Island at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery , Maine , where they were confined at Camp Long as prisoners of war from July 11 until mid-September . During the stand - off , U.S. Assistant Naval Constructor , Lieutenant Richmond Pearson Hobson had been ordered by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson to sink the collier USS Merrimac in the harbor to bottle up the Spanish fleet . The mission was a failure , and Hobson and his crew were captured . They were exchanged on July 6 , and Hobson became a national hero ; he received the Medal of Honor in 1933 , retired as a Rear Admiral and became a Congressman . U.S. withdrawal ( edit ) Yellow fever had quickly spread amongst the American occupation force , crippling it . A group of concerned officers of the American army chose Theodore Roosevelt to draft a request to Washington that it withdraw the Army , a request that paralleled a similar one from General Shafter , who described his force as an `` army of convalescents '' . By the time of his letter , 75 % of the force in Cuba was unfit for service . On August 7 , the American invasion force started to leave Cuba . The evacuation was not total . The U.S. Army kept the black Ninth US Cavalry Regiment in Cuba to support the occupation . The logic was that their race and the fact that many black volunteers came from southern states would protect them from disease ; this logic led to these soldiers being nicknamed `` Immunes '' . Still , when the Ninth left , 73 of its 984 soldiers had contracted the disease . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Puerto Rican Campaign Spanish troops prior to their departure to engage the American forces at Hormigueros , Porto Rico In May 1898 , Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission , sponsored by the Army 's Bureau of Military Intelligence . He provided maps and information on the Spanish military forces to the U.S. government prior to the invasion . The American offensive began on May 12 , 1898 , when a squadron of 12 U.S. ships commanded by Rear Adm. William T. Sampson of the United States Navy attacked the archipelago 's capital , San Juan . Though the damage inflicted on the city was minimal , the Americans were able to establish a blockade in the city 's harbor , San Juan Bay . On June 22 , the cruiser Isabel II and the destroyer Terror delivered a Spanish counterattack , but were unable to break the blockade and the Terror was damaged . The land offensive began on July 25 , when 1,300 infantry soldiers led by Nelson A. Miles disembarked off the coast of Guánica . The first organized armed opposition occurred in Yauco in what became known as the Battle of Yauco . This encounter was followed by the Battle of Fajardo . The United States was able to seize control of Fajardo on August 1 , but were forced to withdraw on August 5 after a group of 200 Puerto Rican - Spanish soldiers led by Pedro del Pino gained control of the city , while most civilian inhabitants fled to a nearby lighthouse . The Americans encountered larger opposition during the Battle of Guayama and as they advanced towards the main island 's interior . They engaged in crossfire at Guamaní River Bridge , Coamo and Silva Heights and finally at the Battle of Asomante . The battles were inconclusive as the allied soldiers retreated . A battle in San Germán concluded in a similar fashion with the Spanish retreating to Lares . On August 9 , 1898 , American troops that were pursuing units retreating from Coamo encountered heavy resistance in Aibonito in a mountain known as Cerro Gervasio del Asomante and retreated after six of their soldiers were injured . They returned three days later , reinforced with artillery units and attempted a surprise attack . In the subsequent crossfire , confused soldiers reported seeing Spanish reinforcements nearby and five American officers were gravely injured , which prompted a retreat order . All military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended on August 13 , after U.S. President William McKinley and French Ambassador Jules Cambon , acting on behalf of the Spanish Government , signed an armistice whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over Puerto Rico . Making peace ( edit ) Jules Cambon , the French Ambassador in the U.S. , signing the memorandum of ratification on behalf of Spain With defeats in Cuba and the Philippines , and both of its fleets destroyed , Spain sued for peace and negotiations were opened between the two parties . After the sickness and death of British consul Edward Henry Rawson - Walker , American admiral George Dewey requested the Belgian consul to Manila , Édouard André , to take Rawson - Walker 's place as intermediary with the Spanish Government . Hostilities were halted on August 12 , 1898 , with the signing in Washington of a Protocol of Peace between the United States and Spain . After over two months of difficult negotiations , the formal peace treaty , the Treaty of Paris , was signed in Paris on December 10 , 1898 , and was ratified by the United States Senate on February 6 , 1899 . The United States gained all of Spain 's colonies outside of Africa in the treaty , including the Philippines , Guam and Puerto Rico with the exception of Cuba , which became a U.S. protectorate . The treaty came into force in Cuba April 11 , 1899 , with Cubans participating only as observers . Having been occupied since July 17 , 1898 , and thus under the jurisdiction of the United States Military Government ( USMG ) , Cuba formed its own civil government and gained independence on May 20 , 1902 , with the announced end of USMG jurisdiction over the island . However , the U.S. imposed various restrictions on the new government , including prohibiting alliances with other countries , and reserved the right to intervene . The U.S. also established a perpetual lease of Guantánamo Bay . Aftermath ( edit ) With the end of the war , Colonel Theodore Roosevelt musters out of the U.S. Army after the required 30 - day quarantine period at Montauk , Long Island , in 1898 . The war lasted ten weeks . John Hay ( the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom ) , writing from London to his friend Theodore Roosevelt , declared that it had been `` a splendid little war '' . The press showed Northerners and Southerners , blacks and whites fighting against a common foe , helping to ease the scars left from the American Civil War . Exemplary of this was the fact that four former Confederate States Army generals had served in the war , now in the US Army and all of them again carrying similar ranks . These officers included Matthew Butler , Fitzhugh Lee , Thomas L. Rosser and Joseph Wheeler , though only the latter had seen action . Still , in an exciting moment during the Battle of Las Guasimas , Wheeler apparently forgot for a moment which war he was fighting , having supposedly called out `` Let 's go , boys ! We 've got the damn Yankees on the run again ! '' The war marked American entry into world affairs . Since then , the U.S. has had a significant hand in various conflicts around the world , and entered many treaties and agreements . The Panic of 1893 was over by this point , and the U.S. entered a long and prosperous period of economic and population growth , and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s . The war redefined national identity , served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American mind , and provided a model for all future news reporting . The idea of American imperialism changed in the public 's mind after the short and successful Spanish -- American War . Due to the United States ' powerful influence diplomatically and militarily , Cuba 's status after the war relied heavily upon American actions . Two major developments emerged from the Spanish -- American War : one , it greatly enforced the United States ' vision of itself as a `` defender of democracy '' and as a major world power , and two , it had severe implications for Cuban -- American relations in the future . As historian Louis Pérez argued in his book Cuba in the American Imagination : Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos , the Spanish -- American War of 1898 `` fixed permanently how Americans came to think of themselves : a righteous people given to the service of righteous purpose '' . The war greatly reduced the Spanish Empire . Spain had been declining as an imperial power since the early 19th century as a result of Napoleon 's invasion . The loss of Cuba caused a national trauma because of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba , which was seen as another province of Spain rather than as a colony . Spain retained only a handful of overseas holdings : Spanish West Africa ( Spanish Sahara ) , Spanish Guinea , Spanish Morocco , and the Canary Islands . The Spanish soldier Julio Cervera Baviera , who served in the Puerto Rican Campaign , published a pamphlet in which he blamed the natives of that colony for its occupation by the Americans , saying , `` I have never seen such a servile , ungrateful country ( i.e. , Puerto Rico ) ... In twenty - four hours , the people of Puerto Rico went from being fervently Spanish to enthusiastically American ... They humiliated themselves , giving in to the invader as the slave bows to the powerful lord . '' He was challenged to a duel by a group of young Puerto Ricans for writing this pamphlet . A cartoon of Uncle Sam seated in restaurant looking at the bill of fare containing `` Cuba steak '' , `` Porto Rico pig '' , the `` Philippine Islands '' and the `` Sandwich Islands '' ( Hawaii ) . Culturally , a new wave called the Generation of ' 98 originated as a response to this trauma , marking a renaissance in Spanish culture . Economically , the war benefited Spain , because after the war large sums of capital held by Spaniards in Cuba and the United States were returned to the peninsula and invested in Spain . This massive flow of capital ( equivalent to 25 % of the gross domestic product of one year ) helped to develop the large modern firms in Spain in the steel , chemical , financial , mechanical , textile , shipyard , and electrical power industries . However , the political consequences were serious . The defeat in the war began the weakening of the fragile political stability that had been established earlier by the rule of Alfonso XII . The Teller Amendment , which was enacted on April 20 , 1898 , was a promise from the United States to the Cuban people that it was not declaring war to annex Cuba , but to help it gain its independence from Spain . The Platt Amendment was a move by the United States ' government to shape Cuban affairs without violating the Teller Amendment . The cover of Puck from April 6 , 1901 . Caricatures an Easter bonnet made out of a warship that alludes to the gains of the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. Congress had passed the Teller Amendment prior to the war , promising Cuban independence . However , the Senate passed the Platt Amendment as a rider to an Army appropriations bill , forcing a peace treaty on Cuba which prohibited it from signing treaties with other nations or contracting a public debt . The Platt Amendment was pushed by imperialists who wanted to project U.S. power abroad ( in contrast to the Teller Amendment which was pushed by anti-imperialists who called for a restraint on U.S. rule ) . The amendment granted the United States the right to stabilize Cuba militarily as needed . In addition , the Platt Amendment permitted the United States to deploy Marines to Cuba if its freedom and independence was ever threatened or jeopardized by an external or internal force . The Platt Amendment also provided for a permanent American naval base in Cuba . Guantánamo Bay was established after the signing of the Cuban -- American Treaty of Relations in 1903 . Thus , despite that Cuba technically gained its independence after the war ended , the United States government ensured that it had some form of power and control over Cuban affairs . The U.S. annexed the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico , the Philippines and Guam . The notion of the United States as an imperial power , with colonies , was hotly debated domestically with President McKinley and the Pro-Imperialists winning their way over vocal opposition led by Democrat William Jennings Bryan , who had supported the war . The American public largely supported the possession of colonies , but there were many outspoken critics such as Mark Twain , who wrote The War Prayer in protest . Roosevelt returned to the United States a war hero , and he was soon elected governor of New York and then became the vice president . At the age of 42 he became the youngest man to become President after the assassination of President William McKinley . 1900 Campaign poster The war served to further repair relations between the American North and South . The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the end of the Civil War in 1865 , and many friendships were formed between soldiers of northern and southern states during their tours of duty . This was an important development , since many soldiers in this war were the children of Civil War veterans on both sides . Segregation in the U.S. military , 1898 The African - American community strongly supported the rebels in Cuba , supported entry into the war , and gained prestige from their wartime performance in the Army . Spokesmen noted that 33 African - American seamen had died in the Maine explosion . The most influential Black leader , Booker T. Washington , argued that his race was ready to fight . War offered them a chance `` to render service to our country that no other race can '' , because , unlike Whites , they were `` accustomed '' to the `` peculiar and dangerous climate '' of Cuba . One of the Black units that served in the war was the 9th Cavalry Regiment . In March 1898 , Washington promised the Secretary of the Navy that war would be answered by `` at least ten thousand loyal , brave , strong black men in the south who crave an opportunity to show their loyalty to our land , and would gladly take this method of showing their gratitude for the lives laid down , and the sacrifices made , that Blacks might have their freedom and rights . '' In 1904 , the United Spanish War Veterans was created from smaller groups of the veterans of the Spanish American War . Today , that organization is defunct , but it left an heir in the Sons of Spanish -- American War Veterans , created in 1937 at the 39th National Encampment of the United Spanish War Veterans . According to data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs , the last surviving U.S. veteran of the conflict , Nathan E. Cook , died on September 10 , 1992 , at age 106 . ( If the data is to be believed , Cook , born October 10 , 1885 , would have been only 12 years old when he served in the war . ) The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States ( VFW ) was formed in 1914 from the merger of two prior veterans organizations which both arose in 1899 : the American Veterans of Foreign Service and the National Society of the Army of the Philippines . The former was formed for veterans of the Spanish -- American War , while the latter was formed for veterans of the Philippine -- American War . Both organizations were formed in response to the general neglect veterans returning from the war experienced at the hands of the government . To pay the costs of the war , Congress passed an excise tax on long - distance phone service . At the time , it affected only wealthy Americans who owned telephones . However , the Congress neglected to repeal the tax after the war ended four months later , and the tax remained in place for over 100 years until , on August 1 , 2006 , it was announced that the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the IRS would no longer collect the tax . Postwar American Investment in Puerto Rico ( edit ) The change in sovereignty of Puerto Rico , like the occupation of Cuba , brought about major changes in both the insular and U.S. economies . Prior to 1898 the sugar industry in Puerto Rico was in decline for nearly half a century . In the second half of the nineteenth century , technological advances increased the capital requirements to remain competitive in the sugar industry . Agriculture began to shift toward coffee production , which required less capital and land accumulation . However , these trends were reversed with U.S. hegemony . Early U.S. monetary and legal policies made it both harder for local farmers to continue operations and easier for American businesses to accumulate land . This , along with the large capital reserves of American businesses , led to a resurgence in the Puerto Rican sugar industry in the form of large American owned agro-industrial complexes . At the same time , the inclusion of Puerto Rico into the U.S. tariff system as a customs area , effectively treating Puerto Rico as a state with respect to internal or external trade , increased the codependence of the insular and mainland economies and benefitted sugar exports with tariff protection . In 1897 the United States purchased 19.6 percent of Puerto Rico 's exports while supplying 18.5 percent of its imports . By 1905 these figures jumped to 84 percent and 85 percent , respectively . However , coffee was not protected , as it was not a product of the mainland . At the same time , Cuba and Spain , traditionally the largest importers of Puerto Rican coffee , now subjected Puerto Rico to previously nonexistent import tariffs . These two effects led to a decline in the coffee industry . From 1897 to 1901 coffee went from 65.8 percent of exports to 19.6 percent while sugar went from 21.6 percent to 55 percent . The tariff system also provided a protected market place for Puerto Rican tobacco exports . The tobacco industry went from nearly nonexistent in Puerto Rico to a major part of the country 's agricultural sector . In film and television ( edit ) The Spanish -- American War was the first U.S. war in which the motion picture camera played a role . The Library of Congress archives contain many films and film clips from the war . In addition , a few feature films have been made about the war . These include The Rough Riders , a 1927 silent film A Message to Garcia , 1936 Rough Riders , a 1997 television miniseries directed by John Milius , and featuring Tom Berenger ( Theodore Roosevelt ) , Gary Busey ( Joseph Wheeler ) , Sam Elliott ( Buckey O'Neill ) , Dale Dye ( Leonard Wood ) , Brian Keith ( William McKinley ) , George Hamilton ( William Randolph Hearst ) , and R. Lee Ermey ( John Hay ) The Spanish -- American War : First Intervention , a 2007 docudrama from The History Channel Baler , a 2008 film about the Siege of Baler Los últimos de Filipinas ( `` The Last Ones of the Philippines '' ) , a 1945 Spanish biographical film directed by Antonio Román Amigo , 2010 1898 , Our Last Men in the Philippines , a well - acclaimed 2016 film about the Siege of Baler Military decorations ( edit ) U.S. Army `` War with Spain '' campaign streamer United States ( edit ) The United States awards and decorations of the Spanish -- American War were as follows : Wartime service and honors Medal of Honor Specially Meritorious Service Medal Spanish Campaign Medal -- upgradeable to include the Silver Citation Star to recognize those U.S. Army members who had performed individual acts of heroism . West Indies Campaign Medal Sampson Medal , West Indies service under Admiral William T. Sampson Dewey Medal , service during the Battle of Manila Bay under Admiral George Dewey Spanish War Service Medal , U.S. Army homeland service Postwar occupation service Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal Army of Cuban Occupation Medal Other countries ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) The governments of Spain and Cuba also issued a wide variety of military awards to honor Spanish , Cuban , and Philippine soldiers who had served in the conflict . See also ( edit ) Spain portal United States portal War portal Battles of the Spanish -- American War Bolton Hall ( activist ) , opposed the war Commonwealth of the Philippines Ostend Manifesto Panama Canal Zone Spain -- United States relations Timeline of the Spanish -- American War Imperial German plans for the invasion of the United States List of weapons of the Spanish -- American War 1st Separate Brigade ( Philippine Expedition ) Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Unrecognized as participants by the primary belligerents . Jump up ^ The U.S. declared war on Spain on April 25 , 1898 , but dated the beginning of the war retroactively to April 21 Jump up ^ Number is the total for all Cuban rebels active from 1895 to 1898 . Jump up ^ 196,000 in Cuba and 10,000 in Puerto Rico . Source citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1990 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , pp. 254 - 255 . ^ Jump up to : Keenan 2001 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Wars : Factsheet . '' U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs . Office of Public Affairs . Washington DC . Published April 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Alan . `` POWs in American History : A Synoposis . '' National Park Service . 1998 . Jump up ^ See : USS Merrimac ( 1894 ) . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter describes the Americans capturing 30,000 prisoners ( plus 100 cannons , 19 machine guns , 25,114 rifles , and various other equipment ) in the Oriente province and around Santiago . He also states that the 10,000 - strong Puerto Rican garrison capitulated to the Americans after only minor fighting . Jump up ^ Some recent historians prefer a broader title to encompass the fighting in Cuba and the Philippine Islands . examples : Louis A. Pérez ( 1998 ) , The war of 1898 : the United States and Cuba in history and historiography , UNC Press Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4742 - 8 Benjamin R. Beede ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 , and U.S. interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : an encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 Thomas David Schoonover ; Walter LaFeber ( 2005 ) , Uncle Sam 's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization , University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9122 - 5 Virginia Marie Bouvier ( 2001 ) , Whose America ? : the war of 1898 and the battles to define the nation , Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96794 - 9 Jump up ^ Mark Barnes ( 2010 ) . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ W. Joseph Campbell , Yellow journalism : Puncturing the myths , defining the legacies ( 2001 ) . ^ Jump up to : Resolution 24 , 33 Stat. 738 ^ Jump up to : Trask 1996 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Paul ( 2010 ) . War and Empire . New York : Pluto Press . pp. 98 -- 102 . ISBN 978 0 7453 2764 8 . Jump up ^ Pérez 1998 , p. 89 states : `` In the larger view , the Cuban insurrection had already brought the Spanish army to the brink of defeat . During three years of relentless war , the Cubans had destroyed railroad lines , bridges , and roads and paralyzed telegraph communications , making it all but impossible for the Spanish army to move across the island and between provinces . ( The ) Cubans had , moreover , inflicted countless thousands of casualties on Spanish soldiers and effectively driven Spanish units into beleaguered defensive concentrations in the cities , there to suffer the further debilitating effects of illness and hunger . '' Jump up ^ `` Military Book Reviews '' . StrategyPage.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dyal , Carpenter & Thomas 1996 , pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Benjamin R. Beede ( 2013 ) . The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898T1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 289 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign relations since 1777 ( 2008 ) ch. 8 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Official Declarations of War by Congress '' . senate.gov . June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baycroft & Hewitson 2006 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Antonio Cánovas del Castillo ( November 1882 ) . `` Discurso sobre la nación '' ( in Spanish ) . cervantesvirtual.com . Baycroft & Hewitson 2006 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Schmidt - Nowara , Christopher ( 2008 ) . The Conquest of History : Spanish Colonialism and National Histories in the Nineteenth Century . Pitt Latin American series . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press . pp. 34 -- 42 . ISBN 9780822971092 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perez , Jose , Jr , Cuba : Between Reform and Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1995 . p149 Jump up ^ Perez , Jose , Jr , Cuba : Between Reform and Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1995 . p138 Jump up ^ Gary R. Mormino , `` Cuba Libre , Florida , and the Spanish American War , '' Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal ( 2010 ) Vol. 31 Issue 1 / 2 , pp. 43 -- 54 Jump up ^ G. Wayne King , `` Conservative Attitudes in the United States toward Cuba ( 1895 -- 1898 ) , '' Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association , ( 1973 ) pp. 94 -- 104 Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Edward P. Crapol , `` Coming to Terms with Empire : The Historiography of Late - Nineteenth - Century . American Foreign Relations , '' Diplomatic History 16 ( Fall 1992 ) : 573 -- 97 ; Hugh DeSantis , `` The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence , 1865 -- 1900 , '' in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker , eds. , American Foreign Relations : A Historiographical Review ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 -- 90 ; James A. Field , Jr. , `` American Imperialism : The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book , '' American Historical Review 83 ( June 1978 ) : 644 -- 68 ^ Jump up to : Trask 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Krohn , `` Review of Tone , John Lawrence , War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 . `` H - War , H - Net Reviews . '' May 2008 . online Jump up ^ Trask 1996 , pp. 8 -- 10 ; Carr 1982 , pp. 379 -- 388 . Jump up ^ `` William McKinley : First Annual Message '' . The American Presidency Project . December 6 , 1897 . Jump up ^ James Ford Rhodes ( 2007 ) , The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations 1897 -- 1909 , READ BOOKS , pp. 44 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 3464 - 5 , citing an annual message delivered December 6 , 1897 , from French Ensor Chadwick ( 1968 ) , The relations of the United States and Spain : diplomacy , Russell & Russell Jump up ^ Quoted in Trask 1996 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Angiolillo Died Bravely , August 22 , 1897 , The New York Times . Jump up ^ Octavio Ruiz , `` Spain on the Threshold of a New Century : Society and Politics before and after the Disaster of 1898 , '' Mediterranean Historical Review ( June 1998 ) , Vol. 13 Issue 1 / 2 , pp 7 -- 27 Jump up ^ Scott Wright , `` The Northwestern Chronicle and the Spanish -- American War : American Catholic Attitudes Regarding the ' Splendid Little War , ' '' American Catholic Studies 116 # 4 ( 2005 ) : 55 -- 68 . Jump up ^ However , three Catholic newspapers were critical of the war after it began . Benjamin Wetzel , `` A Church Divided : Roman Catholicism , Americanization , and the Spanish -- American War . '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14 # 3 ( 2015 ) : 348 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Trade with Cuba had dropped by more than two thirds from a high of US $100 million . Offner 2004 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ David M. Pletcher , The Diplomacy of Trade and Investment : American Economic Expansion in the Hemisphere , 1865 -- 1900 ( Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Louis A. Pérez Jr. ( 2000 ) . The War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Russell , Timothy Dale ( 2013 ) . African Americans and the Spanish - American War and Philliipine Insurrection . Military Participation , Recognition and Memory 1898 - 1904 ( First . Published dissertation ed . ) . California , U.S.A : University of California , Riverside . p. 8 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faulkner , Harold ( 1963 ) . Politics , reform , and expansion , 1890 -- 1900 . New York : Harper . p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Tone , John ( 2006 ) . War and Genocide in Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 239 . Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis ( 1998 ) . The war of 1898 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 54 -- 69 Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 86 -- 110 Jump up ^ Offner 2004 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 2010 ) . The War Lovers : Roosevelt , Lodge , Hearst , and the Rush to Empire , 1898 . Little , Brown and Co. p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish -- American & Philippine -- American Wars . ABC - CLIO . p. `` european + powers '' 372 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 093 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 614 . Jump up ^ Offner 2004 , p. 57 . For a minority view that downplays the role of public opinion and asserts that McKinley feared the Cubans would win their insurgency before the U.S. could intervene , see Louis A. Pérez , `` The Meaning of the Maine : Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish -- American War , '' The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 58 , No. 3 ( Aug. 1989 ) , pp. 293 -- 322 . Jump up ^ For a summary of all the studies see Louis Fisher , `` Destruction of the Maine ( 1898 ) '' ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Evan Thomas , The war lovers : Roosevelt , Lodge , Hearst , and the rush to empire , 1898 ( Little , Brown , 2010 ) pp 4 -- 5 , 209 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Vicki L. 2006 . `` Nuestra América : Latino History as United States History . '' Journal of American History P. 655 Jump up ^ Campbell , W. Joseph ( August 2000 ) . `` Not likely sent : the Remington - Hearst `` telegrams '' `` . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smythe 2003 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1934 , pp. 163 -- 201 . quotes on page 168 . Page 173 states : `` an overwhelming preponderance of the local business interests of the country strongly desired peace . '' Jump up ^ DyalCarpenter & Thomas 1996 Jump up ^ Pratt 1934 , pp. 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 131 -- 35 ; Michelle Bray Davis and Rollin W. Quimby , `` Senator Proctor 's Cuban Speech : Speculations on a Cause of the Spanish -- American War , '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 1969 55 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Paul T. McCartney , `` Religion , the Spanish -- American War , and the Idea of American Mission '' , Journal of Church and State 54 ( Spring 2012 ) , 257 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Graham A. Cosmas , An Army for Empire : The United States Army and the Spanish -- American War ( 1971 ) ch. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 2016 ) . `` Evan Thomas : War Lovers and American Power '' . Military History , September 2010 , 14 World History Collection -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Department of State , United States of America , Office of the Historian . `` The Philippine - American War , 1899 -- 1902 '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Twain , Mark ( Samuel Clemens ) ( 1901 ) . `` To the Person Sitting in Darkness '' . The World of 1898 : The Spanish - American War . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1913 ) . `` Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography '' . Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Battle of Manila Bay , May 1 , 1898 , Department of the Navy -- Naval Historical Center . Retrieved on October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ The Battle of Manila Bay by Admiral George Dewey , The War Times Journal . Retrieved on October 10 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : James A. Field , Jr . ( June 1978 ) , `` American Imperialism : the Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book '' , The American Historical Review , American Historical Association , 83 ( 3 ) : 659 , doi : 10.2307 / 1861842 , JSTOR 1861842 Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. x . Jump up ^ Dewey characterized the German interests as a single import firm ; Admiral Otto von Diederichs responded with a list of eleven . ^ Jump up to : Seekins , Donald M. ( 1991 ) , `` Historical Setting -- Outbreak of War , 1898 '' , in Dolan , Ronald E. , Philippines : A Country Study , Washington : Library of Congress , retrieved April 28 , 2013 ( LOC call Number DS655. P598 1993 ) Jump up ^ Susan K. Harris ( June 1 , 2011 ) . God 's Arbiters : Americans and the Philippines , 1898 -- 1902 . Oxford University Press , US . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 978107 - 2 . Benjamin R. Beede ; Vernon L. Williams ; Wolfgang Drechsler ( 1994 ) . The War of 1898 , and U.S. Interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 201 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 . David F. Trask ( 1981 ) . The War with Spain in 1898 . U of Nebraska Press . p. 284 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 8 . Jump up ^ Augusto V. de Viana ( September 21 , 2006 ) , What ifs in Philippine history , Manila Times , archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 , retrieved October 19 , 2007 ^ What ifs in Philippine history , Conclusion , Manila Times , September 22 , 2006 , archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 , retrieved October 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. xvi , citing Hubatsch , Walther , Auslandsflotte und Reichspolitik , Mărwissenschaftliche Rundschau ( August 1944 ) , pp. 130 -- 153 . ^ Jump up to : The World of 1898 : the Spanish -- American War , U.S. Library of Congress , retrieved October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ Guevara , Sulpicio , ed. ( 2005 ) , `` Philippine Declaration of Independence '' , The laws of the first Philippine Republic ( the laws of Malolos ) 1898 -- 1899 , Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) , retrieved January 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Philippine History '' . DLSU - Manila . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Our flag is now waving over Manila '' , San Francisco Chronicle , retrieved December 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ Lacsamana 2006 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Brune & Burns 2003 , p. 290 ^ Jump up to : Beede 1994 , pp. 208 -- 209 ; Rogers 1995 , pp. 110 -- 112 Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1899 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2014 ) . A People and a Nation , Volume II : Since 1865 . Cengage Learning . p. 582 . Jump up ^ The Spanish -- American War in Cuba : Battle of Las Guasimas . ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt , Theodore , The Rough Riders , Scribner 's Magazine , Vol. 25 ( January -- June ) , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , p. 572 Jump up ^ The Battles at El Caney and San Juan Hills at HomeOfHeroes.com . Jump up ^ The Crowded Hour : The Charge at El Caney & San Juan Hills at HomeOfHeroes.com . Jump up ^ Parker 2003 Jump up ^ History of the Gatling Gun Detachment , John Henry Parker at Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Escario 's Column , Francisco Jose Diaz Diaz . Jump up ^ Daley 2000 , pp. 161 -- 71 Jump up ^ McCook 1899 ^ Jump up to : Vincent J. Cirillo. 2004 . Bullets and Bacilli : The Spanish -- American War and Military Medicine . ( Rutgers University Press ) . ^ Jump up to : The American Army Moves on Puerto - Rico , Retrieved August 2 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Edgardo Pratts ( 2006 ) , De Coamo a la Trinchera del Asomante ( in Spanish ) ( First ed . ) , Puerto Rico : Fundación Educativa Idelfonso Pratts , ISBN 0 - 9762185 - 6 - 9 Jump up ^ Wolff 1961 , p. 175 , `` When the British consul died , intermediation was taken over by the Belgian consul , M. Edouard Andre ; and , as US troops poured in , everything began to fall into place . Jaudenes promised that he would not use his artillery if the ... '' Jump up ^ Cooling 2007 , p. 99 , `` Fearful of what the Filipinos might do , the American and Spanish authorities anxiously negotiated a way out of the thorny issue of Manila City . Aided by Belgian consul Edouard Andre , Dewey , Merritt , and Augustin '' Jump up ^ DyalCarpenter & Thomas 1996 , p. 175 , `` After Rawson - Walker 's sickness and death , Belgian consul Edouard André carried on the diplomatic exchanges between Dewey , General Wesley Merritt , * and Jaudenes . Through these diplomatic exchanges , early in August Jaudenes began to ... '' Jump up ^ Protocol of Peace Embodying the Terms of a Basis for the Establishment of Peace Between the Two Countries , Washington , D.C. , U.S.A. , August 12 , 1898 , retrieved October 17 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty of Paris , 1898 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brands Breen Williams Gross , American Stories `` A History of the United States '' , Pearson , p. 536 , ISBN 9780205243617 Jump up ^ Bethell , John ( November -- December 1998 ) , `` A Splendid Little War '' ; Harvard and the commencement of a new world order , Harvard magazine , retrieved December 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Millis 1979 , p. 340 This source provides a more complete quote : It has been a splendid little war ; begun with the highest motives , carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit , favored by the fortune which loves the brave . It is now to be concluded , I hope , with that firm good nature which is after all the distinguishing trait of our American character . Jump up ^ Montoya 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Johnson & Bongard 1992 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1961 , p. 657 Jump up ^ Kaplan , Richard L. 2003 . `` American Journalism Goes to War , 1898 -- 2001 : a manifesto on media and empire '' , p. 211 Jump up ^ Pérez 2008 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Negrón - Muntaner 2004 , p. 11 , citing Julio Cervera Baviera ( 1898 ) , La defensa militar de Puerto Rico , Puerto Rico , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte II -- Comandante Julio Cervera Baviera , 1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico , retrieved February 6 , 2008 ( an excerpt from Carreras & Tafunell 2004 ) Jump up ^ Albert Carreras & Xavier Tafunell : Historia Económica de la España contemporánea , p. 200 -- 208 , ISBN 84 - 8432 - 502 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` MILESTONES : 1899 -- 1913 : The United States , Cuba , and the Platt Amendment , 1901 '' . Milestones . Office of the Historian , U.S. Department of State . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Confederate & Federal Veterans of ' 98 : Civil War Veterans who served in the Spanish -- American War , Philippine Insurrection , and China Relief Expedition by Micah J. Jenkins . Retrieved on October 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ Gatewood 1975 , pp. 23 -- 29 ; there were some opponents , ibid . p. 30 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` VFW at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . VFW . September 2 , 2004 . Retrieved November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( June 30 , 2005 ) . `` Senators want to nix 1898 telecom tax '' . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( August 1 , 2006 ) . `` Telecom tax imposed in 1898 finally ends '' . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ The Spanish American War in Motion Picture , U.S. Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Early Motion Pictures , 1897 -- 1920 , U.S. Library of Congress References ( edit ) American Peace Society ( 1898 ) , The Advocate of Peace , American Peace Society , retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Bailey , Thomas Andrew ( 1961 ) , The American Pageant : A History of the Republic , Heath . Baycroft , Timothy ; Hewitson , Mark ( 2006 ) , What is a nation ? : Europe 1789 -- 1914 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929575 - 3 . Beede , Benjamin R. , ed. ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898 -- 1934 , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 . An encyclopedia . Bergad , Laird W. ( 1978 ) . `` Agrarian History of Puerto Rico , 1870 -- 1930 '' . Latin American Research Review . 13 ( 3 ) : 63 -- 94 ... Botero , Rodrigo ( 2001 ) , `` Ambivalent embrace : America 's troubled relations with Spain from the Revolutionary War to the Cold War '' , Contributions to the study of world history , Greenwood Publishing Group , 78 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31570 - 1 . Brune , Lester H. ; Burns , Richard Dean ( 2003 ) , `` Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1607 -- 1932 '' , Volume 1 of Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations , Richard Dean Burns , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93914 - 0 ( 2 ed . ) , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93915 - 7 . Campbell , W. Joseph ( 2001 ) , Yellow Journalism : Puncturing the Myths , Defining the Legacies , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 275 - 96686 - 0 . Carr , Raymond ( 1982 ) , Spain , 1808 -- 1975 , Clarendon Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 822128 - 2 . Carreras , Albert ; Tafunell , Xavier ( 2004 ) , Historia económica de la España Contemporánea , Crítica , ISBN 978 - 84 - 8432 - 502 - 4 . Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Cooling , Benjamin Franklin ( 2007 ) , USS Olympia : Herald of Empire , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 126 - 6 . Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ; Johnson , Curt ; Bongard , David L. ( 1992 ) , The Harper encyclopedia of military biography Dyal , Donald H ; Carpenter , Brian B. ; Thomas , Mark A. ( 1996 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War , Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 28852 - 6 . Gatewood , Willard B. ( 1975 ) , Black Americans and the White Man 's Burden , 1898 -- 1903 , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 00475 - 2 Gaudreault , André ( 2009 ) , American cinema , 1890 -- 1909 : themes and variations , Rutgers University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4443 - 4 . Hendrickson , Kenneth E. , Jr. ( 2003 ) , The Spanish -- American War , Greenwood , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31662 - 3 . short summary Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) , In Our Image , Century , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 3732 - 9 Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American & Philippine - American Wars . ABC - CLIO . Lacsamana , Leodivico Cruz ( 2006 ) , Philippine history and government , Phoenix Pub . House , ISBN 978 - 971 - 06 - 1894 - 1 . Levy , Jack S. ; Thompson , William R. ( 2010 ) , Causes of War , John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7559 - 3 Millis , Walter ( 1979 ) , The martial spirit , Ayer Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 11866 - 1 Montoya , Arthur ( 2011 ) , America 's Original Sin : Absolution & Penance , Xlibris Corporation , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4628 - 4434 - 0 Negrón - Muntaner , Frances ( 2004 ) , Boricua Pop : Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture , NYU Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5818 - 2 . Offner , John L. ( 1992 ) , An Unwanted War : the Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 . Offner , John L. ( 2004 ) , `` McKinley and the Spanish -- American War '' , Presidential Studies Quarterly , 34 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 61 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2004. 00034. x , ISSN 0360 - 4918 . Parker , John H. ( 2003 ) , The Gatlings at Santiago , Indypublish.com , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4043 - 8137 - 7 Pérez , Louis A. Cuba and the United States : Ties of Singular Intimacy . Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2003 . Print . Pérez , Louis A. ( 2008 ) , Cuba in the American Imagination : Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos , UNC Press Books . Pérez , Louis A. ( 1998 ) , The war of 1898 : the United States and Cuba in history and historiography , UNC Press Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4742 - 8 Rogers , Robert F. ( 1995 ) , Destiny 's Landfall : A History of Guam ( illustrated ed . ) , University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1678 - 0 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1899 ) , `` I. RAISING THE REGIMENT '' , The Rough Riders , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Smithsonian Institution ( 2005 ) , The Price of Freedom : Americans at War -- Spanish American War , National Museum of American History ( U.S. ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9744202 - 3 - 3 . Santamarina , Juan C. `` The Cuba Company and the Expansion of American Business in Cuba , 1898 -- 1915 '' . The Business History Review 74.01 ( Spring 2000 ) : 41 -- 83 . Print Smith , Mark . `` The Political Economy of Sugar Production and the Environment of Eastern Cuba , 1898 -- 1923 '' . Environmental History Review 19.04 ( Winter 1995 ) : 31 -- 48 . Print Smythe , Ted Curtis ( 2003 ) , The Gilded Age press , 1865 -- 1900 , Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30080 - 6 . Tone , John Lawrence . War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) online review Trask , David F. ( 1996 ) , The war with Spain in 1898 , U of Nebraska Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 5 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2009 ) , The Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American and Philippine - American Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 951 - 1 Wionzek , Karl - Heinz ( 2000 ) , Germany , the Philippines , and the Spanish -- American War : four accounts by officers of the Imperial German Navy , National Historical Institute . Wolff , Leon ( 1961 ) , Little Brown Brother : How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century 's Turn , Wolff Productions , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58288 - 209 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Spanish -- American War Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Barnes , Mar . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 : An Annotated Bibliography ( Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies ) ( 2010 ) Berner , Brad K . The Spanish - American War : A Historical Dictionary ( Scarecrow Press , 1998 ) . Berner , Brad K. , ed . The Spanish - American War : A Documentary History with Commentaries ( 2016 ) , 289pp ; includes primary sources Bradford , James C. ed. , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War and Its Aftermath ( 1993 ) , essays on diplomacy , naval and military operations , and historiography . Cirillo , Vincent J. Bullets and Bacilli : The Spanish -- American War and Military Medicine ( 2004 ) Corbitt , Duvon C. `` Cuban Revisionist Interpretations of Cuba 's Struggle for Independence , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 32 ( August 1963 ) : 395 -- 404 . in JSTOR Cosmas , Graham A. An Army for Empire : The United States Army and the Spanish -- American War ( 1971 ) , organizational issues Crapol , Edward P. `` Coming to Terms with Empire : The Historiography of Late - Nineteenth - Century American Foreign Relations , '' Diplomatic History 16 ( Fall 1992 ) : 573 -- 97 ; Cull , N.J. , Culbert , D. , Welch , D. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion : A Historical Encyclopedia , 1500 to the Present . `` Spanish -- American War '' . ( 2003 ) . 378 -- 379 . Daley , L. ( 2000 ) , `` Canosa in the Cuba of 1898 '' , in Aguirre , B.E. ; Espina , E. , Los últimos días del comienzo : Ensayos sobre la guerra , Santiago de Chile : RiL Editores , ISBN 956 - 284 - 115 - 4 DeSantis , Hugh . `` The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence , 1865 -- 1900 , '' in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker , eds. , American Foreign Relations : A Historiographical Review ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 -- 90 Dirks , Tim . `` War and Anti-War Films '' . The Greatest Films . Retrieved November 9 , 2005 . Dobson , John M. Reticent Expansionism : The Foreign Policy of William McKinley . ( 1988 ) . Feuer , A.B. The Spanish -- American War at Sea : Naval Action in the Atlantic ( 1995 ) online edition Field , Jr. , James A. `` American Imperialism : The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book , '' American Historical Review 83 ( June 1978 ) : 644 -- 68 , past of the `` AHR Forum , '' with responses in JSTOR Freidel , Frank . The Splendid Little War ( 1958 ) , well illustrated narrative by scholar ISBN 0 - 7394 - 2342 - 8 Fry , Joseph A. `` From Open Door to World Systems : Economic Interpretations of Late - Nineteenth - Century American Foreign Relations , '' Pacific Historical Review 65 ( May 1996 ) : 277 -- 303 Fry , Joseph A. `` William McKinley and the Coming of the Spanish -- American War : A Study of the Besmirching and Redemption of an Historical Image , '' Diplomatic History 3 ( Winter 1979 ) : 77 -- 97 Funston , Frederick . Memoirs of Two Wars , Cuba and Philippine Experiences . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1911 online edition Gould , Lewis . The Spanish -- American War and President McKinley ( 1980 ) excerpt and text search Foner , Philip , The Spanish -- Cuban -- American War and the Birth of American Imperialism , 1895 -- 1902 ( 1972 ) Hamilton , Richard . President McKinley , War , and Empire ( 2006 ) . Harrington , Peter , and Frederic A. Sharf . `` A Splendid Little War . '' The Spanish -- American War , 1898 . The Artists ' Perspective . London : Greenhill , 1998 . Harrington , Fred H. `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review , Vol. 22 , No. 2 ( Sep. 1935 ) , pp. 211 -- 230 in JSTOR Herring , George C. From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) , the latest survey Hoganson , Kristin . Fighting For American Manhood : How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish -- American and Philippine -- American Wars ( 1998 ) Holbo , Paul S. ( 1967 ) , `` Presidential Leadership in Foreign Affairs : William McKinley and the Turpie - Foraker Amendment '' , The American Historical Review , 72 ( 4 ) : 1321 -- 1335 , doi : 10.2307 / 1847795 , JSTOR 1847795 . Keller , Allan . The Spanish -- American War : A Compact History ( 1969 ) Killblane , Richard E. , `` Assault on San Juan Hill , '' Military History , June 1998 , Vol. 15 , Issue 2 . LaFeber , Walter , The New Empire : An Interpretation of American Expansion , 1865 -- 1898 ( 1963 ) Leeke , Jim . Manila and Santiago : The New Steel Navy in the Spanish -- American War ( 2009 ) Linderman , Gerald F. The Mirror of War : American Society and the Spanish -- American War ( 1974 ) , domestic aspects Maass , Matthias . `` When Communication Fails : Spanish -- American Crisis Diplomacy 1898 , '' Amerikastudien , 2007 , Vol. 52 Issue 4 , pp 481 -- 493 May , Ernest . Imperial Democracy : The Emergence of America as a Great Power ( 1961 ) McCartney , Paul T. American National Identity , the War of 1898 , and the Rise of American Imperialism ( 2006 ) McCook , Henry Christopher ( 1899 ) , The Martial Graves of Our Fallen Heroes in Santiago de Cuba , G.W. Jacobs & Co . Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Daville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Nelly Maldonado Mellander ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . Miles , Nelson Appleton ( 2012 ) . Harper 's Pictorial History of the War with Spain ; . HardPress . ISBN 978 - 1 - 290 - 02902 - 5 . Miller , Richard H. ed. , American Imperialism in 1898 : The Quest for National Fulfillment ( 1970 ) Millis , Walter . The Martial Spirit : A Study of Our War with Spain ( 1931 ) Morgan , H. Wayne. , America 's Road to Empire : The War with Spain and Overseas Expansion ( 1965 ) Muller y Tejeiro , Jose . Combates y Capitulacion de Santiago de Cuba . Marques , Madrid : 1898 . 208 p . English translation by U.S. Navy Dept . O'Toole , G.J.A. The Spanish War : An American Epic -- 1898 ( 1984 ) Paterson , Thomas G. `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher , Vol. 29 , No. 3 ( May 1996 ) , pp. 341 -- 361 in JSTOR Pérez , Jr . Louis A. ( 1989 ) , `` The Meaning of the Maine : Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish -- American War '' , The Pacific Historical Review , 58 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 322 , doi : 10.2307 / 3640268 , JSTOR 3640268 . Pérez Jr . Louis A . The War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography University of North Carolina Press , 1998 Smith , Ephraim K. `` William McKinley 's Enduring Legacy : The Historiographical Debate on the Taking of the Philippine Islands , '' in James C. Bradford , ed. , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War and Its Aftermath ( 1993 ) , pp. 205 -- 49 Pratt , Julius W. ( May 1934 ) . `` American Business and the Spanish - American War '' . The Hispanic American Historical Review . Duke University Press . 14 ( 2 ) : 163 . doi : 10.2307 / 2506353 . Pratt , Julius W . The Expansionists of 1898 ( 1936 ) Schoonover , Thomas . Uncle Sam 's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization. ( 2003 ) Smith , Joseph . The Spanish -- American War : Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific ( 1994 ) Stewart , Richard W. `` Emergence to World Power 1898 -- 1902 '' Ch. 15 , in `` American Military History , Volume I : The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation , 1775 -- 1917 '' , Center of Military History , United States Army . ( 2004 ) , official U.S. Army textbook Tone , John Lawrence . War and Genocide in Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) U.S. War Dept . Military Notes on Cuba . 2 vols . Washington , DC : GPO , 1898 . online edition US Army Center for Military History , Adjutant General 's Office Statistical Exhibit of Strength of Volunteer Forces Called Into Service During the War With Spain ; with Losses From All Causes . US Army Center for Military History , Washington : Government Printing Office , 1899 . Wheeler , Joseph . The Santiago Campaign , 1898 . ( 1898 ) . online edition Zakaria , Fareed , From Wealth to Power : The Unusual Origins of America 's World Role ( 1998 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spanish -- American War . The Spanish American War lesson from EDSITEment America 's Black Patriots -- Spanish American War Spanish -- American War Centennial Points of Confusion over the Cuba Question and Cuba Sovereignty Individual state 's contributions to the Spanish -- American War : Illinois , Pennsylvania Sons of Spanish American War Veterans From ' Dagoes ' to ' Nervy Spaniards , ' American Soldiers ' Views of their Opponents , 1898 by Albert Nofi Excerpts from The National Museum of American history . Reenactment of Spanish -- American War ( video ) on YouTube Spanish -- American War reenactment groups The American Peril -- An Examination of the Spanish American War and the Philippine Insurrection by Dan Carlin Media ( edit ) William Glackens prints at the Library of Congress Images of Florida and the War for Cuban Independence , 1898 at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 1 , 2010 ) from the state archives of Florida ( archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 01 ) Pictures of the Army Nurse Corps in the war Art and images from the War with Spain at the United States Army Center of Military History Spanish -- American War photographic collections , via Calisphere , California Digital Library The Spanish -- American War in Motion Pictures -- U.S. Library of Congress Wehman Collection of Spanish -- American War Photographs at the University of South Florida Ensminger Brothers Spanish -- American War Photographs at the University of South Florida Reference materials ( edit ) United States Department of State , Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States , with the annual message of the president transmitted to Congress December 5 , 1898 especially pp. 558 -- 1085 . Joint Resolution Resolution of Congress April 19 , 1898 , point 4 is the Teller amendment Operations of the U.S. Signal Corps Cutting and Diverting Undersea Telegraph Cables from Cuba Library of Congress Guide to the Spanish -- American War Emergence to World Power , 1898 -- 1902 ( an extract from Matloff 's American Military History a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History ) Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill Impact on the Spanish Army by Charles Hendricks Black Jack in Cuba -- General John J. Pershing 's service in the Spanish -- American War , by Kevin Hymel The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War -- Library of Congress Hispanic Division Centennial of the Spanish -- American War 1898 -- 1998 by Lincoln Cushing History of Negro soldiers in the Spanish -- American War , and other items of interest , by Edward Augustus Johnston , published 1899 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . The War of 98 ( The Spanish -- American War ) The Spanish -- American War from a Spanish perspective ( in English ) . Name Index to New York in the Spanish -- American War 1898 1898 : El Ocaso de un Imperio Article in Spanish about naval operations during the Spanish -- American war . Spanish -- American War Service Summary Cards from the Georgia Archives . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what territory did us gain from spanish-american war | [
"The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favourable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine islands. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($575,760,000 today) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.[23]",
"The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favourable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine islands. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($575,760,000 today) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.[23]",
"The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favourable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine islands. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($575,760,000 today) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.[23]",
"The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favourable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine islands. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($575,760,000 today) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.[23]"
] | [
"Cuba",
"Puerto Rico",
"Guam",
"the Philippine islands"
] |
-3977562202502735290 | Jury trial | Jury trial - wikipedia Jury trial Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the form of trial . For the jury itself , see Petit jury . `` Trial by jury '' redirects here . For other uses , see Trial by Jury ( disambiguation ) . The Jury ( 1861 ) by John Morgan , Buckinghamshire County Museum Criminal procedure Criminal trials and convictions Rights of the accused Fair trial Speedy trial Jury trial Counsel Presumption of innocence Exclusionary rule Self - incrimination Double jeopardy Verdict Conviction Acquittal Not proven Directed verdict Sentencing Mandatory Suspended Custodial Discharge Guidelines Totality Dangerous offender Capital punishment Execution warrant Cruel and unusual punishment Imprisonment Life imprisonment Indefinite imprisonment Post-sentencing Parole Probation Tariff Life licence Miscarriage of justice Exoneration Pardon Sex offender registration Sexually violent predator legislation Related areas of law Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Civil procedure Portals Law Criminal justice US courts Not in English / Welsh courts Scottish courts English / Welsh courts Canadian courts UK courts A jury trial , or trial by jury , is a lawful proceeding in which a jury makes a decision or findings of fact . It is distinguished from a bench trial in which a judge or panel of judges makes all decisions . Jury trials are used in a significant share of serious criminal cases in almost all common law lawful systems ( Singapore , for example , is an exception ) , and juries or lay judges have been incorporated into the legal systems of many civil law countries for criminal cases . Only the United States makes routine use of jury trials in a wide variety of non-criminal cases . Other common law legal jurisdictions use jury trials only in a very select class of cases that make up a tiny share of the overall civil docket ( like defamation suits in England and Wales ) , but true civil jury trials are almost entirely absent elsewhere in the world . Some civil law jurisdictions , however , have arbitration panels where non-legally trained members decide cases in select subject - matter areas relevant to the arbitration panel members ' areas of expertise . The availability of a trial by jury in American jurisdictions varies . Because the United States legal system separated from that of the English one at American Revolution , the types of proceedings that use juries depends on whether such cases were tried by jury under English common law at that time rather than the methods used in English courts now . For example , at the time , English `` courts of law '' tried cases of torts or private law for monetary damages using juries , but `` courts of equity '' that tried civil cases seeking an injunction or another form of non-monetary relief did not . As a result , this practice continues in American civil laws , but in modern English law , only criminal proceedings and some inquests are likely to be heard by a jury . The use of jury trials , which evolved within common law systems rather than civil law systems , has had a profound impact on the nature of American civil procedure and criminal procedure rules , even if a bench trial is actually contemplated in a particular case . In general , the availability of a jury trial if properly demanded has given rise to a system in which fact finding is concentrated in a single trial rather than multiple hearings , and appellate review of trial court decisions is greatly limited . Jury trials are of far less importance ( or of no importance ) in countries that do not have a common law system . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Greece 1.2 Rome 1.3 Holy Roman Empire 1.4 England and Wales 2 Role 3 Pros and cons 4 In various jurisdictions 4.1 Australia 4.1. 1 Challenging potential jurors 4.1. 2 Majority and unanimous verdicts in criminal trials 4.2 Austria 4.3 Belgium 4.4 Canada 4.5 France 4.6 Greece 4.7 Gibraltar 4.8 Hong Kong 4.9 India 4.10 Ireland 4.11 Italy 4.12 Japan 4.13 New Zealand 4.14 Norway 4.15 Russia 4.16 Singapore 4.17 South Africa 4.18 Sweden 4.19 Switzerland 4.20 United Kingdom 4.20. 1 England and Wales 4.20. 2 Scotland 4.20. 3 Northern Ireland 4.21 United States 4.21. 1 Civil trial procedure 4.21. 2 Waiver of jury trial 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Greece ( edit ) Ancient Athens had a mechanism , called dikastaí , to assure that no one could select jurors for their own trial . For normal cases , the courts were made up of dikastai of up to 500 citizens . For capital cases -- those that involved death , loss of liberty , exile , loss of civil rights , or seizure of property -- the trial was before a jury of 1,001 to 1,501 dikastai . In such large juries , the unanimity rule would be unrealistic , and verdicts were reached by majority . Juries were appointed by lot . Jurists cast a ceramic disk with an axle in its middle : the axle was either hollow or solid . Thus the way they voted was kept secret because the jurists would hold their disk by the axle by thumb and forefinger , thus hiding whether its axle was hollow or solid . Since Periclean times , jurists were compensated for their sitting in court , with the amount of one day 's wages . The institution of trial by jury was ritually depicted by Aeschylus in the Eumenides , the third and final play of his Oresteia trilogy . In the play , the innovation is brought about by the goddess Athena , who summons twelve citizens to sit as jury . The god Apollo takes part in the trial as the advocate for the defendant Orestes and the Furies as prosecutors for the slain Clytaemnestra . In the event the jury is split six to six , and Athena dictates that in such a case , the verdict should henceforth be for acquittal . Rome ( edit ) From the beginning of the republic and in the majority of civil cases towards the end of the empire , there were tribunals with the characteristics of the jury , the Roman judges being civilian , lay and not professional . Capital trials were held in front of juries composed of hundreds or thousands of people in the commitias or centuries , the same as in Roman trials . Roman law provided for the yearly selection of judices , who would be responsible for resolving disputes by acting as jurors , with a praetor performing many of the duties of a judge . High government officials and their relatives were barred from acting as judices , due to conflicts of interest . Those previously found guilty of serious crimes ( felonies ) were also barred as were gladiators for hire , who likely were hired to resolve disputes through trial by combat . The law was as follows : `` The peregrine praetor ( literally , traveling judge ) within the next ten days after this law is passed by the people or plebs shall provide for the selection of 450 persons in this State who have or have had a knight 's census ... provided that he does not select a person who is or has been plebeian tribune , quaestor , triumvir capitalis , military tribune in any of the first four legions , or triumvir for granting and assigning lands , or who is or has been in the Senate , or who has fought or shall fight as a gladiator for hire ... or who has been condemned by the judicial process and a public trial whereby he can not be enrolled in the Senate , or who is less than thirty or more than sixty years of age , or who does not have his residence in the city of Rome or within one mile of it , or who is the father , brother , or son of any above - described magistrate , or who is the father , brother , or son of a person who is or has been a member of the Senate , or who is overseas . '' Holy Roman empire ( edit ) A Swabian ordinance of 1562 called for the summons of jurymen ( urtheiler ) , and various methods were in use in Emmendingen , Oppenau , and Oberkirch . Hauenstein 's charter of 1442 secured the right to be tried in all cases by 24 fellow equals , and in Friburg the jury was composed of 30 citizens and councilors . The modern jury trial was first introduced in the Rhenish provinces in 1798 , with a court consisting most commonly of 12 citizens ( Bürger ) . The system whereby citizens were tried by their peers chosen from the entire community in open court was gradually superseded by an `` engine of tyranny and oppression '' in Germany , in which the process of investigation was secret and life and liberty depended upon judges appointed by the state . In Constance the jury trial was suppressed by decree of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1786 . The Frankfurt Constitution of the failed Revolutions of 1848 called for jury trials for `` the more serious crimes and all political offenses '' , but was never implemented after the Frankfurt Parliament was dissolved by Württemberg dragoons . An 1873 draft on criminal procedure produced by the Prussian Ministry of Justice proposed to abolish the jury and replace it with the mixed system , causing a significant political debate . In the Weimar Republic the jury was abolished by the Emminger Reform of 4 January 1924 . Between 1948 and 1950 in American - occupied Germany and the Federal Republic of Germany , Bavaria returned to the jury trial as it had existed before the emergency decrees , but they were again abolished by the 1950 Unification Act ( Vereinheitlichungsgesetz ) for the Federal Republic . In 1979 , the United States tried the East German LOT Flight 165 hijacking suspects in the United States Court for Berlin in West Berlin , which declared the defendants had the right to a jury trial under the United States Constitution , and hence were tried by a West German jury . England and Wales ( edit ) W.S. Gilbert 's Bab Ballads ( 1920 ) Main article : Juries in England and Wales According to George Macaulay Trevelyan in A Shortened History of England , during the Viking occupation : `` The Scandinavians , when not on the Viking warpath , were a litigious people and loved to get together in the ' thing ' to hear legal argument . They had no professional lawyers , but many of their farmer - warriors , like Njal , the truth - teller , were learned in folk custom and in its intricate judicial procedure . A Danish town in England often had , as its main officers , twelve hereditary ' law men . ' The Danes introduced the habit of making committees among the free men in court , which perhaps made England favorable ground for the future growth of the jury system out of a Frankish custom later introduced by the Normans . '' The English king Æthelred the Unready set up an early legal system through the Wantage Code of Ethelred , one provision of which stated that the twelve leading thegns ( minor nobles ) of each wapentake ( a small district ) were required to swear that they would investigate crimes without a bias . These juries differed from the modern sort by being self - informing ; instead of getting information through a trial , the jurors were required to investigate the case themselves . In the 12th century , Henry II took a major step in developing the jury system . Henry II set up a system to resolve land disputes using juries . A jury of twelve free men were assigned to arbitrate in these disputes . As with the Saxon system , these men were charged with uncovering the facts of the case on their own rather than listening to arguments in court . Henry II also introduced what is now known as the `` grand jury '' through his Assize of Clarendon . Under the assize , a jury of free men was charged with reporting any crimes that they knew of in their hundred to a `` justice in eyre '' , a judge who moved between hundreds on a circuit . A criminal accused by this jury was given a trial by ordeal . The Church banned participation of clergy in trial by ordeal in 1215 . Without the legitimacy of religion , trial by ordeal collapsed . The juries under the assizes began deciding guilt as well as providing accusations . The same year , trial by jury became an explicit right in one of the most influential clauses of Magna Carta . Article 39 of the Magna Carta read : Nullus liber homo capiatur , vel imprisonetur , aut desseisetur de libero tenemento , vel libertatibus , vel liberis consuetudinibus suis , sut utlagetur , aut exuletur , aut aliquo modo destruatur , nec super eum ibimus , nec super eum mittemus , nisi per legale judicium parium suorum , vel per legem terrae . It is translated thus by Lysander Spooner in his Essay on the Trial by Jury : `` No free man shall be captured , and or imprisoned , or disseised of his freehold , and or of his liberties , or of his free customs , or be outlawed , or exiled , or in any way destroyed , nor will we proceed against him by force or proceed against him by arms , but by the lawful judgment of his peers , and or by the law of the land . '' Although it says and or by the law of the land , this in no manner can be interpreted as if it were enough to have a positive law , made by the king , to be able to proceed legally against a citizen . The law of the land was the consuetudinary law , based on the customs and consent of John 's subjects , and since they did not have Parliament in those times , this meant that neither the king nor the barons could make a law without the consent of the people . According to some sources , in the time of Edward III , by the law of the land had been substituted by due process of law , which in those times was a trial by twelve peers . The Magna Carta of 1215 further secured trial by jury by stating that For a trivial offence , a free man shall be fined only in proportion to the degree of his offence , and for a serious offence correspondingly , but not so heavily as to deprive him of his livelihood . In the same way , a merchant shall be spared his merchandise , and a husbandman the implements of his husbandry , if they fall upon the mercy of a royal court . None of these fines shall be imposed except by the assessment on oath of reputable men of the neighbourhood . Earls and barons shall be fined only by their equals , and in proportion to the gravity of their offence . To any man whom we have deprived or dispossessed of lands , castles , liberties , or rights , without the lawful judgement of his equals , we will at once restore these . If we have deprived or dispossessed any Welshmen of lands , liberties , or anything else in England or in Wales , without the lawful judgement of their equals , these are at once to be returned to them . A dispute on this point shall be determined in the Marches by the judgement of equals . English law shall apply to holdings of land in England , Welsh law to those in Wales , and the law of the Marches to those in the Marches . The Welsh shall treat us and ours in the same way . During the mid-14th Century , persons who had sat on the Presenting Jury ( i.e. , in modern parlance , the Grand Jury ) were forbidden to sit on the trial jury for that crime . 25 Edward III stat 5. , c3 ( 1353 ) . Medieval juries were self - informing , in that individuals were chosen as jurors because they either knew the parties and the facts , or they had the duty to discover them . This spared the government the cost of fact - finding . Over time , English juries became less self - informing and relied more on the trial itself for information on the case . Jurors remained free to investigate cases on their own until the 17th century . The Magna Carta being forgotten after a succession of benevolent reigns ( or , more probably , reigns limited by the jury and the barons , and only under the rule of laws that the juries and barons found acceptable ) , the kings , through the royal judges , began to extend their control over the jury and the kingdom . In David Hume 's History of England , he tells something of the powers that the kings had accumulated in the times after the Magna Carta , the prerogatives of the crown and the sources of great power with which these monarchs counted : One of the most ancient and most established instruments of power was the court of Star Chamber , which possessed an unlimited discretionary authority of fining , imprisoning , and inflicting corporal punishment , and whose jurisdiction extended to all sorts of offenses , contempts , and disorders , that lay not within reach of the common law . The members of this court consisted of the privy council and the judges ; men who all of them enjoyed their offices during pleasure : And when the prince himself was present , he was the sole judge , and all the others could only interpose with their advice . There needed but this one court in any government , to put an end to all regular , legal , and exact plans of liberty . For who durst set himself in opposition to the crown and ministry , or aspire to the character of being a patron of freedom , while exposed to so arbitrary a jurisdiction ? I much question , whether any of the absolute monarchies in Europe contain , at present , so illegal and despotic a tribunal . While so many terrors hung over the people , no jury durst have acquitted a man , when the court was resolved to have him condemned . The practice also , of not confronting witnesses to the prisoner , gave the crown lawyers all imaginable advantage against him . And , indeed , there scarcely occurs an instance , during all these reigns , that the sovereign , or the ministers , were ever disappointed in the issue of a prosecution . Timid juries , and judges who held their offices during pleasure , never failed to second all the views of the crown . And as the practice was anciently common of fining , imprisoning , or otherwise punishing the jurors , merely at the discretion of the court , for finding a verdict contrary to the direction of these dependent judges ; it is obvious , that juries were then no manner of security to the liberty of the subject . The first paragraph of the Act that abolished the Star Chamber repeats the clause on the right of a citizen to be judged by his peers : Abolition of the Star Chamber July 5 , 1641 An act for the regulating of the privy council , and for taking away the court commonly called the star - chamber . WHEREAS by the great charter many times confirmed in parliament , it is enacted , That no freeman shall be taken or imprisoned , or disseised of his freehold or liberties , or free customs , or be outlawed or exiled or otherwise destroyed , and that the King will not pass upon him , or condemn him ; but by lawful judgment of his peers , or by the law of the land ... In 1670 two Quakers charged with unlawful assembly , William Penn and William Mead , were found not guilty by a jury . The judge then fined the jury for contempt of court for returning a verdict contrary to their own findings of fact and removed them to prison until the fine was paid . Edward Bushel , a member of the jury , nonetheless refused to pay the fine . Bushel petitioned the Court of Common Pleas for a writ of habeas corpus . The ruling in the Bushel 's Case was that a jury could not be punished simply on account of the verdict it returned . Many British colonies , including the United States , adopted the English common law system in which trial by jury is an important part . Jury trials in criminal cases were a protected right in the original United States Constitution and the Fifth , Sixth , and Seventh Amendments of the U.S. Constitution extend the rights to trial by jury to include the right to jury trial for both criminal and civil matters and a grand jury for serious cases . Role ( edit ) In most common law jurisdictions , the jury is responsible for finding the facts of the case , while the judge determines the law . These `` peers of the accused '' are responsible for listening to a dispute , evaluating the evidence presented , deciding on the facts , and making a decision in accordance with the rules of law and their jury instructions . Typically , the jury only judges guilt or a verdict of not guilty , but the actual penalty is set by the judge . An interesting innovation was introduced in Russia in the judicial reform of Alexander II : unlike in modern jury trials , jurors decided not only whether the defendant was guilty or not guilty , but they had the third choice : `` Guilty , but not to be punished , '' since Alexander II believed that justice without morality was wrong . In France and some countries organized in the same fashion , the jury and several professional judges sit together to determine guilt first . Then , if guilt is determined , they decide the appropriate penalty . Some jurisdictions with jury trials allow the defendant to waive their right to a jury trial , thus leading to a bench trial . Jury trials tend to occur only when a crime is considered serious . In some jurisdictions , such as France and Brazil , jury trials are reserved , and compulsory , for the most severe crimes and are not available for civil cases . In Brazil , for example , trials by jury are applied in cases of voluntary crimes against life , such as first and second degree murder , forced abortion and instigation of suicide , even if only attempted . In others , such as the United Kingdom , jury trials are only available for criminal cases and very specific civil cases ( defamation , malicious prosecution , civil fraud and false imprisonment ) . In the United States , jury trials are available in both civil and criminal cases . In Canada , an individual charged with an indictable offence may elect to be tried by a judge alone in a provincial court , by judge alone in a superior court , or by judge and jury in a superior court ; summary offences can not be tried by jury . In the United States , because jury trials tend to be high profile , the general public tends to overestimate the frequency of jury trials . Approximately 150,000 jury trials are conducted in state courts annually , and an additional 5,000 jury trials are conducted in federal courts . Two - thirds of jury trials are criminal trials , while one - third are civil and `` other '' ( e.g. , family , municipal ordinance , traffic ) . Nevertheless , the vast majority of criminal cases are settled by plea bargain , which removes the need for a jury trial . Some commentators contend that the guilty - plea system unfairly coerces defendants into relinquishing their right to a jury trial . Others contend that there never was a golden age of jury trials , but rather that juries in the early nineteenth century ( before the rise of plea bargaining ) were `` unwitting and reflexive , generally wasteful of public resources and , because of the absence of trained professionals , little more than slow guilty pleas themselves '' , and that the guilty - plea system that emerged in the latter half of the nineteenth century was a superior , more cost - effective method of achieving fair outcomes . Pros and cons ( edit ) In countries where jury trials are common , juries are often seen as an important check against state power . Other common assertions about the benefits of trial by jury is that it provides a means of interjecting community norms and values into judicial proceedings and that it legitimizes the law by providing opportunities for citizens to validate criminal statutes in their application to specific trials . Alexis de Tocqueville also claimed that jury trials educate citizens about self - government . Many also believe that a jury is likely to provide a more sympathetic hearing , or a fairer one , to a party who is not part of the government -- or other establishment interest -- than would representatives of the state . This last point may be disputed . For example , in highly emotional cases , such as child rape , the jury may be tempted to convict based on personal feelings rather than on conviction beyond reasonable doubt . In France , former attorney , then later minister of Justice Robert Badinter , remarked about jury trials in France that they were like `` riding a ship into a storm '' , because they are much less predictable than bench trials . Another issue with jury trials is the potential for jurors to be swayed by prejudice , including racial considerations . Infamous cases include the Scottsboro Boys , a group of nine African American teenagers accused of raping two White American women on a train in 1931 , for which they were indicted by an all - white jury , the acquittal of two white men Roy Bryant and J.W. Milan by an all - white jury for the murder of 14 year old Emmett Till in 1955 ( they admitted killing him in a magazine interview a year later ) , and the 1992 trial in the Rodney King case in California , in which white police officers were acquitted of excessive force in the violent beating of a black man by a jury consisting mostly of whites without any black jurors . The positive belief about jury trials in the U.K. and the U.S. contrasts with popular belief in many other nations , in which it is considered bizarre and risky for a person 's fate to be put into the hands of untrained laymen . Consider Japan , for instance , which used to have optional jury trials for capital or other serious crimes between 1928 and 1943 . The defendant could freely choose whether to have a jury or trial by judges , and the decisions of the jury were non-binding . During the Tōjō - regime this was suspended , arguably stemming from the popular belief that any defendant who risks his fate on the opinions of untrained laymen is almost certainly guilty . Jury trials in multi-cultural countries with a history of ethnic tensions may be problematic , and lead to juries being unduly biased and partial . A major issue in jury trials is the secretive nature of the process . While proponents may say that secrecy allows the jury to remain impartial by protecting it from undue pressure or attention , opponents contend that this prevents there from being a transparent trial . The fact that juries do not often have to give a reason for their verdict is also criticized , since opponents argue it is unfair for a person to be deprived of life , liberty or property without being told why it is being done so . In contrast where there is a decision by a judge or judges , they are required to provide often detailed reasons of both fact and law as to why their decision was made . One issue that has been raised is the ability of a jury to fully understand statistical or scientific evidence . It has been said that the expectation of jury members as to the explanatory power of scientific evidence has been raised by television in what is known as the CSI effect . In at least one English trial the misuse or misunderstanding or misrepresentation by the prosecution of statistics has led to wrongful conviction . In various jurisdictions ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) The Australian Constitution provides that : `` 80 . The trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury , and every such trial shall be held in the State where the offence was committed , and if the offence was not committed within any State the trial shall be held at such place or places as the Parliament prescribes . '' The first trials by civilian juries of 12 in the colony of New South Wales were held in 1824 , following a decision of the NSW Supreme Court on 14 October 1824 . The NSW Constitution Act of 1828 effectively terminated trial by jury for criminal matters . Jury trials for criminal matters revived with the passing of the Jury Trials Amending Act of 1833 ( NSW ) ( 2 William IV No 12 ) . Challenging potential jurors ( edit ) The voir dire system of examining the jury pool before selection is not permitted in Australia as it violates the privacy of jurors . Therefore , though it exists , the right to challenge for cause during jury selection can not be employed much . Peremptory challenges are usually based on the hunches of counsel and no reason is needed to use them . All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection , however , the number of challenges granted to the counsels in each state are not all the same . Until 1987 New South Wales had twenty peremptory challenges for each side where the offence was murder , and eight for all other cases . In 1987 this was lowered to three peremptory challenges per side , the same amount allowed in South Australia . Eight peremptory challenges are allowed for both counsels for all offences in Queensland . Victoria , Tasmania and the Northern Territory allow for six . Western Australia allows five peremptory challenges per side . Majority and unanimous verdicts in criminal trials ( edit ) See also : Hung jury In Australia majority verdicts are allowed in South Australia , Victoria , Western Australia , Tasmania , the Northern Territory , New South Wales and Queensland , while the ACT require unanimous verdicts . Since 1927 South Australia has permitted majority verdicts of 11 : 1 , and 10 : 1 or 9 : 1 where the jury has been reduced , in criminal trials if a unanimous verdict can not be reached in four hours . They are accepted in all cases except for `` guilty '' verdicts where the defendant is on trial for murder or treason . Victoria has accepted majority verdicts with the same conditions since 1994 , though deliberations must go on for six hours before a majority verdict can be made . Western Australia accepted majority verdicts in 1957 for all trials except where the crime is murder or has a life sentence . A 10 : 2 verdict is accepted . Majority verdicts of 10 : 2 have been allowed in Tasmania since 1936 for all cases except murder and treason if a unanimous decision has not been made within two hours . Since 1943 verdicts of `` not guilty '' for murder and treason have also been included , but must be discussed for six hours . The Northern Territory has allowed majority verdicts of 10 : 2 , 10 : 1 and 9 : 1 since 1963 and does not discriminate between cases whether the charge is murder or not . Deliberation must go for at least six hours before delivering a majority verdict . The Queensland Jury Act 1995 ( s 59F ) allows majority verdicts for all crimes except for murder and other offences that carry a life sentence , although only 11 : 1 or 10 : 1 majorities are allowed . Majority verdicts were introduced in New South Wales in 2006 . In New South Wales , a majority verdict can only be returned if the jury consists of at least 11 jurors and the deliberation has occurred for at least 8 hours or for a period that the court considers reasonable having regard to the nature and complexity of the case . Additionally , the court must be satisfied through examination of one or more of the jurors on oath , that a unanimous verdict will not be reached if further deliberation were to occur . Austria ( edit ) Austria , in common with a number of European civil law jurisdictions , retains elements of trial by jury in serious criminal cases . Belgium ( edit ) Belgium , in common with a number of European civil law jurisdictions , retains the trial by jury through the Court of Assize for serious criminal cases and for political crimes and for press delicts ( except those based on racism or xenophobia ) , and for crimes of international law , such as genocide and crime against humanity . Canada ( edit ) Under Canadian law , a person has the constitutional right to a jury trial for all crimes punishable by five years of imprisonment or more . The Criminal Code also provides for the right to a jury trial for most indictable offences , including those punishable by less than five years imprisonment , though the right is only constitutionally enshrined for those offences punishable by five years imprisonment or more . Generally , it is the accused person who is entitled to elect whether their trial will proceed by judge alone or by judge and jury ; however , for the most severe criminal offences -- murder , treason , alarming Her Majesty , intimidating Parliament , inciting to mutiny , sedition , and piracy -- trial by jury is mandatory unless the prosecution consents to trial by judge alone . See also : Section Eleven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms § Right to trial by jury Jury panel exhaustion Criminal Code Section 642 ( 1 ) : If a full jury and alternate jurors can not be provided , the court may order the sheriff or other proper officer , at the request of the prosecutor , to summon without delay as many people as the court directs for the purpose of providing a full jury and alternate jurors . Section 642 ( 2 ) : Jurors may be summoned under subsection ( 1 ) by word of mouth , if necessary . Section 642 ( 3 ) : The names of the people who are summoned under this Section shall be added to the general panel for the purposes of the trial , and the same proceedings with respect to calling , challenging , excusing and directing them shall apply to them . According to the case of R v Mid-Valley Tractor Sales Limited ( 1995 CarswellNB 313 ) , there are limitations on the powers granted by Section 642 . These powers are conferred specifically upon the judge , and the section does not confer a further discretion to delegate that power to others , such as the sheriff 's officer , even with the consent of counsel . The Court said that to hold otherwise would nullify the rights of the accused and the prosecution to object to a person being excused inappropriately , and may also interfere with the rights of the parties to challenge for cause . The selection of an impartial jury is the basis of a fair trial . The Supreme Court of Canada also held in Basarabas and Spek v The Queen ( 1982 SCR 730 ) that the right of an accused to be present in court during the whole of his trial includes the jury selection process . In Tran v The Queen ( 1994 2 SCR 951 ) , it was held that an accused only has to show that they were excluded from a part of the trial that affected their vital interests , they do not have to demonstrate actual prejudice , just the potential for prejudice . As well , a valid waiver of such a right must be clear , unequivocal and done with full knowledge of the rights that the procedure was enacted to protect , as well as the effect that the waiver will have on those rights . France ( edit ) In France , a defendant is entitled to a jury trial only when prosecuted for a felony ( crime in French ) . Crimes encompass all offenses that carry a penalty of at least 10 years ' imprisonment ( for natural persons ) or a fine of € 75,000 ( for legal persons ) . The only court that tries by jury is the cour d'assises , in which three professional judges sit together with six or nine jurors ( on appeal ) . Conviction requires a two - third majority ( four or six votes ) . Greece ( edit ) The country that originated the concept of the jury trial retains it in an unusual form . Serious crimes in Greece are tried by a panel of three professional judges and four lay jurors who decide the facts , and the appropriate penalty if they convict . Gibraltar ( edit ) Being a Common Law jurisdiction , Gibraltar retains jury trial in a similar manner to that found in England and Wales , the exception being that juries consist of nine lay people , rather than twelve . Hong Kong ( edit ) Hong Kong , as a former British colony has a common law legal system . Article 86 of Hong Kong 's Basic Law , which came into force on 1 July 1997 following the handover of Hong Kong from Britain to China provides : `` The principle of trial by jury previously practised in Hong Kong shall be maintained . '' Criminal trials in the High Court are by jury . The juries are generally made of seven members , who can return a verdict based on a majority of five . There are no jury trials in the District Court , which can impose a sentence of up to seven years imprisonment . This is despite the fact that all court rooms in the District Court have jury boxes . The lack of juries in the District Court has been severely criticized . Clive Grossman SC in a commentary in 2009 said conviction rates were `` approaching those of North Korea '' . Many complex commercial cases are prosecuted in the District Court rather than before a jury in the High Court . In 2009 , Lily Chiang , former chairwoman of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce , lost an application to have her case transferred from the District Court to the High Court for a jury trial . Justice Wright in the Court of First Instance held that there was no absolute right to a trial by jury and that the `` decision as to whether an indictable offence be tried in the Court of First Instance by a judge and jury or in the District Court by a judge alone is the prerogative of the Secretary for Justice . '' Chiang issued a statement at the time saying `` she was disappointed with the judgment because she has been deprived of a jury trial , an opportunity to be judged by her fellow citizens and the constitutional benefit protected by the Basic Law '' . In civil cases in the Court of First Instance jury trials are available for defamation , false imprisonment , malicious prosecution or seduction unless the court orders otherwise . A jury can return a majority verdict in a civil case . India ( edit ) The first case decided by an English jury in India happened in Madras in 1665 , for which Ascentia Dawes ( probably a British woman ) was charged by a grand jury with the murder of her slave girl , and a petty jury , with six Englishmen and six Portuguese , found her not guilty . With the development of the East India Company empire in India , the jury system was implemented inside a dual system of courts : In Presidency Towns ( Calcutta , Madras , Bombay ) , there were Crown Courts and in criminal cases juries had to judge British and European people ( as a privilege ) and in some cases Indian people ; and in the territories outside the Presidency Towns ( called `` moffussil '' ) , there were Company Courts ( composed with Company officials ) without jury to judge most of the cases implying indigenous people . After the Crown Government of India ( Raj ) adopted the Indian Penal Code ( 1860 ) and the Indian Code of Criminal Procedure ( 1861 , amended in 1872 , 1882 , 1898 ) , the criminal jury was obligatory only in the High Courts of the Presidency Towns ; elsewhere , it was optional and rarely used . According sections 274 and 275 of the Code of Criminal Procedure , the jury was composed from 3 ( for smaller offences judged in session courts ) to 9 ( for severe offences judges in High Courts ) men ; and when the accused were European or American , at least half of the jurors had to be European or American men . The jury found no place in the 1950 Indian Constitution , and it was ignored in many Indian states . The Law Commission recommended its abolition in 1958 in its 14th Report . Jury trials were abolished in India in most courts except for Matrimonial Disputes of Parsis by a very discrete process during the 1960s , finishing with the 1973 Code of Criminal Procedure , which is still in force today . Parsis in India can LEGALLY use Jury System to decide divorces wherein randomly selected members called ` delegates ` from the community decide the fact of the matrimonial disputes of Parsis . Jury system for Parsi Matrimonial dispute cases is a mix of Panchayat system and Jury system found in US etc. countries . The law which governs this is ` The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act , 1936 ` as amended in 1988 . Without any proper study comparing existing judicial systems and without any effort to improve the system , it was claimed that the 8 : 1 acquittal of Kawas Nanavati in K.M. Nanavati vs. State of Maharashtra , which was overturned by higher courts on the grounds that the jury was misled by the presiding judge and were susceptible to media and public influence , was the reason . A study by Elisabeth Kolsky argues that many `` perverse verdicts '' were delivered by white juries in trial of `` European British subjects '' charged with murder , assault , confinement of Indians . Ireland ( edit ) In the Republic of Ireland , a common law jurisdiction , jury trials are available for criminal cases before the Circuit Court , Central Criminal Court and defamation cases , consisting of twelve jurors . Juries only decide questions of fact ; they have no role in criminal sentencing in criminal cases or awarding damages in libel cases . It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict . In civil cases , a verdict may be reached by a majority of nine of the twelve members . In a criminal case , a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a reasonable time . Juries are selected from a jury panel , which is picked at random by the county registrar from the electoral register . The principal statute regulating the selection , obligations and conduct of juries is the Juries Act 1976 as amended by the Civil Law ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 2008 , which scrapped the upper age limit of 70 . Juries are not paid , nor do they receive travel expenses . They do receive lunch for the days that they are serving ; however , for jurors in employment , their employer is required to pay them as if they were present at work . For certain terrorist and organised crime offences the Director of Public Prosecutions may issue a certificate that the accused be tried by the Special Criminal Court composed of three judges instead of a jury , one from the District Court , Circuit Court and High Court . Italy ( edit ) The Corte d'Assise is composed of 2 judges and 6 laypersons chosen at random among Italian citizens 30 to 65 years old . Only serious crimes like murder can be tried by the Corte d'Assise . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Lay judges in Japan On May 28 , 2004 , the Diet of Japan enacted a law requiring selected citizens to take part in criminal court trials of certain severe crimes to make decisions together with professional judges , both on guilt and on the sentence . These citizens are called saiban - in ( 裁判 員 `` lay judge '' ) . The saiban - in system was implemented in May 2009 . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand previously required jury verdicts to be passed unanimously , but since the passing of the Criminal Procedure Bill in 2009 the Juries Act 1981 has permitted verdicts to be passed by a majority of one less than the full jury ( that is an 11 - 1 or a 10 - 1 majority ) under certain circumstances . Norway ( edit ) Norway has a system where the lower courts ( tingrett ) is set with a judge and two lay - judges , or in bigger cases two judges and three lay - judges . All of these judges convict or acquit , and set sentences . Simple majority is required in all cases , which means that the lay - judges are always in control . In the higher court / appellate court ( lagmannsrett ) there is a jury ( lagrette ) of 10 members , which need a minimum of seven votes to be able to convict . The judges have no say in the jury deliberations , but jury - instructions are given by the chief - judge ( lagmann ) in each case to the jury before deliberations . The voir - dire is usually set with 16 prospective jurors , which the prosecution and defense may dismiss the 6 persons they do not desire to serve on the jury . This court ( lagmannsretten ) is administered by a three - judge panel ( usually 1 lagmann and 2 lagdommere ) , and if 7 or more jury members want to convict , the sentence is set in a separate proceeding , consisting of the three judges and the jury foreman ( lagrettens ordfører ) and three other members of the jury chosen by ballot . This way the laymen are in control of both the conviction and sentencing , as simple majority is required in sentencing . The three - judge panel can set aside a jury conviction or acquittal if there has been an obvious miscarriage of justice . In that event , the case is settled by three judges and four lay - judges . In May 2015 , the Norwegian Parliament asked the government to bring an end to jury trials , replacing them with a bench trial ( meddomsrett ) consisting of two law - trained judges and three lay judges ( lekdommere ) . This has not been fully implemented yet as of February 2016 , but is expected soon . Russia ( edit ) In the judiciary of Russia , for serious crimes the accused has the option of a jury trial consisting of 12 jurors . The number of jury trials remains small , at about 600 per year , out of about 1 million trials . A juror must be 25 years old , legally competent , and without a criminal record . The 12 jurors are selected by the prosecution and defense from a list of 30 -- 40 eligible candidates . The Constitution of Russia stipulates that , until the abolition of the death penalty , all defendants in a case that may result in a death sentence are entitled to a jury trial . Lawmakers are continuously chipping away at what types of criminal offenses merit a jury trial . They are similar to common law juries , and unlike lay judges , in that they sit separately from the judges and decide questions of fact alone while the judge determines questions of law . They must return unanimous verdicts during the first 3 hours of deliberation , but may return majority verdicts after that , with 6 jurors being enough to acquit . They may also request that the judge show leniency in sentencing . Juries have granted acquittals in 15 -- 20 % of cases , compared with less than 1 % in cases decided by judges . Juries may be dismissed and skeptical juries have been dismissed on the verge of verdicts , and acquittals are frequently overturned by higher courts . Trial by jury was first introduced in the Russian Empire as a result of the Judicial reform of Alexander II in 1864 , and abolished after the October Revolution in 1917 . They were reintroduced in the Russian Federation in 1993 , and extended to another 69 regions in 2003 . Its reintroduction was opposed by the Prosecutor General . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , the jury system was abolished in 1969 . Jury trials for all had been earlier abolished in 1959 , except for capital offenses with the death penalty . As Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew described to the BBC and in his memoirs , due to his experiences as a trial lawyer , `` I had no faith in a system that allowed the superstition , ignorance , biases , and prejudices of seven jurymen to determine guilt or innocence . '' South Africa ( edit ) The jury system was abolished in South Africa in 1969 by the Abolition of Juries Act , 1969 . The last jury trial to be heard was in the District of Kimberley . Some judicial experts had argued that a system of whites - only juries ( as was the system at that time ) was inherently prejudicial to ' non-white ' defendants ( the introduction of nonracial juries would have been a political impossibility at that time ) . More recently it has been argued that , apart from being a racially divided country , South African society was , and still is , characterized by significant class differences and disparities of income and wealth that could make re-introducing the jury system problematic . Arguments for and against the re-introduction of a jury system have been discussed by South African constitutional expert Professor Pierre de Vos in the article `` Do we need a jury system ? '' On 28 March 2014 , the Oscar Pistorius trial was adjourned due to the illness of one of the two assessors that assist the judge on questions of fact ( rather than law ) , in place of the jury , to reach a verdict . The legal system in the UK sees no reason to block extradition on this , as witnessed in the Shrien Dewani case . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , juries are uncommon ; the public is represented in the courts by means of lay judges ( nämndemän ) . However , the defendant has the right to a jury trial in the lower court ( tingsrätt ) when accused of an offense against the fundamental laws on freedom of expression and freedom of the press . If a person is accused of e.g. libel or incitement to ethnic or racial hatred , in a medium covered by the fundamental laws ( e.g. a printed paper or a radio programme ) , she has the right to have the accusation tried by a jury of nine jurors . This applies also in civil ( tort ) cases under the fundamental laws . A majority of at least six jurors must find that the defendant has committed the alleged crime . If it does not , the defendant is acquitted or , in a civil case , held not liable . If such a majority of the jurors hold that said crime has in fact been committed , this finding is not legally binding for the court ; thus , the court ( three judges ) can still acquit the defendant or find him / her not liable . A jury acquittal may not be overruled after appeal . In Swedish civil process , the `` English rule '' applies to court costs . Earlier , a court disagreeing with a jury acquittal could , when deciding on the matter of such costs , set aside the English rule , and instead use the American rule , that each party bears its own expense of litigation . This practice was declared to violate the rule of presumption of innocence according to article 6.2. of the European Convention on Human Rights , by the Supreme Court of Sweden , in 2012 . Switzerland ( edit ) As of 2008 , only the code of criminal procedure of the Canton of Geneva provides for genuine jury trials . Several other cantons -- Vaud , Neuchâtel , Zürich and Ticino -- provide for courts composed of both professional judges and laymen ( Schöffengerichte / tribunaux d'échevins ) . Because the unified Swiss Code of Criminal Procedure ( set to enter into force in 2011 ) does not provide for jury trials or lay judges , however , they are likely to be abolished in the near future . United Kingdom ( edit ) The United Kingdom consists of three separate legal jurisdictions , but there are some features common to all of them . In particular there is seldom anything like the U.S. voir dire system ; jurors are usually just accepted without question . Controversially , in England there has been some screening in sensitive security cases , but the Scottish courts have firmly set themselves against any form of jury vetting . England and Wales ( edit ) Main article : Juries in England and Wales In England and Wales ( which have the same legal system ) , everyone accused of an offence which carries more than six months imprisonment has a right to trial by jury . Minor ( `` Summary only '' ) criminal cases are heard without a jury in the Magistrates ' Courts . Middle - ranking ( `` triable either way '' ) offences may be tried by magistrates or the defendant may elect trial by jury in the Crown Court . Serious ( `` indictable '' ) offences , however , must be tried before a jury in the Crown Court . Juries sit in a few civil cases , in particular , defamation and cases involving the state . Juries also sit in coroner 's courts for more contentious inquests . All criminal juries consist of 12 jurors , those in a County Court having 8 jurors and Coroner 's Court juries having between 7 and 11 members . Jurors must be between 18 -- 75 years of age , and are selected at random from the register of voters . In the past a unanimous verdict was required . This has been changed so that , if the jury fails to agree after a given period , at the discretion of the judge they may reach a verdict by a 10 - 2 majority . This was designed to make it more difficult for jury tampering to succeed . In 1999 the then Home Secretary Jack Straw introduced a controversial bill to limit the right to trial by jury . This became the Criminal Justice Act 2003 , which sought to remove the right to trial by jury for cases involving jury tampering or complex fraud . The provision for trial without jury to circumvent jury tampering succeeded and came into force in 2007 , the provision for complex fraud cases was defeated . Lord Goldsmith , the then Attorney General , then pressed forward with the Fraud ( Trials Without a Jury ) Bill in Parliament , which sought to abolish jury trials in major criminal fraud trials . The Bill was subject to sharp criticism from both sides of the House of Commons before passing its second Commons reading in November 2006 , but was defeated in the Lords in March 2007 . The trial for the first serious offence to be tried without a jury for 350 years was allowed to go ahead in 2009 . Three previous trials of the defendants had been halted because of jury tampering , and the Lord Chief Justice , Lord Judge , cited cost and the additional burden on the jurors as reasons to proceed without a jury . Previously in cases where jury tampering was a concern the jurors were sometimes closeted in a hotel for the duration of the trial . However , Liberty director of policy Isabella Sankey said that `` This is a dangerous precedent . The right to jury trial is n't just a hallowed principle but a practice that ensures that one class of people do n't sit in judgement over another and the public have confidence in an open and representative justice system . The trial started in 2010 , with the four defendants convicted on the 31st of March 2010 by Mr Justice Treacy at the Old Bailey . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Trial by jury in Scotland In Scots law the jury system has some similarities with England but some important differences , in particular there are juries of 15 in criminal trials , with verdicts by simple majority . Northern Ireland ( edit ) In Northern Ireland , the role of the jury trial is roughly similar to England and Wales , except that jury trials have been replaced in cases of alleged terrorist offences by courts where the judge sits alone , known as Diplock courts . Diplock courts are common in Northern Ireland for crimes connected to terrorism . Diplock courts were created in the 1970s during The Troubles , to phase out Operation Demetrius internments , and because of the argument that juries were intimidated , though this is disputed . The Diplock courts were shut in 2007 , but between 1 August 2008 and 31 July 2009 , 13 non-jury trials were held , down from 29 in the previous year , and 300 trials per year at their peak . United States ( edit ) Main article : Juries in the United States The most outstanding feature in the United States is that verdicts in criminal cases must be unanimous . Every person accused of a crime punishable by incarceration for more than six months has a constitutionally protected right to a trial by jury , which arises in federal court from Article Three of the United States Constitution , which states in part , `` The Trial of all Crimes ... shall be by Jury ; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed . '' The right was expanded with the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which states in part , `` In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed . '' Both provisions were made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment . Most states ' constitutions also grant the right of trial by jury in lesser criminal matters , though most have abrogated that right in offenses punishable by fine only . The Supreme Court has ruled that if imprisonment is for six months or less , trial by jury is not required , meaning a state may choose whether or not to permit trial by jury in such cases . Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure , if the defendant is entitled to a jury trial , he may waive his right to have a jury , but both the government ( prosecution ) and court must consent to the waiver . Several states require jury trials for all crimes , `` petty '' or not . In the cases Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466 ( 2000 ) , and Blakely v. Washington , 542 U.S. 296 ( 2004 ) , the Supreme Court of the United States held that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence , but any fact used to increase the defendant 's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines . This invalidated the procedure in many states and the federal courts that allowed sentencing enhancement based on `` a preponderance of evidence '' , where enhancement could be based on the judge 's findings alone . Depending upon the state , a jury must be unanimous for either a guilty or not guilty decision . A hung jury results in the defendants release , however charges against the defendant are not dropped and can be reinstated if the state so chooses . Jurors in some states are selected through voter registration and drivers ' license lists . A form is sent to prospective jurors to pre-qualify them by asking the recipient to answer questions about citizenship , disabilities , ability to understand the English language , and whether they have any conditions that would excuse them from being a juror . If they are deemed qualified , a summons is issued . English common law and the United States Constitution recognize the right to a jury trial to be a fundamental civil liberty or civil right that allows the accused to choose whether to be judged by judges or a jury . In the United States , it is understood that juries usually weigh the evidence and testimony to determine questions of fact , while judges usually rule on questions of law , although the dissenting justices in the Supreme Court case Sparf et al. v. U.S. 156 U.S. 51 ( 1895 ) , generally considered the pivotal case concerning the rights and powers of the jury , declared : `` It is our deep and settled conviction , confirmed by a re-examination of the authorities that the jury , upon the general issue of guilty or not guilty in a criminal case , have the right , as well as the power , to decide , according to their own judgment and consciences , all questions , whether of law or of fact , involved in that issue . '' Jury determination of questions of law , sometimes called jury nullification , can not be overturned by a judge if doing so would violate legal protections against double jeopardy . Although a judge can throw out a guilty verdict if it was not supported by the evidence , a jurist has no authority to override a verdict that favors a defendant . It was established in Bushel 's Case that a judge can not order the jury to convict , no matter how strong the evidence is . In civil cases a special verdict can be given , but in criminal cases a general verdict is rendered , because requiring a special verdict could apply pressure to the jury , and because of the jury 's historic function of tempering rules of law by common sense brought to bear upon the facts of a specific case . For this reason , Justice Black and Justice Douglas indicated their disapproval of special interrogatories even in civil cases . There has been much debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the jury system , the competence or lack thereof of jurors as fact - finders , and the uniformity or capriciousness of the justice they administer . The jury has been described by one author as `` an exciting and gallant experiment in the conduct of serious human affairs '' . Because they are fact - finders , juries are sometimes expected to perform a role similar to a lie detector , especially when presented with testimony from witnesses . A civil jury is typically made up of 6 to 12 persons . In a civil case , the role of the jury is to listen to the evidence presented at a trial , to decide whether the defendant injured the plaintiff or otherwise failed to fulfill a legal duty to the plaintiff , and to determine what the compensation or penalty should be . A criminal jury is usually made up of 12 members , though fewer may sit on cases involving lesser offenses . Criminal juries decide whether the defendant committed the crime as charged . The sentence may be set by either the jury or the judge ; generally , in felony cases the jury sets punishment while in lesser offenses it may be set by the judge . Verdicts in criminal cases must be unanimous , with the following exceptions : Currently , two states , Oregon and Louisiana , do not require unanimous verdicts in criminal cases . Each requires a 10 -- 2 majority for conviction , except for capital crimes : Oregon requires unanimous verdicts for guilty to any murder case and Louisiana requires all 12 . But in Oregon , unlike any other state , a Not Guilty verdict may be reached in any case ( murder included ) by a vote of 10 to 2 or 11 to 1 . In civil cases , the law ( or the agreement of the parties ) may permit a non-unanimous verdict . A jury 's deliberations are conducted in private , out of sight and hearing of the judge , litigants , witnesses , and others in the courtroom . Not every case is eligible for a jury trial . In the majority of U.S. states , there is no right to a jury trial in family law actions not involving a termination of parental rights , such as divorce and custody modifications . Only eleven states allow juries in any aspect of divorce litigation ( Colorado , Georgia , Illinois , Louisiana , Maine , Nevada , New York , North Carolina , Tennessee , Texas and Wisconsin ) . Most of these limit the right to a jury to try issues regarding grounds or entitlement for divorce only . Texas provides jury trial rights most broadly , including even the right to a jury trial on questions regarding child custody . However , anyone who is charged with a criminal offense , breach of contract or federal offence has a Constitutional right to a trial by jury . Civil trial Procedure ( edit ) In the United States , a civil action is a lawsuit ; civil law is the branch of common law dealing with non-criminal actions . It should not be confused with legal system of civil law . The right to trial by jury in a civil case in federal court is addressed by the Seventh Amendment . Importantly , however , the Seventh Amendment does not guarantee a right to a civil jury trial in state courts ( although most state constitutions guarantee such a right ) . The Seventh Amendment provides : `` In Suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by jury shall be preserved , and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . '' In Joseph Story 's 1833 treatise Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States , he wrote , `` ( I ) t is a most important and valuable amendment ; and places upon the high ground of constitutional right the inestimable privilege of a trial by jury in civil cases , a privilege scarcely inferior to that in criminal cases , which is conceded by all to be essential to political and civil liberty . '' The Seventh Amendment does not guarantee or create any right to a jury trial ; rather , it preserves the right to jury trial in the federal courts that existed in 1791 at common law . In this context , common law means the legal environment the United States inherited from England . In England in 1791 , civil actions were divided into actions at law and actions in equity . Actions at law had a right to a jury , actions in equity did not . Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 2 says `` ( t ) here is one form of action -- the civil action '' , which abolishes the legal / equity distinction . Today , in actions that would have been `` at law '' in 1791 , there is a right to a jury ; in actions that would have been `` in equity '' in 1791 , there is no right to a jury . However , Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 39 ( c ) allows a court to use one at its discretion . To determine whether the action would have been legal or equitable in 1791 , one must first look at the type of action and whether such an action was considered `` legal '' or `` equitable '' at that time . Next , the relief being sought must be examined . Monetary damages alone were purely a legal remedy , and thus entitled to a jury . Non-monetary remedies such as injunctions , rescission , and specific performance were all equitable remedies , and thus up to the judge 's discretion , not a jury . In Beacon Theaters v. Westover , 359 U.S. 500 ( 1959 ) , the US Supreme Court discussed the right to a jury , holding that when both equitable and legal claims are brought , the right to a jury trial still exists for the legal claim , which would be decided by a jury before the judge ruled on the equitable claim . There is not a United States constitutional right under the Seventh Amendment to a jury trial in state courts , but in practice , almost every state except Louisiana , which has a civil law legal tradition , permits jury trials in civil cases in state courts on substantially the same basis that they are allowed under the Seventh Amendment in federal court . The right to a jury trial in civil cases does not extend to the states , except when a state court is enforcing a federally created right , of which the right to trial by jury is a substantial part . The court determines the right to jury based on all claims by all parties involved . If the plaintiff brings only equitable claims but the defendant asserts counterclaims of law , the court grants a jury trial . In accordance with Beacon Theaters , the jury first determines the facts , then the judge enter judgment on the equitable claims . Following the English tradition , U.S. juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors , and the jury 's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous . However , in many jurisdictions , the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number ( such as five or six ) by legislative enactment , or by agreement of both sides . Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one , two , or three jurors . Waiver of jury trial ( edit ) The vast majority of U.S. criminal cases are not concluded with a jury verdict , but rather by plea bargain . Both prosecutors and defendants often have a strong interest in resolving the criminal case by negotiation resulting in a plea bargain . If the defendant waives a jury trial , a bench trial is held . For civil cases , a jury trial must be demanded within a certain period of time per Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 38 . In United States Federal courts , there is no absolute right to waive a jury trial . Per Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 23 ( a ) , only if the prosecution and the court consent may a defendant waive a jury trial for criminal cases . However , most states give the defendant the absolute right to waive a jury trial , and it has become commonplace to find such a waiver in routine contracts as a 2004 Wall Street Journal Article states : ' For years , in an effort to avoid the slow - moving wheels of the U.S. judicial system , many American companies have forced their customers and employees to agree to settle disputes outside of the courts , through private arbitration ... but the rising cost of arbitration proceedings has led some companies to decide they might be better off in the court system after all ( so long as ) they do n't have to tangle with juries . The new tactic ( is to ) let disputes go to court , but on the condition that they be heard only by a judge . ' The article goes on to claim ' The list includes residential leases , checking - account agreements , auto loans and mortgage contracts . Companies that believe juries are biased toward plaintiffs hope this approach will boost their chances of winning in court . Critics say that unfairly denies citizens ' access to the full range of legal options guaranteed by the Constitution . ' In the years since this 2004 article , this practice has become pervasive in the US and , especially in online agreements , it has become commonplace to include such waivers to trial by jury in everything from user agreements attached to software downloads to merely browsing a website . This practice , however , means that while such waivers may have legal force in one jurisdiction -- in this case the United States -- in the jurisdiction where a verdict is sought in the absence of jury trial ( or indeed the presence of a defendant , or any legal representation in absentia ) may well run directly counter to law in the jurisdiction -- such as the United Kingdom -- where the defendant resides , thus : The Judgment on Regina v Jones issued by the United Kingdom 's Court of Appeal 's ( Criminal Division ) states , ( in part , in Item 55 ) ' ... the issue has to be determined by looking at the way in which the courts handled the problem under English criminal procedure and by deciding whether , in the result , the appellant can be said to have had a fair hearing . ' See also ( edit ) Bench trial History of trial by jury in England Rights of Englishmen Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution Sparf v. 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Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Jury Act 1977 ( NSW ) , s 55F ^ Jump up to : `` JURY ACT 1977 - SECT 55F Majority verdicts in criminal proceedings '' . www.austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . line feed character in title = at position 25 ( help ) Jump up ^ Ss. 3 and 24 Jury Oridnance Jump up ^ `` The Hong Kong legal system takes China 's road to justice '' . The Australian . 2009 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` CHIANG LILY v. SECRETARY FOR JUSTICE ( 2009 ) HKCFI 100 ; HCAL 42 / 2008 ( 9 February 2009 ) '' . hklii.hk . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` - '' . thestandard.com.hk . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ . Ss 24 and 33A , High Court Ordinance ^ Jump up to : Jean - Louis Halpérin ( 25 March 2011 ) . `` Lay Justice in India '' ( PDF ) . École Normale Supérieure . Jump up ^ `` Jury system in Parsi Matrimonial Disputes '' . Facebook , RIGHT TO RECALL AGAINST CORRUPTION . August 30 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ NJA 2012 s . 940 Archived 2013 - 12 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 13 Jump up ^ Mansour , Fati ( 29 September 2008 ) . `` Le jury populaire à l'agonie '' ( in French ) . Le Temps . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Justice Act 1967 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Straw on trial over jury reform '' . BBC News . 1999 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` No - jury trial plan ' presses on ' '' . London : BBC News . 2005 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Non-jury trial plans under fire '' . London : BBC News . 2005 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Commons passes jury-less trials '' . London : BBC News . 2006 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lords defeat no - jury trials plan '' . BBC News . 2007 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` First trial without jury approved '' . BBC News . 2009 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` First no - jury crime trial begins '' . BBC News . 2010 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Armed raiders jailed after trial without jury '' . London : The Independent ( UK ) . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Two jailed for life for killing policeman Stephen Carroll '' . ITV News . 30 March 2012 . They were tried in a ' diplock court ' by a judge with no jury ; common in Northern Ireland for crimes connected to terrorism . Jump up ^ `` Non-jury trial option ' essential ' says Goggins '' . BBC News . 3 March 2010 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia v. Clawans , 300 U.S. 617 ( 1937 ) and Baldwin v. New York , 399 U.S. 66 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Landry v. Hoepfner , 818 F. 2d 1169 ( 1989 ) , dissenting Jump up ^ Doug Linder . `` Jury Nullification : History , questions and answers about nullification , links '' . law.umkc.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Maura ( May 8 , 2001 ) , Justices Say Jurors May Not Vote Conscience , archived from the original on December 2 , 2006 Jump up ^ U.S. v. Spock , 416 F. 2d 165 ( 1st Cir . July 11 , 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Forston , Robert F. ( 1975 ) , Sense and Non-Sense : Jury Trial Communication , 1975 , BYU L. Rev. , p. 601 Jump up ^ Kalven , Harry Jr. ( 1964 ) , Dignity of the Civil Jury , The , 50 , Va . L. Rev. , p. 1055 Jump up ^ George Fisher ( 1997 ) , The Jury 's Rise as Lie Detector , 107 , Yale Law Journal Jump up ^ `` Jury Service '' . United States Courts . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Case Law Development : Jury Trial in Divorce Actions '' . ^ Jump up to : `` JURY TRIAL '' . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America '' . Gpoaccess.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CRS / LII Annotated Constitution Seventh Amendment '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.ecasebriefs.com/blog/law/civil-procedure/civil-procedure-keyed-to-yeazell/identifying-the-trier/amoco-oil-co-v-torcomian/ Jump up ^ Allan , Arbman , ; James , McConnell , ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Trial by Jury : The New Irrelevant Right '' . SMU Law Review . 27 ( 3 ) . ISSN 1066 - 1271 . Jump up ^ Leney HC. ( 1991 ) . Civil Procedure - White v. McGinnis : The Ninth Circuit Expands Civil Jury Trial Waiver . Golden Gate University Law Review . Jump up ^ HOUSE OF LORDS Lord Bingham of Cornhill Lord Nolan Lord Hoffmann Lord Hutton Lord Rodger of Earlsferry OPINIONS OF THE LORDS OF APPEAL FOR JUDGMENT IN THE CAUSE REGINA v JONES ( APPELLANT ) ON APPEAL FROM THE COURT OF APPEAL ( CRIMINAL DIVISION ) 20th February 2002 UKHL5 Casper , Gerhard ; Zeisel , Hans ( January 1972 ) . `` Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts '' . Journal of Legal Studies . 1 ( 1 ) . JSTOR 724014 . Jehle , Jörg - Martin ; German Federal Ministry of Justice ( 2009 ) . Criminal Justice in Germany . Forum - Verl . ISBN 978 - 3 - 936999 - 51 - 8 . Delmas - Marty , Mireille ( 2002 ) . European Criminal Procedures . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59110 - 2 . Bell , John ( 2006 ) . Judiciaries Within Europe : A Comparative Review . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86072 - 7 . Wolfe , Nancy Travis ( December 1994 ) . `` Lay Judges in German Criminal Courts : The Modification of an Institution '' . Proc. Am. Philos . Soc. 138 ( 4 ) . JSTOR 986849 . Malsch , Marijke ( 2009 ) . Democracy in the Courts : Lay Participation in European Criminal Justice Systems . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7405 - 4 . Vogler , Richard ( 2005 ) . A World View of Criminal Justice . International and Comparative Criminal Justice . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 2467 - 7 . Kahn - Freund , Otto ( January 1974 ) . `` On Uses and Misuses of Comparative Law '' . Modern Law Review . 37 ( 1 ) . JSTOR 1094713 . Wolff , Hans Julius ( June 1944 ) . `` Criminal Justice in Germany '' . Michigan Law Review . 42 ( 6 ) . footnote 7 , pp. 1069 -- 1070 . JSTOR 1283584 . Bauer , Franz J. ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` Volksgerichte , 1918 - 1924 '' . Historisches Lexikon Bayerns . Der Hitler - Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München ( The Hitler Trial Before the People 's Court in Munich ) . 1924 . Fulda , Bernhard ( 2009 ) . Press and politics in the Weimar Republic . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954778 - 4 . Mulligan , William ( 2005 ) . The Creation of the Modern German Army : General Walther Reinhardt and the Weimar Republic , 1914 - 1930 . Monographs in German History . 12 . Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57181 - 908 - 6 . Shirer , William L. ( 1990 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 . Case , Nelson ( 1902 ) . European Constitutional History . Jennings & Pye . OCLC 608806061 . Forsyth , William ( 1852 ) . History of Trial by Jury . J.W. Parker . OCLC 29739821 . Terrill , Richard J. ( 2009 ) . World Criminal Justice Systems : A Survey ( 7 ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59345 - 612 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Brill , Steven . Trial by Jury . ( New York : American Lawyer Books / TOUCHSTONE , 1989 ) . Burns , Robert . The Death of the American Trial . University of Chicago Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 08126 - 7 Irvine , Andrew David ( 2008 ) . Socrates on Trial : A play based on Aristophanes ' Clouds and Plato 's Apology , Crito , and Phaedo , adapted for modern performance . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9783 - 5 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9538 - 1 ( paper ) Lehman , Godfrey D . We the jury ... ( New York : Prometheus Books , 1997 ) . Sadakat Kadri , The Trial : A History from Socrates to O.J. Simpson . HarperCollins , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 711121 - 5 American Bar Association 's History of the Jury Aristotle 's Athenian Constitution External links ( edit ) Canadian Criminal Procedure Information Pages ( hide ) Jury - related articles Primary articles Jury trial Coroner 's jury Grand jury ( Indictment ) Petit jury Jury instructions Specific finding Deliberation Hung jury Jury nullification Jury tampering Jury research Jury stress Jury selection Change of venue Death - qualified jury All - white jury Peremptory challenge Strike for cause Scientific jury selection Struck jury Specific jurisdictions Canada England and Wales Japan Scotland United States ( U.S. military ) Groups Fully Informed Jury Association Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jury_trial&oldid=832376292 '' Categories : Types of trials Criminal procedure Juries Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 errors : invisible characters Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2014 Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Eesti Gaeilge Հայերեն Македонски Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Українська 粵語 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 16 : 44 . 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-8880522371586358984 | Hu Yitian | Hú Yītiān - Wikipedia Hú Yītiān This is a Chinese name ; the family name is Hu . Hu Yitian Chinese name 胡 一天 Pinyin Hú Yītiān ( Mandarin ) ( 1993 - 12 - 26 ) 26 December 1993 ( age 24 ) Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China Ethnicity Han Occupation Actor Singer Model Years active 2016 -- present Label ( s ) Zhejiang Huace Film & TV Hu Yitian ( Chinese : 胡 一天 ; pinyin : Hú Yītiān ; born December 26 , 1993 ) is a Chinese actor . He made his acting debut in the television drama A Rush to Dead Summer ( 2017 ) , and subsequently starred in the 2017 hit web series A Love So Beautiful which brought him wider recognition and several newcomer awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Filmography 1.1 Television series 1.2 Variety show 2 Discography 3 Awards and nominations 4 References Filmography ( edit ) Television series ( edit ) Year English title Chinese title Role Notes 2017 Rush to the Dead Summer 夏至 未 至 Ou Jun A Love So Beautiful 致 我们 单纯 的 小 美好 Jiang Chen Web series 2019 Handsome Siblings 绝代 双 骄 Hua Wuque Go Go Squid ! 蜜 汁 燉 魷魚 Wu Bai Special appearance Youth Should Be Early 青春 须 早 为 Zheng Gan Variety show ( edit ) Year English title Chinese title Role Network Notes 2018 Twenty - Four Hours 二 十 四 小时 第 三 季 Cast member Zhejiang TV Discography ( edit ) Year English title Chinese title Album 2017 `` It 's a Dream '' 是 梦 吧 A Love So Beautiful OST Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Event Nominated work Result Ref . 2017 Tencent Video Star Awards Most Promising Actor A Love So Beautiful Won 9th China TV Drama Awards New Generation Young Actor Award Won Cosmo Beauty Ceremony Beautiful Idol of the Year N / A Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` With A Love So Beautiful , Chinese television turns its hand to trendy romcoms '' . The Straits Times . December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 胡 一天 陈哲远 演 '' 双 骄 '' 罗嘉良 : 他们 俩 很 勤奋 `` . Sina ( in Chinese ) . February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 《 蜜 汁 炖 鱿鱼 》 胡 一天 特别 出演 召集 战队 '' . Huanqiu ( in Chinese ) . March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 独家 ! 《 24 小时 》 曝 阵容 林志颖 余文乐 胡 一天 加盟 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 胡 一天 获奖 激动 到 腿 抖 , 童年 照 神 撞 脸 彭于晏 '' . ifeng ( in Chinese ) . December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 国 剧 盛典 》 胡 一天 获奖 感言 只 说 了 两 句 话 网友 直 呼 青 涩 '' . Xinhua News ( in Chinese ) . January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 时尚 COSMO 美丽 盛典 : 同 你 鉴定 美丽 、 美丽 成就 梦想 、 美丽 改变 世界 '' . Haibao ( in Chinese ) . December 19 , 2017 . This article about a Chinese actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hu_Yitian&oldid=850458599 '' Categories : Living people 1993 births 21st - century Chinese male actors Chinese male television actors Male actors from Zhejiang Chinese actor stubs Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles containing Chinese - language text All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 00 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays jiang chen in a love so beautiful | [] | [] |
254636784173293645 | Don't Worry, Be Happy | Do n't Worry , Be Happy - wikipedia Do n't Worry , Be Happy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Bobby McFerrin . For other uses , see Do n't Worry , Be Happy ( disambiguation ) . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Single by Bobby McFerrin from the album Simple Pleasures A-side `` Do n't Worry Be Happy '' B - side `` Good Lovin ' '' `` Simple Pleasures '' ( optional ) Released September 1988 , 1989 , 2000 Format 12 '' maxi 7 '' promo 7 '' single CD single Recorded 1988 Genre Reggae jazz a cappella Length 4 : 50 ( album version ) 4 : 03 ( music video ) 3 : 50 ( radio edit ) Label EMI - Manhattan Records Songwriter ( s ) Bobby McFerrin Producer ( s ) Linda Goldstein Audio sample file help `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' is a popular worldwide hit song by musician Bobby McFerrin . Released in September 1988 , it became the first a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , a position it held for two weeks . The song 's title is taken from a famous quotation by Meher Baba . The `` instruments '' in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin , using no instruments at all ; McFerrin also sings with an affected accent . The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin , Robin Williams , and Bill Irwin , and is somewhat shorter than the album version . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance 3 Usage in popular culture 4 Awards 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 Cover versions 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Meher Baba , who often used the phrase `` Do n't worry , be happy '' The Indian mystic and sage Meher Baba ( 1894 -- 1969 ) often used the expression `` Do n't worry , be happy '' when cabling his followers in the West . In the 1960s , the expression was printed up on inspirational cards and posters of the era . In 1988 , McFerrin noticed a similar poster in the apartment of the jazz duo Tuck & Patti in San Francisco . Inspired by the expression 's charm and simplicity , McFerrin wrote the now famous song , which was included in the soundtrack of the movie Cocktail , and became a hit single the next year . In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said , `` Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba , it usually says ' Do n't worry , be happy , ' which is a pretty neat philosophy in four words , I think . '' Linda Goldstein , the song 's producer , said the song gave McFerrin `` the freedom to explore , '' adding , `` He is a man of infinite , unfathomable , boundless voices and everything he has ever heard has gone into his brain , from the Mickey Mouse Club theme to the Metropolitan Opera . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Originally released in conjunction with the film Cocktail in 1988 , the song originally peaked at No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was re-released the same year and peaked at No. 1 on September 24 , 1988 displacing `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' by Guns N ' Roses which had previously held the No. 1 spot . The song also peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Tracks chart and No. 7 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . The song was also a hit in the United Kingdom and on the UK Singles Chart , the song reached number 2 during its fifth week on the chart ( kept from the top spot by Whitney Houston 's `` One Moment in Time '' ) . The song is the first a cappella song to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart and one critic noted it is a `` formula for facing life 's trials . '' While the song reached No. 1 on the charts , its album Simple Pleasures reached No. 12 on the album charts after starting out at No. 20 when it was first released . Usage in popular culture ( edit ) Comedian George Carlin wrote in Napalm and Silly Putty that many Americans would embrace the philosophy of denial in the song . Featured in the 1988 romance film Cocktail , starring Tom Cruise and Elisabeth Shue . It was also released as part of the film 's official soundtrack . The song was used in George H.W. Bush 's 1988 U.S. presidential election as Bush 's 1988 official presidential campaign song , without Bobby McFerrin 's permission or endorsement . In reaction , Bobby McFerrin ( a Democrat ) publicly protested that particular use of his song , including stating that he was going to vote against Bush , and completely dropped the song from his own performance repertoire , to make the point even clearer . The George H.W. Bush campaign then reportedly desisted from further use of the song . In 1989 , Delacorte Press published a book titled Do n't Worry , Be Happy with the song 's lyrics , 20 new verses written by McFerrin , and illustrations by Bennett Carlson . The song became an unofficial anthem in Jamaica after Hurricane Gilbert struck the island in September 1988 ( coinciding with the song 's release ) and caused months of hardship to the population . The song is often erroneously attributed to Bob Marley . In 1997 , the song was featured in the direct - to - video film Casper : A Spirited Beginning . In 2001 , Mondo Club recorded the titular single . The performer was Trevor Taylor . In 2005 , featured in the biographical military drama Jarhead , starring Jake Gyllenhaal . In 2006 , the song was parodied in the animated film Flushed Away . In 2008 , the song was featured in the Disney / Pixar animated film WALL - E. McFerrin had previously provided vocal work for Pixar 's short film Knick Knack . In November 2014 , it was featured as a mashup with `` Winter Wonderland '' by a cappella group Pentatonix featuring Tori Kelly on the album That 's Christmas to Me . It was featured in the dance video game Just Dance 2015 . This song is used on the commercials of Mattress Firm The song was covered by Z - Kety on his album The World Will Be Happy and The Artists ' Masters With Z - Kety with composer ZipZap Burning Master . In 2017 , the song was covered by Kermit Ruffins , Irvin Mayfield , Jason Marsalis , Cyril Neville , Haley Reinhart , and Glen David Andrews for Ruffins and Mayfield 's album A Beautiful World . Awards ( edit ) The song is ranked No. 31 on VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s and also appears on Rolling Stone 's list of the 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time . At the 1989 Grammy Awards , `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' won the awards for Song of the Year , Record of the Year , and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 -- 89 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM 30 Retail Singles Canadian RPM Top Singles France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Irish Singles Chart Italy ( FIMI ) 18 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 South African Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary 7 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles 11 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 75 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Versions of `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' have been recorded by several artists . The Katsimiha Brothers made a Greek cover of the song with original lyrics , and Montenegrin musician Rambo Amadeus made a parody entitled `` Do n't Happy , Be Worry '' , as a critique to the optimism of the music scene in the former Yugoslavia in the face of war and economic depression . In addition , the lyrics of `` Fight the Power '' by hip - hop artists Public Enemy refer critically to `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . A version of this song sung by The Hit Crew is also added into the Big Mouth Billy Bass , a very popular animatronic singing toy . Hermes House Band covered the song on their Rhythm of the Nineties album in 2009 . Reggae artist Cas Haley covered the song as a hidden bonus track on his Favorites album ( together with former Jah Roots lead singer , Josh Heinrichs ) . Also in 1989 Dutch rock DJ Alfred Lagarde recorded a version in Dutch with a heavy Surinam accent under the name Johnny Camaro . Spanish Ska band The Locos covered this song in a similar style , Ska . In 2015 , Alvin and the Chipmunks and The Chipettes covered the song for the live stage tour Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Musical . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry Be Happy '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ SPIN june 1989 ( PDF ) . SPIN Media LLC. 1989 . p. 66 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Michael . `` ' Do n't Worry , Be Happy ' -- It 's Catching '' Fort Lauderdale , Florida : Sun - Sentinel : 1988 . Jump up ^ Heldenfels , Rich ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Mailbag : Mr. Noodle explained '' . Akron Beacon - Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bhau Kalchuri ( 1986 ) . ' Meher Prabhu : Lord Meher , The Biography of the Avatar of the Age , Meher Baba . Manifestation , Inc . pp. 5134 , 5770 , 5970 , 6405 , 6742 . Jump up ^ `` ' USA Weekend Magazine '' . October 21 , 1988 . In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said , `` Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba , it usually says ' Do n't worry , be happy Jump up ^ `` Bobby McFerrin Extended Interview '' ( Video Interview ) . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hot 100 : The Week of September 24 , 1988 '' . billboard.com . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Holden , Stephen ( Sep 29 , 1988 ) . `` Don ` t Worry , Be Happy : Bobby Mcferrin Has A No. 1 Hit '' . New York Times News Service . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . McFerrin ` s hit is earning the superb vocal improviser a mass audience , as his album , ` ` Simple Pleasures ` ` leaps from No. 20 to No. 12 on the album chart . Jump up ^ `` Bobby McFerrin Awards '' . All Media Network , LLC . March 11 , 1950 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Do n't Worry , Be Happy . B Happy - Benny to Beyonce , 2012 - books.google.com Jump up ^ Carlin , George ( 2001 ) . Napalm and Silly Putty . Jump up ^ `` '' Do n't Worry , Be Happy `` , Bobby McFerrin '' . VH1 's Pop - up Video . 1997 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Helen . `` Revd Helen OSullivan on Do n't Worry Be Happy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Barry ( Dec 11 , 2013 ) . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy 5.4 Project '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mondo Club -- Do n't Worry Be Happy Jump up ^ `` ( Official Video ) Winter Wonderland / Do n't Worry Be Happy - Pentatonix ( ft Tori Kelly ) '' . YouTube . November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kermit Ruffins Irvin Mayfield -- A Beautiful World '' . Basin Street Records . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Kate ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` The 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Canadian 30 Retail Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Only one result when searching `` Do n't worry be happy '' Jump up ^ `` The best - selling singles of 1989 in Italy '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . 97 . Do n't Worry , Be Happy - Bobby McFerrin ( # 18 , 1988 / 89 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bobby McFerrin search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in South African Chart '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` LISTAS DE AFYVE - Singles 1988 '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 22nd October 1988 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby McFerrin awards on Allmusic '' . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bobby McFerrin ; ' Do n't Worry , Be Happy ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bobby Mc Ferrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) 1980s portal Bobby McFerrin -- Official Website MetroLyrics ( Song Lyrics and Video ) Preceded by `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' by Guns N ' Roses Billboard Hot 100 number one single September 24 , 1988 -- October 1 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Love Bites '' by Def Leppard Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1980s ) `` What a Fool Believes '' * by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) produced by Ted Templeman ( 1980 ) `` Sailing '' * by Christopher Cross produced by Michael Omartian ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' * by Kim Carnes produced by Val Garay ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) produced by Toto ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson produced by Michael Jackson & Quincy Jones ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner produced by Terry Britten ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' * by USA for Africa produced by Quincy Jones ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood produced by Russ Titelman & Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon produced by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' * by Bobby McFerrin produced by Linda Goldstein ( 1989 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1980s ) 1980 Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald - `` What a Fool Believes '' 1981 Christopher Cross - `` Sailing '' 1982 Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon - `` Bette Davis Eyes '' Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson - `` Always on My Mind '' 1984 Sting - `` Every Breath You Take '' 1985 Graham Lyle & Terry Britten - `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' 1986 Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie - `` We Are the World '' Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager - `` That 's What Friends Are For '' 1988 James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil - `` Somewhere Out There '' Bobby McFerrin - `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Meher Baba Publications God Speaks ( 1955 ) Discourses ( 1939 ) God in a Pill ? ( 1966 ) Terms and concepts God - realization Perfect Master Involution Mast Mandali New Life Prayers Parvardigar Prayer Prayer of Repentance Beloved God Prayer Seven Names of God Prayer 101 Names of God Traditions Amartithi Silence Day Dhuni Meher Baba 's missing book Important places Meherabad ashram Pilgrim Center shrine / tomb Meherazad Meher Spiritual Center Meher Mount Avatar 's Abode Family Shireen Irani ( mother ) Sheriar Irani ( father ) Mani Irani ( sister ) Associated figures Mehera Irani Norina Matchabelli Kitty Davy Eruch Jessawala Faredoon Driver Bhau Kalchuri Francis Brabazon William Donkin Lyn Ott Charles Purdom Gabriel Pascal Quentin Tod Meredith Starr Pete Townshend Tom Hopkinson Mirza Ismail Contacted masters Hazrat Babajan Upasni Maharaj Sai Baba of Shirdi Hazrat Tajuddin Baba Narayan Maharaj Organizations Avatar Meher Baba Trust Sufism Reoriented Legacy `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Beyond Words ( 1997 documentary ) Nema aviona za Zagreb ( 2012 film ) Happy Birthday ( 1970 album ) I Am ( 1972 album ) With Love ( 1976 album ) O Parvardigar ( 1976 film ) `` Parvardigar '' ( 2001 album ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Worry,_Be_Happy&oldid=808801468 '' Categories : 1988 singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles A cappella songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs about happiness Meher Baba 1988 songs Manhattan Records singles EMI Records singles Debut singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 07 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the song don't worry be happy made | [
"\"Don't Worry, Be Happy\" is a popular worldwide hit song by musician Bobby McFerrin. Released in September 1988, it became the first a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, a position it held for two weeks. The song's title is taken from a famous quotation by Meher Baba. The \"instruments\" in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin, using no instruments at all; McFerrin also sings with an affected accent.[3] The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin, Robin Williams, and Bill Irwin,[4] and is somewhat shorter than the album version."
] | [
"September 1988"
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-7698026675560433981 | Inch of water | Inch of water - wikipedia Inch of water Inches of water , inches of water gauge ( iwg or in. w.g. ) , inches water column ( inch wc or just wc ) , inAq , Aq , or inH O is a non-SI unit for pressure . The units are conventionally used for measurement of certain pressure differentials such as small pressure differences across an orifice , or in a pipeline or shaft . Inches of water can be converted to a pressure unit using the formula for pressure head . It is defined as the pressure exerted by a column of water of 1 inch in height at defined conditions . At a temperature of 4 ° C ( 39.2 ° F ) pure water has its highest density ( 1000 kg / m ) . At that temperature and assuming the standard acceleration of gravity , 1 inAq is approximately 249.082 pascals . Alternative standard conditions in uncommon usage are 60 ° F , or 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) , and depends on industry standards rather than on international standards . In North America , air and other industrial gasses are often measured in inches of water when at low pressure . This is in contrast to inches of mercury or pounds per square inch ( psi , lbf / in ) for larger pressures . One usage is in the measurement of air ( `` wind '' ) that supplies a pipe organ and is referred simply as inches . It is also used in natural gas distribution for measuring utilization pressure ( U.P. , i.e. the residential point of use ) which is typically between 6 and 7 inches WC ( 6 ~ 7 '' WC ) or about 0.25 lbf / in . 1 inAq ≈ 0.036 lbf / in , or 27.7 inAq ≈ 1 lbf / in . 1 inH O = 248.84 pascals ( water@60 ° F ) = 2.4884 mbar or hectopascals ( water@60 ° F ) = 2.54 cmH O ( any temperature ) ≈ 0.0024558598569 atm ≈ 1.86645349124 torr or mmHg ( water@0 ° C ) ≈ 0.0734824209149 inHg ( mercury@60 ° F ) ≈ 0.0360911906567 lbf / in ( water@60 ° F ) See also ( edit ) Barometer Centimetre of water Pressure head References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` My pressure gauge is scaled in ' inches ' - what does this mean ? '' http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/mass-and-force/faqs/ Jump up ^ `` The International System of Units ( SI ) -- Conversion Factors for General Use '' ( PDF ) . 2006 . p. 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Perry , Robert H. ; Green , Don W. , eds. ( 1997 ) . Perry 's Chemical Engineer 's Handbook ( 7th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . p. 1 - 5 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inch_of_water&oldid=852091733 '' Categories : Units of pressure Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 15 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | one pascal is equal to how many inches of water column | [] | [] |
-6746027703156764403 | Skam (TV series) | Skam ( TV series ) - wikipedia Skam ( TV series ) Skam Genre Teen drama Created by Julie Andem Developed by Julie Andem Starring Lisa Teige ( no ) Josefine Frida Pettersen Tarjei Sandvik Moe Iman Meskini Composer ( s ) Christian Wibe Country of origin Norway Original language ( s ) Norwegian No. of seasons No. of episodes 43 Production Producer ( s ) Marianne Furevold - Boland ( no ) Location ( s ) Oslo Cinematography Daniel McStay Maja Holand Ragnar Molstad Running time 15 -- 59 minutes Production company ( s ) NRK Release Original network NRK Original release 25 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) -- 24 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) External links ( skam.p3.no Website ) Skam ( Norwegian pronunciation : ( skɑm ) ; English : Shame ) is a Norwegian teen drama web series about the daily life of teenagers at the Hartvig Nissen School , a gymnasium in the wealthy borough of Frogner in West End Oslo . It was produced by NRK P3 , which is part of the Norwegian government - owned NRK . Skam follows a new main character each season . While airing , a new clip , conversation or social media post was published in real - time on the NRK website on a daily basis . Each season has focus on particular topics , ranging from relationship difficulties , identity , eating disorders , sexual assault , homosexuality , mental health issues , religion , and forbidden love . Despite no promotion ahead of its 2015 launch , Skam broke viewership records . Its premiere episode is among the most - watched episodes in NRK 's history , and by the middle of season two , it was responsible for half of NRK 's traffic . With season three , it broke all streaming records in Norway , along with viewership records in neighbouring countries Denmark and Sweden , and attracted an active international fanbase on social media , where fans promoted translations to aid in understanding . The show repeatedly made international headlines for its popularity surge across the world , and the show 's actors became famous worldwide . However , the international popularity was not expected , with the music industry requiring geoblocking of NRK 's website due to music license contracts only supporting the Norwegian public . The series ended after its fourth season in 2017 , reportedly due to high production stress . Skam received critical acclaim and significant recognition for its portrayal of sexual abuse in the second season and homosexuality in the third . The series was also praised for its contributions to promote Norwegian language and culture internationally , as well as for its unique distribution format , adopting a new strategy of real - time , high - engagement , snippet - based distribution rather than rigidity and television schedules . It received multiple Norwegian awards throughout its run , being honored for its dramatic narrative , innovative storytelling format , writing , directing , and actors ' performances . The series has an American adaptation in production led by Skam showrunner Julie Andem , as well as local remakes in multiple European countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hartvig Nissen School 2 Concept 3 Characters 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 4 Episodes 4.1 Overview 4.2 Season 1 4.3 Season 2 4.4 Season 3 4.5 Season 4 5 Production 5.1 Adaptations 5.1. 1 Counterparts 6 Distribution 7 Reception 7.1 Norway and Nordic countries 7.2 International success 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Hartvig Nissen school ( edit ) Main article : Hartvig Nissen School Hartvig Nissen School at Frogner in Oslo The series focuses on the daily life of teenagers at the Hartvig Nissen School ( Hartvig Nissens skole ) , a prestigious gymnasium ( preparatory high school ) located in the Frogner borough in Oslo 's West End , with the address Niels Juels gate ( Niels Juel Street ) 56 . The school is informally and widely known simply as `` Nissen . '' Originally named Nissen 's Girls ' School , it was founded by Hartvig Nissen in 1849 as a private girls ' school which was owned by its headmasters and which served the higher bourgeoisie . It is the second oldest gymnasium in Oslo and is widely considered one of the country 's most prestigious ; its alumni include many famous individuals and two members of the Norwegian royal family . The school was the first higher school in Norway which admitted women . Concept ( edit ) At the start of a week , a clip , conversation or social media post is posted on the Skam website . New material is posted on a daily basis , with the content unified and combined into one full episode on Fridays . The main character differs from season to season , and the fictional characters have social media profiles where viewers can follow their activities . The show allows public interaction over the duration of the episode . Characters ( edit ) The following are characters in Skam . Character Portrayed by Seasons Eva Kviig Mohn Lisa Teige ( no ) Main Recurring Noora Amalie Sætre Josefine Frida Pettersen Recurring Main Recurring Isak Valtersen Tarjei Sandvik Moe Recurring Main Recurring Sana Bakkoush Iman Meskini Recurring Main Jonas Noah Vasquez Marlon Valdés Langeland Recurring Recurring Vilde Hellerud Lien Ulrikke Falch ( no ) Recurring Recurring Christina `` Chris '' Berg Ina Svenningdal ( no ) Recurring Recurring Christoffer `` Penetrator - Chris '' Schistad Herman Tømmeraas Recurring Recurring Ingrid Theis Gaupseth Cecilie Martinsen Recurring Guest Recurring Sara Nørstelien Kristina Ødegaard Recurring Guest Recurring Magnus Fossbakken David Alexander Sjøholt Recurring Guest Recurring William Magnusson Thomas Hayes Recurring Recurring Eskild Tryggvason Carl Martin Eggesbø Recurring Recurring Linn Larsen Hansen Rakel Øfsti Nesje Recurring Recurring Even Bech Næsheim Henrik Holm Recurring Recurring Mahdi Disi Sacha Kleber Nyiligira Recurring Emma W. Larzen Ruby Dagnall Recurring Guest Mikael Øverlie Boukhal Yousef Hjelde Elmofty Guest Recurring Yousef Acar Cengiz Al Recurring Elias Bakkoush Simo Mohamed Elhbabi Recurring Adam Malik Adam Ezzari Recurring Mutasim Tatouti Mutasim Billah Recurring In season one , David Alexander Sjøholt was credited as playing a character called David , though his name was never spoken in the show . This could be the character Magnus or Sjøholt was playing a different student . Sjøholt also makes an uncredited appearance in the last episode of season two . In season three , Mikael appears uncredited in a video Isak finds on the Internet of Even . In the final episode of season four , the main character changes between each clip . Vilde , Penetrator - Chris , Jonas , Chris , Even and William each have a clip where they are the main character . Eskild and Linn have one clip together . Main cast ( edit ) Lisa Teige as Eva Kviig Mohn ( born June 2 , 1999 ) is the main character in the first season . When we first meet Eva , she recently started dating Jonas , who just ended a relationship with Eva 's best friend Ingrid . Her relationship with Jonas is complicated and she finds it hard to trust him , eventually leading her to cheat on him and ultimately leading to their breakup at the end of season one . Eva lives at home with a busy mom and starts at the Hartvig Nissen school ( `` Nissen '' ) in 2015 together with her friends and former classmates Jonas , Ingrid , Sara and Isak . Losing her former best friends Ingrid and Sara due to her relationship to Jonas , she starts up new friendships with Noora , Chris , Vilde and Sana at Nissen . After season one , Eva is mostly portrayed as an outgoing and promiscuous party - girl . Josefine Frida Pettersen as Noora Amalie Sætre ( born April 6 , 1999 ) is the main character in the second season . Noora is portrayed as a confident , smart and helpful character in seasons one and two . In the second season , it is however revealed that she has some insecurities after all . She lives with two roommates and does not have contact with her parents . Unlike her friends Eva , Chris and Vilde , Noora is not into drinking or hooking with guys . When the school 's playboy William continues to flirt with her despite several rejections , she eventually gets interested in him , but due to her prejudices against him , she finds it hard to accept . They end up in a relationship at the end of season two . In seasons three and four , Noora is portrayed a little bit more naive and restless , as she faces complications in her relationship with William . Tarjei Sandvik Moe as Isak Valtersen ( born June 21 , 1999 ) is the main character in the third season . Isak is a close friend of both Eva and Jonas in season one . At the end of the season , Noora and Eva find homosexual pornography on Isak 's phone , raising suspicions about his sexual orientation . Season three follows Isak 's struggles to accept his sexuality . He meets Even , and the two quickly fall in love and begin to secretly see each other . However , Isak unknowingly pushes Even ( who has bipolar disorder ) away by revealing that he does n't want to be around people with mental disorders , due to his traumatizing experiences with his mentally ill mother . After struggling with his feelings for Even , Isak decides to come out to his best friend Jonas , and eventually to other people that he is close to . He gets back together with Even with the aid of his friends , but after Even has a manic episode , he distances himself from him again out of fear and heartbreak . However , he comes to better understand Even 's situation after a discussion with his friends , and reunites with Even after he realizes that he loves him , accepting the obstacles created by his disorder . In season four , Isak is portrayed as much happier , as he lives comfortably and publicly in a relationship with Even . Iman Meskini as Sana Bakkoush ( born December 24 , 1999 ) is the main character in the fourth season . Sana 's biggest struggle throughout the series is to live the traditional Muslim lifestyle and the traditional Norwegian gymnasium - lifetyle at the same time . Sana is portrayed as decisive and eloquent , but faces constant prejudices from her classmates , her parents and people she meets on the street , which sometimes leads Sana to take irrational decisions . This peaks when Sana anonymously cyberbullies her classmate Sara , who wants to exclude Sana from their russefeiring - squad . Unlike Eva , Noora and Isak , she has a close relationship with her family . In season 4 , she falls in love with Yousef , who she initially thinks is a Muslim , but turns out not to be . After initial attempts to distance herself from him , they appear to grow closer later in the season . Recurring cast ( edit ) Marlon Valdés Langeland as Jonas Noah Vasquez ( born December 20 , 1999 ) , Eva 's boyfriend in the first season . He is also Isak 's best friend and a classmate of all the main characters . Ulrikke Falch as Vilde Hellerud Lien ( born July 13 , 1999 ) , the naive fourth member of the main girl squad . She is the enthusiastic initiator of russefeiring , revy and other social events for the squad . Ina Svenningdal as Christina `` Chris '' Berg ( born January 6 , 1999 ) , the amusing fifth member of the girl squad . She usually avoids most conflicts and emotionally deep conversations . Cecilie Martinsen as Ingrid Theis Gaupseth ( born February 23 , 1999 ) , Jonas 's girlfriend and Eva 's best friend prior to season one . Ingrid is a member of the russefeiring - squad `` Pepsi Max '' , which often rivals the main characters squad . Kristina Ødegaard as Sara Nørstelien ( born July 12 , 1999 ) , Ingrid 's best friend and leader of the `` Pepsi Max '' squad . Sara dates Isak in the second season . Herman Tømmeraas as Christoffer `` Penetrator - Chris '' Schistad ( born March 21 , 1997 ) , the on - and - off love interest of Eva through all four seasons . He is two years older than the main cast , but also studies at Nissen in the first two seasons . Thomas Hayes as William Magnusson ( born January 10 , 1997 ) , the flirt and eventually boyfriend of Noora in the second season . He is also classmate and best friend of Penetrator - Chris . David Alexander Sjøholt as Magnus Fossbakken ( born October 30 , 1999 ) , Isak 's awkward friend and classmate . In the fourth season he is in a relationship with Vilde . Carl Martin Eggesbø as Eskild Tryggvason ( born August 19 , 1995 ) , the stereotypically homosexual roommate of Noora in season two and four , and of Isak 's in season three . Rakel Øfsti Nesje as Linn Larsen Hansen ( born January 1 , 1996 ) , the introverted roommate of Eskild and Noora / Isak . Henrik Holm as Even Bech Næsheim ( born February 12 , 1997 ) , the love affair and eventual boyfriend of Isak . Even is diagnosed with bipolar disorder at some point prior to season 3 . Simo Mohamed Elhbabi as Elias Bakkoush ( born March 5 , 1997 ) , Sana 's brother and Even 's former classmate . Cengiz Al as Yousef Acar ( born September 21 , 1997 ) , the atheist love interest of Sana . Yousef is also Elias 's best friend and former classmate . Episodes ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 11 25 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) 11 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) 12 4 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 3 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) 10 7 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 16 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) 10 14 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 24 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first clip from season 1 was made available on Tuesday , 22 September 2015 , with the combined clips during the week premiering as a full episode on Friday , 25 September 2015 . The season consists of 11 episodes ; the main character is Eva Mohn . The storyline deals with Eva 's difficult relationship with her boyfriend Jonas and the themes of loneliness , identity , belonging and friendship . No . overall No. in season Title Duration Original air date `` Du ser ut som en slut ( You look like a slut ) '' 20 min 25 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) `` Jonas , dette er helt dust ( Jonas , this is totally dumb ) '' 17 min 2 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) `` Vi er de største loserne på skolen ( We 're the biggest losers at school ) '' 17 min 9 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) `` Go for it din lille slut ( Go for it , you little slut ) '' 15 min 16 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) 5 5 `` Hva er det som gjør deg kåt ? ( What turns you on ? ) '' 19 min 23 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) 6 6 `` Man vet når gutter lyver ( You know when a boy is lying ) '' 23 min 30 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) 7 7 `` Tenker alltid det er meg det er noe gale med ( I always think it 's me there 's something wrong with ) '' 20 min 13 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) 8 8 `` Hele skolen hater meg ( The whole school hates me ) '' 24 min 20 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) 9 9 `` Man er det man gjør ( You are what you do ) '' 21 min 27 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 27 ) 10 10 `` Jeg tenker du har blitt helt psyko ( I think that you 've become totally psycho ) '' 21 min 4 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) 11 11 `` Et jævlig dumt valg ( A really stupid choice ) '' 35 min 11 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) Season 2 ( edit ) The first clip from season 2 was made available on Monday , 29 February 2016 , with the combined clips during the week premiering as a full episode on Friday , 4 March 2016 . The season consists of 12 episodes ; the main character is Noora Amalie Sætre . The season is about her relationship with William and deals with issues of friendship , feminism , eating disorder , self - image , violence , sexual violence and the contemporaneous refugee crisis in relation to Norwegian democracy . No . overall No. in season Title Duration Original air date 12 `` Om du bare hadde holdt det du lovet ( If only you 'd kept your promises ) '' 26 min 4 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 13 `` Du lyver til en venninne og skylder på meg ( You lie to a friend and blame me ) '' 26 min 11 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 14 `` Er det noe du skjuler for oss ? ( Are you hiding something from us ? ) '' 36 min 18 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 15 `` Jeg visste det var noe rart med henne ( I knew there was something strange about her ) ( Easter Special ) '' 29 min 25 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) 16 5 `` Jeg er i hvert fall ikke sjalu ( I 'm certainly not jealous ) '' 32 min 1 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 17 6 `` Jeg vil ikke bli beskytta ( I do n't want to be protected ) '' 24 min 22 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) 18 7 `` Noora , du trenger pikk ( Noora , you need cock ) '' 24 min 29 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) 19 8 `` Du tenker bare på William ( You 're only thinking of William ) '' 41 min 6 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 20 9 `` Jeg savner deg så jævlig ( I miss you so damn much ) '' 22 min 13 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) 21 10 `` Jeg skal forklare alt ( I 'll explain everything ) '' 49 min 20 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 22 11 `` Husker du seriøst ingenting ? ( Do you seriously remember nothing ? ) '' 30 min 27 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) 23 12 `` Vil du flytte sammen med meg ? ( Will you move in with me ? ) '' 50 min 3 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) Season 3 ( edit ) The first clip from season 3 was made available on Sunday , 2 October 2016 , with the combined clips during the week premiering as a full episode on Friday , 7 October 2016 . The season consists of 10 episodes ; the main character is Isak Valtersen . The season deals with Isak 's burgeoning relationship with Even Bech Næsheim and is principally a coming out story that deals with issues of love , sexual identity , authenticity , mental illness , religion and friendship . No . overall No. in season Title Duration Original air date 24 `` Lykke til , Isak ( Good luck , Isak ) '' 27 min 7 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 25 `` Du er over 18 , sant ? ( You 're over 18 , right ? ) '' 26 min 14 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 26 `` Nå bånder dere i overkant mye '' / `` Hun er på ( You 're bonding too much / She is on ) '' 22 min 21 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) 27 `` Keen på å bade '' / `` Da vorser vi sammen ? ( Feel like swimming / Then we pre-party together ? ) '' 20 min 28 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) 28 5 `` Samme tid et helt annet sted '' / `` Kan jeg bli her med deg for altid ? ( At the same time in a completely different place / Can I stay here with you forever ? ) '' 30 min 4 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) 29 6 `` Escobar season '' / `` Kan du ikke bare si det ? ( Escobar season / Ca n't you just say it ? ) '' 19 min 18 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 30 7 `` Er du homo ? ( Are you gay ? ) '' 23 min 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) 31 8 `` Mannen i mitt liv '' / `` Drit i å ringe Isak ( The man of my dreams / Stop fucking calling Isak ) '' 30 min 2 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) 32 9 `` Det går over '' / `` Velkommen til mobilsvar ( It will pass / Welcome to voicemail ) '' 18 min 9 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) 33 10 `` Minutt for minutt '' / `` Jeg så deg første skoledag ( Minute by minute / I saw you the first day of school ) '' 33 min 16 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) NRK TV and NRK P3 used different titles for 7 of the season 3 episodes . Season 4 ( edit ) The first clip from season 4 was made available on Monday , 10 April 2017 , with the combined clips during the week premiering as a full episode on Friday , 14 April 2017 . The season consisted of 10 episodes , and the main character is Sana Bakkoush . The season deals with the Islamic religion , forbidden love , cyberbullying , friendship , and the Norwegian russ celebratory period . The series finale episode switches character clip - to - clip , focusing on short stories by characters not given their own , full season . The episode deals with parental depression , love rejection , jealousy , friendship , mutual relationship support , and fear of abandonment . No . overall No. in season Title Duration Original air date 34 `` Du hater å henge med oss ( You hate hanging out with us ) '' 25 min 14 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 35 `` Jeg er gutt , jeg får ikke hat ( I 'm a boy , I do n't get hate ) '' 18 min 21 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) 36 `` Hva mener du om drikking ? ( What do you think about drinking ? ) '' 28 min 28 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 37 `` Allah hadde digget deg ( Allah would dig you ) '' 30 min 5 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 38 5 `` Hvis du er trist er jeg trist ( If you 're sad then I 'm sad ) '' 27 min 12 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 39 6 `` Har du en dårlig dag ? ( Are you having a bad day ? ) '' 30 min 26 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) 40 7 `` Vi må stå sammen ( We must stand together ) '' 36 min 2 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) 41 8 `` De største loserne på skolen ( The biggest losers at school ) '' 35 min 9 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 42 9 `` Livet smiler ( Life smiles ) '' 48 min 16 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 43 10 `` Takk for alt ( Thanks for everything ) '' 59 min 24 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) Production ( edit ) Julie Andem created Skam . In an interview with Rushprint in April 2016 , Andem discussed production of the series . Originally developed for 16 - year - old girls , Andem made use of the `` NABC '' production model ( `` Needs / Approach / Benefit / Competition '' ) , and instead of collecting information from a vast amount of sources , she had extensive , hours - long interviews with a single representative to uncover what needs that specific target audience had in order to cover that story . In contrast to American shows , which were the primary competition for shows attracting attention from teenagers , Andem stated that she had one advantage ; knowing who the audience were and what culture they grew up in . One major area of exploration Andem found through research was pressure ; she stated that `` the pressure to perform is very high for this target audience . They strive to perform in so many ways . That 's fine , and it does n't necessarily have to be dangerous or unhealthy . But what is unhealthy is that many feel like they ca n't live up to the demands , and therefore feel that they failed . They are comparing themselves to each other , not themselves . And then a thought occurred : How to get them to let go of the pressure through a series like Skam '' . Andem wanted the show to be a combination of social realism , soap opera , and sitcom , transitioning between the genres as the scenes switch , for example from the comical scenes of a doctor 's office to the make - out scenes on the stairs . She admitted it did n't always work , saying that one particular scene change in episode 5 of season 1 from the stairs to the doctor 's office was `` a dramatic jump '' , and elaborated that `` in a later scene , I told the photographer that we maybe should try to go a little closer . But we did n't get the humor , so : fuckit , we 'll shoot sitcom - ish and blend the genres . '' Andem created nine characters , without any backstory . Everyone was supposed to be able to lead a season , and the show was going to switch character season - to - season . 1,200 people auditioned for the roles in the first round of casting . As production started , Andem wrote scripts for the shows , and there was no improvisation . `` A lot of people think much of the show is improvised . It 's not . A lot is written for the actors . And before and after a scene , I 'll wait for a while before I say thank you and let them play a little in the scene . If a scene does n't work , we 'll fix it and see what in the script does n't work . '' Production had a short deadline , with scripts written in three days , one - and - a-half days to shoot , and four - to - five days to edit . `` The plan must be there , and we just have to finish through '' . The series ' use of real - time was planned from early on , and Andem wrote the series in episodic format , although the content also had to work for daily releases , including a cliffhanger ending in each scene . Andem read the comments for each day , and looked for feedback from the audience on how to end each season while still keeping her original plans in some way . As the series premiered , there was little or no promotion for the show , due to the production 's and NRK 's wish for teenagers to find it on their own , spread the news through social media , and avoid the older generation even noticing the series . There were no launch interviews , no reviews , and the actors were shielded from the media , with NRK P3 editorial chief Håkon Moslet saying that `` We want most of the focus to be on the show . These actors are very young , I think it 's good they 're being shielded a little . They do also notice the popularity of the series '' . The Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet reported in December 2016 that the production of seasons 2 and 3 of Skam had cost a combined sum of NOK 10 million . NRK P3 editorial chief Håkon Moslet stated : `` For being a drama of high quality , Skam is a very cost - efficient production . '' In December 2016 , the series was renewed for a fourth season . In early April 2017 , it was announced that the first clip from the fourth season would premiere on 10 April , and that it would be the last season of the series . NRK P3 editorial chief Håkon Moslet stated that the making of Skam had been `` an extreme sport '' , and in an Instagram post , creator , writer and director Julie Andem wrote that `` Skam has been a 24 / 7 job . It has also been amazingly fun to work on , and I really believe that has given the series a unique energy , and ensured that Skam continues to surprise and entertain . We recently decided that we wo n't be making a new season this fall . I know many of you out there will be upset and disappointed to hear this , but I 'm confident this is the right decision . '' On 23 June 2017 , one day before the series finale , the entire cast officially met the press before the series ' wrap party , answering questions from fans around the world and describing their experiences and memories from production . It was notably the first time all the actors were allowed to break their silence and speak to the public . Adaptations ( edit ) In December 2016 , Simon Fuller 's XIX Entertainment production company signed a deal with NRK to produce an American version of the series , then - titled Shame . The series will introduce new characters and actors , but retain the storytelling format of Skam . Location scouting and pre-production is in progress , with an expected debut in 2018 . In October 2017 , during the MIPCOM trade show , it was announced that the show will air on Facebook 's `` Facebook Watch '' original video platform . In April 2017 , the Danish theatre Aveny - T was reported to have acquired exclusive rights to produce a stage version of Skam . Four different performances will be made , one for each season , with the first show having taking place in Copenhagen on 15 September 2017 , and the remaining three performances produced once a year through the year 2020 . In September 2017 , French entertainment website AlloCiné reported on the imminent production of a French remake of the series . In October 2017 , Variety and The Hollywood Reporter reported that local adaptations of Skam would be produced in five European countries ; Germany , France , Italy , Spain and the Netherlands . NRK CEO Thor Gjermund Eriksen said in a statement that `` We are very excited about the tremendous interest that Skam / Shame has generated outside of Norway . The creators of Skam aimed to help 16 - year - old - girls strengthen their self - esteem through dismantling taboos , making them aware of interpersonal mechanisms and showing them the benefits of confronting their fears . This is a vision we are proud to bring to other countries '' . Variety notes that each local production will be required to do its own local research into the dilemmas and dreams of its teenagers , rather than copying the original Norwegian production . Counterparts ( edit ) SKAM ( Norwegian ) and SKAM ( Danish theater ) SKAM France DRUCK ( German ) SKAM Italia SKAM Austin ( US ) Hartvig Nissen School , Oslo Lycée Dorian , Paris Barnim - Gymnasium , Berlin Liceo J.F. Kennedy , Rome Bouldin High School , Austin , Texas Eva Kviig Mohn Emma Borgès Hanna Jung Eva Brighi Megan Flores Noora Amalie Sætre Manon Demissy Mia Amalie Winter Eleonora Sava Grace Olsen Isak Valtersen Lucas Lallemant Matteo Florenzi Martino Rametta Shay Dixon & Tyler Nunez Sana Bakkoush Imane Bakhellal Amira Thalia Mahmood Sana Allagui Zoya Ali Jonas Noah Vasquez Yann Cazas Jonas Augustin Giovanni Garau Marlon Frazier Vilde Hellerud Lien Daphné Lecomte Kiki Machwitz Silvia Mirabella Kelsey Russell Christina `` Chris '' Berg Alexia `` Alex '' Martineau Sam M'Pele Federica `` Fede '' Cacciotti Josefina `` Jo '' Valencia Christoffer `` Penetrator - Chris '' Schistad Alexandre `` Alex '' Delano Samuel `` Sam '' Fischer Federico `` Fede '' Canegallo Jordan `` Penetrator Jo '' Díaz William Magnusson Charles Munier Alexander Hardenberg Edoardo Incanti Daniel Williamson Ingrid Theis Gaupseth Ingrid Spielman Leonie Richter Laura Abigail `` Abby '' Heyward Sara Nørstelien Sarah Blum - Sara - Even Bech Næsheim Elliot - Niccolò - Eskild Tryggvason Mickaël - - - Linn Larsen Hansen Lisa - - - Distribution ( edit ) In Norway , the series is available on the radio channel NRK P3 's website , and on the web television solution NRK TV . The weekly episodes are also aired on Fridays on TV channel NRK3 . The series has been licensed to air as a Nordvision co-production by public service broadcasters in other Nordic countries , specifically : In Denmark , the series is shown by DR on the DR TV streaming service and aired on TV channel DR3 since December 2016 . In Finland , the series is shown by Yle on the Yle Areena streaming service since December 2016 . In Iceland , the series is shown by RÚV on both its streaming service and television channel . In Sweden , the series is shown by SVT on the SVT Play streaming service since December 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Norway and Nordic countries ( edit ) In Norway , on average , about 192,000 viewers watched the first season , with the first episode being one of the most viewed of all time on NRK TV online . In the first week of June 2016 , streaming of Skam was responsible for over half of the traffic on NRK TV . Following the release of the third - season finale , NRK stated that the second season had an average audience of 531,000 , while the third season broke all streaming records on its NRK TV service with an average audience of 789,000 people . The trailer for the fourth season , released on 7 April 2017 , was watched by 900,000 people within four days . During the start of the fourth season , 1.2 million unique users had visited Skam 's website , and the first episode had been watched by 317,000 people . NRK P3 editorial chief Håkon Moslet told Verdens Gang that `` We see that there is high traffic and high interest for season 4 . Since the end of the season we have seen a pattern around viewer interest . We lie high in the first week and towards the end of the season when the drama kicks in . '' In May 2017 , NRK published a report on 2016 viewing statistics , writing that the third season broke both the streaming record for a series on NRK TV and for streaming of any series in Norway . An October 2016 Aftenposten report detailed that Skam had become popular in Sweden , with `` well over 5000 '' viewers with Swedish IP addresses watching the episodes , not counting the individual clips . A later report from Verdens Gang in January 2017 stated that Skam had `` broken all records '' in Sweden , with over 25 million plays on SVT Play . Following the series ' licensing deal for broadcasting in Denmark , the series broke records in January 2017 , with the show 's first episode scoring 560,000 viewers on DR TV . In Finland , the first episode had more than 130,000 views by the end of February 2017 , two and half months after its release , described by Yle audience researcher Anne Hyvärilä as `` quite exceptional '' . Skam has received critical acclaim . The newspaper NATT&DAG selected it as the best TV series of 2015 . In its second season , Kripos , Norway 's National Criminal Investigation Service , praised the series ' handling of sexual abuse , including the girls ' encouraging the victim , Noora , to go to the emergency room to explain the situation and gather evidence of the abuse , and Noora confronting her abuser with relevant laws he has broken to prevent the sharing of photographs showing her naked . The National Center for Prevention of Sexual Assault also praised the portrayal , adding that they wish for the series to become a syllabus in schools . In the third season , Martine Lunder Brenne of Verdens Gang praised the theme of homosexuality and wrote that `` I praise it first and foremost because young homosexual people , both in and outside the closet , finally get some long - awaited and modern role models . It does n't matter if it 's a character in a fictional drama - right now , Skam is Norway 's coolest show '' . In the fourth season , Christopher Pahle of Dagbladet praised a conversation about religion , writing : `` two young people , with Muslim backgrounds , have a reflected , respectful and enlightening conversation about religion without arguing or taking it to the trenches . Think about that . They pick flowers and dribble a ball , and even if they do n't necessarily convince each other , that 's not the purpose either . The point is that they understand each other '' . Skam has been recognised for its contributions to promote Norwegian language and culture , and to foster affinity between Nordic countries . In December 2016 , the Nordic Association awarded Skam the annual Nordic Language Prize for its ability to engage a young Nordic audience , connecting with young people across the Nordic region and fostering positive attitudes about the region 's neighbouring languages . In April 2017 , Skam and its creator Julie Andem were awarded the Peer Gynt Prize , an award given to a person or institution that has had a positive impact on society and made Norway famous abroad . In June 2017 , just prior to the show 's ending , Aftenposten published a report featuring interviews with many well - known Norwegian television creators , writers and directors , all praising Skam showrunner Julie Andem for her creative work on the show . Praise was directed at the series ' `` unpolished '' nature , her ability to maintain `` such a high level of quality over a long period of time '' , the series ' blend of different sexualities and ethnicities and use of dialogue to resolve issues , and the show 's compassion , thereby its ability to truly capture its generational audience . The show 's series finale received positive reviews . Vilde Sagstad Imeland of Verdens Gang praised the final clip for being a `` worthy and emotional ending '' . Cecilie Asker of Aftenposten wrote that `` The very last episode of Skam leaves us with a big sorrow , a sore loss , and a craving for more . It could n't have been better . '' On 1 July 2017 , during the celebration of Oslo Pride , Skam , its creator Julie Andem , and actors Tarjei Sandvik Moe , Henrik Holm and Carl Martin Eggesbø were awarded the `` Fryd '' award , an award given to persons or organizations that break the norms in gender and sexuality in a positive manner . In February 2018 , Prince William and his wife Kate , members of the British royal family , visited the Hartvig Nissen school to meet with the cast and learn more about Skam , its impact on the actors ' lives and to discuss youth and mental health . International success ( edit ) Starting with season three , the show attracted an international audience , and NRK was therefore heavily asked to add English subtitles to the Skam episodes online . The requests were declined due to the license for the music presented throughout the series being restricted to a Norwegian audience , and that easy availability outside Norway would violate the terms of NRK 's license agreements . An attorney for NRK elaborated that YouTube videos featuring more than 50 % original Skam content would be automatically removed . When denied official subtitling , fans started making their own translations of the episodes into several world languages , greatly expanding the online fanbase . Norwegian viewers were quick to share translated clips quickly after availability through Google Drive , and also started blogs to cover additional material and language courses to explain Norwegian slang . By the end of 2016 , Skam had been trending globally several times on Twitter and Tumblr , and its Facebook , Instagram and Vine presence grew rapidly . On social media , fandoms developed creative paintings , screensavers , phone covers , and fan videos . Filming locations , including Sagene Church , and the Hartvig Nissen school , were visited by fans , and the actors were receiving worldwide attention . After being featured in an episode in the third season , Gabrielle 's song `` 5 fine frøkner '' saw a 3,018 percent increase in listening on Spotify , with over 13 million streams and , at one point , rising to eighth place on the Swedish top music rankings . Its social media popularity continued into its fourth season in April 2017 , with over 20,000 tweets containing # skamseason4 registered in 24 hours at the time of season four 's first clip , a substantial portion of which originated from the United States . In January 2017 , Skam was geoblocked for foreign viewers . NRK attorney Kari Anne Lang - Ree stated that `` NRK has a right to publish content to the Norwegian audience and foreign countries . The music industry is reacting to the fact that many international viewers are listening to music despite NRK not having international licensing deals . NRK takes the concerns from the music industry seriously . We are in dialogue with ( the music industry ) to find a solution '' . NRK stated that `` We want to thank our international fans and followers who have embraced SKAM . We are blown away by your dedication -- it is something we never expected . That is why it hurts to tell you guys that due to a necessary clarification with the music right holders , SKAM will until further notice not be available outside Norway . We are working hard to figure out how to solve this issue so that the fans can continue to enjoy SKAM from where they are '' . When the fourth season premiered in April , the geoblock was removed for Nordic countries . The series has received significant attention from international media publications for its unique distribution model of real - time snippet - based information . Anna Leszkiewicz of New Statesman posted in March 2017 that she considered Skam `` the best show on TV '' , hightlighting the second season 's handling of sexual assault . She praised the series for avoiding `` shocking , gratuitous rape scenes '' , instead focusing on a single hand gesture by abuser Nico as a sign of predatory behavior . However , Leszkiewicz criticized the show for taking the `` escape route '' , in which Noora finds the courage to speak to another girl who was at the party , who insists that , while Noora and Nico were in bed together , no sexual intercourse took place . Leszkiewicz commented that `` So many women go through what Noora went through in Skam . Most of them do n't get offered the same escape route . Instead , they have to live with the shame and confusion of an `` ambiguous '' assault . '' The same month , Elite Daily 's Dylan Kickham wrote that the international fanbase for Skam on social media was `` much larger than I ever would have predicted '' , with major fangroups on Twitter , Facebook , and Tumblr . He credited the third season 's storyline of homosexuality , calling it `` incredibly intimate and profound '' , particularly praising a scene featuring a conversation about flamboyant attitudes between main character Isak and supporting character Eskild . While acknowledging highlights of the past two seasons , Kickham explained that `` season three stands above the rest by shining a light on aspects of sexuality that are very rarely depicted in mainstream media '' , praising Eskild 's `` magnificent and timely take on the toxic `` masc - for - masc '' discrimination within the gay community '' in response to Isak 's homophobic comments . `` It 's these small , incisive moments that show just how much Skam understands and cares about the issues it portrays '' , explained Kickham . In March 2017 , voters of E ! Online 's poll regarding `` Top Couple 2017 '' declared characters Isak and Even , main stars of the show 's third season , the winners . Verdens Gang wrote in April that Skam had become popular in China , where publicly discussing homosexuality is illegal . It reported that almost four million Chinese people had watched the third season through piracy and a total of six million had watched all episodes so far translated to Chinese . The report also stated that NRK has no plans to stop piracy in China , and NRK P3 editorial chief Håkon Moslet told Verdens Gang that `` It was Isak and Even that captured a young Chinese audience . There 's a lot of censorship in China , and they are role models and have a relationship that Chinese people have a need to see . '' Anna Leszkiewicz wrote three more articles on Skam and its impact between April and December 2017 . In the first report , she credited the series for having tackled multiple difficult topics with the use of universal emotions like loneliness rather than issue - based strategies . In the second , she specifically focused on the series ' ending , noting that it originally had nine characters designed to each lead a season , and quoted fans with the sentiment that `` It seems like such an abrupt decision . It does n't serve the storyline at all . '' Acknowledging the pressure of the show 's global popularity as potentially a key element to end Skam , Leszkiewicz highlighted some fans ' disapproval of the storylines presented towards the ending ; season four 's main character Sana , a member of the Muslim religion who had been under - represented in the series , had a shorter amount of focus in her season than other main characters had at their respective times ; the final moments of the series focused on short stories by characters not given their own season , one of which told the story of a minor character without significant relevancy to the series ; and a lackluster conversation about Islamophobia between Sana and her white , non-Muslim friend Isak . Leszkiewicz quoted disgruntled fans , one of which said that `` Sana has been disrespected and disregarded and erased and sidelined and that is fucking gross . She deserved better '' . Finally , in her last report , she focused on Skam 's legacy as an American adaption was in production . NRK P3 editorial chief Håkon Moslet told her that `` There was a lot of piracy '' , acknowledging that the show 's global popularity was the result of fans illegally distributing content through Google Drive , though adding `` But we did n't mind '' . Producer and project manager Marianne Furevold explained that `` We were given a lot of time to do so much research , and I think that 's a huge part of the success that we see today with Skam '' , referencing extensive in - depth interviews , attending schools and youth clubs , and immersing into teenagers ' online lives , something that she did not think would have been possible with a commercial network . In regards to ending the series after its fourth season , while its popularity peaked , Moslet told Leszkiewicz that writer Julie Andem spent an enormous amount of time developing the series ; `` It was kind of an extreme sport to make , this series , especially for her . It was her life , 24 / 7 , for two and a half years . It was enough , I think . And she wanted to end on a high . So that 's the reason . I think it was the right thing '' . Andem had posted on Instagram that she `` would n't have been able to make a season five as good as it deserved to be '' , though she had also written that she did n't want to give away the producing job of the American version , opting to take on the responsibility of that adaptation . That decision itself disgruntled fans , who `` found her decision to leave the Norwegian series just to take on another huge commitment with the American show disappointing '' . Moslet praised the series ' diverse set of characters , concluding with the statement that `` At a time of confusion and intolerance , it seems more important than ever '' for content creators to embrace diversity and reject intolerant attitudes . In December 2017 , Tumblr released its list of the most talked - about shows of the year on its platform , with Skam topping the chat as number one , outranking hugely successful American series Game of Thrones , Stranger Things , and The Walking Dead . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Organization Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Gullruten Best TV drama N / A Won Best new show Won Innovation of the year Won Best film editing TV drama Ida Vennerød Kolstø Won Newcomer of the year Julie Andem Mari Magnus Won Audience Award Noora ( Josefine Pettersen ) Nominated C21Media International Drama Awards Best digital original N / A Won Foreningen Norden Nordic language prize Won 2017 Gullruten Best TV drama Nominated Best Actor Tarjei Sandvik Moe Nominated Best Writing for a Drama Julie Andem Won Best Directing for a Drama Won TV Moment of the Year `` O helga natt '' Won Audience Award Henrik Holm Tarjei Sandvik Moe Won Peer Gynt AS Peer Gynt Prize N / A Won Nordiske Seriedagers Awards Best Nordic TV - drama Skam season 4 Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gjellan , Marit ( 15 June 2016 ) . `` Dobbelt så mange vil gå på `` Skam '' - skolen `` . NRK ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . 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The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( 14 October 2017 ) . `` Mipcom : ' Shame ' Gets European Remake Roll - Out from NRK , Beta Film '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Skam '' . NRK TV ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Espeseth - Andresen , Øystein ( April 2017 ) . `` The Year SKAM Became a Nordic Success '' ( PDF ) . Nordvision Annual Report 2016 - 2017 , English edition . Nordvision : 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Sommer , Petter ( 10 October 2016 ) . `` '' Skam '' solgt til flere land `` . NRK ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kjærgaard , Bo ( 10 November 2016 ) . `` Sådan sender DR3 den norske serie Skam '' . DR TV ( in Danish ) . DR . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Massa , Silja ( 15 December 2016 ) . `` Norjan yleisradio onnistui lähes mahdottomassa : draamasarja Skam tavoitti teinit '' . Yle ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Parkström , Sara ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` En ungdomsserie om vänskap , kärlek , sex , fest och svek '' . SVT ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Aldridge , Øystein ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` NRK treffer blink fra skolegården '' . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Øystein Riiser ( 4 June 2016 ) . `` Hvordan måler man en braksuksess ? '' . NRKbeta ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Madshus , Karin ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` '' Skam '' sesong 3 : Har slått alle rekorder for NRK `` . Dagbladet ( in Norwegian ) . Aller Media . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Woldsdal , Nicolay ; Michelsen , Ingunn ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Skam slår alle rekorder '' . NRK ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Aune , Oddvin ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` 900.000 har sett første `` Skam '' - klipp `` . NRK ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Pettersen , Jørn ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` '' Skam `` - feberen herjer igjen '' . Verdens Gang ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV i verdensklasse '' . NRK ( in Norwegian ) . 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Fjelltveit , Ingvild ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Nå har svenskene også oppdaget Skam '' . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Pettersen , Jørn ( 19 January 2017 ) . `` '' Skam '' slår alle rekorder i Sverige `` . Verdens Gang ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lindblad , Knut - Eirik ( 10 October 2016 ) . `` 40 000 dansker så `` Skam '' i helgen - nå er serien solgt til Danmark `` . Dagbladet ( in Norwegian ) . Aller Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingebrethsen , Christian ( 29 January 2017 ) . `` '' Skam '' satt ny rekord `` . NRK ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Massa , Silja ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Skamin katsojaluvut ovat poikkeukselliset -- norjalaissarja singahti Yle Areenan katsotuimpiin sisältöihin '' . Yle . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vinnerne av NATT&DAGs rikspriser 2015 ! Årets musikk ! Årets film ! Årets STEMME ! '' . NATT&DAG. 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Leth - Olsen , Lina ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Kripos hyller Skam - jentene '' . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Svendsen , Maiken ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Kripos hyller `` Skam '' - Noora `` . Verdens Gang ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Jørgensen , Karina Kaupang ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Mener `` Skam '' burde være pensum `` . NRK ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lunder Brenne , Martine ( 2 November 2016 ) . `` En liten `` Skam '' - revolusjon `` . Verdens Gang ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Pahle , Christopher ( 6 May 2017 ) . `` Tenk det , sesongens beste `` Skam '' - scene hittil er altså to tenåringer som har en reflektert samtale om religion `` . Dagbladet ( in Norwegian ) . Aller Media . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Skam ' hailed for making Norwegian language cool '' . The Local . 5 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peer Gynt - prisen til `` Skam '' `` . TV 2 ( in Norwegian ) . 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peer Gynt - prisen til `` Skam '' `` . Dagbladet ( in Norwegian ) . Aller Media . 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Klette , Erlend Tro ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Norske serieskapere hyller `` Skam '' : -- Gi Julie Andem penger , og send henne til utlandet ! `` . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Imeland , Vilde Sagstad ( 25 June 2017 ) . `` TV - anmeldelse `` Skam '' , sesong 4 : -- Feiger ut `` . Verdens Gang ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Asker , Cecilie ( 25 June 2017 ) . `` Karakter 6 fra Aftenposten til siste episode av Skam : `` Tørk Skam - tårene , tidenes beste norske TV - serie gjør det eneste rette '' `` . Aftenposten . Schibsted . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Skam får frydprisen '' . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted. 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Revheim , Hanna Huglen ; Botheim , Sigrid Sørumgård ; Tolfsen , Caroline ; Hjermundrud , Gunhild ( 1 July 2017 ) . `` Frydprisen til `` Skam '' `` . NRK ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Helljesen , Vilde ; Alnes , Espen ; Roalsø , Martin ( 2 February 2018 ) . `` '' Skam - Eskild '' om møtet med Kate og William : -- Alltid gøy å møte fans `` . NRK ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Nilsen , Kari Stokke ; Elnan , Cathrine ( 2 November 2016 ) . `` Why NRK ca n't translate Skam '' . NRK ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leszkiewicz , Anna ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Skam : how a cult teen drama has fans invading sets , stalking characters ' Instagrams and learning Norwegian '' . New Statesman . Progressive Digital Media . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Aasen , Elise ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` Skam : at the same time , in many other places in the universe '' . Medium . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Svendsen , Maiken ( 10 April 2017 ) . `` Fantegning ble `` Skam '' - scene `` . Verdens Gang ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoeij , Boyd Van ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` The Norwegian Teen - Drama Series Loved Around the World '' . The Atlantic . Atlantic Media . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Revheim , Hanna Huglen ; Kalajdzic , Pedja ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` Dansker på Skam - safari : -- Vi synes det er så gøy '' . NRK ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Talseth , Thomas ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` '' Skam `` - suksess for Gabrielle Leithaug '' . Verdens Gang ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Klette , Erlend Tro ( 10 April 2017 ) . `` # skamseason4 er brukt over 20.000 ganger på 24 timer : USA står for over en fjerdedel '' . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Myrvang , Synne Eggum ( 13 January 2017 ) . `` Nå kan du ikke lenger se `` SKAM '' fra utlandet `` . NRK P3 ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Patrick D. ( 10 April 2017 ) . `` Why The Whole Planet Is Obsessed With This Norwegian Teen Drama '' . The Fader . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` A Beginner 's Guide to Skam , Your New Teen - Drama Obsession '' . Vulture . New York . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Kathryn ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` How People All Over The World Secretly Watch This Norwegian TV Show '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Leszkiewicz , Anna ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` Skam : how one Norwegian teen drama got the TV depiction of sexual assault right '' . New Statesman . Progressive Digital Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( 27 March 2017 ) . `` What You Need To Know About The Viral Norwegian Teen Drama Tackling Sexuality '' . Elite Daily . DMG Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Braseth , Sofie ( 7 March 2017 ) . `` Isak og Even til topps i internasjonal avstemming '' . Dagbladet ( in Norwegian ) . Aller Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Haugan , Bjørn ; Sandvær , Hilde ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` '' Skam '' tar av i Kina `` . Verdens Gang ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Leszkiewicz , Anna ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` Skam , interrupted : why is the phenomenally popular teen drama ending before its peak ? '' . New Statesman . Progressive Digital Media . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Leszkiewicz , Anna ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Skam 's creators on the TV show 's explosive success : `` Perhaps it will save Facebook '' `` . New Statesman . GlobalData . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bartleet , Larry ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Why you should be watching Skam , Tumblr 's most talked - about TV show of 2017 '' . NME . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Raken , Thea Roll ; Lunder , Martine . `` '' Skam `` - jentene stjal showet på Gullruten '' . MinMote ( in Norwegian ) . Verdens Gang . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix wins big at C21 Drama Awards '' . C21Media. 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Follow The Money & Shame Win C21 Drama Awards '' . Nordic Drama. 1 December 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nordens språkpris til `` Skam '' `` . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . Schibsted. 5 December 2016 . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gullrutens Fagpris 2017 '' . Gullruten ( in Norwegian ) . 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kristiansen , Birgitte Thorshaug ( 12 May 2017 ) . `` Disse stakk av med årets Gullruten - priser '' . TV 2 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official series archive Skam on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skam_(TV_series)&oldid=849399856 '' Categories : 2010s Norwegian television series 2015 Norwegian television series debuts Islam in fiction Norwegian drama television series Norwegian LGBT - related television shows Norwegian - language television programs NRK television programmes Teen drama television series Television shows set in Norway 2010s LGBT drama television series Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano Қазақша Magyar Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 ГӀалгӀай 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 18 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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2020713576730338766 | French Revolutionary Wars | French Revolutionary Wars - wikipedia French Revolutionary Wars Jump to : navigation , search French Revolutionary Wars The Battle of Valmy ( 20 September 1792 ) Date 20 April 1792 -- 25 March 1802 ( 1792 - 04 - 20 -- 1802 - 03 - 25 ) ( 9 years , 11 months , and 5 days ) Location Europe , Egypt , Middle East , Atlantic Ocean , Caribbean , Indian Ocean Result First Coalition French victory ; Peace of Basel , Treaty of Campo Formio Second Coalition French victory ; Treaty of Lunéville , Treaty of Amiens Territorial changes Fall of the French monarchy and establishment of the French Republic France annexes Piedmont and all the lands west of the Rhine Establishment of the pro-French Batavian , Helvetian , Italian , and Ligurian Republics Establishment of the Kingdom of Etruria in Italy Austria acquires Venetia and Dalmatia Spain cedes Trinidad to Britain Spain retrocedes Louisiana to France Netherlands cedes Ceylon to Britain Other territorial changes Belligerents Holy Roman Empire Austria Prussia ( 1792 -- 95 ) Great Britain ( 1793 -- 1800 ) Ireland ( 1793 -- 1800 ) United Kingdom ( 1801 -- 02 ) Russia ( 1799 ) French royalists Counter-revolutionaries Spain ( 1793 -- 95 ) Portugal Sardinia Naples Switzerland ( 1798 ) Other Italian states Ottoman Empire Dutch Republic ( 1793 -- 95 ) Newfoundland ( 1796 ) Order of Saint John ( 1798 ) Malta ( 1798 -- 1800 ) ( Haitian Revolution ) Saint - Domingue rebels ( 1791 -- 94 ) United States ( Quasi-War ) ( 1798 - 1800 ) Kingdom of France ( until 1792 ) French Republic ( from 1792 ) French satellites United Irishmen Polish Legions Batavia ( 1795 -- 1802 ) Spain ( 1796 -- 1802 ) Denmark -- Norway ( Action of 16 May 1797 ) Kingdom of Mysore ( Fourth Anglo - Mysore War ) Commanders and leaders Francis II Archduke Charles Baillet de Latour Count of Clerfayt Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld József Alvinczi Dagobert von Wurmser Michael von Melas Pál Kray Frederick William II Duke of Brunswick Prince of Hohenlohe William Pitt Henry Addington Charles O'Hara Duke of York Horatio Nelson Ralph Abercromby Samuel Hood Paul I Alexander Suvorov Prince de Condé Charles IV ( 1793 -- 95 ) Mary I Victor Amadeus III Ferdinand IV Selim III Jezzar Pasha Laurens Pieter van de Spiegel ( 1793 -- 95 ) Murad Bey James Wallace Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim Toussaint L'Ouverture John Adams Louis XVI Jacques Pierre Brissot Maximilien Robespierre Paul Barras ( 1795 -- 99 ) Napoleon Bonaparte Charles - F. Dumouriez François Christophe Kellermann François Étienne Kellermann Charles Pichegru Jean - Baptiste Jourdan Comte de Custine Lazare Hoche André Masséna Jean V.M. Moreau Louis Desaix † Jacques François Dugommier † Pierre Augereau Jean Baptiste Kléber † Jacques MacDonald Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Wolfe Tone † Jan Henryk Dąbrowski Christian VII Olfert Fischer Steen Bille Tipu Sultan † French Revolutionary Wars Timeline 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 Haitian Revolution Bois Caïman Fort - Dauphin Jean - Rabel War of Knives Saint - Domingue expedition Snake Gully Crête - à - Pierrot Blockade of Saint - Domingue Vertières War of the First Coalition Porrentruy Marquain Verdun Thionville Valmy Lille Mainz Jemappes 1st Limburg ( fr ) Anderlecht ( fr ) Namur ( fr ) Maastricht 1st Aldenhoven Neerwinden Condé 2nd Mainz Raismes Famars Bellegarde San Pietro and Sant'Antioco 1st Saorgio 1st Arlon Valenciennes Perpignan Caesar 's Camp Lincelles Landau Dunkirk Le Quesnoy Hondshoote Avesnes - le - Sec Menin Méribel Pirmasens Epierre Peyrestortes Toulon Truillas Maubeuge 1st Wissembourg Fort - Louis Wattignies Haguenau 1st Kaiserslautern 1st Collioure Froeschwiller 2nd Wissembourg Fort - Dauphin Martinique Corsica Le Cateau Guadeloupe 2nd Arlon 1st Landrecies Villers - en - Cauchies 2nd Saorgio Beaumont Mouscron Boulou 2nd Collioure Courtrai Grandreng Tourcoing 3rd Arlon Tournay 2nd Kaiserslautern Erquelinnes Ushant Gosselies Aldudes ( fr ) Ypres Lambusart Fleurus Vosges Baztan San - Lorenzo Sprimont 3rd Kaiserslautern 1st Dego 2nd Aldenhoven Orbaizeta Luxembourg Black Mountain Roses Helder Gulf of Roses Fréjus Genoa Groix Quiberon Hyères Ceylon Handschuhsheim Höchst 3rd Mainz Pfeddersheim Mannheim Loano Voltri Montenotte Millesimo 2nd Dego Ceva Mondovì Cherasco Fombio Lodi Borghetto Altenkirchen Wetzlar 1st Kehl Mantua Ettlingen Lonato Castiglione Peschiera ( fr ) Neresheim Friedberg , Hessen ( fr ) Amberg Friedberg , Bavaria Newfoundland Würzburg Rovereto 1st Bassano 2nd Limburg 2nd Kehl Biberach Emmendingen Schliengen Hüningen 3rd Kehl 2nd Bassano Calliano Caldiero Arcole Expédition d'Irlande Rivoli Faenza Fishguard Valvasone Tyrol ( fr ) Tarvis Neuwied Diersheim Veronese Easter Camperdown War in the Vendée War of the Pyrenees Flanders Campaign Italian Campaign Rhine Campaign of 1796 Anglo - Spanish War United Irishmen Rebellion Ballymore - Eustace Naas Rathangan Prosperous Kilcullen Carnew Dunlavin Carlow Harrow Tara Hill Oulart Hill Enniscorthy Gibbet Rath Newtownmountkennedy Three Rocks Bunclody Tuberneering New Ross / Scullabogue Antrim Arklow Saintfield Ballynahinch Ovidstown Foulksmills Vinegar Hill Ballyellis Castlebar Collooney Ballinamuck Killala Tory Island War of the Second Coalition Nicopolis Corfu Ostrach Feldkirch 1st Stockach Verona Magnano Cassano Bassignana Winterthur 1st Zurich Modena Trebbia Mantua Novi Callantsoog Vlieter Incident Krabbendam Mannheim Bergen 2nd Zurich Alkmaar Castricum Genola Wiesloch Genoa Hohentwiel 2nd Stockach Messkirch Biberach Fort Bard Montebello Marengo Höchstädt Neuburg Ampfing Hohenlinden Mincio Copenhagen Algeciras ( 1st 2nd ) Porto Ferrajo Mediterranean Campaign Egyptian Campaign Swiss Campaign Dutch Campaign Italian Campaign Quasi-War USS Delaware vs La Croyable USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente Action of 1 January 1800 USS Constellation vs La Vengeance Jacmel Puerto Plata Harbor USS Boston vs Berceau USS Enterprise vs Flambeau Curaçao Italian Campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars 1st Saorgio Epierre 2nd Saorgio 1st Dego Loano Voltri Montenotte Millesimo 2nd Dego Ceva Mondovì Fombio Lodi Borghetto Lonato Castiglione Rovereto 1st Bassano 2nd Bassano Calliano Caldiero Arcole Rivoli 1st Mantua Faenza Valvasone Tarvis Veronese Easter Verona Magnano Cassano Bassignana Modena Trebbia 2nd Mantua Novi Genola Genoa Montebello Marengo Pozzolo East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars Pondicherry Sunda Strait 5 May 1794 Île Ronde Ceylon Cape Colony Saldanha Bay Sumatra Bali Strait Manila Macau 9 February 1799 28 February 1799 Port Louis Mahé Naval Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars Sardinia Toulon 1st Genoa Guernsey May 1794 Ushant Alexander Croisière du Grand Hiver Gulf of Roses 2nd Genoa April 1795 Cornwallis 's Retreat Groix Hyères 1st St Vincent Saldanha Bay Newfoundland expedition Expédition d'Irlande Droits de l'Homme 2nd St Vincent Camperdown Raz de Sein Îles Saint - Marcouf Nile Tory Island Croisière de Bruix Dunkirk Malta Copenhagen Algeciras 1st 2nd Boulogne Mahé Royalist Revolts of the French Revolutionary Wars Vendée Chouannerie Toulon Lyon Quiberon 13 Vendémiaire Peasants ' War ( 1798 ) Anglo - French wars 1202 -- 04 1213 -- 14 1215 -- 1217 1242 -- 1243 1294 -- 1303 1337 -- 1453 1496 - 98 1512 -- 14 1522 -- 26 1542 -- 46 1557 -- 59 1627 -- 29 1666 -- 67 1689 -- 97 1702 -- 13 1744 -- 48 1754 -- 63 1778 -- 83 1793 -- 1802 1803 -- 1814 1815 The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of sweeping military conflicts , lasting from 1792 until 1802 , resulting from the French Revolution . They pitted the French First Republic against Britain , Austria and several other monarchies . They are divided in two periods : the War of the First Coalition ( 1792 -- 97 ) and the War of the Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) . Initially confined to Europe , the fighting gradually assumed a global dimension . After a decade of constant warfare and aggressive diplomacy , France had conquered a wide array of territories , from the Italian Peninsula and the Low Countries in Europe to the Louisiana Territory in North America . French success in these conflicts ensured the spread of revolutionary principles over much of Europe . As early as 1791 , the other monarchies of Europe looked with outrage at the revolution and its upheavals , and considered whether they should intervene , either in support of King Louis XVI , or to prevent the spread of revolution , or to take advantage of the chaos in France . Anticipating an attack , France declared war on Prussia and Austria in the spring of 1792 , which responded with a coordinated invasion that was eventually turned back at the Battle of Valmy in September . This victory emboldened the National Convention to abolish the monarchy . A series of victories by the new French armies abruptly ended with defeat at Neerwinden in the spring of 1793 . The remainder of the year witnessed additional defeats for the French , and these difficult times allowed the Jacobins to rise to power and impose the Reign of Terror to unify the nation . In 1794 , the situation improved dramatically for the French , as huge victories at Fleurus against the Austrians and at the Black Mountain against the Spanish signaled the start of a new stage in the wars . By 1795 , the French had captured the Austrian Netherlands and knocked Spain and Prussia out of the war with the Peace of Basel . A hitherto unknown general named Napoleon Bonaparte began his first campaign in Italy in April 1796 . In less than a year , French armies under Napoleon decimated the Habsburg forces and evicted them from the Italian peninsula , winning almost every battle and capturing 150,000 prisoners . With French forces marching towards Vienna , the Austrians sued for peace and agreed to the Treaty of Campo Formio , ending the First Coalition against the Republic . The War of the Second Coalition began with the French invasion of Egypt , headed by Napoleon , in 1798 . The Allies took the opportunity presented by the French effort in the Middle East to regain territories lost from the First Coalition . The war began well for the Allies in Europe , where they gradually pushed the French out of Italy and invaded Switzerland -- racking up victories at Magnano , Cassano , and Novi along the way . However , their efforts largely unraveled with the French victory at Zurich in September 1799 , which caused Russia to drop out of the war . Meanwhile , Napoleon 's forces annihilated a series of Egyptian and Ottoman armies at the battles of the Pyramids , Mount Tabor , and Abukir . These victories and the conquest of Egypt further enhanced Napoleon 's popularity back in France ; he returned in triumph in the fall of 1799 . However , the Royal Navy had won the Battle of the Nile in 1798 , further strengthening British control of the Mediterranean . Napoleon 's arrival from Egypt led to the fall of the Directory in the Coup of 18 Brumaire , with Napoleon installing himself as Consul . Napoleon then reorganized the French army and launched a new assault against the Austrians in Italy during the spring of 1800 . This brought a decisive French victory at the Battle of Marengo in June 1800 , after which the Austrians withdrew from the peninsula once again . Another crushing French triumph at Hohenlinden in Bavaria forced the Austrians to seek peace for a second time , leading to the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801 . With Austria and Russia out of the war , the United Kingdom found itself increasingly isolated and agreed to the Treaty of Amiens with Napoleon 's government in 1802 , concluding the Revolutionary Wars . The lingering tensions proved too difficult to contain , however , and the Napoleonic Wars began a few years later with the formation of the Third Coalition , continuing the series of Coalition Wars . Contents ( hide ) 1 War of the First Coalition 1.1 1791 -- 92 1.2 1793 1.3 1794 1.4 1795 1.5 1796 1.6 1797 1.7 1798 2 War of Second Coalition 2.1 1799 2.2 1800 2.3 1801 2.4 1802 3 Influence 4 See also 5 Footnotes 5.1 Notes 5.2 References 6 Further reading 6.1 Historiography 6.2 In French War of the First Coalition ( edit ) Main article : First Coalition 1791 -- 92 ( edit ) See also : Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars The key figure in initial foreign reaction to the revolution was Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II , brother of Louis XVI 's Queen Marie Antoinette . Leopold had initially looked on the Revolution with equanimity , but became more and more disturbed as the Revolution became more radical , although he still hoped to avoid war . On 27 August , Leopold and King Frederick William II of Prussia , in consultation with emigrant French nobles , issued the Declaration of Pillnitz , which declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe in the well - being of Louis and his family , and threatened vague but severe consequences if anything should befall them . Although Leopold saw the Pillnitz Declaration as a non-committal gesture to placate the sentiments of French monarchists and nobles , it was seen in France as a serious threat and was denounced by the revolutionary leaders . France eventually issued an ultimatum demanding that the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria under Leopold II who also was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire renounce any hostile alliances and withdraw its troops from the French border . The reply was evasive and the Assembly voted for war on 20 April 1792 against Francis II ( who succeeded Leopold II ) , after a long list of grievances presented by foreign minister Dumouriez . Dumouriez prepared an immediate invasion of the Austrian Netherlands , where he expected the local population to rise against Austrian rule , as they had earlier in 1790 . However , the revolution had thoroughly disorganized the army , and the forces raised were insufficient for the invasion . Following the declaration of war , French soldiers deserted en masse and , in one case , murdered their general , Théobald Dillon . Anonymous caricature depicting the treatment given to the Brunswick Manifesto by the French population While the revolutionary government frantically raised fresh troops and reorganized its armies , a mostly Prussian Allied army under Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick assembled at Koblenz on the Rhine . The duke then issued a proclamation called the Brunswick Manifesto ( July 1792 ) , written by the French king 's cousin , Louis Joseph de Bourbon , Prince de Condé , the leader of an émigré corps within the Allied army , which declared the Allies ' intent to restore the king to his full powers and to treat any person or town who opposed them as rebels to be condemned to death by martial law . This , however , had the effect of strengthening the resolve of the revolutionary army and government to oppose them by any means necessary . On 10 August , a crowd stormed the Tuileries Palace , seizing the king and his family . On 19 August 1792 , the invasion by Brunswick 's army commenced , with Brunswick 's army easily taking the fortresses of Longwy and Verdun . The invasion continued , but at Valmy on 20 September , the invaders came to a stalemate against Dumouriez and Kellermann in which the highly professional French artillery distinguished itself . Although the battle was a tactical draw , it gave a great boost to French morale . Further , the Prussians , finding that the campaign had been longer and more costly than predicted , decided that the cost and risk of continued fighting was too great and , with winter approaching , they decided to retreat from France to preserve their army . The next day , the monarchy was formally abolished as the First Republic was declared ( 21 September 1792 ) . Meanwhile , the French had been successful on several other fronts , occupying Savoy and Nice which were parts of the Kingdom of Sardinia , while General Custine invaded Germany , occupying several German towns along the Rhine , and reaching as far as Frankfurt . Dumouriez went on the offensive in the Austrian Netherlands once again , winning a great victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Jemappes on 6 November , and occupying the entire country by the beginning of winter . 1793 ( edit ) See also : Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars , Flanders Campaign , and War in the Vendée While the First Coalition attacked the new Republic , France faced civil war and counter-revolutionary guerrilla war . Here , several insurgents of the Chouannerie have been taken prisoner . Spain and Portugal entered the anti-French coalition in January 1793 . Britain began military preparations in late 1792 and declared that war was inevitable unless France gave up its conquests , notwithstanding French assurances they would not attack Holland or annex the Low Countries . Britain expelled the French ambassador following the execution of Louis XVI and on 1 February France responded by declaring war on Great Britain and the Dutch Republic . France drafted hundreds of thousands of men , beginning a policy of using mass conscription to deploy more of its manpower than the autocratic states could manage to do ( first stage , with a decree of 24 February 1793 ordering the draft of 300,000 men , followed by the general mobilization of all the young men able to be drafted , through the famous decree of 23 August 1793 ) . Nonetheless , the Coalition allies launched a determined drive to invade France during the Flanders Campaign . France suffered severe reverses at first . They were driven out of the Austrian Netherlands , and serious revolts flared in the west and south of France . One of these , at Toulon , was the first serious taste of action for an unknown young artillery officer Napoleon Bonaparte . He contributed to the siege of the city and its harbor by planning an effective assault with well - placed artillery batteries raining projectiles down on rebel positions . This performance helped make his reputation as a capable tactician , and it fueled his meteoric rise to military and political power . Once the city was occupied , he participated in pacifying the rebelling citizens of Toulon with the same artillery that he first used to conquer the city . By the end of the year , large new armies had turned back foreign invaders , and the Reign of Terror , a fierce policy of repression , had suppressed internal revolts . The French military was in the ascendant . Lazare Carnot , a scientist and prominent member of the Committee of Public Safety , organized the fourteen armies of the Republic , and was then nicknamed the Organizer of the Victory . 1794 ( edit ) See also : French Revolutionary Wars : Campaigns of 1794 General Jourdan at the battle of Fleurus , 26 June 1794 The year 1794 brought increased success to the French armies . On the Alpine frontier , there was little change , with the French invasion of Piedmont failing . On the Spanish border , the French under General Dugommier rallied from their defensive positions at Bayonne and Perpignan , driving the Spanish out of Roussillon and invading Catalonia . Dugommier was killed in the Battle of the Black Mountain in November . On the northern front in the Flanders Campaign , the Austrians and French both prepared offensives in Belgium , with the Austrians besieging Landrecies and advancing towards Mons and Maubeuge . The French prepared an offensive on multiple fronts , with two armies in Flanders under Pichegru and Moreau , and Jourdan attacking from the German border . The French withstood several damaging but inconclusive actions before regaining the initiative at the battles of Tourcoing and Fleurus in June . The French armies drove the Austrians , British , and Dutch beyond the Rhine , occupying Belgium , the Rhineland , and the south of the Netherlands . On the middle Rhine front in July , General Michaud 's Army of the Rhine attempted two offensives in July in the Vosges , the second of which was successful but not followed up , allowing for a Prussian counter-attack in September . Otherwise this sector of the front was largely quiet over the course of the year . At sea , the French Atlantic Fleet succeeded in holding off a British attempt to interdict a vital cereal convoy from the United States on the Glorious First of June , though at the cost of one quarter of its strength . In the Caribbean , the British fleet landed in Martinique in February , taking the whole island by 24 March and holding it until the Treaty of Amiens , and in Guadeloupe in April , where they captured the island briefly but were driven out by Victor Hugues later in the year . In the Mediterranean , following the British evacuation of Toulon , the Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli agreed with admiral Samuel Hood to place Corsica under British protection in return for assistance capturing French garrisons at Saint - Florent , Bastia , and Calvi , creating the short - lived Anglo - Corsican Kingdom . By the end of the year French armies had won victories on all fronts , and as the year closed they began advancing into the Netherlands . 1795 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars The year opened with French forces in the process of attacking the Dutch Republic in the middle of winter . The Dutch people rallied to the French call and started the Batavian Revolution . City after city was occupied by the French . The Dutch fleet was captured , and the stadtholder William V fled to be replaced by a popular Batavian Republic , a sister republic which supported the revolutionary cause and signed a treaty with the French , ceding the territories of North Brabant and Maastricht to France on 16 May . With the Netherlands falling , Prussia also decided to leave the coalition , signing the Peace of Basel on 6 April , ceding the west bank of the Rhine to France . This freed Prussia to finish the occupation of Poland . The French army in Spain advanced , advancing in Catalonia while taking Bilbao and Vitoria and marching toward Castile . By 10 July , Spain also decided to make peace , recognizing the revolutionary government and ceding the territory of Santo Domingo , but returning to the pre-war borders in Europe . This left the armies on the Pyrenees free to march east and reinforce the armies on the Alps , and the combined army overran Piedmont . Meanwhile , Britain 's attempt to reinforce the rebels in the Vendée by landing troops at Quiberon failed , and a conspiracy to overthrow the republican government from within ended when Napoleon Bonaparte 's garrison used cannon to fire grapeshot into the attacking mob ( which led to the establishment of the Directory ) . On the Rhine frontier , General Pichegru , negotiating with the exiled Royalists , betrayed his army and forced the evacuation of Mannheim and the failure of the siege of Mainz by Jourdan . This was a moderate setback to the position of the French . In northern Italy , victory at the Battle of Loano in November gave France access to the Italian peninsula . 1796 ( edit ) See also : French Revolutionary Wars : Campaigns of 1796 General Bonaparte and his troops crossing the bridge of Arcole The French prepared a great advance on three fronts , with Jourdan and Moreau on the Rhine , and Bonaparte in Italy . The three armies were to link up in Tyrol and march on Vienna . Jourdan and Moreau advanced rapidly into Germany , and Moreau had reached Bavaria and the edge of Tyrol by September , but Jourdan was defeated by Archduke Charles , and both armies were forced to retreat back across the Rhine . Napoleon , on the other hand , was completely successful in a daring invasion of Italy . He left Paris on 11 March for Nice to take over the weak and poorly supplied Army of Italy , arriving on 26 March . The army was already being reorganised and supplied when he arrived , and he found that the situation was rapidly improving . He was soon able to carry out the plan for the invasion of Italy that he had been advocating for years , which provided for an advance over the Apennines near Altare to attack the enemy position of Ceva . The Montenotte Campaign opened after Johann Beaulieu 's Austrian forces attacked the extreme French eastern flank near Genoa on 10 April . Bonaparte countered by attacking and crushing the isolated right wing of the allied armies at the Battle of Montenotte on 12 April . The next day he defeated an Austro - Sardinian force at the Battle of Millesimo . He then won a victory at the Second Battle of Dego , driving the Austrians northeast , away from their Piedmontese allies . Satisfied that the Austrians were temporarily inert , Bonaparte harried Michelangelo Colli 's Piedmontese at Ceva and San Michele Mondovi before whipping them at the Battle of Mondovì . A week later , on 28 April , the Piedmontese signed an armistice at Cherasco , withdrawing from the hostilities . On 18 May they signed a peace treaty at Paris , ceding Savoy and Nice and allowing the French bases to be used against Austria . After a short pause , Napoleon carried out a brilliant flanking manoeuvre , and crossed the Po at Piacenza , nearly cutting the Austrian line of retreat . The Austrians escaped after the Battle of Fombio , but had their rear - guard mauled at Lodi on 10 May , after which the French took Milan . Bonaparte then advanced eastwards again , drove off the Austrians in the Battle of Borghetto and in June began the Siege of Mantua . Mantua was the strongest Austrian base in Italy . Meanwhile , the Austrians retreated north into the foothills of the Tyrol . During July and August , Austria sent a fresh army into Italy under Dagobert Wurmser . Wurmser attacked toward Mantua along the east side of Lake Garda , sending Peter Quasdanovich down the west side in an effort to envelop Bonaparte . Bonaparte exploited the Austrian mistake of dividing their forces to defeat them in detail , but in so doing , he abandoned the siege of Mantua , which held out for another six months ( Carl von Clauswitz mentioned in On War that the siege might have been able to be kept up if Bonaparte had circumvallated the city ) . Quasdanovich was overcome at Lonato on 3 August and Wurmser at Castiglione on 5 August . Wurmser retreated to the Tyrol , and Bonaparte resumed the siege . In September , Bonaparte marched north against Trento in Tyrol , but Wurmser had already marched toward Mantua by the Brenta valley , leaving Paul Davidovich 's force to hold off the French . Bonaparte overran the holding force at the Battle of Rovereto . Then he followed Wurmser down the Brenta valley , to fall upon and defeat the Austrians at the Battle of Bassano on 8 September . Wurmser elected to march for Mantua with a large portion of his surviving troops . The Austrians evaded Bonaparte 's attempts to intercept them but were driven into the city after a pitched battle on 15 September . This left nearly 30,000 Austrians trapped in the fortress . This number rapidly diminished due to disease , combat losses , and hunger . The Austrians sent yet another army under József Alvinczi against Bonaparte in November . Again the Austrians divided their effort , sending Davidovich 's corps from the north while Alvinczi 's main body attacked from the east . At first they proved victorious over the French at Bassano , Calliano , and Caldiero . But Bonaparte ultimately defeated Alvinczi in the Battle of Arcole southeast of Verona . The French then turned on Davidovich in great strength and chased him into the Tyrol . Wurmser 's only sortie was late and ineffectual . The rebellion in the Vendée was also finally crushed in 1796 by Hoche , but Hoche 's attempt to land a large invasion force in Ireland was unsuccessful . 1797 ( edit ) See also : French Revolutionary Wars : Campaigns of 1797 On 14 February , British admiral Jervis met and defeated a Spanish fleet off Portugal at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent . This prevented the Spanish fleet from rendezvousing with the French , removing a threat of invasion to Britain . However , the British fleet was weakened over the rest of the year by the Spithead and Nore mutinies , which kept many ships in port through the summer . On 22 February French invasion force consisting of 1,400 troops from the La Legion Noire ( The Black Legion ) under the command of Irish American Colonel William Tate landed near Fishguard ( Wales ) . They were met by a quickly assembled group of around 500 British reservists , militia and sailors under the command of John Campbell , 1st Baron Cawdor . After brief clashes with the local civilian population and Lord Cawdor 's forces on 23 February , Tate was forced into an unconditional surrender by 24 February . In Italy , Napoleon 's armies were laying siege to Mantua at the beginning of the year , and a second attempt by Austrians under Joseph Alvinczy to raise the siege was driven off at the Battle of Rivoli , where the French scored a decisive victory . Finally , on 2 February , Wurmser surrendered Mantua and 18,000 troops . The Papal forces sued for peace , which was granted at Tolentino on 19 February . Napoleon was now free to attack the Austrian heartland . He advanced directly toward Austria over the Julian Alps , sending Barthélemy Joubert to invade the Tyrol . Archduke Charles of Austria hurried from the German front to defend Austria , but he was defeated at the Tagliamento on 16 March , and Napoleon proceeded into Austria , occupying Klagenfurt and preparing for a rendezvous with Joubert in front of Vienna . In Germany , the armies of Hoche and Moreau crossed the Rhine again in April after the previous year 's failure . The victories of Napoleon had frightened the Austrians into making peace , and they concluded the Peace of Leoben in April , ending hostilities . However , his absence from Italy had allowed the outbreak of the revolt known as the Veronese Easters on 17 April , which was put down eight days later . Although Britain remained at war with France , this effectively ended the First Coalition . Austria later signed the Treaty of Campo Formio , ceding the Austrian Netherlands to France and recognizing the French border at the Rhine . Austria and France also partitioned Venice between them . 1798 ( edit ) Main articles : French Revolutionary Wars : Campaigns of 1798 , French campaign in Egypt and Syria , and Quasi-War In July 1798 , French forces under Napoleon annihilated an Egyptian army at the Battle of the Pyramids . The victory facilitated the conquest of Egypt and remains one of the most important battles of the era . With only Britain left to fight and not enough of a navy to fight a direct war , Napoleon conceived of an invasion of Egypt in 1798 , which satisfied his personal desire for glory and the Directory 's desire to have him far from Paris . The military objective of the expedition is not entirely clear , but may have been to threaten British dominance in India . Napoleon sailed from Toulon to Alexandria , taking Malta on the way , and landing in June . Marching to Cairo , he won a great victory at the Battle of the Pyramids ; however , his fleet was sunk by Nelson at the Battle of the Nile , stranding him in Egypt . Napoleon spent the remainder of the year consolidating his position in Egypt . The French government also took advantage of internal strife in Switzerland to invade , establishing the Helvetian Republic and annexing Geneva . French troops also deposed Pope Pius VI , establishing a republic in Rome . An expeditionary force was sent to County Mayo , in Ireland , to assist in the rebellion against Britain in the summer of 1798 . It had some success against British forces , most notably at Castlebar , but was ultimately routed while trying to reach Dublin . French ships sent to assist them were captured by the Royal Navy off County Donegal . The French were also under pressure in the Southern Netherlands and Luxembourg where the local people revolted against conscription and anti-religious violence ( Peasants ' War ) . The French had taken this territory in 1794 , but it was officially theirs in 1797 due to a treaty with Austria . The French forces easily handed the Peasants ' rebellion in the Southern Netherlands , and were able to put down the revolting forces in under 2 months . The French in 1798 fought an undeclared war at sea against the United States , that was known variously as the `` Quasi-War '' , the `` Half War '' and the `` Pirate Wars '' . It was resolved peaceably with the Convention of 1800 . War of Second Coalition ( edit ) Main article : War of the Second Coalition Britain and Austria organized a new coalition against France in 1798 , including for the first time the Russian Empire , although no action occurred until 1799 except against the kingdom of the Two Sicilies . 1799 ( edit ) See also : Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars In Egypt , Napoleon had consolidated his control of the country for the time being . Soon after the beginning of the year , he mounted an invasion of Syria , capturing El Arish and Jaffa . On 17 March , he laid siege to Acre , and defeated an Ottoman effort to relieve the city at the Battle of Mount Tabor on 17 April . However , his repeated assaults on Acre were driven back by Ottoman and British forces under the command of Jezzar Pasha and Sir Sidney Smith . By May , with plague rampant in his army and no sign of success against the city , Napoleon was forced to retreat into Egypt . In July , Turkey , with the help of the British navy , mounted an invasion by sea from Rhodes . Napoleon attacked the Turkish beachheads and scored a crushing victory at the Battle of Abukir , capturing and killing the entire enemy army . In August , Napoleon decided to return to Europe , hearing of the political and military crisis in France . Leaving his army behind with Kléber in command , he sailed through the British blockade to return to Paris and resolved to take control of the government there in a coup . In Europe , the French Army of Observation , organized with 30,000 men in four divisions , crossed the Rhine at Kehl and Basel in March 1799 . The following day , it was renamed the Army of the Danube . Under command of Jourdan , the army advanced in four columns through the Black Forest . First Division , the right wing , assembled at Hüningen , crossed at Basel and advanced eastward along the north shore of the Rhine toward Lake Constance . The Advanced Guard crossed at Kehl , and Vandamme led it north - east through the mountains via Freudenstadt . This column eventually became the left flank . It was followed across the Rhine , also at Kehl , by the II . Division . The Third Division and the Reserve also crossed at Kehl , and then divided into two columns , III . Division traveling through the Black Forest via Oberkirch , and the Reserve , with most of the artillery and horse , by the valley at Freiburg im Breisgau , where they would find more forage , and then over the mountains past the Titisee to Löffingen and Hüfingen . The major part of the imperial army , under command of the Archduke Charles ' , had wintered immediately east of the Lech , which Jourdan knew , because he had sent agents into Germany with instructions to identify the location and strength of his enemy . This was less than 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) distant ; any passage over the Lech was facilitated by available bridges , both of permanent construction and temporary pontoons and a traverse through friendly territory . In March 1799 , the Army of the Danube engaged in two major battles , both in the southwestern German theater . At the intensely fought Battle of Ostrach , 21 -- 2 March 1799 , the first battle of the War of the Second Coalition , Austrian forces , under the command of Archduke Charles , defeated Jourdan 's Army of the Danube . The French suffered significant losses and were forced to retreat from the region , taking up new positions to the west at Messkirch ( Mößkirch , Meßkirch ) , and then at Stockach and Engen . At the second battle , in Stockach , on 25 March 1799 , the Austrian army achieved a decisive victory over the French forces , and again pushed the French army west . Jourdan instructed his generals to take up positions in the Black Forest , and he himself established a base at Hornberg . From there , General Jourdan relegated command of the army to his chief of staff , Jean Augustin Ernouf , and traveled to Paris to ask for more and better troops and , ultimately , to request a medical leave . The Army was reorganized , and a portion placed under the command of André Masséna and merged with the Army of Helvetia . Following the reorganization and change in command , the Army participated in several skirmishes and actions on the eastern part of the Swiss Plateau , including the Battle of Winterthur . After this action , three forces of the imperial army united north of Zürich , completing a partial encirclement of Massena 's combined Army of the Danube and Army of Switzerland . A few days later , at the First Battle of Zurich , Massena was forced west , across the Limmat . In late summer , 1799 , Charles was ordered to support imperial activities in the middle Rhineland ; he withdrew north across the Rhine , and marched toward Mannheim , leaving Zürich and northern Switzerland in the hands of the inexperienced Alexander Korsakov and 25,000 Russian troops . Although the highly capable Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze remained in support , his 15,000 men were not able to counter Korsakov 's poor defensive arrangements . Three weeks later , at the Second Battle of Zurich , the Russian force was annihilated , and Hotze was killed south of Zürich . This left Massena in control of northern Switzerland , and closed forced Suvorov into an arduous three - week march into the Vorarlberg , where his troops arrived , starving and exhausted , in mid-October . Napoleon himself invaded Syria from Egypt , but after a failed siege of Acre retreated to Egypt , repelling a British - Turkish invasion . Alerted to the political and military crisis in France , he returned , leaving his army behind , and used his popularity and army support to mount a coup that made him First Consul , the head of the French government . 1800 ( edit ) See also : French Revolutionary Wars : Campaigns of 1800 Napoleon Crossing the Alps by Jacques - Louis David . In one of the famous paintings of Napoleon , the Consul and his army are depicted crossing the Swiss Alps on their way to Italy . The daring maneuver surprised the Austrians and forced a decisive engagement at Marengo in June 1800 . Victory there allowed Napoleon to strengthen his political position back in France . In Italy , the Austrians under General Melas attacked first , and by the third week in April had advanced to the Var , with Massena and half his army in Genoa besieged by land by the Austrians and under tight blockade by the Royal Navy . In response Berthier moved -- not to the threatened frontier , but to Geneva - and Massena was instructed to hold Genoa until 4 June . The Army of the Reserve was joined by Napoleon , and in mid-May set out to cross the Alps to attack the Austrian rear . The bulk of the army crossed by the Great St Bernard Pass , still under snow , and by 24 May 40,000 troops were in the valley of the Po . Artillery was man - hauled over with great effort and ingenuity ; however an Austrian - held fort on the Italian side ( although bypassed by infantry and cavalry ) prevented most of the artillery reaching the plains of Northern Italy until the start of June . Once over the Alps , Napoleon did not proceed directly to the relief of Genoa . Instead , he advanced on Milan , to improve his lines of communication ( via the Simplon and St Gotthard passes ) and to threaten Melas 's lines of communication with Mantua and Vienna , in the belief that this would cause Melas to raise the siege of Genoa . He entered Milan on 2 June and by crossing to the South bank of the Po completely cut Melas 's communications . Taking up a strong defensive position at Stradella , he confidently awaited an attempt by the Austrian Army to fight its way out . However , Melas had not raised the siege of Genoa , and on 4 June , Masséna had duly capitulated . Napoleon then faced the possibility that , thanks to the British command of the Mediterranean , far from falling back , the Austrians could instead take Genoa as their new base and be supplied by sea . His defensive posture would not prevent this ; he had to find and attack the Austrians before they could regroup . He therefore advanced from Stradella towards Alessandria , where Melas was , apparently doing nothing . Convinced that Melas was about to retreat , Napoleon sent strong detachments to block Melas 's routes northwards to the Po , and southwards to Genoa . At this point , Melas attacked , and for all the brilliance of the previous campaign , Napoleon found himself at a significant disadvantage in the consequent Battle of Marengo ( 14 June ) . Napoleon and the French came under huge pressure in the early hours of the battle . Melas believed he had already won and turned over delivery of the final blow to a subordinate . Suddenly , the prompt return of a detached French force under Desaix and a vigorous French counter-attack converted the battle into a decisive French victory . The Austrians lost half of their army , but Desaix was one of the French victims . Melas promptly entered into negotiations which led to the Austrians evacuating Northern Italy west of the Ticino , and suspending military operations in Italy . Napoleon returned to Paris after the victory , leaving Brune to consolidate in Italy and begin a march toward Austria . In the German theater , the armies of France and Austria faced each other across the Rhine at the beginning of 1800 . Feldzeugmeister Pál Kray led approximately 120,000 troops . In addition to his Austrian regulars , his force included 12,000 men from the Electorate of Bavaria , 6,000 troops from the Duchy of Württemberg , 5,000 soldiers of low quality from the Archbishopric of Mainz , and 7,000 militiamen from the County of Tyrol . Of these , 25,000 men were deployed east of Lake Constance ( Bodensee ) to protect the Vorarlberg . Kray posted his main body of 95,000 soldiers in the L - shaped angle where the Rhine changes direction from a westward flow along the northern border of Switzerland to a northward flow along the eastern border of France . Unwisely , Kray set up his main magazine at Stockach , near the northwestern end of Lake Constance , only a day 's march from French - held Switzerland . General Moreau at the Battle of Hohenlinden , a decisive French victory in Bavaria which precipitated the end of the Revolutionary Wars General of Division Jean Victor Marie Moreau commanded a modestly - equipped army of 137,000 French troops . Of these , 108,000 troops were available for field operations while the other 29,000 watched the Swiss border and held the Rhine fortresses . First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte offered a plan of operations based on outflanking the Austrians by a push from Switzerland , but Moreau declined to follow it . Rather , Moreau planned to cross the Rhine near Basel where the river swung to the north . A French column would distract Kray from Moreau 's true intentions by crossing the Rhine from the west . Bonaparte wanted Claude Lecourbe 's corps to be detached to Italy after the initial battles , but Moreau had other plans . Through a series of complicated maneuvers in which he flanked , double flanked , and reflanked Kray 's army , Moreau 's army lay on the eastern slope of the Black Forest , while portions of Kray 's army was still guarded the passes on the other side . Battles at Engen and Stockach were fought on 3 May 1800 between the army of the French First Republic under Jean Victor Marie Moreau and the army of Habsburg Austria led by Pál Kray . The fighting near Engen resulted in a stalemate with heavy losses on both sides . However , while the two main armies were engaged at Engen , Claude Lecourbe captured Stockach from its Austrian defenders under the Joseph , Prince of Lorraine - Vaudemont . The loss of this main supply base at Stockach compelled Kray to order a retreat to Messkirch , where they enjoyed a more favourable defensive position . It also meant , however , that any retreat by Kray into Austria via Switzerland and the Vorarlberg was cut off . On 4 and 5 May , the French launched repeated and fruitless assaults on the Messkirch . At nearby Krumbach , where the Austrians also had the superiority of position and force , the 1st Demi - Brigade took the village and the heights around it , which gave them a commanding aspect over Messkirch . Subsequently , Kray withdrew his forces to Sigmaringen , followed closely by the French . Fighting at nearby Biberach an der Ris ensued on 9 May ; action principally consisted of the 25,000 man - strong French `` Center '' , commanded by Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr . After being flanked by General Moreau , who approached Ulm from the east and overwhelmed his outposts at Battle of Höchstädt , Kray retreated to Munich . Again , on 10 May , the Austrians withdrew with heavy losses , this time to Ulm . A several month armistice followed , during which Kray was replaced by the Archduke John , with the Austrian army retiring behind the river Inn . Austrian reluctance to accept negotiated terms caused the French to end the armistice in mid-November , effective in two weeks . When the armistice ended , John advanced over the Inn towards Munich . His army was defeated in small engagements at the battles of Ampfing and Neuburg an der Donau , and decisively in the forests before the city at Hohenlinden on 3 December . Moreau began a march on Vienna , and the Austrians soon sued for peace , ending the war on the continent . 1801 ( edit ) See also : French Revolutionary Wars : Campaigns of 1801 By 9 February , the Austrians had signed the Treaty of Lunéville , ending the war on the continent . The war against the United Kingdom continued ( with Neapolitan harbours closed to her by the Treaty of Florence , signed on 28 March ) , and the Turks invaded Egypt in March , losing to Kléber at Heliopolis . The exhausted French force in Egypt , however , surrendered in August . The naval war also continued , with the United Kingdom maintaining a blockade of France by sea . Non-combatants Russia , Prussia , Denmark , and Sweden joined to protect neutral shipping from British attacks , but were unsuccessful . British Admiral Horatio Nelson defied orders and attacked the Danish fleet in harbor at the Battle of Copenhagen , destroying much of the fleet of one of France 's more steady allies during the period . An armistice prevented him from continuing into the Baltic Sea to attack the Russian fleet at Reval ( Tallinn ) . Meanwhile , off Gibraltar , the outnumbered French squadron under Linois rebuffed a first British attack under Saumarez in the First Battle of Algeciras , capturing a line - of - battle ship . In the Second Battle of Algeciras , four days later , the British captured a French ship and sank two others , killing around 2000 French for the loss of 12 British . 1802 ( edit ) In 1802 , the British and French signed the Treaty of Amiens , ending the war . Thus began the longest period of peace during the period 1802 -- 1815 . The treaty is generally considered to be the most appropriate point to mark the transition between the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars , although Napoleon was not crowned emperor until 1804 . Influence ( edit ) The armies of the Revolution at Jemappes in 1792 . With chaos internally and enemies on the borders , the French were in a period of uncertainty during the early years of the Revolutionary Wars . By 1797 , however , France dominated much of Western Europe , conquering the Rhineland , the Netherlands , and the Italian peninsula while erecting a series of sister republics and puppet states stretching from Spain to the German heartland . The French Revolution transformed nearly all aspects of French and European life . The powerful sociopolitical forces unleashed by a people seeking liberté , égalité , and fraternité made certain that even warfare was not spared this upheaval . 18th - century armies -- with their rigid protocols , static operational strategy , unenthusiastic soldiers , and aristocratic officer classes -- underwent massive remodeling as the French monarchy and nobility gave way to liberal assemblies obsessed with external threats . The fundamental shifts in warfare that occurred during the period have prompted scholars to identify the era as the beginning of `` modern war '' . In 1791 the Legislative Assembly passed the `` Drill - Book '' legislation , implementing a series of infantry doctrines created by French theorists because of their defeat by the Prussians in the Seven Years ' War . The new developments hoped to exploit the intrinsic bravery of the French soldier , made even more powerful by the explosive nationalist forces of the Revolution . The changes also placed a faith on the ordinary soldier that would be completely unacceptable in earlier times ; French troops were expected to harass the enemy and remain loyal enough to not desert , a benefit other Ancien Régime armies did not have . Following the declaration of war in 1792 , an imposing array of enemies converging on French borders prompted the government in Paris to adopt radical measures . 23 August 1793 , would become a historic day in military history ; on that date the National Convention called a levée en masse , or mass conscription , for the first time in human history . By summer of the following year , conscription made some 500,000 men available for service and the French began to deal blows to their European enemies . Armies during the Revolution became noticeably larger than their Holy Roman counterparts , and combined with the new enthusiasm of the troops , the tactical and strategic opportunities became profound . By 1797 the French had defeated the First Coalition , occupied the Low Countries , the west bank of the Rhine , and Northern Italy , objectives which had defied the Valois and Bourbon dynasties for centuries . Unsatisfied with the results , many European powers formed a Second Coalition , but by 1801 this too had been decisively beaten . Another key aspect of French success was the changes wrought in the officer classes . Traditionally , European armies left major command positions to those who could be trusted , namely , the aristocracy . The hectic nature of the French Revolution , however , tore apart France 's old army , meaning new men were required to become officers and commanders . In addition to opening a flood of tactical and strategic opportunities , the Revolutionary Wars also laid the foundation for modern military theory . Later authors that wrote about `` nations in arms '' drew inspiration from the French Revolution , in which dire circumstances seemingly mobilized the entire French nation for war and incorporated nationalism into the fabric of military history . Although the reality of war in the France of 1795 would be different from that in the France of 1915 , conceptions and mentalities of war evolved significantly . Clausewitz correctly analyzed the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras to give posterity a thorough and complete theory of war that emphasized struggles between nations occurring everywhere , from the battlefield to the legislative assemblies , and to the very way that people think . War now emerged as a vast panorama of physical and psychological forces heading for victory or defeat . See also ( edit ) Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleonic Wars Books View or order collections of articles History of France History of Europe Portals Access related topics France portal History portal Politics portal War portal Footnotes ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Austrian Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan were under direct Austrian rule . Many other Italian states , as well as other Habsburg ruled states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , had close ties with the Habsburgs . ^ Jump up to : Neutral following the Treaty of Basel in 1795 . ^ Jump up to : Became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801 . Jump up ^ French invasion of Switzerland Jump up ^ Virtually all of the Italian states , including the neutral Papal States and the Republic of Venice , were conquered following Napoleon 's invasion in 1796 and became French satellite states . Jump up ^ Most forces fled rather than engaging the invading French army . Allied with France in 1795 as the Batavian Republic following the Peace of Basel . Jump up ^ War against Austria was actually announced in the National Assembly by then King Louis XVI of the French on 20 April 1792 while the kingdom still existed in name . ( Constitutional ) monarchy was suspended on 10 August following the assault on the Tuileries , and abolished 21 September 1792 Jump up ^ Started the Irish Rebellion of 1798 against British rule . Jump up ^ Arrived in France following the abolition of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795 . Jump up ^ Re-entered the war as an ally of France after signing the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso . Jump up ^ Officially neutral but Danish fleet was attacked by Great Britain at the Battle of Copenhagen . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TCW Blanning , The French Revolutionary Wars . pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ TCW Blanning , The French Revolutionary Wars . pp. 254 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Georges Lefebvre , The French Revolution Volume II : from 1793 to 1799 ( 1964 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century Volume V ( 1890 ) p. 601 Jump up ^ Charles Esdaile ( 2002 ) . The French Wars 1792 -- 1815 . Routledge . p. 7 . Jump up ^ William Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) p. 194 Jump up ^ Jeremy Black ( 1994 ) . British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions , 1783 -- 1793 . p. 408 . Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century Volume VI ( 1890 ) pp. 101 -- 30 Jump up ^ Alan Forrest , Soldiers of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Robert Forczyk , Toulon 1793 : Napoleon 's First Great Victory ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Paddy Griffith , The Art of War of Revolutionary France , 1789 -- 1802 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ On War , Book II , Chapter 5 , 24. , Carl von Clausewitz , translated by Michael Howard , p. 188 ISBN 1 - 85715 - 121 - 6 Jump up ^ Paul Strathern , Napoleon in Egypt : The Greatest Glory ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Jourdan , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Masséna , commanding the Army of Switzerland , sent a Demi - brigade to secure the Swiss town of Schaffhausen , on the north shore of the Rhine , which guaranteed communications between the two forces . Jourdan , pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Jourdan , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Rothenberg , pp. 70 -- 74 ; Jourdan , pp. 65 -- 88 ; 96 -- 100 ; Blanning , p. 232 ; ( in German ) Ruth Broda . `` Schlacht von Ostrach : `` jährt sich zum 210 . Mal -- Feier am Wochenende . Wie ein Dorf zum Kriegsschauplatz wurde . In : Südkurier vom 13 . Mai 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Young , pp. 230 -- 345 ; Gallagher , p. 70 -- 79 ; Jourdan , pp. 190 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre , The French Revolution Volume II : from 1793 to 1799 ( 1964 ) ch 13 Jump up ^ Arnold , 197 -- 99 Jump up ^ Arnold , 199 -- 201 Jump up ^ W.M. Sloane , Life of Napoleon . France , 1896 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Sloane , 109 Jump up ^ Sloane , pp. 109 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Digby Smith , Napoleonic Wars Databook . London : Greenhill Press , 1998 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Lester Kurtz and Jennifer Turpin , Encyclopedia of violence , peace and conflict , Volume 2 . p. 425 Jump up ^ David G. Chandler , The Campaigns of Napoleon . p. 136 Jump up ^ T.C.W. Blanning , The French Revolutionary Wars . p. 109 Jump up ^ Parker , Geoffrey . The Cambridge history of warfare . p. 189 Jump up ^ Peter Paret , Clausewitz and the State . p. 332 Further reading ( edit ) Atkinson , Charles Francis ; Hannay , David McDowall ( 1911 ) . `` French Revolutionary Wars '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 171 -- 205 . Bertaud , Jean - Paul . The Army of the French Revolution : From Citizen - Soldiers to Instrument of Power ( 1988 ) , a major French study Black , Jeremy . British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions , 1783 -- 93 ( 1994 ) Blanning , T.C.W. The French Revolutionary Wars , 1787 -- 1801 . ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Bryant , Arthur . Years of Endurance 1793 -- 1802 ( 1942 ) ; on Britain Connelly , Owen . The wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon , 1792 -- 1815 ( 2006 ) Crawley , C.W. , ed . The New Cambridge Modern History , Vol. 9 : War and Peace in an Age of Upheaval , 1793 -- 1830 ( 1965 ) , comprehensive global coverage by experts Doughty , Robert , and Ira Gruber , eds . Warfare in the Western World : volume 1 : Military operations from 1600 to 1871 ( 1996 ) pp. 173 -- 94 Dupuy , Trevor N. and Dupuy , R. Ernest . The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History ( 2nd ed. 1970 ) pp. 678 -- 93 Esdaile , Charles . The French Wars 1792 -- 1815 ( 2002 ) 113pp excerpt and text search , ch 1 Forrest , Alan . Soldiers of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) Forrest , Alan . `` French Revolutionary Wars ( 1792 -- 1802 ) '' in Gordon Martel , ed . The Encyclopedia of War ( 2012 ) . Fremont - Barnes , Gregory . The French Revolutionary Wars ( Essential Histories ) ( 2013 ) excerpt and text search Gardiner , Robert . Fleet Battle And Blockade : The French Revolutionary War 1793 -- 1797 ( 2006 ) , naval excerpt and text search Griffith , Paddy . The Art of War of Revolutionary France , 1789 -- 1802 ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search ; military topics , but not a battle history Knight , Roger . Britain Against Napoleon : The Organisation of Victory , 1793 -- 1815 ( 2013 ) Lavery , Brian . Nelson 's Navy , Revised and Updated : The Ships , Men , and Organization , 1793 -- 1815 ( 2nd ed. 2012 ) Lefebvre , Georges . The French Revolution Volume II : from 1793 to 1799 ( 1964 ) . Lynn , John A . The Bayonets of the Republic : Motivation And Tactics In The Army Of Revolutionary France , 1791 -- 94 ( 1984 ) Roberts , Andrew . Napoleon ( 2014 ) , a major biography Rodger , A.B. The War of the Second Coalition : 1798 to 1801 , a strategic commentary ( 1964 ) Ross , Steven T. Quest for Victory ; French Military Strategy , 1792 -- 1799 ( 1973 ) Ross , Steven T. European Diplomatic History , 1789 -- 1815 : France Against Europe ( 1969 ) Rothenberg , Gunther E. ( 1982 ) . Napoleon 's Great Adversaries : The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792 -- 1814 . Rothenberg , Gunther E. `` The Origins , Causes , and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon , '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History ( 1988 ) 18 # 4 pp. 771 -- 93 in JSTOR Schroeder , Paul W . The Transformation of European Politics 1763 -- 1848 ( Oxford University Press , 1996 ) ; advanced diplomatic history ; pp. 100 -- 230 online Schneid , Frederick C. : The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2011 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . von Guttner , Darius . The French Revolution ( 1 ) ( 2015 ) . Historiography ( edit ) Simms , Brendan . `` Britain and Napoleon , '' Historical Journal ( 1998 ) 41 # 3 pp. 885 -- 94 in JSTOR In French ( edit ) Attar , Frank , La Révolution française déclare la guerre à l'Europe . ISBN 2 - 87027 - 448 - 3 Attar , Frank , Aux armes citoyens ! Naissance et fonctions du bellicisme révolutionnaire . ISBN 2 - 0208 - 8891 - 2 French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Capture of San Pietro and Sant'Antioco ( 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Revolutionary_Wars&oldid=798186573 '' Categories : French Revolutionary Wars 1790s conflicts Global conflicts 1790s in France 1800s in France Wars involving Baden Wars involving Denmark Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire Wars involving Ireland Wars involving Italy Wars involving Monaco Wars involving the Kingdom of Naples Wars involving the Netherlands Wars involving Norway Wars involving the Ottoman Empire Wars involving the Papal States Wars involving Poland Wars involving Portugal Wars involving the Russian Empire Wars involving the United Kingdom Wars involving the United States Wars involving the Republic of Venice Conflicts in 1801 Conflicts in 1802 Conflicts in 1800 Hidden categories : Articles with German - 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-8695681906345989168 | Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn | Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn - wikipedia Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Genre Comedy Created by Matt Fleckenstein Developed by Michael Feldman Starring Brian Stepanek Allison Munn Aidan Gallagher Casey Simpson Mace Coronel Lizzy Greene Gabrielle Elyse Kyla - Drew Simmons Theme music composer Doug Rockwell Composer ( s ) Chris Lee Scott Clausen Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 82 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Feldman Matt Fleckenstein Douglas Danger Lieblein David DiPietro Paul Ciancarelli Producer ( s ) Barbara Brace Andrew Hill Newman Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie V. Freeman Cinematography Patti Lee John W. Simmons Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Nickelodeon Productions Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) -- August 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 04 ) External links Website Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn is an American comedy television series developed by Michael Feldman and created by Matt Fleckenstein that aired on Nickelodeon from September 13 , 2014 to August 4 , 2018 . The series stars Brian Stepanek , Allison Munn , Aidan Gallagher , Casey Simpson , Mace Coronel , Lizzy Greene , Gabrielle Elyse , and Kyla - Drew Simmons . Contents 1 Premise 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The series focuses on quadruplets Nicky , Ricky , Dicky , and Dawn Harper , 10 years old at the start of the series , who have nothing in common and often fight , but must work together to solve everyday situations . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 25 May 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 23 ) August 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 06 ) 23 January 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) August 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 05 ) 14 January 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) August 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 04 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Brian Stepanek as Tom , the father of the quadruplets . It is a running gag in the series that he cares more about his possessions than his children , but he loves his family and is a kid at heart . Allison Munn as Anne , the mother of the quadruplets who usually gets caught up in Tom 's new obsessions . Aidan Gallagher as Nicky , the youngest of the quadruplets . He is shown to be quite comedic , quirky , and easily confused . Casey Simpson as Ricky , is the second oldest of the quadruplets . He is the smart one of the group , always seen carrying a book or doing his homework . He is also a neat freak and a bit of a goody two - shoes , though he occasionally tries to prove to Dawn and his brothers that he can bend rules as well . Mace Coronel as Dicky , the third oldest and easy - going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance . He always takes the easy way out . He ships himself to Australia in `` Quadcodile Dundee '' . Lizzy Greene as Dawn , the oldest of the quadruplets . Although she 's always seen bothering her brothers , she does care about them deeply . There is a consistent rivalry for the leader spot of the quads between her and Ricky . Gabrielle Elyse as Josie ( season 1 ) , a worker at Tom 's sporting shop and babysitter for Nicky , Ricky , Dicky and Dawn . She only appears in the first season . Kyla - Drew Simmons as Mae ( recurring , seasons 1 -- 2 ; main , seasons 3 -- 4 ) , the quads ' friend and Dawn 's best friend . She once called herself `` the fifth quad '' . Recurring ( edit ) Lincoln Melcher as Mack ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Jason Sims - Prewitt as Principal Tarian ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Siena Agudong as Natlee ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Hayden Crawford as Dooley ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Theodore John Barnes as Miles ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Isabella Revel as Avery ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Ariana Molkara as Sadie ( season 4 ) Production ( edit ) The series was originally picked up for 13 episodes on March 13 , 2014 , but was later increased to 20 episodes . The series premiered on September 13 , 2014 . On November 18 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a second season . The second season premiered on May 23 , 2015 . On February 9 , 2016 , Nickelodeon renewed Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn for a third season of 14 episodes . It was also confirmed that Matt Fleckenstein would step down as show runner . Actress Lizzy Greene announced on her Twitter account that production for season three started on April 26 , 2016 . The third season premiered on January 7 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a fourth season and had its episode order for the third season increased from 14 to 24 by Nickelodeon on March 20 , 2017 . On October 4 , 2017 , it was announced that Mace Coronel would be leaving both Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn , about five episodes before the end of the fourth season , and Nickelodeon . On November 15 , 2017 , Nickelodeon announced that the fourth season would be the last . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 20 September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) 1.60 March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 1.75 1.75 25 May 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 23 ) 1.11 August 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 06 ) 1.31 1.46 23 January 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) 1.58 August 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 05 ) 2.00 1.47 14 January 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) 1.08 August 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 04 ) 0.84 0.95 Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Award Result Refs 2015 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated 2017 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show -- Kids ' Show Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ricky Harper . `` Mall in the Family '' . Nicky , Ricky , Dicky , and Dawn. 2 : 00 minutes in . She 's eleven . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Greenlights New Comedy from Dan Schneider , Two Other Live - Action Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Danger and Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Second Seasons by Nickelodeon '' . TV by the Numbers . November 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Season Three by Nickelodeon ; Creator Exits '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lizzy Greene ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Season 3 starts today ca n't wait for you guys to see '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Season 4 by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Future in Limbo After Star Mace Coronel Abruptly Exits Hit Nickelodeon Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn and School of Rock Canceled by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.13. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 3.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.23. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the ' 28th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ' '' . Zap2it . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep gets her first Kids ' Choice Awards nomination : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NICKELODEON ANNOUNCES 2017 KIDS ' CHOICE AWARDS NOMINATIONS Nick Press '' . NickPress . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . 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( 2003 -- 08 ) My Life as a Teenage Robot ( 2003 -- 05 ) Romeo ! ( 2003 -- 06 ) Drake & Josh ( 2004 -- 07 ) Whoopi 's Littleburg ( 2004 ) Danny Phantom ( 2004 -- 07 ) Blue 's Room ( 2004 -- 07 ) LazyTown ( 2004 -- 08 ) Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends ( 2004 -- 08 ) Ned 's Declassified School Survival Guide ( 2004 -- 07 ) Unfabulous ( 2004 -- 07 ) The Backyardigans ( 2004 -- 10 ) Zoey 101 ( 2005 -- 08 ) Avatar : The Last Airbender ( 2005 -- 08 ) Catscratch ( 2005 -- 07 ) Go , Diego , Go ! ( 2005 -- 11 ) The X 's ( 2005 -- 06 ) My Dad the Rock Star ( 2005 -- 06 ) Mr. Meaty ( 2005 -- 07 ) Wonder Pets ( 2006 -- 16 ) Just for Kicks ( 2006 ) Wow ! Wow ! Wubbzy ! ( 2006 -- 10 ) Just Jordan ( 2007 -- 08 ) El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera ( 2007 -- 08 ) The Naked Brothers Band ( 2007 -- 09 ) Yo Gabba Gabba ! ( 2007 -- 15 ) Tak and the Power of Juju ( 2007 -- 09 ) iCarly ( 2007 -- 12 ) Back at the Barnyard ( 2007 -- 11 ) Ni Hao , Kai - Lan ( 2007 -- 11 ) Dance on Sunset ( 2008 ) The Mighty B ! ( 2008 -- 11 ) My Family 's Got Guts ( 2008 -- 09 ) True Jackson , VP ( 2008 -- 11 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Rugrats Pre-School Daze ( 2008 ) Toot & Puddle ( 2008 -- 09 ) Olivia ( 2009 -- 11 ) The Fresh Beat Band ( 2009 -- 13 ) The Troop ( 2009 -- 11 ) Fanboy & Chum Chum ( 2009 -- 14 ) BrainSurge ( 2009 -- 14 ) Big Time Rush ( 2009 -- 13 ) 2010s debuts Team Umizoomi ( 2010 -- 15 ) Victorious ( 2010 -- 13 ) Planet Sheen ( 2010 -- 13 ) T.U.F.F. Puppy ( 2010 -- 15 ) House of Anubis ( 2011 -- 13 ) Supah Ninjas ( 2011 -- 13 ) Bubble Guppies ( 2011 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Samurai / Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 12 ) Winx Club ( 2011 -- 15 ) Franklin and Friends ( 2011 -- 13 ) Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures ( 2011 -- 13 ) Mike the Knight ( 2011 -- 17 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) Mia and Me ( 2011 -- 16 ) Fred : The Show ( 2012 ) How to Rock ( 2012 ) The Legend of Korra ( 2012 -- 14 ) Tickety Toc ( 2012 -- 15 ) You Gotta See This ( 2012 -- 14 ) Marvin Marvin ( 2012 -- 13 ) Robot and Monster ( 2012 -- 15 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 -- 17 ) Lalaloopsy ( 2013 -- 15 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Power Rangers Megaforce / Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sam & Cat ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sanjay and Craig ( 2013 -- 16 ) AwesomenessTV ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Haunted Hathaways ( 2013 -- 15 ) Instant Mom ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Thundermans ( 2013 -- 18 ) Every Witch Way ( 2014 -- 15 ) Wallykazam ! ( 2014 -- 17 ) Zack & Quack ( 2014 -- 17 ) Breadwinners ( 2014 -- 16 ) Webheads ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dora and Friends : Into the City ! ( 2014 -- 17 ) Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn ( 2014 -- 18 ) 100 Things to Do Before High School ( 2014 -- 16 ) Bella and the Bulldogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Dino Charge / Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 16 ) Nick Jr . Puppies ( 2015 -- 16 ) Mutt & Stuff ( 2015 -- 17 ) Make It Pop ( 2015 -- 16 ) Harvey Beaks ( 2015 -- 17 ) Fresh Beat Band of Spies ( 2015 -- 16 ) Talia in the Kitchen ( 2015 ) Pig Goat Banana Cricket ( 2015 -- 18 ) WITS Academy ( 2015 ) School of Rock ( 2016 -- 18 ) The Other Kingdom ( 2016 ) All In with Cam Newton ( 2016 ) Legendary Dudas ( 2016 ) Jagger Eaton 's Mega Life ( 2016 -- 17 ) Bunsen Is a Beast ( 2017 -- 18 ) Mysticons ( 2017 -- 18 ) Upcoming Cousins for Life ( 2018 ) Rainbow Rangers ( 2018 ) Butterbean 's Café ( 2018 ) Abby Hatcher , Fuzzly Catcher ( 2018 ) Glitch Techs ( 2019 ) Blue 's Clues & You ( 2019 ) The Swashbuckling Adventures of Capitán Calavera ( 2019 ) Fashion Ally ( 2019 ) Power Rangers Beast Morphers ( 2019 ) Wonder Park ( 2019 ) Rugrats ( 2019 ) Los Casagrandes ( TBA ) Man of the House ( TBA ) Meet the Voxels ( TBA ) Pony ( TBA ) International Renford Rejects ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Genie in the House ( 2006 -- 10 ) Summer in Transylvania ( 2010 ) Camp Orange ( UK & Ireland ) ( 2011 -- 12 ) Related Nickelodeon Animation Studio Nickelodeon Movies Nick at Nite SNICK Nick in the Afternoon TEENick Nicktoons U-Pick Live Nickelodeon Splat ! Nickelodeon Rewind Nick : The Smart Place to Play Nickelodeon Saturday programming block Nick Studio 10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicky,_Ricky,_Dicky_%26_Dawn&oldid=865403103 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2010s Nickelodeon shows 2014 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings Nickelodeon shows Television series about families Television series about siblings Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 18 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | why is dicky not in season 4 of nicky ricky dicky and dawn | [] | [] |
4345383598253647314 | List of backward compatible games for Xbox One | List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One - wikipedia List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . Contents 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 4 List of compatible titles from Xbox 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible original Xbox and Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often , or at all times 16x anisotropic filtering Forced V - sync Variable refresh rate compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 ( edit ) There are currently 504 on this list out of 2100 games released for the Xbox 360 . Title Publisher ( s ) Format Xbox One X Enhanced Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA October 30 , 2017 3D Ultra MiniGolf Adventures Activision XBLA April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA January 21 , 2016 Age of Booty Capcom XBLA January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid HD Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft March 21 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Liberation HD Ubisoft July 3 , 2018 Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Ubisoft April 3 , 2018 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft February 23 , 2017 Also available as a remastered version on Xbox One . Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA November 12 , 2015 AstroPop PopCap Games XBLA November 29 , 2016 Axel & Pixel 2K Play XBLA March 13 , 2018 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 1943 Electronic Arts XBLA May 24 , 2018 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts August 17 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlestations : Midway Square Enix October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando : Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA May 5 , 2016 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA June 16 , 2016 Brave : The Video Game Disney Interactive February 20 , 2018 Bullet Soul 5pb . May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts November 22 , 2016 Remastered as Burnout Paradise Remastered for Xbox One . Burnout Revenge Electronic Arts May 8 , 2018 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision September 28 , 2017 Also released on Xbox One . Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision June 29 , 2017 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Activision August 28 , 2018 Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 Activision June 19 , 2018 Call of Duty : World at War Activision September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision September 22 , 2016 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare Activision March 29 , 2018 Also available in a remastered version . Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA February 26 , 2016 Cars Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft October 12 , 2017 Clannad Prototype December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA January 21 , 2016 Crackdown Microsoft Studios February 27 , 2018 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA June 27 , 2017 Dante 's Inferno Electronic Arts July 17 , 2018 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom March 21 , 2016 Darkness II , The The Darkness II 2K Games January 30 , 2018 Darksiders THQ March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders II THQ March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ September 8 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : The Game Spike Games XBLA August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment November 2 , 2017 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters November 12 , 2015 Dirt : Showdown Codemasters November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Divinity II Larian Studios April 3 , 2018 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II Bethesda Softworks XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 : BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon : Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon Age II Electronic Arts May 3 , 2018 Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA October 11 , 2016 Driver : San Francisco Ubisoft Disc Only January 16 , 2018 Available on disc only , but existing digital owners can download it . DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA April 12 , 2016 Dungeons & Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher November 30 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2025 D3 Publisher August 7 , 2018 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda November 29 , 2016 Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios October 5 , 2017 Fable Heroes Microsoft Studios XBLA June 26 , 2018 Fable II Microsoft Studios November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 2 Ubisoft January 16 , 2018 Far Cry 3 Ubisoft March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fight Night Champion Electronic Arts May 15 , 2018 Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios XBLA October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas Rockstar Games June 7 , 2018 Grid 2 Codemasters March 21 , 2016 Grid Autosport Codemasters June 26 , 2018 GripShift Microsoft Studios XBLA June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Harms Way Microsoft Studios XBLA May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hitman : Blood Money Eidos Interactive March 6 , 2018 Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio HD Sega XBLA May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 JUJU Flying Wild Hog XBLA January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA October 12 , 2017 Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light Square Enix XBLA February 20 , 2018 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games February 11 , 2016 LEGO Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts February 7 , 2017 LEGO Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues LucasArts January 25 , 2018 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars Disney Interactive Studios March 6 , 2018 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA January 31 , 2017 Mafia II 2K Games February 13 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers Microsoft Studios XBLA January 18 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA May 24 , 2016 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013 Microsoft Studios XBLA January 18 , 2018 Magic : Duels of the Planeswalkers 2014 Microsoft Studios XBLA January 18 , 2018 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts November 29 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami August 15 , 2017 Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker HD Edition Konami March 13 , 2018 The Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker disc from the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection is also compatible . Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA November 12 , 2015 Midnight Club : Los Angeles Rockstar Games June 7 , 2018 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom , The The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom 2K Play XBLA January 30 , 2018 Missile Command Atari XBLA November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded Microsoft Studios XBLA October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Nin2 - Jump CAVE XBLA August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters November 8 , 2016 Available digitally only on the Japanese Xbox Marketplace . Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA April 6 , 2016 Overlord Codemasters July 10 , 2018 Overlord II Codemasters July 10 , 2018 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation June 16 , 2016 Prey 2K Games February 13 , 2018 Prince of Persia Ubisoft August 7 , 2018 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest : Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA June 27 , 2017 Rage Bethesda Softworks October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA July 25 , 2017 Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA January 26 , 2017 Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis Rockstar Games June 7 , 2018 R.U.S.E. Ubisoft July 17 , 2018 Sacred 3 Deep Silver December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA November 12 , 2015 Saints Row THQ May 29 , 2018 Saints Row : Gat out of Hell THQ May 29 , 2018 Saints Row 2 THQ May 1 , 2018 Saints Row : The Third THQ September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA January 10 , 2017 ScreamRide Microsoft Studios August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 Special Edition : LeChuck 's Revenge Disney Interactive Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA August 3 , 2017 Sensible World of Soccer Codemasters XBLA June 26 , 2018 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault - Tenchu - From Software XBLA May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami October 13 , 2016 Silent Hill HD Collection Konami July 24 , 2018 Silent Hill : Homecoming Konami Digital Entertainment July 24 , 2018 Sine Mora Nordic Games XBLA August 7 , 2018 Skate 3 Electronic Arts November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City XBLA September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA January 21 , 2016 Sniper Elite V2 505 Games January 16 , 2018 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega XBLA September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega XBLA November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega October 4 , 2016 Sonic Generations Sega April 10 , 2018 Sonic CD Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA January 21 , 2016 SoulCalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA February 23 , 2017 Spec Ops : The Line 2K Games January 30 , 2018 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA January 10 , 2017 Split / Second Disney Interactive Studios January 25 , 2018 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed LucasArts May 4 , 2016 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II LucasArts May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania G. rev XBLA January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA July 26 , 2016 Tales From Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' Em Microsoft Studios XBLA May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter Ubisoft July 3 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier Ubisoft March 13 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Blacklist Ubisoft July 31 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction Ubisoft February 8 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Double Agent Ubisoft July 31 , 2018 Tomb Raider : Anniversary Eidos Interactive August 14 , 2018 Tomb Raider : Legend Eidos Interactive August 14 , 2018 Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios September 29 , 2016 Toybox Turbos Codemasters May 29 , 2018 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Microsoft Studios XBLA May 24 , 2016 Undertow Microsoft Studios XBLA September 14 , 2017 Vanquish Sega February 20 , 2018 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA September 15 , 2016 Virtual On : Cyber Troopers Sega XBLA September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games XBLA August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . List of compatible titles from Xbox ( edit ) There are currently 33 on this list out of 1047 released for the Xbox . All Original Xbox games run at 4 times the original resolution on Xbox One and Xbox One S consoles ( up to 960p ) , and 16 times on Xbox One X ( up to 1920p ) . Title Publisher ( s ) Date added Notes Ref ( s ) Black Electronic Arts October 24 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Blinx : The Time Sweeper Microsoft Studios April 17 , 2018 BloodRayne 2 Majesco October 24 , 2017 Breakdown Namco April 17 , 2018 Conker : Live & Reloaded Microsoft Studios April 17 , 2018 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios October 24 , 2017 Dead to Rights Namco October 24 , 2017 Destroy All Humans ! THQ April 26 , 2018 The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind Bethesda Softworks April 17 , 2018 Full Spectrum Warrior THQ April 26 , 2018 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios October 24 , 2017 Available via Game Pass Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios October 24 , 2017 Also included in Rare Replay Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas Rockstar Games June 7 , 2018 Saves wo n't transfer & Original Disc owners upgrades to 360 version . Hunter : The Reckoning White Wolf , Inc . April 17 , 2018 Jade Empire Microsoft Studios April 17 , 2018 The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore October 24 , 2017 US Only Mercenaries : Playground of Destruction LucasArts April 26 , 2018 MX Unleashed THQ April 26 , 2018 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo October 24 , 2017 Available via Game Pass ( US Only ) Panzer Dragoon Orta Sega April 17 , 2018 Panzer Elite Action : Fields of Glory JoWooD Entertainment April 26 , 2018 Europe only Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions October 24 , 2017 Red Faction II THQ October 24 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games October 24 , 2017 SSX 3 Electronic Arts April 17 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront II LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Jedi Starfighter LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts October 24 , 2017 Available via Game Pass Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic II : The Sith Lords LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Republic Commando LucasArts April 26 , 2018 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Remastered Coming March 20 to PS4 and Xbox One '' . Ubisoft . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/?linkId=16823597 Jump up ^ `` Skydive , Planets Under Attack and CLANNAD ( Japan Only ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dante 's Inferno Now Available on EA Access '' . TrueAchievements . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Theft Auto IV and Episodes from Liberty City Playable on Xbox One with Backward Compatibility '' . Xbox Wire . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Adds 2 Backwards Compatible Games '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 電脳 戦機 バーチャロン 後方 互換 性 '' . 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.windowscentral.com/original-xbox-games-run-sixteen-times-resolution-xbox-one-x ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tyrrel , Brandin ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Morrowind , Kotor 2 , Jade Empire Headline New Wave Of Original Xbox Backwards Compatible Games '' . IGN . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . 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2718408632826696874 | Civil Rights Act of 1957 | Civil rights Act of 1957 - wikipedia Civil rights Act of 1957 The Civil Rights Act of 1957 , Pub. L. 85 -- 315 , 71 Stat. 634 , enacted September 9 , 1957 , a federal voting rights bill , was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875 . Its purpose was to show the federal government 's support for racial equality after the US Supreme Court 's 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka . Opposition to the Act , including the longest one - person filibuster in US history , limited its immediate impact . The Act , however , paved the way for a series of more effective civil rights bills in the 1960s . Contents 1 Background 2 Passage 2.1 Filibuster 3 Content 4 Aftermath 5 Subsequent legislation 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Background ( edit ) Following the Supreme Court ruling in Brown , which eventually led to the integration , also called desegregation , of public schools , Southern whites began a campaign of `` Massive Resistance . '' Violence against blacks rose ; in Little Rock , Arkansas where US President Dwight D. Eisenhower had to order in federal troops to protect nine children integrating into a public school , the first time the US federal government ordered troops in the South since the Reconstruction era . There had been continued physical assaults against suspected activists and bombings of schools and churches in the South . The Eisenhower administration proposed legislation to protect blacks ' right to vote . The goal of the 1957 Civil Rights Act was to ensure that all Americans could exercise their right to vote . By 1957 , only about 20 % of blacks were registered to vote . Despite being the majority in numerous counties and congressional districts in the South , most blacks had been effectively disfranchised by discriminatory voter registration rules and laws in those states since the late 19th and early 20th centuries that were heavily instituted and propagated by Southern Democrats . Civil rights organizations had collected evidence of discriminatory practices , such as the administration of literacy and comprehension tests and poll taxes . While the states had the right to establish rules for voter registration and elections , the federal government found an oversight role in ensuring that citizens could exercise the constitutional right to vote for federal officers : electors for president and vice president and members of the US Congress . Passage ( edit ) The Democratic Senate Majority Leader , Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas , realized that the bill and its journey through Congress could tear apart his party , as its southern members opposed civil rights , and its northern members were more favorable . Southern senators occupied chairs of numerous important committees because of their long seniority . Johnson sent the bill to the Senate Judiciary Committee , led by Senator James Eastland of Mississippi , who drastically altered the bill . Senator Richard Russell , Jr. , of Georgia had denounced the bill as an example of the federal government seeking to impose its laws on states . Johnson sought recognition from civil rights advocates for passing the bill as well as recognition from the mostly - Southern Democrats against civil rights for weakening the bill so much as to make it toothless . The bill passed 285 - 126 in the House of Representatives with a majority of both parties ' support ( Republicans 167 -- 19 , Democrats 118 -- 107 ) It then passed 72 - 18 in the Senate , again with a majority of both parties ( Republicans 43 -- 0 , Democrats 29 -- 18 ) . Eisenhower signed the bill on September 9 , 1957 . Filibuster ( edit ) Democratic Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , an ardent segregationist , sustained the longest one - person filibuster in history in an attempt to keep the bill from becoming law . His one - man filibuster lasted 24 hours and 18 minutes ; he began with readings of every US state 's election laws in alphabetical order . He later read from the Declaration of Independence , the Bill of Rights , and George Washington 's Farewell Address . To prevent a quorum call that could have relieved the filibuster by allowing the Senate to adjourn , cots were brought in from a nearby hotel for the legislators to sleep on while Thurmond discussed increasingly - irrelevant and obscure topics , including his grandmother 's biscuit recipe . Other Southern senators , who had agreed as part of a compromise not to filibuster this bill , were upset with Thurmond . They believed his defiance made them look incompetent to their constituents . Other constituents were upset with their senators because they were seen as not helping Thurmond . Thurmond pointed out that there was already a federal statute that prosecuted citizens who denied or intimidated voters at voting booths under a fine and / or imprisonment but that the bill then under consideration could legally deny trial by jury to those that continued to do so . Democratic Representative Charles A. Boyle of Illinois , a member of the powerful Appropriations Subcommittee of Defense , pushed the bill through the House of Representatives . Content ( edit ) Section 101 set up a six - member Civil Rights Commission in the executive branch to gather information on citizens ' deprivation of voting rights based on color , race , religion , or national origin as well as the legal background , the laws , and the policies of the federal government . The commission was to take testimony or written complaints from individuals on the difficulties in registering and voting . It would submit a final report to the President and the Congress within two years and then cease to exist . Part IV , Section 131 , banned intimidating , coercing or otherwise interfering with the rights of persons to vote for electors for President and members of Congress . The United States Attorney General was allowed to institute actions , including injunctions and charges of contempt of court , with fines not to exceed $1000 and six months imprisonment . Extensive safeguards for the rights of accused were provided by the statute . US federal judges were allowed to hear cases related to the Act with or without juries . Not being able to vote in most of the South , blacks were then excluded from state juries there . Federal jury selection had been tied to state jury selection rules , thus in some instances excluding both blacks and women as federal jurors . Section 161 freed federal courts from state jury rules and specified qualifications for jurors in federal courts . `` Any citizen '' 21 years or older , literate in English , who had resided in the judicial district for a year , excluding convicts and persons with mental or physical infirmities severe enough to make them unable to serve , was eligible . Since neither race nor sex was listed among the qualifications , the provision allowed both blacks and women to serve on juries in trials in federal courts . The final version of the act established both the Commission on Civil Rights and the office of Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights . Subsequently , on December 9 , 1957 , the Civil Rights Division was established within the Justice Department by order of US Attorney General William P. Rogers , giving the Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights a distinct division to command . Previously , civil rights lawyers had enforced Reconstruction - era civil rights laws from within the Department 's Criminal Division . Aftermath ( edit ) Although the Act 's passage through seemed to indicate a growing federal commitment to the cause of civil rights , the legislation was limited . Alterations to the bill made the Act difficult to enforce ; by 1960 , black voting had increased by only 3 % . Its passage showed varying degrees of willingness to support civil rights . Martin Luther King Jr. , then 28 , was a developing leader in the Civil Rights Movement and spoke out against white supremacists . Segregationists had burned black churches , which were centers of education and organizing for voter registration , and physically attacked black activists , including women . King sent a telegram to Eisenhower to make a speech to the South and asked him to use `` the weight of your great office to point out to the people of the South the moral nature of the problem . '' Eisenhower responded , `` I do n't know what another speech would do about the thing right now . '' Disappointed , King sent another telegram to Eisenhower stating that the latter 's comments were `` a profound disappointment to the millions of Americans of goodwill , north and south , who earnestly are looking to you for leadership and guidance in this period of inevitable social change . '' He tried to set up a meeting with the President but was given a two - hour meeting with Vice President Richard Nixon . It is reported that Nixon was impressed with King and told Eisenhower that he might enjoy meeting King later . Subsequent legislation ( edit ) The Civil Rights Act of 1960 addressed some of the shortcomings of the 1957 Act by expanding the authority of federal judges to protect voting rights and by requiring local authorities to maintain comprehensive voting records for review so that the government could determine if there were patterns of discrimination against certain populations . The Civil Rights Movement continued to expand , with protesters leading nonviolent demonstrations to mark their cause . Now president , John F. Kennedy , called for a new bill in his televised Civil Rights Address of June 11 , 1963 , in which he asked for legislation `` giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public -- hotels , restaurants , theaters , retail stores , and similar establishments '' as well as `` greater protection for the right to vote . '' Kennedy delivered the speech after a series of civil rights protests , most notably the Birmingham campaign , which concluded in May 1963 . In the summer of 1963 , various parts of the civil rights movement collaborated to run voter education and voter registration drives in Mississippi . During the 1964 Freedom Summer , hundreds of students from the North came to participate in voter drives and community organizing . Media coverage , especially of the violent backlash exemplified by the murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner near Philadelphia , Mississippi , contributed to national support for civil rights legislation . After the Kennedy assassination , now - President Lyndon Johnson helped secure passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which made racial discrimination and segregation illegal , and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which abolished the poll tax and other means of keeping blacks and the poor from registering to vote and from voting , established record - keeping and oversight , and provided for federal enforcement in areas with documented patterns of discrimination or low voter turnout . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNeese , Tim ( 2008 ) . The Civil Rights Movement : Striving for Justice . New York : Infobase Publishing . ^ Jump up to : James A. Miller , `` An inside look at Eisenhower 's civil rights record '' Archived 2012 - 01 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . The Boston Globe at boston.com , 21 November 2007 , accessed 28 October 2011 Jump up ^ Caro , Robert , Master of the Senate : The Years of Lyndon Johnson , Chapter 39 Jump up ^ HR 6127 . CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 . PASSED . YEA SUPPORTS PRESIDENT 'S POSITION . http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/h42 Jump up ^ HR. 6127 . CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 . PASSED . http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s75 Jump up ^ Senate.gov web site Jump up ^ Caro , Robert ( 2002 ) . Master of the Senate : The Years of Lyndon Johnson . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 52836 - 0 . Jump up ^ https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Thurmond_filibuster_1957.pdf Jump up ^ Nichols , David . A. ( 2007 ) . A Matter of Justice : Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9781416541509 . OCLC 123968070 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act of 1960 Archived 2008 - 10 - 24 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Transcript from the JFK library '' . the JFK library . 1963 - 06 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act of 1964 Sources ( edit ) Finley , Keith M. ( 2008 ) . Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938 -- 1965 . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 9780807134610 . OCLC 791398684 . External links ( edit ) Civil Rights Act of 1957 Text Senate filibuster history Documents regarding the Civil Rights Act of 1957 , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Civil Rights Act of 1957 , Civil Rights Digital Library . Civil rights movement ( 1950s and 1960s ) Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Lynching in the United States Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture Honoring In popular culture Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Other King memorials Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Chief of Staff of the Army ( 1945 -- 1948 ) Commander , Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Military career Military career 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy Louisiana Maneuvers Operation Torch European Theater of Operations Allied invasion of Sicily Normandy landings Operation Veritable Military Governor , U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany Disarmed Enemy Forces European Advisory Commission Supreme Commander of NATO , 1951 - 1952 Presidency Presidency 1953 inauguration 1957 inauguration Korean War Armistice 1953 Iranian coup d'état `` Chance for Peace '' speech `` Atoms for Peace '' speech Civil Rights Act of 1957 Cold War Domino theory Khrushchev , Eisenhower and De-Stalinization New Look policy 1955 Geneva Summit 1960 U-2 incident NASA DARPA National Defense Education Act Interstate Highway System Suez Crisis Eisenhower Doctrine Little Rock Nine intervention Operation 40 Farewell address / `` Military -- industrial complex '' Office of Food for Peace President 's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports People to People Student Ambassador Program State of the Union Address ( 1955 1956 1960 ) Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Books Crusade in Europe ( 1948 ) Elections Draft Eisenhower movement Republican Party presidential primaries , 1948 1952 1956 Republican National Convention , 1952 1956 United States Presidential election , 1952 1956 Legacy Birthplace Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum , gravesite Boyhood home Eisenhower National Historic Site Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Eisenhower Executive Office Building Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport Eisenhower Fellowships Eisenhower Institute Eisenhower Monument Eisenhower dollar commemorative U.S. Postage stamps Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center Eisenhower Medical Center Eisenhower Trophy Eisenhower Golf Club Eisenhower Theater Dwight D. Eisenhower ( Brothers ) Places named for Eisenhower Other tributes and memorials Popular culture Eisenhower jacket Eisenhower Tree Crusade in Europe ( 1949 television series ) Ike ( 1979 miniseries ) Ike : Countdown to D - Day ( 2004 film ) Pressure ( 2014 play ) Family Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower ( wife ) Doud Eisenhower ( son ) John Eisenhower ( son ) David Eisenhower ( grandson ) Anne Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Susan Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Mary Jean Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Jennie Eisenhower ( great - granddaughter ) Ida Stover Eisenhower ( mother ) Earl D. Eisenhower ( brother ) Edgar N. Eisenhower ( brother ) Milton S. Eisenhower ( brother ) Related Eisenhower baseball controversy Camp David `` And I do n't care what it is '' Atoms for Peace Award Eddie Slovik Kay Summersby ← Harry S. Truman John F. Kennedy → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957&oldid=847617698 '' Categories : 1957 in American law 85th United States Congress United States federal civil rights legislation Civil rights movement Anti-discrimination law in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 16 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who signed the civil rights act of 1957 | [
"The bill passed 285-126 in the House of Representatives with a majority of both parties' support (Republicans 167–19, Democrats 118–107)[4] It then passed 72-18 in the Senate, again with a majority of both parties (Republicans 43–0, Democrats 29–18).[5][clarification needed] Eisenhower signed the bill on September 9, 1957.\n"
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"Eisenhower"
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-6070139024859209902 | Gandhi–Irwin Pact | Gandhi -- Irwin Pact - wikipedia Gandhi -- Irwin Pact This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Gandhi Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and the then Viceroy of India , Lord Irwin on 5 March 1931 before the second Round Table Conference in London . Before this , the viceroy Lord Irwin announced in October 1929 , a vague offer of ' dominion status ' for India in an unspecified future and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. The second round table conference which was held in 1931 . `` The Two Mahatmas '' -- as Sarojini Naidu described Gandhi and Irwin -- had eight meetings that totaled 24 hours . Gandhi was impressed by Irwin 's sincerity . The terms of the `` Gandhi - Irwin Pact '' fell manifestly short of those Gandhi prescribed as the minimum for a truce . Below are the proposed conditions : - Discontinuation of the Civil disobedience movement by the Indian National Congress Participation by the Indian National Congress in the Second Round Table Conference Withdrawal of all ordinances issued by the British Government imposing curbs on the activities of the Indian National Congress Withdrawal of all prosecutions relating to several types of offenses except those involving violence Release of prisoners arrested for participating in the Civil disobedience movement . Removal of the tax on salt , which allowed the Indians to produce , trade , and sell salt legally and for their own private use Many British officials in India , and in England , were outraged by the idea of a pact with a party whose avowed purpose was the destruction of the British Raj . Winston Churchill publicly expressed his disgust `` ... at the nauseating and humiliating spectacle of this one - time Inner Temple lawyer , now seditious fakir , striding half - naked up the steps of the Viceroy 's palace , there to negotiate and parley on equal terms with the representative of the King Emperor . '' In reply , the British Government agreed to : - Withdraw all ordinances and end prosecutions Release all political prisoners , except those guilty of violence Permit peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops Restore confiscated properties of the satyagrahis Permit free collection or manufacture of salt by persons near the sea - coast Lift the ban over the congress . The Viceroy , Lord Irwin , was at this time directing the sternest repression Indian nationalism had known , but did not relish the role . The British civil service and the commercial community favoured even harsher measures . But Premier Ramsay MacDonald and Secretary of State for India William Benn were eager for peace , if they could secure it without weakening the position of the Labour Government . They wanted to make a success of the Round Table Conference and knew that this body , without the presence of Gandhi and the Congress , could not carry much weight . In January 1931 , at the closing session of the Round Table Conference , Ramsay MacDonald went so far as to express the hope that the Congress would be represented at the next session . The Viceroy took the hint and promptly ordered the unconditional release of Gandhi and all members of the Congress Working Committee . To this gesture Gandhi responded by agreeing to meet the Viceroy . Gandhi 's motives in concluding a pact with the Viceroy can be best understood in terms of his technique . The Satyagraha movements were commonly described as `` struggles '' , `` rebellions '' and `` wars without violence '' . Owing , however , to the common connotation of these words , they seemed to lay a disproportionate emphasis on the negative aspect of the movements , namely , opposition and conflict . The object of Satyagraha was , however , not to achieve the physical elimination or moral breakdown of an adversary -- but , through suffering at his hands , to initiate a psychological processes that could make it possible for minds and hearts to meet . In such a struggle , a compromise with an opponent was neither heresy nor treason , but a natural and necessary step . If it turned out that the compromise was premature and the adversary was unrepentant , nothing prevented the Satyagrahi from returning to non-violent battle . This was the second high - level meeting between Gandhi and Viceroy in 13 years and should be read in the context of Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms that were the basis of the Government of India Act , 1919 . See also ( edit ) Poona Pact References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gandhi Irwin Pact Event List '' . Gandhi Heritage Portal . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ruhe , Peter . Gandhi . London : Phaidon Press Limited , 2001 . 75 . Jump up ^ `` Gandhi - Irwin Pact '' . GANDHI - A Pictorial Biography . Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal / Gandhi Book Centre . 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Andrews Jamnalal Bajaj Shankarlal Banker Sarla Behn Vinoba Bhave Brij Krishna Chandiwala Sudhakar Chaturvedi Jugatram Dave Mahadev Desai Dada Dharmadhikari Kanu Gandhi Shiv Prasad Gupta Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri J.C. Kumarappa Hermann Kallenbach Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Acharya Kripalani Mirabehn Mohanlal Pandya Vallabhbhai Patel Narhari Parikh Mithuben Petit Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Bibi Amtus Salam Sonja Schlesin Anugrah Narayan Sinha Shri Krishna Singh Rettamalai Srinivasan V.A. 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7223589299714179644 | Isosceles trapezoid | Isosceles trapezoid - Wikipedia Isosceles trapezoid Jump to : navigation , search Isosceles trapezoid Isosceles trapezoid with axis of symmetry Type quadrilateral , trapezoid Edges and vertices Symmetry group Dih , ( ) , ( * ) , order 2 Dual polygon Kite Properties convex , cyclic In Euclidean geometry , an isosceles trapezoid ( isosceles trapezium in British English ) is a convex quadrilateral with a line of symmetry bisecting one pair of opposite sides . It is a special case of a trapezoid . In any isosceles trapezoid two opposite sides ( the bases ) are parallel , and the two other sides ( the legs ) are of equal length ( properties shared with the parallelogram ) . The diagonals are also of equal length . The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are equal in measure ( there are in fact two pairs of equal base angles , where one base angle is the supplementary angle of a base angle at the other base ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Special cases 1.1 Self - intersections 2 Characterizations 3 Angles 4 Diagonals and height 5 Area 6 Circumradius 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Special cases ( edit ) Special cases of isosceles trapezoids Rectangles and squares are usually considered to be special cases of isosceles trapezoids though some sources would exclude them . Another special case is a 3 - equal side trapezoid , sometimes known as a trilateral trapezoid or a trisosceles trapezoid . They can also be seen dissected from regular polygons of 5 sides or more as a truncation of 4 sequential vertices . Self - intersections ( edit ) Any non-self - crossing quadrilateral with exactly one axis of symmetry must be either an isosceles trapezoid or a kite . However , if crossings are allowed , the set of symmetric quadrilaterals must be expanded to include also the crossed isosceles trapezoids , crossed quadrilaterals in which the crossed sides are of equal length and the other sides are parallel , and the antiparallelograms , crossed quadrilaterals in which opposite sides have equal length . Every antiparallelogram has an isosceles trapezoid as its convex hull , and may be formed from the diagonals and non-parallel sides of an isosceles trapezoid . Convex isosceles trapezoid Crossed isosceles trapezoid antiparallelogram Characterizations ( edit ) If a quadrilateral is known to be a trapezoid , it is not necessary to check that the legs have the same length in order to know that it is an isosceles trapezoid ( nor , under the definitions given in Wikipedia , is it sufficient , since a rhombus is a special case of a trapezoid with legs of equal length , but is not an isosceles trapezoid as it lacks a line of symmetry through the midpoints of opposite sides ) ; any of the following properties also distinguishes an isosceles trapezoid from other trapezoids : The diagonals have the same length . The base angles have the same measure . The segment that joins the midpoints of the parallel sides is perpendicular to them . Opposite angles are supplementary , which in turn implies that isosceles trapezoids are cyclic quadrilaterals . The diagonals divide each other into segments with lengths that are pairwise equal ; in terms of the picture below , AE = DE , BE = CE ( and AE ≠ CE if one wishes to exclude rectangles ) . If rectangles are included in the class of trapezoids then one may concisely define an isosceles trapezoid as `` a cyclic quadrilateral with equal diagonals '' or as `` a cyclic quadrilateral with a pair of parallel sides '' or as `` a convex quadrilateral with a line of symmetry through the mid-points of opposite sides '' . Angles ( edit ) In an isosceles trapezoid the base angles have the same measure pairwise . In the picture below , angles ∠ ABC and ∠ DCB are obtuse angles of the same measure , while angles ∠ BAD and ∠ CDA are acute angles , also of the same measure . Since the lines AD and BC are parallel , angles adjacent to opposite bases are supplementary , that is , angles ∠ ABC + ∠ BAD = 180 ° . Diagonals and height ( edit ) Another isosceles trapezoid . The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid have the same length ; that is , every isosceles trapezoid is an equidiagonal quadrilateral . Moreover , the diagonals divide each other in the same proportions . As pictured , the diagonals AC and BD have the same length ( AC = BD ) and divide each other into segments of the same length ( AE = DE and BE = CE ) . The ratio in which each diagonal is divided is equal to the ratio of the lengths of the parallel sides that they intersect , that is , A E E C = D E E B = A D B C . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( AE ) ( EC ) ) = ( \ frac ( DE ) ( EB ) ) = ( \ frac ( AD ) ( BC ) ) . ) The length of each diagonal is , according to Ptolemy 's theorem , given by p = a b + c 2 ( \ displaystyle p = ( \ sqrt ( ab + c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides AD and BC , and c is the length of each leg AB and CD . The height is , according to the Pythagorean theorem , given by h = p 2 − ( a + b 2 ) 2 = 1 2 4 c 2 − ( a − b ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle h = ( \ sqrt ( p ^ ( 2 ) - \ left ( ( \ frac ( a + b ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 4c ^ ( 2 ) - ( a-b ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) The distance from point E to base AD is given by d = a h a + b ( \ displaystyle d = ( \ frac ( ah ) ( a + b ) ) ) where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides AD and BC , and h is the height of the trapezoid . Area ( edit ) The area of an isosceles ( or any ) trapezoid is equal to the average of the lengths of the base and top ( the parallel sides ) times the height . In the adjacent diagram , if we write AD = a , and BC = b , and the height h is the length of a line segment between AD and BC that is perpendicular to them , then the area K is given as follows : K = h 2 ( a + b ) . ( \ displaystyle K = ( \ frac ( h ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( a + b \ right ) . ) If instead of the height of the trapezoid , the common length of the legs AB = CD = c is known , then the area can be computed using Brahmagupta 's formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral , which with two sides equal simplifies to K = ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle K = ( \ sqrt ( ( s-a ) ( s-b ) ( s-c ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) - where s = 1 2 ( a + b + 2 c ) ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( a + b + 2c ) ) is the semi-perimeter of the trapezoid . This formula is analogous to Heron 's formula to compute the area of a triangle . The previous formula for area can also be written as K = 1 4 ( a + b ) 2 ( a − b + 2 c ) ( b − a + 2 c ) . ( \ displaystyle K = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( ( a + b ) ^ ( 2 ) ( a-b + 2c ) ( b - a + 2c ) ) ) . ) Circumradius ( edit ) The radius in the circumscribed circle is given by R = c a b + c 2 4 c 2 − ( a − b ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle R = c ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( ab + c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4c ^ ( 2 ) - ( a-b ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . ) In a rectangle where a = b this is simplified to R = 1 2 a 2 + c 2 ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . See also ( edit ) Isosceles tangential trapezoid References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael de Villiers , Hierarchical Quadrilateral Tree Jump up ^ isosceles trapezoid Jump up ^ Halsted , George Bruce ( 1896 ) , `` Chapter XIV . Symmetrical Quadrilaterals '' , Elementary Synthetic Geometry , J. Wiley & sons , pp. 49 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Whitney , William Dwight ; Smith , Benjamin Eli ( 1911 ) , The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia , The Century co. , p. 1547 . Jump up ^ Mzone.mweb.co.za Jump up ^ Trapezoid at Math24.net : Formulas and Tables ( 1 ) Accessed 1 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Some engineering formulas involving isosceles trapezoids Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isosceles_trapezoid&oldid=825496826 '' Categories : Quadrilaterals Polygons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 18 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | formula to find the area of isosceles trapezium | [] | [] |
9182173145715150998 | Annette Charles | Annette Charles - Wikipedia Annette Charles Annette Charles Annette Cardona ( 1948 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1948 Los Angeles , California , U.S. August 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 03 ) ( aged 63 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1968 -- 87 Annette Charles ( born Annette Cardona ; March 5 , 1948 -- August 3 , 2011 ) was an American actress best known for her role as Charlene `` Cha Cha '' DiGregorio in the 1978 feature film Grease . She made several appearances on television as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Credits 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Charles was born Annette Cardona in Los Angeles , California . She died on August 3 , 2011 , in Los Angeles due to complications from cancer . She had initially been hospitalized for pneumonia . She died of brain cancer three months after her Grease co-star Jeff Conaway who died of Pneumonia . Career ( edit ) Charles became an actress , and was best known for her role as Charlene `` Cha Cha '' DiGregorio in the 1978 feature film Grease . She made several appearances on television as well . Charles later became a speech professor at California State University , Northridge . Credits ( edit ) 1987 : Magnum , P.I. ( TV series ) Maria Torres 1985 : Latino Marlena ( as Annette Cardona ) 1981 : Musical Comedy Tonight II ( TV movie ) 1980 : The Incredible Hulk ( TV series ) Rita Montoya 1979 : Can You Hear the Laughter ? The Story of Freddie Prinze ( TV movie ) Billy 1979 : In Search of Historic Jesus ( documentary ) Mary Magdalene 1978 : Centennial ( TV mini-series ) Senora Alvarez 1978 : Grease Cha Cha DiGregorio 1977 : Man from Atlantis ( TV series ) Ginny Mendoza ( as Annette Courset ) 1976 : The Bionic Woman ( TV series ) Elora / Emerald ( 1976 -- 1977 ) 1974 : Barnaby Jones ( TV series ) Angela / Lucy Stahl ( 1974 -- 1977 ) 1972 : Emergency ! ( TV series ) Mrs. Harrow / Wife ( 1972 -- 1974 ) 1972 : Banacek ( TV series ) Cecelia Gomez ( as Annette Cardona ) 1972 : Bonanza ( TV series ) Carmen 1972 : The Mod Squad ( TV series ) Cory ( as Annette Cardona ) 1970 : Gunsmoke ( TV series ) Rita ( as Annette Cardona ) 1970 : The Flying Nun ( TV series ) Louisa ( as Annette Cardona ) 1968 : The High Chaparral ( TV series ) Jill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grease ' Actress Annette Charles Dies at 63 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cha Cha from Grease dead at 63 '' . Access Hollywood . August 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annette Cardona '' . RateMyProfessors.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Annette Charles on IMDb `` Grease 's Cha - Cha , Actress Annette Charles , Dies at 63 '' . Us Weekly . August 4 , 2011 . `` I Love Cha Cha DiGregorio '' , Ebola Entertainment via KHitsChicago.Radio.co , August . 5 , 2011 ( compilation video of Grease scenes ) BNE : XX4998433 ISNI : 0000 0000 8770 8036 LCCN : no2011133858 VIAF : 127322259 This article about an American film and television actor is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annette_Charles&oldid=841252168 '' Categories : 1948 births 2011 deaths Actresses from Los Angeles American film actresses American television actresses California State University , Northridge faculty Deaths from cancer in California New York University alumni American screen actor stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Türkçe اردو 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 19 : 39 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | how old was the actress who played cha cha in grease | [] | [] |
-7521594716662961923 | List of civil rights leaders | List of civil rights leaders - wikipedia List of civil rights leaders Jump to : navigation , search George Mason Olympe de Gouges Karl Heinrich Ulrichs Victoria Woodhull W.E.B. Du Bois Mahatma Gandhi Alice Paul B.R. Ambedkar Dorothy Height Betty Friedan Frank Kameny Martin Luther King Jr . James Bevel Malala Yousafzai Civil rights leaders are influential figures in the promotion and implementation of political freedom and the expansion of personal civil liberties and rights . They work to protect individuals and groups from political repression and discrimination by governments and private organizations , and seek to ensure the ability of all members of society to participate in the civil and political life of the state . Civil rights include individual rights to equal protection and service , privacy , freedom of thought , freedom of expression , freedom of speech , freedom of assembly , freedom to travel , freedom of worship , protection of civil liberties , the right to vote , and the right to freely share ideas and opinions through all forms of communication and media . People who motivated themselves and then led others to gain and protect these rights and liberties include : George Mason ( 1725 -- 1792 ) -- American who wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights and influenced U.S. Bill of Rights Thomas Paine ( 1737 -- 1809 ) -- English - American activist , author , theorist , wrote Rights of Man Elizabeth Freeman ( 1744 -- 1829 ) also known as Mum Bett - first former slave to win a freedom suit in Massachusetts Olympe de Gouges ( 1748 -- 1793 ) -- French women 's rights pioneer , writer , beheaded during French Revolution Jeremy Bentham ( 1748 -- 1832 ) -- British philosopher , writer , and teacher on civil rights , inspiration James Madison ( 1751 -- 1836 ) -- American founding father , introduced and lobbied for the U.S. Bill of Rights William Wilberforce ( 1759 -- 1833 ) -- leader of the British abolition movement Mary Wollstonecraft ( 1759 -- 1797 ) -- British author , early advocate for women 's rights Thaddeus Stevens ( 1792 -- 1868 ) American senator from Pennsylvania , anti-slavery leader , originator of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution Lucretia Mott ( 1793 -- 1880 ) -- American women 's rights activist , abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison ( 1805 -- 1879 ) -- American abolitionist , writer , organizer , feminist , initiator Lysander Spooner ( 1808 -- 1887 ) -- American abolitionist , writer , anarchist , proponent of Jury nullification Charles Sumner ( 1811 -- 1874 ) -- American Senator from Massachusetts , Anti-slavery leader Abby Kelley ( 1811 -- 1887 ) -- American abolitionist and suffragette Elizabeth Cady Stanton ( 1815 -- 1902 ) -- American women 's suffrage / women 's rights leader Lucy Stone ( 1818 -- 1893 ) -- American women 's suffrage / voting rights leader Frederick Douglass ( 1818 -- 1895 ) -- American abolitionist , women 's rights and suffrage advocate , writer , organizer , black rights activist , inspiration Julia Ward Howe ( 1818 -- 1910 ) -- American writer , organizer , suffragette Susan B. Anthony ( 1820 -- 1906 ) -- American Women 's suffrage leader , speaker , inspiration Harriet Tubman ( 1822 -- 1913 ) -- African American abolitionist and humanitarian Karl Heinrich Ulrichs ( 1825 -- 1895 ) -- German writer , organizer , and the pioneer of the modern LGBT rights movement Antoinette Brown Blackwell ( 1825 -- 1921 ) -- founded American Woman Suffrage Association with Lucy Stone in 1869 Victoria Woodhull ( 1838 -- 1927 ) -- American suffragette organizer , women 's rights leader Frances Willard ( 1839 -- 1898 ) -- American women 's rights activist , woman suffrage leader Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin ( 1842 -- 1924 ) -- suffragist , editor , co-founder of the first chapter of the NAACP Kate Sheppard ( 1847 -- 1934 ) -- New Zealand suffragist in first country to have universal suffrage Eugene Debs ( 1855 -- 1926 ) -- American organizer , campaigner for the poor , women , dissenters , prisoners Booker T. Washington ( 1856 -- 1915 ) -- American educator , founder of Tuskegee University , and adviser to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft Thomas Clarke ( 11 March 1858 -- 3 May 1916 ) -- Signatory of the Irish Proclamation . Advocate for equality and freedom for Irish men and women Emmeline Pankhurst ( 1858 -- 1928 ) -- founder and leader of the British Suffragette Movement Carrie Chapman Catt ( 1859 -- 1947 ) -- suffrage leader , president National American Woman Suffrage Association , founder League of Women Voters and International Alliance of Women Jane Addams ( 1860 -- 1935 ) -- American reformer , co-founder of the Hull House and American Civil Liberties Union , Nobel Peace Prize winner Ida B. Wells ( 1862 -- 1931 ) -- American journalist , early activist in 20th Century Civil Rights Movement , women 's suffrage / voting rights activist James Connolly ( 5 June 1868 -- 12 May 1916 ) -- Signatory of the Irish Proclamation . Advocate for equal rights for Irish men and women . W.E.B. Du Bois ( 1868 -- 1963 ) -- American writer , scholar , founder of NAACP Kasturba Gandhi ( 1869 -- 1944 ) -- wife of Mohandas Gandhi , activist in South Africa and India , often led her husband 's movements in India when he was imprisoned Mohandas Gandhi ( 1869 -- 1948 ) -- Indian activist , movement leader , writer , philosopher , and teacher Vallabhbhai Patel ( 1875 -- 1950 ) Indian activist , movement leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( 25 December 1876 -- 11 September 1948 ) -- lawyer , politician , and the founder of Pakistan . Jinnah lead Pakistan Movement for the rights of Muslims in the subcontinent Thomas MacDonagh ( 1 February 1878 -- 3 May 1916 ) -- Signatory of the Irish Proclamation , advocate for equal rights for Irish men and women Pádraig Pearse ( 10 November 1879 -- 3 May 1916 ) ) -- Signatory of the Irish Proclamation , advocate for equal rights for Irish men and women Lucy Burns ( 1879 -- 1966 ) -- American women 's suffrage / voting rights leader Éamonn Ceannt ( 21 September 1881 -- 8 May 1916 ) -- Signatory of the Irish Proclamation , advocate for equal rights for Irish men and women Getúlio Vargas ( 1882 -- 1954 ) -- Brazilian civil leader , President of Brazil , first as dictator , from 1930 to 1945 Seán Mac Diarmada ( 27 January 1883 -- 12 May 1916 ) -- Signatory of the Irish Proclamation , advocate for equal rights for Irish men and women Eleanor Roosevelt ( 1884 -- 1962 ) -- women 's rights and human rights activist both in the United States and in the United Nations Alice Paul ( 1885 -- 1977 ) -- American 1910s Women 's Voting Rights Movement leader , strategist , and organizer Joseph Mary Plunkett ( 21 November 1887 -- 4 May 1916 ) -- Signatory of the Irish Proclamation , advocate for equal rights for Irish men and women Sonia Schlesin ( 1888 -- 1956 ) -- worked with Mohandas Gandhi in South Africa and led his movements there when he was absent Toyohiko Kagawa ( 1888 -- 1960 ) -- Japanese labor activist , Christian reformer , author Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1889 -- 1964 ) -- first Prime Minister of India , central figure in Indian politics before and after independence , advocate for freedom of the press A. Philip Randolph ( 1889 -- 1979 ) -- American labor and civil rights movement leader B.R. Ambedkar ( 1891 -- 1956 ) -- reformer who drafted Constitution of India , campaigned for Indian independence , Fought for the women 's rights ( Hindu Code Bill ) , fought discrimination and inequality among the people Walter Francis White ( 1895 -- 1955 ) -- American NAACP executive secretary Thich Quang Duc ( 1897 -- 1963 ) -- Vietnamese monk , freedom of religion self - martyr Edgar Nixon ( 1899 -- 1987 ) -- Montgomery Bus Boycott organizer , civil rights activist Roy Wilkins ( 1901 -- 1981 ) -- American NAACP executive secretary / executive director Ella Baker ( 1903 -- 1986 ) -- American SCLC activist , initiated the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Marvel Cooke ( 1903 -- 2000 ) -- American civil rights leader Myles Horton ( 1905 -- 1990 ) -- American teacher of nonviolence , pioneer activist , founded and led the Highlander Folk School John Peters Humphrey ( 1905 -- 1995 ) -- author of Universal Declaration of Human Rights Nellie Stone Johnson ( 1905 -- 2002 ) -- labor and civil rights activist Willa Brown ( 1906 -- 1992 ) -- American civil rights activist , first African American lieutenant in the US Civil Air Patrol , first African American woman to run for Congress T.R.M. Howard ( 1908 -- 1976 ) -- founder of Mississippi 's Regional Council of Negro Leadership Winifred C. Stanley ( 1909 -- 1996 ) -- First member of Congress to introduce legislation prohibiting discrimination in pay on the basis of sex Elizabeth Peratrovich ( 1911 -- 1958 ) -- Alaska activist for native people Amelia Boynton Robinson ( 1911 -- 2015 ) -- Selma Voting Rights Movement activist and early leader Dorothy Height ( 1912 -- 2010 ) -- American activist and advocate for African - American women Bayard Rustin ( 1912 -- 1987 ) -- American civil rights activist Jo Ann Robinson ( 1912 -- 1992 ) -- Montgomery Bus Boycott activist Harry Hay ( 1912 -- 2002 ) -- early leader in American LGBT rights movement , founder Mattachine Society Rosa Parks ( 1913 -- 2005 ) -- American NAACP official , activist , Montgomery Bus Boycott inspiration Daisy Bates ( 1914 -- 1999 ) -- American organizer of the Little Rock Nine school desegregation events Claude Black ( 1916 -- 2009 ) -- American civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer ( 1917 -- 1977 ) -- American civil rights leader in the Civil Rights Movement ; co-founder of the National Women 's Political Caucus and Freedom Democratic Party . Marie Foster ( 1917 -- 2003 ) -- American voting rights activist , a local leader in the Selma Voting Rights Movement Gordon Hirabayashi ( 1918 -- 2012 ) -- Japanese - American civil rights hero Humberto `` Bert '' Corona ( 1918 -- 2001 ) -- labor and civil rights leader Nelson Mandela ( 1918 -- 2013 ) -- South African statesman , leading figure in anti-apartheid movement Fred Korematsu ( 1919 -- 2005 ) -- American , Japanese internment resister during WWII James Farmer ( 1920 -- 1999 ) -- Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) leader and activist . Golden Frinks ( 1920 -- 2004 ) -- American civil rights organizer in North Carolina , field secretary of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Whitney M. Young , Jr. ( 1921 -- 1971 ) -- Executive director of National Urban League , adviser to U.S. presidents Mamie Elizabeth Till - Mobley ( 1921 -- 2003 ) -- American who held an open casket funeral for her son , Emmett Till ; speaker , activist Betty Friedan ( 1921 -- 2006 ) -- American writer , women 's rights activist , feminist Del Martin ( 1921 -- 2008 ) -- American co-founder of Daughters of Bilitis , the first social and political organization for lesbians in the US Fred Shuttlesworth ( 1922 -- 2011 ) -- American clergyman , activist , SCLC co-founder , initiated the Birmingham Movement Clara Luper ( 1923 -- 2011 ) -- American sit - in movement leader in Oklahoma , activist James Baldwin ( 1924 -- 1987 ) -- American essayist , novelist , public speaker , SNCC activist Medgar Evers ( 1925 -- 1963 ) -- American , NAACP official in the Mississippi Movement Aiko Herzig - Yoshinaga ( born 1925 ) -- American activist in Japanese - American redress movement Malcolm X ( 1925 -- 1965 ) -- American author , speaker , activist , inspiration Lenny Bruce ( 1925 -- 1966 ) -- American free speech advocate , comedian , political satirist Frank Kameny ( 1925 -- 2011 ) -- American gay rights activist Ralph Abernathy ( 1926 -- 1990 ) -- American activist , Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) official Jackie Forster ( 1926 -- 1998 ) -- English lesbian rights activist Hosea Williams ( 1926 -- 2000 ) -- American civil rights activist , SCLC organizer and strategist Cesar Chavez ( 1927 -- 1993 ) -- Chicano activist , organizer , trade unionist Coretta Scott King ( 1927 -- 2006 ) -- American SCLC leader , activist Elie Wiesel ( 1928 -- 2016 ) -- American , writer , Holocaust survivor , Jewish rights leader James Forman ( 1928 -- 2005 ) -- American SNCC official and civil rights activist Martin Luther King , Jr. ( 1929 -- 1968 ) -- SCLC co-founder / president / chairman , activist , author , speaker Edison Uno ( 1929 -- 1976 ) -- American , leader for Japanese - American civil rights and redress after World War II Harvey Milk ( 1930 -- 1978 ) -- American politician , gay rights activist and leader Charles Morgan , Jr. ( 1930 -- 2009 ) -- American attorney , established principle of `` one man , one vote '' Barbara Gittings ( 1932 -- 2007 ) -- American lesbian rights activist Miriam Makeba ( 1932 -- 2008 ) -- South African singer , anti-apartheid activist Roy Innis ( 1934 -- 2017 ) - American activist , longtime leader of CORE Barbara Jordan ( 1936 -- 1996 ) -- American legislator , educator , civil rights advocate James Bevel ( 1936 -- 2008 ) -- American organizer and Direct Action leader , SCLC 's main strategist , movement initiator , and movement director Fela Kuti ( 1938 -- 1997 ) -- Nigerian multi-instrumentalist , musician , composer , pioneer of the Afrobeat music genre , human rights activist , and political maverick Jack Herer ( 1939 -- 2010 ) -- American pro-hemp activist , speaker , organizer , author Julian Bond ( 1940 -- 2015 ) -- American activist , politician , scholar , NAACP chairman Prathia Hall ( 1940 -- 2002 ) -- American SNCC activist , a leading speaker in the civil rights movement Stokely Carmichael ( 1941 -- 1998 ) -- American SNCC and Black Panther activist , organizer , speaker James Orange ( 1942 -- 2008 ) -- American SCLC activist and organizer , a voting rights movement leader , trade unionist Marsha P. Johnson ( 1945 -- 1992 ) - Gay liberation activist , STAR co-founder , AIDS activist with ACT UP Fred Hampton ( 1948 -- 1969 ) -- American NAACP youth leader and Black Panther activist , organizer , speaker Frankie Muse Freeman ( 1916 -- 2018 ) -- American civil rights attorney , first woman appointee to United States Commission on Civil Rights Joseph Lowery ( born 1921 ) -- American SCLC leader and co-founder , activist Charles Evers ( born 1922 ) -- American civil rights activist Phyllis Lyon ( born 1924 ) -- American co-founder of Daughters of Bilitis , first social and political organization for lesbians in the U.S. C.T. Vivian ( born 1924 ) -- American student civil rights leader , SNCC and SCLC activist James Lawson ( born 1928 ) -- American minister and activist , SCLC 's teacher of nonviolence in civil rights movement Wyatt Tee Walker ( born 1929 ) -- American activist and organizer with NAACP , CORE , and SCLC Dorothy Cotton ( born 1930 ) -- American SCLC official , activist , organizer , and leader Dolores Huerta ( born 1930 ) -- American labor and civil rights activist , initiator , organizer Desmond Tutu ( born 1931 ) -- South African anti-apartheid organizer , advocate , first black archbishop of Cape Town Lola Hendricks ( born 1932 ) -- activist , local leader in Birmingham Movement Andrew Young ( born 1932 ) -- American civil rights activist , SCLC executive director Dick Gregory ( 1932 -- 2017 ) -- American free speech advocate , civil rights activist , comedian James Meredith ( born 1933 ) -- American independent student leader and self -- starting Mississippi activist Louis Farrakhan ( born 1933 ) -- American , controversial minister and National Representative of the Nation of Islam Gloria Steinem ( born 1934 ) -- American writer , activist , feminist Bob Moses ( born 1935 ) -- leader , activist , and organizer in ' 60s Mississippi Movement Tenzin Gyatso ( born 1935 ) -- Tibetan , 14th Dalai Lama , spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists , advocate for nonviolence , compassion , and Tibetan autonomy Charles Sherrod ( born 1937 ) -- American civil rights activist , SNCC leader Diane Nash ( born 1938 ) -- American SNCC and SCLC activist and official , strategist , organizer Claudette Colvin ( born 1939 ) -- American Montgomery Bus Boycott pioneer , independent activist Bernard Lafayette ( born 1940 ) -- American SCLC and SNCC activist , organizer , and leader John Lewis ( born 1940 ) -- American Nashville Student Movement and SNCC activist , organizer , speaker , congressman Jesse Jackson ( born 1941 ) -- American civil rights activist , politician Aung San Suu Kyi ( born 1945 ) -- Burmese Politician , former political prisoner , democracy and human rights activist Rebiya Kadeer ( born 1946 ) -- ethnic Uyghur civil right activist , independence right activist , businesswoman Dana Beal ( born 1947 ) -- American pro-hemp activist , organizer , speaker , initiator Ashok Row Kavi ( born 1947 ) -- Indian LGBT rights activist , gay rights pioneer , founder of Humsafar Trust Benjamin Chavis ( born 1948 ) -- American activist , chemist , minister , author , leader of Wilmington Ten , led Commission for Racial Justice of the United Church of Christ , campaigner against Environmental Racism , executive director of NAACP , national director of Million Man March Andre DiMino ( born 1950 ) -- Italian - American civil rights activist Judy Shepard ( born 1952 ) -- gay rights activist , public speaker Barbara May Cameron ( 1954 -- 2002 ) -- American advocate for the rights of Native Americans , lesbians , and women Al Sharpton ( born 1954 ) -- American clergyman , activist , media Will Roscoe ( born 1955 ) -- American gay rights activist Rigoberta Menchú ( born 1959 ) -- Guatemalan indigenous rights leader , co-founder Nobel Women 's Initiative Steven Goldstein ( born 1962 ) -- American gay rights advocate , political activist Chee Soon Juan ( born 1962 ) -- Singaporean politician , former political prisoner , democracy and human rights activist Manasi Pradhan ( born 1962 ) -- Indian women 's rights activist , founder of Honour for Women National Campaign Kayode Ajulo ( born 1974 ) -- Nigerian lawyer , civil rights activist , founded Egalitarian Mission , Africa to promote equity , equality and rule of law in class - conscious African societies Harish Iyer ( born 1979 ) -- Indian gender and sexuality rights activist , campaigner against child sexual abuse and for animal rights Jignesh Mevani ( born 1982 ) -- Indian Dalit activist , led a campaign by Dalit people Edvin Kanka Ćudić ( born 1988 ) -- Human rights activist , founder and coordinator of Association for Social Research and Communications in Bosnia and Herzegovina Malala Yousafzai ( born 1997 ) -- Pakistani advocate for education for girls , Nobel Peace Prize laureate - See also ( edit ) Abolition of slavery timeline African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) Civil Rights Movement Chicano Movement Civil and political rights Civil liberties in the United Kingdom Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Convention on the Political Rights of Women Counterculture of the 1960s Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women English Bill of Rights Equality before the law European Convention on Human Rights Founding Fathers of the United States Free Speech fight Free Speech Movement History of human rights Human rights Human rights awards International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights LGBT rights by country LGBT social movements List of human rights organizations List of indigenous rights organizations List of LGBT rights activists List of LGBT rights organizations List of peace activists List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women 's rights activists Magna Carta National human rights institutions Seneca Falls Convention Status of same - sex marriage Suffrage Timeline of the African - American Civil Rights Movement Timeline of first women 's suffrage in majority - Muslim countries Timeline of women 's rights ( other than voting ) Timeline of women 's suffrage United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights United Nations Human Rights Committee United Nations Human Rights Council United States Bill of Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights Universal suffrage Virginia Declaration of Rights Women 's rights Women 's Suffrage External links ( edit ) BlackHistoryDaily.com -- Activists Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK 1907 Mud March Black Friday Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter U.S. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - 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Anthony Day Women 's Equality Day Eagle House Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. 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Civil and political Cannabis rights Equality before the law Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment Freedom from discrimination Freedom from exile Freedom of information Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom from slavery Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Freedom from torture Legal aid Liberty LGBT rights Nationality Personhood Presumption of innocence Right of asylum Right to die Right to a fair trial Right to family life Right to keep and bear arms Right to life Right to petition Right to privacy Right to protest Right to refuse medical treatment Right of self - defense Security of person Universal suffrage Economic , social and cultural Digital rights Equal pay for equal work Fair remuneration Labor rights Right to an adequate standard of living Right to clothing Right to development Right to education Right to food Right to health Right to housing Right to Internet access Right to property Right to public participation Right of reply Right of return Right to science and culture Right to social security Right to water Right to work Trade union membership Sexual and reproductive Abortion Family planning Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation Intersex human rights LGBT rights Reproductive health Right to sexuality Violations Corporal punishment War and conflict Civilian Combatant Freedom from genocide Prisoner of war War rape International human rights instruments Declarations , Manifestos and Resolutions Brazilian Resolution Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Cairo Declaration of Human Rights Declaration of Montreal Declaration of the Rights of the Child Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity Universal Declaration of Human Rights American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Paris Principles Yogyakarta Principles International law United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 ( XV ) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples UN Convention Against Torture Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Convention on the Political Rights of Women Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Convention on the Rights of the Child United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention , 1989 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights Regional law African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights European Convention on Human Rights Convention for the Prevention of Torture European Convention on Nationality Convention for the Protection of National Minorities Social Charter American Convention on Human Rights Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities International humanitarian law Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Convention relating to the Status of Refugees Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness Geneva Conventions Hague Conventions Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Civil Rights Movement Notable events ( timeline ) 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mohandas K. Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Articles of the European Convention on Human Rights Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 Article 4 Article 5 Article 6 Article 7 Article 8 Article 9 Article 10 Article 11 Article 12 Article 13 Article 14 Article 15 Article 16 Article 17 Article 18 Protocols International human rights organisations and institutions Types Human rights group Human rights commission Human rights institutions Truth and reconciliation commission International institutions Committee on the Rights of the Child Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities International Criminal Court Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights UN Human Rights Committee UN Human Rights Council UN Security Council Regional bodies African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights African Court on Human and Peoples ' Rights African Court of Justice European Court of Human Rights European Committee for the Prevention of Torture Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Inter-American Court of Human Rights Multi-lateral bodies European Union Council of Europe Organisation of American States ( OAS ) UN High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( UNOCHA ) International Labour Organization ( ILO ) World Health Organization ( WHO ) UN Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) Joint UN Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs ( UNDESA ) Commission on the Status of Women ( CSW ) UN Population Fund ( UNFPA ) UN Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) UN Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) UN Development Programme ( UNDP ) Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN ( FAO ) UN Human Settlements Programme ( UN-HABITAT ) Major NGOs Amnesty International FIDH Human Rights Watch International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) Emergency NGO Human Rights First Early LGBT rights advocacy in the United States ( pre -- Stonewall riots ) Organizations Council on Religion and the Homosexual Daughters of Bilitis Janus Society Knights of the Clock Mattachine Society Metropolitan Community Church NACHO ONE , Inc . PRIDE Society for Human Rights Student Homophile League Veterans Benevolent Association Mattachine Society Hal Call Rudi Gernreich James Gruber Harry Hay Dale Jennings Frank Kameny Jack Nichols Daughters of Bilitis Lisa Ben Barbara Gittings Barbara Grier Kay Lahusen Phyllis Lyon Del Martin Ruth Simpson Others Merton Bird Reed Erickson Arthur Evans Charles Henri Ford Henry Gerber Morris Kight Aristide Laurent W. Dorr Legg Bob Mizer Troy Perry Clark Polak Craig Rodwell José Sarria Parker Tyler Randy Wicker H. Lynn Womack Publications The Advocate Drum Focus : A Journal for Lesbians Journal of Homosexuality The Ladder Vice Versa Events List of actions Newport sex scandal ( 1919 ) Secret Court of 1920 ( 1920 ) One , Inc. v. Olesen ( 1958 ) MANual Enterprises v. Day ( 1962 ) Annual Reminder ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Compton 's Cafeteria riot ( 1966 ) Film / TV The Rejected ( 1961 ) `` The Homosexuals '' ( 1967 ) Related Athletic Model Guild Black Cat Bar Black Cat Tavern DOB Australia Homophile Garden of Allah ( cabaret ) Julius ( NYC bar ) Henry Gerber House Minorities Research Group ( UK ) ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives Oscar Wilde Bookshop The Patch Tavern Guild Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_civil_rights_leaders&oldid=826614946 '' Categories : Lists of social activists Human rights Civil rights activists Talk Variants About Wikipedia ქართული Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 02 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1104621986933475867 | Rising Pune Supergiant | Rising Pune Supergiant - Wikipedia Rising Pune Supergiant This article is about the cricket team . For the type of star , see supergiant . For other uses , see supergiant ( disambiguation ) . Rising Pune Supergiant Personnel Captain Steve Smith Coach Stephen Fleming Owner RP - Sanjiv Goenka Group Team information City Pune , Maharashtra , India Colours Founded December 2015 ( December 2015 ) Dissolved May 2017 ( May 2017 ) Home ground Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , Pune ( Capacity : 37,406 ) Secondary home ground ( s ) Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium , Visakhapatnam ( Capacity : 50,000 ) Rising Pune Supergiant in 2017 The Rising Pune Supergiant ( often abbreviated as RPS ) was a franchise cricket team based in Pune , Maharashtra , that played in the Indian Premier League in 2016 and 2017 . It was the second team representing Pune after Pune Warriors India . The team along with Gujarat Lions featured as two - season replacements for Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals , who were suspended due to their involvement in illegal betting by their respective owners . The Rising Pune Supergiant franchise is owned by RP - Sanjiv Goenka Group controlled by Sanjiv Goenka . The team name was announced ( as Rising Pune Supergiants ) on 18 January 2016 by Goenka in Kolkata and Raghu Iyer was appointed CEO . The owners changed the team name to Rising Pune Supergiant on 26 March 2017 . The team lost the 2017 IPL Final to Mumbai Indians by 1 run , which was the team 's last game in the IPL . Contents 1 Home ground 2 Seasons 3 Kit and sponsors 4 IPL 2017 Squad 5 Administration and support staff 6 Results summary 6.1 By season 7 Rising Pune Supergiants in 2016 8 Rising Pune Supergiant in 2017 - League Stage 9 Rising Pune Supergiant in 2017 Play - Offs 10 Records 10.1 Most Runs 10.2 Most Wickets 11 References 12 External links Home ground ( edit ) The Rising Pune Supergiant 's home ground was the Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium in Pune . However , controversies arose over holding 2016 IPL games in Maharashtra due to water usage of the cricket stadiums during severe drought and the Bombay High Court ordered all matches in May to be shifted out of the state . On 15 April 2016 , it was reported that the Rising Pune Supergiants were considering the ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium in Vishakhapatnam as an alternate home ground . Seasons ( edit ) Year Indian Premier League IPL 2016 Group stage ( 7 / 8 ) IPL 2017 Runners - up Kit and sponsors ( edit ) The official merchandise was provided by SEVEN and the principal shirt sponsor was Jio , Kent RO Systems . Spykar , Gulf Oil , Gemini Oil , Finolex Pipes , LYF Smartphones , DBS Bank and Marriott International were the associated sponsors for 2016 season . They also signed tournament partners such as OLA , Kingfishers , Deakin University , New India Assurance , Gourmet Renaissance and Fan Garage . Year Kit Manufacturers Sponsor ( Front ) Sponsor ( Back ) Sponsor ( Chest ) 2016 SEVEN Kent RO Systems Spykar Gulf Oil 2017 none Motorola Jio IPL 2017 Squad ( edit ) Players with international caps are listed in bold No . Name Nat Birth date Batting style Bowling style Signed year Salary Notes Batsmen Ajinkya Rahane ( 1988 - 06 - 05 ) 5 June 1988 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2016 ₹ 80 million ( US $1.2 million ) 13 Faf du Plessis ( 1984 - 07 - 13 ) 13 July 1984 ( age 34 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2016 ₹ 47.5 million ( US $690,000 ) Overseas 22 Mayank Agarwal ( 1991 - 02 - 16 ) 16 February 1991 ( age 27 ) Right - handed 2017 ₹ 16 million ( US $230,000 ) 45 Manoj Tiwary ( 1985 - 11 - 14 ) 14 November 1985 ( age 32 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2017 ₹ 5 million ( US $73,000 ) 49 Steve Smith ( 1989 - 06 - 02 ) 2 June 1989 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2016 ₹ 40 million ( US $580,000 ) Captain / Overseas 52 Rahul Tripathi ( 1991 - 03 - 02 ) 2 March 1991 ( age 27 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2017 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) 100 Usman Khawaja ( 1986 - 12 - 18 ) 18 December 1986 ( age 31 ) Left - handed Right - arm medium 2016 ₹ 10 million ( US $150,000 ) Overseas All - rounders 5 Baba Aparajith ( 1994 - 07 - 08 ) 8 July 1994 ( age 24 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2016 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) 18 Ankit Sharma ( 1991 - 04 - 20 ) 20 April 1991 ( age 27 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2016 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) 25 Mitchell Marsh ( 1991 - 10 - 20 ) 20 October 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2016 ₹ 48 million ( US $700,000 ) Overseas Withdrawn Player 29 Rajat Bhatia ( 1979 - 10 - 22 ) 22 October 1979 ( age 38 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2016 ₹ 6 million ( US $87,000 ) 54 Daniel Christian ( 1983 - 05 - 04 ) 4 May 1983 ( age 35 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2017 ₹ 10 million ( US $150,000 ) Overseas 55 Ben Stokes ( 1991 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1991 ( age 27 ) Left - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2017 ₹ 145 million ( US $2.1 million ) Overseas 555 Washington Sundar ( 1999 - 10 - 05 ) 5 October 1999 ( age 18 ) Left - handed Right - arm off break 2017 Replacement signing Wicket - keepers 7 MS Dhoni ( 1981 - 07 - 07 ) 7 July 1981 ( age 37 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2016 ₹ 125 million ( US $1.8 million ) 27 Ankush Bains ( 1995 - 12 - 16 ) 16 December 1995 ( age 22 ) Right - handed 2016 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) Milind Tandon ( 1993 - 10 - 29 ) 29 October 1993 ( age 24 ) Right - handed 2017 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) Bowlers Rahul Chahar ( 1999 - 08 - 04 ) 4 August 1999 ( age 19 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2017 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) 9 Deepak Chahar ( 1992 - 08 - 07 ) 7 August 1992 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2016 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) 10 Shardul Thakur ( 1991 - 10 - 16 ) 16 October 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2017 ₹ 2 million ( US $29,000 ) 11 Ashok Dinda ( 1984 - 03 - 25 ) 25 March 1984 ( age 34 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2016 ₹ 5 million ( US $73,000 ) 63 Adam Zampa ( 1992 - 03 - 31 ) 31 March 1992 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2016 ₹ 3 million ( US $44,000 ) Overseas 69 Lockie Ferguson ( 1991 - 06 - 13 ) 13 June 1991 ( age 27 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast 2017 ₹ 5 million ( US $73,000 ) Overseas 77 Jaydev Unadkat ( 1991 - 10 - 18 ) 18 October 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Left - arm medium - fast 2017 ₹ 3 million ( US $44,000 ) 99 Ravichandran Ashwin ( 1986 - 09 - 17 ) 17 September 1986 ( age 31 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2016 ₹ 75 million ( US $1.1 million ) Withdrawn Player 999 Imran Tahir ( 1979 - 03 - 27 ) 27 March 1979 ( age 39 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2017 Replacement signing Overseas Ishwar Pandey ( 1989 - 08 - 15 ) 15 August 1989 ( age 28 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2016 ₹ 2 million ( US $29,000 ) Jaskaran Singh ( 1991 - 12 - 21 ) 21 December 1991 ( age 26 ) Left - handed Left - arm medium - fast 2016 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) Saurabh Kumar ( 1993 - 05 - 01 ) 1 May 1993 ( age 25 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2017 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) Administration and support staff ( edit ) Owner -- Sanjiv Goenka CEO -- Raghu Iyer Head coach -- Stephen Fleming Assistant coach -- Hrishikesh Kanitkar Bowling coach -- Eric Simons Performance analyst -- Prasanna Agoram Results summary ( edit ) By season ( edit ) 2016 Season The Rising Pune Supergiant made an excellent start to the season , convincingly winning their first game against the defending champions , Mumbai Indians , by 9 wickets . However , they went on to lose their next four games - against the Gujarat Lions , Kings XI Punjab , Royal Challengers Bangalore and the Kolkata Knight Riders . The inclusion of Ashoke Dinda , in their 6th game of the season , provided a brief inspiration as the Supergiants beat the Sunrisers Hyderabad by 34 runs . They lost the next two games - against the Gujarat Lions and the Mumbai Indians - at the Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium in Pune . The Supergiants were also briefly bolstered by the arrival of Australian batsmen Usman Khawaja and George Bailey against the Delhi Daredevils at the Feroz Shah Kotla and went on to win the game by 7 wickets . Pune 's last game of the season was against Kings XI Punjab , with the loser finishing at the bottom of the points table . RPS was struggling to chase down a total of 172 despite a good start from the openers and they kept losing wickets at constant intervals . RPS needed 23 runs from the last over which was bowled by Axar Patel with captain MS Dhoni on the crease . After a wide , four , six and two dot balls , RPS were left requiring 12 runs from the last two balls . It seemed the game was over but Dhoni pulled off the incredible and hit two sixes off the last two balls . This win ensured RPS did n't finish at the bottom of the points table . At the end of the 2016 IPL , the Supergiants won only 5 games out of 14 , and won only 2 of their 7 home games - 4 at the MCA Stadium in Pune and 3 at their new home ground , the ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium i n Vishakhapatnam . They finished at seventh place in the IPL points table . 2017 Season After the auction , Pune axed MS Dhoni as captain and Steve Smith was appointed captain barely months before the start of the 2017 season . The franchise then changed their name to Rising Pune Supergiant , removing the ' s ' , on 26 March 2017 . Washington Sundar replaced Ravichandran Ashwin who was ruled out of the tournament with a sports hernia . RPS bought Ben Stokes for ₹ 14.5 Crore at the auction , making him the most expensive overseas player in the history of the IPL . Imran Tahir was roped in by RPS as a replacement for Mitchell Marsh , who was once again ruled out of the tournament due to a shoulder injury . This decision proved to be extremely decisive , as Imran Tahir went on to take 18 wickets in 12 games for RPS before leaving for his national team , along with Faf du Plessis . RPS once again got off to a great start in IPL 2017 by beating the Mumbai Indians by 7 wickets in their first game . However , losses against Kings XI Punjab , Delhi Daredevils and Gujarat Lions followed and it seemed like Pune were repeating what took place last year . However , results picked up and RPS won 7 out of their next 8 games , all of them by close margins , with the top performers being Rahul Tripathi , Jaydev Unadkat , Ben Stokes and Imran Tahir . But a 6 - day gap left them rusty and RPS lost to Delhi Daredevils by 7 runs , forcing them to win their last game vs Punjab to qualify . In their do - or - die game vs Punjab , RPS skittled them out for 73 and won comfortably by 9 wickets , thus finishing in second place with 18 points and qualifying for the play - offs . RPS faced the Mumbai Indians in Qualifier 1 at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai , with a win securing them a spot in the final . RPS batted first and posted a slightly below - par total of 162 - 4 , with 41 runs coming from the last two overs , thanks to well - paced innings from Manoj Tiwary and Ajinkya Rahane and a late surge from MS Dhoni . Washington Sundar ripped apart the middle order of the Indians and finished with career best figures of 3 - 16 in 4 overs . Shardul Thakur and Jaydev Unadkat chipped in as Pune beat the Mumbai Indians comfortably by 20 runs . RPS faced the Mumbai Indians for the fourth time in the season , in the final at Hyderabad . This was Rising Pune Supergiant 's last game in the IPL . RPS had a psychological edge over Mumbai , considering RPS had beaten them on all three meetings in the season . Rohit Sharma won the toss and decided to bat first . Jaydev Unadkat and Adam Zampa took key wickets as Mumbai crumbled to 79 - 7 but a late surge from Krunal Pandya meant that Mumbai finished with a slightly - below par score of 129 - 8 . RPS looked comfortable after the powerplay but over-cautious batting cost them dearly . Ajinkya Rahane scored runs easily but captain Steve Smith struggled and things took a turn when Rahane got out for 44 . MS Dhoni arrived but was quickly removed for 10 and Pune were left requiring 11 runs from the last over with Smith and Manoj Tiwary at the crease . Tiwary hit a four on the first ball off Mitchell Johnson 's bowling and RPS looked to have the trophy in the bag . But Smith and Tiwary got out off consecutive deliveries which left RPS requiring 7 runs from 3 balls . A single from Washington Sundar and a double from Daniel Christian meant RPS required 4 runs from the last ball . Unfortunately , RPS could only complete two runs before Sundar was run out . Thus , Mumbai Indians won by 1 run to get their 3rd IPL title . Performance summary in Indian Premier League Year Pld Won Loss NR Tied SR ( % ) Position Summary 2016 14 5 9 0 0 35.71 % 7 Group stage 2017 16 10 6 0 0 62.5 % Runners - Up Rising Pune Supergiants in 2016 ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard 9 April 2016 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 9 wickets Ajinkya Rahane 66 * ( 42 ) Scorecard 14 April 2016 Gujarat Lions Rajkot Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 17 April 2016 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard 22 April 2016 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pune Lost by 13 runs Scorecard 5 24 April 2016 Kolkata Knight Riders Pune Lost by 2 wickets 6 26 April 2016 Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad Won by 34 runs ( D / L ) Ashok Dinda 3 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 7 29 April 2016 Gujarat Lions Pune Lost by 3 wickets Scorecard 8 1 May 2016 Mumbai Indians Pune Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 9 5 May 2016 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Won by 7 wickets Ajinkya Rahane 63 * ( 48 ) Scorecard 10 7 May 2016 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 11 10 May 2016 Sunrisers Hyderabad Visakhapatnam Lost by 4 runs Adam Zampa 6 / 19 ( 4 overs ) 12 14 May 2016 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 wickets ( D / L ) 13 17 May 2016 Delhi Daredevils Visakhapatnam Won by 19 Runs ( D / L ) Ashok Dinda 3 / 20 ( 4 overs ) 14 21 May 2016 Kings XI Punjab Visakhapatnam Won by 4 Wickets MS Dhoni 64 * ( 32 ) Scorecard Overall record of 5 - 9 Seventh in the points table Did not make it to the playoffs Rising Pune Supergiant in 2017 - League Stage ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard 6 April 2017 Mumbai Indians Pune Won by 7 wickets Steve Smith 84 * ( 54 ) Scorecard 8 April 2017 Kings XI Punjab Indore Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard 11 April 2017 Delhi Daredevils Pune Lost by 97 runs Scorecard 14 April 2017 Gujarat Lions Rajkot Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 5 16 April 2017 Royal Challengers Bangalore Banaglore Won by 27 runs Ben Stokes 3 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 6 22 April 2017 Sunrisers Hyderabad Pune Won by 6 wickets MS Dhoni 61 * ( 34 ) Scorecard 7 24 April 2017 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 3 runs Ben Stokes 2 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 8 26 April 2017 Kolkata Knight Riders Pune Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 9 29 April 2017 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pune Won by 61 runs Lockie Ferguson 2 / 7 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 10 1 May 2017 Gujarat Lions Pune Won by 5 wickets Ben Stokes 103 * ( 63 ) Scorecard 11 3 May 2017 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Won by 4 wickets Rahul Tripathi 93 ( 52 ) Scorecard 12 6 May 2017 Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad Won by 12 runs Jaydev Unadkat 5 / 30 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 13 12 May 2017 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Lost by 7 runs Scorecard 14 14 May 2017 Kings XI Punjab Pune Won by 9 wickets Jaydev Unadkat 2 / 12 ( 3 overs ) Scorecard League Stage record of 9 - 5 Second in the points table Made it to the playoffs Rising Pune Supergiant in 2017 play - offs ( edit ) Play - Off Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard Qualifier 1 16 May 2017 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 20 runs Washington Sundar 3 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard Final 21 May 2017 Mumbai Indians Hyderabad Lost by 1 run Scorecard Qualifier 1 16 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rising Pune Supergiant 162 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 142 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Manoj Tiwary 58 ( 48 ) Lasith Malinga 1 / 14 ( 3 overs ) Parthiv Patel 52 ( 40 ) Washington Sundar 3 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Rising Pune Supergiant won by 20 runs Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Sundaram Ravi ( India ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( India ) Player of the match : Washington Sundar ( Rising Pune Supergiant ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . 3 / 16 ( 4 overs ) were the best figures of Washington Sundar ( Rising Pune Supergiant ) . This victory meant RPS directly qualified for the final . Final Main article : 2017 Indian Premier League Final 21 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 129 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Rising Pune Supergiant 128 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Krunal Pandya 47 ( 38 ) Jaydev Unadkat 2 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Steve Smith 51 ( 50 ) Mitchell Johnson 3 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai Indians won by 1 run Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Nigel Llong ( England ) and Sundaram Ravi ( India ) Player of the match : Krunal Pandya ( Mumbai Indians ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat . Mumbai Indians became the first team to win a third IPL title . This was Rising Pune Supergiant 's last IPL game and was the first IPL final to be decided by 1 run . Records ( edit ) Most Runs ( edit ) Player Mat Inns NO Runs Ave SR HS 100 50 4s 6s Ajinkya Rahane 30 30 862 33.15 122.79 74 0 8 89 18 Steve Smith 23 22 742 41.22 131.79 101 65 20 MS Dhoni 30 27 9 574 31.88 124.78 64 * 0 33 30 Rahul Tripathi 14 14 0 391 27.92 146.44 93 0 43 17 Manoj Tiwary 15 13 324 32.40 137.28 60 0 31 11 Source : Cricinfo Most Wickets ( edit ) Player Mat Inns Wkts BBI Avg Econ SR 4w 5w Jaydev Unadkat 12 12 24 5 / 30 13.41 7.02 11.4 30 19 Adam Zampa 11 11 19 6 / 19 14.63 7.54 11.6 03 15 Imran Tahir 12 12 18 3 / 18 20.50 7.85 15.6 100 50 Ben Stokes 12 12 12 3 / 18 26.33 7.18 22.0 98 97 Ashok Dinda 12 12 12 3 / 20 29.16 5.64 20.2 56 16 Source : Cricinfo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ C , Aprameya ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` Pune and Rajkot announced as 2 new franchises in IPL '' . One India . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ C , Aprameya ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` Pune and Rajkot announced as 2 new franchises in IPL '' . One India . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sanjiv Goenka unveils IPL Pune team name , logo '' . The Hindu . 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IPL 2017 : Changes continue ! After captain , Pune change their team name '' . indianexpress.com . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Karthik Krishnaswamy ( 21 May 2017 ) . `` Mumbai Indians clinch third IPL title in last - ball finish '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh ( 7 May 2017 ) . `` RPS , GL contracts wo n't be extended '' . Times of India . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bombay High Court questions hosting IPL matches in drought - hit state '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rising Pune Supergiants prefer Visakhapatnam as alternate home venue '' . Cricbuzz . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Nagraj Gollapudi ( 2 May 2016 ) . `` Supergiant sign Bailey , Khawaja '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` Watch Dhoni smash Punjab into last place '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` No rise for RPS '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MS Dhoni axed as Rising Pune Supergiants skipper , Steve Smith to take over '' . hindustantimes.com . February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` RPS sign teen Sundar in place of Ashwin '' . India Today . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon Minter ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` '' Most - Expensive '' Ben Stokes smashes hundred `` . Mirror UK . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` RPS replace injured Marsh with Tahir '' . CricBuzz . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rising Pune Supergiant / Records / Twenty20 Matches / Most Runs '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rising Pune Supergiant / Records / Twenty20 Matches / Most Wickets '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Rising Pune Supergiant Official page Rising Pune Supergiant Lists Players Records Home ground Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , Pune ( 2016 -- present ) Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium , Visakhapatnam ( 2016 ) Captains MS Dhoni ( 2016 ) Steve Smith ( 2017 -- present ) Coaches Head Coach -- Stephen Fleming ( 2016 -- present ) Assistant coach -- Hrishikesh Kanitkar ( 2016 -- present ) Bowling coach -- Eric Simons ( 2016 -- present ) Seasons 2016 2017 Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Awards Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Commons WikiProject Pune topics History Maratha Empire Lal Mahal Sinhagad Shaniwar Wada Battle of Khadki Pune terror attacks Personalities Historic Shivaji Balaji Vishwanath Bajirao Balaji Bajirao Madhavrao Ballal Narayanrao Raghunathrao Sawai Madhavrao Baji Rao II Nana Sahib Senapati Bapat Mahadev Govind Ranade Bal Gangadhar Tilak Chandrashekhar Agashe Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Chapekar brothers Art and literature Pu La Deshpande Babasaheb Purandare Mangesh Tendulkar Pralhad Keshav Atre Sandeep Khare Music Bhimsen Joshi Vasantrao Deshpande Rahul Deshpande Saleel Kulkarni Anand Bhate Prabha Atre Sanjeev Abhyankar Hrishikesh Ranade Civic Pune metropolitan region Mayor Pune Municipal Corporation Pune Cantonment Board Pune Police Landmarks Buildings Shaniwar Wada Vishrambaug Wada Shinde Chhatri Aga Khan Palace Balbharti Temples Pataleshwar Kasba Ganapati Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple Chaturshringi Temple Dashabhuja Ganapati Temple , Pune Museums Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum Mahatma Phule Museum National War Museum Parks and zoos Bund Garden Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park Shunyo Park Saras Baug Shahid Major Pradeep Tathawade Udyan Kamala Nehru Park Pu La Deshpande Udyan Baner - Pashan Biodiversity Park Peshwe Park Others Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir Yashwantrao Chavan Natya Gruha New Katraj Tunnel Katraj Ghat List of hospitals Economy Mandai Market Yard Tulsi Baug International Convention Centre Magarpatta City Transport Air Airports New Pune International Airport Pune Airport Gliding Hadapsar Airport NDA Glider Airport Rail Systems Pune Suburban Railway Pune Metro Pune Monorail Stations Pune Daund Junction Other stations Depot Diesel Loco Shed Road Major roads National Highway 48 ( India ) Mumbai - Pune Expressway Ring Road ( under construction ) Shivaji Road Laxmi Road Shankar Sheth Road Jangli Maharaj Road Karve Road Law College Road Bus Pune Station Bus Stand Swargate Bus Station Shivajinagar Bus Stand Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation Other Shivajinagar Station - Swargate Skywalk Culture Sawai Gandharva Music Festival Vasantotsav Education University of Pune Spicer Adventist University Symbiosis International University Bharti Vidyapeeth Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune National Defence Academy National Chemical Laboratory Armed Forces Medical College Deccan College College of Engineering Fergusson College ILS Law College Film and Television Institute of India Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Sports Events Multi-sport 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games World championships 2008 BWF World Junior Championships 2009 FIVB Men 's Junior World Championship FIBA Asia Under - 16 Championship for Women 2009 2011 Rollball World Cup 2013 Asian Athletics Championships Others Pune Marathon 2009 NECC -- ITF Women 's Tennis Championships KPIT MSLTA Challenger Royal Indian Open Teams American football Pune Marathas Badminton Pune Pistons Cricket Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Maharashtra cricket team Veer Marathi Field hockey Pune Strykers Football FC Pune City Pune FC DSK Shivajians F.C. 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Goenka Harsh Goenka Sanjeev Goenka Franchises Atlético de Kolkata ( Football ) Rising Pune Supergiant ( Cricket ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rising_Pune_Supergiant&oldid=843916545 '' Categories : Indian Premier League teams Sport in Maharashtra Sports clubs in India Cricket clubs established in 2016 Cricket in Maharashtra Cricket in Pune 2016 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch हिन्दी मराठी नेपाली தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 10 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the owner of rising pune supergiants | [
"The Rising Pune Supergiant franchise is owned by RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group controlled by Sanjiv Goenka.[2] The team name was announced (as Rising Pune Supergiants) on 18 January 2016 by Goenka in Kolkata and Raghu Iyer was appointed CEO.[3] The owners changed the team name to Rising Pune Supergiant on 26 March 2017.[4] The team lost the 2017 IPL Final to Mumbai Indians by 1 run, which was the team's last game in the IPL.[5][6]\n"
] | [
"RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group controlled by Sanjiv Goenka."
] |
7892095767346155903 | English Education Act 1835 | English education Act 1835 - wikipedia English education Act 1835 Jump to : navigation , search The English Education Act was a legislative Act of the Council of India in 1835 giving effect to a decision in 1835 by Lord William Bentinck , the then Governor - General of British India , to reallocate funds the East India Company was required by the British Parliament to spend on education and literature in India . Formerly , they had supported traditional Muslim and Hindu education and the publication of literature in the native learned tongues ( Sanskrit and Persian ) ; henceforward they were to support establishments teaching a Western curriculum with English as the language of instruction . Together with other measures promoting English as the language of administration and of the higher law courts ( replacing Persian ) , this led eventually to English becoming one of the languages of India , rather than simply the native tongue of its foreign rulers . In discussions leading up to the Act Thomas Babington Macaulay produced his famous Memorandum on ( Indian ) Education which was scathing on the inferiority ( as he saw it ) of native ( particularly Hindu ) culture and learning . He argued that Western learning was superior , and currently could only be taught through the medium of English . There was therefore a need to produce - by English - language higher education - '' a class of persons , Indian in blood and colour , but English in taste , in opinions , in morals and in intellect '' who could in their turn develop the tools to transmit Western learning in the vernacular languages of India . Among Macaulay 's recommendations were the immediate stopping of the printing by the East India Company of Arabic and Sanskrit books and that the Company should not continue to support traditional education beyond `` the Sanscrit College at Benares and the Mahometan College at Delhi '' ( which he considered adequate to maintain traditional learning ) . The Act itself , however , took a less negative attitude to traditional education and was soon succeeded by further measures based upon the provision of adequate funding for both approaches . Vernacular language education , however , continued to receive little funding . Contents ( hide ) 1 British support for Indian learning 2 Macaulay 's `` Minute Upon Indian Education '' 3 The Act 4 Opposition in London suppressed 5 After the Act 5.1 Reversion to favouring traditional colleges 5.2 Mill 's later views 6 References British support for Indian learning ( edit ) When the British Parliament had renewed the charter of the East India Company for 20 years in 1813 , it had required the Company to apply 100,000 rupees per year `` for the revival and promotion of literature and the encouragement of the learned natives of India , and for the introduction and promotion of a knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of the British territories . '' This had gone to support traditional forms ( and content ) of education , which ( like their contemporary equivalents in England ) were firmly non-utilitarian . By the early 1820s some administrators within the East India Company were questioning if this was a sensible use of the money . James Mill noted that the declared purpose of the Madrassa ( Mohammedan College ) and the Hindu College in Calcutta set up by the company had been `` to make a favourable impression , by our encouragement of their literature , upon the minds of the natives '' but took the view that the aim of the company should have been to further not Oriental learning but `` useful learning . '' Indeed , private enterprise colleges had begun to spring up in Bengal teaching Western knowledge in English ( `` English education '' ) , to serve a native clientele which felt it would be more important that their sons learnt to understand the English than that they were taught to appreciate classic poetry . Broadly similar issues ( ' classical education ' vs ' liberal education ' ) had already arisen for education in England with existing grammar schools being unwilling ( or legally unable ) to give instruction in subjects other than Latin or Greek and were to end in an expansion of their curriculum to include modern subjects . In the Indian situation a complicating factor was that the ' classical education ' reflected the attitudes and beliefs of the various traditions in the sub-continent , ' English education ' clearly did not , and there was felt to be a danger of an adverse reaction among the existing learned classes of India to any withdrawal of support for them . This led to divided counsels within the Committee of Public Instruction . Thomas Babington Macaulay , who was Legal Member of the Council of India , and was to be President of the Committee , refused to take up the post until the matter was resolved , and sought a clear directive from the Governor - General on the strategy to be adopted . It should have been clear what answer Macaulay was seeking , given his past comments . In 1833 in the House of Commons Macaulay ( then MP for Leeds ) , had spoken in favour of renewal of the Company 's charter , in terms which make his own views on the culture and society of the sub-continent adequately clear : I see a government anxiously bent on the public good . Even in its errors I recognize a paternal feeling towards the great people committed to its charge . I see toleration strictly maintained . Yet I see bloody and degrading superstitions gradually losing their power . I see the morality , the philosophy , the taste of Europe , beginning to produce a salutary effect on the hearts and understandings of our subjects . I see the public mind of India , that public mind which we found debased and contracted by the worst forms of political and religious tyranny , expanding itself to just and noble views of the ends of government and of the social duties of man . Finishing with a peroration holding it a moral imperative to educate the Indians in English ways , not to keep them submissive but to give them the potential eventually to claim the same rights as the English : What is that power worth which is founded on vice , on ignorance , and on misery -- which we can hold only by violating the most sacred duties which as governors we owe to the governed -- which as a people blessed with far more than an ordinary measure of political liberty and of intellectual light -- we owe to a race debased by three thousand years of despotism and priest craft ? We are free , we are civilized , to little purpose , if we grudge to any portion of the human race an equal measure of freedom and civilization . Are we to keep the people of India ignorant in order that we may keep them submissive ? Or do we think that we can give them knowledge without awakening ambition ? Or do we mean to awaken ambition and to provide it with no legitimate vent ? Who will answer any of these questions in the affirmative ? Yet one of them must be answered in the affirmative , by every person who maintains that we ought permanently to exclude the natives from high office . I have no fears . The path of duty is plain before us : and it is also the path of wisdom , of national prosperity , of national honour . The destinies of our Indian empire are covered with thick darkness . It is difficult to form any conjecture as to the fate reserved for a state which resembles no other in history , and which forms by itself a separate class of political phenomena . The laws which regulate its growth and its decay are still unknown to us . It may be that the public mind of India may expand under our system till it has outgrown that system ; that by good government we may educate our subjects into a capacity for better government , that , having become instructed in European knowledge , they may , in some future age , demand European institutions . Whether such a day will ever come I know not . But never will I attempt to avert or to retard it . Whenever it comes , it will be the proudest day in English history . To have found a great people sunk in the lowest depths of slavery and superstition , to have so ruled them as to have made them desirous and capable of all the privileges of citizens would indeed be a title to glory all our own . The sceptre may pass away from us . Unforeseen accidents may derange our most profound schemes of policy Victory may be inconstant to our arms . But there are triumphs which are followed by no reverses . There is an empire exempt from all natural causes of decay . Those triumphs are the pacific triumphs of reason over barbarism ; that empire is the imperishable empire of our arts and our morals , our literature and our laws . Macaulay 's `` Minute upon Indian education '' ( edit ) To remove all doubt , however , Macaulay produced and circulated a Minute on the subject . Macaulay argued that support for the publication of books in Sanskrit and Arabic should be withdrawn , support for traditional education should be reduced to funding for the Madrassa at Delhi and the Hindu College at Benares , but students should no longer be paid to study at these establishments . The money released by these steps should instead go to fund education in Western subjects , with English as the language of instruction . He summarised his argument : To sum up what I have said , I think it is clear that we are not fettered by the Act of Parliament of 1813 ; that we are not fettered by any pledge expressed or implied ; that we are free to employ our funds as we choose ; that we ought to employ them in teaching what is best worth knowing ; that English is better worth knowing than Sanskrit or Arabic ; that the natives are desirous to be taught English , and are not desirous to be taught Sanskrit or Arabic ; that neither as the languages of law , nor as the languages of religion , have the Sanskrit and Arabic any peculiar claim to our engagement ; that it is possible to make natives of this country thoroughly good English scholars , and that to this end our efforts ought to be directed . Macaulay 's comparison of Arabic and Sanskrit literature to what was available in English is forceful , colourful , and nowadays often quoted against him . I have conversed both here and at home with men distinguished by their proficiency in the Eastern tongues ... I have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia . Honours might be roughly even in works of the imagination , such as poetry , but when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded , and general principles investigated , the superiority of the Europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable . '' He returned to the comparison later : Whoever knows ( English ) has ready access to all the vast intellectual wealth , which all the wisest nations of the earth have created and hoarded in the course of ninety generations . It may be safely said , that the literature now extant in that language is of far greater value than all the literature which three hundred years ago was extant in all the languages of the world together . The question now before us is simply whether , when it is in our power to teach this language , we shall teach languages , by which , by universal confession , there are not books on any subject which deserve to be compared to our own ; whether , when we can teach European science , we shall teach systems which , by universal confession , whenever they differ from those of Europe , differ for the worse ; and whether , when we can patronise sound Philosophy and true History , we shall countenance , at the public expense , medical doctrines , which would disgrace an English farrier , -- Astronomy , which would move laughter in girls at an English boarding school , -- History , abounding with kings thirty feet high , and reigns thirty thousand years long , -- and Geography , made up of seas of treacle and seas of butter . Mass education would be ( in the fullness of time ) by the class of Anglicised Indians the new policy should produce , and by the means of vernacular dialects : In one point I fully agree with the gentlemen to whose general views I am opposed . I feel with them , that it is impossible for us , with our limited means , to attempt to educate the body of the people . We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern ; a class of persons , Indian in blood and colour , but English in taste , in opinions , in morals , and in intellect . To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country , to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature , and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population . The Act ( edit ) Bentinck endorsed the Minute , writing that he was in full agreement with the sentiments expressed . However , students at the Calcutta Madrassa raised a petition against its closure ; this quickly got considerable support and the Madrassa and its Hindu equivalent were therefore retained . Otherwise the Act endorsed and implemented the policy Macaulay had argued for . The Governor - General of India in Council has attentively considered the two letters from the Secretary to the Committee of Public Instruction , dated the 21st and 22nd January last , and the papers referred to in them . First , His Lordship in Council is of opinion that the great object of the British Government ought to be the promotion of European literature and science among the natives of India ; and that all the funds appropriated for the purpose of education would be best employed on English education alone . Second , But it is not the intention of His Lordship in Council to abolish any College or School of native learning , while the native population shall appear to be inclined to avail themselves of the advantages which it affords , and His Lordship in Council directs that all the existing professors and students at all the institutions under the superintendence of the Committee shall continue to receive their stipends . But his lordship in Council decidedly objects to the practice which has hitherto prevailed of supporting the students during the period of their education . He conceives that the only effect of such a system can be to give artificial encouragement to branches of learning which , in the natural course of things , would be superseded by more useful studies and he directs that no stipend shall be given to any student that may hereafter enter at any of these institutions ; and that when any professor of Oriental learning shall vacate his situation , the Committee shall report to the Government the number and state of the class in order that the Government may be able to decide upon the expediency of appointing a successor . Third , It has come to the knowledge of the Governor - General in Council that a large sum has been expended by the Committee on the printing of Oriental works ; his Lordship in Council directs that no portion of the funds shall hereafter be so employed . Fourth , His Lordship in Council directs that all the funds which these reforms will leave at the disposal of the Committee be henceforth employed in imparting to the native population a knowledge of English literature and science through the medium of the English language ; and His Lordship in Council requests the Committee to submit to Government , with all expedition , a plan for the accomplishment of this purpose . Opposition in London suppressed ( edit ) On the news of the Act reaching England , a despatch giving the official response of the Company 's Court of Directors was drafted within India House ( the company 's London office ) . James Mill was a leading figure within the India House ( as well as being a leading utilitarian philosopher ) . Although he was known to favour education in the vernacular languages of India , otherwise he might have been expected to be broadly in favour of the Act . However , he was by then a dying man , and the task of drafting the response fell to his son John Stuart Mill . The younger Mill was thought to hold similar views to his father , but his draft despatch turned out to be quite critical of the Act . Mill argued that students seeking an ' English education ' in order to prosper could simply acquire enough of the requisite practical accomplishments ( facility in English etc . ) to prosper without bothering to acquire the cultural attitudes ; for example it did not follow that at the same time they would also free themselves from superstition . Even if they did the current learned classes of India commanded widespread respect in Indian culture , and that one of the reasons they did so was the lack of practical uses for their learning ; they were pursuing learning as an end in itself , rather than as a means to advancement . The same could not reliably said of those seeking an ' English education ' , and therefore it was doubtful how they would be regarded by Indian society and therefore how far they would be able to influence it for the better . It would have been a better policy to continue to conciliate the existing learned classes , and to attempt to introduce European knowledge and disciplines into their studies and thus make them the desired interpreter class . This analysis was acceptable to East India Company 's Court of Directors but unacceptable to their political masters ( because it effectively endorsed the previous policy of ' engraftment ' ) and John Cam Hobhouse insisted on the despatch being redrafted to be a mere holding statement noting the Act but venturing no opinion upon it . After the Act ( edit ) Reversion to favouring traditional colleges ( edit ) By 1839 Lord Auckland had succeeded Bentinck as Governor - General , and Macaulay had returned to England . Auckland contrived to find sufficient funds to support the English Colleges set up by Bentinck 's Act without continuing to run down the traditional Oriental colleges . He wrote a Minute ( of 24 November 1839 ) giving effect to this ; both Oriental and English colleges were to be adequately funded . The East India Company directors responded with a despatch in 1841 endorsing the twin - track approach and suggesting a third : We forbear at present from expressing an opinion regarding the most efficient mode of communicating and disseminating European Knowledge . Experience does not yet warrant the adoption of any exclusive system . We wish a fair trial to be given to the experiment of engrafting European Knowledge on the studies of the existing learned Classes , encouraged as it will be by giving to the Seminaries in which those studies are prosecuted , the aid of able and efficient European Superintendence . At the same time we authorise you to give all suitable encouragement to translators of European works into the vernacular languages and also to provide for the compilation of a proper series of Vernacular Class books according to the plan which Lord Auckland has proposed . The East India Company also resumed subsidising the publication of Sanscrit and Arabic works , but now by a grant to the Asiatic Society rather than by undertaking publication under their own auspices . Mill 's later views ( edit ) In 1861 , Mill in the last chapter ( ' On the Government of Dependencies ' ) of his ' Considerations on Representative Government ' restated the doctrine Macaulay had advanced a quarter of a century earlier -- the moral imperative to improve subject peoples , which justified reforms by the rulers of which the ruled were as yet unaware of the need for , `` There are ... ( conditions of society ) in which , there being no spring of spontaneous improvement in the people themselves , their almost only hope of making any steps in advance ( to ' a higher civilisation ' ) depends on the chances of a good despot . Under a native despotism , a good despot is a rare and transitory accident : but when the dominion they are under is that of a more civilised people , that people ought to be able to supply it constantly . The ruling country ought to be able to do for its subjects all that could be done by a succession of absolute monarchs guaranteed by irresistible force against the precariousness of tenure attendant on barbarous despotisms , and qualified by their genius to anticipate all that experience has taught to the more advanced nation . Such is the ideal rule of a free people over a barbarous or semi-barbarous one . We need not expect to see that ideal realised ; but unless some approach to it is , the rulers are guilty of a dereliction of the highest moral trust which can devolve upon a nation : and if they do not even aim at it , they are selfish usurpers , on a par in criminality with any of those whose ambition and rapacity have sported from age to age with the destiny of masses of mankind '' but Mill went on to warn of the difficulties this posed in practice ; difficulties which whatever the merits of the Act of 1835 do not seem to have suggested themselves to Macaulay : It is always under great difficulties , and very imperfectly , that a country can be governed by foreigners ; even when there is no disparity , in habits and ideas , between the rulers and the ruled . Foreigners do not feel with the people . They can not judge , by the light in which a thing appears to their own minds , or the manner in which it affects their feelings , how it will affect the feelings or appear to the minds of the subject population . What a native of the country , of average practical ability , knows as it were by instinct , they have to learn slowly , and after all imperfectly , by study and experience . The laws , the customs , the social relations , for which they have to legislate , instead of being familiar to them from childhood , are all strange to them . For most of their detailed knowledge they must depend on the information of natives ; and it is difficult for them to know who to trust . They are feared , suspected , probably disliked by the population ; seldom sought by them except for interested purposes ; and they are prone to think the servilely submissive are the trustworthy . Their danger is of despising the natives ; that of the natives is of disbelieving that anything the strangers do can be intended for their good . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The rupee was then worth about two shillings , so roughly £ 10,000 ( equivalent current purchasing power clearly considerably more ) Jump up ^ quoted in Macaulay 's Minute Jump up ^ subsequent financial difficulties had led him to go out to India to rebuild his fortunes Jump up ^ that of the East India Company Jump up ^ But in an essay of 1825 , Macaulay had defended the politics of Milton ( objected to by Johnson 's Lives of the Poets ) on very different lines Many politicians of our time are in the habit of laying it down as a self - evident proposition , that no people ought to be free till they are fit to use their freedom . The maxim is worthy of the fool in the old story who resolved not to go into the water till he had learnt to swim . If men are to wait for liberty till they become wise and good in slavery , they might indeed wait forever . `` Milton '' , Edinburgh Review , August 1825 ; included in T.B. Macaulay ' Critical and Historical Essays , Vol 1 ' , JM Dent , London , 1910 ( Everyman 's Library , volume 225 ) Jump up ^ Hansard House of Commons Debates 10 July 1833 vol 19 cc479 - 550 ( Second Reading Debate ) Jump up ^ best read in its entirety to appreciate its full force ; full text at Jump up ^ Macaulay described it as unheard of that students should have to be paid to study , but later had to concede that scholarships were routinely awarded at English universities ^ Jump up to : text to be found in Sharp , H. ( ed . ) . 1920 . Selections from Educational Records , Part I ( 1781 -- 1839 ) . Superintendent , Govt . Printing , Calcutta . Jump up ^ Indeed , a response to the Minute circulated by Henry Thoby Prinsep ( also to be found in Sharp , H. ( ed . ) . 1920 . Selections from Educational Records , Part I ( 1781 -- 1839 ) . Superintendent , Govt . Printing , Calcutta ) whilst disagreeing strongly with the proposed course of action agreed with this verdict : `` It is laid down that the vernacular dialects are not fit to be made the vehicle of instruction in science or literature , that the choice is therefore between English on one hand and Sanskrit and Arabic on the other -- the latter are dismissed on the ground that their literature is worthless and the superiority of that of England is set forth in all animated description of the treasures of science and of intelligence it contains and of the stores of intellectual enjoyment it opens . There is no body acquainted with both literatures that will not subscribe to all that is said in the minute of the superiority of that of England . Jump up ^ most likely because he had held them before the Minute was written ; the Minute should therefore be read as a rumbustious justification of a foregone conclusion , not as an exercise in persuasive analysis . Perhaps the point was made to Macaulay at the time ; in an essay published in the Edinburgh Review in July 1835 ( and therefore roughly contemporaneous with the Minute ) , he wrote of Charles James Fox 's History of James the Second : ... those more serious improprieties of manner into which a great orator who undertakes to write history is in danger of falling . There is about the whole book a vehement , contentious , replying manner . Almost every argument is put in the form of an interrogation , an ejaculation or a sarcasm . THe writer seems to be addressing himself to some imaginary audience `` Sir James Mackintosh '' , Edinburgh Review , August 1825 ; included in T.B. Macaulay ' Critical and Historical Essays , Vol 1 ' , JM Dent , London , 1910 ( Everyman 's Library , volume 225 ) Jump up ^ Henry Thoby Prinsep , who was given a hard time on 2 different counts procedurally he should have waited to be asked before giving his views there was some suspicion that he had leaked news of the likely new policy to the Calcutta Madrassa students Jump up ^ Stephen Evans , `` Macaulay 's Minute Revisited : Colonial Language Policy in Nineteenth - century India '' , Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development Vol. 23 , No. 4 , 2002 Jump up ^ of whom Lord Melbourne is said to have remarked `` I wish I was as cocksure of anything as Tom Macaulay is of everything '' -- see Oxford Dictionary of Quotations Jump up ^ ' Of the Government of Dependencies by a Free State ' Chapter XVIII of ' Considerations on Representative Government ' pages 382 -- 384 of `` Utilitarianism , Liberty & Representative Government '' , JS Mill , JM Dent & Sons Ltd , London ( 1910 ) ( no 482 of ' Everyman 's Library ' ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Education_Act_1835&oldid=815583931 '' Categories : History of education in India Education law in India 1835 in India 1835 in law 1835 in education English - language education Language education in India Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 18 : 59 . 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5464640304338525861 | The Messengers (TV series) | The Messengers ( tv series ) - wikipedia The Messengers ( tv series ) The Messengers Genre Supernatural Drama Mystery Created by Eoghan O'Donnell Starring Shantel VanSanten Diogo Morgado J.D. Pardo Joel Courtney Jon Fletcher Sofia Black - D'Elia Anna Diop Craig Frank Composer ( s ) Paul Haslinger Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Trey Callaway Basil Iwanyk Producer ( s ) Joseph Incaperra Oanh Ly Matt Pitts Cinematography Sid Sidell John Newby Editor ( s ) Jeff McEvoy Jon Koslowsky Evan Ahlgren Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Thunder Road Television Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release April 17 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) -- July 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 24 ) External links Official website The Messengers is an American television series that aired on The CW during the 2014 -- 15 season . The series was officially picked up on May 8 , 2014 , and premiered on April 17 , 2015 . The series was cancelled by the CW on May 7 , 2015 , but aired all of its episodes , and concluded on July 24 , 2015 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 The Messengers 2.1. 1 The Messengers ' allies 2.2 Army of Hell 2.2. 1 Four Horsemen 2.3 Others 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 5 Release 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A mysterious object plummets to Earth , sending out a shock wave that causes five strangers to die , only to miraculously come back to life moments later . The members of the group are Vera ( Shantel VanSanten ) , a struggling radio - astronomer living in New Mexico who is searching for her missing son ; Erin ( Sofia Black - D'Elia ) , a young mother in Tucson , Arizona who is desperate to protect her seven - year - old daughter Amy from her abusive policeman ex-husband ; Peter ( Joel Courtney ) , a troubled high school student and orphan in Little Rock , Arkansas ; Raul ( J.D. Pardo ) , a federal agent in Mexico who is looking to escape his dangerous and violent undercover assignment ; and Joshua ( Jon Fletcher ) , a charismatic second - generation televangelist in Houston , Texas . Most mysterious of all is the figure known only as The Man ( Diogo Morgado ) , who offers Vera the location of her abducted son if she will help him with one morally complicated task which puts her on a collision course with Rose ( Anna Diop ) , a nurse in Houston who has been in a coma for seven years after being shot by an unknown hitman . Drawn together by fate and biblical prophecy , `` The Messengers '' soon learn they now have supernatural gifts that might be the only hope for preventing the impending Rapture . Cast and characters ( edit ) The Messengers ( edit ) The main characters of the series are the Messengers ( real term : `` Angels of the Apocalypse '' ) , a group of ordinary humans chosen by God to determine if humanity is worth saving . They are hit by an energy wave from the meteorite that brought The Man to earth , which causes them to die for a few minutes . Then they awaken with strange supernatural abilities denominated as `` gifts '' . However , their gifts have side - effects on their bodies unless the seven true Messengers are united . Shantel VanSanten as Vera Buckley An emotionally and financially struggling radio - astronomer who is searching for her missing son , Michael , who was kidnapped seven years earlier . After finding out her ex-boyfriend ( and Michael 's father ) , Leo Travers , carries a genetic disease , which was the reason he broke up with her , Vera decides to tell him about their kidnapped son 's existence , rekindling their relationship . Gift : spirit - walking ; side - effect : If her spirit does n't return to her body in a short time , her body dies . J.D. Pardo as Raul Garcia A former drug courier who became a US Federal agent to bring down the Mexican drug cartel he worked for . It is soon revealed that the detective who arrested him was the one who betrayed him to the same drug cartel . After failing to save his brother , Raul is trying to make amends with his niece , Nadia ; both are unaware that they are biological father and daughter . Gift : mind - reading and telepathy ; side - effect : headaches . Joel Courtney as Peter Moore A troubled high school student and orphan with previous suicidal tendencies . After developing his ability , he kills one of his tormentors in self - defense and ends up on the run . When he meets the other Messengers , Peter learns the meaning of having a family and wants to make amends with his last foster parents , David and Melissa Cooper . He also develops an interest in Raul 's niece , Nadia . Gift : super strength ; side - effect : unknown . Jon Fletcher as Joshua Silburn Jr . A second - generation televangelist preacher and recovered addict who struggles to find his place in the world . After he realized that his wife cheated on him with his own father ( Silburn , Snr . ) which makes him the possible father of her baby , Joshua leaves in anger and meets the rest of the Messengers by the way . By the end , he is the only one aware of Erin 's daughter , Amy and her true self as the Antichrist . Gift : Having psychic visions of the future ; side - effect : seizures . Sofia Black - D'Elia as Erin Calder A young woman trying to make a new life for herself and daughter after fleeing from her abusive and controlling husband , who is a policeman , but what she does n't know is that her own daughter is in fact the new Antichrist , the Devil 's daughter . She develops an interest in Raul . Gift : physical healing ; side - effect : deterioration in her body . Jessika Van as Koa Lin An orphaned grifter from Hong Kong who learned everything from her father , who was murdered when she was young . She joins the team during the time they are facing the Abaddon hacker so she can regain her lost money . Gift : shape - shifting ; side - effect : losing her own memories in turn . Winston Duke as Zahir Zakaria A journalist from Mali who is determined to seek justice after the Plowman brothers ' agricultural experiment goes wrong in a West African village . Gift : electricity manipulation ; side - effect : unknown . The Messengers ' allies ( edit ) Craig Frank as Alan Harris Vera 's assistant astronomer who was oblivious to Vera 's powers and of the other Messengers as well , but is convinced that a government conspiracy is behind the recent events . However , after learning the truth from Vera , Alan became a trusted ally for the team . He has a crush on Vera . Jennifer Griffin as Eliza Shepard A former Messenger from a previous generation . She has been watching over the new team 's activities , and she has her suspicions about Rose 's activity and intentions ( by deducing she is a Horseman ) . She is later killed by the Fairburns under the Devil 's orders because she refused to tell him how the antichrist can be destroyed . Former gift : visions ( currently Joshua 's gift ) . Brittany O'Grady as Nadia Garcia Raul 's daughter , who she blames for her legal father 's ( Raul 's brother , Cesar ) death , especially after she found out that Raul was having an affair with her mother , Gabriela . Justin Bruening as Leo Travers A research scientist who dated Vera while they were attending the same university and is Michael 's father . However , after being diagnosed with Huntington 's disease , he broke off his relationship with Vera by claiming he 'd met someone else and was unaware of his son 's existence . Seven years later , he is reunited with Vera and confesses the truth about the break - up , as well as learning about their kidnapped son , leading them to rekindle their relationship . Zeb Sanders as Michael Buckley - Travers / Brian Fairburn Originally known as the archangel who led God 's armies against Satan in ancient times , he was sent to Earth by God and ended up being reincarnated as Vera and Leo 's son , who was kidnapped by The Man years ago and then given to the Fairburn family . Army of hell ( edit ) Diogo Morgado as `` The Man '' The Devil incarnate , who attempts to stop the Messengers . He can not physically harm or kill any Messenger ( or any other human being ) by himself , which leads to him using and manipulating other people to try to carry out his wishes . He considers himself an admirer of the Horsemen 's work , but competes with Rose Arvale ( Horseman of Death ) for the seals and the power of the meteorite in which the Devil was sent to Earth . The Man is also responsible for taking Vera 's son , Michael , to Saint Monica . Madison Dellamea as Amy Calder Erin 's daughter who grew up in a broken home with her parents constantly fighting before separating . She draws paintings about future events , pretending to be unconscious about what she does . What no one knows , as it is shown in the penultimate episode , is since her birth , Amy has been chosen to become the next Antichrist whose future is to cause the `` lake of fire '' on Earth . Lane Garrison as Ronnie A paranoid , abusive and stalking policeman who is Erin 's ex-husband and Amy 's human father . Despite recognizing his time hurting his family , he still desperately tries to be reunited with them , even if he has to use drastic methods . Victor Slezak as Joshua Silburn Sr . A first - generation televangelist and the father of Joshua Jr . He secretly has violent and aggressive behavior towards his son 's wife , with whom he had an affair . Miguel Martinez as `` El Jefe '' A drug lord linked to Raul Garcia 's past , who also has business with The Man . Jason Dohring and Elizabeth Bogush as Jeff and Kay Fairburn A couple who lost a child and made a deal with The Man to adopt Michael , who was kidnapped from his biological mother , Vera . Four Horsemen ( edit ) Every generation there are four people who commit a grievous sin and are assigned to become the Horsemen of the Apocalypse . Rose Arvale , the Horseman of Death , is the leader of the current generation , and they want to use The Man 's meteorite as their ultimate weapon for the end of humanity . In contrast to the angel Messengers , the Horsemen immediately become aware of their powers upon a seal being broken as well as their destiny , and about each other 's identity . It is also implied that all four of them are telepathic ( only to each other ) and can read each other 's minds . Anna Diop as Rose Arvale A former nurse whose experience during war turned her into a cold - blood murderer with psychotic tendencies . Back from war , she started killing ill patients as an act of mercy while having an affair with a married doctor until he ended the affair to return to his wife . Feeling jealous , Rose killed the doctor 's wife and kept her ring as a souvenir , completing her transformation into the Horseman of Death . Rose then decided to pose as and become the de facto leader of the Messengers as a ruse to find the other Horsemen of the Apocalypse with their help . She shelters the Messengers at a foreclosed house and uses a local eatery / bar entitled `` The Last Supper Bar - Grill '' as their base of operations . After she shows her true colors by killing Joshua , he is later resurrected by the Devil himself . Abilities : use of dark magic ; speaking and understanding any language ( e.g. the language of the dead ) Lauren Bowles as Cindy Richards Chosen as the Horseman of War , she is a Senator with an immense resentment against Afghanistan after her son was killed while serving in the Armed Forces . Sam Littlefield as Leland Schiller Chosen as the Horseman of Pestilence , he is the leader of a hacking group called `` Abaddon '' , who wants revenge against an insurance company for denying medical treatment for his ill mother . His plan ( which involved killing many innocent people ) was stopped once by the Messengers , but he was later released from prison by Rose so he could choose to complete his plan , thus breaking his seal . Riley Smith as Mark Plowman Chosen as the Horseman of Famine , he is initially one of the chairmen of an agricultural company . He cares about the field and his workers , unlike his charismatic and unscrupulous brother Vincent , towards whom he a harbors deep resentment . It turns out that both brothers were set up as potential Horsemen of Famine , but Mark is chosen in the end when he kills his brother out of that resentment and thus ( like the other three Horsemen ) instantly loses his humanity and joins the Horsemen 's cause . Others ( edit ) Robb Moon as the patron of the `` Last Supper Bar and Grill '' . Lexi Atkins as Alice , a student who attends Peter 's school . Katy Rowe as Charlotte Silburn , Joshua Jr. 's wife who is pregnant with his child despite having a short affair with her father - in - law , Joshua Snr . Bernardo Saracino as Cesar Garcia , Raul 's brother , Gabriela 's husband and Nadia 's legal father . Loren Escandon as Gabriela Garcia , Cesar 's widowed wife who has an extramarital affair with his brother Raul , conceiving their daughter Nadia . Navid Negahban as the Prime Minister of Afghanistan , Senator Richards ' target during her attempted assassination . Hannah Marshall as Hope Silburn , Joshua Jr. 's sister whose father discarded her after she came out as a lesbian . Roberta Isgreen as Margaret Schiller , Leland 's late mother . J.B. Tuttle and Fawnda McMahan as Dave and Melissa Cooper , Peter 's last foster family who later returned him to Social Services because of his suicidal tendencies , but they are still in contact with him . Jamie Bamber as Vincent Plowman , the co-chairman of Plowman Family Farms and the younger brother of Mark Plowman . He is described as unapologetic and aggressive ; he is the favorite son which may uproot his ambitious plans . Jodi Lynn Thomas as Anne Moore , Peter 's biological mother who lived in psychiatric hospital until she killed herself for not having her son with her . Jack O'Donnell as Dr. Simon , the lead scientist in charge of the Black Site Laboratory . He is one of the people in charge of investigating the Devil 's meteorite , but he and his workers feel threatened by the Four Horsemen . Toby Azeem as one of the Patient in Houston hospital in the awakening episode Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Awakening '' Stephen Williams Eoghan O'Donnell April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 1.19 In Houston , a local hospital nurse named Rose is shot by a unknown thug . Seven years later , a mysterious object falls from deep space and lands in the desert of New Mexico , sending out a shock - wave , killing five different people : Vera , a radio - astronomer searching for her missing son ; Erin , a mother who is desperate to protect her daughter from her abusive ex-husband ; Peter , a troubled student and orphan ; Raul , a federal agent looking to escape his dangerous undercover assignment ; and Joshua , a charismatic televangelist . The five wake up , bestowed with mystical powers . Raul develops the power of mind - reading . Erin unknowingly heals her daughter after a car crash . Peter learns that he has powers of super strength when he is attacked by a bully . Joshua develops powers of `` second sight '' , where he tells everyone that the Rapture is coming . A man , who had been in the object that crashed to Earth , appears before Vera to tell her that he knows where her missing son is . `` Strange Magic '' Duane Clark Trey Callaway & Eoghan O'Donnell April 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) 0.77 The group is drawn to the hospital where Rose is laying in a coma for the past seven years . The Man tries to force Vera to kill her in her bed , when Rose awakens and the Man flees . Rose then explains to the five that they all have been resurrected as angels , and that they have been chosen to be the Messengers of God in order to prevent the impending Rapture . Their mission is to find and kill the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse before the Man finds them first . Joshua tries to convince Vera otherwise and tries to help her find a one - armed Iraq War veteran before the Man approaches him first . Each one of the Messengers are now fugitives , and they also learn that they can not rely on anyone else . Meanwhile , Raul tries to find his brother who has been abducted by the drug cartel , and he teams up with his niece , Nadia . Peter learns that he is now a fugitive and attempts to go into hiding . Erin continues avoiding the police , while Vera is plagued with dreams about her missing son . `` Path to Paradise '' Cherie Nowlan Story by : Oanh Ly Teleplay by : Matt Pitts May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) 0.65 The Messengers attempt to find the Horseman of War before the Man finds him first . With the help of Joshua 's visions and Peter 's computer skills , Rose and Erin follow the leads to two suspects ; a visiting Arab dignitary and a Senator who is the mother of an Iraqi War soldier killed in action . Meanwhile , Raul continues his personal quest to locate his missing brother , unaware that the Man has set a trap for him . Vera continues to investigate the mysterious meteor rock particle which leads her and her co-worker Alan to a former lover who went into hiding for her own good nine years ago , and who was her son 's biological father . The government is revealed to be holding the remains of the meteor that brought the Man to Earth as a top secret research project called Project Genesis . Peter is ambushed by the police and is arrested for murder . `` Drums of War '' Guy Bee Carl Binder May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) 0.68 With Peter in jail , the Man tries everything in his power to keep him there by playing on his insecurity as well harming his self - defense claim . Peter 's background story is revealed of him being a life - long orphan and his first attempt at suicide years earlier after learning that his kind but destitute foster parents can not afford to keep him . As Rose tries to help Peter , she leads the rest of the Messengers to an international energy summit in Houston to look for the Horseman of War where they learn that a corrupt US senator , named Cindy , is plotting to assassinate the prime minister of Afghanistan . As Vera gradually embraces her new power of spirit - walking , she continues to throw off Alan who becomes suspicious to what is now going on with her life . Elsewhere , Joshua pays a visit to his estranged sister , who was disowned by the family years earlier after she came out about her sexual orientation . 5 `` Eye in the Sky '' Eriq La Salle Matt Pitts May 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 15 ) 0.71 Erin decides to celebrate her daughter Amy 's seventh birthday , but another complication sets in when Erin 's estranged and revenge - seeking husband tracks her down with the intent to take Amy away . Erin 's background story is shown of her troubled marriage . While attempting to help Erin , Peter confides in Nadia about his powers and of the group 's mission . Peter also has a run - in with a homeless woman who advices him to `` follow the signs '' . Having not had a vision in over a week , Joshua attempts to re-start his visions with Raul 's help who takes him to the desert to meet with a Native American shaman in hope to unlock Joshua 's memories . Rose and the rest of the group tries to learn the identity of the next Horseman before the second seal is broken and the clues lead to an unknown computer hacker targeting wealthy corporations around the world . Vera learns that using her spirit - walking powers are draining her life force . Elsewhere , another Messenger angel is revealed : Koa Lin is a Hong Kong resident who sets off to find the Messengers after she too becomes the victim of the cyber hacking group . Her gift is that of shape - shifting . 6 `` Metamorphosis '' Jeff Hunt Dre Alvarez and Anna Fishko May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) 0.80 The Messengers try to figure out the identity of the Horseman of Pestilence by trying to figure out the identity of computer hacker known as Abaddon within the next 36 hours before the next computer hacking strike will happen and the Second Seal will be broken . Koa Lin arrives in Houston and finally runs into the Messengers while searching for Abaddon , seeking retribution for the loss of all her money . Koa Lin 's background story is shown of her growing up as a child pickpocket and career criminal in Hong Kong and to the day she got her powers and used them for own advantages of gambling and stealing . While Raul , Joshua and Peter rightfully do not trust Koa , aware that her motivations stem from self - interest , Rose and Erin try to give Lin the benefit of a doubt to help them find a connection between the banks and businesses that have been hacked which leads all of them to a local , low - income health clinic . Erin comes to learn has her powers of healing have growing side affects on herself . Meanwhile , Vera and Alan venture off to investigate the origins of the so - called Genesis rock , which leads them to a national park where they are chased by armed gunmen working for the government . 7 `` Deus Ex Machina '' Jim Conway Clark Perry May 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 29 ) 0.72 Koa sets off on her own to find the Abaddon hacker , Leland Schiller , only to end up a captive by him . After Vera confides in Alan about who she and the Messengers are , he willingly decides to join their cause despite protests from Rose and everyone else . They soon discover a cyber scheme by Leland to murder thousands of people in hospital care and try to shut down the system before Leland can upload a virus . Erin 's attempt to heal Koa nearly costs Erin her life due to her healing powers . Meanwhile , Joshua tries to escape from his past when his estranged pregnant wife shows up after running away from his father . Joshua 's background story is revealed at how he met his wife while he was in rehab and of her tryst with his unethical father who decides to take matters into his own hands . As always , the Devil is behind Joshua Senior 's actions in order to continue to drive the Messengers apart . 8 `` A House Divided '' Paul Kaufman Harrison Weinfeld & Daniel Zucker June 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 05 ) 0.86 After a latest setback , the Messengers begin to think about their value of being angels . Erin wants to go away with Raul to start her life over with him , but Nadia runs away which makes Raul delay his travel plans to team up with Nadia 's estranged mother to find her . More of Nadia and Raul 's background story is shown when Nadia discovered years earlier that her mother was cheating on her father with , of all people , Raul . Meanwhile , Joshua 's pill - popping addiction resumes when he is pressured to take over leadership of his father 's church . Also , Peter and Koa venture to an abandoned mental hospital to look up the origins of Peter 's birth mother and learn from the groundskeeper the real story where Peter came from . Vera finally tells her old beau about the existence of their son , who is revealed to be living with another couple , whom are connected to Joshua . Elsewhere , Leland finally becomes the dark angel Horseman and joins Senator Cindy Richards , but they both express displeasure with the Devil over his impending plans for both of them , and the world . 9 `` Death Becomes Her '' Larry Shaw Oanh Ly June 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 12 ) 0.83 Vera , Raul , Joshua and Koa are held hostage at the Last Supper Grill by the Devil who tries to persuade them to listen to him in explaining about a secret that Rose has been keeping from all of them which knowing the truth might put all of them in danger . More of Rose 's background story is revealed of being a combat medic in Iraq which lead to her own dark path after she accepted the practice of euthanasia . Meanwhile , Peter , Erin , and Nadia receive a visit from Eliza , the homeless woman who interacted with all of them on several occasions , where she reveals that she was a former Messenger who used to have Joshua 's abilities , but that Rose may not appear who she claims to be since her gift is not one that any previous Messenger has had . Also , Erin discovers that Amy has the ability of clairvoyance when she sees Amy 's drawings of what might be to come and of the location of the fourth and final Horseman . 10 `` Why We Fight '' Tim Hunter Joe Peracchio June 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) 0.76 Reeling from the recent events , the Devil brings Joshua back to life on some conditions that the group keep him informed to their plans . Afterwards , the Messengers board a train to travel to California to find and stop a pair of brothers , one of whom may be the Horseman of Famine , from committing a fateful sin and breaking the Fourth Seal , but the group gets sidetracked by things beyond their control . Vera and Alan disembark from the train in New Mexico after Vera sees a sign to where her missing son might be located . Raul , Peter and Erin are forced to disembark to evade the authorities in which they end up hiding out at a rural Arizona farm from one of Joshua 's visions where they become embroiled in a family conflict between the family owning the farm and a hired hand . Also , Koa confides in Joshua that frequent use of her shapeshifting powers are taking a toll on her short and long term memories . Elsewhere , Senator Richards and Leland Schiller oversee the final recovery of the Genesis meteor rock and decide to use the rock fragments as their new weapon of war and genocide . 11 `` Harvest '' Oz Scott Carl Binder July 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) 0.82 The Messengers assemble in California to locate the fourth Horseman . Raul , Joshua , and Erin go undercover to find which one of the Plowman brothers , Mark or Vincent , is the Horseman of Famine before a project by the Plowmans begins which will break the fourth seal . Meanwhile , Peter and Koa set out to find and rescue Vera who searches for the abducted Alan and learns more about Senator Richards plans when she stumbles upon the secret location of the Genesis meteor rock and of its powers when the fragments glow blue with healing power when in close contact to the Angel Messengers and it glows red with destructive power when in close contact to the Evil Horsemen . Also , the Devil continues to try to win the approval and trust of Joshua and the other Messengers to stop the Rapture , even though they still do not trust him . 12 `` Spark of Hope '' Fred Toye Eoghan O'Donnell July 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) 0.62 The Messengers team up to try to locate and free a seventh messenger from a black site prison , an African national named Zahir Zakaria who has the power to harness electricity . But their plans start to unravel when Koa begins losing her memories from the excessive use of her powers and she and Raul are captured . Using her spirit - walking powers , Vera tries to convince Zahir about his own destiny to help prevent the Rapture . Meanwhile , the Devil meets with former Messenger Eliza about her knowledge about the upcoming Rapture and what the Messengers know . The Devil then has Jeff and Amy Fairburn murder Eliza to make sure she will never talk to the Messengers again . 13 `` Houston , We Have a Problem '' Duane Clark Trey Callaway July 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 24 ) 0.82 The seven united Messengers , Vera , Raul , Peter , Joshua , Erin , Koa and Zahir , face off against the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , Rose , Cindy , Leland , and Mark , in a final confrontation . Following another vision from Joshua , they realize that the Horsemen plot to release a lethal `` red acid rain '' upon Houston , Texas , to break the fifth seal using government drones to carry out the plot . Meanwhile , the Devil tries to persuade Erin 's ex-husband to set fire and burn down the motel where the Fairburns are holding Vera 's son , Michael , in attempt to kill all of them to tie up any loose ends . Alan teams up with Leo to try to find Michael following Joshua 's vision , while Nadia is asked to take Erin 's daughter , Amy , away from the city before the event will take place . Despite the Messengers combined powers , they all end up captive by the evil Horsemen and their mercenaries when they realize that joining their powers and perform as selfless act will make a difference . Just as the red acid rain begins to fall upon the city and people begin dying , the Messengers allow themselves to be shot by the mercenaries allowing the powers of God to transform the red rain into healing blue rain , which turns the balance in their favor . The Four Horsemen are defeated and the city is saved and the fifth seal remains intact and the Messengers are resurrected . Vera is finally reunited with her son Michael after he is found in the rubble of the burned - down motel with not an injury upon him . Two weeks later , as the Messengers are back at the Last Supper Bar , Joshua confides in Vera that he had another vision that her son , Michael , is the archangel of Heaven to bring peace , but that Erin 's daughter , Amy , is in fact the antichrist ( the woman with the upside - down face in his vision ) who will bring death to the world . It is confirmed to the viewers when the Devil eyes the Messengers from a distance and addresses Amy as his daughter . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The Messengers has received mixed reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives the show a rating of 47 % based on 17 reviews with an average rating of 5.6 out of 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` The Messengers flashes bursts of potential , but ultimately sags beneath derivative , muddled storytelling '' . Metacritic gave the show a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 15 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Release ( edit ) The Messengers was scheduled to premiere on April 10 , 2015 , but was moved back a week to April 17 , 2015 . In Australia , the series premiered on FOX8 on June 3 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` The CW New Series For Fall 2014 -- ' The Flash ' and ' iZombie ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode Title : ( # 101 ) `` Awakening '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baysinger , Tim ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Upfronts 2015 : CW Cancels ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' The Messengers ' '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` CWTVPR Press Release '' . CWTVPR . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deadline Sam Littlefield In The Messengers '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Winston Duke In The Messengers '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Frank Upped To Regular On The Messengers '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lauren Bowles Books Recurring Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Battlestar Galactica star Jamie Bamber joins The CW 's The Messengers '' . EW . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : `` Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Cedric 's Barber Battle ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' The Messengers ' Adjusted Downn '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' & ' Beyond the Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Barber Shop Battle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojoy , Amanda ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Messengers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' The Messengers ' or ' 500 Questions ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojoy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' What Would You Do ? ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustement for ' The Messengers ' or ' Dateline ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ' & ' What Would You Do ? ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Messengers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : FIFA Women 's World Cup & ' What Would You Do ? ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Messengers ' Adjusted Down & Final U.S. Open Golf Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Messengers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' The Messengers ' or ' Masters of Illusion ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' The Messengers ' , ' What Would You Do ? ' or ' Masters of Illusion ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Messengers : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Messengers : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` The CW Fall Schedule Revealed : The Originals on the Move , Flash Paired With Supernatural '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` CW renews eight dramas for new seasons '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FOX8 Facebook '' . Fox8 . Fox8 . May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . 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8327267700719596717 | Midnight sun | Midnight sun - wikipedia Midnight sun Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Midnight sun ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Altafjord in Alta , Norway , bathed in the midnight sun . Midnight sun at the North Cape on the island of Magerøya in Norway The midnight sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle , when the sun remains visible at the local midnight . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Time zones and daylight saving time 3 White nights 4 Duration 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Details ( edit ) Around the summer solstice ( approximately 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere and 22 December in the Southern Hemisphere ) , the sun is visible for the full 24 hours , given fair weather . The number of days per year with potential midnight sun increases the closer towards either pole one goes . Although approximately defined by the polar circles , in practice the midnight sun can be seen as much as 55 miles ( 90 km ) outside the polar circle , as described below , and the exact latitudes of the farthest reaches of midnight sun depend on topography and vary slightly year - to - year . Midnight Sun seen from airplane while passing Greenland Because there are no permanent human settlements south of the Antarctic Circle , apart from research stations , the countries and territories whose populations experience the midnight sun are limited to those crossed by the Arctic Circle : the Canadian Yukon , Nunavut , and Northwest Territories , and the nations of Iceland , Finland , Norway , Sweden , Denmark ( Greenland ) , Russia , and the State of Alaska in the United States . A quarter of Finland 's territory lies north of the Arctic Circle , and at the country 's northernmost point the sun does not set at all for 60 days during summer . In Svalbard , Norway , the northernmost inhabited region of Europe , there is no sunset from approximately 19 April to 23 August . The extreme sites are the poles , where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year . The North Pole has midnight sun for 6 months from late March to late September . The opposite phenomenon , polar night , occurs in winter , when the sun stays below the horizon throughout the day . Since the axial tilt of the Earth is considerable ( approximately 23 degrees 27 minutes ) , the sun does not set at high latitudes in local summer . The sun remains continuously visible for one day during the summer solstice at the polar circle , for several weeks only 100 km ( 62 mi ) closer to the pole , and for six months at the pole . At extreme latitudes , the midnight sun is usually referred to as polar day . At the poles themselves , the sun rises and sets only once each year on the equinox . During the six months that the sun is above the horizon , it spends the days continuously moving in circles around the observer , gradually spiralling higher and reaching its highest circuit of the sky at the summer solstice . Because of atmospheric refraction , and also because the sun is a disc rather than a point , the midnight sun may be experienced at latitudes slightly below the polar circle , though not exceeding one degree ( depending on local conditions ) . For example , Iceland is known for its midnight sun , even though most of it ( Grímsey is the exception ) is slightly south of the Arctic Circle . For the same reasons , the period of sunlight at the poles is slightly longer than six months . Even the northern extremities of Scotland ( and places at similar latitudes , such as St. Petersburg ) experience twilight throughout the night in the northern sky at around the summer solstice . Observers at heights appreciably above sea level can experience extended periods of midnight sun as a result of the `` dip '' of the horizon viewed from altitude . Time zones and daylight saving time ( edit ) The term `` midnight sun '' refers to the consecutive 24 - hour periods of sunlight experienced north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle . Other phenomena are sometimes referred to as `` midnight sun '' , but they are caused by time zones and the observance of daylight saving time . For instance , in Fairbanks , Alaska , which is south of the Arctic Circle , the sun sets at 12 : 47 am at the summer solstice . This is because Fairbanks is 51 minutes ahead of its idealized time zone ( as most of the state is in one time zone ) and Alaska observes daylight saving time . ( Fairbanks is at about 147.72 degrees west , corresponding to UTC − 9 hours 51 minutes , and is on UTC − 9 in winter . ) This means that solar culmination occurs at about 12 : 51 pm instead of at 12 noon . If a precise moment for the genuine `` midnight sun '' is required , the observer 's longitude , the local civil time and the equation of time must be taken into account . The moment of the sun 's closest approach to the horizon coincides with its passing due north at the observer 's position , which occurs only approximately at midnight in general . Each degree of longitude east of the Greenwich meridian makes the vital moment exactly 4 minutes earlier than midnight as shown on the clock , while each hour that the local civil time is ahead of coordinated universal time ( UTC , also known as GMT ) makes the moment an hour later . These two effects must be added . Furthermore , the equation of time ( which depends on the date ) must be added : a positive value on a given date means that the sun is running slightly ahead of its average position , so the value must be subtracted . As an example , at the North Cape of Norway at midnight on June 21 / 22 , the longitude of 25.9 degrees east makes the moment 103.2 minutes earlier by clock time ; but the local time , 2 hours ahead of GMT in the summer , makes it 120 minutes later by clock time . The equation of time at that date is - 2.0 minutes . Therefore , the sun 's lowest elevation occurs 120 - 103.2 + 2.0 minutes after midnight : at 00.19 Central European Summer time . On other nearby dates the only thing different is the equation of time , so this remains a reasonable estimate for a considerable period . The sun 's altitude remains within half a degree of the minimum of about 5 degrees for about 45 minutes either side of this time . White Nights ( edit ) Main article : White Night festivals Locations where the sun remains less than 6 ( or 7 ) degrees below the horizon -- above 60 ° 34 ' ( or 59 ° 34 ' ) latitude south of the Arctic Circle or north of the Antarctic Circle -- experience midnight twilight instead of midnight sun , so that daytime activities , such as reading , are still possible without artificial light on a clear night . White Nights have become a common symbol of Saint Petersburg , Russia , where they occur from about 11 June to 2 July , and the last 10 days of June are celebrated with cultural events known as the White Nights Festival . Duration ( edit ) Map showing the dates of midnight sun at various latitudes ( left ) and the total number of nights . The midnight sun is visible at the Arctic Circle from 12 June until 1 July . This period extends as one travels north : At Cape Nordkinn , Norway , the northernmost point of Continental Europe , the midnight sun lasts approximately from 14 May to 29 July . On the Svalbard archipelago farther north , it lasts from 20 April to 22 August . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Pytheas , ancient Greek geographer from Massalia and first person to describe the midnight sun Eagle Summit , which , because of its altitude , experiences the midnight sun despite being south of the Arctic Circle Polar night , the opposite phenomenon experienced in winter : a day without sunrise . Midnight Sun Solar Race Team : With the midnight sun phenomenon , a solar - powered vehicle can continue driving 24 hours a day . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is the Midnight Sun Phenomenon ? Earth Phenomena Planetary Science '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ H. Spencer Jones , General Astronomy ( Edward Arnold , London , 1922 ) , Chapters I - III ^ Jump up to : Great Soviet Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Trygve B. Haugan , ed . Det Nordlige Norge Fra Trondheim Til Midnattssolens Land ( Trondheim : Reisetrafikkforeningen for Trondheim og Trøndelag. 1940 ) Further reading ( edit ) Lutgens F.K. , Tarbuck E.J. ( 2007 ) The Atmosphere , Tenth Edition , page 39 , PEARSON , Prentice Hall , NJ . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Midnight sun . Midnight sun seen from Fjellheisen Tromsø - 360 panorama ( hide ) Parts of a day Dawn -- Twilight -- Sunrise Morning Daytime Evening Sunset -- Twilight -- Dusk Night Related articles : Belt of Venus Blue hour Golden hour Terminator Daylight Forenoon Noon Afternoon Midnight Midnight sun Polar night Zodiacal light Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight_sun&oldid=828427607 '' Categories : Earth phenomena Arctic geography terminology Sun Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 13 : 44 . About Wikipedia | country there is 6 month day and night | [] | [] |
-5484908125925825456 | OneMain Financial | OneMain Financial - wikipedia OneMain Financial Jump to : navigation , search OneMain Financial Type Public Traded as NYSE : OMF Russell 1000 Component Industry Financial Services Founded 1912 ( 1912 ) Headquarters Evansville , IN Key people Jay Levine Products Loans Number of employees 10,000 Website www.onemainfinancial.com OneMain Financial is a large provider of personal installment loans in the United States . As of January 2017 , the company has served over 10 million total customers and has a nationwide branch network with more than 1,700 branches across 44 states . OneMain is headquartered in Evansville , Indiana , and has more than 10,000 employees . In March 2015 , Springleaf Holdings , Inc. announced plans to acquire OneMain Financial from Citigroup for $4.25 billion . The acquisition was completed in November 2015 and the new company kept the name OneMain Financial . OneMain is currently traded on the NYSE under the ticker symbol `` OMF '' and is led by CEO Jay Levine . History ( edit ) In 1912 , OneMain Financial was founded as Commercial Credit in Baltimore , Maryland to provide working capital to manufacturers and building contractors . After several acquisitions , the company became a part of Citicorp in 1998 and in 2011 the name was changed to OneMain Financial . In 1920 , Interstate Finance Corporation was founded in Evansville , Indiana to underwrite sales of Inland Motor Truck vehicles . After several acquisitions , the company became a part of AIG Group in 2001 and was later purchased by Fortress Investment Group in 2010 . In 2011 , the name was changed to Springleaf Financial Services , and in 2015 , the company took the OneMain Financial name after the acquisition of OneMain from Citi . In order to complete the acquisition of OneMain , the United States Department of Justice required the company to sell 127 branches and certain related assets to Lendmark Financial Services , LLC . The sale was completed in May 2016 . The brand migration from Springleaf Financial to OneMain Financial was completed in October 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : West , Adam ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` 10M+ Satisfied Customers : How OneMain Financial Has Been Making a Difference for Hard - Working Borrowers for Over 100 Years '' . BadCredit.org . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ OneMain Holdings , Inc . ( NYSE : OMF ) J.P. Morgan FinTech & Specialty Finance Forum November 30 , 2016 ( PDF ) , November 30 , 2016 , retrieved January 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Springleaf Financial to Acquire OneMain Financial , March 3 , 2015 , retrieved January 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ About Us , retrieved January 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Justice Department Requires Springleaf to Divest 127 Branches in 11 States in Order to Complete Acquisition of OneMain Financial , November 13 , 2015 , retrieved January 17 , 2017 External links ( edit ) OneMainFinancial.com - Official Website iLoan - OneMain Financial 's internet lending division Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OneMain_Financial&oldid=816195158 '' Categories : Financial services companies of the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 21 : 53 . About Wikipedia | who did one main financial used to be | [] | [] |
1172648293294156057 | Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (soundtrack) | Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Original LP cover art ( 1964 Decca ) Soundtrack album by cast Released December 13 , 1964 ( LP ) June 1 , 1995 ( CD ) Recorded 1964 Genre Soundtrack , Christmas music , Traditional pop Length 35 : 22 Label Decca Records ( LP ) MCA Records ( CD ) Singles from Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' Released : September 1 , 1949 ( 1949 - 09 - 01 ) `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' Released : November 1964 CD cover CD re-issue cover art ( 1995 MCA ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer is a soundtrack album to the 1964 Rankin / Bass television special of the same name . The original cast recordings from the TV special ( side `` A '' of the original LP release ) are supplemented with instrumental versions recorded by the Decca Concert Orchestra ( on side `` B '' ) . All songs used in the television special were written by Johnny Marks . The original LP album was first released in 1964 , and reissued as a CD in 1995 . The CD was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 30 , 2004 . As of November , the album has sold 1,411,200 copies in the United States since 1991 when SoundScan began tracking sales . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Voices and Personnel 3 Charts 4 References Track listing ( edit ) LP side A : Overture and `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' -- 2 : 23 `` Jingle Jingle Jingle '' -- 1 : 13 `` We Are Santa 's Elves '' -- 1 : 31 `` There 's Always Tomorrow '' -- 1 : 42 `` We 're a Couple of Misfits '' -- 1 : 18 `` Silver and Gold '' -- 1 : 42 `` The Most Wonderful Day of the Year '' -- 2 : 18 `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' -- 1 : 18 `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' Finale -- 1 : 19 LP side B ( instrumental versions ) : `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' -- 1 : 50 `` There 's Always Tomorrow -- 2 : 22 `` Jingle Jingle Jingle '' -- 2 : 14 `` We 're a Couple of Misfits '' -- 1 : 50 `` Silver and Gold '' -- 2 : 21 `` We Are Santa 's Elves '' - 1 : 09 `` Most Wonderful Day of the Year '' -- 2 : 22 `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' -- 1 : 32 Christmas Medley : `` The Night Before Christmas Song '' / `` A Merry Merry Christmas '' / `` When Santa Claus Gets Your Letter '' / `` Rockin ' Around The Christmas Tree '' -- 3 : 17 `` I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day '' -- 1 : 41 On the re-issue on CD , contents / track order are the same except the `` Christmas Medley '' is placed in the middle , at track 10 ( between A9 and B1 - the Burl Ives ' sung and instrumental versions of `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ) . The brand - new song `` Fame and Fortune '' , which replaced `` We 're a Couple of Misfits '' in airings of the television special from 1965 through until the special was restored in 1998 , does not appear on the soundtrack album . Voices and Personnel ( edit ) Burl Ives -- voice of Sam the Snowman ( `` A Holly Jolly Christmas , '' `` Silver and Gold , '' `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ) Stan Francis -- voice of Santa Claus ( `` Jingle , Jingle , Jingle '' ) Janis Orenstein -- voice of Clarice ( `` There 's Always Tomorrow '' ) Billie Mae Richards -- voice of Rudolph ( `` We 're A Couple Of Misfits '' ) Paul Soles -- voice of Hermey ( `` We 're A Couple Of Misfits '' ) Maury Laws -- musical director of the Videocraft TV Musical Decca Concert Orchestra ( side B instrumentals ) Herbert Rehbein -- conductor , Decca Concert Orchestra Charts ( edit ) Chart Peak position US Billboard 200 92 US Top Holiday Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dave Connolly review at allmusic.com Jump up ^ Connolly , Dave . `` Burl Ives : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Burl Ives -- Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top Country Catalog Sales Chart : November 26 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Explanation of alternate versions of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer at imdb.com and at cbspressexpress.com Jump up ^ `` Burl Ives Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Burl Ives Chart History ( Holiday Albums ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Burl Ives Chart History ( Top Catalog Albums ) '' . Billboard . Decca DL 34327 ( original LP ) at discogs.com MCA 15003 ( 1980 LP re-issue ) at discogs.com MCAD 22177 ( 1995 CD re-issue ) at amazon.com Soundtrack at internet movie database ( imdb.com ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer_(soundtrack)&oldid=815853248 '' Categories : 1964 Christmas albums 1964 soundtracks Decca Records soundtracks MCA Records soundtracks Film soundtracks Television animation soundtracks Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 16 : 33 . About Wikipedia | who sang there's always tomorrow in rudolph the red nosed reindeer | [
"Janis Orenstein – voice of Clarice (\"There's Always Tomorrow\")"
] | [
"Janis Orenstein – voice of Clarice"
] |
4133280824752378051 | List of Are You Being Served? characters | List of are You being Served ? Characters - wikipedia List of are You being Served ? Characters Jump to : navigation , search This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters from the BBC sitcom Are You Being Served ? that ran from 1972 until 1985 . After the series ended , there was a spin - off series called Grace and Favour , from 1992 until 1993 with many of the original actors reprising their roles . An Australian version was also produced . John Inman was the only actor to appear in all three series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 2 Menswear 2.1 Mr. Humphries ( John Inman ) ( also appeared in Grace and Favour and Are You Being Served ? Australian edition ) 2.2 Mr. Lucas ( Trevor Bannister ) ( series 1 -- 7 ) 2.3 Mr. Grainger ( Arthur Brough ) ( series 1 -- 5 ) 2.4 Mr. Tebbs ( James Hayter ) ( series 6 ) 2.5 Mr. Goldberg ( Alfie Bass ) ( series 7 ) 2.6 Mr. Spooner ( Mike Berry ) ( series 8 -- 10 ) 2.7 Mr Grossman ( Milo Sperber ) ( series 8 ) 2.8 Mr Klein ( Benny Lee ) ( series 8 ) 3 Ladies wear 3.1 Mrs. Slocombe ( Mollie Sugden ) ( also appeared in spin - off Grace and Favour ) 3.2 Miss Brahms ( Wendy Richard ) ( also appeared in spin - off Grace and Favour ) 4 Management 4.1 Captain Peacock ( Frank Thornton ) ( also appeared in spin - off Grace and Favour ) 4.2 Mr. Rumbold ( Nicholas Smith ) ( also appeared in spin - off Grace and Favour ) 4.3 The Grace Brothers ( Harold Bennett and Kenneth Waller ) ( series 1 -- 8 , series 8 ) 5 Maintenance & Packing 5.1 Mr. Mash ( Larry Martyn ) ( series 1 -- 3 ) 5.2 Mr Harman ( Arthur English ) ( series 4 -- 10 ) 5.3 Warwick and Seymour ( Jimmy Mac and Keith Hodiak ) ( series 6 -- 10 ) 6 Secretaries 6.1 Mr. Rumbold 's First Secretary ( Stephanie Gathercole ) ( Series 1 & 2 ) 6.2 Miss Ainsworth ( Nina Francis ) ( Series 3 ) 6.3 Miss Thorpe ( Moira Foot ) ( Series 3 ) 6.4 Mr. Rumbold 's Secretary ( Isabella Rye ) ( Series 4 ) 6.5 Miss Hazelwood ( Melita Manger ) ( Series 4 ) 6.6 Miss Bakewell ( Penny Irving ) ( series 4 -- 7 ) 6.7 Miss Edwards ( Louise Burton ) ( Series 8 ) 6.8 Old Mr Grace 's Secretary ( Debbie Linden ) ( Series 8 ) 6.9 Miss Belfridge ( Candy Davis ) ( series 9 -- 10 ) 7 Relatives of staff 7.1 Mrs. Annie Humphries ( John Inman ) ( series 5 , series 8 ) 7.2 Mrs Peacock ( Diana King / Diana Lambert ) ( series 4 , 8 , 9 , 10 ) 7.3 Mrs. Grainger ( Pearl Hackney ) ( series 2 ) 7.4 Mrs. Rumbold ( Jean Challis ) ( series 10 ) 7.5 Mycroft Rumbold ( Nicholas Smith ) ( Series 8 ) 8 Supporting characters 8.1 The Canteen Manageress ( Doremy Vernon ) ( series 3 , 4 , 6 -- 10 ) 8.2 Nurse to the Grace Brothers ( Pat Astley ( Series 5 ) and Vivienne Johnson ( Series 6 - 8 ) 8.3 Goddard ( Freddie Wiles ) ( season 1 -- 6 ) 9 Minor characters 9.1 The Cleaners ( Hilda Fenemore and others ) 9.2 Mrs Axelby 9.3 Tiddles and Winston 9.4 Edna Comlozi ( Avril Angers ) ( Series 7 ) 9.5 Mr Patel ( Renu Setna ) ( Series 7 ) 10 Customers and Others 10.1 Series One 10.2 Series Two 10.3 Series Three 10.4 Series Four 10.5 Series Five 10.6 Series Six 10.7 Series Seven 10.8 Series Eight 10.9 Series Nine 10.10 Series Ten 11 References 12 External links Appearances ( edit ) Character Actor Are You Being Served ? Grace & Favour Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Film Series 5 Series 6 Series 7 Series 8 Series 9 Series 10 Series 1 Series 2 Cast Mrs. Slocombe Mollie Sugden Main Captain Peacock Frank Thornton Main Mr. Humphries John Inman Main Miss Brahms Wendy Richard Main Mr. Rumbold Nicholas Smith Main Mr. Grainger Arthur Brough Main Mr. Lucas Trevor Bannister Main Young Mr. Grace Harold Bennett Main Mr. Mash Larry Martyn Recurring Mr. Harman Arthur English Main Mr. Tebbs James Hayter Main Mr. Goldberg Alfie Bass Main Mr. Grossman Milo Sperber Recurring Mr. Klein Benny Lee Recurring Mr. Spooner Mike Berry Main Old Mr. Grace Kenneth Waller Main Of the cast throughout the duration of the series and its sequel , all are deceased with the exception of Mike Berry , Penny Irving , Doremy Vernon , Vivienne Johnson and Candy Davis . Menswear ( edit ) This section contains information on the characters who worked in the Menswear department of Grace Brothers . Mr. Humphries ( John Inman ) ( also appeared in Grace and Favour and are You being Served ? Australian edition ) ( edit ) Mr. Wilberforce Claybourne Humphries ( John Inman ) , sales assistant , later senior assistant in menswear . Mr. Humphries ' colleagues and ' best friends ' ( although he denied this ) were Mr. Lucas and Mr. Spooner . His ambiguous sexuality was used as a catalyst for many comedic situations and one - liners . Mr. Humphries was particularly noted for his mincing walk and his slightly high - pitched voice , which he discarded when answering the phone : `` MENSWEAR '' , he intoned in a falsified baritone . He had one of the most famous catchphrases of the era : when asked by a colleague , `` Mr. Humphries , are you free ? '' ( to serve a customer ) , he always gave the exaggerated response , `` I 'm free ! '' in a very high pitched voice . As the series progressed he often arrived late at work in increasingly outrageous attire including punk rocker clothing and hair , motorcycle leather jacket and chaps , and a sailor uniform , always with an equally outrageous account of his previous night 's activities and his efforts to make it to work on time nonetheless . On one occasion , Mr. Lucas opined to him after a description of the previous evening : `` It 's all go at your place ! '' Mr. Humphries frequently spoke of a companion or companions referred to only as `` my friend '' , often in a situation that pertained in some way to the subject under discussion . Everyone always assumed that the friends that he mentioned were men and would sometimes ask about them , and Mr. Humphries would answer back , `` What makes you think it 's a ' he ' ? ! '' , often in a voice lowered by an octave . He was born in 1938 / 39 , so throughout the show , his age was 33 / 34 - 46 / 47 . He is often described as the most loveable character in the show , and was shown to be the most popular member of the floor in ' Shedding the Load ' when he was the only member of staff not to receive a vote to be sacked . In `` Heir Apparent '' , Old Mr. Grace believes that Mr. Humphries was his son and all the staff are spoiling him . Mr. Lucas ( Trevor Bannister ) ( series 1 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Mr. James / Dick Lucas ( Trevor Bannister ) ( born 1954 , aged : 18 - 31 ) was the ' Jack the lad ' junior menswear assistant , who was nearly always late for work but always had a creative excuse . He was not very concerned about the departmental pecking order , and made many sarcastic remarks , usually towards Mrs. Slocombe . In the early series he had a relationship with Miss Brahms , as mentioned in ' Big Brother ' , however by later episodes she seems to have developed an antipathy towards him . Mr. Lucas once called himself the ' best friend ' of Mr. Humphries , who was quick to deny it . His departure is never explained , although Captain Peacock remarked in the episode `` Sit Out '' after Mr. Lucas left , on a day in which the departments had achieved no sales , that the last time the departments had no sales , `` we fired the junior . '' Mr. Lucas was thus made redundant , or terminated at will . ( In real life , Trevor Bannister had already accepted a part in a tour for Middle Age Spread so he was unable to continue the role of Mr. Lucas . ) In the series Mr. Lucas represents fresh , modern thinking contrasted with the stale , old - fashioned thinking that permeates Grace Brothers . In a series 5 episode , Mr Grace decides to Americanise the store , and the staff must call each other by their first names ; Mr. Lucas embarrassingly reveals to his co-workers that his first name is Dick , much to the delight of Mr. Humphries . In `` Shedding The Load '' he signs a letter as Dick Lucas . But in the series 2 episode `` The Clock '' , Mr. Mash addresses him as Mr James Lucas . Despite being the department ' junior ' , Bannister was in fact one year older than Inman . Mr. Grainger ( Arthur Brough ) ( series 1 -- 5 ) ( edit ) Mr. Ernest Grainger ( Arthur Brough ) was the original senior of the menswear department ; he had been with Grace Brothers for over four decades . He resented being forced to share the floor with the Ladies Department . He vaguely resembled Winston Churchill , in both appearance and demeanor , and had done impressions of him during the war while in ENSA . Mr. Grainger often fell asleep at work , and failed to wake up when called , unless Mr. Humphries asked him `` Mr. Grainger ! Are you free ? '' When flabbergasted or grumpy , Mr. Humphries would often come to his aid and call : `` Glass of water for Mr. Grainger ! '' Little is known about his personal life , except his marriage , an illegitimate child from the 1950s with `` a girl from haberdashery '' and a sister . Unlike his successors , Mr. Tebbs and Mr. Goldberg , who only lasted one series , and Mr. Grossman and Mr. Klein , who only lasted four episodes , Mr. Grainger lasted five series , and was thus the longest - serving menswear senior . Like Mr. Rumbold , he was bald . He was 65 in 1974 , so was born in 1909 . Although he generally got along well with the others , Mr. Grainger was sometimes cranky and bad - tempered and would protest and become resentful whenever the menswear department had to share valuable space with the ladies , or when Captain Peacock would nonchalantly mention a perk he had earned despite having served less time at the store than Mr. Grainger ( such as a visit to the company boardroom ) . Once he had the opportunity to fill in for Mr Rumbold who was away for a one - month conference ( this was a nice gesture , as it entitled Mr. Grainger to a slightly bigger pension ) but the position went to his head : he took advantage of all Mr. Rumbold 's perks ( in particular the liquor cabinet and cigars ) , but imposed strict discipline on the rest of the staff : he threatened to make an adverse entry in Peacock 's personnel record and he actually sacked Mrs Slocombe ( however , he did repent his ways by the end of the episode ) . His character left when Arthur Brough passed away on 28 May 1978 , while the sixth series was in pre-production . He was being written into the scripts at this time . Mr. Tebbs ( James Hayter ) ( series 6 ) ( edit ) Mr Percival Tebbs ( James Hayter ) was Mr Grainger 's first replacement as menswear senior , following the death of Arthur Brough ( 1978 ) who played Grainger . He shared many traits with his predecessor , but unlike the somewhat sloppy Mr Grainger , he was obsessed with order and propriety and considered himself an excellent salesman . He was also an overachiever , and received a number of recognitions from Grace Brothers for his contributions . Although he was generally as rigid and somewhat stuffy as Mr Grainger , he did have a sense of humor about him , and particularly enjoyed , like Mr Lucas , insulting Mrs Slocombe , whom he considered to be a `` crabby old cow . '' After only one year in the show , Mr Tebbs retired from Grace Brothers ; interestingly , Mr Tebbs ' departure was the only one actually addressed by the series ( as his retirement party at Grace Brothers is shown ) . Mr. Goldberg ( Alfie Bass ) ( series 7 ) ( edit ) Mr Goldberg ( Alfie Bass ) replaced Mr Tebbs as menswear senior ; he originally took on the junior position , while Mr Humphries and Mr Lucas were respectively promoted to Senior Assistants . However , Mr Goldberg had all of his friends purchase goods from him the very next day after he was hired . As a result , he was quickly promoted to menswear senior , and Mr Humphries and Mr Lucas returned to their former positions . Goldberg often tried to supplement his wages , for example by establishing his own recruitment agency ( and recruiting Grace Brothers ' employees away to better - paying jobs ) . At his job interview , he revealed that he had spent time in the Army with Captain Peacock , to the shock and amusement of all except Captain Peacock . A slick businessman , Mr Goldberg allegedly burned down his own store for insurance purposes . In order to remain at Grace Brothers he blackmailed Captain Peacock with a picture of them in the army which showed Peacock in a corporal 's uniform . Mr Goldberg was much more relaxed than his predecessors , and was in general a friendly presence . Mr. Spooner ( Mike Berry ) ( series 8 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Mr. Bert Spooner ( Mike Berry ) ( born 1942 , aged 38 -- 43 ) , Mr Lucas ' replacement , was similar to him in many ways : He was friends with Mr. Humphries , he was sarcastic and lazy , but generally a lot less witty and charming . He made rude remarks , most frequently towards Mrs. Slocombe ( often being made to change tables in the canteen for this ) , did n't get on with Captain Peacock and had a hinted affair with Miss Brahms . In the final episode he was demoted to lift operator , but was quickly reinstated when he became a pop star . Mr. Grossman ( Milo Sperber ) ( series 8 ) ( edit ) Mr Grossman ( Milo Sperber ) joined the clothing department after Young Mr Grace suggested having a small section of the men 's and lady 's department made into an area to sell shoes . Little is known about him as he only appeared in four episodes , although his first episode , in which he was transferred from the Shoe Department , revealed him to be an expert in shoe sales . Mr Grossman was a relaxed and friendly influence in the Men 's Department and also spoke with a foreign accent . Mr. Klein ( Benny Lee ) ( series 8 ) ( edit ) Mr Klein ( Benny Lee ) , joined the department to help out with the sale , but is from the Cutting Department . Speaks often of his wife , generally in disparaging tones , and does n't object to quietly making jokes at Captain Peacock 's expense . Other than that , his character remained undeveloped over his brief tenure . Like Mr Grossman , he lasted only four episodes , including the 1981 Christmas Special . Ladies wear ( edit ) This section contains information on the characters who worked in the Ladies wear department . Mrs Slocombe ( Mollie Sugden ) ( also appeared in spin - off Grace and Favour ) ( edit ) Mrs. Mary Elizabeth Jennifer Rachel Abergavenny ' Betty ' Slocombe ( née Yiddell ) , portrayed by Mollie Sugden was the senior in the ladies department , was born Mary Elizabeth Jennifer Rachel Abergavenny Yiddell in 1926 in Blackpool , but usually went by the name Betty . She frequently sported elaborate hairstyles with brightly coloured rinses ranging from blue to more outrageous shades . Mrs. Slocombe 's husband left her , or was possibly arrested by the Fraud Squad ( although viewers are finally introduced to him in the second series of Grace & Favour ) , and she lived with her cat , Tiddles , which she referred to as `` my pussy '' ; this was the source of many a double entendre , most of which Mrs. Slocombe herself completely missed . Although Tiddles was generally referred to as a tomcat ( male ) , this was contradicted in one episode when Tiddles had a litter of kittens in the store . Mrs Slocombe also tried to sound refined and `` posh '' , but when exasperated or annoyed , she revealed more than a trace of a working - class Northern accent . She developed something of an adversarial relationship with Mr. Lucas , and later Mr. Spooner , frequently exchanging insults , despite her having gotten along reasonably well with Mr. Lucas early on in the series . Miss Brahms ( Wendy Richard ) ( also appeared in spin - off Grace and Favour ) ( edit ) Miss Shirley Brahms ( Wendy Richard ) was the attractive junior ladieswear assistant who was often cheeky to Mrs Slocombe . Her Cockney accent was sometimes unintelligible , but she often put on a posher voice when answering the telephone . Under Mrs. Slocombe 's guidance , she became a more useful assistant throughout the series , though the hierarchy of Grace Brothers meant that she would have been promoted only when Mrs. Slocombe left . She was attractive and receptive to the advances of Mr. Lucas , Mr. Spooner , Mr Conway and , once or twice , Mr. Humphries . Because of her youth and life , she considers herself to have few standards . In one incident , she was approached to participate in a store - wide Holiday Girl contest with the assumption that she would easily win ; but she refused , mainly because one of the prizes was a vacation aboard the yacht of Old Mr Grace , who had previously tried to assault her indecently . The biggest sale she ever made was when Mrs. Slocombe was away , temporarily taking Mr. Rumbold 's place . Management ( edit ) This section includes the characters who had a management role at Grace Brothers . Captain Peacock ( Frank Thornton ) ( also appeared in spin - off Grace and Favour ) ( edit ) Captain Stephen Peacock ( Frank Thornton ) , The somewhat stuffy floorwalker , considers himself a cut above the assistants with both his position at the store and his dubious military record ; he even feels the need to brag about his experiences fighting Rommel in North Africa . But Mr. Mash likes to tell the staff that Peacock served in the NAAFI instead , and probably never left England , while Mr. Goldberg hints that Peacock was actually only a corporal . Allegedly , despite his military rank , Peacock began at Grace Brothers as a sweeper in the stockroom . Although Peacock usually talks as if he were a member of the elite Commando unit , on two occasions he admits he was in the Royal Army Service Corps . He is very pedantic with the staff ( in one instance admonishing Miss Brahms for being one second late for work ) as well as being rather disloyal to his colleagues ( believing Mr. Humphries guilty of stealing money from the till in spite of knowing him for 9 years ) . By 1975 he had been working at Grace Brothers for 20 years . In the episode ' Front Page Story ' Mr. Humphries states that Peacock is 55 , meaning he must have been born in 1926 , the same age as Mrs. Slocombe . Captain Peacock is attracted to Mr. Rumbold 's secretaries , such as Miss Belfridge . His wife Mrs. Peacock is seen in a number of episodes , of whom he has been married to since 1959 . Mr. Rumbold ( Nicholas Smith ) ( also appeared in spin - off Grace and Favour ) ( edit ) Mr. Cuthbert Rumbold ( Nicholas Smith , the manager of the floor , was often mocked for his bald head , large ears , and lack of intelligence . Nicknamed `` Jug Ears '' , he frequently took slang phrases literally , leading to his formulating far - fetched explanations of incidents between staff members . He often took credit for others ' ideas but subsequently tried to deny all involvement when the idea inevitably proved disastrous . Mr. Rumbold 's greatest ambition was to become a director of Grace Brothers : he looks up dreamily whenever the word `` boardroom '' is mentioned . He was usually oblivious to the sex appeal of his attractive secretaries . By the time of Grace and Favour Mrs. Rumbold has left Mr. Rumbold for a younger do - it - yourself man . In the episode ' Roots ' his brother Mycroft ( also played by Smith ) makes a brief appearance . The Grace Brothers ( Harold Bennett and Kenneth Waller ) ( series 1 -- 8 , series 8 ) ( edit ) The Grace brothers , Young Mr. Grace ( Harold Bennett ) and Old Mr. Grace ( Kenneth Waller ) , were the old - fashioned owners of the store . Both were old but loved young , curvaceous women . They both treated their employees with respect and encouragement , hence Young Mr. Grace 's catch phrase , `` You 've all done very well ! '' However , they were terminally naive to the fact that Grace Brothers was in its declining years . Despite the wealth of the family , they were somewhat stingy with money and paid their workers terribly , causing many strikes , disagreements and disruptions . Young Mr. Grace started off as a fish salesman before inheriting the store from an uncle in 1926 . Old Mr Grace remained an unseen character until series eight , and there was a recurring joke for many years in which , upon seeing Young Mr. Grace for the first time , someone would ask in surprise , `` That 's Young Mr. Grace ? '' The other person always replied , `` Old Mr. Grace does n't get about much these days . '' Ironically , when he finally did appear in the show , Kenneth Waller ( as Old Mr Grace ) twenty - eight years younger than Harold Bennett ( as Young Mr Grace ) , and thus the character was in much better condition both mentally and physically . It was revealed that Young Mr. Grace had a wife who died in 1935 . Young Mr. Grace 's age was a mystery . In 1976 , it was said he was 80 , yet in 1977 , it was said he was born in 1897 , and his 80th birthday was celebrated in that episode . In 1978 , it was said that it was his 80th birthday then . Old Mr. Grace was born in 1891 , and celebrated his 90th birthday in 1981 . He was married to Annie Grainger ( as stated in Heir Apparent ) but in that episode thought he was married to Mr. Humphries ' mother . At some point , Young Mr. Grace had a heart attack and was left with a very weak heart afterwards . Whenever his secretary showed off her legs , it would have a terrible effect on his heart . Both Old and Young Mr. Grace are last seen in the episode `` Roots '' . Maintenance & Packing ( edit ) This section includes characters who worked in Maintenance & Packing . Mr. Mash ( Larry Martyn ) ( series 1 -- 3 ) ( edit ) Mr. Mash ( Larry Martyn ) was a Grace Brothers maintenance man . He was frequently reprimanded by Captain Peacock for appearing on the sales floor during business hours , but had no fear of his superiors . He had a thorough knowledge of store operations and was a union agitator . He often bragged of taking home much larger pay cheques than the sales assistants due to overtime . Mr. Mash departed before Season 4 , and replaced by Mr. Harman . Mr. Harman ( Arthur English ) ( series 4 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Mr. Harman ( Arthur English ) replaced Mr. Mash in Series 4 as maintenance man . He shared some traits with Mr. Mash : both were `` common '' sorts and union men ; and like Mash he battled with Captain Peacock over his appearances on the floor during store open hours . However , he was considerably less militant and was more friendly towards the sales staff than Mr. Mash . Reciprocally , the other staff were much more accepting of him than they had been of Mr. Mash , and he frequently acted as a member of the group and not just as an antagonist . He graciously assisted Mrs. Slocombe in the episode `` The Apartment '' , when she was allowed to stay on the top floor of the building , by setting up various items of furniture and displays so that she could have all the creature comforts . He also masterminded the deception in `` The Hold Up '' , dressing up as the leader of `` The Gumby Gang '' in order to fool the burglars who were holding Miss Brahms , Captain Peacock and Mr. Spooner hostage in Mr. Rumbold 's office . Mr. Harman was last seen in `` The Pop Star '' ( 1984 ) which was the last episode of Are You Being Served ? and therefore did n't appear in the sequel Grace and Favour . Warwick and Seymour ( Jimmy Mac and Keith Hodiak ) ( series 6 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Warwick ( Jimmy Mac ) and Seymour ( Keith Hodiak ) were both assistants to Mr. Harman in later series . Warwick made brief appearances from series six to series nine and Seymour appeared more visibly in three episodes of series ten . Two other assistants appeared throughout , one unnamed in one episode in series five and one named Stanford in two episodes in series nine . Secretaries ( edit ) This section lists details of the numerous secretaries who served Young Mr. Grace , Old Mr. Grace and Mr. Rumbold during the series : Mr. Rumbold 's First Secretary ( Stephanie Gathercole ) ( Series 1 & 2 ) ( edit ) The first secretary to appear in the series was played by Stephanie Gathercole ( who also provided the lift girl voice used in the theme song ) . Little is known about her , but she is wise to Mr. Lucas 's tricks - when he walks past her , she wisely places a clipboard in front of her bottom . She appeared in the Pilot , Series 1 and one episode in Series 2 . Miss Ainsworth ( Nina Francis ) ( series 3 ) ( edit ) Miss Ainsworth , played by Nina Francis , was Mr. Rumbold 's secretary in `` The Hand of Fate '' and `` Coffee Morning '' ( series 3 ) . Miss Thorpe ( moira foot ) ( series 3 ) ( edit ) Moira Foot played Miss Thorpe , who appeared as Mr Rumbold 's new but temporary secretary in the episodes ' German Week ' , ' Shoulder to Shoulder ' and ' New Look ' . Her good looks attracted the attentions of Captain Peacock and even Young Mr Grace . Mr. Rumbold 's secretary ( isabella Rye ) ( series 4 ) ( edit ) Isabella Rye appeared as Mr. Rumbold 's secretary in `` Forward , Mr. Grainger '' . She was said to have been reassigned from Young Mr. Grace 's office because she was bad for his blood pressure . Miss Hazelwood ( melita manger ) ( series 4 ) ( edit ) Miss Monica Hazelwood appeared as Mr Rumbold 's secretary in ' Oh , What A Tangled Web ' when Mrs. Peacock accused her and Captain Peacock of having an affair . She had just dumped her fiancé and was not in a stable mood - and neither was Mrs. Peacock . The situation also made her father smash her wedding cake over Mr. Grainger 's head . Miss Bakewell ( Penny Irving ) ( series 4 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Miss Bakewell ( Penny Irving ) , Young Mr Grace 's longest running and most loyal secretary , appeared from season 4 to season 7 . She also appeared in the Are You Being Served ? ( film ) , but with her name changed to `` Miss Nicholson '' . Her good looks often attracted the attention of the male staff at Grace Brothers . Miss Edwards ( louise burton ) ( series 8 ) ( edit ) Virginia Edwards is Old Mr. Grace 's Deputy Secretary . She seems to pal up with Mr. Grace 's nurse . In her interview , she sits on Mr. Grace 's knee and types a letter , with one finger , that Old Mr. Grace is dictating to her . She only appears in a few episodes at the end of Series 8 . Old Mr. Grace 's secretary ( Debbie Linden ) ( series 8 ) ( edit ) Although never being assigned a name , Old Mr. Grace 's Secretary ( Debbie Linden ) is very good - looking . When Old Mr. Grace first meets her , she is described by Mr. Harman as ' one owner since new , very sporty , and capable of high speeds if you put your foot down and she 's all yours . ' She is blonde , and often wears short skirts , low cut tops and she also has a small purple streak in her hair . She only appeared in five episodes in Series 8 , after which Mr. Grace says that she is going off on a course . Miss Belfridge ( Candy Davis ) ( series 9 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Miss Belfridge ( Candy Davis ) was the longest - running secretary of Mr. Rumbold ( lasting all of Series 9 and 10 ) and her beautiful face and voluptuous figure caught the attentions of most male members of staff ( especially Captain Peacock , besides Mr. Rumbold ) . The busty blonde appeared to be smitten by Captain Peacock , often flirting with him . She appeared in many episodes and was the most prominent of Mr. Rumbold 's secretaries . She has an O - Level in Literature , and is known for her flamboyant clothes and hairstyles . She is conscientious of her hair and nails , and is sometimes portrayed as mildly stupid . Relatives of staff ( edit ) Mrs Annie Humphries ( John Inman ) ( series 5 , series 8 ) ( edit ) Mrs Annie Humphries is Mr. Humphries ' mother . She only appears twice during the show . The other times that we hear about her is from Mr. Humphries himself or from their telephone calls during and after work . Her marital status is unknown , in early series and in ' Heir Apparent ' Mr. Humphries mentions his father , but for most of the show she stays with Mr. Humphries at a shared home , and Mr. Humphries speaks frequently about her , at one point saying ' I wish she 'd get married again ' . The first time she appears is in the episode Founder 's Day , where she explains how Mr. Humphries got his job at Grace Brothers . The second time she appears is in `` Heir apparent '' , where Old Mr Grace is thought to be Mr Humphries ' father . In this episode , Mr. Humphries ' mother does come to Grace Brothers . Her first appearance was a video recording . John Inman was not credited for that episode . In the second episode , however , he was credited as a ' guest appearance ' . In this episode the mother and son never cross paths , and one is always looking for the other . Mr. Humphries ' mother often tries to make her son more manly . She often enrolls him in things that will ' make him a man ' . In the movie , she overhears the female worker , Conchita , asking Mr. Humphries if she can share his bed . She tells him that ' the change will do him good . ' Mrs Peacock ( Diana King / Diana Lambert ) ( series 4 , 8 , 9 , 10 ) ( edit ) Mrs Peacock ( Diana King / Diana Lambert ) was the long - suffering wife of Captain Peacock . She always suspected Captain Peacock of cheating on her and all her on - screen appearances were during periods of marital discord . In Mrs Peacock 's first appearance ( `` Oh What A Tangled Web '' ) , she suspected Captain Peacock of having an affair with Mr Rumbold 's secretary , Miss Hazelwood , because her brother had seen them in a car together , although he was later cleared . In her second appearance ( `` A Personal Problem '' ) , because Captain Peacock had accidentally put his hands down Miss Pickthorpe 's cleavage to retrieve some spilt blancmange and semolina pudding at a party ( the department Miss Pickthorpe works for was never specified , and the semolina pudding turned out to be Mr Harrowgate and Miss Fawcett the year before . Like Miss Pickthorpe , their department was never found out ) . Mrs Peacock became Mr Rumbold 's secretary , and she pretended that she was having an affair with him to make Captain Peacock jealous . In her third appearance ( `` The Sweet Smell Of Success '' ) , Mrs Peacock burst into Mr Rumbold 's office because she suspected Captain Peacock of flirting with Mr Rumbold 's new secretary , Miss Belfridge . In her fourth appearance ( `` Grounds For Divorce '' ) , Captain Peacock chose to stay with her rather than a bank / accounts clerk who had become infatuated with him . In her fifth appearance ( `` Friends And Neighbours '' ) , Mrs Peacock came to the Grace Brothers houses to check up on her husband ( like Mrs Rumbold ) , but she left satisfied ( unlike Mrs Rumbold ) . Captain Peacock once mentioned that she had many brothers and sisters ( `` His And Hers '' and `` The Think Tank '' ) . By the time of Grace and Favour , Mrs Peacock seems to be either dead or divorced from Captain Peacock as she is neither seen nor mentioned . Mrs Grainger ( Pearl Hackney ) ( series 2 ) ( edit ) Mrs. Grainger ( Pearl Hackney ) was Mr. Grainger 's wife . She was mentioned by him , to miss Mrs. Dale 's Diary , despite that it had gone off the air over twenty years earlier , and to want a world - cruise , when it appeared that Mr. Grainger had won a lot of money . Mrs. Grainger 's only appearance was when she came to the store in `` The Clock '' , to celebrate Mr. Grainger 's 65th birthday . She was frequently mentioned by Mr Grainger throughout the series . Mrs Rumbold ( Jean Challis ) ( series 10 ) ( edit ) Mrs. Rumbold ( Jean Challis ) was Mr. Rumbold 's wife . She was rarely mentioned and only appeared once in the show ; that was when she suspected Mr. Rumbold of cheating on her ( `` Friends And Neighbours '' ) , and she stormed into the Grace Brothers flats to see what was going on , and discovered her husband drinking champagne with his secretary , Miss Belfridge . By the time of Grace And Favour , Mrs Rumbold had left her husband for Mr. Prentice of Tools and Hardware . Mycroft Rumbold ( Nicholas Smith ) ( series 8 ) ( edit ) Mycroft is Mr. Rumbold 's brother . He is only seen once , and it is implied that he is an artist or family researcher , for he makes a shield for Old Mr. Grace 's 90th birthday , to celebrate his roots , which were Welsh , then Scottish , then from Somerset , and then had something to do with the Black and White Minstrels . Unlike his brother , he has a head of flaming red hair , and has thin , metal - rimmed glasses . Supporting characters ( edit ) The canteen Manageress ( Doremy Vernon ) ( series 3 , 4 , 6 -- 10 ) ( edit ) played by Doremy Vernon Manageress of the canteen , mostly cooked disgraceful food , and had a large , rubbish - strewn kitchen . She frequently had arguments with the senior staff and was n't worried about being fired due to her union , ' National Associated Canteen Employees , Restaurant and Domestic ' ( NACERD , a play on the term knackered ) . By Series 9 , she had developed a friendship with the staff and appeared in the commercial of their night club in Series 10 . Nurse to the Grace Brothers ( pat astley ( series 5 ) and Vivienne Johnson ( series 6 - 8 ) ( edit ) Although her character was never given a name , the blonde nurse to both Old Mr Grace and Young Mr Grace appeared on the programme for three series . She is mostly recalled for her good looks and particularly for her seductive , husky voice ; which was used for effect in the episode `` Closed Circuit '' when Miss Brahms ' high - pitched Cockney accent proves to be incompatible as the public face of Grace Brothers ' department store . Nurse dubs Miss Brahms ' voice , causing a passing by Lord to become smitten with the sound of her . The nurse was generally professional and thorough ( apart from her attire ) , and assisted with most of the medical goings - on at Grace Brothers , even those that did n't involve the brothers themselves . Astley appeared as the character in series 5 , while Johnson played the character in most of her appearances . Goddard ( Freddie Wiles ) ( season 1 -- 6 ) ( edit ) Goddard ( Freddie Wiles ) , was the early chaffeur to Young Mr Grace . He appeared in many episodes between the pilot and season six . He always appeared in an old - fashioned chauffeur 's uniform . Although regularly appearing and escorting Mr Grace around the store , Wiles was never credited for his role . However , Freddie Wiles played a porter in the final episode of season five and was credited . Minor characters ( edit ) This section contains the minor characters in Are You Being Served ? The cleaners ( Hilda Fenemore and others ) ( edit ) Even though Hilda Fenemore played one character , ( a cleaner ) , it was assigned three names - Elsie Makepiece , Daphne Ackroyd , and Ivy . She appeared between seasons two and seven , and always has her hair in curlers and wears a turban , except series seven where she wears a white , bright yellow overall . She speaks with a Cockney accent , and is apparently married , although her husband is only mentioned once . In one episode she is joined by Gladys , played by Lambert ( Cold Comfort ) . In the final episode , the cleaners are played by Mary Bradley and Joan Dainty . Other ( silent and uncredited ) cleaners were called Doris Poland , Ivy Plunkett , Hillary , Deirdre , Daphne , Beatrice , Ethel , Betty , Noreen and Mrs Wadonga . Mrs Axelby ( edit ) Mrs Axelby is the best friend and possibly close neighbour of Mrs Slocombe . She is never seen on screen but Mrs Slocombe mentioned her many times , mostly starting with the line `` Me and my friend Mrs Axelby ... '' . They would seem to frequent a lot of bars together in search of men . Many episodes begin with Mrs Slocombe relating an anecdote involving her and Mrs Axelby to Miss Brahms . She is described as a tough woman , who plays many contact sports . In an earlier episode , she is referred to as ' Mrs. Elthrop ' . Tiddles and Winston ( edit ) Tiddles was the pet cat and longtime feline companion of Mrs Slocombe . Mrs Slocombe refers to Tiddles as her `` pussy '' . Mrs. Slocombe clearly loves Tiddles often voicing her dislike for staying behind for a staff meeting , or coming in early , due to inconveniencing Tiddles . It is later revealed that Mrs Slocombe owns a parrot / canary called Winston whom Tiddles does not get on with . In `` Mrs Slocombe Expects '' , Mrs Slocombe discovers that Tiddles was pregnant and suspects that the father is a Burmese cat that lives nearby . Later , Mrs Slocombe becomes worried that Tiddles will go into labour when she is not there so decides to ask permission to bring her into work . When Mr Rumbold refuses , Mr Harman smuggles her into the tailor store in a coffee machine and she goes into labour . Tiddles 's tail is actually seen coming out of the coffee machine ( this was props , not a real cat ) . Mrs Slocombe is prevented from helping her . The management work out Tiddles is there . When they go in , they find that Tiddles now has six kittens . Captain Peacock and Mr Rumbold 's anger are washed away at the sight of the `` cute and enchanting '' kittens . The credits then show each of the staff ( apart from Young Mr Grace and Mr Rumbold ) holding , smiling and cuddling one of the kittens . ( Live kittens were shown briefly in the episode . ) In `` The Apartment '' , Mrs Slocombe is moving house and but finds she has squatters in her new house , so Mrs Slocombe temporarily moves into the store and makes up a little house and takes Tiddles and Winston with her . Tiddles is actually seen again in her carrier box ( once again Tiddles is portrayed by props ) . In `` Lost And Found '' , Tiddles went missing causes great distress for Mrs Slocombe . The staff receive news that one of her toys was found near a well . Fearing the worst , the staff decide to buy her a kitten called Madam Wou whose father was `` Emperor Chong of Bangkok , five times triple champion '' . At the end , Tiddles returns with another six kittens and sired by Madam Wou 's father . Mrs Slocombe also briefly wins another parrot / canary in the Lottery . In `` The Night Club '' , Mrs Slocombe tries to send a telephone message to Tiddles but accidentally sends it to a neighbour , making him think that she fancies him . Tiddles was seen live for the first time in Grace and Favour . In `` Fifty Years On '' , it is revealed that Tiddles was born in the late 1960s . Tiddles 's appearance keeps changing throughout the series . In `` Mrs Slocombe Expects '' , Tiddles appears to be a grey tabby . In `` The Apartment '' , Tiddles is a black cat . In Grace and Favour , Tiddles is a blueish - grey Persian cat . Also in Grace and Favour , it is revealed that Mrs Slocombe had a cat before Tiddles , in 1951 . Despite having been depicted as having had kittens with male cats ( two litters : six in each , making twelve ) , and being referenced as a female in some episodes , Tiddles was sometimes referred to as a tomcat ( male ) . Edna Comlozi ( Avril Angers ) ( series 7 ) ( edit ) Despite only appearing in one episode in series 7 ( `` Mrs. Slocombe , Senior Person '' ) , Miss Edna Comlozi ( Avril Angers ) , is mentioned in several other episodes , and works in the Cosmetics department . In a later episode , it is said she was fired for being rude to a customer . In earlier episodes , she is said to be a friend of Mrs. Slocombe , but in her appearance she is heard to call Mrs. Slocombe a ' silly old bitch ' . Mrs. Slocombe 's response to this was `` Fancy Cat ! '' spoken in a low , resentful tone . Mr. Patel ( Renu setna ) ( series 7 ) ( edit ) Mr Patel ( Renu Setnu ) , is the head of the Accounts Department . He only appeared in one series 7 episode , but is mentioned frequently by members of staff . In a later episode , he has resigned due to one of Old Mr. Grace 's new rules or schemes . He is from either India or Bangladesh , for he is said to eat curry and chapatis . Customers and Others ( edit ) This section contains a list of actors who portrayed customers and others in Are You Being Served ? . Many of the same actors portrayed multiple customers throughout the series and the extras cast might therefore be considered an ensemble in its own right . Episode titles are shown followed by character names ( where credited ) or identifiers / descriptions : Series One ( edit ) Michael Knowles ( `` Pilot '' , as the Customer ) ; also appeared in `` Up Captain Peacock '' ( series 3 ) Robert Raglan ( `` Dear Sexy Knickers ... '' , as the 40 '' Waist ) ; died 1985 Derek Smith ( `` Dear Sexy Knickers ... '' , as the 28 '' Inside Leg ) Peter Needham ( `` Our Figures Are Slipping '' , as the Returned Glen Check ) ; last appeared in The Line of Beauty in 2006 James Copeland ( `` Camping In '' , as the Scottish Customer ) ; died 2002 Anita Richardson ( `` Camping In '' , as the 38C Cup ) ; also appeared in `` German Week '' ( series 3 ) Pamela Manson ( `` Camping In '' , as the Large Brim with Fruit ) ; died 1988 David Rowlands ( `` Camping In '' , as the Man with the Large Bra ) ; last appeared in ' Allo ' Allo ! in 1992 Colin Bean ( `` Camping In '' , as the Leatherette Gloves ) ; died 20 June 2009 Joanna Lumley ( `` His and Hers '' , perfume special display salesperson ) Margaret Flint ( `` His and Hers '' . as the First Customer ) ; died 1993 Evan Ross ( `` His and Hers '' , as the Second Customer ) Elizabeth Larner ( `` Diamonds Are A Man 's Best Friend '' , as the Sweater Customer ) Hilary Pritchard ( `` Diamonds Are A Man 's Best Friend '' , as the Wealthy Customer ) ; also appeared in `` Shoulder to Shoulder '' ( series 3 ) and `` No Sale '' ( series 4 ) , died 1996 Janet Davies ( `` Diamonds Are A Man 's Best Friend '' , as the Outsize Dress ) ; died 1986 Vicki Woolf ( `` Diamonds Are A Man 's Best Friend '' , as Mr. Humphries ' friend ; last appearance in Minder in 1979 Series Two ( edit ) John Ringham ( `` The Clock '' , as the Check Jacket ) ; died 20 October 2008 Dorothy Wayne ( `` The Clock '' , as the Bridal Veil ) Pearl Hackney ( `` The Clock '' , as Mrs. Grainger ) , died 2009 Avril Fane ( `` The Clock '' , as Miss Trixie ) Barbara Loynes and Dorothy Loynes ( `` The Clock '' , as Trixie Trio ) Robert Mill ( `` Cold Comfort '' , as the Footwarmers Customer ) Carolyn Hudson ( `` Cold Comfort '' , as the Large Hat Customer ) ; opened a nail salon , `` Super Nail '' , in 1979 John Baker ( `` Cold Comfort '' , as the Fur Gloves Customer ) ; died in 2002 Donald Morley ( `` Big Brother '' , as Mr. Clegg ) ; also played `` Cecil Slocombe '' in Grace & Favour ; died in 1999 Robert Raglan ( `` Big Brother '' , as Dr. Wainwright ) ; also appeared in `` Dear Sexy Knickers ... '' ( series 1 ) , died 1985 Joyce Cummings ( `` Big Brother '' , as the Underwear Customer ) Stella Kemball ( `` Big Brother '' , as the Scarf Customer ) ; died 2002 John Clegg ( `` Hoorah For The Holidays '' , as the Ready - Made Suit ) ; also appeared in `` Wedding Bells '' ( series 3 ) Stuart Sherwin ( `` Hoorah For The Holidays '' , as the Dressing Gown ) ; also appeared in `` No Sale '' ( series 4 ) ; died 2015 Helen Dorward ( `` Hoorah For The Holidays '' , as the Irish Lady ) Series Three ( edit ) Eric Young ( `` The Hand of Fate '' ) Therese McMurray ( `` The Hand of Fate '' , as the Princess Anne Hat ) ; married to Donald Hewlett ( see below ) Michael Knowles ( `` Up Captain Peacock '' , as the Bold Check ) ; also appeared in the pilot episode ( series 1 ) Jeffrey Segal ( `` Up Captain Peacock '' , as the Clip - On Bow Tie Customer ) ; also appeared in `` The Agent '' ( series 7 ) , died 2015 Donald Hewlett ( `` Up Captain Peacock '' , as the Fancy - Dress Dress ) ; married to Therese McMurray ( see above ) , died 2011 Maureen Lane ( `` Up Captain Peacock '' , as the Lady Customer ) Bill Martin ( `` Cold Store '' , as the Customer with List ) ; also appeared in `` Founder 's Day '' ( series 5 ) Ann Sidney ( `` Cold Store '' , as the Blue Alteration ) ; was Miss World 1964 Joy Allen ( `` Cold Store '' , as the Sister ) ; also appeared in `` Strong Stuff , This Insurance ( series 7 ) Pamela Cundell ( `` Cold Store '' , as the Revived 45 `` ) ; last seen as Nora in EastEnders in 2006 ; died in 2015 Gordon Peters ( `` Cold Store '' , as the Fawn Trousers Customer ) ; also appeared in `` No Sale '' ( series 4 ) Sandra Clark ( `` Wedding Bells '' , as Miss Robinson ) Jay Denyer ( `` Wedding Bells '' , as the Trousers Customer ) John Clegg ( `` Wedding Bells '' , as the Bald - Headed Sweater Customer ) ; also appeared in `` Hoorah for the Holidays '' ( series 2 ) Ernst Ulman ( `` German Week '' , as the Male German Customer ) ; died 1977 Joanna Lumley ( `` German Week '' , as the Female German Customer ) ; also appeared as the His & Hers sales representative in `` His and Hers '' during series one Anita Richardson ( `` German Week '' , as the Lady for the Ladies ) ; also appeared in `` Camping In '' ( series 1 ) Kate Brown ( `` Shoulder to Shoulder '' , as the Returned Wig ) Hilary Pritchard ( `` Shoulder to Shoulder '' , as the Newlywed Female Customer ) ; also appeared in `` Diamonds Are A Man 's Best Friend '' ( series 1 ) and `` No Sale '' ( series 4 ) , died 1996 Jonathan Cecil ( `` Shoulder to Shoulder '' , as the Newlywed Male Customer ) ; son of Lord David Cecil , died 2011 Felix Bowness ( `` New Look '' , as Gent for the Gents ) ; also appeared in `` Do You Take This Man ? '' ( series 6 ) , died 2009 Series Four ( edit ) Gordon Peters ( `` No Sale '' , as Henry ) ; also appeared in `` Cold Store '' ( series 3 ) Anne Cunningham ( `` No Sale '' , as Henry 's Wife ) Hilary Pritchard ( `` No Sale '' , as the Wedding Hat Customer ) ; also appeared in `` Diamonds Are A Man 's Best Friend '' ( series 1 ) and `` Shoulder to Shoulder '' ( series 3 ) , died 1996 Reg Dixon ( `` No Sale '' , as the Raincoat in the Window ) ; died 25 June 1984 John Bardon ( `` No Sale '' , as the Check Suit ) , died 2014 Stuart Sherwin ( `` No Sale '' , as the Large Gloves Customer ) ; also appeared in `` Hoorah for the Holidays '' ( series 2 ) Peter Greene ( `` Top Hat and Tails '' , as Mr. Ludlow ) ; died 2009 Ahmed Khalil ( `` Fire Practise '' , as the Emir 's Chief Assistant ) Ahmed Osman ( `` Fire Practise '' , as the Emir ) Melody Urquhart ( `` Fire Practise '' , as the Head Wife ) Hamish Roughead ( `` Fire Practice '' , as the Fireman ) Ken Barker ( `` Fire Practice '' , as the Chief Fireman ) ; died 24 June 1998 Tony Sympson ( `` Fifty Years On '' , as Claude ) ; also appeared in `` The Junior '' ( series 7 ) and `` Conduct Unbecoming '' ( series 9 ) , died 1983 Mavis Pugh ( `` Fifty Years On '' , as Mrs. Claude ) ; also appeared in `` Take - Over '' ( series 5 ) and `` The Club '' ( series 6 ) , died 2006 Diana Lambert ( `` Fifty Years On '' , as the Six - Pound Fox Customer ) ; also appeared as Mrs. Peacock in two episodes , died 1994 / 5 Melita Manger ( `` Oh What a Tangled Web '' , as Miss Monica Hazlewood ) Michael Stainton ( `` Oh What a Tangled Web '' , as Mr. Hazlewood ) Jeanne Mockford ( `` The Father Christmas Affair '' , as the Umbrella Customer ) Donald Waugh ( `` The Father Christmas Affair '' , as the Little Boy ) Series Five ( edit ) Raymond Bowers ( `` Mrs. Slocombe Expects '' , as the Sweater Customer ) ; also appeared in `` It Pays to Advertise '' , `` The Club '' and `` The Hero '' Geoffrey Adams ( `` Mrs. Slocombe Expects '' , as the Trousers Customer ) ; appeared in Dixon of Dock Green Jeffrey Gardiner ( Mrs. Slocombe Expects `` , as the Gloves Customer ) ; also appeared in `` The Junior '' ( series 7 ) Jennifer Lonsdale ( `` Mrs. Slocombe Expects '' , as the Bra Customer ) ; appeared in That 's My Boy Elizabeth Morgan ( `` Mrs. Slocombe Expects '' , as Sandra ) Terry Duggan ( `` A Change is as Good as a Rest '' , as the Red Indian Father ) ; married to actress Anna Karen ; appeared in On the Buses ; died 1 May 2008 Jacqui Cook ( `` A Change is as Good as a Rest '' , as the Bridal Doll ) Tim Barrett ( `` Founder 's Day '' , as the Two Fur Coats Customer ) ; appeared as Malcolm Harris in Terry and June ; died 20 August 1990 Carolle Rousseau ( `` Founder 's Day '' , as the French Underwear Customer ) Bill Martin ( `` Founder 's Day '' , as the Top - Pocket Handkerchief Customer ) ; also appeared in `` Cold Store '' ( series 3 ) Jenny Kenna ( `` Founder 's Day '' , as the Fake Secretary / Miss 38 - 22 - 36 ) Jeffrey Holland ( `` The Old Order Changes '' , as the Afro Pants Customer ) ; also appeared in `` The Apartment '' ( series 7 ) Bernice Adams ( `` The Old Order Changes '' , as Cynthia ) ; also appeared in `` A Bliss Girl '' ( series 6 ) Donald Bisset ( `` Take - Over '' , as Henry Grant Hopkins ) ; died 10 August 1995 Mavis Pugh ( `` Take - Over '' , as Lady Weeble - Able Smith ) ; also appeared in `` Fifty Years On '' ( series 4 ) and `` The Club '' ( series 6 ) Peggy Ashby ( `` Goodbye Mr. Grainger '' , as the Corset Customer ) Raymond Bowers ( `` It Pays to Advertise '' , as Mr. Crawford ) ; also appeared in `` Mrs. Slocombe Expects '' , `` The Club '' and `` The Hero '' Ferdy Mayne ( `` It Pays to Advertise '' , as the Ten - Pound Perfume Customer ) ; died 30 January 1998 Series Six ( edit ) Joy Harington ( `` By Appointment '' , as the Lady Customer ) ; died 1991 Colin Ward - Lewis ( `` By Appointment '' , as the Radio Voice ) ; former BBC announcer Raymond Bowers ( `` The Club '' , as Roger 's Master ) ; also appeared in `` Mrs. Slocombe Expects '' , `` It Pays to Advertise '' and `` The Hero '' Dominique Don ( `` The Club '' , as the Female Flexibra Customer ) Tony Brothers ( `` The Club '' , as the Male Flexibra Customer ) Mavis Pugh ( `` The Club '' , as Roger 's Mistress ) ; also appeared in `` Fifty Years On '' ( series 4 ) and `` Take - Over '' ( series 5 ) Lee Richards ( `` The Club '' , unknown ) ; also appeared in `` Heir Apparent '' , `` The Sweet Smell of Success '' and `` Friends and Neighbours '' ; died 2013 Felix Bowness ( `` Do You Take This Man ? '' , as the Matching Pantaloons Customer ) ; also appeared in `` New Look '' ( series 3 ) Gorden Kaye ( `` Do You Take This Man ? '' , as Mr. Tomaides ) ; also appeared in `` Mrs. Slocombe , Senior Person '' ( series 7 ) and `` Closed Circuit '' ( series 8 ) Norman Mitchell ( `` Do You Take This Man ? '' , as Wendel P. Clark ) ; also appeared in `` Lost and Found '' ( series 9 ) , died 2001 Stellios Chiotis ( `` Do You Take This Man ? '' , as the Greek Band Leader ) Jan Holden ( `` A Bliss Girl '' , as the Lady Customer ) ; died 11 October 2005 Bernice Adams ( `` A Bliss Girl '' ; as the Typist ) ; also appeared in `` The Old Order Changes '' ( series 5 ) Michael Halsey ( `` Happy Returns '' , as the Fairy Prince ) Series Seven ( edit ) Tony Sympson ( `` The Junior '' , as Mr. Webster ) ; also appeared in `` Fifty Years On '' ( series 4 ) and `` Conduct Unbecoming '' ( series 9 ) Harold Berens ( `` The Junior '' : Customer ) ; died 1995 Morris Barry ( `` The Junior '' : Customer ) ; died 2000 Jeffrey Gardiner ( `` The Junior '' , as Mr. Beauchamp ) ; also appeared in `` Mrs. Slocombe Expects '' ( series 5 ) Bernard Stone ( `` The Junior '' : Customer ) Francis Botsoni ( `` The Junior '' , as Customer ) ; also appeared in `` The Hero '' ( series 7 ) ; died 2001 Amanda Barrie ( `` Strong Stuff , This Insurance '' : Ballet Mistress ) Jennifer Guy ( `` Strong Stuff , This Insurance '' , as Disco Dancing Clothes Customer ) ; also appeared in `` Front Page Story '' ( series 8 ) Imogen Bickford - Smith ( `` Strong Stuff , This Insurance '' , as the Doctor ) Joy Allen ( `` Strong Stuff , This Insurance '' , as the Staff Nurse ) ; also appeared in `` Cold Store '' ( series 3 ) Geraldine Gardner ( `` Strong Stuff , This Insurance '' , as the Dressing Gown ) ; born 1950 , died 1987 Jeffrey Holland ( `` The Apartment '' , as the Blazer ) ; also appeared in `` The Old Order Changes '' ( series 5 ) Gorden Kaye ( `` Mrs. Slocombe , Senior Person '' , as the Plastic Mac Customer ) ; also appeared in `` Do You Take This Man ? '' ( series 6 ) and `` Closed Circuit '' ( series 8 ) Derrie Powell ( `` Mrs. Slocombe , Senior Person '' , as the Lady Customer ) Raymond Bowers ( `` The Hero '' , as the Shrunken Sock Customer ) ; also appeared in `` Mrs. Slocombe Expects '' , `` It Pays to Advertise '' and `` The Club '' Jackie Pallo ( `` The Hero '' , as Mr. Franco ) ; died 2006 Francis Botsoni ( `` The Hero '' , as Mr. Goldberg 's Friend ) ; also appeared in `` The Junior ( series 7 ) Ronnie Brody ( `` Anything You Can Do '' , as Signor Balli ) ; also appeared in `` The Night Club '' ( series 10 ) Mohammad Shamsi ( `` Anything You Can Do '' , as Mohammad ) Sue Bishop ( `` Anything You Can Do '' , as the Shop Girl ) Belinda Lee ( `` Anything You Can Do '' , as the Lift Girl ) Peggy Ann Clifford ( `` The Agent '' , as Mrs. Maxwell ) Marella Oppenheim ( `` The Agent '' , as Amanda ) Jeffrey Segal ( `` The Agent '' , as the Long Sweater Customer ) ; also appeared in `` Up Captain Peacock '' ( series 3 ) ; died 2015 Series Eight ( edit ) John D. Collins ( `` Is It Catching ? '' , as the Doctor ; also appeared in `` Closed Circuit '' ( series 8 ) and `` Monkey Business '' ( series 9 ) Pat Keen ( `` A Personal Problem '' , as the Mohair Jumper ) Jack Haig ( `` A Personal Problem '' , as the Tramp ) ; also appeared in `` The Erotic Dreams of Mrs. Slocombe '' ( series 8 ) ; died 1989 Michael Sharvell - Martin ( `` Front Page Story '' as the Man with Moustache ) ; also appeared in `` Sweet Smell of Success '' ( series 9 ) Dawn Perllman ( `` Front Page Story '' , as Miss Hepburn ) Denise Distel ( `` Front Page Story '' , as Miss Coleman ) Jennifer Guy ( `` Front Page Story '' , as Miss Hurst of Novelty Candles ) ; also appeared in `` Strong Stuff , This Insurance '' ( series 7 ) Martin Cochrane ( `` Sit - Out '' , as Fireman ) Lee Richards ( `` Heir Apparent '' , unknown ) ; also appeared in `` The Club '' , `` The Sweet Smell of Success '' and `` Friends and Neighbours '' Gorden Kaye ( `` Closed Circuit '' , as Mr. Fortesque ) ; also appeared in `` Do You Take This Man ? '' ( series 6 ) and `` Mrs. Slocombe , Senior Person '' ( series 7 ) Nicholas McArdle ( `` Closed Circuit '' , as the Head Waiter ) John D. Collins ( `` Closed Circult '' , as the Second Waiter ; also appeared in `` Is It Catching ? '' ( series 8 ) and `` Monkey Business '' ( series 9 ) John Oxley ( `` Closed Circuit '' , as Lord Hirly ) Brenda Cowling ( `` The Erotic Dreams of Mrs. Slocombe '' , as the Lady Customer ) Jack Haig ( `` Mrs. Slocombe Expects '' , as Old Gentleman Suitor ) ; also appeared on `` A Personal Problem '' ( series 8 ) Rusty Goffe ( `` The Erotic Dreams of Mrs. Slocombe '' , as Second Suitor ) ; also appeared in `` Monkey Business '' ( series 9 ) Bob Murphy ( `` Roots '' : Piper ) Willie Budge ( `` Roots '' : Drummer ) Series Nine ( edit ) Michael Sharvell - Martin ( `` The Sweet Smell of Success '' , as Handsome Customer ) ; also appeared in `` Front Page Story '' ( series 8 ) Lee Richards ( `` The Sweet Smell of Success '' , unknown ) ; also appeared in `` The Club '' , `` Heir Apparent '' and `` Friends and Neighbours '' Rex Robinson ( `` The Sweet Smell of Success '' , as Military Customer ) Tony Sympson ( `` Conduct Unbecoming '' , as Mr. Wagstaff ) ; also appeared in `` Fifty Years On '' ( series 4 ) and `` The Junior '' ( series 7 ) Frances Bennett ( `` Conduct Unbecoming '' , as the Tights Customer ) Jess Conrad ( `` Memories Are Made Of This '' , as Mr. Walpole ) Ballard Berkeley ( `` Memories Are Made Of This '' , as Fisherman Customer ) Nosher Powell ( `` Calling All Customers '' , as Truck Driver ) ; died 2013 Ron Tarr ( `` Calling All Customers '' , as Truck Driver ) ; died 1997 Vicki Michelle ( `` Calling All Customers '' , as CB Voice ) Robbie Coltrane ( `` Calling All Customers '' , as CB Voice ) Rusty Goffe ( `` Monkey Business '' , as the Monkey ) ; also appeared in `` The Erotic Dreams of Mrs. Slocombe '' ( series 8 ) Kristopher Kum ( `` Monkey Business '' , as Mr. Yamoto ) ; died 2013 Eiji Kusuhara ( `` Monkey Business '' , as Mr. Kayoto ) Lisa Anselmi ( `` Monkey Business '' , as Miss Percival ) John Biggerstaff ( `` Monkey Business '' , as the Fur Coat Customer ) John D. Collins ( `` Monkey Business '' , as the Secretary at Number Ten ) ; also appeared in `` Is It Catching ? '' and `` Closed Circuit '' ( both series 8 ) Jan Ravens ( `` Monkey Business '' , as the Voice of Mrs. Thatcher ) Norman Mitchell ( `` Lost and Found '' , as the Customer ) ; also appeared in `` Do You Take This Man ? '' ( series 6 ) Shirley English ( `` Lost and Found '' , unknown ) Peter Cleall ( `` Lost and Found '' , as Mr. Winston ) Series Ten ( edit ) Taryn Kay ( `` Gambling Fever '' , as the Lift Girl ) Ronnie Brody ( `` The Night Club '' , as Man in Cinema ) ; also appeared in `` Anything You Can Do '' ( series 7 ) Carol Cleveland ( `` Friends and Neighbours '' , as Lady Customer ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wendy Richard -- My Life Story by Wendy Richard with Lizzie Wiggin , Pocket Books / Simon and Schuster , 2001 page : 106 ISBN 0 - 7434 - 1523 - X Jump up ^ `` I 'm Free ! -- The Complete Are You Being Served ? '' . Orion Books . 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Founder 's Day '' . Are You Being Served ? . Season 5 . Episode 3 . 1977 - 03 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Are You Being Served ? at BBC Online Are You Being Served ? at the British Film Institute List of Are You Being Served ? characters at the BFI 's Screenonline Are You Being Served ? on IMDb ( hide ) Are You Being Served ? Characters Mrs. Slocombe Mr. Humphries Captain Peacock Miss Brahms Original series Episodes Film Spinoffs Are You Being Served ? ( Australian TV series ) Grace & Favour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Are_You_Being_Served%3F_characters&oldid=823536733 '' Categories : Are You Being Served ? BBC - related lists Lists of British sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2014 All articles needing style editing Use dmy dates from November 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 21 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did mr lucas leave are you being served | [] | [] |
9160838776319498982 | Chief Justice of the United States | Chief justice of the United States - wikipedia Chief justice of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Chief Justice of the United States Incumbent John Roberts since September 29 , 2005 Style The Honorable ( formal ) Mr. Chief Justice ( informal ) Your Honor ( when addressed directly in court ) Appointer Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Term length Life tenure Constituting instrument U.S. Constitution Inaugural holder John Jay as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court September 26 , 1789 Formation March 4 , 1789 This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States . As such , he is head of the United States federal court system , which functions as the judicial branch of the nation 's federal government . The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices ; the other eight have the title Associate Justice . The Chief Justice , as the highest judicial officer in the country , serves as a spokesperson for the federal government 's judicial branch , and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts . He is also head of the Judicial Conference of the United States , and in that capacity appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts . By law , he is also a member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution , and by custom is elected chancellor of the board . The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments . When the court renders an opinion , the Chief Justice -- when in the majority -- decides who writes the court 's opinion . The Chief Justice also has significant agenda - setting power over the court 's meetings . In the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States , which has occurred twice , the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the U.S. Senate . Additionally , the presidential oath of office is typically administered by the Chief Justice ( although the Constitution does not assign this duty to anyone in particular ) . Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 17 persons have served as chief justice . The first was John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ) . The current chief justice is John Roberts ( since 2005 ) . Four -- Edward Douglass White , Charles Evans Hughes , Harlan Fiske Stone , and William Rehnquist -- were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin , title , and appointment to office 2 Duties 2.1 Impeachment trials 2.2 Seniority 2.3 Oath of office 2.4 Other duties 3 Disability or vacancy 4 List of Chief Justices 4.1 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Origin , title , and appointment to office ( edit ) John Jay , by Gilbert Stuart The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice , but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 : `` When the President of the United States is tried , the Chief Justice shall preside . '' Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office . Article III , Section 1 , which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court , refers to all members of the Court simply as `` judges . '' The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . In 1866 , at the urging of Salmon P. Chase , Congress restyled the chief justice 's title to the current Chief Justice of the United States . The first person whose Supreme Court commission contained the modified title was Melville Fuller in 1888 . The associate justices ' title was not altered in 1866 , and remains as originally created . The chief justice , like all federal judges , is nominated by the President and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate . Article III , Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they `` shall hold their Offices during good Behavior '' . This language means that the appointments are effectively for life , and that , once in office , a justice 's tenure ends only when they die , retire , resign , or are removed from office through the impeachment process . The salary of the chief justice is set by Congress ; the current ( 2017 ) annual salary is $263,300 , which is slightly higher than that of associate justices , which is $251,800 . The practice of appointing an individual to serve as chief justice is grounded in tradition ; while the Constitution mandates that there be a chief justice , it is silent on the subject of how one is chosen and by whom . There is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the chief justice from among those justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court . Constitutional law scholar Todd Pettys has proposed that presidential appointment of chief justices should be done away with , and replaced by a process that permits the Justices to select their own chief justice . Three incumbent associate justices have been nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate as chief justice : Edward Douglass White in 1910 , Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941 , and William Rehnquist in 1986 . A fourth , Abe Fortas , was nominated to the position in 1968 , but not confirmed . As an associate justice does not have to resign his or her seat on the Court in order to be nominated as chief justice , Fortas remained an associate justice . Similarly , when associate justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as chief justice in January 1796 , but declined the office , he too remained on the Court . Additionally , two former associate justices subsequently returned to service on the Court as chief justice . John Rutledge was the first . President Washington gave him a recess appointment in 1795 . However , his subsequent nomination to the office was not confirmed by the Senate , and he left office and the Court . In 1933 , former associate justice Charles Evans Hughes was confirmed as chief justice . Duties ( edit ) Along with his general responsibilities as a member of the Supreme Court , the Chief Justice has several unique duties to fulfill . Impeachment trials ( edit ) Article I , section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice shall preside over impeachment trials of the President of the United States in the U.S. Senate . Two Chief Justices , Salmon P. Chase and William Rehnquist , have presided over the trial in the Senate that follows an impeachment of the president -- Chase in 1868 over the proceedings against President Andrew Johnson and Rehnquist in 1999 over the proceedings against President Bill Clinton . Both presidents were subsequently acquitted . Seniority ( edit ) John Marshall , the fourth and longest serving Chief Justice . Many of the procedures and inner workings of the Court turn on the seniority of the justices . Traditionally , the chief justice has been regarded as primus inter pares ( first among equals ) -- that is , the chief justice is the highest - ranking and foremost member of the Court , regardless of that officeholder 's length of service when compared against that of any associate justice . This seniority and added prestige enables a chief justice to define the Court 's culture and norms , and thus influence how it functions . The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari , to decide whether to hear or deny each case . The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it . While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda , in practice this initial agenda - setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court . Nonetheless , a chief justice 's influence may be limited by circumstances and the associate justices ' understanding of legal principles ; it is definitely limited by the fact that he has only a single vote of nine on the decision whether to grant or deny certiorari . Despite the chief justice 's elevated stature , his vote carries the same legal weight as the vote of each associate justice . Additionally , he has no legal authority to overrule the verdicts or interpretations of the other eight judges or tamper with them . The task of assigning who shall write the opinion for the majority falls to the most senior justice in the majority . Thus , when the chief justice is in the majority , he always assigns the opinion . Early in his tenure , Chief Justice John Marshall insisted upon holdings which the justices could unanimously back as a means to establish and build the Court 's national prestige . In doing so , Marshall would often write the opinions himself , and actively discouraged dissenting opinions . Associate Justice William Johnson eventually persuaded Marshall and the rest of the Court to adopt its present practice : one justice writes an opinion for the majority , and the rest are free to write their own separate opinions or not , whether concurring or dissenting . The chief justice 's formal prerogative -- when in the majority -- to assign which justice will write the Court 's opinion is perhaps his most influential power , as this enables him to influence the historical record . He `` may assign this task to the individual justice best able to hold together a fragile coalition , to an ideologically amenable colleague , or to himself . '' Opinion authors can have a big influence on the content of an opinion ; two justices in the same majority , given the opportunity , might write very different majority opinions . A chief justice who knows well the associate justices can therefore do much -- by the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the opinion of the court -- to affect the general character or tone of an opinion , which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come . Additionally , the chief justice chairs the conferences where cases are discussed and tentatively voted on by the justices . He normally speaks first and so has influence in framing the discussion . Although the chief justice votes first -- the Court votes in order of seniority -- he may strategically pass in order to ensure membership in the majority if desired . It is reported that : Chief Justice Warren Burger was renowned , and even vilified in some quarters , for voting strategically during conference discussions on the Supreme Court in order to control the Court 's agenda through opinion assignment . Indeed , Burger is said to have often changed votes to join the majority coalition , cast `` phony votes '' by voting against his preferred position , and , declined to express a position at conference . Oath of office ( edit ) The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States . This is a tradition , rather than a constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice ; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular , simply that it be taken by the president . Law empowers any federal and state judge , as well as notaries public ( such as John Calvin Coolidge , Sr. , to administer oaths and affirmations . William Rehnquist ( left ) takes the oath as Chief Justice from retiring Chief Justice Warren E. Burger in 1986 , as his wife , Natalie , holds the Bible and President Ronald Reagan ( far right ) looks on . If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated , the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court . Seven times , someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President . Robert Livingston , as Chancellor of the State of New York ( the state 's highest ranking judicial office ) , administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration ; there was no Chief Justice of the United States , nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration . William Cushing , an associate justice of the Supreme Court , administered Washington 's second oath of office in 1793 . Calvin Coolidge 's father , a notary public , administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding . This , however , was contested upon Coolidge 's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling , Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia . John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia . Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt 's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office . On November 22 , 1963 , after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , Judge Sarah T. Hughes , a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas , administered the oath of office to then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson aboard the presidential airplane . In addition , the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices , whereas the senior associate justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice or vice president . Other duties ( edit ) Since the tenure of William Howard Taft , the office of the Chief Justice has moved beyond just first among equals . The Chief Justice also : Serves as the head of the federal judiciary . Serves as the head of the Judicial Conference of the United States , the chief administrative body of the United States federal courts . The Judicial Conference is empowered by the Rules Enabling Act to propose rules , which are then promulgated by the Supreme Court ( subject to disapproval by Congress ) , to ensure the smooth operation of the federal courts . Major portions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Evidence have been adopted by most state legislatures and are considered canonical by American law schools . Appoints sitting federal judges to the membership of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( FISC ) , a `` secret court '' which oversees requests for surveillance warrants by federal police agencies ( primarily the F.B.I. ) against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States . ( see 50 U.S.C. § 1803 ) . Appoints the members of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation , a special tribunal of seven sitting federal judges responsible for selecting the venue for coordinated pretrial proceedings in situations where multiple related federal actions have been filed in different judicial districts . Serves ex officio as a member of the Board of Regents , and by custom as the Chancellor , of the Smithsonian Institution . Supervises the acquisition of books for the Law Library of the Library of Congress . Unlike Senators and Representatives who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other `` office of trust or profit '' of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats , the Chief Justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions . Chief Justice John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the so - called Jay Treaty ( also known as the Treaty of London of 1794 ) , Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed by President Truman to be the U.S. Prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials of leading Nazis , and Chief Justice Earl Warren chaired The President 's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy . As described above , the Chief Justice holds office in the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress . Disability or vacancy ( edit ) Under 28 USC , when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions , or that office is vacant , his duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice who is able to act , until the disability or vacancy ends , as chief justice . As of February 13 , 2016 , Anthony Kennedy is the most senior associate justice . List of Chief justices ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , the following 17 persons have served as Chief Justice : Chief Justice Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Length of tenure Appointed by Prior position John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 01 ! September 26 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 14 ! 7003210200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 276 days George Washington Acting United States Secretary of State ( 1789 -- 1790 ) John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) 02 ! June 30 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 17 ! 7002181000000000000 ♠ 181 days Chief Justice of the South Carolina Court of Common Pleas and Sessions ( 1791 -- 1795 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1789 -- 1791 ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) 03 ! March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 16 ! 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days United States Senator from Connecticut ( 1789 -- 1796 ) John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) 04 ! February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( Died ) 01 ! 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days John Adams 4th United States Secretary of State ( 1800 -- 1801 ) 5 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) 05 ! March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 02 ! 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days Andrew Jackson 12th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1833 -- 1834 ) 6 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) 06 ! December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 12 ! 7003307400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 152 days Abraham Lincoln 25th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1861 -- 1864 ) 7 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) 07 ! March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 07 ! 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days Ulysses S. Grant Ohio State Senator ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Presiding officer , Ohio constitutional convention ( 1873 ) 8 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) 08 ! October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 03 ! 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days Grover Cleveland President , Illinois State Bar Association ( 1886 ) Illinois State Representative ( 1863 -- 1865 ) 9 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 09 ! December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 10 ! 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days William Howard Taft Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1894 -- 1910 ) 10 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) 10 ! July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 11 ! 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 27th President of the United States ( 1909 -- 1913 ) 11 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) 11 ! February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 09 ! 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 44th United States Secretary of State ( 1921 -- 1925 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1910 -- 1916 ) 12 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 12 ! July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 15 ! 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days Franklin D. Roosevelt Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1925 -- 1941 ) 13 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) 13 ! June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 13 ! 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days Harry S. Truman 53rd United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1945 -- 1946 ) 14 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) 14 ! October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 06 ! 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 30th Governor of California ( 1943 -- 1953 ) 15 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) 15 ! June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 05 ! 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1956 -- 1969 ) 16 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) 16 ! September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 04 ! 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days Ronald Reagan Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1972 -- 1986 ) 17 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) 17 ! September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 08 ! 7003440600000000000 ♠ 12 years , 23 days George W. Bush Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Listed here ( unless otherwise noted ) is the position -- either with a U.S. state or the federal government -- held by the individual immediately prior to becoming Chief Justice of the United States . Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the United States Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . The nomination of a sitting associate justaice to be chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process . See also ( edit ) Lists of United States Supreme Court cases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Administrative Agencies : Office of the Chief Justice , 1789 - present '' . Washington , D.C. : Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pettys , Todd E. ( 2006 ) . `` Choosing a Chief Justice : Presidential Prerogative or a Job for the Court ? '' . Journal of Law & Politics . The University of Iowa College of Law . 22 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 281 . SSRN 958829 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judiciary '' . Ithaca , New York : Legal Information Institute , Cornell Law School . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Frank B. ; Lindquist , Stefanie ( June 2006 ) . `` The decisional significance of the Chief Justice '' ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania Law Review . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Law School . 154 ( 6 ) : 1665 -- 1707 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Timothy R. ; Spriggs II , James F. ; Wahlbeck , Paul J. ( June 2005 ) . `` Passing and Strategic Voting on the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Law & Society Review . Law and Society Association , through Wiley . 39 ( 2 ) : 349 -- 377 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Inaugurations : Presidential Oaths of Office '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from Coolidge 's autobiography '' . Historicvermont.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Prologue : Selected Articles '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Swearing - In Ceremony , Part 5 of 6 '' . Inaugural.senate.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's Legacy : A Brief History of the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . 2006 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 28 U.S. Code § 3 - Vacancy in office of Chief Justice ; disability LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 126 - 7 . Flanders , Henry . The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. , 1874 at Google Books . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 4 . Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Chief Justice of the United States at Wikimedia Commons `` The template below ( USChiefJustices ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Chief Justices of the United States John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ) John Rutledge ( 1795 ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1796 -- 1800 ) John Marshall ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Roger B. Taney ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Salmon P. Chase ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Morrison Waite ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Melville Fuller ( 1888 -- 1910 ) Edward Douglass White ( 1910 -- 1921 ) William Howard Taft ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Charles Evans Hughes ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Harlan F. Stone ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Fred M. Vinson ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Earl Warren ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Warren E. Burger ( 1969 -- 1986 ) William Rehnquist ( 1986 -- 2005 ) John Roberts ( 2005 -- present ) History of the Supreme Court of the United States by Chief Justice Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ; cases ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ; cases ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ; cases ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ; cases ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ; cases ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ; cases ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ; cases ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ; cases ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ; cases ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ; cases ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ; cases ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ; cases ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ; cases ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ; cases ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ; cases ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ; cases ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ; cases ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Decisions Procedures History Supreme Court Building Old City Hall , Philadelphia 1791 -- 1800 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1819 -- 1860 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1860 -- 1935 Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No Vacancies All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education succession timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings Court functionaries Clerk Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States&oldid=805663729 '' Categories : Chief Justices of the United States Legal professions Supreme Court of the United States people 1789 establishments in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 21 : 03 . 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3699542747982773464 | Filet-O-Fish | Filet - O - Fish - wikipedia Filet - O - Fish Filet - O - Fish Nutritional value per 1 sandwich ( 141 g ) Energy 380 kcal ( 1,600 kJ ) Carbohydrates 38 g ( 13 % ) Sugars 5 g Dietary fiber 2 g ( 7 % ) Fat 18 g ( 28 % ) Saturated 3.5 g ( 19 % ) Trans 0 g Protein 15 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Vitamin A 30 IU Vitamin C 0 % 0 mg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 15 % 150 mg Iron 6 % 0.8 mg Sodium 43 % 640 mg Other constituents Quantity Energy from fat 170 kcal ( 710 kJ ) Cholesterol 40 mg ( 14 % ) May vary outside US market . 360 kcal ( 1,500 kJ ) in UK . Some restaurants publish nutritional information for the sandwich with the tartar sauce removed . Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : McDonald 's The Filet - O - Fish , otherwise known as the Fish - O - Filet , is a fish sandwich sold by the international fast food restaurant chain McDonald 's . It was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen , a McDonald 's franchise owner in Cincinnati , Ohio , in response to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays . While the fish composition of the sandwich has changed through the years to satisfy taste and supply shortcomings , the framework of its ingredients have remained constant ; a fried breaded fish fillet , a steamed bun , tartar sauce and pasteurized processed American cheese . Contents 1 Product description 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Product description ( edit ) As of December 2014 , the US Filet - O - Fish contains a battered , fried fish fillet made from Alaska pollock . In the Republic of Ireland either hoki or Alaska pollock may be served . In New Zealand and the United Kingdom Filet - O - Fish contains hoki instead of Alaska pollock . McDonald 's Canada , United States , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Portugal , Czech Republic , The Netherlands and Hong Kong use a half slice of cheese in each Filet - O - Fish sandwich . History ( edit ) The sandwich was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen , a McDonald 's franchise owner in Cincinnati ; his store was in a predominantly Roman Catholic neighborhood , which led to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays . The product was named by Cye Landy of Cye Landy Advertising Agency , which was the advertising firm for that particular McDonald 's franchise . It has become popular with people with dietary restrictions concerning meat - based products . The sandwich was the first non-hamburger menu item brought in by new McDonald 's company owner Ray Kroc . Kroc made a deal with Groen : they would sell two non-meat sandwiches on a Friday , Kroc 's own Hula Burger ( grilled pineapple with cheese on a cold bun ) and the Filet - O - Fish , and whichever sold the most would be added to the permanent menu . The Filet - O - Fish `` won hands down '' and was added to menus throughout 1963 until reaching nationwide status in 1965 . The use of farmed fish in the Filet - O - Fish first came about in 1981 , when an owner of a New Zealand fisheries company was dissatisfied with the pollock Filet - O - Fish he purchased at the Courtenay Place , Wellington restaurant . Saying to the manager that he could make a better - tasting fish fillet , he was handed a box of fillets and told to come back with identical , better - tasting fillets . He substituted red cod for the pollock , and after the manager was satisfied with the better - tasting red cod fillets , ended up in agreement to supply the Courtenay Place restaurant ( and eventually several other New Zealand restaurants ) with the red cod fillets . The similar - tasting hoki was substituted several years later , due to its competitive market value and its boneless fillets , and eventually was introduced widely in the early 1990s when global pollock stocks were facing low numbers . McDonald 's removed the Filet - O - Fish from its menus in the United States on September 26 , 1996 , and replaced it with the Fish Filet Deluxe sandwich , which was part of McDonald 's ill - fated Deluxe line of sandwiches . However , the Filet - O - Fish was brought back to its menus on a gradual basis starting in the middle of 1997 , due to overwhelming letters and petitions , receiving the larger fish patty from the Fish Filet Deluxe . The Fish Filet Deluxe itself was discontinued at most restaurants early the next year , while others kept it a little longer until the Fish Filet Deluxe was finally removed in the year 2000 . In November 2007 , McDonald 's lowered the use of New Zealand hoki and increased the use of Alaskan pollock , due to declining New Zealand hoki fishery sustainability and large cutbacks in the total allowable commercial catch of hoki by the New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries - from 250,000 tonnes in 1997 to 90,000 tonnes in 2007 . McDonald 's originally used Atlantic cod , before declining cod catches forced McDonald 's to find sustainable fish elsewhere . McDonald 's is trying to maintain fish only from areas certified as sustainable by the Marine Stewardship Council , but that is becoming more difficult each year . Hoki is still a major ingredient . As of March 2009 , the Marine Stewardship Council placed the Alaskan pollock fisheries in a re-assessment program due to catch numbers declining by over 30 % between 2005 and 2008 , and by - catch problems with salmon . As of January 2013 the Marine Stewardship Council stated that the pollock comes from suppliers with sustainable fishing practices , and McDonald 's packaging and promotion will reflect that change . In February 2015 , for a limited time , McDonald 's began offering a special Filet - O - Fish with Old Bay Seasoning in 700 stores within the United States . See also ( edit ) Fish finger sandwich References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://join.catholicfinanciallife.org/blog/why-abstain-from-meat-on-fridays-but-eat-fish ^ Jump up to : Clark , Paul ( 2007 - 02 - 20 ) . `` No fish story : Sandwich saved his McDonald 's - USATODAY.com '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Eleonore Villarrubia ( 2010 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Why Do Catholics Eat Fish on Friday ? '' . Catholicism.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Filet - O - Fish '' . macdonalds.com ( section : us / en - us , United States , American English ) . McDonald 's . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Filet - O - Fish ® : : McDonalds.ie Jump up ^ `` Filet - o - Fish Ingredients '' . UK : McDonald 's . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's New Zealand '' . New Zealand : McDonald 's . October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` why is the fillet o fish served with half a slice of cheese , dont lie bcuz i have photgraphic evidence '' . Canada : McDonald 's . Jump up ^ `` Why is the cheese slice on a filet - o - fish a tiny sliver ? '' . Canada : McDonald 's . Jump up ^ `` Why do you only use half a cheese slice in your Filet - O - Fish sandwiches ? Has it always been this way ? '' . Canada : McDonald 's . Jump up ^ Pepin , Jacques ( December 7 , 1998 ) . `` Burger Meister RAY KROC '' . Time . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , Paul ( February 20 , 2007 ) . `` No fish story : Sandwich saved his McDonald 's '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Travel Through Time With Us ! '' . McDonald 's . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hepözden , Rosemary ( 2011 ) . O'Flaherty , Brian , ed . Golden Arches under Southern Skies : Celebrating 35 years of McDonald 's in New Zealand . in co-op with McDonald 's Restaurants ( NZ ) Ltd . Auckland : Renaissance Publishing . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9864521 - 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Sarasota Herald - Tribune - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte : Search Results '' . nl.newsbank.com . March 22 , 1998 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Find The Answer : : McDonalds.co.uk '' . makeupyourownmind.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Moore , Bill ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Hoki fishery rebuilt , quota to rise , says minister '' . Nelson Mail . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Finance Article '' . DailyFinance.com. 11 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Pollock - Gulf of Alaska -- MSC '' . Msc.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ J Rice ; D Bowen ; S Hanna ; P Knapman ( November 12 , 2008 ) . `` Surveillance Report -- Gulf of Alaska Pollock Fishery '' ( PDF ) . Moody Marine . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` McDonald 's fish to carry ' sustainable ' labeling '' . New York : NY Daily News . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's launches special Filet - O - Fish with Old Bay seasoning in an attempt to spice up sales in the Mid-Atlantic '' . MailOnline . External links ( edit ) Filetofish.com McDonald 's History Advertising ad programs Countries with franchises Legal cases Product list International availability People Richard and Maurice McDonald Ray Kroc Joan Kroc Ralph Alvarez Charlie Bell Al Bernardin Jim Cantalupo George Cohon Dan Coudreaut Steve Easterbrook Janice L. Fields Den Fujita Don Gorske Jack M. Greenberg Eikō Harada June Martino Herb Peterson Michael R. Quinlan Ed Rensi Willard Scott James A. Skinner Donald N. Smith Harry J. Sonneborn Don Thompson Fred L. Turner Company Hamburger University Leaps and Bounds McBarge McCafé McDonald 's # 1 Store Museum McDonald 's ( Will Rogers Turnpike ) Oldest McDonald 's restaurant Rock N Roll McDonald 's Ronald McDonald House Charities Products Beef Big Mac Big N ' Tasty Deluxe line Kiwiburger Quarter Pounder ( McRoyal ) Chicken Chicken McNuggets Buttermilk Crispy Tenders McChicken Snack Wrap Other Deli Choices Filet - O - Fish Georgie Pie Happy Meal McArabia McFlurry McGriddles McMuffin McRib Premium line Shamrock Shake Former Arch Deluxe Fruit and Walnut Salad McAfrika Advertising Campaigns Changeables Global Gladiators Golden Arches Mac Tonight McDonaldland McDonald 's Monopoly McDonald 's Treasure Land Adventure M.C. Kids McKids Ronald McDonald Teenie Beanies The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald Sponsorships Kyle Larson ( NASCAR ) Jamie McMurray ( NASCAR ) Graham Rahal ( IndyCar Series ) McDonald 's All - American Game McDonald 's Championship McDonald 's Championship ( golf ) McDonald 's Cycle Center McDonald 's Gospelfest McDonald 's Olympic Swim Stadium Related Burger wars Donald Land Fast food advertising Mac and Me ( 1988 film ) McDonald 's sign ( Pine Bluff , Arkansas ) Supersize Branches Canada Israel New Zealand Criticism Fast Food Nation ( film ) McDonaldization McDonald 's Video Game McJob McRefugee McLibel Maxime , McDuff & McDo Super Size Me Do n't Eat This Book Legal cases Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants Magee v. McDonald 's McDonald 's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald 's Corp . Related McDelivery Big Mac Index Bill Elliott McDonald 's Young Entertainers McWords San Ysidro McDonald 's massacre `` Seriously McDonalds '' Sydney River McDonald 's murders Taiwan McDonald 's bombings Urban legends Boom , Like That The Founder ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filet-O-Fish&oldid=865562462 '' Categories : McDonald 's foods Products introduced in 1963 Fish dishes American sandwiches Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano Kurdî Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi 粵語 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 17 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when did mcdonald's start serving filet o fish | [
"The Filet-O-Fish, otherwise known as the Fish-O-Filet, is a fish sandwich sold by the international fast food restaurant chain McDonald's. It was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen, a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati, Ohio,[1][2] in response to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays.[3] While the fish composition of the sandwich has changed through the years to satisfy taste and supply shortcomings, the framework of its ingredients have remained constant; a fried breaded fish fillet, a steamed bun, tartar sauce and pasteurized processed American cheese.\n"
] | [
"1962"
] |
1407687418646333654 | List of Test cricket hat-tricks | List of Test cricket hat - tricks - wikipedia List of Test cricket hat - tricks Jump to : navigation , search English cricketer Stuart Broad took hat - tricks against India at Trent Bridge in 2011 and against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014 . In the sport of cricket , a hat - trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries . As of 31 July 2017 , this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches , the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days ' duration . The first Test hat - trick was recorded on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match to take place , by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth , nicknamed `` The Demon Bowler '' , who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017 . At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat - trick . A player has taken two hat - tricks in the same Test match only once . Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester , England , leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat - trick in South Africa 's first and second innings , both taken on 28 May 1912 . He completed both hat - tricks by dismissing South Africa 's Tommy Ward . Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat - trick : Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble ( two years apart , between the same teams at the same ground ) , Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram ( just over a week apart , in consecutive matches between the same teams ) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad . Three players have taken a hat - trick on their Test debut : English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930 , New Zealand off - spinner Peter Petherick in 1976 , and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994 . Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat - trick , taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career . During the match in which he took his hat - trick , Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match . Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat - trick on his birthday , and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat - trick in the same Test match . Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat - trick where the wickets fell over three overs . He took a wicket with the final ball of an over . With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings . He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings . In the five - match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970 , a hat - trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match , at Headingley ( the last three of four wickets in five balls ) . These matches were considered to be Tests at the time , but that status was later removed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Test hat - tricks 2 By team 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific Test hat - tricks ( edit ) Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat - trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match . Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat - trick for England , four years after Spofforth achieved the feat . Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat - trick , achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904 . Courtney Walsh 's hat - trick in 1988 was spread across two innings . In Australia 's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings . Wasim Akram took two hat - tricks in the space of nine days in 1999 . When Peter Siddle took a hat - trick for Australia in 2010 , his final victim was Stuart Broad . Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat - trick . Key Symbol Meaning Bowler The name of the bowler For The team for which the bowler was playing Against The team against which the bowler was playing Inn . The innings ( first or second ) in which the hat - trick was achieved Test The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams Dismissals The three players dismissed by the bowler Venue The venue where the hat - trick was achieved Date The date on which the hat - trick was achieved Ref . Reference List of Test cricket hat - tricks No . Bowler For Against Inn . Test Dismissals Venue Date Ref . Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth Australia England 1 / 1 Vernon Royle ( b ) Francis MacKinnon ( b ) Tom Emmett ( c Tom Horan ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 2 January 1879 Bates , Billy Billy Bates England Australia 2 / 3 Percy McDonnell ( b ) George Giffen ( c and b ) George Bonnor ( c Walter Read ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 20 January 1883 Briggs , Johnny Johnny Briggs England Australia 2 / 3 Walter Giffen ( b ) Jack Blackham ( lbw ) Sydney Callaway ( c W.G. Grace ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 February 1892 Lohmann , George George Lohmann England South Africa 1 / 3 Frederick Cook ( b ) Bonnor Middleton ( b ) Joseph Willoughby ( c Tom Hayward ) St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 14 February 1896 Hearne , Jack Jack Hearne England Australia 3 / 5 Clem Hill ( b ) Syd Gregory ( c Archie MacLaren ) Monty Noble ( c Ranjitsinhji ) Headingley , Leeds 30 June 1899 6 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 2 / 5 John Gunn ( c Sammy Jones ) Arthur Jones ( c Joe Darling ) Sydney Barnes ( c and b ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 4 January 1902 7 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 5 / 5 Bernard Bosanquet ( c Algy Gehrs ) Plum Warner ( c and b ) Dick Lilley ( lbw ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 8 March 1904 8 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Rolland Beaumont ( b ) Sid Pegler ( lbw ) Tommy Ward ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 9 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Herbie Taylor ( b ) Reggie Schwarz ( c and b ) Tommy Ward ( c and b ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 10 Allom , Maurice Maurice Allom England New Zealand 1 / 4 Tom Lowry ( lbw ) Ken James ( c Tich Cornford ) Ted Badcock ( b ) Lancaster Park , Christchurch 10 January 1930 11 Goddard , Tom Tom Goddard England South Africa 1 / 5 Dudley Nourse ( c and b ) Norman Gordon ( st Leslie Ames ) Billy Wade ( b ) Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 26 December 1938 12 Loader , Peter Peter Loader England West Indies 4 / 5 John Goddard ( b ) Sonny Ramadhin ( c Fred Trueman ) Roy Gilchrist ( b ) Headingley , Leeds 25 July 1957 13 Kline , Lindsay Lindsay Kline Australia South Africa 2 / 5 Eddie Fuller ( c Richie Benaud ) Hugh Tayfield ( lbw ) Neil Adcock ( c Bob Simpson ) Newlands , Cape Town 3 January 1958 14 Hall , Wes Wes Hall West Indies Pakistan 3 / 3 Mushtaq Mohammed ( lbw ) Fazal Mahmood ( c Garfield Sobers ) Nasim - ul - Ghani ( b ) Bagh - e-Jinnah , Lahore 29 March 1959 15 Griffin , Geoff Geoff Griffin South Africa England 2 / 5 M.J.K. Smith ( c John Waite ) Peter Walker ( b ) Fred Trueman ( b ) Lord 's , London 24 June 1960 16 Gibbs , Lance Lance Gibbs West Indies Australia 4 / 5 Ken Mackay ( lbw ) Wally Grout ( c Garfield Sobers ) Frank Misson ( b ) Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 30 January 1961 17 Petherick , Peter Peter Petherick New Zealand Pakistan 1 / 3 Javed Miandad ( c Richard Hadlee ) Wasim Raja ( c and b ) Intikhab Alam ( c Geoff Howarth ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 9 October 1976 18 Walsh , Courtney Courtney Walsh West Indies Australia 1 & 2 1 / 5 Tony Dodemaide ( c Viv Richards ) Mike Veletta ( c Carl Hooper ) Graeme Wood ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 18 -- 20 November 1988 19 Hughes , Merv Merv Hughes Australia West Indies 1 & 2 2 / 5 Curtly Ambrose ( c Ian Healy ) Patrick Patterson ( c Tony Dodemaide ) Gordon Greenidge ( lbw ) WACA , Perth 3 -- 4 December 1988 20 Fleming , Damien Damien Fleming Australia Pakistan 2 / 3 Aamer Malik ( c Michael Bevan ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( lbw ) Saleem Malik ( c Ian Healy ) Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi 9 October 1994 21 Warne , Shane Shane Warne Australia England 2 / 5 Phil DeFreitas ( lbw ) Darren Gough ( c Ian Healy ) Devon Malcolm ( c David Boon ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 29 December 1994 22 Cork , Dominic Dominic Cork England West Indies 4 / 6 Richie Richardson ( b ) Junior Murray ( lbw ) Carl Hooper ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 30 July 1995 23 Gough , Darren Darren Gough England Australia 5 / 5 Ian Healy ( c Warren Hegg ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Colin Miller ( b ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 January 1999 24 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 4 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Niroshan Bandaratilleke ( b ) Pramodya Wickramasinghe ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 6 March 1999 25 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 4 / 4 Avishka Gunawardene ( c Shahid Afridi ) Chaminda Vaas ( b ) Mahela Jayawardene ( c Wajahatullah Wasti ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 14 March 1999 26 Nuwan Zoysa Sri Lanka Zimbabwe 2 / 3 Trevor Gripper ( lbw ) Murray Goodwin ( c Romesh Kaluwitharana ) Neil Johnson ( lbw ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 26 November 1999 27 Abdul Razzaq Pakistan Sri Lanka 2 / 3 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Rangana Herath ( lbw ) Ravi Pushpakumara ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 21 June 2000 28 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath Australia West Indies 2 / 5 Sherwin Campbell ( c Ricky Ponting ) Brian Lara ( c Stuart MacGill ) Jimmy Adams ( c Justin Langer ) WACA , Perth 1 December 2000 29 Harbhajan Singh India Australia 2 / 3 Ricky Ponting ( lbw ) Adam Gilchrist ( lbw ) Shane Warne ( c Sadagoppan Ramesh ) Eden Gardens , Calcutta 11 March 2001 30 Mohammad Sami Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 3 Charitha Buddhika ( lbw ) Nuwan Zoysa ( lbw ) Muttiah Muralitharan ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 8 March 2002 31 Lawson , Jermaine Jermaine Lawson West Indies Australia 1 & 2 3 / 4 Brett Lee ( b ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Justin Langer ( lbw ) Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 2 -- 5 May 2003 32 Alok Kapali Bangladesh Pakistan 2 / 3 Shabbir Ahmed ( c Mashrafe Mortaza ) Danish Kaneria ( lbw ) Umar Gul ( lbw ) Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar 29 August 2003 33 Blignaut , Andy Andy Blignaut Zimbabwe Bangladesh 1 / 2 Hannan Sarkar ( lbw ) Mohammad Ashraful ( c sub ( Travis Friend ) ) Mushfiqur Rahman ( c Tatenda Taibu ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 22 February 2004 34 Hoggard , Matthew Matthew Hoggard England West Indies 3 / 4 Ramnaresh Sarwan ( c Ashley Giles ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( lbw ) Ryan Hinds ( c Andrew Flintoff ) Kensington Oval , Barbados 3 April 2004 35 Franklin , James James Franklin New Zealand Bangladesh 1 / 2 Manjural Islam Rana ( c Brendon McCullum ) Mohammad Rafique ( c Scott Styris ) Tapash Baisya ( b ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 20 October 2004 36 Irfan Pathan India Pakistan 3 / 3 Salman Butt ( c Rahul Dravid ) Younis Khan ( lbw ) Mohammad Yousuf ( b ) National Stadium , Karachi 29 January 2006 37 Sidebottom , Ryan Ryan Sidebottom England New Zealand 1 / 3 Stephen Fleming ( c Alastair Cook ) Mathew Sinclair ( c Alastair Cook ) Jacob Oram ( lbw ) Seddon Park , Hamilton 8 March 2008 38 Siddle , Peter Peter Siddle Australia England 1 / 5 Alastair Cook ( c Shane Watson ) Matt Prior ( b ) Stuart Broad ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 25 November 2010 39 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England India 2 / 4 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( c James Anderson ) Harbhajan Singh ( lbw ) Praveen Kumar ( b ) Trent Bridge , Nottinghamshire 30 July 2011 40 Gazi , Sohag Sohag Gazi Bangladesh New Zealand 1 / 2 Corey Anderson ( lbw ) BJ Watling ( c Mushfiqur Rahim ) Doug Bracewell ( c Shakib Al Hasan ) Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong 13 October 2013 41 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England Sri Lanka 2 / 2 Kumar Sangakkara ( c Ian Bell ) Dinesh Chandimal ( c Alastair Cook ) Shaminda Eranga ( c Matt Prior ) Headingley , Leeds 20 June 2014 42 Herath , Rangana Rangana Herath Sri Lanka Australia 2 / 3 Adam Voges ( c Dimuth Karunaratne ) Peter Nevill ( lbw ) Mitchell Starc ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 5 August 2016 43 Ali , Moeen Moeen Ali England South Africa 3 / 4 Dean Elgar ( c Ben Stokes ) Kagiso Rabada ( c Ben Stokes ) Morné Morkel ( lbw ) The Oval , London 31 July 2017 By team ( edit ) England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat - tricks to date , 25 of 43 ( 58.14 % ) . Test hat - tricks by team Team Hat - tricks England 14 Australia 11 Pakistan West Indies Bangladesh India Sri Lanka New Zealand South Africa Zimbabwe See also ( edit ) List of One Day International cricket hat - tricks List of Twenty20 International cricket hat - tricks References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India in England -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McGhie , Tom ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord 's plays host to the 2,000 th when England take on India '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Triangular Tournament − 1st match : Australia v South Africa Test Series -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` No - balled out of the game '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Siddle hat - trick gives Australia control '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Islam , Mohammad ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Gazi shines as Test ends in draw '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Three - act plays '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England v Rest Of The World , 1970 -- 4th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` July 2000 -- The best of the best ? '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1878 / 79 -- Only Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( IFW Bligh 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1882 / 83 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Lord Sheffield 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1891 / 92 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1895 / 96 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of England , 1899 : The Ashes -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1901 / 02 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Marylebone Cricket Club ) tour of Australia , 1903 / 04 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triangular Tournament , 1912 : Australia v South Africa Test Series − 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 1929 / 30 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1938 / 39 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1957 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of South Africa , 1957 / 58 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Pakistan , 1958 / 59 -- 3d Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of England , 1960 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1960 / 61 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Pakistan , 1976 / 77 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Pakistan , 1994 / 95 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1994 / 95 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1995 : The Wisden Trophy -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1998 / 99 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe , 1999 / 00 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka , 2000 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 2001 / 02 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of West Indies , 2003 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Pakistan , 2003 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe , 2003 / 04 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of West Indies , 2003 / 04 : The Wisden Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 2004 / 05 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of Pakistan , 2005 / 06 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 2007 / 08 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 : The Ashes -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of England , 2011 : Pataudi Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of England , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 Jun 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Sri Lanka , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test , South Africa tour of England at London , Jul 27 -- Jul 31 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_hat-tricks&oldid=804153912 '' Categories : Cricket - related lists Test cricket hat - trick takers Test cricket records Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 03 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the bowler who has taken hat trick in both innings of a test match | [
"A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford, Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward.[4] Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart, in consecutive matches between the same teams) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad. Three players have taken a hat-trick on their Test debut: English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930, New Zealand off-spinner Peter Petherick in 1976, and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994.[3] Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat-trick, taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career.[3] During the match in which he took his hat-trick, Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match.[5] Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat-trick on his birthday,[6] and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat-trick in the same Test match.[7]"
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"leg spinner Jimmy Matthews"
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-7178479742048789298 | Alcohol abuse | Alcohol abuse - wikipedia Alcohol abuse Alcohol abuse `` The Drunkard 's Progress '' , 1846 Specialty Psychiatry Alcohol abuse is a previous psychiatric diagnosis in which there is recurring harmful use of alcohol despite its negative consequences . In 2013 it was reclassified as alcohol use disorder ( alcoholism ) along with alcohol dependence . There are two types of alcohol abuse , those who have anti-social and pleasure - seeking tendencies , and those who are anxiety - ridden people who are able to go without drinking for long periods of time but are unable to control themselves once they start . Binge drinking is another form of alcohol abuse . According to surveys , the heaviest drinkers are the United Kingdom 's adolescents . In 2013 , 139,000 deaths globally were directly due to alcohol abuse and an additional 384,000 to cirrhosis from excess alcohol consumption . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 1.1 Binge drinking 2 Signs and symptoms 2.1 Violence 2.2 Pregnancy 2.3 Adolescence 3 Causes 3.1 Mental illness 3.2 Puberty 4 Mechanisms 5 Diagnosis 5.1 DSM 5.2 Screening 6 Prevention 7 Treatment 8 Epidemiology 9 Prognosis 10 Society and culture 10.1 Societal and economic costs 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Definitions ( edit ) Alcohol abuse is a pattern of drinking that results in harm to one 's health , interpersonal relationships , or ability to work . According to Gelder , Mayou & Geddes ( 2005 ) alcohol abuse is linked with suicide . They state the risk of suicide is high in older men who have a history of drinking , as well as those suffering from depression . Certain features of alcohol abuse include failure to fulfill responsibilities at work , school , or home ; drinking in dangerous situations , including the operation of a motor vehicle ; legal concerns associated with alcohol use ; and continued drinking despite problems that are caused or worsened by drinking . Alcohol abuse can lead to alcohol dependence . In the diagnosis manual DSM - 5 alcohol abuse is combined with alcohol dependence to create one unified disorder , alcohol use disorder ( AUD ) , that includes a graded clinical severity from moderate to severe with at least 2 criteria to make diagnoses . For adolescents , the DSM - 5 proposes that diagnoses meeting 2 or 3 criteria would be similar to alcohol abuse while meeting over 4 criteria would be equivalent to alcohol dependence when compared to the DSM - IV . Alcohol abuse has both short - term and long - term risks . If a person drives while drunk or regularly consuming binge drink ( more than five standard drinks in one drinking session ) , they are considered to have been involved in alcohol abuse . Short - term abuses of alcohol include , but are not limited to , violence , injuries , unprotected sexual activities and , additionally , social and financial problems . The older adult population ( over 65 years ) is frequently overlooked when discussing alcohol abuse . A smaller volume of consumed alcohol has a greater impact on the older adult than it does on a younger individual . As a result , the American Geriatrics Society recommends for an older adult with no known risk factors less than one drink a day or fewer than two drinks per occasion regardless of gender , this is less than current recommendations of maximum alcohol consumption per week , for adults noted to be nine drinks for a male and seven for a female . Binge drinking ( edit ) Main article : Binge drinking In the USA , binge drinking is defined as consuming more than five units in men and four units in women . It increases chances for vandalism , fights , violent behaviours , injuries , drunk driving , trouble with police , negative health , social , economic , or legal consequences to occur . Binge drinking is also associated with neurocognitive deficits of frontal lobe processing and impaired working memory as well as delayed auditory and verbal memory deficits . Binge drinking combined with the stress of returning to work is a contributing factor to Monday deaths from heart attacks . The chances of becoming dependent are increased greatly in men who have 15 or more drinks each week or women who have 12 or more drinks each week . This is known as alcohol dependency . It is believed that one way to prevent binge drinking is to raise the legal drinking age . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Main article : Long - term effects of alcohol Individuals with an alcohol use disorder will often complain of difficulty with interpersonal relationships , problems at work or school , and legal problems . Additionally , people may complain of irritability and insomnia . Alcohol abuse is also an important cause of chronic fatigue . Signs of alcohol abuse are related to alcohol 's effects on organ systems . However , while these findings are often present , they are not necessary to make a diagnosis of alcohol abuse . Signs of alcohol abuse show its drastic effects on the central nervous system , including inebriation and poor judgment ; chronic anxiety , irritability , and insomnia . Alcohol 's effects on the liver include elevated liver function tests ( classically AST is at least twice as high as ALT ) . Prolonged use leads to cirrhosis and liver failure . With cirrhosis , patients develop an inability to process hormones and toxins . The skin of a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis can feature cherry angiomas , palmar erythema and -- in acute liver failure -- jaundice and ascites . The derangements of the endocrine system lead to the enlargement of the male breasts . The inability to process toxins leads to liver disease , such as hepatic encephalopathy . Alcohol abuse can result in brain damage which causes impairments in executive functioning such as impairments to working memory , visuospatial skills , and can cause an abnormal personality as well as affective disorders to develop . Binge drinking is associated with individuals reporting fair to poor health compared to non-binge drinking individuals and which may progressively worsen over time . Alcohol also causes impairment in a person 's critical thinking . A person 's ability to reason in stressful situations is compromised , and they seem very inattentive to what is going on around them . Social skills are significantly impaired in people suffering from alcoholism due to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol on the brain , especially the prefrontal cortex area of the brain . The social skills that are impaired by alcohol abuse include impairments in perceiving facial emotions , difficulty with perceiving vocal emotions and theory of mind deficits ; the ability to understand humour is also impaired in alcohol abusers . Adolescent binge drinkers are most sensitive to damaging neurocognitive functions especially executive functions and memory . People who abuse alcohol are less likely to survive critical illness with a higher risk for having sepsis and were more likely to die during hospitalization . Violence ( edit ) Alcohol abuse is significantly associated with suicide and violence . Alcohol is the most significant health concern in Native American communities because of very high rates of alcohol dependence and abuse ; up to 80 percent of suicides and 60 percent of violent acts are a result of alcohol abuse in Native American communities . In the United States alcohol - related violence is related to more severe injuries and chronic cases . Pregnancy ( edit ) A label on alcoholic drinks promoting zero alcohol during pregnancy Alcohol abuse among pregnant women causes their baby to develop fetal alcohol syndrome . Fetal alcohol syndrome is the pattern of physical abnormalities and the impairment of mental development which is seen with increasing frequency among children with alcoholic mothers . Alcohol exposure in a developing fetus can result in slowed development of the fetal brain , resulting in severe retardation or death . Surviving infants may suffer severe abnormalities such as abnormal eyes , fissures , lips and incomplete cerebella . Some infants may develop lung disease . It is even possible that the baby throughout pregnancy will develop heart defects such as ventricular septal defect or atrial septal defect . Experts suggest that pregnant women take no more than one unit of alcohol per day . However , other organizations advise complete abstinence from alcohol while pregnant . Adolescence ( edit ) Adolescence and the onset of puberty have both a physiological and social impact on a developing person . About half of grade 12 students have been drunk , and a third binge drink . About 3 % drink every day . One of these social impacts is the increase in risk - taking behaviors , such as the emergence of alcohol use . Children aged 16 and under who consume alcohol heavily display symptoms of conduct disorder . Its symptoms include troublesome behaviour in school , constantly lying , learning disabilities and social impairments . Alcohol abuse during adolescence greatly increases the risk of developing an alcohol use disorder in adulthood due to changes to neurocircuitry that alcohol abuse causes in the vulnerable adolescent brain . Younger ages of initial consumption among males in recent studies has shown to be associated with increased rates of alcohol abuse within the general population . Societal inequalities ( among other factors ) have influenced an adolescents decision to consume alcohol . One study suggests that girls were scrutinized for `` drinking like men , '' whereas magazines that target the male population sent underlying messages to boys and or men that drinking alcohol was `` masculine . '' ( Bogren , 2010 ) Causes ( edit ) The cause of alcohol abuse is complex . Alcohol abuse is related to economic and biological origins and is associated with adverse health consequences . Peer pressure influences individuals to abuse alcohol ; however , most of the influence of peers is due to inaccurate perceptions of the risks of alcohol abuse . According to Gelder , Mayou and Geddes ( 2005 ) easy accessibility of alcohol is one of the reasons people engage in alcohol abuse as this substance is easily obtained in shops . Another influencing factor among adolescents and college students are the perceptions of social norms for drinking ; people will often drink more to keep up with their peers , as they believe their peers drink more than they actually do . They might also expect to drink more given the context ( e.g. sporting event , fraternity party , etc . ) . This perception of norms results in higher alcohol consumption than is normal . Alcohol abuse is also associated with acculturation , because social and cultural factors such as an ethnic group 's norms and attitudes can influence alcohol abuse . Mental illness ( edit ) A person misusing alcohol may be doing so because they find alcohol 's effects provide relief from a psychological problem , such as anxiety or depression . Often both the alcohol misuse and psychological problems need to be treated at the same time . The numbing effects of alcohol and narcotics can become a coping strategy for traumatized people who are unable to dissociate themselves from the trauma . However , the altered or intoxicated state of the abuser prevents the full consciousness necessary for healing . Puberty ( edit ) Gender differences may affect drinking patterns and the risk for developing alcohol use disorders . Sensation - seeking behaviors have been previously shown to be associated with advanced pubertal maturation , as well as the company of deviant peers . Early pubertal maturation , as indicated by advanced morphological and hormonal development , has been linked to increased alcohol usage in both male and female individuals . Additionally , when controlling for age , this association between advanced development and alcohol use still held true . Mechanisms ( edit ) Excessive alcohol use causes neuroinflammation and leads to myelin disruptions and white matter loss . The developing adolescent brain is at increased risk of brain damage and other long - lasting alterations to the brain . Adolescents with an alcohol use disorder damage the hippocampal , prefrontal cortex , and temporal lobes . Until recently , the underlying mechanisms mediating the link between pubertal maturation and increased alcohol use in adolescence was poorly understood . Now research has suggested that sex steroid hormone levels may play a role in this interaction . When controlling for age , it was demonstrated that elevated estradiol and testosterone levels in male teenagers undergoing pubertal development was linked to increased alcohol consumption . It has been suggested that sex hormones promote alcohol consumption behaviors in teens by stimulating areas in the male adolescent brain associated with reward processing . The same associations with hormone levels were not demonstrated in females undergoing pubertal development . It is hypothesized that sex steroid hormones , such as testosterone and estradiol , are stimulating areas in the male brain that function to promote sensation - seeking and status - seeking behaviors and result in increased alcohol usage . Additionally , the enzyme TTTan aromatase , which functions in the male brain to convert testosterone to estradiols , has been linked to addictive and reward - seeking behaviors . Therefore , the increased activity of the enzyme may be influencing male adolescent alcohol - usage behaviors during pubertal development . The underlying mechanisms for female alcohol consumption and abuse is still under examination , but is believed to be largely influenced by morphological , rather than hormonal , changes during puberty as well as the presence of deviant peer groups . The brain goes through dynamic changes during adolescence as a result of advancing pubertal maturation , and alcohol can damage long - and short - term growth processes in teenagers . The rapid effect of drugs releases the neurotransmitter dopamine which acts as reinforcement for the behavior . Diagnosis ( edit ) See also : Alcohol dependence § Diagnosis , and Alcohol use disorder § Diagnosis DSM ( edit ) Source from : To be diagnosed with an Alcohol Use Disorder ( AUD ) , individuals must meet certain criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) . Under DSM -- 5 , the current version of the DSM , anyone meeting any two of the 11 criteria during the same 12 - month period receives a diagnosis of AUD . The severity of an AUD -- mild , moderate , or severe -- is based on the number of criteria met . To assess whether you or loved one may have an AUD , here are some questions to ask . In the past year , have you : Had times when you ended up drinking more , or longer than you intended ? More than once wanted to cut down or stop drinking , or tried to , but could n't ? Spent a lot of time drinking ? Or being sick or getting over the aftereffects ? Experienced craving -- a strong need , or urge , to drink ? Found that drinking -- or being sick from drinking -- often interfered with taking care of your home or family ? Or caused job troubles ? Or school problems ? Continued to drink even though it was causing trouble with your family or friends ? Given up or cut back on activities that were important or interesting to you , or gave you pleasure , in order to drink ? More than once gotten into situations while or after drinking that increased your chances of getting hurt ( such as driving , swimming , using machinery , walking in a dangerous area , or having unsafe sex ) ? Continued to drink even though it was making you feel depressed or anxious or adding to another health problem ? Or after having had a memory blackout ? Had to drink much more than you once did to get the effect you want ? Or found that your usual number of drinks had much less effect than before ? Found that when the effects of alcohol were wearing off , you had withdrawal symptoms , such as trouble sleeping , shakiness , irritability , anxiety , depression , restlessness , nausea , or sweating ? Or sensed things that were not there ? Screening ( edit ) See also : Alcohol dependence § Screening The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test ( AUDIT ) is considered the most accurate alcohol screening tool for identifying potential alcohol misuse , including dependence . It was developed by the World Health Organisation , designed initially for use in primary healthcare settings with supporting guidance . Prevention ( edit ) The United States Navy provides informative , in - depth training on alcohol and drug abuse prevention to sailors and supervisors . Preventing or reducing the harm has been called for via increased taxation of alcohol , stricter regulation of alcohol advertising and the provision of brief Interventions . Brief Interventions for alcohol abuse reduce the incidence of unsafe sex , sexual violence , unplanned pregnancy and , likely , STD transmission . Information and education on social norms and the harms associated with alcohol abuse delivered via the internet or face - to - face has not been found to result in any meaningful benefit in changing harmful drinking behaviours in young people . According to European law , individuals who are suffering from alcohol abuse or other related problems can not be given a license , or if in possession of a license can not get it renewed . This is a way to prevent individuals driving under the influence of alcohol , but does not prevent alcohol abuse per se . An individual 's need for alcohol can depend on their family 's alcohol use history . For instance , if it is discovered that their family history with alcohol has a strong pattern , there might be a need for education to be set in place to reduce the likelihood of reoccurrence ( Powers , 2007 ) . However , studies have established that those with alcohol abuse tend to have family members who try to provide help . In many of these occasions the family members would try to help the individual to change or to help improve the individual 's lifestyle . Treatment ( edit ) Youth treatment and intervention should focus on eliminating or reducing the effects of adverse childhood experiences , like childhood maltreatment , since these are common risk factors contributing to the early development of alcohol abuse . Approaches like contingency management and motivational interviewing have shown to be effective means of treating substance abuse in impulsive adolescents by focusing on positive rewards and redirecting them towards healthier goals . Educating youth about what is considered heavy drinking along with helping them focus on their own drinking behaviors has been shown to effectively change their perceptions of drinking and could potentially help them to avoid alcohol abuse . Completely stopping the use of alcohol , or `` abstinence , '' is the ideal goal of treatment . A strong social network and family support maybe important in achieving this goal . Some people who abuse alcohol may be able to reduce the amount they drink , also called `` drinking in moderation . '' If this method does not work , the person may need to try abstinence . Abstinence has been regularly achieved by many alcoholics in Alcoholics Anonymous . Mindfulness - based intervention programs ( that encourage people to be aware of their own experiences in the present moment and of emotions that arise from thoughts ) can reduce the consumption of alcohol . Epidemiology ( edit ) Alcohol abuse is said to be most common in people aged between 15 and 24 years , according to Moreira 2009 . However , this particular study of 7275 college students in England collected no comparative data from other age groups or countries . Causes of alcohol abuse are complex and are likely the combination of many factors , from coping with stress to childhood development . The US Department of Health & Human Services identifies several factors influencing adolescent alcohol use , such as risk - taking , expectancies , sensitivity and tolerance , personality and psychiatric comorbidity , hereditary factors , and environmental aspects . Studies show that child maltreatment such as neglect , physical , and / or sexual abuse , as well as having parents with alcohol abuse problems , increases the likelihood of that child developing alcohol use disorders later in life . According to Shin , Edwards , Heeren , & Amodeo ( 2009 ) , underage drinking is more prevalent among teens that experienced multiple types of childhood maltreatment regardless of parental alcohol abuse , putting them at a greater risk for alcohol use disorders . Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of alcohol use disorders , depending on age . The influence of genetic risk factors in developing alcohol use disorders increase with age ranging from 28 % in adolescence and 58 % in adults . Prognosis ( edit ) Alcohol abuse during adolescence , especially early adolescence ( i.e. before age 15 ) , may lead to long - term changes in the brain which leaves them at increased risk of alcoholism in later years ; genetic factors also influence age of onset of alcohol abuse and risk of alcoholism . For example , about 40 percent of those who begin drinking alcohol before age 15 develop alcohol dependence in later life , whereas only 10 percent of those who did not begin drinking until 20 years or older developed an alcohol problem in later life . It is not entirely clear whether this association is causal , and some researchers have been known to disagree with this view . Alcohol use disorders often cause a wide range of cognitive impairments that result in significant impairment of the affected individual . If alcohol - induced neurotoxicity has occurred a period of abstinence for on average a year is required for the cognitive deficits of alcohol abuse to reverse . College / university students who are heavy binge drinkers ( three or more times in the past two weeks ) are 19 times more likely to be diagnosed with alcohol dependence , and 13 times more likely to be diagnosed with alcohol abuse compared to non-heavy episodic drinkers , though the direction of causality remains unclear . Occasional binge drinkers ( one or two times in past two weeks ) , were found to be four times more likely to be diagnosed with alcohol abuse or dependence compared to non-heavy episodic drinkers . Society and culture ( edit ) Results of the ISCD 2010 study showing that alcohol has the highest economic cost to society of all drugs considered . The introduction of alcopops , sweet and pleasantly flavoured alcoholic drinks , was responsible for half of the increase in alcohol abuse in 15 - and 16 - year - olds , according to one survey in Sweden . In the case of girls , the alcopops , which disguise the taste of alcohol , were responsible for two thirds of the increase . The introduction of alcopops to Sweden was a result of Sweden joining the European Union and adopting the entire European Union law . Alcohol abuse is highly associated with adolescent suicide . Adolescents who abuse alcohol are 17 times more likely to commit suicide than adolescents who do n't drink . Societal and economic costs ( edit ) `` After Whisky Driving Risky . '' Safety roadsign in Ladakh , India Alcohol abuse is associated with many accidents , fights , driving offenses and unprotected sex . Alcohol is responsible in the world for 1.8 million deaths and results in disability in approximately 58.3 million people . Approximately 40 percent of the 58.3 million people disabled through alcohol abuse are disabled due to alcohol - related neuropsychiatric disorders . In South Africa , where HIV infection is epidemic , alcohol abusers exposed themselves to double the risk of this infection . Moreover , problems caused by alcohol abuse in Ireland cost about 3.7 billion euro in 2007 . Additionally , alcohol abuse increases the risk of individuals either experiencing or perpetrating sexual violence . In the United States , many people are arrested for drinking and driving . Also , people under the influence of alcohol commit a large portion of various violent crimes , including child abuse , homicide and suicide . In addition , people of minority groups are affected by alcohol - related problems disproportionately , with the exception of Asian Americans . Also , according to studies of present and former alcoholic drinkers in Canada , 20 % of them are aware that their drinking has negatively impacted their lives in various vital areas including finances , work and relationships . Alcohol misuse costs the United Kingdom 's National Health Service £ 3 billion per year . The cost to employers is 6.4 billion pounds sterling per year . These figures do not include the crime and social problems associated with alcohol misuse . The number of women regularly drinking alcohol has almost caught up with men . See also ( edit ) 0 - 0 - 1 - 3 - a United States Air Force program for alcohol abuse prevention Alcoholism Substance abuse References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM - 5 ( Fifth edition . ed . ) . 2013 . p. 490 . ISBN 9780890425572 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol Use Disorder : A Comparison Between DSM -- IV and DSM -- 5 '' . November 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Neil R. Carlson , C. Donald Heth . `` Psychology : The Science of Behaviour '' . Pearson Canada Inc , 2010 , p. 572 . ^ Jump up to : McArdle , Paul ( 27 February 2008 ) . `` Alcohol abuse in adolescents '' . BMJ. 93 ( 6 ) : 524 -- 527 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 2007.115840 . PMID 18305075 . ^ Jump up to : GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death , Collaborators ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Global , regional , and national age - sex specific all - cause and cause - specific mortality for 240 causes of death , 1990 -- 2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 '' . Lancet . 385 ( 9963 ) : 117 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 14 ) 61682 - 2 . PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442 . Jump up ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM - IV ) , 4th edition , Text Revision . Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Association ; 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Substance - Related and Addictive Disorders '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ Dooldeniya , MD. ; Khafagy , R. ; Mashaly , H. ; Browning , AJ. ; Sundaram , SK. ; Biyani , CS . ( Nov 2007 ) . `` Lower abdominal pain in women after binge drinking '' . BMJ. 335 ( 7627 ) : 992 -- 3 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj.39247.454005.BE . PMC 2072017 . PMID 17991983 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : F10. 1 ICD - 9 - CM : 305.0 MeSH : D000437 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alcohol abuse . dassa.sa.gov.au Rethinking Drinking , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol and Crime : Data from 2002 to 2008 Bureau of Justice Statistics Healthy Youth ! Alcohol & Drug Abuse - U.S. Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) Alcohol and health Specific interactions Note : see Template : Psychoactive substance use for diagnoses Aging Alcohol - induced mood disorders Brain Cancer breast cancer Sleep Tolerance Weight Substance abuse prevention Sobriety Alcohol - free zone Alcohol detoxification Alcohol rehabilitation Alcoholics Anonymous Sober companion Alcohol limitation 0 - 0 - 1 - 3 Ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages Alcohol education Alcohol server training Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages Addiction medicine Alcoholism Anti-addictive psychedelics : Ibogaine , Salvia divinorum Disulfiram - like drugs : disulfiram , calcium carbimide , cyanamide Religion and alcohol Christian views on alcohol alcohol in the Bible Islam and alcohol Dionysian Mysteries Social issues Alcohol advertising on college campuses Alcohol - free beverage definition controversy Alcohol self - medication Native Americans Binge drinking 0.08 BAC Blackout ( alcohol - related amnesia ) College student alcoholism Domestic violence Drinking games / pregaming Driving under the influence Drunkorexia Dry January Adult Children of Alcoholics Family systems French paradox High - functioning alcoholic ( HFA ) moonshine contamination Rum - running black market Sex Sin tax / Pigovian tax General Alcohol ( drug ) Short - term effects of alcohol consumption Long - term effects of alcohol consumption hide Psychoactive substance - related disorder ( F10 -- F19 , 291 -- 292 ; 303 -- 305 ) General SID Substance intoxication / Drug overdose Withdrawal Substance - induced psychosis SUD Substance abuse / Substance use disorder / Substance - related disorders Physical dependence / Psychological dependence / Substance dependence Alcohol SID Neurological disorders Alcoholic hallucinosis Alcohol withdrawal Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder ( FASD ) Fetal alcohol syndrome ( FAS ) Korsakoff 's syndrome Korsakoff 's psychosis Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome Wernicke 's encephalopathy Digestive system Alcoholic hepatitis Alcoholic liver disease Auto - brewery syndrome Nervous system Alcohol - related dementia Alcoholic hallucinosis Hangover Cardiovascular system Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Alcohol flush reaction SUD Alcoholism ( alcohol use disorder ) Binge drinking Caffeine SID Effect of caffeine on memory Caffeine - induced sleep disorder SUD Caffeine dependence Cannabis SID Effects of cannabis Long - term effects of cannabis SUD Cannabis dependence Cocaine SID Cocaine intoxication SUD Cocaine dependence Hallucinogen SID Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder Opioids SID Opioid overdose SUD Opioid use disorder Sedative / hypnotic benzodiazepine : SID Benzodiazepine overdose Benzodiazepine withdrawal SUD Benzodiazepine use disorder Benzodiazepine dependence barbiturate : SID Barbiturate overdose SUD Barbiturate dependence Stimulants SID Stimulant psychosis SUD Amphetamine dependence Tobacco SID Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal SUD Nicotine dependence Volatile solvent Inhalant abuse : Toluene toxicity Poly drug use SID Combined drug intoxication SUD Polysubstance dependence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_abuse&oldid=844128152 '' Categories : Substance abuse Alcohol Alcohol abuse Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Infobox medical condition ( new ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Slovenščina Српски / srpski 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 20 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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-415206100542031927 | Republican Party of Arkansas | Republican Party of Arkansas - wikipedia Republican Party of Arkansas Jump to : navigation , search Republican Party of Arkansas Chairperson Doyle Webb Senate leader Jim Hendren House leader Mat Pitsch Ideology Conservatism Fiscal conservatism Social conservatism National affiliation Republican Party Seats in the Upper House 26 / 35 Seats in the Lower House 76 / 100 Website www.arkansasgop.org The Republican Party of Arkansas ( RPA ) is the affiliate of the United States Republican Party in Arkansas . The party is led by state chairman Doyle Webb , who was re-elected to serve a third term in December 2012 . Webb , an attorney and former State Senator , was once chief of staff for the late Lieutenant Governor Winthrop Paul Rockefeller . The RPA 's headquarters is at 1201 West 6th Street in downtown Little Rock . Sarah Jo Reynolds serves as the Executive Director . Ashley Wells serves as Finance Director . Bea Grayes serves as the Executive Assistant . Stephen Houserman serves as Communications Director . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Republican allied groups 3 Current elected officials 3.1 Members of Congress 3.1. 1 U.S. Senate 3.1. 2 U.S. House of Representatives 3.2 Statewide offices 3.3 State Legislature 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The United States Republican Party , or GOP , is the second oldest currently existing political party in the United States after its older rival , the Democratic Party . Both parties exist in all fifty states . Historically , prior to the late 20th century , the Republican Party was much weaker than the Democrats in the former Confederate States of America , including Arkansas . The Arkansas party did not hire its first paid executive director until 1970 , when businessman Neal Sox Johnson , then of Nashville , Arkansas , assumed the position in the last year of Winthrop Rockefeller second term as governor of Arkansas . Johnson held the position until early in 1973 , when he left Arkansas to take a high position with the former Farmers Home Administration in Washington , D.C. . Between 2010 and 2014 , similar to what took place in neighboring Oklahoma , Arkansas Republicans won all four U.S. House seats , both U.S. Senate seats , all of the statewide offices , and supermajority control of both chambers of the Arkansas General Assembly . Republican allied groups ( edit ) There are six groups and these groups are : Arkansas Diversity Alliances Coalition , African American Coalition of Arkansas , Arkansas African American Trailblazers , Arkansas Federation of College Republicans , Arkansas Federation of Young Republicans , Arkansas Federation of Republican Women , and the Arkansas Federation of Teenage Republicans . The Tusk Club is another arm of the Arkansas Republican Party . Current elected officials ( edit ) The Arkansas Republican Party controls all of the state 's seven statewide offices . Republicans also hold both of the state 's U.S. Senate seats and all four of the state 's U.S. House seats . Members of Congress ( edit ) U.S. Senate ( edit ) John Boozman Tom Cotton U.S. House of Representatives ( edit ) Rick Crawford , 1st district French Hill , 2nd district Steve Womack , 3rd district Bruce Westerman , 4th district Statewide offices ( edit ) Governor : Asa Hutchinson Lieutenant Governor : Tim Griffin Attorney General : Leslie Rutledge Secretary of State : Mark Martin State Auditor : Andrea Lea State Treasurer : Dennis Milligan Commissioner of State Lands : John Thurston State Legislature ( edit ) President Pro Tem of the Senate : Jonathan Dismang Senate Majority Leader : Jim Hendren Speaker of the House : Jeremy Gillam = = Past Arkansas Republican State Chairmen = = Congressman John Paul Hammerschmidt 1964 - 1966 Odell Pollard 1966 - 1970 Charles T. Bernard 1970 - 1972 Jim Caldwell 1972 - 1974 Lynn Lowe 1974 - 1978 Jeraldine D. `` Jeri '' Pruden 1979 - 1980 Harlan Holleman 1980 - 1982 Bob Cohee 1982 Morris S. Arnold 1982 - 1983 Bob Leslie 1983 - 1984 William `` Bill '' Kelly 1984 - 1985 Sharon Trusty 1985 - 1986 Len E. Blaylock 1985 - 1986 Congressman Ed Bethune 1986 - 1988 Dr. Ken Coon 1988 - 1990 Governor Asa Hutchinson 1991 - 1995 Sheffield Nelson 1991 - 1993 Lloyd Vance Stone , Jr. 1996 - 2002 Congressman John Paul Hammerschmidt 2002 - 2003 Winthrop Paul Rockefeller 2003 - 2004 Gilbert Baker 2004 - 2007 Dennis Milligan 2007 - 2008 Doyle Webb 2008 - Present See also ( edit ) Political party strength in Arkansas Arkansas Democratic Party References ( edit ) Jump up ^ arkansasgop.org Jump up ^ Arkansas Outlook , Arkansas Republican Party newsletter , February 1973 Jump up ^ Coon , Ken , Dr. Heroes and Heroines of the Journey : The Builders of the Modern Republican Party of Arkansas . N.p. : n.p. , n.d. Print . External links ( edit ) Republican Party of Arkansas Arkansas Federation of College Republicans ( 1 ) United States Republican Party Chairpersons of the RNC Morgan Raymond Ward Claflin Morgan Chandler Cameron Jewell Sabin Jones Quay Clarkson Carter Hanna Payne Cortelyou New Hitchcock Hill Rosewater Hilles Wilcox Hays Adams Butler Work Huston Fess Sanders Fletcher Hamilton Martin Walsh Spangler Brownell Reece Scott Gabrielson Summerfield Roberts Hall Alcorn T.B. Morton Miller Burch Bliss R. 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3791560263550921573 | Kate Winslet | Kate Winslet - wikipedia Kate Winslet This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Kate Winslet CBE Winslet at the premiere of The Dressmaker at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2015 Kate Elizabeth Winslet ( 1975 - 10 - 05 ) 5 October 1975 ( age 42 ) Reading , Berkshire , England Residence West Wittering , West Sussex Alma mater Redroofs Theatre School Occupation Actress Years active 1991 -- present Spouse ( s ) Jim Threapleton ( m . 1998 ; div. 2001 ) Sam Mendes ( m . 2003 ; div. 2011 ) Ned Rocknroll ( m . 2012 ) Children Kate Elizabeth Winslet , CBE ( born 5 October 1975 ) , is an English actress . She is the recipient of an Academy Award , three BAFTA Awards , a BIFA Award , four Golden Globe Awards , a Grammy Award , a Primetime Emmy Award , an AACTA Award , and three Screen Actors Guild Awards . Winslet is the youngest person to receive six Academy Award nominations , with seven nominations in total , and is one of the few actresses to win three of the four major American entertainment awards ( EGOT ) . In addition , she has won awards from the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and European Film Academy , among others , and the Honorary César Award in 2012 . Brought up in Berkshire , Winslet studied drama from childhood and began her career in British television in 1991 . She made her film debut in Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) , for which she received praise . She garnered recognition for her supporting role in Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) before achieving global stardom with the epic romance Titanic ( 1997 ) , which was the highest - grossing film of all time at that point . Winslet 's performances in Iris ( 2001 ) , Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) , Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) , Little Children ( 2006 ) , Revolutionary Road ( 2008 ) , The Dressmaker ( 2015 ) and Steve Jobs ( 2015 ) continued to draw praise from film critics . In 2008 , film critic David Edelstein described her as `` the best English - speaking film actress of her generation '' . Winslet won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in The Reader ( 2008 ) and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for playing the title role in the HBO miniseries Mildred Pierce ( 2011 ) . Winslet 's greatest commercial successes since Titanic include the romantic comedy The Holiday ( 2006 ) , the animated film Flushed Away ( 2006 ) , and the first two films of The Divergent Series . In addition to acting , Winslet has narrated documentaries and children 's books . She was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children in 2000 for narrating Listen to the Storyteller . She has also provided her vocals to soundtracks of her films , including the single `` What If '' from Christmas Carol : The Movie ( 2001 ) . Divorced from two film directors , Jim Threapleton and Sam Mendes , Winslet is currently married to businessman Ned Rocknroll . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1991 -- 1997 2.2 Titanic 2.3 1998 -- 2003 2.4 2004 -- 2006 2.5 2007 -- 2011 2.6 2012 -- 2014 2.7 2015 -- present 3 Personal life 3.1 Relationships and children 3.2 Philanthropic work , experiences and interests 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Academy Award nomination milestones 5.2 Awards for other work 6 Honours 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Kate Elizabeth Winslet was born in Reading , Berkshire , England , to Sally Anne ( née Bridges ) , a barmaid , and Roger John Winslet , a swimming pool contractor . She has two sisters , Beth and Anna , and one brother , Joss Winslet . Winslet began studying drama at the age of 11 at the Redroofs Theatre School , a co-educational independent school in Maidenhead , Berkshire , where she was head girl . At the age of 12 , Winslet appeared in a television advertisement directed by filmmaker Tim Pope for Sugar Puffs cereal . Pope said her naturalism was `` there from the start '' . During her teenage years , Winslet appeared in more than 20 stage productions of Reading - based Starmaker Theatre Company including lead parts such as Miss Hannigan in Annie , Mother Wolf in The Jungle Book and Lena Marelli in Bugsy Malone . Career ( edit ) 1991 -- 1997 ( edit ) Winslet made her television debut with a co-starring role in the BBC children 's science fiction serial Dark Season . This role was followed by appearances in the made - for - TV film Anglo - Saxon Attitudes in 1992 , the sitcom Get Back and an episode of the medical drama Casualty in 1993 . In 1992 , Winslet attended a casting call for Peter Jackson 's Heavenly Creatures in London . Winslet auditioned for the role of Juliet Hulme , a teenager who assists in the murder of the mother of her best friend , Pauline Parker ( played by Melanie Lynskey ) . The film included Winslet 's singing debut , and her a cappella version of `` Sono Andati '' , an aria from La bohème , was featured on the film 's soundtrack . The film was released to favourable reviews in 1994 and won Jackson and partner Fran Walsh a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay . Winslet was awarded the Empire Award and London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Actress of the Year for her performance . The Washington Post writer Desson Thomson commented : `` As Juliet , Winslet is a bright - eyed ball of fire , lighting up every scene she 's in . She 's offset perfectly by Lynskey , whose quietly smoldering Pauline completes the delicate , dangerous partnership '' . The same year from 7 April to 7 May , she appeared as Geraldine Barclay in What the Butler Saw for The Royal Exchange Theatre . For her performance in the play , she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress by Manchester Evening News Theatre Awards . The following year , Winslet auditioned for the role of Lucy Steele in the adaptation of Jane Austen 's Sense and Sensibility , featuring Emma Thompson , Hugh Grant and Alan Rickman . She was instead cast in the second leading role of Marianne Dashwood . Director Ang Lee admitted he was initially worried about the way Winslet had attacked her role in Heavenly Creatures and thus required her to exercise t'ai chi , read Austen - era Gothic novels and poetry , and work with a piano teacher to fit the grace of the role . Budgeted at US $16.5 million ( $25.9 million in current year dollars ) the film became a financial and critical success , resulting in a worldwide box office total of $135 million ( $212.2 million ) and various awards for Winslet , winning her both the BAFTA and Screen Actors Guild Award , and nominations for both the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award . In 1996 , Winslet starred in both Jude and Hamlet . In Michael Winterbottom 's Jude , based on the Victorian novel Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy , she played Sue Bridehead , a young woman with suffragette leanings who falls in love with her cousin , played by Christopher Eccleston . Acclaimed among critics , it grossed $2.3 million ( $3.5 million ) worldwide . Richard Corliss of Time magazine said `` Winslet is worthy of ( ... ) the camera 's scrupulous adoration . She 's perfect , a modernist ahead of her time ( ... ) and Jude is a handsome showcase for her gifts '' . Winslet played Ophelia , Hamlet 's drowned lover , in Kenneth Branagh 's all star - cast film version of William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . The film garnered largely positive reviews and earned Winslet her second Empire Award . Titanic ( edit ) In September 1996 , Winslet began filming James Cameron 's Titanic ( 1997 ) , alongside Leonardo DiCaprio . Gwyneth Paltrow , Claire Danes and Gabrielle Anwar had been considered for the role . When they turned it down , Winslet campaigned heavily for it by sending Cameron daily notes from England and , thanks to assistance from her agent Hylda Queally , Cameron eventually invited her to Hollywood for auditions . Cameron described the character as `` an Audrey Hepburn type '' and was initially uncertain about casting Winslet even after her screen test impressed him . After she screen tested with DiCaprio , Winslet was so thoroughly impressed with him that she whispered to Cameron , `` He 's great . Even if you do n't pick me , pick him '' . Winslet sent Cameron a single rose with a card signed `` From Your Rose '' and lobbied him by phone . `` You do n't understand ! '' , she pleaded one day when she reached him by mobile phone in his Humvee . `` I am Rose ! I do n't know why you 're even seeing anyone else ! '' . Her persistence , as well as her talent , eventually convinced him to cast her in the role . Cast as the sensitive , free - spirited seventeen - year - old Rose DeWitt Bukater , a fictional first - class socialite who would survive the 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic , Winslet 's experience was emotionally demanding . `` Titanic was totally different and nothing could have prepared me for it . ( ... ) We were really scared about the whole adventure . ( ... ) Jim ( Cameron ) is a perfectionist , a real genius at making movies . But there was all this bad press before it came out and that was really upsetting '' . Against expectations , the film went on to become the highest - grossing film of all time , grossing more than $2,186,800,000 in box - office receipts worldwide , and transformed Winslet into a commercial movie star . Subsequently , she was nominated for most of the high - profile awards , winning a European Film Award . 1998 -- 2003 ( edit ) Hideous Kinky , a low - budget romance film shot before the release of Titanic , was Winslet 's only film of 1998 . Winslet had rejected offers to play the leading roles in Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) and Anna and the King ( 1999 ) in favour of the role of a young English mother named Julia who moves with her daughters from London to Morocco hoping to start a new life . The film garnered generally mixed reviews and received only limited distribution , resulting in a worldwide gross of $5 million ( $7.2 million ) . The next film Winslet starred in was Holy Smoke ! ( 1999 ) , featuring Harvey Keitel . Feeling pressured , Winslet has said she `` never saw Titanic as a springboard for bigger films or bigger pay cheques '' , knowing that `` it could have been that , but would have destroyed ( her ) '' . That same year she voiced Brigid in the computer animated film Faeries . Winslet appeared in the period piece Quills with Geoffrey Rush and Joaquin Phoenix , released in 2000 and inspired by the life and work of the Marquis de Sade . The actress served as somewhat of a `` patron saint '' of the film for being the first big name to back it , accepting the role of a chambermaid in the asylum and the courier of the Marquis ' manuscripts to the underground publishers . Well received by critics , the film garnered numerous accolades for Winslet , including nominations for SAG and Satellite Awards . The film was a modest arthouse success , averaging $27,709 ( $38,536 ) per screen its debut weekend , and eventually grossing $18 million ( $25.0 million ) internationally . In 2001 's Enigma , Winslet played a young woman who finds herself falling for a brilliant young World War II code breaker , played by Dougray Scott . It was her first war film and Winslet regarded `` making Enigma a brilliant experience '' as she was five months pregnant at the time of the shoot , forcing some tricky camera work from the director Michael Apted . Generally well - received , Winslet was awarded a British Independent Film Award for her performance and A.O. Scott of The New York Times described Winslet as `` more crush - worthy than ever '' . In the same year , Winslet appeared in Richard Eyre 's critically acclaimed film Iris , portraying novelist Iris Murdoch . She shared her role with Judi Dench , with both actresses portraying Murdoch at different phases of her life . Subsequently , each of them was nominated for an Academy Award the following year , earning Winslet her third nomination . Also in 2001 , she voiced the character Belle in the animated motion picture Christmas Carol : The Movie , based on the Charles Dickens classic novel . For the film , Winslet recorded the song `` What If '' , which was released in November 2001 as a single with proceeds donated to two of Winslet 's favourite charities , the N.S.P.C.C. and the Sargeant Cancer Foundation for Children . A Europe - wide top ten hit , it reached number one in Austria , Belgium and Ireland , number six on the UK Singles Chart , and won the 2002 OGAE Song Contest . Her next film role was in the 2003 drama The Life of David Gale , in which she played an ambitious journalist who interviews a death - sentenced professor , played by Kevin Spacey , in his final weeks before execution . The film underperformed at international box offices , garnering only half of its $50,000,000 budget , and generating mostly critical reviews , with Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times calling it a `` silly movie '' . 2004 -- 2006 ( edit ) Following The Life of David Gale , Winslet appeared with Jim Carrey in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) , a neosurrealistic indie - drama by French director Michel Gondry . In the film , she played the role of Clementine Kruczynski , a chatty , spontaneous and somewhat neurotic woman who decides to have all memories of her ex-boyfriend erased from her mind . The role was a departure from her previous roles , with Winslet revealing in an interview with Variety that she was initially upended about her casting in the film : `` This was not the type of thing I was being offered ( ... ) I was just thrilled that there was something he had seen in me , in spite of the corsets , that he thought was going to work for Clementine '' . The film was a critical and financial success . Winslet received rave reviews for her Academy Award - nominated performance , which Peter Travers of Rolling Stone described as `` electrifying and bruisingly vulnerable '' . Her final film in 2004 was Finding Neverland . The story of the production focused on Scottish writer J.M. Barrie ( Johnny Depp ) and his platonic relationship with Sylvia Llewelyn Davies ( Winslet ) , whose sons inspired him to pen the classic play Peter Pan , or The Boy Who Would n't Grow Up . During promotion of the film , Winslet noted of her portrayal `` It was very important for me in playing Sylvia that I was already a mother myself , because I do n't think I could have played that part if I did n't know what it felt like to be a parent and have those responsibilities and that amount of love that you give to a child ( ... ) and I 've always got a baby somewhere , or both of them , all over my face '' . The film received favourable reviews and proved to be an international success , becoming Winslet 's highest - grossing film since Titanic with a total of $118 million worldwide . Winslet at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival In 2005 , Winslet appeared in an episode of the BBC / HBO comedy series Extras by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant , as a satirical version of herself . While dressed as a nun , she was portrayed giving phone sex tips to the romantically challenged character of Maggie . Her performance in the episode led to her first nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award . In Romance & Cigarettes ( 2005 ) , a musical romantic comedy written and directed by John Turturro , she played the character Tula , described by Winslet as `` a slut , someone who 's essentially foulmouthed and has bad manners and really does n't know how to dress '' . Hand - picked by Turturro , who was impressed with her display of dancing ability in Holy Smoke ! , Winslet was praised for her performance , which included her interpretation of Connie Francis 's `` Scapricciatiello ( Do You Love Me Like You Kiss Me ) '' . Derek Elley of Variety wrote : `` Onscreen less , but blessed with the showiest role , filthiest one - liners ( and ) a perfect Lancashire accent that 's comical enough in the Gotham setting Winslet throws herself into the role with an infectious gusto '' . After declining an invitation to appear in Woody Allen 's film Match Point ( 2005 ) , Winslet stated that she wanted to be able to spend more time with her children . She began 2006 with All the King 's Men , featuring Sean Penn and Jude Law . Winslet played the role of Anne Stanton , the childhood sweetheart of Jack Burden ( Law ) . The film was critically and financially unsuccessful . Todd McCarthy of Variety summed it up as `` overstuffed and fatally miscast ( ... ) Absent any point of engagement to become involved in the characters , the film feels stillborn and is unlikely to stir public excitement , even in an election year '' . Winslet fared far better when she co-starred in Todd Field 's Little Children , playing Sarah Pierce , a bored housewife who has a torrid affair with a married neighbour , played by Patrick Wilson . Both her performance and the film received rave reviews ; A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote : `` In too many recent movies intelligence is woefully undervalued , and it is this quality -- even more than its considerable beauty -- that distinguishes Little Children from its peers . The result is a film that is challenging , accessible and hard to stop thinking about . Ms. Winslet , as fine an actress as any working in movies today , registers every flicker of Sarah 's pride , self - doubt and desire , inspiring a mixture of recognition , pity and concern that amounts , by the end of the movie , to something like love . That Ms. Winslet is so lovable makes the deficit of love in Sarah 's life all the more painful '' . For her work in the film , she was honoured with a Britannia Award for British Artist of the Year from BAFTA / LA , a Los Angeles - based offshoot of the BAFTA Awards , was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress and , at the age of 31 , became the youngest actress to ever garner five Oscar nominations . She followed Little Children with a role in Nancy Meyers ' romantic comedy The Holiday , also starring Cameron Diaz , Jude Law , and Jack Black . In it she played Iris , a British woman who temporarily exchanges homes with an American woman ( Diaz ) . Released to a mixed reception by critics , the film became Winslet 's biggest commercial success in nine years , grossing more than $205 million worldwide . Also in 2006 , Winslet provided her voice for several smaller projects . In the CG - animated Flushed Away , she voiced Rita , a scavenging sewer rat who helps Roddy ( Hugh Jackman ) escape from the city of Ratropolis and return to his luxurious Kensington origins . A critical and commercial success , the film collected $177,665,672 at international box offices . 2007 -- 2011 ( edit ) Winslet at the 2007 Palm Springs International Film Festival In 2007 , Winslet reunited with Leonardo DiCaprio to film Revolutionary Road ( 2008 ) , directed by her husband at the time , Sam Mendes . Winslet had suggested that both should work with her on a film adaptation of the 1961 novel of the same name by Richard Yates after reading the script by Justin Haythe . Resulting in both `` a blessing and an added pressure '' on - set , the reunion was her first experience working with Mendes . Portraying a couple in a failing marriage in the 1950s , DiCaprio and Winslet watched period videos promoting life in the suburbs to prepare themselves for the film , which earned them favourable reviews . In his review of the film , David Edelstein of New York magazine stated that `` ( t ) here is n't a banal moment in Winslet 's performance -- not a gesture , not a word . Is Winslet now the best English - speaking film actress of her generation ? I think so '' . Winslet was awarded a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her performance , her seventh nomination from the Golden Globes . Also released in late 2008 , the film competed against Winslet 's other project , a film adaptation of Bernhard Schlink 's 1995 novel The Reader , directed by Stephen Daldry and featuring Ralph Fiennes and David Kross in supporting roles . Originally the first choice for her role , she was initially not able to take on the role due to a scheduling conflict with Revolutionary Road and Nicole Kidman replaced her . A month after filming began , Kidman left the film due to her pregnancy enabling Winslet to rejoin the film . Employing a German accent , Winslet portrayed a former Nazi concentration camp guard who has an affair with a teenager ( Kross ) who , as an adult , witnesses her war crimes trial . She later said the role was difficult for her , as she was naturally unable `` to sympathise with an SS guard '' . Because the film required full frontal nudity , a merkin was made for her . In an interview for Allure , she related how she refused to use it : `` Guys , I am going to have to draw the line at a pubic wig '' . While the film garnered mixed reviews in general , Winslet received favourable reviews for her performance . The following year , she earned her sixth Academy Award nomination and went on to win the Academy Award for Best Actress , the BAFTA Award for Best Actress , the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actress . Winslet at the 2011 Venice Film Festival In 2011 , Winslet headlined in the HBO miniseries Mildred Pierce , a small screen adaptation of James M. Cain 's 1941 novel of the same name , directed by Todd Haynes . Co-starring Guy Pearce and Evan Rachel Wood , she portrayed a self - sacrificing mother during the Great Depression who finds herself separated from her husband and falling in love with a new man , all the while trying to earn her narcissistic daughter 's love and respect . Broadcast to moderate ratings , the five - part series earned generally favourable reviews , with Salon.com calling it a `` quiet , heartbreaking masterpiece '' . Winslet won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie , Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie for her performance . Also in 2011 , Winslet appeared in Steven Soderbergh 's film Contagion , featuring an ensemble cast consisting of Marion Cotillard , Matt Damon , Gwyneth Paltrow and Jude Law . The thriller follows the rapid progress of a lethal indirect contact transmission virus that kills within days . Winslet portrayed an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer who becomes infected with the disease over the course of her investigation . Winslet 's other 2011 film project , Roman Polanski 's Carnage , premiered at the 68th Venice International Film Festival . An adaptation of the play God of Carnage by French playwright Yasmina Reza , the black comedy follows two sets of parents who meet up to talk after their children have been in a fight . Jodie Foster , John C. Reilly and Christoph Waltz co-starred in the film , which critics felt was not as `` compelling on the screen as it was on the stage '' , but made `` up for its flaws with Polanski 's smooth direction and assured performances from Winslet and Foster '' . For her performance , Winslet received a second nomination by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association that year . 2012 -- 2014 ( edit ) In 2012 , Winslet 's audiobook performance of Émile Zola 's Thérèse Raquin was released at Audible.com . AudioFile 's review said , `` Kate Winslet reads as though she is relishing every morsel of the drama ( ... ) She clearly loves the book and her pleasure in the text is infectious . She grabs listeners and does n't let go '' . Her first 2013 release was Movie 43 , an independent anthology black comedy film that featured 14 different storylines , with each segment having a different director . Winslet 's segment , titled The Catch , was directed by Peter Farrelly and revolves around a single businesswoman who goes on a blind date with the city 's most eligible bachelor , played by Hugh Jackman , only to be shocked when he removes his scarf , revealing a pair of testicles dangling from his neck . This marked Winslet 's second collaboration with Jackman , following the 2006 animated film Flushed Away . The compilation film was universally panned by critics , with the Chicago Sun - Times calling it `` the Citizen Kane of awful '' . Winslet at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival In 2013 , Winslet appeared in Jason Reitman 's big screen adaptation of Joyce Maynard 's 2009 novel Labor Day , also starring Josh Brolin , which she declared as `` a very romantic movie , though a bizarre one '' . While the film was met with a generally mixed reception from critics , Winslet received favourable reviews for her portrayal of Adele , a mentally fragile , repressed single mom of a 13 - year - old son who gives shelter to an escaped prisoner during a long summer week - end . For her performance , Winslet earned her tenth Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama . Winslet then appeared in Divergent ( 2014 ) , Neil Burger 's film adaptation of the 2011 young adult novel by Veronica Roth . She appeared as erudite leader Jeanine Matthews , whom she compared to `` Hitler '' and on playing the antagonist first time , Winslet said , `` The idea went through my head that I have never played a baddie before , I was almost kind of surprised '' . Her performance met with positive response from critics , as Screendaily thought that her performance was `` understated '' , while IndieWire noted that she was `` pure poison as Jeanine Matthews '' . The film grossed US $288.7 million worldwide . In late 2014 , Winslet appeared alongside Matthias Schoenaerts in Alan Rickman 's period drama A Little Chaos about rival landscape gardeners commissioned by Louis XIV to create a fountain at Versailles . Despite receiving little praise from critics , Winslet 's performance of assistant designer Sabine de Barra earned positive reviews . The Guardian noted that `` Winslet manages emotional honesty within anachronistic confines '' and Vanity Fair said , `` She glows with ambition and ache , playing a woman with a tragic past seeking refuge in the meticulousness and inventiveness of her work '' . The same year , she also narrated Roald Dahl 's children 's novel Matilda , for which AudioFile in its review said , `` She ( Winslet ) saves her panache for her characterizations . While Winslet 's Matilda is modestly soft - spoken , she scales her vocal register as the ranting Wormwood parents , booms as Miss Trunchbull , and breathily voices the adored Miss Honey '' . She won the Odyssey Award for her performance . 2015 -- present ( edit ) Winslet at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival Winslet started 2015 by reprising her role of Jeanine Matthews in the second installment of the Divergent trilogy , entitled The Divergent Series : Insurgent , making it the first sequel she has ever appeared in . Forbes described her performance as a `` murderous tyrant '' . while TheWrap said the film `` Perks up '' during her scenes . The film grossed US $297 million worldwide . She next appeared in Jocelyn Moorhouse 's The Dressmaker based on the novel of same name , in which she stars as a femme fatale in the title role . Justin Chang of Variety called her performance `` crucial , stabilizing anchor '' of the film , as he wrote that `` Winslet , a difficult actress to root against under any circumstances , has us in her palm from the moment she steps into frame , looking like an avenging dark angel bathed in ( 1950s ) noir shadows '' and The Star called her `` smashing as Tilly Dunnage '' . Winslet won an AACTA Award for Best Actress , for her performance in the film . Winslet 's final film of 2015 was Danny Boyle 's Steve Jobs ( 2015 ) , alongside Michael Fassbender , about backstage events before three different computer product launches . Winslet received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Joanna Hoffman , Macintosh marketing chief , Jobs ' right - hand woman and work wife . IndieWire noted , `` buried under makeup and a distinctive Polish accent , Winslet 's chameleonesque transformation '' , Time Out called it `` steady and brilliant '' and HitFix said `` Winslet gives one of the best performances of her career providing Hoffman with a gravitas that is n't always in the script '' . She received her seventh Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress along with a nomination from the Screen Actors Guild and went on to win the Golden Globe Award and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her portrayal . Winslet had two releases in 2016 . In John Hillcoat 's crime - thriller Triple 9 , she co-starred as a Russian - Israeli mafia moll , described by Hillcoat as `` a really glamorous , nasty piece of work '' . She received strong notices for her performance by the critics as Tom Huddleston of The Wrap said that `` Winslet practically rips the screen in two as the mad - eyed Russian mob boss '' and Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter described her performance as `` commandingly and wittily , in a way that makes you instantly want to see her as Lady Macbeth '' . Next , she appeared in David Frankel 's ensemble drama Collateral Beauty , released in December 2016 , and also starring Will Smith , Helen Mirren , Keira Knightley and Edward Norton . The `` cold and crass Christmas Carol remake '' was largely panned by critics , with Vulture commenting that Winslet has `` never looked more painted and tired '' . In October 2017 , Winslet starred in Hany Abu - Assad 's romantic - disaster film The Mountain Between Us , alongside Idris Elba . Portraying photojournalist Alex Martin , she received positive responses from critics , with The Hollywood Reporter describing the leads as `` charming '' and `` likeable '' , and ScreenDaily writing that her performance has a `` subtle emotional evolution '' . As of October 2017 , Winslet has various film projects in different states of production . She has completed filming for Woody Allen 's Wonder Wheel alongside Justin Timberlake , Juno Temple and Jim Belushi , set in 1950 's Coney Island . In addition , she has been re-teaming with James Cameron after twenty years and will play a crucial role in his Avatar series and she will also star in a biopic based on American fashion model , artist and war correspondent Elizabeth `` Lee '' Miller during World War II . Personal Life ( edit ) Relationships and Children ( edit ) Winslet , pregnant with her third child , in 2013 While on the set of the 1991 TV series Dark Season , Winslet met actor and writer Stephen Tredre , with whom she had a four - and - a-half - year relationship . Winslet and Tredre remained close after their separation in 1995 . He died of bone cancer during the opening week of Titanic , causing her to miss the film 's Los Angeles premiere to attend his funeral in London . On 22 November 1998 , Winslet married film director Jim Threapleton , whom she met while on the set of Hideous Kinky in 1997 . They have a daughter , Mia Honey Threapleton , who was born on 12 October 2000 in London . Winslet and Threapleton divorced on 13 December 2001 . Following her separation from Threapleton , Winslet began a relationship with director Sam Mendes in 2001 , and married him on 24 May 2003 on the island of Anguilla . Their son , Joe Alfie Winslet Mendes , was born on 22 December 2003 in New York City . Winslet and Mendes announced their separation in March 2010 and divorced in 2011 . In August 2011 , a fire broke out at a residence in which Winslet , her children and her then - boyfriend , model Louis Dowler , were staying on Necker Island , the private resort island of Virgin Group founder Richard Branson . The fire caused significant damage to the home , but no injuries . During the same August 2011 holiday on Necker Island , Winslet met fellow guest Ned Rocknroll and they soon began dating . Rocknroll was born Ned Abel Smith , but later legally changed his name . He is a nephew of Richard Branson and works for Virgin Galactic , the space - travel division of his uncle 's business . Rocknroll was previously married to Eliza Pearson , daughter of Viscount Cowdray . Winslet and Rocknroll became engaged in the summer of 2012 . It was announced in September 2012 that the couple had relocated from New York to live in the United Kingdom permanently , first moving to a heritage home in the South Downs National Park at Treyford , near Harting . Then after a planning spat with the local authorities , over her intention to install some new gates at the entrance to the property , she sold it in 2014 and moved to West Wittering , West Sussex . Winslet and Rocknroll married in a private ceremony in New York in December 2012 . The couple 's son , Bear Blaze Winslet , was born in the County of Sussex , England on 7 December 2013 . Philanthropic work , experiences and interests ( edit ) Winslet 's weight fluctuations over the years have been well documented by the media . She has been outspoken about her refusal to allow Hollywood to dictate her weight . In February 2003 , the British edition of GQ magazine published photographs of Winslet that had been digitally altered to make her look dramatically thinner . Winslet issued a statement that the alterations were made without her consent , saying , `` I just did n't want people to think I was a hypocrite and that I 'd suddenly lost 30 lbs or whatever '' . GQ subsequently issued an apology . In 2007 , she won a libel suit against Grazia magazine after it claimed that she had visited a diet doctor . She won another libel suit in 2009 against the British tabloid Daily Mail after it printed that she had lied about her exercise regimen . Winslet stated that she had requested an apology to demonstrate her commitment to the views that she has always expressed regarding women 's body issues , namely that women should accept their appearance with pride . Although Winslet is not a vegetarian , she narrated a video for PETA in 2010 . In the video , she encouraged chefs to remove foie gras from their menus and asked consumers to boycott restaurants that serve it . Winslet at the 2007 British Academy Film Awards Winslet narrated the documentary A Mother 's Courage : Talking Back to Autism , which focused on Keli Thorsteinsson , who has autism , and his mother , Margret Ericsdottir . The documentary was generally released on 24 September 2010 , after airing on HBO in April of the same year . Her involvement in the documentary led to her founding the non-profit organisation , the Golden Hat Foundation , whose mission is to eliminate barriers for people living with autism . She also wrote a book titled The Golden Hat : Talking Back to Autism , which contains personal statements and self - portraits from number of celebrities including Leonardo DiCaprio , Marion Cotillard and Michael Caine . In 2011 , Winslet received the Yo Dona award for Best Humanitarian Work for her work with the Golden Hat . Winslet is the face of cosmetic and perfume house Lancôme and she joined Longines as their `` Ambassador of Elegance '' in 2010 . In 2011 , Lancôme collaborated with Winslet 's Golden Hat Foundation to raise funds for the organization to help people with autism . Winslet supports ageing naturally and has always spoken against plastic surgery and botox . In 2015 , Winslet appeared in Running Wild with Bear Grylls and talked about being bullied at school by her classmates , saying that `` I was chubby , always had big feet , the wrong shoes , bad hair '' . The same year , she narrated anti-bullying animated short film Daisy Chain , about a victim of cyber-bullying . In November 2015 , Winslet stated that speaking publicly about the Hollywood wage gap was `` vulgar . ( ... ) I 'm quite surprised by these conversations to be honest , simply because it seems quite a strange thing to be discussing out in the open like that . I am a very lucky woman and I 'm quite happy with how things are ticking along '' . Later next month , she clarified more about her stance on the issue that `` Jennifer Lawrence is amazing for speaking up and I think that anyone in this industry , particularly women , if there 's something strongly that they feel is n't working for them or if they 're being discriminated against in any way , shape or form , it 's very , very important to speak up and so I fully applaud that . What I have a problem with is that there 's a separate thing that has started happening is that the lid has been somewhat lifted for journalists , and so journalists on red carpets will now say , ' So how do you feel about the gender pay gap ? ' . ' What ? What 's the specific question ? ' . ' Well , do you know that you got paid less or more than Michael Fassbender ? ' . That question ? That to me is not very nice . I 'm not going to have that conversation with a friend or even a family member , let alone in public . And so what 's happened as a result of these big very important discussions is that we 're then subjected to a particular line of questioning that being a Brit strikes me as being a little bit vulgar . Why would I stand on a red carpet and talk about how much I get paid ? '' . In July 2017 , she auctioned a private dinner with herself and Leonardo DiCaprio to help raise funds for a cancer - stricken mother . Filmography ( edit ) Main article : Kate Winslet filmography Winslet in her career of over two decades has appeared in different genres of films , ranging from crime drama Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) to period drama Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Titanic ( 1997 ) , to sci - fi dramedy Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) and to young - adult action Divergent ( 2014 ) . As of August 2017 , Winslet 's films have grossed over US $4.0 billion worldwide . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Kate Winslet Winslet won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Reader ( 2008 ) . She won two Golden Globe Awards in the same year ; Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama for Revolutionary Road and Best Supporting Actress for The Reader , becoming the third actress to achieve the feat , after Joan Plowright and Sigourney Weaver . She has won three BAFTA Awards : Best Actress for The Reader and Best Supporting Actress for Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Steve Jobs ( 2016 ) . She has earned a total of seven Academy Award nominations , eleven Golden Globe nominations and eight BAFTA nominations . She has received numerous awards from other organizations , including the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress for Iris ( 2001 ) and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role for Sense and Sensibility and The Reader . Premiere magazine named her portrayal of Clementine Kruczynski in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) as the 81st greatest film performance of all time . Academy Award nomination milestones ( edit ) Winslet at the 81st Academy Awards in February 2009 At age 31 , Winslet set the mark as the youngest actor to receive five nominations for Little Children ( 2006 ) . She surpassed Bette Davis , who was 33 when she received her fifth nomination for her performance in The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) . With her Best Actress nomination for The Reader , Winslet became the youngest actress to receive six Oscar nominations . At age 33 , Winslet passed the mark Davis , one year older , set with Now , Voyager ( 1942 ) . Winslet received Academy Award nominations as the younger versions of the characters played by fellow nominees Gloria Stuart , as Rose , in Titanic ( 1997 ) and Judi Dench , as Iris Murdoch , in Iris . These are the only instances of the younger and older versions of a character in the same film both yielding Academy Award nominations , thus making Winslet the only actor to twice share an Oscar nomination with another for portraying the same character . When she was not nominated for her work in Revolutionary Road , Winslet became only the second actress to win a Golden Globe for Best Actress Drama without getting an Oscar nomination for the same performance ( Shirley MacLaine was the first for 1988 's Madame Sousatzka ) . Academy rules allow an actor to receive no more than one nomination in a given category , as the Academy nominating process determined that Winslet 's work in The Reader would be considered a lead performance -- unlike the Golden Globes , which considered it a supporting performance -- she could not also receive a Best Actress nomination for Revolutionary Road . Awards for other work ( edit ) In 2000 , Winslet won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for Listen To the Storyteller . She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for playing herself in a 2005 episode of Extras . At the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards , Winslet won for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for her role as the title character in Mildred Pierce . In 2014 , American Library Association presented her with the Odyssey Award for her audiobook performance of Roald Dahl 's children 's novel Matilda . Honours ( edit ) In 2007 , the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) honoured Winslet with the Britannia Award . In 2009 , she received the Santa Barbara International Film Festival Modern Master ( Montecito ) Award in recognition of her accomplishments in the film industry . In 2011 , Madame Tussauds unveiled a wax statue of her draped in the Elie Saab dress she wore at 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards . In 2012 , Winslet was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) for the Birthday Honours for services to drama . That same year , she was honoured with an Honorary César Award . Also in 2012 , she was selected for a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . On 17 March 2014 , Winslet received the star on 6262 Hollywood Boulevard , which was unveiled on Saint Patrick 's Day by Winslet with James Cameron and Kathy Bates as guest speakers at the unveiling ceremony . In 2015 , the Film Society of Lincoln Center honoured Winslet at the 53rd New York Film Festival for her contributions to arts and BAFTA with a special career tribute titled BAFTA A Life in Pictures . In November 2017 , she will be honoured with Actors Inspiration Award by SAG - AFTRA for both her entertainment and philanthropic work . See also ( edit ) List of Academy Award records List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame List of people who have won Academy , Emmy and Grammy Awards List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories Biography portal Film portal Theatre portal Television portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kate Winslet Biography : Film Actress , Television Actress ( 1975 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Elusive EGOT -- Who 's Got It ? Who 's Close ? '' . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EGOTs on deck : Who will win an Emmy , Grammy , Oscar and Tony award next '' . 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Jump up ^ Maher , Kevin ( 13 December 2008 ) . `` She 's got a titanic record , but can Kate put the win in Winslet ? '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet passed over for being too fat '' . The Daily Telegraph . 21 February 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Midgley , Emma ( 24 February 2011 ) . `` Reading charity celebrates birthday with Winslet film '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Kate Winslet '' . BBC News Online . 23 February 2009 . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Powrie , Phil ; Robynn Jeananne Stilwell ( 2006 ) . Changing tunes : the use of pre-existing music in film . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 163 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5137 - 1 . Jump up ^ Croot , James ( 17 February 2009 ) . `` C'mon Kate '' . The Press ( Proquest Document ID : 1646622251 ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Jump up ^ `` Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . 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Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hamlet ( 1996 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet wearing tiffany on the red carpet '' . Zimbio. 22 October 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic . Man overboard ! After a production as lavish and pricey as the doomed ship itself , James Cameron finally unveils his epic film . But will it be unsinkable ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . 7 November 1997 . pp. 1 -- 7 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Forbes staff ( 25 February 2009 ) . `` Star Misses . Nicole Kidman in `` The Reader '' ? Gwyneth Paltrow aboard `` Titanic '' ? How some of the biggest names in Hollywood lost out on some of its biggest roles. `` . Forbes . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Warrington , Ruby ( 29 November 2009 ) . `` Claire Danes : the secretive starlet '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Murray , Ken ( 16 February 2003 ) . `` It 's a long long way from Clare to here '' . The Independent ( Ireland ) . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Riding , Alan ( 2 September 1999 ) . `` For Kate Winslet , Being a Movie Star Is ' a Bit Daft '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet '' . People Magazine . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ James Lipton ( host ) ( 14 March 2004 ) . `` Kate Winslet '' . Inside the Actors Studio . Season 10 . Episode 11 . Bravo . ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( 16 April 1999 ) . `` Life With Mother Can Be Erratic , to Say the Least '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( 23 December 2008 ) . `` A Revolutionary Road for Titanic friends DiCaprio , Winslet '' . USA Today . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hideous Kinky ( 1999 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hideous Kinky '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Vallely , Paul ( 17 January 2009 ) . `` Kate Winslet : The golden girl '' . The Independent . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Festive TV treat for Winslet fans '' . BBC News Online . 18 November 1999 . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rebecca ( 28 December 2000 ) . `` Quills Ruffling Feathers '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Allen , Jamie ( 15 December 2000 ) . `` ' Quills ' scribe channels sadistic Sade '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 31 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` An English Enigma '' . Tiscali. 8 December 2000 . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Enigma ( 2001 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 5 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 12 April 2000 ) . `` Among the Code Crackers Behind Egghead Lines '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( 15 February 2002 ) . `` Iris : Heroic on a Human Scale '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kate Winslet tunes up for a singing career '' . The Guardian . London . 25 June 2001 . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Race on for Christmas number one '' . BBC News Online . 18 December 2001 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet -- ' What If ' ( SONG ) '' . Swisscharts . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What If '' . Chart Stats . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The winner takes it all '' . Ogae Song Contest . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Life of David Gale '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 6 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Life of David Gale ( 2003 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 6 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 21 February 2003 ) . `` The Life of David Gale '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 6 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Hobson , Louis . `` Kate Winslet refutes Internet rumours '' . Canoe Jam ! . Retrieved 6 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Oei , Lily ( 3 January 2005 ) . `` Kate Winslet : Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind '' . Variety . Retrieved 6 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 10 March 2004 ) . `` Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mother Superior '' . The Age . 2 January 2005 . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Brand , Madeleine ( 22 September 2005 ) . `` ' The Office ' Star Ricky Gervais Back with ' Extras ' '' . National Public Radio . ^ Jump up to : Schaefer , Stephen ( 27 November 2007 ) . `` Winslet swears by role '' . Boston Herald . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 7 September 2007 ) . `` Blue Collar Guy Loses His Heart and Ruins His Lungs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Elley , Derek ( 5 September 2007 ) . `` Romance & Cigarettes '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Josh ( 17 January 2008 ) . `` Woody Allen Explains His Love For Scarlett Johansson , Why He Does n't Do Broadway '' . MTV . Jump up ^ `` All the King 's Men ( 2005 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All the King 's Men '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 10 September 2006 ) . `` All the King 's Men '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 29 September 2006 ) . `` Playground Rules : No Hitting , No Sex '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The BAFTA / LA Britannia Awards '' . BAFTALA.org . Retrieved 20 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( 23 August 2007 ) . `` This year 's Oscar fun facts '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` The Holiday ( 2006 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Holiday '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flushed Away '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Wong , Grace ( 23 January 2009 ) . `` DiCaprio reveals joys of fighting with Winslet '' . CNN . Retrieved 23 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Kate Winslet on Revolutionary Road '' . News Shopper. 28 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Revolutionary Road ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 20 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Meza , Ed ; Michael Fleming ( 8 January 2008 ) . `` Winslet replaces Kidman in ' Reader ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 10 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaminer , Ariel ( 28 January 2008 ) . `` Translating Love and the Unspeakable '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Carnevale , Rob . `` Revolutionary Road -- Kate Winslet interview '' . indieLondon . Retrieved 20 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Hannah Morrill . Kate Winslet , Unscripted , Allure , 3 June 2009 . NOTE : Many sources claim that she wore a merkin by only quoting part of this interview . This is the full quote from the printed issue : `` Let me tell you , The Reader was not glamorous for me in terms of body - hair maintenance . I had to grow it in , because you ca n't have a landing strip in 1950 , you know ? And then because of years of waxing , as all of us girls know , it does n't come back quite the way it used to . They even made me a merkin because they were so concerned that I might not be able to grow enough . I said , ' Guys , I am going to have to draw the line at a pubic wig , but you can shoot my own snatch up close and personal . ' '' Jump up ^ Lindsy Van Gelder . Your Bikini Line , Your Business ? , Allure , 26 August 2009 : `` Kate Winslet joked with Allure about having one made for her ( that she did n't wear ) in The Reader , ... '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Reader ( 2008 ) '' . Metacritic . metacritic.com . Retrieved 20 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Clark , Krystal ( 13 September 2010 ) . `` Kate Winslet in HBO 's Mildred Pierce Trailer '' . ScreenCrave . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` HBO 's ' Mildred Pierce ' With Kate Winslet Opens To Disappointing Ratings '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mildred Pierce '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz , Matt ( 24 March 2011 ) . `` Mildred Pierce Is A Quiet , Heartbreaking Masterpiece '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy winners : surprise hauls for Modern Family and Downton Abbey '' . The Guardian . 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 19 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mildred Pierce '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . sagawards.org . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet on the script , Steven Soderbergh and her character in Contagion '' . FilmOnAir.com . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carnage '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jodie Foster & Kate Winslet to star in Roman Polanski 's God of Carnage '' . Deadline London . 23 September 2010 . Retrieved 23 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Gelt , Jessica ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` Audiobooks are going Hollywood '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Audiobook Review : Thérèse Raquin '' . Audiofile Magazine . 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford , Allan . `` MOVIE 43 TV Spot No3 '' . Film O Filia . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 29 March 2012 ) . `` Relativity shifts Farrelly / Wessler comedy '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( 25 January 2013 ) . `` There 's awful and THEN there 's ' Movie 43 ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominee Profile : Kate Winslet ( Labor Day ) '' . GoldenGlobes.com . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` Kate Winslet and Josh Brolin to join Jason Reitman 's drama ' Labor Day ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Telluride Film Review : ' Labor Day ' '' . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Making Sense of This Morning 's Golden Globe Nominations and Snubs ( Analysis ) '' . hollywoodreporter. 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lyttelton , Oliver ( 24 January 2013 ) . `` Kate Winslet Joins Young Adult Adaptation ' Divergent ' Alongside Shailene Woodley '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet on her Insurgent character : ' She is Hitler ' '' . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On set of ' Divergent , ' Kate Winslet is pregnant and mean '' . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Divergent '' . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW : Does ' Divergent ' Have Legs ? '' . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB. 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 17 January 2013 ) . `` Kate Winslet & Matthias Schoenaerts To Star in Alan Rickman Directed Period Drama ' A Little Chaos ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Little Chaos review -- Louis XIV gardening romp borders on ridiculous '' . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Kendrick , Kate Winslet , Andrew Garfield , and Jennifer Aniston All Reveal New Depths in Toronto '' . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Odyssey Award winners and honor audiobooks , 2008 - present '' . AudioFile . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Odyssey Award winners and honor audiobooks , 2008 - present '' . ala.org . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 3 February 2014 ) . `` ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' To Begin Production in May '' . Total Film . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Risley , Matt ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` Divergent : Cast on most anticipated Insurgent scenes '' . Variety . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` ' Insurgent ' Review : Shailene Woodley Is Sidelined In Her Own Franchise '' . Forbes . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` ' Insurgent ' Review : Shailene Woodley Returns in YA Cinema 's Most Generic Franchise '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Insurgent ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` Kate Winslet , Judy Davis to Star in Revenge Dramedy ' The Dressmaker ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar winner Kate Winslet spotted out and about in Sydney as shooting for Aussie film begins '' . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Film Review : ' The Dressmaker ' '' . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Screening at TIFF Tuesday , Sept. 15 : The Dressmaker , Room , Sleeping Giant '' . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mad Max , ' ' Dressmaker ' Split Australian Academy Awards '' . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Shara Tibken . `` Lights , camera , Apple : Filming starts for new Steve Jobs biopic '' . CNET . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Telluride Review : Danny Boyle 's ' Steve Jobs ' is Like Its Subject -- Flawed But Fascinating '' . IndieWire. 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Jobs '' . Time Out . 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Aaron Sorkin dominates the ambitious three - act drama that is ' Steve Jobs ' '' . HitFix. 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Flemming Jr. , Mike ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Open Road Acquires Domestic On ' Triple Nine ; ' Michael B. Jordan , Aaron Paul , Gal Gadot , Michael Pena Join Killer Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` KATE WINSLET IS BAZAAR 'S MARCH COVER STAR '' . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Triple 9 ' Review '' . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Triple 9 ' : Film Review '' . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet Joins Star - Studded Cast Of Will Smith 's ' Collateral Beauty , ' To Help Battle ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' '' . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoshida , Emily ( 16 December 2016 ) . `` Collateral Beauty Is a Cold and Crass Christmas Carol Remake That 's Exactly As Bad As You 've Heard '' . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet Will Get Romantic With Idris Elba In ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Mintzer , Jordan ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mountain Between Us ' : Film Review TIFF 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Tim ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mountain Between Us ' : Toronto Review '' . ScreenDaily . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet Joining Woody Allen 's Next Film '' . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam . `` Kate Winslet Joins Avatar 2 , Here 's Who She 's Playing '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` Kate Winslet to Reunite With James Cameron in ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet to Star in Lee Miller Biopic '' . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Vickie ( 15 January 1999 ) . `` Waving , not drowning '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Moreton , Cole ( 12 September 1999 ) . `` Film world acclaims writer 's final act '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet : Queen of the World '' . Parade. 5 November 2006 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winslet Gives Birth To Daughter Mia In England '' . Chicago Tribune . 16 October 2000 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cadwalladr , Carole ( 19 August 2007 ) . `` Life after Kate : a happier ending '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winslet 's divorce finalized '' . BBC News . 12 December 2001 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet and Sam Mendes split '' . BBC . 15 March 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Ashley Reich . Kate Winslet Opens Up About Divorce From Sam Mendes In British Vogue . Huffington Post . First Posted : 3 / 8 / 11 . Updated : 25 May 2011 Jump up ^ Harper 's Bazaar ( UK ) , November 2011 Jump up ^ Gina Serpe . Kate Winslet and Family Escape Unscathed After Fire Breaks Out at Vacation Spot E ! Online . 22 August 2011 ^ Jump up to : Natalie Finn . Ned Rocknroll : 5 Things to Know About Kate Winslet 's Third Husband E ! Online . 26 December 2012 Jump up ^ Estes , Adam Clark ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` How Kate Winslet 's New Husband Got the Name Ned Rocknroll '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Maggie Coughlan . Kate Winslet 's New Husband , Ned Rocknroll : 5 Things You Should Know People . 27 December 2012 Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Rhys Meyers ' former girlfriend finds a man she can bank on '' . Daily Telegraph . 18 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleeman . Kate Winslet Marries in Secret People . 26 December 2012 Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet 's battle to build sea wall at witterings home '' . Chichester : Chichester Observer. 14 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett 's new house in the English countryside '' . Jump up ^ Agency ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` Kate Winslet in Titanic battle to stop beachside home sinking into the sea '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Richard Eden . Kate Winslet moves back to Britain to live with her Rocknroll lover The Daily Telegraph . 23 September 2012 Jump up ^ Richard Eden . Titanic battle for Kate Winslet over her ' suburban ' house plans The Daily Telegraph . 2 December 2012 Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet marries Ned RocknRoll in private New York ceremony '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( 10 December 2013 ) . `` Kate Winslet Gives Birth to a Baby Boy , Her First Child With Husband Ned Rocknroll '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Kate Winslet Names Her Son Bear -- Moms & Babies -- Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com . Celebritybabies.people.com ( 2012 - 03 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Krista ( December 2008 ) . `` Is n't She Deneuvely ? '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 30 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Vallely , Paul ( 17 January 2009 ) . `` Kate Winslet : The golden girl '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Norman , Pete ( 4 November 2008 ) . `` Kate Winslet ' Furious ' Over Body Airbrush Claims '' . People . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , John ( 9 March 2007 ) . `` Kate Winslet Gets Big , Fat Apology '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Simon ( 3 November 2009 ) . `` Kate Winslet Wins $40,000 in Libel Suit '' . People . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Zach ( 3 October 2016 ) . `` Kate Winslet : The Newsweek Interview '' . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Bumpus , `` Winslet 's Feathered Friends , '' British Vogue 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Hat Foundation '' . Virgin unite . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Mother 's Courage : Talking Back to Autism charts the journey of a mother searching to unlock the mind of her son with autism when the documentary debuts 2 April , exclusively on HBO '' ( PDF ) . A Mother 's Courage. 15 March 2010 . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Hat : Talking Back to Autism '' . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet contra el autismo '' . El Mundo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Discover Lancôme - Kate Winslet '' . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The magnificent actress and Oscar - winner Kate Winslet joined the Longines Family in 2010 . '' . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet and Lancôme team up for charity '' . Belfast Telegraph . 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep , Kate Winslet , Jodie Foster and More Celebs Who Say They Will Never Get Plastic Surgery -- Find Out Why ! '' . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet on Turning 40 : ' I 've Earned It ! ' '' . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Colley , Danielle ( 7 October 2015 ) . `` Kate Winslet voices anti-bullying animation '' . aw.com.au . Jump up ^ Karlovsky , Brian ( 7 October 2015 ) . `` Kate Winslet puts voice to Daisy Chain '' . if.com.au . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( 11 November 2015 ) . `` Kate Winslet Says Hollywood 's Gender Pay Gap Not ' A Very Nice Conversation ' to Have Publicly '' . TIME . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet addresses the gender pay gap issue '' . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ freeth , Becky . `` He 's not just environmentally - friendly ! Leonardo DiCaprio calls on megastar mates Kate Winslet and Madonna for celeb - studded annual fundraising gala '' . Dailymail.com . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Details for Winslet 's movie revenues at Box Office MoJo '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia '' . Golden Globe . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database ( Nominees 2008 ) '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Performances of All Time : 100 -- 75 '' . Premiere . Archived from the original on 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Katz , Ephraim ( 1994 ) . The Film Encyclopedia ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : HarperPerrenial . pp. 332 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 273089 - 4 . Jump up ^ Goodridge , Mike ( 22 January 2009 ) . `` Benjamin Button Tops Oscar Nominations '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Joe ( 22 March 1998 ) . `` Test Your Knowledge of Academy Award History '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Vallely , Paul ( 17 January 2009 ) . `` Kate Winslet : The gold girl '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Graham , Mark ( 23 January 2009 ) . `` Getting to the Bottom of Kate Winslet 's Unprecedented Oscar Snubs '' . New York . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( 23 January 2009 ) . `` Winslet Oscar Query Solved and ' The Dark Knight ' Probably Was n't Snubbed '' . RopeOfSilicon.com . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet Biography '' . Tiscali . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners Search '' . Grammy Awards . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( 7 July 2006 ) . `` For some , a chance to be themselves '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2 November 2007 ) . `` Excellence Honour for Star Denzel '' . Daily Star . Northern & Shell . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBIFF - KATE WINSLET , MONTECITO AWARD '' . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet wax figure on display '' . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No. 60173 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 16 June 2012 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Honours for Branagh and Jowell '' . BBC News Online . 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PAST 2012 - 37 TH CESAR AWARDS '' . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Aniston , Vin Diesel among Hollywood Walk of Fame class of 2012 '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Get Reading . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet to receive star on the Walk of Fame '' . USA today . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet to Become a True Hollywood Star '' . guardianlv . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet To Get Star On Hollywood Walk Of Fame '' . MTV . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New York Film Festival to celebrate English star '' . Eye For Film . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet Set for BAFTA Career Retrospective '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet to Receive Same SAG - AFTRA Foundation Honor as Leonardo DiCaprio '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Kate Winslet Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kate Winslet . Kate Winslet at AllMovie Kate Winslet at the TCM Movie Database Kate Winslet on IMDb Kate Winslet at the Primetime Emmy Awards Kate Winslet at the British Film Institute 's Screenonline Awards for Kate Winslet Academy Award for Best Actress 1928 -- 1950 Janet Gaynor ( 1928 ) Mary Pickford ( 1929 ) Norma Shearer ( 1930 ) Marie Dressler ( 1931 ) Helen Hayes ( 1932 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1933 ) Claudette Colbert ( 1934 ) Bette Davis ( 1935 ) Luise Rainer ( 1936 ) Luise Rainer ( 1937 ) Bette Davis ( 1938 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1939 ) Ginger Rogers ( 1940 ) Joan Fontaine ( 1941 ) Greer Garson ( 1942 ) Jennifer Jones ( 1943 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1944 ) Joan Crawford ( 1945 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1946 ) Loretta Young ( 1947 ) Jane Wyman ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Vivien Leigh ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Simone 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present Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Monica Maughan ( 1971 ) Jacki Weaver ( 1972 ) Judy Morris ( 1973 ) Julie Dawson ( 1974 / 1995 ) Helen Morse ( 1976 ) Pat Bishop ( 1977 ) Angela Punch McGregor ( 1978 ) Michele Fawdon ( 1979 ) Tracy Mann ( 1980 ) Judy Davis ( 1981 ) Noni Hazlehurst ( 1982 ) Wendy Hughes ( 1983 ) Angela Punch McGregor ( 1984 ) Noni Hazlehurst ( 1985 ) Judy Davis ( 1986 ) Judy Davis ( 1987 ) Nadine Garner ( 1988 ) Meryl Streep ( 1989 ) Catherine McClements ( 1990 ) Sheila Florance ( 1991 ) Lisa Harrow ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Toni Collette ( 1994 ) Jacqueline McKenzie ( 1995 ) 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Roberts British , Shirley MacLaine Foreign ( 1960 ) Dora Bryan British , Sophia Loren Foreign ( 1961 ) Leslie Caron British , Anne Bancroft Foreign ( 1962 ) Rachel Roberts British , Patricia Neal Foreign ( 1963 ) Audrey Hepburn British , Anne Bancroft Foreign ( 1964 ) Julie Christie British , Patricia Neal Foreign ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor British , Jeanne Moreau Foreign ( 1966 ) Edith Evans British , Anouk Aimée Foreign ( 1967 ) 1968 -- present Katharine Hepburn ( 1968 ) Maggie Smith ( 1969 ) Katharine Ross ( 1970 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Stéphane Audran ( 1973 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1974 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1975 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Jane Fonda ( 1979 ) Judy Davis ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1982 ) Julie Walters ( 1983 ) Maggie Smith ( 1984 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1985 ) Maggie Smith ( 1986 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1987 ) Maggie Smith ( 1988 ) Pauline Collins ( 1989 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 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Epatha Merkerson ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Helen Mirren ( 2007 ) Laura Linney ( 2008 ) Jessica Lange ( 2009 ) Claire Danes ( 2010 ) Kate Winslet ( 2011 ) Julianne Moore ( 2012 ) Laura Linney ( 2013 ) Jessica Lange ( 2014 ) Frances McDormand ( 2015 ) Sarah Paulson ( 2016 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2017 ) European Film Award for Best Actress Carmen Maura ( 1988 ) Ruth Sheen ( 1989 ) Carmen Maura ( 1990 ) Clotilde Courau ( 1991 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1992 ) Maia Morgenstern ( 1993 ) Emily Watson ( 1996 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1997 ) Élodie Bouchez and Natacha Régnier ( 1998 ) Cecilia Roth ( 1999 ) Björk ( 2000 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2001 ) Catherine Deneuve , Isabelle Huppert , Emmanuelle Béart , Fanny Ardant , Virginie Ledoyen , Danielle Darrieux , Ludivine Sagnier and Firmine Richard ( 2002 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Julia Jentsch ( 2005 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2006 ) Helen Mirren ( 2007 ) Kristin Scott Thomas ( 2008 ) Kate Winslet ( 2009 ) Sylvie Testud ( 2010 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2011 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Veerle Baetens ( 2013 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Sandra Hüller ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama 1943 -- 1975 Jennifer Jones ( 1943 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1944 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1945 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1946 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1947 ) Jane Wyman ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Gloria Swanson ( 1950 ) Jane Wyman ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1959 ) Greer Garson ( 1960 ) Geraldine Page ( 1961 ) Geraldine Page ( 1962 ) Leslie Caron ( 1963 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1964 ) Samantha Eggar ( 1965 ) Anouk Aimée ( 1966 ) Edith Evans ( 1967 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1968 ) Geneviève Bujold ( 1969 ) Ali MacGraw ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1972 ) Marsha Mason ( 1973 ) Gena Rowlands ( 1974 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Faye Dunaway ( 1976 ) Jane Fonda ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Sally Field ( 1984 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1985 ) Marlee Matlin ( 1986 ) Sally Kirkland ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Kathy Bates ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Sharon Stone ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1944 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Ellen Corby ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Katy Jurado ( 1952 ) Grace Kelly ( 1953 ) Jan Sterling ( 1954 ) Marisa Pavan ( 1955 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1956 ) Elsa Lanchester ( 1957 ) Hermione Gingold ( 1958 ) Susan Kohner ( 1959 ) Janet Leigh ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1964 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1965 ) Jocelyne LaGarde ( 1966 ) Carol Channing ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) Karen Black / Maureen Stapleton ( 1970 ) Ann - Margret ( 1971 ) Shelley Winters ( 1972 ) Linda Blair ( 1973 ) Karen Black ( 1974 ) Brenda Vaccaro ( 1975 ) Katharine Ross ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Dyan Cannon ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Joan Hackett ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Cher ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Meg Tilly ( 1985 ) Maggie Smith ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1988 ) Julia Roberts ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Joan Plowright ( 1992 ) Winona Ryder ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Kate Hudson ( 2000 ) Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Meryl Streep ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Natalie Portman ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kate Winslet ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Jane Seymour ( 1981 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1982 ) Ann - Margret ( 1983 ) Ann - Margret ( 1984 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1985 ) Loretta Young ( 1986 ) Gena Rowlands ( 1987 ) Ann Jillian ( 1988 ) Christine Lahti ( 1989 ) Barbara Hershey ( 1990 ) Judy Davis ( 1991 ) Laura Dern ( 1992 ) Bette Midler ( 1993 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1994 ) Jessica Lange ( 1995 ) Helen Mirren ( 1996 ) Alfre Woodard ( 1997 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Halle Berry ( 1999 ) Judi Dench ( 2000 ) Judy Davis ( 2001 ) Uma Thurman ( 2002 ) Meryl Streep ( 2003 ) Glenn Close ( 2004 ) S. Epatha Merkerson ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Queen Latifah ( 2007 ) Laura Linney ( 2008 ) Drew Barrymore ( 2009 ) Claire Danes ( 2010 ) Kate Winslet ( 2011 ) Julianne Moore ( 2012 ) Elisabeth Moss ( 2013 ) Maggie Gyllenhaal ( 2014 ) Lady Gaga ( 2015 ) Sarah Paulson ( 2016 ) Honorary César 1976 -- 2000 Ingrid Bergman ( 1976 ) Diana Ross ( 1976 ) Henri Langlois ( 1977 ) Jacques Tati ( 1977 ) Robert Dorfmann ( 1978 ) René Goscinny ( 1978 ) Marcel Carné ( 1979 ) Charles Vanel ( 1979 ) Walt Disney ( 1979 ) Pierre Braunberger ( 1980 ) Louis de Funès ( 1980 ) Kirk Douglas ( 1980 ) Marcel Pagnol ( 1981 ) Alain Resnais ( 1981 ) Georges Dancigers ( 1982 ) Alexandre Mnouchkine ( 1982 ) Jean Nény ( 1982 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1982 ) Raimu ( 1983 ) René Clément ( 1984 ) Georges de Beauregard ( 1984 ) Edwige Feuillère ( 1984 ) Christian - Jaque ( 1985 ) Danielle Darrieux ( 1985 ) Christine Gouze - Rénal ( 1985 ) Alain Poiré ( 1985 ) Maurice Jarre ( 1986 ) Bette Davis ( 1986 ) Jean Delannoy ( 1986 ) 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Association Award for Best Supporting Actress Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Maureen Stapleton / Mona Washbourne ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Glenn Close ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Cathy Tyson / Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Geneviève Bujold ( 1988 ) Brenda Fricker ( 1989 ) Lorraine Bracco ( 1990 ) Jane Horrocks ( 1991 ) Judy Davis ( 1992 ) Anna Paquin / Rosie Perez ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Joan Allen ( 1995 ) Barbara Hershey ( 1996 ) Julianne Moore ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Chloë Sevigny ( 1999 ) Frances McDormand ( 2000 ) Kate Winslet ( 2001 ) Edie Falco ( 2002 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2003 ) Virginia Madsen ( 2004 ) Catherine Keener ( 2005 ) Luminița Gheorghiu ( 2006 ) Amy Ryan ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Jacki Weaver ( 2010 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2011 ) Amy Adams ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Agata Kulesza ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Lily Gladstone ( 2016 ) San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress 1990s Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Pam Grier / Bai Ling ( 1997 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) 2000s Laura Linney / Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Thora Birch ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Naomi Watts ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Joan Allen ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Michelle Monaghan ( 2009 ) 2010s Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Brit Marling ( 2011 ) Michelle Williams ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Sônia Braga ( 2016 ) Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Helen Mirren ( 1996 ) Jennifer Beals ( 1997 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Linda Hamilton ( 1999 ) Jill Hennessy ( 2000 ) Judy Davis ( 2001 ) Vanessa Williams ( 2002 ) Meryl Streep ( 2003 ) Dianne Wiest ( 2004 ) Kristen Bell ( 2005 ) Judy Davis ( 2006 ) Samantha Morton ( 2007 ) Judi Dench ( 2008 ) Drew Barrymore ( 2009 ) Claire Danes ( 2010 ) Kate Winslet ( 2011 ) Julianne Moore ( 2012 ) Elisabeth Moss ( 2013 ) Frances McDormand ( 2014 ) Sarah Hay ( 2015 ) Sarah Paulson ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Kate Winslet ( 1995 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger / Gloria Stuart ( 1997 ) Kathy Bates ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Judi Dench ( 2000 ) Helen Mirren ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Ruby Dee ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Joanne Woodward ( 1994 ) Alfre Woodard ( 1995 ) Kathy Bates ( 1996 ) Alfre Woodard ( 1997 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Halle Berry ( 1999 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2000 ) Judy Davis ( 2001 ) Stockard Channing ( 2002 ) Meryl Streep ( 2003 ) Glenn Close ( 2004 ) S. Epatha Merkerson ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Queen Latifah ( 2007 ) Laura Linney ( 2008 ) Drew Barrymore ( 2009 ) Claire Danes ( 2010 ) Kate Winslet ( 2011 ) Julianne Moore ( 2012 ) Helen Mirren ( 2013 ) Frances McDormand ( 2014 ) Queen Latifah ( 2015 ) Sarah Paulson ( 2016 ) Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Laura Linney ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2009 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Elizabeth Olsen ( 2011 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) VIAF : 44496911 LCCN : nr97024608 ISNI : 0000 0001 1471 4803 GND : 121008746 SUDOC : 06081795X BNF : cb14010339s ( data ) MusicBrainz : ceb05831 - 03e8 - 4605 - 904d - 894ee0492d00 BNE : XX1177310 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kate_Winslet&oldid=805010215 '' Categories : 1975 births 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses Actresses from Berkshire Autism activists BAFTA winners ( people ) Best Actress AACTA Award winners Best Actress Academy Award winners Best Actress BAFTA Award winners Best British Actress Empire Award winners Best Drama Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Commanders of the Order of the British Empire English expatriates in the United States English film actresses English stage actresses Actors at the Royal Exchange , Manchester English television actresses English voice actresses European Film Award for Best Actress winners Evening Standard Award for Best Actress winners Grammy Award winners Living people National Youth Theatre members Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners People educated at Redroofs Theatre School People from Reading , Berkshire English people of Swedish descent Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with hCards Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 14 : 01 . 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3465705747918605734 | Human genome | Human genome - wikipedia Human genome Jump to : navigation , search For a non-technical introduction to the topic , see Introduction to genetics . Genomic information Graphical representation of the idealized human diploid karyotype , showing the organization of the genome into chromosomes . This drawing shows both the female ( XX ) and male ( XY ) versions of the 23rd chromosome pair . Chromosomes are shown aligned at their centromeres . The mitochondrial DNA is not shown . NCBI genome ID 51 Ploidy diploid Genome size 3,234.83 Mb ( Mega-basepairs ) per haploid genome 6,469.66 Mb total ( diploid ) . Number of chromosomes 23 pairs The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans , encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria . Human genomes include both protein - coding DNA genes and noncoding DNA . Haploid human genomes , which are contained in germ cells ( the egg and sperm gamete cells created in the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction before fertilization creates a zygote ) consist of three billion DNA base pairs , while diploid genomes ( found in somatic cells ) have twice the DNA content . While there are significant differences among the genomes of human individuals ( on the order of 0.1 % ) , these are considerably smaller than the differences between humans and their closest living relatives , the chimpanzees ( approximately 4 % ) and bonobos . The Human Genome Project produced the first complete sequences of individual human genomes , with the first draft sequence and initial analysis being published on February 12 , 2001 . The human genome was the first of all vertebrates to be completely sequenced . As of 2012 , thousands of human genomes have been completely sequenced , and many more have been mapped at lower levels of resolution . The resulting data are used worldwide in biomedical science , anthropology , forensics and other branches of science . There is a widely held expectation that genomic studies will lead to advances in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases , and to new insights in many fields of biology , including human evolution . Although the sequence of the human genome has been ( almost ) completely determined by DNA sequencing , it is not yet fully understood . Most ( though probably not all ) genes have been identified by a combination of high throughput experimental and bioinformatics approaches , yet much work still needs to be done to further elucidate the biological functions of their protein and RNA products . Recent results suggest that most of the vast quantities of noncoding DNA within the genome have associated biochemical activities , including regulation of gene expression , organization of chromosome architecture , and signals controlling epigenetic inheritance . There are an estimated 19,000 - 20,000 human protein - coding genes . The estimate of the number of human genes has been repeatedly revised down from initial predictions of 100,000 or more as genome sequence quality and gene finding methods have improved , and could continue to drop further . Protein - coding sequences account for only a very small fraction of the genome ( approximately 1.5 % ) , and the rest is associated with non-coding RNA molecules , regulatory DNA sequences , LINEs , SINEs , introns , and sequences for which as yet no function has been determined . In June 2016 , scientists formally announced HGP - Write , a plan to synthesize the human genome . Contents ( hide ) 1 Molecular organization and gene content 1.1 Completeness of the human genome sequence 1.2 Human genome sequence compression 2 Coding vs. noncoding DNA 3 Mutation rate 4 Coding sequences ( protein - coding genes ) 5 Noncoding DNA ( ncDNA ) 5.1 Pseudogenes 5.2 Genes for noncoding RNA ( ncRNA ) 5.3 Introns and untranslated regions of mRNA 5.4 Regulatory DNA sequences 5.5 Repetitive DNA sequences 5.6 Mobile genetic elements ( transposons ) and their relics 6 Genomic variation in humans 6.1 Human reference genome 6.2 Measuring human genetic variation 6.2. 1 Mapping human genomic variation 6.3 SNP frequency across the human genome 6.4 Personal genomes 6.5 Human knockouts 7 Human genetic disorders 8 Evolution 9 Mitochondrial DNA 10 Epigenome 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Molecular organization and gene content ( edit ) See also : Lists of human genes by chromosome The total length of the human genome is over 3 billion base pairs . The genome is organized into 22 paired chromosomes , plus the X chromosome ( one in males , two in females ) and , in males only , one Y chromosome . These are all large linear DNA molecules contained within the cell nucleus . The genome also includes the mitochondrial DNA , a comparatively small circular molecule present in each mitochondrion . Basic information about these molecules and their gene content , based on a reference genome that does not represent the sequence of any specific individual , are provided in the following table . ( Data source : Ensembl genome browser release 87 , December 2016 for most values ; Ensembl genome browser release 68 , July 2012 for miRNA , rRNA , snRNA , snoRNA . ) Chromosome Length ( mm ) Base pairs Variations Protein - coding genes Pseudo - genes Total long ncRNA Total small ncRNA miRNA rRNA snRNA snoRNA Misc ncRNA Links Centromere position ( Mbp ) Cumulative ( % ) 85 248956422 12151146 2058 1220 1200 496 134 66 221 145 192 EBI 125 7.9 83 242193529 12945965 1309 1023 1037 375 115 40 161 117 176 EBI 93.3 16.2 67 198295559 10638715 1078 763 711 298 99 29 138 87 134 EBI 91 23 65 190214555 10165685 752 727 657 228 92 24 120 56 104 EBI 50.4 29.6 5 62 181538259 9519995 876 721 844 235 83 25 106 61 119 EBI 48.4 35.8 6 58 170805979 9130476 1048 801 639 234 81 26 111 73 105 EBI 61 41.6 7 54 159345973 8613298 989 885 605 208 90 24 90 76 143 EBI 59.9 47.1 8 50 145138636 8221520 677 613 735 214 80 28 86 52 82 EBI 45.6 52 9 48 138394717 6590811 786 661 491 190 69 19 66 51 96 EBI 49 56.3 10 46 133797422 7223944 733 568 579 204 64 32 87 56 89 EBI 40.2 60.9 11 46 135086622 7535370 1298 821 710 233 63 24 74 76 97 EBI 53.7 65.4 12 45 133275309 7228129 1034 617 848 227 72 27 106 62 115 EBI 35.8 70 13 39 114364328 5082574 327 372 397 104 42 16 45 34 75 EBI 17.9 73.4 14 36 107043718 4865950 830 523 533 239 92 10 65 97 79 EBI 17.6 76.4 15 35 101991189 4515076 613 510 639 250 78 13 63 136 93 EBI 19 79.3 16 31 90338345 5101702 873 465 799 187 52 32 53 58 51 EBI 36.6 82 17 28 83257441 4614972 1197 531 834 235 61 15 80 71 99 EBI 24 84.8 18 27 80373285 4035966 270 247 453 109 32 13 51 36 41 EBI 17.2 87.4 19 20 58617616 3858269 1472 512 628 179 110 13 29 31 61 EBI 26.5 89.3 20 21 64444167 3439621 544 249 384 131 57 15 46 37 68 EBI 27.5 91.4 21 16 46709983 2049697 234 185 305 71 16 5 21 19 24 EBI 13.2 92.6 22 17 50818468 2135311 488 324 357 78 31 5 23 23 62 EBI 14.7 93.8 X 53 156040895 5753881 842 874 271 258 128 22 85 64 100 EBI 60.6 99.1 Y 20 57227415 211643 71 388 71 30 15 7 17 8 EBI 12.5 100 mtDNA 0.0054 16569 929 13 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 EBI N / A 100 total 3088286401 155630645 20412 14600 14727 5037 1756 532 1944 1521 2213 Table 1 ( above ) summarizes the physical organization and gene content of the human reference genome , with links to the original analysis , as published in the Ensembl database at the European Bioinformatics Institute ( EBI ) and Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute . Chromosome lengths were estimated by multiplying the number of base pairs by 0.34 nanometers , the distance between base pairs in the DNA double helix . The number of proteins is based on the number of initial precursor mRNA transcripts , and does not include products of alternative pre-mRNA splicing , or modifications to protein structure that occur after translation . Variations are unique DNA sequence differences that have been identified in the individual human genome sequences analyzed by Ensembl as of December , 2016 . The number of identified variations is expected to increase as further personal genomes are sequenced and analyzed . In addition to the gene content shown in this table , a large number of non-expressed functional sequences have been identified throughout the human genome ( see below ) . Links open windows to the reference chromosome sequences in the EBI genome browser . Small non-coding RNAs are RNAs of as many as 200 bases that do not have protein - coding potential . These include : microRNAs , or miRNAs ( post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression ) , small nuclear RNAs , or snRNAs ( the RNA components of spliceosomes ) , and small nucleolar RNAs , or snoRNA ( involved in guiding chemical modifications to other RNA molecules ) . Long non-coding RNAs are RNA molecules longer than 200 bases that do not have protein - coding potential . These include : ribosomal RNAs , or rRNAs ( the RNA components of ribosomes ) , and a variety of other long RNAs that are involved in regulation of gene expression , epigenetic modifications of DNA nucleotides and histone proteins , and regulation of the activity of protein - coding genes . Small discrepancies between total - small - ncRNA numbers and the numbers of specific types of small ncNRAs result from the former values being sourced from Ensembl release 87 and the latter from Ensembl release 68 . Completeness of the human genome sequence ( edit ) Although the human genome has been completely sequenced for all practical purposes , there are still hundreds of gaps in the sequence . A recent study noted more than 160 euchromatic gaps of which 50 gaps were closed . However , there are still numerous gaps in the heterochromatic parts of the genome which is much harder to sequence due to numerous repeats and other intractable sequence features . Human genome sequence compression ( edit ) The human reference genome ( GRC v38 ) has been successfully compressed to ~ 5.2-fold ( marginal less than 550 MB ) in 155 minutes using a desktop computer with 6.4 GB of RAM . Coding vs. noncoding DNA ( edit ) The content of the human genome is commonly divided into coding and noncoding DNA sequences . Coding DNA is defined as those sequences that can be transcribed into mRNA and translated into proteins during the human life cycle ; these sequences occupy only a small fraction of the genome ( < 2 % ) . Noncoding DNA is made up of all of those sequences ( ca . 98 % of the genome ) that are not used to encode proteins . Some noncoding DNA contains genes for RNA molecules with important biological functions ( noncoding RNA , for example ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA ) . The exploration of the function and evolutionary origin of noncoding DNA is an important goal of contemporary genome research , including the ENCODE ( Encyclopedia of DNA Elements ) project , which aims to survey the entire human genome , using a variety of experimental tools whose results are indicative of molecular activity . Because non-coding DNA greatly outnumbers coding DNA , the concept of the sequenced genome has become a more focused analytical concept than the classical concept of the DNA - coding gene . Mutation rate ( edit ) Mutation rate of human genome is a very important factor in calculating evolutionary time points . Researchers calculated the number of genetic variations between human and apes . Dividing that number by age of fossil of most recent common ancestor of humans and ape , researchers calculated the mutation rate . Recent studies using next generation sequencing technologies concluded a slow mutation rate which does n't add up with human migration pattern time points and suggesting a new evolutionary time scale . 100,000 year old human fossils found in Israel have served to compound this new found uncertainty of the human migration timeline . Coding sequences ( protein - coding genes ) ( edit ) Human genes categorized by function of the transcribed proteins , given both as number of encoding genes and percentage of all genes . Protein - coding sequences represent the most widely studied and best understood component of the human genome . These sequences ultimately lead to the production of all human proteins , although several biological processes ( e.g. DNA rearrangements and alternative pre-mRNA splicing ) can lead to the production of many more unique proteins than the number of protein - coding genes . The complete modular protein - coding capacity of the genome is contained within the exome , and consists of DNA sequences encoded by exons that can be translated into proteins . Because of its biological importance , and the fact that it constitutes less than 2 % of the genome , sequencing of the exome was the first major milepost of the Human Genome Project . Number of protein - coding genes . About 20,000 human proteins have been annotated in databases such as Uniprot . Historically , estimates for the number of protein genes have varied widely , ranging up to 2,000,000 in the late 1960s , but several researchers pointed out in the early 1970s that the estimated mutational load from deleterious mutations placed an upper limit of approximately 40,000 for the total number of functional loci ( this includes protein - coding and functional non-coding genes ) . The number of human protein - coding genes is not significantly larger than that of many less complex organisms , such as the roundworm and the fruit fly . This difference may result from the extensive use of alternative pre-mRNA splicing in humans , which provides the ability to build a very large number of modular proteins through the selective incorporation of exons . Protein - coding capacity per chromosome . Protein - coding genes are distributed unevenly across the chromosomes , ranging from a few dozen to more than 2000 , with an especially high gene density within chromosomes 19 , 11 , and 1 ( Table 1 ) . Each chromosome contains various gene - rich and gene - poor regions , which may be correlated with chromosome bands and GC - content . The significance of these nonrandom patterns of gene density is not well understood . Size of protein - coding genes . The size of protein - coding genes within the human genome shows enormous variability ( Table 2 ) . The median size of a protein - coding gene is 26,288 bp ( mean = 66,577 bp ; Table 2 in ) . For example , the gene for histone H1a ( HIST1HIA ) is relatively small and simple , lacking introns and encoding mRNA sequences of 781 nt and a 215 amino acid protein ( 648 nt open reading frame ) . Dystrophin ( DMD ) is the largest protein - coding gene in the human reference genome , spanning a total of 2.2 MB , while Titin ( TTN ) has the longest coding sequence ( 114,414 bp ) , the largest number of exons ( 363 ) , and the longest single exon ( 17,106 bp ) . Over the whole genome , the median size of an exon is 122 bp ( mean = 145 bp ) , the median number of exons is 7 ( mean = 8.8 ) , and the median coding sequence encodes 367 amino acids ( mean = 447 amino acids ; Table 21 in ) . Protein Chrom Gene Length Exons Exon length Intron length Alt splicing Breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein 13 BRCA2 83,736 27 11,386 72,350 yes Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator 7 CFTR 202,881 27 4,440 198,441 yes Cytochrome b MT MTCYB 1,140 1,140 0 no Dystrophin X DMD 2,220,381 79 10,500 2,209,881 yes Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase 12 GAPDH 4,444 9 1,425 3,019 yes Hemoglobin beta subunit 11 HBB 1,605 626 979 no Histone H1A 6 HIST1H1A 781 781 0 no Titin TTN 281,434 364 104,301 177,133 yes Table 2 . Examples of human protein - coding genes . Chrom , chromosome . Alt splicing , alternative pre-mRNA splicing . ( Data source : Ensembl genome browser release 68 , July 2012 ) Recently , a systematic meta - analysis of updated data of the human genome found that the largest protein - coding gene in the human reference genome is RBFOX1 ( RNA binding protein , fox - 1 homolog 1 ) , spanning a total of 2.47 MB . Over the whole genome , considering a curated set of protein - coding genes , the median size of an exon is currently estimated to be 133 bp ( mean = 309 bp ) , the median number of exons is currently estimated to be 8 ( mean = 11 ) , and the median coding sequence is currently estimated to encode 425 amino acids ( mean = 553 amino acids ; Tables 2 and 5 in ) . Noncoding DNA ( ncDNA ) ( edit ) Main article : Noncoding DNA Noncoding DNA is defined as all of the DNA sequences within a genome that are not found within protein - coding exons , and so are never represented within the amino acid sequence of expressed proteins . By this definition , more than 98 % of the human genomes is composed of ncDNA . Numerous classes of noncoding DNA have been identified , including genes for noncoding RNA ( e.g. tRNA and rRNA ) , pseudogenes , introns , untranslated regions of mRNA , regulatory DNA sequences , repetitive DNA sequences , and sequences related to mobile genetic elements . Numerous sequences that are included within genes are also defined as noncoding DNA . These include genes for noncoding RNA ( e.g. tRNA , rRNA ) , and untranslated components of protein - coding genes ( e.g. introns , and 5 ' and 3 ' untranslated regions of mRNA ) . Protein - coding sequences ( specifically , coding exons ) constitute less than 1.5 % of the human genome . In addition , about 26 % of the human genome is introns . Aside from genes ( exons and introns ) and known regulatory sequences ( 8 -- 20 % ) , the human genome contains regions of noncoding DNA . The exact amount of noncoding DNA that plays a role in cell physiology has been hotly debated . Recent analysis by the ENCODE project indicates that 80 % of the entire human genome is either transcribed , binds to regulatory proteins , or is associated with some other biochemical activity . It however remains controversial whether all of this biochemical activity contributes to cell physiology , or whether a substantial portion of this is the result transcriptional and biochemical noise , which must be actively filtered out by the organism . Excluding protein - coding sequences , introns , and regulatory regions , much of the non-coding DNA is composed of : Many DNA sequences that do not play a role in gene expression have important biological functions . Comparative genomics studies indicate that about 5 % of the genome contains sequences of noncoding DNA that are highly conserved , sometimes on time - scales representing hundreds of millions of years , implying that these noncoding regions are under strong evolutionary pressure and positive selection . Many of these sequences regulate the structure of chromosomes by limiting the regions of heterochromatin formation and regulating structural features of the chromosomes , such as the telomeres and centromeres . Other noncoding regions serve as origins of DNA replication . Finally several regions are transcribed into functional noncoding RNA that regulate the expression of protein - coding genes ( for example ) , mRNA translation and stability ( see miRNA ) , chromatin structure ( including histone modifications , for example ) , DNA methylation ( for example ) , DNA recombination ( for example ) , and cross-regulate other noncoding RNAs ( for example ) . It is also likely that many transcribed noncoding regions do not serve any role and that this transcription is the product of non-specific RNA Polymerase activity . Pseudogenes ( edit ) Main article : Pseudogene Pseudogenes are inactive copies of protein - coding genes , often generated by gene duplication , that have become nonfunctional through the accumulation of inactivating mutations . Table 1 shows that the number of pseudogenes in the human genome is on the order of 13,000 , and in some chromosomes is nearly the same as the number of functional protein - coding genes . Gene duplication is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution . For example , the olfactory receptor gene family is one of the best - documented examples of pseudogenes in the human genome . More than 60 percent of the genes in this family are non-functional pseudogenes in humans . By comparison , only 20 percent of genes in the mouse olfactory receptor gene family are pseudogenes . Research suggests that this is a species - specific characteristic , as the most closely related primates all have proportionally fewer pseudogenes . This genetic discovery helps to explain the less acute sense of smell in humans relative to other mammals . Genes for noncoding RNA ( ncRNA ) ( edit ) Main article : Noncoding RNA Noncoding RNA molecules play many essential roles in cells , especially in the many reactions of protein synthesis and RNA processing . Noncoding RNA include tRNA , ribosomal RNA , microRNA , snRNA and other non-coding RNA genes including about 60,000 long non coding RNAs ( lncRNAs ) . Although the number of reported lncRNA genes continues to rise and the exact number in the human genome is yet to be defined , many of them are argued to be non-functional . Many ncRNAs are critical elements in gene regulation and expression . Noncoding RNA also contributes to epigenetics , transcription , RNA splicing , and the translational machinery . The role of RNA in genetic regulation and disease offers a new potential level of unexplored genomic complexity . Introns and untranslated regions of mRNA ( edit ) In addition to the ncRNA molecules that are encoded by discrete genes , the initial transcripts of protein coding genes usually contain extensive noncoding sequences , in the form of introns , 5 ' - untranslated regions ( 5 ' - UTR ) , and 3 ' - untranslated regions ( 3 ' - UTR ) . Within most protein - coding genes of the human genome , the length of intron sequences is 10 - to 100 - times the length of exon sequences ( Table 2 ) . Regulatory DNA sequences ( edit ) The human genome has many different regulatory sequences which are crucial to controlling gene expression . Conservative estimates indicate that these sequences make up 8 % of the genome , however extrapolations from the ENCODE project give that 20 - 40 % of the genome is gene regulatory sequence . Some types of non-coding DNA are genetic `` switches '' that do not encode proteins , but do regulate when and where genes are expressed ( called enhancers ) . Regulatory sequences have been known since the late 1960s . The first identification of regulatory sequences in the human genome relied on recombinant DNA technology . Later with the advent of genomic sequencing , the identification of these sequences could be inferred by evolutionary conservation . The evolutionary branch between the primates and mouse , for example , occurred 70 -- 90 million years ago . So computer comparisons of gene sequences that identify conserved non-coding sequences will be an indication of their importance in duties such as gene regulation . Other genomes have been sequenced with the same intention of aiding conservation - guided methods , for exampled the pufferfish genome . However , regulatory sequences disappear and re-evolve during evolution at a high rate . As of 2012 , the efforts have shifted toward finding interactions between DNA and regulatory proteins by the technique ChIP - Seq , or gaps where the DNA is not packaged by histones ( DNase hypersensitive sites ) , both of which tell where there are active regulatory sequences in the investigated cell type . Repetitive DNA sequences ( edit ) Repetitive DNA sequences comprise approximately 50 % of the human genome . About 8 % of the human genome consists of tandem DNA arrays or tandem repeats , low complexity repeat sequences that have multiple adjacent copies ( e.g. `` CAGCAGCAG ... '' ) . The tandem sequences may be of variable lengths , from two nucleotides to tens of nucleotides . These sequences are highly variable , even among closely related individuals , and so are used for genealogical DNA testing and forensic DNA analysis . Repeated sequences of fewer than ten nucleotides ( e.g. the dinucleotide repeat ( AC ) ) are termed microsatellite sequences . Among the microsatellite sequences , trinucleotide repeats are of particular importance , as sometimes occur within coding regions of genes for proteins and may lead to genetic disorders . For example , Huntington 's disease results from an expansion of the trinucleotide repeat ( CAG ) within the Huntingtin gene on human chromosome 4 . Telomeres ( the ends of linear chromosomes ) end with a microsatellite hexanucleotide repeat of the sequence ( TTAGGG ) . Tandem repeats of longer sequences ( arrays of repeated sequences 10 -- 60 nucleotides long ) are termed minisatellites . Mobile genetic elements ( transposons ) and their relics ( edit ) Transposable genetic elements , DNA sequences that can replicate and insert copies of themselves at other locations within a host genome , are an abundant component in the human genome . The most abundant transposon lineage , Alu , has about 50,000 active copies , and can be inserted into intragenic and intergenic regions . One other lineage , LINE - 1 , has about 100 active copies per genome ( the number varies between people ) . Together with non-functional relics of old transposons , they account for over half of total human DNA . Sometimes called `` jumping genes '' , transposons have played a major role in sculpting the human genome . Some of these sequences represent endogenous retroviruses , DNA copies of viral sequences that have become permanently integrated into the genome and are now passed on to succeeding generations . Mobile elements within the human genome can be classified into LTR retrotransposons ( 8.3 % of total genome ) , SINEs ( 13.1 % of total genome ) including Alu elements , LINEs ( 20.4 % of total genome ) , SVAs and Class II DNA transposons ( 2.9 % of total genome ) . Genomic variation in humans ( edit ) Main articles : Human genetic variation and Human genetic clustering Human reference genome ( edit ) With the exception of identical twins , all humans show significant variation in genomic DNA sequences . The human reference genome ( HRG ) is used as a standard sequence reference . There are several important points concerning the human reference genome : The HRG is a haploid sequence . Each chromosome is represented once . The HRG is a composite sequence , and does not correspond to any actual human individual . The HRG is periodically updated to correct errors and ambiguities . The HRG in no way represents an `` ideal '' or `` perfect '' human individual . It is simply a standardized representation or model that is used for comparative purposes . Measuring human genetic variation ( edit ) Most studies of human genetic variation have focused on single - nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) , which are substitutions in individual bases along a chromosome . Most analyses estimate that SNPs occur 1 in 1000 base pairs , on average , in the euchromatic human genome , although they do not occur at a uniform density . Thus follows the popular statement that `` we are all , regardless of race , genetically 99.9 % the same '' , although this would be somewhat qualified by most geneticists . For example , a much larger fraction of the genome is now thought to be involved in copy number variation . A large - scale collaborative effort to catalog SNP variations in the human genome is being undertaken by the International HapMap Project . The genomic loci and length of certain types of small repetitive sequences are highly variable from person to person , which is the basis of DNA fingerprinting and DNA paternity testing technologies . The heterochromatic portions of the human genome , which total several hundred million base pairs , are also thought to be quite variable within the human population ( they are so repetitive and so long that they can not be accurately sequenced with current technology ) . These regions contain few genes , and it is unclear whether any significant phenotypic effect results from typical variation in repeats or heterochromatin . Most gross genomic mutations in gamete germ cells probably result in inviable embryos ; however , a number of human diseases are related to large - scale genomic abnormalities . Down syndrome , Turner Syndrome , and a number of other diseases result from nondisjunction of entire chromosomes . Cancer cells frequently have aneuploidy of chromosomes and chromosome arms , although a cause and effect relationship between aneuploidy and cancer has not been established . Mapping human genomic variation ( edit ) Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome , a genome map identifies the landmarks . A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome . An example of a variation map is the HapMap being developed by the International HapMap Project . The HapMap is a haplotype map of the human genome , `` which will describe the common patterns of human DNA sequence variation . '' It catalogs the patterns of small - scale variations in the genome that involve single DNA letters , or bases . Researchers published the first sequence - based map of large - scale structural variation across the human genome in the journal Nature in May 2008 . Large - scale structural variations are differences in the genome among people that range from a few thousand to a few million DNA bases ; some are gains or losses of stretches of genome sequence and others appear as re-arrangements of stretches of sequence . These variations include differences in the number of copies individuals have of a particular gene , deletions , translocations and inversions . SNP frequency across the human genome ( edit ) Single - nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) do not occur homogeneously across the human genome . In fact , there is enormous diversity in SNP frequency between genes , reflecting different selective pressures on each gene as well as different mutation and recombination rates across the genome . However , studies on SNPs are biased towards coding regions , the data generated from them are unlikely to reflect the overall distribution of SNPs throughout the genome . Therefore , the SNP Consortium protocol was designed to identify SNPs with no bias towards coding regions and the Consortium 's 100,000 SNPs generally reflect sequence diversity across the human chromosomes. The SNP Consortium aims to expand the number of SNPs identified across the genome to 300 000 by the end of the first quarter of 2001 . TSC SNP distribution along the long arm of chromosome 22 ( from http://snp.cshl.org/ ) . Each column represents a 1 Mb interval ; the approximate cytogenetic position is given on the x-axis . Clear peaks and troughs of SNP density can be seen , possibly reflecting different rates of mutation , recombination and selection . Changes in non-coding sequence and synonymous changes in coding sequence are generally more common than non-synonymous changes , reflecting greater selective pressure reducing diversity at positions dictating amino acid identity . Transitional changes are more common than transversions , with CpG dinucleotides showing the highest mutation rate , presumably due to deamination . Personal genomes ( edit ) See also : Personal genomics A personal genome sequence is a ( nearly ) complete sequence of the chemical base pairs that make up the DNA of a single person . Because medical treatments have different effects on different people due to genetic variations such as single - nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) , the analysis of personal genomes may lead to personalized medical treatment based on individual genotypes . The first personal genome sequence to be determined was that of Craig Venter in 2007 . Personal genomes had not been sequenced in the public Human Genome Project to protect the identity of volunteers who provided DNA samples . That sequence was derived from the DNA of several volunteers from a diverse population . However , early in the Venter - led Celera Genomics genome sequencing effort the decision was made to switch from sequencing a composite sample to using DNA from a single individual , later revealed to have been Venter himself . Thus the Celera human genome sequence released in 2000 was largely that of one man . Subsequent replacement of the early composite - derived data and determination of the diploid sequence , representing both sets of chromosomes , rather than a haploid sequence originally reported , allowed the release of the first personal genome . In April 2008 , that of James Watson was also completed . Since then hundreds of personal genome sequences have been released , including those of Desmond Tutu , and of a Paleo - Eskimo . In November 2013 , a Spanish family made their personal genomics data publicly available under a Creative Commons public domain license . The work was led by Manuel Corpas and the data obtained by direct - to - consumer genetic testing with 23andMe and the Beijing Genomics Institute ) . This is believed to be the first such public genomics dataset for a whole family . The sequencing of individual genomes further unveiled levels of genetic complexity that had not been appreciated before . Personal genomics helped reveal the significant level of diversity in the human genome attributed not only to SNPs but structural variations as well . However , the application of such knowledge to the treatment of disease and in the medical field is only in its very beginnings . Exome sequencing has become increasingly popular as a tool to aid in diagnosis of genetic disease because the exome contributes only 1 % of the genomic sequence but accounts for roughly 85 % of mutations that contribute significantly to disease . Human knockouts ( edit ) In humans , gene knockouts naturally occur as heterozygous or homozygous loss - of - function gene knockouts . These knockouts are often difficult to distinguish , especially within heterogeneous genetic backgrounds . They are also difficult to find as they occur in low frequencies . Populations with a high level of parental - relatedness result in a larger number of homozygous gene knockouts as compared to outbred populations . Populations with high rates of consanguinity , such as countries with high rates of first - cousin marriages , display the highest frequencies of homozygous gene knockouts . Such populations include Pakistan , Iceland , and Amish populations . These populations with a high level of parental - relatedness have been subjects of human knock out research which has helped to determine the function of specific genes in humans . By distinguishing specific knockouts , researchers are able to use phenotypic analyses of these individuals to help characterize the gene that has been knocked out . A pedigree displaying a first - cousin mating ( carriers both carrying heterozygous knockouts mating as marked by double line ) leading to offspring possessing a homozygous gene knockout . Knockouts in specific genes can cause genetic diseases , potentially have beneficial effects , or even result in no phenotypic effect at all . However , determining a knockout 's phenotypic effect and in humans can be challenging . Challenges to characterizing and clinically interpreting knockouts include difficulty calling of DNA variants , determining disruption of protein function ( annotation ) , and considering the amount of influence mosaicism has on the phenotype . One major study that investigated human knockouts is the Pakistan Risk of Myocardial Infarction study . It was found that individuals possessing a heterozygous loss - of - function gene knockout for the APOC3 gene had lower triglycerides in the blood after consuming a high fat meal as compared to individuals without the mutation . However , individuals possessing homozygous loss - of - function gene knockouts of the APOC3 gene displayed the lowest level of triglycerides in the blood after the fat load test , as they produce no functional APOC3 protein . Human genetic disorders ( edit ) Further information : Genetic disorder Most aspects of human biology involve both genetic ( inherited ) and non-genetic ( environmental ) factors . Some inherited variation influences aspects of our biology that are not medical in nature ( height , eye color , ability to taste or smell certain compounds , etc . ) . Moreover , some genetic disorders only cause disease in combination with the appropriate environmental factors ( such as diet ) . With these caveats , genetic disorders may be described as clinically defined diseases caused by genomic DNA sequence variation . In the most straightforward cases , the disorder can be associated with variation in a single gene . For example , cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene , and is the most common recessive disorder in caucasian populations with over 1,300 different mutations known . Disease - causing mutations in specific genes are usually severe in terms of gene function , and are fortunately rare , thus genetic disorders are similarly individually rare . However , since there are many genes that can vary to cause genetic disorders , in aggregate they constitute a significant component of known medical conditions , especially in pediatric medicine . Molecularly characterized genetic disorders are those for which the underlying causal gene has been identified , currently there are approximately 2,200 such disorders annotated in the OMIM database . Studies of genetic disorders are often performed by means of family - based studies . In some instances population based approaches are employed , particularly in the case of so - called founder populations such as those in Finland , French - Canada , Utah , Sardinia , etc . Diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders are usually performed by a geneticist - physician trained in clinical / medical genetics . The results of the Human Genome Project are likely to provide increased availability of genetic testing for gene - related disorders , and eventually improved treatment . Parents can be screened for hereditary conditions and counselled on the consequences , the probability it will be inherited , and how to avoid or ameliorate it in their offspring . As noted above , there are many different kinds of DNA sequence variation , ranging from complete extra or missing chromosomes down to single nucleotide changes . It is generally presumed that much naturally occurring genetic variation in human populations is phenotypically neutral , i.e. has little or no detectable effect on the physiology of the individual ( although there may be fractional differences in fitness defined over evolutionary time frames ) . Genetic disorders can be caused by any or all known types of sequence variation . To molecularly characterize a new genetic disorder , it is necessary to establish a causal link between a particular genomic sequence variant and the clinical disease under investigation . Such studies constitute the realm of human molecular genetics . With the advent of the Human Genome and International HapMap Project , it has become feasible to explore subtle genetic influences on many common disease conditions such as diabetes , asthma , migraine , schizophrenia , etc . Although some causal links have been made between genomic sequence variants in particular genes and some of these diseases , often with much publicity in the general media , these are usually not considered to be genetic disorders per se as their causes are complex , involving many different genetic and environmental factors . Thus there may be disagreement in particular cases whether a specific medical condition should be termed a genetic disorder . The categorized table below provides the prevalence as well as the genes or chromosomes associated with some human genetic disorders . Disorder Prevalence Chromosome or gene involved Chromosomal conditions Down syndrome 1 : 600 Chromosome 21 Klinefelter syndrome 1 : 500 -- 1000 males Additional X chromosome Turner syndrome 1 : 2000 females Loss of X chromosome Sickle cell anemia 1 in 50 births in parts of Africa ; rarer elsewhere β - globin ( on chromosome 11 ) Cancers Breast / Ovarian cancer ( susceptibility ) ~ 5 % of cases of these cancer types BRCA1 , BRCA2 FAP ( hereditary nonpolyposis coli ) 1 : 3500 APC Lynch syndrome 5 -- 10 % of all cases of bowel cancer MLH1 , MSH2 , MSH6 , PMS2 Neurological conditions Huntington disease 1 : 20000 Huntingtin Alzheimer disease ‐ early onset 1 : 2500 PS1 , PS2 , APP Other conditions Cystic fibrosis 1 : 2500 CFTR Duchenne muscular dystrophy 1 : 3500 boys Dystrophin Evolution ( edit ) Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← LCA - Gorilla separation ← Possibly bipedal ← LCA - Chimpanzee separation ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : million years Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline See also : Human evolution and Chimpanzee Genome Project Comparative genomics studies of mammalian genomes suggest that approximately 5 % of the human genome has been conserved by evolution since the divergence of extant lineages approximately 200 million years ago , containing the vast majority of genes . The published chimpanzee genome differs from that of the human genome by 1.23 % in direct sequence comparisons . Around 20 % of this figure is accounted for by variation within each species , leaving only ~ 1.06 % consistent sequence divergence between humans and chimps at shared genes . This nucleotide by nucleotide difference is dwarfed , however , by the portion of each genome that is not shared , including around 6 % of functional genes that are unique to either humans or chimps . In other words , the considerable observable differences between humans and chimps may be due as much or more to genome level variation in the number , function and expression of genes rather than DNA sequence changes in shared genes . Indeed , even within humans , there has been found to be a previously unappreciated amount of copy number variation ( CNV ) which can make up as much as 5 -- 15 % of the human genome . In other words , between humans , there could be + / - 500,000,000 base pairs of DNA , some being active genes , others inactivated , or active at different levels . The full significance of this finding remains to be seen . On average , a typical human protein - coding gene differs from its chimpanzee ortholog by only two amino acid substitutions ; nearly one third of human genes have exactly the same protein translation as their chimpanzee orthologs . A major difference between the two genomes is human chromosome 2 , which is equivalent to a fusion product of chimpanzee chromosomes 12 and 13 . ( later renamed to chromosomes 2A and 2B , respectively ) . Humans have undergone an extraordinary loss of olfactory receptor genes during our recent evolution , which explains our relatively crude sense of smell compared to most other mammals . Evolutionary evidence suggests that the emergence of color vision in humans and several other primate species has diminished the need for the sense of smell . In September 2016 , scientists reported that , based on human DNA genetic studies , all non-Africans in the world today can be traced to a single population that exited Africa between 50,000 and 80,000 years ago . Mitochondrial DNA ( edit ) The human mitochondrial DNA is of tremendous interest to geneticists , since it undoubtedly plays a role in mitochondrial disease . It also sheds light on human evolution ; for example , analysis of variation in the human mitochondrial genome has led to the postulation of a recent common ancestor for all humans on the maternal line of descent ( see Mitochondrial Eve ) . Due to the lack of a system for checking for copying errors , mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) has a more rapid rate of variation than nuclear DNA . This 20-fold higher mutation rate allows mtDNA to be used for more accurate tracing of maternal ancestry . Studies of mtDNA in populations have allowed ancient migration paths to be traced , such as the migration of Native Americans from Siberia or Polynesians from southeastern Asia . It has also been used to show that there is no trace of Neanderthal DNA in the European gene mixture inherited through purely maternal lineage . Due to the restrictive all or none manner of mtDNA inheritance , this result ( no trace of Neanderthal mtDNA ) would be likely unless there were a large percentage of Neanderthal ancestry , or there was strong positive selection for that mtDNA ( for example , going back 5 generations , only 1 of your 32 ancestors contributed to your mtDNA , so if one of these 32 was pure Neanderthal you would expect that ~ 3 % of your autosomal DNA would be of Neanderthal origin , yet you would have a ~ 97 % chance to have no trace of Neanderthal mtDNA ) . Epigenome ( edit ) See also : Epigenetics Epigenetics describes a variety of features of the human genome that transcend its primary DNA sequence , such as chromatin packaging , histone modifications and DNA methylation , and which are important in regulating gene expression , genome replication and other cellular processes . Epigenetic markers strengthen and weaken transcription of certain genes but do not affect the actual sequence of DNA nucleotides . DNA methylation is a major form of epigenetic control over gene expression and one of the most highly studied topics in epigenetics . During development , the human DNA methylation profile experiences dramatic changes . In early germ line cells , the genome has very low methylation levels . These low levels generally describe active genes . As development progresses , parental imprinting tags lead to increased methylation activity . Epigenetic patterns can be identified between tissues within an individual as well as between individuals themselves . Identical genes that have differences only in their epigenetic state are called epialleles . Epialleles can be placed into three categories : those directly determined by an individual 's genotype , those influenced by genotype , and those entirely independent of genotype . The epigenome is also influenced significantly by environmental factors . Diet , toxins , and hormones impact the epigenetic state . Studies in dietary manipulation have demonstrated that methyl - deficient diets are associated with hypomethylation of the epigenome . Such studies establish epigenetics as an important interface between the environment and the genome . 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-4816333475494945778 | Gwen Stacy | Gwen Stacy - wikipedia Gwen Stacy Jump to : navigation , search For the alternate - universe superhero version , see Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) . For the comic - book series starring the alternate - universe superhero version , see Spider - Gwen . For the Christian metalcore band , see Gwen Stacy ( band ) . Gwen Stacy Gwen Stacy on the cover to The Spectacular Spider - Man , Vol. 2 , # 23 ( March 2005 ) . Art by Greg Land . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) Created by Stan Lee Steve Ditko In - story information Full name Gwendolyn Maxine Stacy Supporting character of Spider - Man Ultimate Spider - Man Dead Girl Notable aliases Spider - Gwen Gwendolyne Maxine `` Gwen '' Stacy is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider - Man . A college student , she was a long - term romantic interest for Peter Parker before she was murdered by the Green Goblin ( Norman Osborn ) . Spider - Man writers and fans often debate whether Peter 's `` one true love '' is Gwen Stacy , or Mary Jane Watson ( Peter 's later girlfriend and wife ) . Stories published long after her death indicate that Gwen still holds a special place in his heart . The character has been portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2007 film Spider - Man 3 and by Emma Stone in the 2012 reboot film The Amazing Spider - Man and its sequel The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early history 2.2 Death 2.3 Clones 2.4 `` Sins Past '' 2.5 Dead No More : The Clone Conspiracy 3 Other versions 3.1 `` Age of Apocalypse '' 3.2 Gwenpool 3.3 `` House of M '' 3.4 Marvel Adventures 3.5 Marvel Zombies Return 3.6 Powerless 3.7 Spider - Gwen 3.8 Spider - Punk 3.9 Spider - Man : Fairy Tales 3.10 Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane 3.11 Spider - Man Unlimited 3.12 Ultimate Marvel 3.13 What If 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.2. 1 Sam Raimi series 4.2. 2 Marc Webb series 4.3 Video games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko , Gwen Stacy first appeared in The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) In her initial appearances , Peter Parker meets Gwen while both are studying as undergraduates at Empire State University , but with Aunt May in the hospital , Peter is troubled and ignores her advances . Furious , she dates both Flash Thompson and Harry Osborn . Gradually , however , a romance develops ; Gwen , a science major , seems to appreciate Peter 's intellectual personality . Their relationship begins almost immediately after Peter stops going out with Mary Jane , whom he starts seeing as shallow and self - absorbed . Later issues introduced Gwen 's father , ( police ) Captain George Stacy . Though her father is both fond of Peter and supportive of his alter - ego Spider - Man , he ultimately only strains his relationship with Gwen after he is killed by falling debris during a battle involving Spider - Man and Doctor Octopus . Gwen blames Spider - Man for his death , and leaves for Europe to cope with her loss . She wants Peter to ask her to marry him and convince her to stay , but his guilt stops him from proposing . Gwen 's feelings for Peter eventually prompt her to return to New York , and their relationship is rekindled . According to Lee , who scripted all of the stories featuring Gwen Stacy up to this point , the original intent was for Gwen Stacy to be Spider - Man 's central love interest , `` but no matter how we ( i.e. Lee and his artist / co-plotter collaborators ) wrote it , Mary Jane always seemed more interesting ! '' Death ( edit ) Main article : The Night Gwen Stacy Died Gerry Conway and Roy Thomas succeeded Stan Lee as writer and editor , respectively , of The Amazing Spider - Man . Together with inker John Romita , Sr. , they came to the decision to have Gwen Stacy killed off . It was Romita who first suggested the idea , during a plotting session with Conway when Romita was still penciller on The Amazing Spider - Man . Conway later said his contribution to the decision was motivated by a desire to bring Mary Jane Watson to the forefront , as he shared Lee 's feeling that she was a more interesting character than Gwen Stacy : `` ( Mary Jane ) had n't lost the edge that made her an interesting character . Gwen did n't have an edge . She was just a nice person . '' The Green Goblin kidnaps and throws Gwen Stacy off the George Washington Bridge in The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 ( June 1973 ) . Both the decision to kill Gwen and the method in which Marvel implemented it remain controversial among fans because some believe that Peter himself was the one who caused her death . The death became a pivotal point in both Spider - Man 's history and in American comic books in general . Many point to Gwen 's death as the end of the Silver Age of Comics . Before her death , except possibly as part of an origin story , superheroes did not fail so catastrophically ; nor did the hero 's loved ones die so suddenly and without warning . In his book The Physics of Superheroes , physicist James Kakalios writes that , consistent with Newton 's laws of motion , the sudden stop would have killed Gwen Stacy . The comic book Civil War : Casualties of War : Captain America / Iron Man ( 2007 ) concurred that the proximate cause of death was the sudden stop during a high - speed fall . An issue of Peter Parker / Spider - Man revisits the issue , and further confirms Gwen died of a broken neck due to the use of the webbing . On the other hand , in the 1987 edition of The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe , Gwen 's death is attributed to the fall , not to Spider - Man 's webbing . Within the Marvel Comics , Gwen Stacy 's death has enormous repercussions . Mary Jane Watson feels the loss of Gwen deeply and becomes a more mature , compassionate person . Gwen 's death also draws Peter and Mary Jane into a closer friendship , and eventually to romance . Miles Warren , one of Gwen 's professors , was secretly in love with her . Following her death , Warren goes insane and adopts the persona of the Jackal . In the fourth and final issue of the miniseries Marvels ( April 1994 ) , photographer Phil Sheldon befriends Gwen Stacy , who has absolved Spider - Man of any blame for her father 's death . Gwen 's simple faith in heroes convinces Sheldon of the purpose of the `` Marvels '' ( i.e. , superheroes ) -- to protect innocents such as Gwen . He resolves to write a book to praise the heroes and what they should mean to humanity . When the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen and holds her hostage to bait Spider - Man , Sheldon frantically follows the resulting chase in a taxi and witnesses her death . While it is reported that she died from the shock of the fall Sheldon thinks it looks like something else . Sheldon 's faith in the Marvels is shattered . Clones ( edit ) Following the publication of The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 , Stan Lee ( who had since become Marvel 's publisher ) was frequently criticized by fans during his public appearances for killing off Gwen Stacy . Lee , who had also found the character 's death objectionable , insisted that Conway write a story bringing her back . Conway strongly objected since he felt any sort of resurrection would break the plausibility of the stories , but ultimately gave in under the condition that after reviving Gwen , he could write her out of the book as soon as he wanted . He decided that cloning would be the best means to bring the character back . In the resulting story , set approximately two years after Gwen Stacy 's death , `` Gwen '' reappears , perfectly healthy but with no memory of the time since her death . This story , published in Amazing Spider - Man # 144 ( May 1975 ) , initiated the original Clone Saga . At the end of that story , Gwen 's clone , a creation of Spider - Man villain the Jackal , leaves to find a new life for herself , coming to accept that she is not really the same person who had a relationship with Peter Parker . In the 1988 crossover `` The Evolutionary War '' , the High Evolutionary , who had once been Miles Warren 's teacher , captures Gwen 's clone . He is dismayed to learn that Miles Warren has perfected the art of cloning and thus lies to the New Men that it was nothing more than a genetic construct created by a virus that he injected into his apprentice , Joyce Delaney . During the second `` Clone Saga '' , Gwen Stacy 's clone , now married to a clone of Professor Warren named Warren Miles , sees a copy of Peter Parker 's book of Spider - Man photos , Webs , and remembers ( to an extent ) her real history . She returns to New York City . During this storyline , she again disappears from Spider - Man 's life . It was revealed the Gwen Stacy clone introduced in Amazing Spider - Man # 144 was in fact the second Gwen clone Miles Warren created and has been living in London under the name Joyce Delaney . This clone is murdered by the Gwen Stacy clone known as Abby - L . Another Gwen clone appears in The Amazing Spider - Man # 399 ( March 1995 ) . This clone believes she is the real Gwen . She dies from clone degeneration in Spider - Man # 56 ( March 1995 ) , the next issue of the story arc . A further Gwen clone appears in the `` Sibling Rivalry '' crossover storyline between Superior Spider - Man Team - Up and Scarlet Spider . She joins the Jackal ( alongside Carrion and a regular Miles Warren clone ) in capturing Superior Spider - Man and Kaine . She is sympathetic towards `` Peter '' and Kaine , but at the same time utterly loyal to the Jackal . When the Spiders break free , Superior Spider - Man disarms and attempts to kill her , but is stopped by Kaine . When the Jackal 's lab is engulfed in flames , Kaine offers to save her , but she refuses , and is seemingly consumed by the fire . `` Sins Past '' ( edit ) The story arc `` Sins Past '' by J. Michael Straczynski in The Amazing Spider - Man # 509 -- 514 ( August 2004 -- January 2005 ) reveals Norman Osborn , the Green Goblin 's alter ego , fathered twins , a boy and a girl , with Gwen Stacy , to whom she gave birth while in France shortly before her death . She vowed she would raise them with Peter ( despite the fact that he was not aware of Gwen 's infidelity ) and refused to allow Norman access to them . Seeing her as a threat to his potential heirs , the Green Goblin killed Gwen . Norman Osborn then raised Gwen 's two children , a boy and a girl named Gabriel and Sarah . Straczynski later stated he originally wanted to make Peter Parker the father of Gwen 's kids but the editors vetoed the idea . They felt it would age Peter Parker too much if he had two adult children . The whole creative and editorial team then decided Norman Osborn would be the father . In an e-mail to the comic book website Newsarama , Straczynski claimed he regretted the version of `` Sins Past '' that went to press , and he had hoped to `` retcon '' it out of continuity during the events of the then - recent `` One More Day '' storyline : `` I wanted to retcon the Gwen twins out of continuity , which was something I always assumed I could do at the end of my run . I was n't allowed to do this , and yes , it pissed me off . '' In the original plans for `` One More Day '' , the story would have ended with Gwen Stacy being resurrected by Mephisto 's reality - warping spell along with Harry Osborn , but it was eventually decided to let her remain dead . Her son , Gabriel , has reappeared in subsequent stories . Dead no more : the clone Conspiracy ( edit ) In the Clone Conspiracy storyline , a flashback revealed that Gwen Stacy was conscious during Spider - Man and Green Goblin 's battle on the bridge and as she was falling to her death . She overheard Green Goblin and Spider - Man 's conversation . This caused her to discover Peter is Spider - Man and was angered by Peter keeping this secret and his involvement in her father 's death . In the present , Gwen is supposedly revived by the Jackal with his clones . The Jackal claims that this one is not a clone but the real Gwen who was harvested from her remains and still remembers everything in her life , including her death . The Jackal offers Gwen the opportunity to be his business partner as he tries to change the world with his new technology . Gwen is hesitant about this new life at first but accepts it when the Jackal shows that he has reanimated the clone of her father , who is much better than he was before he died . When Spider - Man arrives at the incorporation and discovers the Jackal 's experiments , he is surprised by Gwen 's presence and notes that unlike the other people he revived , who are with clones by the Jackal , Gwen does not trigger his spider - sense , making him wonder if she was the real one , but he is attacked by the `` reborn '' Doctor Octopus before he can question the issue further . After the Jackal breaks up the fight and shows Spider - Man around the New U , George Stacy clone recognizes something off about Gwen 's face and points his gun at her . It was revealed that the Gwen clone was actually her Earth - 65 counterpart Spider - Woman that assists Spider - Man in escaping . The real Gwen is kidnapped by Kaine and taken to Parker Industries to be studied . Kaine reveals that he and Spider - Woman came to this world to assist Spider - Man was because they saw that apparently Spider - Man allying with the Jackal 's offer on other worlds results in a global disaster . Rhino and Electro are sent to retrieve Gwen after attacking the staff , but Gwen tells them to take Kaine with him too because the condition could help with Jackal 's experiments . Anna Maria Marconi also volunteers to come with because she has studied both Kaine and the drug . When Spider - Man is taken to Haven , he catches up with Gwen in the household in the facility , where she tries to convince him to support New U Technologies . Peter still has a hard time believing she was the real Gwen given his other experiences with clones . Gwen tries justifying her existence by telling Peter her memories , including how she overheard the Green Goblin talking to Spider - Man confront before her death . Peter thinks she died hating him , but Gwen said that she did not hate him , but rather died feeling betrayed . Peter again still has doubts towards Gwen not being a clone , she tries kissing him with no avail that only pushes him to put the mask back on . Gwen witnesses Jackal order the villains clone to kill Spider - Man and wants to help . When Doctor Octopus pulls a switch which activates the Carrion Virus in all of the revived and causes them to start rapidly decaying , including Gwen and George . After her father deteriorates in Gwen 's arms , she assists Spider - Man by helping him get to the lab . When the villains clone get to the lab doors , Gwen locks Spider - Man inside the lab and sacrifices herself towards the villains to give Spider - Man more time . Following the Carrion Virus being thwarted , Spider - Man and Anna check the building and see that Gwen has been reduced to dust . Other versions ( edit ) `` Age of Apocalypse '' ( edit ) In the two - issue mini-series X-Universe , which details what happened to the rest of the Marvel Universe during the `` Age of Apocalypse '' storyline , the Green Goblin never killed Gwen Stacy . Instead she became the bodyguard of Donald Blake , who , in this reality , had never become the Mighty Thor . Sometime later in the mainstream universe in X-Man # 37 , the Age of Apocalypse version of Gwen is pulled from her reality to the mainstream Earth 's George Washington Bridge , much to Spider - Man 's shock . Gwenpool ( edit ) Main article : Gwenpool Due to the popularity of Spider - Gwen , in June 2015 Marvel published variant covers for 20 of their current series , which saw Gwen Stacy re-imagined as other Marvel characters , such as Doctor Strange , Groot and Wolverine . One of those variants , for `` Deadpool 's Secret Secret Wars # 2 '' , featured an amalgam of Gwen Stacy and Deadpool dubbed `` Gwenpool '' , which turned out to be especially popular with the fans . As the result , Marvel produced two stories featuring Gwenpool as a character , a backup story in the series `` Howard the Duck '' , and a one - shot `` Gwenpool Holiday Special # 1 '' . A retcon in the Howard the Duck # 1 backup it was revealed her name is actually `` Gwen Poole '' , not Gwen Stacy , or even an alternate version of Gwen Stacy . Following the publication of the one - shot , an ongoing series titled The Unbelievable Gwenpool by the same creative team was announced , starting in April 2016 . `` House of M '' ( edit ) In the reality seen in the `` House of M '' storyline , in which the Scarlet Witch alters reality to make mutants the ruling class over humans , Gwen was never killed . Instead , she married Peter Parker , and the couple had a young son . She had become a scientist , a savvy businesswoman , and a peace activist -- and had a decidedly hostile relationship with chemical weapon developer Norman Osborn . Mary Jane Watson , a popular actress in this reality , played Gwen Stacy in the film adaptation of Spider - Man 's life story . Gwen and her father read textual accounts of their deaths in the main universe , though they believe this simply to be the morbid imaginings of Peter Parker , who is suffering from mental health issues . Marvel Adventures ( edit ) Gwen Stacy first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 53 as a new student of Midtown High . She had transferred from her previous school after the Torino Gang , a powerful New York mob , began harassing her in an attempt to keep her father , police captain George Stacy , from arresting members of their gang . However , the Torinos continued to harass Gwen at Midtown , prompting Spider - Man to help the police take down the gang . Like her father , Gwen believes Spider - Man is a hero . She subsequently began participating in a `` Spider - Man Appreciation Society '' designed to foster better public opinion of Spider - Man . Gwen is also attracted to Spider - Man 's alter ego Peter Parker ; although she openly flirted with him , Peter began dating a different girl , Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval , which made Gwen very unhappy . Later , Gwen was brainwashed by Emma Frost into believing she was dating Peter . Gwen 's brainwashing wore off ( or was undone by Emma ) , but Gwen now believes her relationship with Peter ended when he chose Chat over her , causing her to treat Chat very coldly . She has since warmed to Chat , however . Recently , Gwen began a close friendship with Carter Torino who is the grandson of the head of the Torino Gang . Their relationship is complicated by the fact Gwen 's father is still trying to take down Carter 's criminal family . Marvel Zombies return ( edit ) In the limited series , Marvel Zombies Return , Gwen of ' Earth Z ' is still a college student out with her friends Mary Jane and Harry Osborn . The zombified Spider - Man travels to this earth and , despite his best intentions , turns the Sinister Six . They then slay and partly consume Gwen and her friends . To stop the spread of the virus , Spider - Man obliterates the bodies . Powerless ( edit ) In the Powerless mini-series , Gwen Stacy again appears as the girlfriend of Peter Parker . Norman Osborn again kidnaps and attempts to kill her as a part of a plan to intimidate Peter . In a twist , the powerless Peter ( with a limb crippled from a spider bite ) manages to save Gwen from falling to her death . Spider - Gwen ( edit ) Gwen Stacy as Spider - Woman ( nicknamed `` The White Widow '' by cosplayers ) in an alternate universe . Named `` Spider - Gwen '' by the fans and authors . Main article : Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) In the alternate reality designated Earth - 65 , Gwen Stacy is the one bitten by the radioactive spider , and becomes a superhero going by the name of Spider - Woman . She is also a member of a band fronted by Mary Jane Watson , simply called the Mary Janes . Shortly after Gwen begins fighting crime , Peter Parker attempts to exact revenge on those who bullied him , becoming this universe 's version of the Lizard . Gwen subdues him , but Peter dies towards the end of the battle due to the chemical he used . Spider - Woman is blamed for his death , causing an outcry for her arrest , led by J. Jonah Jameson . Her father , who is also a police chief in this world , begins a hunt for her . This follows Gwen into college , where she is still a member of the Mary Janes . At a gig of theirs , an assassin is sent after Gwen 's father , who is in the audience . Gwen defeats the assassin , the audience and band clearing out during the battle . While they are alone , Captain Stacy holds Spider - Woman at gun point , with Gwen taking off her mask to reveal who she is . Shocked upon learning Spider - Woman 's identity , he tells her to run before he changes his mind . In the distance , the Captain Britain from Earth - 833 , called Spider - UK , is watching , saying that Gwen will `` do quite nicely . '' Gwen is recruited by Spider - UK to team up with other Spider - Totems across the multiverse , and next appears on Earth - 616 with Old Man Spider - Man of Earth - 4 and Spider - Man of Earth - 70105 ( who in that reality is Bruce Banner ) to rescue Kaine , who was under attack by the Inheritors . Marvel - 616 Peter is hesitant to put Gwen in action and she is told by the others of how he failed to save her in his world . However he does recruit her for a mission and they both agree to look out for each other . Gwen is sent to recruit an alternate version of Peter Parker who is driven insane after he failed to save the Gwen Stacy in his dimension , killed the Green Goblin , and became the Hobgoblin . She tells him that he can become the man he once was if he joins them , but they are attacked by the Inheritors . Hobgoblin sacrifices himself to save Gwen . After the events of Spider - Verse , Gwen returns to her home of Earth - 65 where she continues her career as Spider - Woman in her own solo series , Spider - Gwen . She first saves George Stacy from mercenary Aleksei Sytsevich who was sent by Wilson Fisk and his lawyer Matt Murdock to target him . Then she begins a hunt for the Vulture who has been terrorizing the city in her absence . She appears as one of the main characters in the Secret Wars Spider - Verse event with Spider - Ham , Spider - Girl , Spider - UK , Spider - Man Noir , and Spider - Man India in a Battleworld called Archania ruled by Norman Osborn . They eventually form a team called the Web Warriors where they help other Spider - Men and Women in various dimensions . A child version of her also appears in Giant Size Little Marvel Avengers vs X-Men as a new kid that Tony Stark tries to ask out on a date . She rejects him because he 's a kid with a goatee and mustache . Another version of her is a member of Arcadia's 's A-Force . On Earth - 8 , she is married to Miles Morales and they have two children with Spider Powers . Spider - punk ( edit ) In an issue of Web Warriors , Spider - Punk mentions that the Gwen Stacy in his dimension was a musical icon . Spider - Man : fairy Tales ( edit ) Issue # 1 of Spider - Man : Fairy Tales follows the fairy tale of Little Red Riding Hood , reimagined with Mary Jane Watson as the titular character . Gwen Stacy has been previously killed by the wolf . Issue # 4 is an adaption of Cinderella with Gwen as Princess Gwendolyn . She falls in love with the masked `` Prince of Arachne , '' who is revealed to be Peter Parker , servant to Sir Osborn , but is killed during a fight between Osborn and Parker . Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane ( edit ) Gwen Stacy first appears at the end of Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane # 5 . She is the new girl at school and quickly becomes close friends with Peter Parker . In Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane # 9 , Peter and Gwen take their relationship to the next level by sharing a tender kiss , much to the dismay of Mary Jane . They date for a time , though Gwen breaks up with Peter when she learns Mary Jane is the girl he truly loves . MJ , attempting to fix this , breaks up with Peter and reunites with Harry . Peter can not commit to Gwen . She is unwilling to accept him as a friend and not a boyfriend . Spider - Man Unlimited ( edit ) In the fourth issue of the comic book based on the Spider - Man Unlimited animated series , Spidey encounters a Counter-Earth version of Gwen Stacy . She helps him escape a hidden paradise known as `` The Haven '' . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in Ultimate Spider - Man . In the Ultimate Marvel continuity , Gwen Stacy first appears in Ultimate Spider - Man # 14 ( December 2001 ) as a teenage girl at Peter 's high school . In this continuity , Gwen , whose rendition by artist Mark Bagley was inspired by an early - career Madonna , has amber eyes , wears punk - style clothing , and harbors a rebellious personality . In her first appearance she gives a rousing speech on ' super powers ' ; in the next issue she pulls a knife on Kong , a classmate who was bullying Peter . She is suspended from school temporarily . Gwen becomes friends with Peter , which leads Mary Jane Watson to believe Gwen is vying for his affections . Gwen is later taken in by Aunt May after her father , police captain John Stacy , is killed by a burglar wearing a Spider - Man costume . Her estranged mother does not want to take her in . Her living in the Parker house creates more tension between Peter and Mary Jane , and leads to their temporary break - up . Peter 's relationship with Gwen is further complicated by her hatred of Spider - Man , whom she blames for her father 's death . When Peter finds his friend Eddie Brock , Gwen confides in him about her feelings of isolation . Eddie then tries to kiss her . Gwen is shocked . When she eventually learns Peter is Spider - Man , the angry Gwen pulls her father 's gun on him . Fortunately , he manages to convince her he is not to blame for her father 's death . Gwen runs off but returns , explaining she is just really mad at everything at the moment . She would n't have really shot him , a fact Peter already knew because his spider sense did n't go off despite Gwen 's wrath . Gwen then agrees to keep his secret . Gwen Stacy dies in Ultimate Spider - Man # 62 . Before her death , she made peace with Mary Jane and assured her she never had romantic feelings for Peter . She considered him just as a friend . She is killed by Carnage , a vampiric monster made by the splicing of genetic material from Peter Parker , his father , and Dr. Curt Connors . Although Peter is not in the area when she dies , he still feels some responsibility for her death , as he allowed Dr. Connors to use his genetic material for experimentation . His guilt makes him decide to retire as Spider - Man for a while . Eventually , he takes up his hero identity when his responsibility for the innocent becomes too great to overlook . At the end of the arc , there was an issue that dealt with Gwen 's death . Flash Thompson makes an off - color remark about Gwen 's passing . It infuriates MJ to the point where she physically attacks Flash . It is revealed Flash had a crush on Gwen all along . A girl seeming to be Gwen Stacy appears in Ultimate Spider - Man # 98 . Says Ultimate artist Mark Bagley , `` Gwen 's return is integral to the Clone storyline and is basically a way to rock Peter 's world ... again . '' In this issue `` Gwen '' appears to have no memory of her `` death '' and believes she was in a hospital , from which she has escaped . In issue # 100 , after a raft of revelations , the stress of the situation enrages `` Gwen '' . She transforms into what appears to be Carnage before leaping out the window . In the next issue , `` Richard Parker '' claims `` Gwen '' should not have met Peter at all , and was merely an experiment in stem cell research . This Gwen / Carnage fights with the Fantastic Four , Nick Fury , and the Spider - Slayer drones , until she is knocked unconscious by a beam of light , and taken into custody . In issue # 113 , Norman Osborn as the Green Goblin causes a massive prison break from the Triskelion . An inmate appearing to be ' Gwen ' walks out amidst the chaos , disappearing in the shadows . It has been revealed the creature posing as Gwen Stacy is still the original Ultimate Carnage Spider - Man faced earlier in its run . After `` devouring '' Gwen , this incarnation of Carnage has gone on to mimic her `` essence '' and now believes itself to be Gwen Stacy . During the `` War of the Symbiotes '' storyline , Gwen / Carnage 's back story in the Triskelion is revealed . It is shown Gwen has been taking some form of therapy with Tony Stark . However , when the Green Goblin broke out of the Triskelion , Gwen escaped and went to Peter Parker 's house in a confused and terrified state , with Carnage 's face on her body . During an exchange between Peter and Gwen , Eddie Brock attempts to attack Aunt May and retake his symbiote . In a rage , Spider - Man engages Venom on a nearby rooftop . During the fight , Gwen is shown to be able to use her symbiote to fight off Eddie but Eddie reabsorbs his symbiote along with the Carnage symbiote rendering Gwen Stacy an average girl . After SHIELD intervenes , SHIELD Director Danvers states Gwen will remain in S.H.I.E.L.D. custody . Peter and May argue for her to come back to live with them , with Tony Stark supporting the Parkers . In Ultimate Spider - Man # 129 , the Parkers are now helping to rebuild Gwen 's life . Her ghastly experience with the Carnage symbiote also causes her to develop a death anxiety she gradually controls . Six months after the `` Ultimatum '' storyline , in Ultimate Comics Spider - Man # 1 , Gwen is living with the Parkers again and seems to be dating Peter . However , circumstances involving the Chameleon made Gwen realize she made a mistake dating Peter . She breaks up with him , but still lives with the Parkers due to Gwen and Aunt May has become close in a surrogate mother - daughter fashion . After Peter 's death , Gwen and May re-located in France , but returned to New York after hearing about the re-emergence of a new Spider - Man . Afterwards , they meet the Peter Parker of the Earth - 616 continuity after he was accidentally and briefly sent to the Ultimate universe , with Gwen being intrigued to learn about her counterpart ( although she is not informed that her other self dead , Gwen also `` neglecting '' to tell Peter that she had died and revived ) , as she also attempts to tell Mary Jane about the other Peter 's arrival in their world . When Green Goblin escapes custody after S.H.I.E.L.D. was shut down , he arrives at the front yard of Aunt May 's house and confronts the new Spider - Man . Gwen and Aunt May are inside watching the television where the battle of the new Spider - Man and Green Goblin was being broadcast . Soon , Spider - Man emerges to aid the new Spider - Man in the fight , to the surprise of Gwen and Aunt May . Green Goblin flees at his arrival and the two Spider - Men depart . Gwen is unsure of the identity of the original Spider - Man , however , Aunt May assures her that his motives show that it him . Later , Gwen and Aunt May walk over to Mary Jane 's house and overhear Peter 's unknown resurrection . Gwen sprints over and joyfully reunites with him . After the two Spider - Men defeat Green Goblin , Peter tells Gwen that he intends to go on a quest to find out the truth of his mystery resurrection . Early in the series , Ultimate Spider - Man # 25 ( October 2002 ) paid homage to Gwen Stacy 's death in the Earth - 616 continuity , although Gwen herself was not involved . The Green Goblin tossed Mary Jane off the Queensboro Bridge . Spider - Man caught her leg with his webbing , just as with Gwen . The issue ended with a cliffhanger : when Spider - Man pulled Mary Jane up , she appeared to be either unconscious or dead . The cliffhanger was resolved in the next issue when Mary Jane awoke in # 26 , uninjured . What if ( edit ) In `` What if Gwen Stacy had lived ? '' , Peter saves Gwen by jumping after her rather than catching her with a web - line . In doing this , he cushions her from the impact as they hit the water and subsequently gives her CPR . After regaining consciousness , Gwen sees him without his mask . After explaining himself to her , Peter proposes to Gwen . She accepts . Meanwhile , the Green Goblin mails to J. Jonah Jameson proof of Spider - Man 's real identity . On the day of Peter 's wedding to Gwen , Jonah has published the expose and uses it to acquire a warrant for Peter 's arrest . Peter escapes from the police moments after his wedding to Gwen , but the issue ends with Peter on the run from the law and pondering his uncertain future . As the issue ends , Gwen departs with Joe ' Robbie ' Robertson , who promises Gwen they will do whatever they can to help Peter and quits the Bugle . In `` What If Spider - Man Had Kept His Six Arms ? '' , Spider - Man ( whose six - arms mutation was permanent here ) is able to prevent Gwen Stacy 's death . At the very end of Peter David 's one - shot `` What If : The Other , '' Peter Parker ( now calling himself `` Poison '' ) uses part of the Venom symbiote attached to him in the resurrection of Gwen Stacy . She takes the appearance of Carnage . In other media ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in The Spectacular Spider - Man . Bryce Dallas Howard as Gwen Stacy in Spider - Man 3 . Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man . Television ( edit ) Gwen Stacy was deliberately excluded from the 1990s Spider - Man animated series as the creators felt they could neither allow her to live nor deliberately include a character who was going to die . An alternate version of the character did appear in the series finale , voiced by Mary Kay Bergman . The fiancée of Spider - Man 's high - tech armored counterpart in this parallel universe , the primary version of Spider - Man meets Gwen for the first time . Gwen plays a role in help defeating Spider - Carnage . Gwen Stacy appears as a central character in The Spectacular Spider - Man , voiced by Lacey Chabert . Depicted as a teenager , this version is friends with Peter Parker and Harry Osborn and is the daughter of George Stacy . She has hidden romantic feelings for Peter , being hurt several times when he expressed interest in other girls . Throughout season one , she becomes concerned when Harry become addicted to Gobulin Green . At the end of season one , she kisses Peter , leaving them in an awkward standing in season two . Despite their feeling for each other , Peter begins dating Liz Allan and she dates Harry . In the series finale , `` Final Curtain '' , she and Peter acknowledge how they feel about each other , and agree to break up with Harry and Liz . However , after Norman Osborn 's apparent death , Gwen stays in a relationship with Harry because she would be the only one to care for him . A variation of Spider - Gwen , native to Miles Morales ' dimension shows up in the final part of Return to the Spider - verse in Ultimate Spider - Man vs. the Sinister Six , voiced by Dove Cameron . This version does n't have Spider powers and instead relies on tech stolen from her father 's robot program to become Spider - Woman , with the help of her world 's Aunt May after Miles was transported to the alternate dimension early in the season . She is a big help in the final battle against Peter Parker 's villainous counterpart Wolf - Spider . Gwen also stated she was a friend of her dimension 's Peter Parker before his death . Gwen Stacy as Spider - Gwen appears in the 2017 series Spider - Man , voiced by Laura Bailey . This version is one of Peter 's classmates at Horizon High and specializes in DNA formulas . She was inspired to pursue science by her uncle , Raymond Warren , later revealed to be the villainous Jackal . Film ( edit ) Sam raimi series ( edit ) Gwen Stacy is portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider - Man 3 . She is a potential new love interest for Peter Parker , serving as an unintended rival to Mary Jane Watson . Gwen is a classmate and lab partner of Peter Parker and Spider - Man rescues her early in the film from a construction crane accident . She kisses an upside - down Spider - Man in similar fashion to how Mary Jane did in Spider - Man which causes Mary Jane to become angry and hurt . As Peter is at the top of Dr. Connors 's quantum mechanics class , he tutors her . She considers Peter a genius and is very fond of him . She is also friends with Eddie Brock as he took pictures of her so Gwen could be a model . Brock 's relationship is short - lived , as Peter , under the influence of the symbiote , steals her from Eddie . He dances with her at the same jazz club where Mary Jane works , but Gwen realizes Peter is doing this to make Mary Jane jealous . Gwen , upset about this , approaches Mary Jane , apologizes , and storms out of the club , leaving Peter behind . She is later present at Harry Osborn 's funeral . Bryce Dallas Howard said she would love to be a part of any continuation of the film franchise , while acknowledging her character 's opportunity may have passed , especially after Spider - Man 3 ended with Peter and Mary Jane once again in each other 's arms . In May 2007 , actor James Cromwell , who played Captain Stacy in the film stated he thought the natural progression for the character would be for both to die early in Spider - Man 4 , mirroring the comics . Howard said a death would not have bothered her . The film was ultimately unmade , although Stacy was in the draft . Marc webb series ( edit ) Emma Stone portrays Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man as Peter Parker 's love interest . She works as an assistant at Dr. Curt Connors 's laboratory at Oscorp , where Peter is bitten by a genetically - engineered spider . She subsequently develops a crush on him , and he soon lets her in on his secret identity as Spider - Man . Gwen plays an important role in the Lizard 's defeat , by helping Peter develop an antidote for the serum that mutates people into reptilian hybrids through cross-species genetics , using her own scientific background . Unfortunately , her father is killed by the Lizard before Peter can defeat the villain . George begs Peter to keep Gwen out of his dangerous life . Peter honors that vow without telling Gwen immediately ; this affronts Gwen until she realizes what her father did , and subsequently forgives Peter . However , when Peter later wonders if he should keep that promise , she just smiles . Emma Stone reprises her role as Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Gwen continues to work at Oscorp , which is owned by Harry Osborn , Peter 's best friend . By now , Peter and Gwen have decided to keep their relationship platonic , but Peter 's romantic feelings for her are rekindled when she tells him that she is going to England to study at Oxford University . When Oscorp employee Max Dillon suffers an industrial accident and becomes the villain Electro , Gwen starts asking questions ; Donald Menken , a high ranking and mutinous Oscorp board member , decides that she is a threat , fires her and targets her for elimination . When Electro attacks the city 's electricity supply , Gwen and Spider - Man work together to stop him . Just then , the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen and holds her hostage atop of the power plant 's clock tower , intent on drawing Spider - Man out . The Green Goblin throws Gwen through the tower 's glass rooftop , but Spider - Man saves her by shooting a web for her to grab onto . The web eventually breaks , however , and Gwen falls to the ground far below . Spider - Man catches her with another web an instant too late , as her head hits the concrete floor , killing her instantly . Gwen 's death sends Peter into a deep depression , and he decides to give up being Spider - Man . Five months later , he watches a video of Gwen 's graduation speech , in which she tells her class that hope is what makes life worth living , even in the darkest of times . Inspired , Peter decides to once again become Spider - Man . In both films , Kari Coleman , Charlie DePew , Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier portray the Stacy family : Helen Stacy ( Gwen 's mom ) , Philip Stacy , Howard Stacy , and Simon Stacy ( Gwen 's younger brothers ) respectively . Video games ( edit ) Gwen Stacy is briefly mentioned in Spider - Man : Edge of Time . When a futuristic version of Peter Parker reveals his plans to Spider - Man 2099 , he mentions he can save the lives of Uncle Ben , Gwen Stacy , George Stacy and countless others . Gwen Stacy appears in The Amazing Spider - Man voiced by Kari Wahlgren . Gwen Stacy makes her debut as a playable character in the Lego game Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced again by Kari Wahlgren . Gwen Stacy / Spider - Gwen is a playable character in Kabam 's Android / iOS mobile game , Marvel : Contest of Champions . See also ( edit ) The Night Gwen Stacy Died Spider - Man supporting characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gwen Stacy 's full first name was given in Amazing Spider - Man # 62 as `` Gwendolyn '' and in # 90 as `` Gwendolyne . '' Both issues were written by Stan Lee . ^ Jump up to : Gwen Stacy states her full name as `` Gwen Maxine Stacy '' in Ultimate Spider - Man # 127 . Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . This monumental issue saw the first appearances of Peter 's upcoming love interest Gwen Stacy , prospective best friend , Harry Osborn , and even the future super villain known as the Jackal . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ( 2007 ) . The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City . New York City : Pocket Books . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 3141 - 6 . Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 90 Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 55 : `` Captain George Stacy had always believed in Spider - Man and had given him the benefit of the doubt whenever possible . So in Spider - Man 's world , there was a good chance that he would be destined to die . '' Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 98 Jump up ^ Fisch , Sholly ( September 1987 ) . `` The Wedding of the Year '' . Marvel Age ( 54 ) . Marvel Comics . pp. 12 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 30 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 32 . ^ Jump up to : Conway , Gerry ( June 1995 ) . `` Foreword '' . Spider - Man : Clone Genesis . Marvel Comics . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 7851 - 0158 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Veronese , Keith ( October 2010 ) . `` Spider - Man : The Beginnings of the Clone Saga '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 69 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Karen ( October 2010 ) . `` Gwen , the Goblin , and the Spider - Fans '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 21 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold T. ( Fall 2003 ) . `` ' The Night Gwen Stacy Died : ' The End of Innocence and the Birth of the Bronze Age '' . Reconstruction. 3 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1970s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . Dorling Kindersley . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0756641238 . In June ( 1973 ) , Marvel embarked on a story that would have far - reaching effects . The Amazing Spider - Man artist John Romita , Sr. suggested killing off Spider - Man 's beloved Gwen Stacy in order to shake up the book 's status quo . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 68 : `` This story by writer Gerry Conway and penciler Gil Kane would go down in history as one of the most memorable events of Spider - Man 's life . '' Jump up ^ David , Peter ; Greenberger , Robert ( 2010 ) . The Spider - Man Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel 's Web . Running Press . p. 49 . ISBN 0762437723 . The idea of beloved supporting characters meeting their deaths may be standard operating procedure now but in 1973 it was unprecedented ... Gwen 's death took villainy and victimhood to an entirely new level . Jump up ^ Inventing Tomorrow ( University of Minnesota Institute of Technology magazine ) , Spring 2002 : `` Jim Kakalios enlists the aid of costumed crimefighters to teach critical thinking in an imaginative freshman seminar '' by Paul Sorenson Archived 2006 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - man # 129 Jump up ^ Marvels # 4 Jump up ^ `` SpiderFan.org - Comics : Giant - Size Spider - Man # 5 '' . www.spiderfan.org . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 149 Jump up ^ Spider - Island Deadly Foes # 1 Jump up ^ Superior Spider - Man Team - Up # 2 Jump up ^ Scarlet Spider ( Vol. 2 ) # 20 Jump up ^ SBC.com ( no date ) : All the Rage ( column ) -- `` Do n't Panic '' , by Blair Marnell & John Voulieris Archived 2005 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ J. Michael Straczynski rebuttal to OMD Archived 2010 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Clone Conspiracy # 1 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 2 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 3 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 4 # 23 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 4 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 5 Jump up ^ `` GWEN TAKES OVER '' . Marvel. 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` And Finally ... Has Marvel Noticed That Gwenpool Is A Thing Now ? R '' . Bleeding Cool . Jump up ^ `` MARVEL ANNOUNCES `` GWENPOOL HOLIDAY SPECIAL , '' `` HOWARD THE DUCK '' BACKUP STORIES `` . Comicbookresources . September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel announces new Gwenpool series '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spider - Man : House of M # 1 - 3 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 55 . Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 54 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 1 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 6 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 5 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ `` Marvel Zombies Return '' # 1 ( 2009 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Edge of Spider - Verse # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 9 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Vol. 3 # 11 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Verse Team - Up # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 1 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 2 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 18 Jump up ^ Web Warriors # 7 Jump up ^ Spider - Man Unlimited Vol. 2 # 4 Jump up ^ Brucie , Dylan ( March 2007 ) . `` Ultimate Spider - Man '' . Wizard Xtra ! . p. 110 . Jump up ^ In an interview in Wizard Magazine # 180 ( 2006 ) , Mark Bagley remarked there were some `` coloring issues '' in Gwen 's first appearances . He did not intend her eyes to be yellow . Jump up ^ `` '' . Wizard Universe . Archived January 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Spider - Man Pictures Full Size '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man # 11 Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man # 13 Jump up ^ Spider - Men # 3 Jump up ^ Spider - Men # 4 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 3 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 4 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 6 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 7 Jump up ^ What If ? # 24 Jump up ^ What If ? Volume 2 # 42 Jump up ^ What If : The Other Jump up ^ Rey , Leo ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` SPIDER - MAN 2017 CARTOON WILL FEATURE VENOM , SPIDER - GWEN , AND MILES MORALES '' . Nerdspan . Jump up ^ Entertainment , Marvel ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` The # MarvelAnimation panel is underway , and the cast of `` Marvel 's # SpiderMan '' has just been announced ! 1 / 3pic.twitter.com/3zSAuFjAMA `` . External links ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in Marvel Comics Database The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Physics of Superheroes 1 - Death of Gwen Stacy Spiderfan.org -- Gwen Stacy `` The template below ( Marvel Comics characters ( S ) ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Marvel Comics characters ( S ) Heroes Sage Sasquatch Satana Scarlet Spider Ben Reilly Kaine Parker Scarlet Witch Sentry ( Robert Reynolds ) Sersi Shaman Shuri Sif Silk Siryn Shadowcat Shang - Chi Shanna the She - Devil Shatterstar She - Hulk She - Hulk ( Lyra ) Silver Sable Silver Surfer Skaar Slapstick Songbird Snowbird Speedball Spider - Girl Spider - Ham Spider - Man Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Man ( Miles Morales ) Spider - Man Noir Spider - Woman Jessica Drew Julia Carpenter Mattie Franklin Gwen Stacy Spitfire Squirrel Girl Star Brand Starfox Starhawk Star - Lord Chase Stein Stepford Cuckoos Stingray Storm Straw Man Strong Guy Hope Summers Rachel Summers Sunfire Sunspot Surge Swordsman Kevin Sydney Villains Sabertooth Sandman Sauron Scorpion Selene Sebastian Shaw Sentinel Shadow King Shuma - Gorath Shocker Silver Samurai Silvermane Sin Songbird Spider - Slayer Alistair Smythe Spiral Zeke Stane Stilt - Man Stryfe William Stryker Super-Adaptoid Super-Skrull Surtur Supporting characters Erik Selvig Jasper Sitwell Trevor Slattery George Stacy Gwen Stacy Howard Stark Stick Spider - Man Stan Lee Steve Ditko Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Scarlet Spider Spider - Woman Steel Spider Silk By public identity Peter Parker Ben Reilly Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Supporting characters Liz Allan Black Cat Betty Brant Billy Connors Martha Connors Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Glory Grant J. Jonah Jameson John Jameson Ashley Kafka Ned Leeds Madame Web Anna Maria Marconi Max Modell Harry Osborn Ben Parker May Parker Richard and Mary Parker Prowler Puma Randy Robertson Robbie Robertson Rocket Racer Silver Sable Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval George Stacy Gwen Stacy Flash Thompson Ben Urich Mary Jane Watson Debra Whitman Will o ' the Wisp Antagonists Central rogues gallery Carnage Chameleon Doctor Octopus Electro Green Goblin Norman Osborn Hobgoblin Roderick Kingsley Jason Macendale Phil Urich Hydro - Man Jackal Kingpin Kraven the Hunter Lizard Morbius , the Living Vampire Mysterio Rhino Sandman Scorpion Shocker Sinister Six Venom Eddie Brock Vulture Recurring antagonists Beetle Abner Jenkins Janice Lincoln Big Wheel Boomerang Burglar Calypso Cyclone Demogoblin Enforcers Fancy Dan Montana Ox Grizzly Hammerhead Human Fly Jack O ' Lantern Jason Macendale Kangaroo Lady Octopus Living Brain Man - Wolf Menace Mendel Stromm Mister Negative Molten Man Morlun Moses Magnum Ringer Speed Demon Alistair Smythe Spencer Smythe Spider - Slayer list Silvermane Spot Stegron Swarm Tinkerer Tombstone Walrus Alternative versions Spider - Man Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Girl Spider - Gwen Spider - Ham Spider - Man Noir Ultimate Spider - Man Miles Morales Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson Alternative versions of the Green Goblin Alternative versions of Venom Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Related topics Powers and equipment Goblin Slingers Symbiotes Category Symbiote family and hosts Alternative versions of Venom Alternative versions of Spider - Man Symbiotes Venom / She - Venom Carnage Scream Hybrid Toxin Anti-Venom Venom hosts Peter Parker Eddie Brock Mac Gargan Flash Thompson ( Agent Venom ) Carnage hosts Cletus Kasady Silver Surfer ( Carnage Cosmic ) Ben Reilly ( Spider - Carnage ) Karl Malus ( Superior Carnage ) Enemies Crime Master Jack O'Lantern The Jury Life Foundation Mercurio the 4 - D Man Pyre Savage Six Sin - Eater Spider - Man Publications Venom ( Lethal Protector Separation Anxiety All titles ) `` Maximum Carnage '' `` Planet of the Symbiotes '' True Believers Related media Spider - Man : The Venom Saga Spider - Man and Venom : Maximum Carnage ( 1994 ) Venom / Spider - Man : Separation Anxiety ( 1995 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) Ultimate Spider - Man Series Ultimate Spider - Man Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man Creators Brian Michael Bendis ( writer ) Mark Bagley ( artist ) Original characters Kenny McFarlane Miles Morales as Spider - Man Story arcs and crossovers Original Series Story Arcs Second Series Story Arcs `` Ultimate Clone Saga '' Ultimate Marvel Team - Up Ultimate Six Ultimate Power Ultimatum Ultimate Comics : Doomsday Ultimate Comics : Fallout Spider - Men Other media Video game Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions TV series episodes `` For Your Eye Only '' Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story The Spectacular Spider - Man Episodes `` Survival of the Fittest '' `` Interactions '' `` Natural Selection '' `` Market Forces '' `` Competition '' `` The Invisible Hand '' `` Catalysts '' `` Reaction '' `` The Uncertainty Principle '' Related Characters Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gwen_Stacy&oldid=804911986 '' Categories : Characters created by Stan Lee Characters created by Steve Ditko Comics characters introduced in 1965 Female characters in comics Fictional characters from New York City Fictional models Fictional victims of kidnapping Spider - Man characters Superhero film characters Teenage characters in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages using infobox comics character with unsupported parameters Character pop Converted comics character infoboxes Articles to be expanded from July 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 21 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is spider-man's first true love in the comics | [
"Gwendolyne Maxine \"Gwen\" Stacy[1][2] is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider-Man. A college student, she was a long-term romantic interest for Peter Parker before she was murdered by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). Spider-Man writers and fans often debate whether Peter's \"one true love\" is Gwen Stacy, or Mary Jane Watson (Peter's later girlfriend and wife). Stories published long after her death indicate that Gwen still holds a special place in his heart."
] | [
"Gwendolyne Maxine \"Gwen\" Stacy"
] |
-8364535714252434107 | 2017–18 Newcastle United F.C. season | 2017 -- 18 Newcastle United F.C. Season - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 Newcastle United F.C. Season Newcastle United 2017 -- 18 season Owner Mike Ashley Managing Director Lee Charnley Manager Rafael Benítez Stadium St James ' Park Premier League 10th EFL Cup Second Round ( knocked out by Nottingham Forest ) FA Cup Fourth Round ( knocked out by Chelsea ) Top goalscorer League : Ayoze Pérez ( 8 ) All : Ayoze Pérez ( 10 ) Home colours Away colours Third colours ← 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 → The 2017 -- 18 season was Newcastle United 's first season back in the Premier League following their promotion from the EFL Championship last season and their 23rd year in the Premier League since it was formed at the start of the 1992 Season . This season Newcastle United participated in the Premier League , EFL Cup and FA Cup . The season covered the period from 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2018 . Contents 1 Club 1.1 Coaching staff 1.1. 1 First Team 2 Squads 2.1 First team squad 3 Transfers and loans 3.1 Transfers in 3.2 Transfers out 3.3 Loans in 3.4 Loans out 4 Friendlies 5 Competitions 5.1 Overall summary 5.2 Premier League 5.2. 1 League table 5.2. 2 Results summary 5.2. 3 Results by matchday 5.2. 4 Matches 5.3 EFL Cup 5.4 FA Cup 6 Statistics 6.1 Appearances and goals 6.2 Cards 6.3 Goals 6.4 Clean sheets 7 References Club ( edit ) Coaching staff ( edit ) The Newcastle United first team coaching staff for the 2017 -- 18 season consists of the following : First Team ( edit ) Position Staff Manager Rafael Benítez Assistant Manager Francisco `` Paco '' de Míguel Moreno First Team Coach Mikel Antía First Team Coach Antonio Gómez Pérez Goalkeeping Coach Simon Smith Head of Medicine Paul Catterson Rehabilitation Fitness Coach Cristian Fernández Martínez Head of Physiotherapy Derek Wright Physiotherapist Daniel Martí Physiotherapist Michael Harding Head of Recruitment Steve Nickson Head of Analysis Kerry Morrow Source : Squads ( edit ) First team squad ( edit ) Squad No . Name Nationality Position ( s ) Date of Birth ( Age ) Signed Signed from Goalkeepers Rob Elliot GK ( 1986 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1986 ( age 32 ) 2011 Charlton Athletic 12 Martin Dúbravka GK ( 1989 - 01 - 15 ) 15 January 1989 ( age 29 ) 2018 Sparta Prague 26 Karl Darlow GK ( 1990 - 10 - 08 ) 8 October 1990 ( age 27 ) 2014 Nottingham Forest Defenders Ciaran Clark CB / LB ( 1989 - 09 - 26 ) 26 September 1989 ( age 28 ) 2016 Aston Villa Paul Dummett LB / CB ( 1991 - 09 - 26 ) 26 September 1991 ( age 26 ) Newcastle United Academy 6 Jamaal Lascelles CB ( 1993 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1993 ( age 24 ) 2014 Nottingham Forest 18 Chancel Mbemba CB / RB / LB ( 1994 - 08 - 08 ) 8 August 1994 ( age 24 ) 2015 Anderlecht 19 Javier Manquillo RB / LB ( 1994 - 05 - 05 ) 5 May 1994 ( age 24 ) 2017 Atlético Madrid 20 Florian Lejeune CB ( 1991 - 05 - 20 ) 20 May 1991 ( age 27 ) 2017 Eibar 22 DeAndre Yedlin RB ( 1993 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1993 ( age 25 ) 2016 Tottenham Hotspur 25 Massadio Haïdara LB ( 1992 - 12 - 02 ) 2 December 1992 ( age 25 ) 2013 Nancy 27 Jesús Gámez RB / LB ( 1985 - 04 - 10 ) 10 April 1985 ( age 33 ) 2016 Atlético Madrid Midfielders 7 Jacob Murphy RW / LW ( 1995 - 02 - 24 ) 24 February 1995 ( age 23 ) 2017 Norwich City 8 Jonjo Shelvey CM ( 1992 - 02 - 27 ) 27 February 1992 ( age 26 ) 2016 Swansea City 10 Mohamed Diamé CM / AM ( 1987 - 06 - 14 ) 14 June 1987 ( age 31 ) 2016 Hull City 11 Matt Ritchie RW / LW ( 1989 - 09 - 10 ) 10 September 1989 ( age 28 ) 2016 AFC Bournemouth 14 Isaac Hayden CM / DM ( 1995 - 03 - 22 ) 22 March 1995 ( age 23 ) 2016 Arsenal 15 Kenedy LW / LB ( 1996 - 02 - 08 ) 8 February 1996 ( age 22 ) 2018 Chelsea 23 Mikel Merino CM / DM ( 1996 - 06 - 22 ) 22 June 1996 ( age 22 ) 2017 Borussia Dortmund 30 Christian Atsu RW / LW ( 1992 - 01 - 10 ) 10 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 2017 Chelsea Forwards 9 Dwight Gayle ST ( 1989 - 10 - 17 ) 17 October 1989 ( age 28 ) 2016 Crystal Palace 13 Islam Slimani ST ( 1988 - 06 - 18 ) 18 June 1988 ( age 30 ) 2018 Leicester City 17 Ayoze Pérez SS / ST ( 1993 - 07 - 29 ) 29 July 1993 ( age 25 ) 2014 Tenerife 21 Joselu ST ( 1990 - 03 - 27 ) 27 March 1990 ( age 28 ) 2017 Stoke City Out on loan Jack Colback DM / CM ( 1989 - 10 - 24 ) 24 October 1989 ( age 28 ) 2014 Sunderland 16 Rolando Aarons LW ( 1995 - 11 - 16 ) 16 November 1995 ( age 22 ) 2014 Newcastle United Academy 24 Henri Saivet CM / AM ( 1990 - 10 - 26 ) 26 October 1990 ( age 27 ) 2016 Bordeaux 33 Achraf Lazaar LB / LW ( 1992 - 01 - 22 ) 22 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 2016 Palermo 35 Daniel Barlaser CM / AM ( 1997 - 01 - 18 ) 18 January 1997 ( age 21 ) 2015 Newcastle United Academy 41 Freddie Woodman GK ( 1997 - 03 - 04 ) 4 March 1997 ( age 21 ) 2014 Newcastle United Academy 42 Jamie Sterry RB ( 1995 - 11 - 21 ) 21 November 1995 ( age 22 ) 2015 Newcastle United Academy 45 Aleksandar Mitrović ST ( 1994 - 09 - 16 ) 16 September 1994 ( age 23 ) 2015 Anderlecht -- Matz Sels GK ( 1992 - 02 - 26 ) 26 February 1992 ( age 26 ) 2016 Gent -- Stuart Findlay CB / LB ( 1995 - 09 - 14 ) 14 September 1995 ( age 22 ) 2016 Celtic -- Adam Armstrong SS / ST / LW ( 1997 - 02 - 10 ) 10 February 1997 ( age 21 ) 2014 Newcastle United Academy -- Ivan Toney ST ( 1996 - 03 - 16 ) 16 March 1996 ( age 22 ) 2015 Northampton Town Jump up ^ Elliot was born in Greenwich , England . Jump up ^ Clark was born in Harrow , England . Jump up ^ Dummett was born in Newcastle upon Tyne , England . Jump up ^ Ritchie was born in Gosport , England . Jump up ^ Joselu was born in Stuttgart , Germany . Jump up ^ Aarons was born in Kingston , Jamaica . Transfers and loans ( edit ) Transfers in ( edit ) Date from Position Number Nationality Name From Fee Ref . 1 July 2017 RW 30 Christian Atsu Chelsea £ 6,200,000 4 July 2017 CB 20 Florian Lejeune Eibar £ 8,700,000 19 July 2017 RW 7 Jacob Murphy Norwich City £ 12,000,000 21 July 2017 RB 19 Javier Manquillo Atlético Madrid £ 4,500,000 16 August 2017 FW 21 Joselu Stoke City £ 5,000,000 13 October 2017 CM 23 Mikel Merino Borussia Dortmund £ 8,500,000 Transfers out ( edit ) Date from Position Number Nationality Name To Fee Ref . 1 July 2017 RB 43 Kevin Mbabu Young Boys Undisclosed 1 July 2017 CB -- Ľubomír Šatka DAC Dunajská Streda Free 1 July 2017 RW -- Florian Thauvin Marseille £ 9,500,000 1 July 2017 SS -- Haris Vučkić Twente Free 6 July 2017 RB 8 Vurnon Anita Leeds United Free 14 July 2017 RW 34 Sammy Ameobi Bolton Wanderers Free 17 July 2017 LW 20 Yoan Gouffran Göztepe Free 21 July 2017 FW 33 Daryl Murphy Nottingham Forest £ 2,000,000 27 July 2017 LB -- Lewis Gibson Everton £ 6,000,000 25 August 2017 FW -- Emmanuel Rivière Metz Undisclosed 28 August 2017 AM 15 Siem de Jong Ajax Undisclosed 30 August 2017 CB 5 Grant Hanley Norwich City £ 3,500,000 20 September 2017 GK -- Tim Krul Brighton & Hove Albion Free Loans in ( edit ) Date from Position Number Nationality Name From Expiry Ref . 28 July 2017 CM 23 Mikel Merino Borussia Dortmund 13 October 2017 23 January 2018 LW 15 Kenedy Chelsea 30 June 2018 31 January 2018 FW 13 Islam Slimani Leicester City 30 June 2018 31 January 2018 GK 12 Martin Dúbravka Sparta Prague 30 June 2018 Loans out ( edit ) Date from Position Number Nationality Name To Expiry Ref . 1 July 2017 GK -- Matz Sels Anderlecht 30 June 2018 7 July 2017 RW -- Alex Gilliead Bradford City 30 June 2018 17 July 2017 FW -- Adam Armstrong Bolton Wanderers 4 January 2018 21 July 2017 AM -- Sean Longstaff Blackpool 30 June 2018 2 August 2017 FW -- Ivan Toney Wigan Athletic 10 January 2018 8 August 2017 CB -- Callum Williams Gateshead 30 June 2018 25 August 2017 CB -- Stuart Findlay Kilmarnock 30 June 2018 31 August 2017 LB 33 Achraf Lazaar Benevento 30 June 2018 31 August 2017 GK -- Tim Krul Brighton & Hove Albion 20 September 2017 9 January 2018 FW -- Adam Armstrong Blackburn Rovers 30 June 2018 11 January 2018 FW -- Ivan Toney Scunthorpe United 30 June 2018 18 January 2018 CB -- Kyle Cameron Queen of the South 30 June 2018 19 January 2018 CM 35 Daniel Barlaser Crewe Alexandra 30 June 2018 31 January 2018 RB 42 Jamie Sterry Crewe Alexandra 30 June 2018 31 January 2018 CM 24 Henri Saivet Sivasspor 30 June 2018 31 January 2018 LW 16 Rolando Aarons Hellas Verona 30 June 2018 31 January 2018 GK 41 Freddie Woodman Aberdeen 30 June 2018 31 January 2018 DM Jack Colback Nottingham Forest 30 June 2018 31 January 2018 FW 45 Aleksandar Mitrović Fulham 30 June 2018 Friendlies ( edit ) As of 28 June 2017 , Newcastle United have announced six pre-season friendlies against Heart of Midlothian , Preston North End , Bradford City , FSV Mainz , VfL Wolfsburg and Hellas Verona . On 12 March 2018 , Newcastle United announced they would be playing Belgian side Royal Antwerp on 18 March 2018 at the Pinatar Arena in Murcia , Spain . Heart of Midlothian v Newcastle United 14 July 2017 Heart of Midlothian 1 -- 2 Newcastle United show Edinburgh 19 : 45 Walker 20 ' Report Gayle 3 ' , 25 ' Stadium : Tynecastle Stadium Attendance : 10,001 Referee : William Collum Preston North End v Newcastle United 22 July 2017 Preston North End 1 -- 1 Newcastle United show Preston 15 : 00 Barkhuizen 33 ' Report Mitrović 8 ' Stadium : Deepdale Attendance : 7,380 Referee : Jon Moss Bradford City v Newcastle United 26 July 2017 Bradford City 0 -- 4 Newcastle United show Bradford 19 : 30 Report Gayle 50 ' Murphy 51 ' , 79 ' Mitrović 76 ' Stadium : Valley Parade Attendance : 7,601 Referee : Geoff Eltringham Mainz 05 v Newcastle United 29 July 2017 Mainz 05 2 -- 1 Newcastle United show Mainz 16 : 00 Öztunalı 5 ' Fischer 84 ' Report Gámez 65 ' Stadium : Opel Arena Attendance : 6,470 Referee : Christian Dingert VFL Wolfsburg v Newcastle United 2 August 2017 VFL Wolfsburg 1 -- 3 Newcastle United show Wolfsburg 16 : 00 Mallı 52 ' Report Mitrović 37 ' Ritchie 45 ' Atsu 68 ' Stadium : AOK Stadion Attendance : 3,011 Referee : Robert Schroder Newcastle United v Hellas Verona 6 August 2017 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Hellas Verona show Newcastle upon Tyne 15 : 00 Ayoze 4 ' Atsu 12 ' Report Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 23,906 Referee : Neil Swarbrick Newcastle United v Royal Antwerp 18 March 2018 Newcastle United 1 -- 1 Royal Antwerp show Murcia 11 : 00 Ritchie 40 ' Report Corryn 91 ' Stadium : Pinatar Arena Attendance : 1,000 Referee : José Joaquín Gallego Gambin Competitions ( edit ) Overall summary ( edit ) Competition Started round Current position / round Final position / round First match Last match Premier League -- -- 10th 13 August 2017 13 May 2018 EFL Cup Second round -- Second round 23 August 2017 23 August 2017 FA Cup Third round -- Fourth round 6 January 2018 28 January 2018 Premier League ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Premier League League table ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts 8 Everton 38 13 10 15 44 58 − 14 49 9 Leicester City 38 12 11 15 56 60 − 4 47 10 Newcastle United 38 12 8 18 39 47 − 8 44 11 Crystal Palace 38 11 11 16 45 55 − 10 44 12 Bournemouth 38 11 11 16 45 61 − 16 44 Source : Premier League Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored . 4 ) Play - offs ( only if needed to decide champion , teams for relegation or teams for UEFA competitions ) . Results summary ( edit ) Overall Home Away Pld GF GA GD Pts GF GA GD GF GA GD 38 12 8 18 39 47 − 8 44 8 7 21 17 + 4 11 18 30 − 12 Last updated : 13 May 2018 . Source : Premier League Results by matchday ( edit ) Round 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Ground Result Position 18 17 14 10 10 9 9 7 9 11 11 14 12 15 16 16 18 15 15 16 13 15 15 14 16 13 15 16 13 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Last updated : 13 May 2018 . Source : Ground : A = Away ; H = Home . Result : D = Draw ; L = Loss ; W = Win ; P = Postponed . Matches ( edit ) On 14 June 2017 , the 2017 -- 18 Premier League fixtures were announced . Newcastle United v Tottenham Hotspur 13 August 2017 1 Newcastle United 0 -- 2 Tottenham Hotspur show Newcastle upon Tyne 13 : 30 BST Shelvey 48 ' Ritchie 52 ' Report Kane 31 ' Alli 61 ' Davies 70 ' , 86 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,077 Referee : Andre Marriner Note : Live on Sky Sports Huddersfield Town v Newcastle United 20 August 2017 2 Huddersfield Town 1 -- 0 Newcastle United show Huddersfield 13 : 30 BST Mooy 50 ' Billing 66 ' Palmer 77 ' Mounié 88 ' Report Ritchie 41 ' Hayden 53 ' Joselu 64 ' Lascelles 90 + 1 ' Stadium : John Smith 's Stadium Attendance : 24,128 Referee : Craig Pawson Note : Live on Sky Sports Newcastle United v West Ham United 26 August 2017 3 Newcastle United 3 -- 0 West Ham United show Newcastle upon Tyne 15 : 00 BST Joselu 36 ' Clark 72 ' Merino 83 ' Mitrović 86 ' Report Hernández 17 ' Fernandes 65 ' Sakho 78 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,093 Referee : Neil Swarbrick Swansea City v Newcastle United 10 September 2017 4 Swansea City 0 -- 1 Newcastle United show Swansea 16 : 00 BST Naughton 48 ' Fer 80 ' Report Hayden 8 ' Ritchie 49 ' Lascelles 76 ' Gayle 87 ' Stadium : Liberty Stadium Attendance : 20,872 Referee : Mike Jones Note : Live on Sky Sports Newcastle United v Stoke City 16 September 2017 5 Newcastle United 2 -- 1 Stoke City show Newcastle upon Tyne 15 : 00 BST Atsu 18 ' Hayden 25 ' Lascelles 68 ' Clark 73 ' Merino 77 ' Report Wimmer 30 ' Shaqiri 57 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 51,795 Referee : Stuart Attwell Brighton & Hove Albion v Newcastle United 24 September 2017 6 Brighton & Hove Albion 1 -- 0 Newcastle United show Falmer 16 : 00 BST Knockaert 13 ' Hemed 51 ' Duffy 77 ' Report Lascelles 90 + 3 ' Stadium : Amex Stadium Attendance : 30,468 Referee : Andre Marriner Note : Live on Sky Sports Newcastle United v Liverpool 1 October 2017 7 Newcastle United 1 -- 1 Liverpool show Newcastle upon Tyne 16 : 30 BST Joselu 36 ' Ayoze 55 ' Report Coutinho 28 ' Gomez 58 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,303 Referee : Craig Pawson Note : Live on Sky Sports Southampton v Newcastle United 15 October 2017 8 Southampton 2 -- 2 Newcastle United show Southampton 16 : 00 BST Gabbiadini 49 ' , 75 ' ( pen . ) , 77 ' Report Hayden 20 ' , 79 ' Yedlin 40 ' Ayoze 51 ' Stadium : St Mary 's Stadium Attendance : 31,437 Referee : Kevin Friend Note : Live on Sky Sports Newcastle United v Crystal Palace 21 October 2017 9 Newcastle United 1 -- 0 Crystal Palace show Newcastle upon Tyne 15 : 00 BST Lejeune 21 ' Lascelles 29 ' Manquillo 60 ' Joselu 66 ' Merino 86 ' Report Cabaye 28 ' Van Aanholt 29 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,251 Referee : Stuart Attwell Burnley v Newcastle United 30 October 2017 10 Burnley 1 -- 0 Newcastle United show Burnley 20 : 00 GMT Guðmundsson 45 ' Cork 62 ' Hendrick 74 ' Tarkowski 75 ' Report Stadium : Turf Moor Attendance : 21,031 Referee : Mike Dean Note : Live on Sky Sports Newcastle United v AFC Bournemouth 4 November 2017 11 Newcastle United 0 -- 1 AFC Bournemouth show Newcastle upon Tyne 15 : 00 GMT Lejeune 63 ' Shelvey 84 ' Report Surman 20 ' Francis 77 ' Cook 90 + 2 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,237 Referee : Paul Tierney Manchester United v Newcastle United 18 November 2017 12 Manchester United 4 -- 1 Newcastle United show Manchester 17 : 30 GMT Martial 37 ' Smalling 45 + 1 ' , 67 ' Pogba 54 ' Lukaku 71 ' Report Hayden 12 ' Gayle 14 ' Stadium : Old Trafford Attendance : 75,035 Referee : Craig Pawson Note : Live on BT Sport Newcastle United v Watford 25 November 2017 13 Newcastle United 0 -- 3 Watford show Newcastle upon Tyne 15 : 00 GMT Shelvey 15 ' Report Hughes 19 ' Zeegelaar 24 ' Yedlin 45 + 1 ' ( o.g. ) Gray 62 ' Prödl 90 + 2 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,188 Referee : Christopher Kavanagh West Bromwich Albion v Newcastle United 28 November 2017 14 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 2 Newcastle United show West Bromwich 20 : 00 GMT Robson - Kanu 45 + 1 ' Field 56 ' Report Clark 59 ' Evans 83 ' ( o.g. ) Stadium : The Hawthorns Attendance : 25,534 Referee : Lee Probert Chelsea v Newcastle United 2 December 2017 15 Chelsea 3 -- 1 Newcastle United show Fulham 12 : 30 GMT Hazard 21 ' , 74 ' ( pen . ) Morata 33 ' Report Gayle 12 ' Clark 45 + 1 ' Stadium : Stamford Bridge Attendance : 41,538 Referee : Kevin Friend Note : Live on Sky Sports Newcastle United v Leicester City 9 December 2017 16 Newcastle United 2 -- 3 Leicester City show Newcastle upon Tyne 17 : 30 Joselu 4 ' Gayle 73 ' Hayden 75 ' Lejeune 81 ' Report Mahrez 20 ' Gray 12 ' , 60 ' Ayoze 86 ' ( o.g. ) Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,117 Referee : Neil Swarbrick Note : Live on BT Sport Newcastle United v Everton 13 December 2017 17 Newcastle United 0 -- 1 Everton show Newcastle upon Tyne 19 : 45 GMT Shelvey 42 ' , 90 + 4 ' Merino 56 ' Report Rooney 27 ' Holgate 48 ' Calvert - Lewin 90 + 3 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 51,042 Referee : Martin Atkinson Arsenal v Newcastle United 16 December 2017 18 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Newcastle United show London 15 : 00 GMT Özil 23 ' Monreal 86 ' Xhaka 90 + 2 ' Report Hayden 40 ' Stadium : Emirates Stadium Attendance : 59,379 Referee : Stuart Attwell West Ham United v Newcastle United 23 December 2017 19 West Ham United 2 -- 3 Newcastle United show Stratford 15 : 00 GMT Arnautović 6 ' Ayew 56 ' , 69 ' Kouyaté 77 ' Report Saivet 10 ' Diamé 53 ' Atsu 61 ' , 67 ' Stadium : London Stadium Attendance : 56,955 Referee : Lee Mason Newcastle United v Manchester City 27 December 2017 20 Newcastle United 0 -- 1 Manchester City show Newcastle upon Tyne 19 : 45 GMT Gayle 75 ' Report Sterling 31 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,311 Referee : Andre Marriner Note : Live on Sky Sports Newcastle United v Brighton & Hove Albion 30 December 2017 21 Newcastle United 0 -- 0 Brighton & Hove Albion show Newcastle - upon - tyne 15 : 00 GMT Yedlin 61 ' Merino 74 ' Report Knockaert 73 ' Dunk 90 + 1 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,209 Referee : Anthony Taylor Stoke City v Newcastle United 1 January 2018 22 Stoke City 0 -- 1 Newcastle United show Stoke - on - Trent 15 : 00 GMT Allen 54 ' Choupo - Moting 60 ' Wimmer 66 ' Report Manquillo 26 ' Ayoze 73 ' Stadium : bet365 Stadium Attendance : 28,471 Referee : Christopher Kavanagh Newcastle United v Swansea City 13 January 2018 23 Newcastle United 1 -- 1 Swansea City show Newcastle upon Tyne 15 : 00 GMT Joselu 68 ' Report Bartley 10 ' Ayew 60 ' , 90 ' Mawson 85 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 51,444 Referee : Graham Scott Manchester City v Newcastle United 20 January 2018 24 Manchester City 3 -- 1 Newcastle United show Manchester 17 : 30 GMT Agüero 34 ' , 63 ' ( pen . ) , 83 ' Report Murphy 67 ' Clark 78 ' Stadium : Etihad Stadium Attendance : 54,452 Referee : Paul Tierney Note : Live on BT Sport Newcastle United v Burnley 31 January 2018 25 Newcastle United 1 -- 1 Burnley show Newcastle upon Tyne 19 : 45 GMT Yedlin 30 ' Joselu 34 ' Lascelles 65 ' Report Barnes 63 ' Vokes 73 ' Darlow 85 ' ( o.g. ) Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 50,174 Referee : Simon Hooper Crystal Palace v Newcastle United 4 February 2018 26 Crystal Palace 1 -- 1 Newcastle United show Selhurst 14 : 15 GMT Milivojević 55 ' ( pen . ) Fosu - Mensah 64 ' Report Diamé 22 ' Dummett 57 ' Stadium : Selhurst Park Attendance : 25,746 Referee : Andre Marriner Note : Live on Sky Sports Newcastle United v Manchester United 11 February 2018 27 Newcastle United 1 -- 0 Manchester United show Newcastle upon Tyne 14 : 15 GMT Ritchie 65 ' Report Smalling 64 ' Valencia 88 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,309 Referee : Craig Pawson Note : Live on Sky Sports AFC Bournemouth v Newcastle United 24 February 2018 28 AFC Bournemouth 2 -- 2 Newcastle United show Bournemouth 15 : 00 GMT Aké 52 ' Smith 80 ' Gosling 89 ' Report Gayle 17 ' , 45 + 1 ' Ritchie 53 ' Yedlin 82 ' Diamé 85 ' Ayoze 90 + 1 ' Stadium : Vitality Stadium Attendance : 10,808 Referee : Roger East Liverpool v Newcastle United 3 March 2018 29 Liverpool 2 -- 0 Newcastle United show Liverpool 17 : 30 GMT Salah 40 ' Mané 55 ' Report Stadium : Anfield Attendance : 53,287 Referee : Graham Scott Note : Live on BT Sport Newcastle United v Southampton 10 March 2018 30 Newcastle United 3 -- 0 Southampton show Newcastle upon Tyne 15 : 00 GMT Kenedy 2 ' , 29 ' Ritchie 57 ' Report Hoedt 48 ' Stephens 69 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,246 Referee : Andre Marriner Newcastle United v Huddersfield Town 31 March 2018 31 Newcastle United 1 -- 0 Huddersfield Town show Newcastle upon Tyne 15 : 00 BST Lascelles 8 ' Ayoze 80 ' Report Mooy 6 ' Hogg 28 ' Schindler 60 ' Quaner 84 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,261 Referee : Martin Atkinson Leicester City v Newcastle United 7 April 2018 32 Leicester City 1 -- 2 Newcastle United show Leicester 15 : 00 BST Maguire 21 ' Vardy 83 ' Report Shelvey 18 ' Lascelles 21 ' Gayle 52 ' Ritchie 55 ' Ayoze 75 ' Stadium : King Power Stadium Attendance : 32,066 Referee : Stuart Attwell Newcastle United v Arsenal 15 April 2018 33 Newcastle United 2 -- 1 Arsenal show Newcastle upon Tyne 13 : 30 BST Ayoze 29 ' Ritchie 68 ' Slimani 90 + 1 ' Report Lacazette 14 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,210 Referee : Anthony Taylor Note : Live on Sky Sports Everton v Newcastle United 23 April 2018 34 Everton 1 -- 0 Newcastle United show Liverpool 20 : 00 BST Walcott 51 ' Keane 75 ' Gueye 90 + 1 ' Report Kenedy 90 + 1 ' Stadium : Goodison Park Attendance : 39,061 Referee : Bobby Madley Note : Live on Sky Sports Newcastle United v West Bromwich Albion 28 April 2018 35 Newcastle United 0 -- 1 West Bromwich Albion show Newcastle upon Tyne 15 : 00 BST Diamé 68 ' Report Phillips 29 ' Livermore 37 ' Nyom 45 + 1 ' McClean 82 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,283 Referee : David Coote Watford v Newcastle United 5 May 2018 36 Watford 2 -- 1 Newcastle United show Watford 15 : 00 BST Pereyra 2 ' Gray 28 ' Deeney 39 ' Kabasele 58 ' Holebas 72 ' Report Ayoze 42 ' , 55 ' Stadium : Vicarage Road Attendance : 20,375 Referee : Roger East Tottenham Hotspur v Newcastle United 9 May 2018 37 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Newcastle United show Wembley 20 : 00 BST Kane 50 ' Alli 57 ' Lamela 89 ' Report Ritchie 73 ' Diamé 80 ' Yedlin 90 + 2 ' Stadium : Wembley Stadium Attendance : 54,923 Referee : Neil Swarbrick Newcastle United v Chelsea 13 May 2018 38 Newcastle United 3 -- 0 Chelsea show Newcastle upon Tyne 15 : 00 BST Gayle 23 ' Ayoze 59 ' , 63 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 52,294 Note : Live on Sky Sports EFL Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 EFL Cup Newcastle United entered the EFL Cup in the second round and were drawn at home against Nottingham Forest . Newcastle United v Nottingham Forest 23 August 2017 Second round Newcastle United 2 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) Nottingham Forest show Newcastle upon Tyne 19 : 45 BST Mitrović 3 ' Aarons 45 + 1 ' Hanley 85 ' Report Cummings 29 ' , 31 ' Worrall 83 ' Walker 97 ' Mancienne 111 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 27,709 Referee : Darren England FA Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 FA Cup Newcastle United entered the FA Cup in the third round and were drawn at home to Luton Town . Newcastle United then progressed into the fourth round and were drawn away to Chelsea . Newcastle United v Luton Town 6 January 2018 Third Round Newcastle United 3 -- 1 Luton Town show Newcastle - upon - Tyne 15 : 00 GMT Ayoze 30 ' , 36 ' Shelvey 39 ' , 62 ' Dummett 59 ' Hayden 67 ' Report Hylton 29 ' , 49 ' Stadium : St James ' Park Attendance : 47,069 Referee : Neil Swarbrick Chelsea v Newcastle United 28 January 2018 Fourth Round Chelsea 3 -- 0 Newcastle United show Fulham 13 : 30 Batshuayi 31 ' , 44 ' Alonso 72 ' Report Mbemba 17 ' Stadium : Stamford Bridge Attendance : 41,049 Referee : Kevin Friend Note : Live on BT Sport Statistics ( edit ) Appearances and goals ( edit ) Last updated on 13 May 2018 . No . Pos Nat Player Total Premier League EFL Cup FA Cup Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Goalkeepers GK Rob Elliot 16 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 12 GK Martin Dúbravka 12 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 26 GK Karl Darlow 12 0 10 0 0 0 Defenders DF Ciaran Clark 22 19 + 1 0 0 0 DF Paul Dummett 21 0 19 + 1 0 0 0 0 6 DF Jamaal Lascelles 35 32 + 1 0 0 0 18 DF Chancel Mbemba 11 0 7 + 2 0 0 0 19 DF Javier Manquillo 23 0 20 + 1 0 0 0 0 20 DF Florian Lejeune 23 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 22 DF DeAndre Yedlin 33 0 30 + 3 0 0 0 0 0 25 DF Massadio Haïdara 0 0 + 1 0 0 0 0 27 DF Jesús Gámez 0 1 + 1 0 0 0 0 Midfielders 7 MF Jacob Murphy 27 13 + 11 0 1 + 1 0 8 MF Jonjo Shelvey 32 25 + 5 0 0 10 MF Mohamed Diamé 32 23 + 7 0 0 + 1 0 11 MF Matt Ritchie 38 32 + 3 0 + 1 0 0 14 MF Isaac Hayden 29 15 + 11 0 + 1 0 1 + 1 0 15 MF Kenedy 13 13 0 0 0 0 23 MF Mikel Merino 25 14 + 10 0 0 0 30 MF Christian Atsu 29 19 + 9 0 0 0 + 1 0 Forwards 9 FW Dwight Gayle 37 6 23 + 12 6 0 0 0 13 FW Islam Slimani 0 1 + 3 0 0 0 0 0 17 FW Ayoze Pérez 38 10 29 + 8 8 0 0 21 FW Joselu 33 19 + 12 0 + 1 0 0 + 1 0 Players sent out on loan this season MF Jack Colback 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 MF Rolando Aarons 5 1 + 3 0 0 0 24 MF Henri Saivet 0 1 + 1 0 33 DF Achraf Lazaar 0 0 0 0 + 1 0 0 0 35 MF Daniel Barlaser 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 GK Freddie Woodman 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 DF Jamie Sterry 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 FW Aleksandar Mitrović 7 0 + 6 0 0 -- GK Matz Sels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- DF Stuart Findlay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- FW Adam Armstrong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- FW Ivan Toney 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Players who have made an appearance or had a squad number this season but have left the club 5 DF Grant Hanley 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 MF Siem de Jong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cards ( edit ) Accounts for all competitions . Last updated on 5 May 2018 . No . Pos . Name DF Ciaran Clark 0 DF Paul Dummett 0 5 DF Grant Hanley 0 6 DF Jamaal Lascelles 5 0 8 MF Jonjo Shelvey 9 FW Dwight Gayle 0 10 MF Mohamed Diamé 0 11 MF Matt Ritchie 5 0 13 FW Islam Slimani 0 14 MF Isaac Hayden 8 0 15 MF Kenedy 0 17 FW Ayoze Pérez 0 18 DF Chancel Mbemba 0 19 DF Javier Manquillo 0 20 DF Florian Lejeune 0 21 FW Joselu 0 22 DF DeAndre Yedlin 0 23 MF Mikel Merino 0 30 MF Christian Atsu 0 Jump up ^ Hanley left the club in the Summer Transfer Window . Jump up ^ Slimani got 1 yellow card whilst he played for Leicester City before he joined the club . Goals ( edit ) Last updated on 13 May 2018 . Place Position Number Nation Name Premier League EFL Cup FA Cup Total FW 17 Ayoze Pérez 8 0 10 FW 9 Dwight Gayle 6 0 0 6 FW 21 Joselu 0 0 DF 6 Jamaal Lascelles 0 0 MF 11 Matt Ritchie 0 0 6 DF Ciaran Clark 0 0 MF 8 Jonjo Shelvey 0 MF 10 Mohamed Diamé 0 0 MF 15 Kenedy 0 0 MF 30 Christian Atsu 0 0 FW 45 Aleksandar Mitrović 0 12 MF 7 Jacob Murphy 0 0 MF 14 Isaac Hayden 0 0 MF 16 Rolando Aarons 0 0 MF 23 Mikel Merino 0 0 MF 24 Henri Saivet 0 0 Own Goals 0 0 TOTALS 39 43 Jump up ^ Mitrović left the club in the Winter Transfer Window . Jump up ^ Aarons left the club in the Winter Transfer Window . Jump up ^ Saivet left the club in the Winter Transfer Window . Clean sheets ( edit ) Last updated on 13 May 2018 . Place Number Nation Name Matches Played Premier League EFL Cup FA Cup Total 12 Martin Dúbravka 12 0 0 Rob Elliot 16 0 0 26 Karl Darlow 12 0 0 41 Freddie Woodman 0 0 0 0 TOTALS 9 0 0 9 Jump up ^ Woodman left the club in the Winter Transfer Window . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Magpies confirm Atsu arrival '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magpies complete Lejeune signing '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magpies confirm Murphy signing '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manquillo is a Magpie '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magpies complete Joselu signing '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Merino pens permanent deal at United '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mbabu makes permanent move to BSC Young Boys '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magpies submit retained list '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magpies submit retained list '' . Chronicle Sports Page . 13 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Murphy joins Forest '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson joins Everton '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rivière completes Metz move '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` De Jong departs for Ajax '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 28 August 2017 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hanley completes Norwich move '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Krul completes permanent Brighton switch '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Merino joins Magpies on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle sign Kenedy on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magpies sign Slimani on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 31 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Goalkeeper Dúbravka joins United on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 31 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sels makes Anderlecht loan move '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gilliead joins Bradford for second loan spell '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gilliead extends Bradford loan spell '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong joins Bolton on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong returns after Bolton loan comes to an end '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Longstaff joins Blackpool on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Longstaff extends loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toney joins Latics on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toney returns from Latics loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Williams joins Gateshead on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Williams returns from Gateshead loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Williams re-joins Gateshead on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 26 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Findlay joins Kilmarnock on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kilmarnock extend Findlay loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lazaar joins Benevento on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Krul joins Brighton on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong joins Bolton on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 9 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toney joins Scunthorpe for second loan spell '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron joins Queens on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 18 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Barlaser links up with Crewe on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crewe loan switch for Sterry '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 31 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sivasspor switch for Saivet '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 31 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aarons joins Verona on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 31 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Woodman joins Dons on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 31 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colback joins Forest on loan '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 31 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mitrovic completes Fulham loan switch '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 31 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magpies to face Hearts in pre-season '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle to visit Preston in pre-season '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 7 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First pre-season friendly announced '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United confirm Mainz friendly '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magpies to face Wolfsburg in August '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magpies confirm Verona friendly '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magpies confirm friendly fixture in Spain '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 12 March 2018 . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . Premier League . 11 August 2017 . pp. 103 -- 104 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 / 18 Premier League fixtures released '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magpies handed Forest tie in Carabao Cup '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magpies drawn at home to Hatters '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magpies to face Norwich or Chelsea in FA Cup fourth round '' . Newcastle United Official Site. 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . 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5665683616154546378 | Green Eggs and Ham | Green Eggs and Ham - wikipedia Green Eggs and Ham Jump to : navigation , search For the television series , see Green Eggs and Ham ( TV series ) . For the video game , see Dr. Seuss : Green Eggs and Ham ( video game ) . Green Eggs and Ham Author Dr. Seuss Cover artist Dr. Seuss Country United States Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Random House The Living Books Company Publication date August 12 , 1960 ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 80016 - 5 OCLC 184476 Preceded by One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish Followed by The Sneetches and Other Stories Green Eggs and Ham is a children 's book by Dr. Seuss , first published on August 12 , 1960 . As of 2016 , the book has sold 8 million copies worldwide . The story has appeared in several adaptations starting with 1973 's Dr. Seuss on the Loose starring Paul Winchell as the voice of both Sam and Joey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Background 3 Reception and cultural impact 4 Adaptations 5 Temporary ban 6 Selected translations 7 References 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) A character named `` Sam '' pesters Joey to try a plate of green eggs and ham . Joey refuses , responding , `` I do not like green eggs and ham . I do not like them , Sam - I - am . '' He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him , asking him to try them in eight locations ( house , box , car , tree , train , dark , rain , boat ) and with three animals ( mouse , fox , and goat ) . Finally , he gives into Sam 's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham , which he does like after all and happily responds , `` I do so like green eggs and ham . Thank you . Thank you , Sam - I - am . '' Background ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham is one of Seuss 's `` Beginner Books '' , written in a very simple vocabulary for beginning readers . The vocabulary of the text consists of just 50 words and was the result of a bet between Seuss and Bennett Cerf , Dr. Seuss 's publisher . that Seuss ( after completing The Cat in the Hat using 236 words ) could not complete an entire book without exceeding that limit . The 50 words are : a , am , and , anywhere , are , be , boat , box , car , could , dark , do , eat , eggs , fox , goat , good , green , ham , here , house , I , if , in , let , like , may , me , mouse , not , on , or , rain , Sam , say , see , so , thank , that , the , them , there , they , train , tree , try , will , with , would , you . Reception and cultural impact ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham was published on August 12 , 1960 . By 2018 , it had become the fourth - best selling English - language children 's hardcover book of all time . As of 2014 , the book has sold 8 million copies . In 1999 the National Education Association ( NEA ) conducted an online survey of children and teachers , seeking the 100 most popular children 's books . The children ranked Green Eggs and Ham third , just above another Dr. Seuss book , The Cat in the Hat . The teachers ranked it fourth . Teachers ranked it fourth again in a 2007 NEA poll . Scholastic Parent & Child magazine placed it # 7 among the `` 100 Greatest Books for Kids '' in 2012 . That same year , it was ranked number 12 among the `` Top 100 Picture Books '' in a survey published by School Library Journal -- the first of five Dr. Seuss books on the list . The book has become sufficiently ingrained in the cultural consciousness that U.S. District Court Judge James Muirhead referenced Green Eggs and Ham in his September 21 , 2007 court ruling after receiving an egg in the mail from prisoner Charles Jay Wolff who was protesting against the prison diet . Muirhead ordered the egg destroyed and rendered his judgment in the style of Seuss . Senator Ted Cruz read the book on the floor of the United States Senate during his filibuster over the funding over Obamacare . Musician will.i.am has stated that his moniker is inspired by the story . On September 29 , 1991 , following Dr. Seuss ' death earlier that week , the Reverend Jesse Jackson recited an excerpt of Green Eggs and Ham on Saturday Night Live during a special tribute segment . Adaptations ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham is the third of the three Geisel stories that were adapted into the television special Dr. Seuss on the Loose , which featured a connecting narration by The Cat In The Hat , in 1973 . ( The Sneetches and The Zax were the other two . ) The song `` Green Eggs and Ham '' was recorded by the band Moxy Früvous on their 1992 independent debut album Moxy Früvous and is a rap treatment of the famous story . The book was also made into a Living Books adaptation for the PC and there were similar differences to reflect the new media such as Sam singing his opening lines . An upcoming animated television series based on the book , Green Eggs and Ham , will premiere on Netflix in 2018 , produced by Warner Bros. Animation , A Very Good Production , A Stern Talking To , Random House Children 's Entertainment and Gulfstream Television and distributed by Warner Bros. Television . The book was also featured as one of the segments brought to life via live - action in a stage - play fashion in the 1994 TV film In Search of Dr. Seuss . In 1995 , Punk Wave band Vader Vader recorded a demo of `` Green Eggs And Ham '' . In 2017 , Vader Vader also made a music video for their demo . Unfortunately , they have not been able to secure the rights to release their song or video . Temporary ban ( edit ) Main article : Book censorship in China In 1965 , the book was banned in the People 's Republic of China for its `` portrayal of early Marxism '' . The ban was lifted in 1991 , following Seuss ' death . Selected translations ( edit ) לֹא רָעֵב וְלֹא אוֹהֵב ( Lo ra'ev ve - lo ohev , 1960 , Hebrew ISBN 9789652294661 ) Huevos verdes con jamón ( 1960 , Spanish , ISBN 1880507013 ) Groene eieren met ham ( 1960s , Dutch , ISBN 9024002966 ) 火腿 加 綠 蛋 ( Huǒ tuǐ jiā lǜ dàn , 1992 , Chinese , ISBN 9573211254 ) Prosciutto e uova verdi ( 2002 , Italian , ISBN 880902446X ) Virent ova ! Viret perna ! ( 2003 , Latin , ISBN 0865165556 ) Kto zje zielone jajka sadzone ? ( 2004 , Polish , ISBN 8372781249 ) Les œufs verts au jambon ( 2009 , French , ISBN 9781569756881 ) Grünes Ei mit Speck ( 2011 , German , ISBN 9783596854417 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/literature/20-best-selling-childrens-books9.htm Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss on the Loose '' . IMDB . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 stories behind Dr. Seuss stories '' . CNN . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Green Eggs and Ham '' . snopes.com. 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 99 Interesting Facts about the world # 18 '' . All That is Interesting . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ A 50 - year feast in 50 words Archived 2010 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Marketplace . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Sam - I - Am ! 50 Years of Green Eggs and Ham '' . Gnews. 2012 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . Publishers Weekly . 17 December 2001 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Menand , Louis . `` A Critic at Large : Cat People : What Dr. Seuss Really Taught Us '' . The New Yorker . 23 December 2002 . Jump up ^ Kids ' top 100 books Archived 2013 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . NEA : National Education Association . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books '' . NEA : National Education Association . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Parent & Child 100 Greatest Books for Kids '' ( PDF ) . Scholastic Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Picture Books Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Judge makes ' Green Eggs and Ham ' ruling '' . MSNBC . Jump up ^ `` ORDER the egg filed by the plaintiff is to be destroyed re : 55 Motion for Contempt , injunction '' , Wolff v. NH Department of Corrections et al ( Case 1 : 2006cv00321 ) , September 18 , 2007 , Filing 56 Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/why-ted-cruz-read-green-eggs-and-ham-in-the-u-s-senate-1.1867499 Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/magazine/23FOB-Q4-t.html?_r=0 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ABC News 2010 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Picks Up ' Green Eggs and Ham ' Animated Series From Ellen DeGeneres '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/20/surprisingly-banned-books_n_1218905.html Jump up ^ `` Banned Books Week : Green Eggs and Ham '' . New York Public Library . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Claasen , Lynda ( 16 January 2015 ) . How Dr. Seuss Created Green Eggs and Ham ( Video ) . Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Hop on Pop Fox in Socks I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff There 's a Wocket in My Pocket Great Day for Up ! Wacky Wednesday Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Eggs List of egg topics Types Bird Fish and amphibian Monotreme Fossil record Cephalopod Fish Reptile ( dinosaur ) Pathology Biology Embryo Ichthyoplankton Ootheca Oviparity Spawn Zygote Components Yolk White Shell As food List of egg dishes Boiled Coddled Custard desserts Deviled Eggs Benedict Fried Omelette Poached Pickled Roe Scotch Scrambled Smoked Soufflé Tea egg Trophic egg In culture Easter egg Egging Fabergé egg Humpty Dumpty Oomancy Ovo vegetarianism Yoshi Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Eggs_and_Ham&oldid=831007720 '' Categories : Books by Dr. Seuss 1960 children 's books Eggs in culture American picture books Constrained writing Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 05 : 24 . 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-9060199458028301701 | Wake Me Up (Avicii song) | Wake Me up ( Avicii song ) - wikipedia Wake Me up ( Avicii song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Wake Me Up ! '' redirects here . For the song by Speed , see Rise ( Speed album ) . For other uses , see Wake Me Up . `` Wake Me Up '' Single by Avicii from the album True Released 17 June 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) Format CD single digital download Genre Folktronica progressive house Length 4 : 09 Label PRMD Lava Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Avicii Aloe Blacc Producer ( s ) Avicii Arash Pournouri Mike Shinoda Avicii singles chronology `` X You '' ( 2013 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2013 ) `` You Make Me '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` Wake Me Up '' on YouTube Audio sample 16 - second sample of Avicii 's single Wake Me Up file help `` Wake Me Up '' ( stylised as `` WAKE ME UP ! '' ) is a song by Swedish DJ and electronic music producer Avicii , released as the lead single from his debut studio album True , released on CD and cassette by PRMD Music , Lava Records and Sony Music 's Columbia Records on June 17 , 2013 . American soul singer Aloe Blacc provides vocals for the track and Mike Einziger of Incubus provides acoustic guitar . Avicii introduced `` Wake Me Up ! '' for the first time live on stage at the Ultra Music Festival in Miami . The experimental rendering ( it was accompanied by a live band with instruments and vocalists , including Blacc , Einziger and Incubus members Ben Kenney on bass and José Pasillas on drums ) reportedly confused and angered a section of the electronic dance festival community . Subsequently , Avicii achieved critical and commercial success with the release of the single worldwide . `` Wake Me Up '' peaked at number one in much of Europe and charted well in various countries . The song has been described as a `` summer anthem '' by Variance Magazine and , throughout the 2013 festival season , Avicii included it as part of the opening or closing sequence of his sets at EDC Las Vegas , EDC London , Tomorrowland , Creamfields , Electric Zoo and the iTunes Festival . Due to the success of the song , Blacc later released an acoustic version of `` Wake Me Up '' in his solo EP Wake Me Up . It was also released as a promotional stand - alone single on Interscope Records , made available online for downloads via iTunes . A separate music video was also made . The Blacc single also charted in its own right in various charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 4.1 Australia 4.2 Ireland 4.3 North America 4.4 United Kingdom 5 Usage in other media and cover versions 6 Music video 7 Track listing 8 Credits 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 Acoustic Version 12.1 Chart performance 13 Cover versions 13.1 Chart performance 13.2 Other covers 14 Children in Need 2014 version 14.1 Background and release 14.2 Promotion and live performances 14.3 Track listings and formats 14.4 Chart performance 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Background ( edit ) In an interview with the Daily Star , Avicii , who had previously labelled `` Wake Me Up ! '' as `` a fun experiment '' during an exclusive chat with MTV UK , said : `` I had a demo with Mac Davis singing , the guy who wrote some songs that were covered by Elvis Presley , but I needed another singer to do the parts . At the same time I was tipped off about doing another track with Aloe Blacc , and I started working on that track . When I was with Mike Einziger from Incubus , we came up with the chord progression and the melody for ' Wake Me Up ! ' but ( with ) no real lyrics . None of us ( could ) sing and we really needed to get that demo down and the only person I knew that lived in LA was Aloe , so I called him and he was free . Lyrics come really easy to him so the two of us wrote them in a couple of hours and we finished the track . '' Aloe Blacc , who is not credited on the track , explained to The Huffington Post : `` I started writing the lyrics at the top of 2013 , travelling back from Switzerland . I started in hip hop music back in the 90s and I never expected to be singing and have an actual career as a musician , but I 'm travelling all over the world and I thought ' Life is a dream , wake me up when it 's all over ' . I was invited to the studio with Avicii and Mike Einziger from Incubus , and when I got to the studio they had already come up with a chord progression of the song . I came in with the lyrics and I just developed the melody as I heard the chords , and we all thought it was something very strong . We finished the song that night as an acoustic version , then Avicii made the dance mix in a couple of days , and that 's what we released to the world , and that was his release . '' Blacc later released an acoustic version of the song which was included on his solo EP Wake Me Up . It was also released as a promotional stand - alone single by Interscope Records and made available online for download via iTunes . The single also charted in its right in various charts . Composition ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' is a folktronica song , blending elements of EDM , soul and country music . Musically , it is written in the key of B minor and runs at 124 beats per minute ( BPM ) . It follows a chord progression of Bm / G / D / A -- Bm / G / D / F # m . Critical reception ( edit ) Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review , stating : `` As chart - friendly EDM continues to reach the furthest corners of the globe , staying ahead of the pack can prove a tricky task -- especially when more and more acts arrive on the scene turning out mixes with identikit build - ups , tired lyrics and uninspired breakdowns that newcomers to the arena lap up with excitement . Kudos to Avicii then , who has dared to try something a little different for his latest offering . `` So wake me up when it 's all over / When I 'm wiser and I 'm older , '' featured artist Aloe Blacc sings over dialled - up , country - flecked guitar strums that sound like Mumford & Sons on speed . The jig - along chorus may conjure up images of Brits - on - tour , but to be honest , what summer anthem does n't ? '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) The single has peaked at number one in 22 countries to date , including Australia , New Zealand , Hungary , Ireland , the United Kingdom and several European countries , in addition to reaching the top 10 in six others . Australia ( edit ) The song debuted at number 42 on 24 June . On the next week , the song skyrocketed to number 2 , behind `` Blurred Lines '' . The number position became Avicii 's highest charting song , beating `` I Could Be the One '' record which peaked at number four earlier in the year . It also beat Blacc 's 2011 hit , `` I Need a Dollar '' , which peaked at number 11 . A week later , the song hit the top position , ending `` Blurred Lines '' eight - week reign . On its sixth week at the top , 12 August , the song became the longest - running number one by a Swedish act since Roxette 's 1989 hit `` The Look '' . Ireland ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' spent seven consecutive weeks at number one . North america ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up ! '' has performed well in the North American music markets , having peaked in Canada and the United States at number two and number four , respectively . In the United States , `` Wake Me Up ! '' was kept off the top three by Katy Perry 's `` Roar '' , Miley Cyrus 's `` Wrecking Ball '' , and Lorde 's `` Royals '' . It spent 21 weeks in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 , and 53 weeks overall , making it the first Dance / Electronic song to stay over a year on that chart . It also reached number one position in the 7 September 2013 issue of Billboard 's Dance / Mix Show Airplay Chart . In Canada it was the second best - selling song of 2013 with 519,000 copies sold ( 523,000 for all versions combined ) . It is the first dance / electronic song to sell over 4 million copies in the U.S. , and as of August 2015 it has sold over 4,060,000 copies . United Kingdom ( edit ) In July 2013 , `` Wake Me Up '' entered at the number one on the UK Singles Chart , selling 88,000 copies in its first day and 267,000 in its first week , becoming Britain 's fastest - selling single of 2013 . Following three weeks at number one , `` Wake Me Up '' spent a further four consecutive weeks at number two , and a total of 11 consecutive weeks in the top ten . The single spent 32 consecutive weeks in the top 40 , before exiting . By October 2013 , the single had sold over 1 million copies in the UK , becoming the 140th single to do so in UK chart history and the third single of 2013 to do so . `` Wake Me Up '' was also the fifth most streamed track of 2013 in the UK . The song also spent nine consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Dance Chart until being replaced by Avicii 's next single `` You Make Me '' . Usage in other Media and cover versions ( edit ) Swiss singer Sebalter performed a version as his cover song choice during the Swiss national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 . Glee 's character Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) sang a slower version in the series season 5 on the episode `` The Back - up Plan '' . Croatian cello duo 2Cellos released a cover version on YouTube on 6 January 2015 . As of December 2017 , the video has been viewed over 30 million times . It is included on their album Celloverse . Canadian Country Music artist Tebey recorded a country cover version of the song . Music video ( edit ) A lyric video to accompany the release of `` Wake Me Up '' was first released on YouTube 28 June 2013 , at a total length of four minutes and thirty two seconds , and teaser clips for the official video were also released . The official video for `` Wake Me Up '' was released a month after the lyric video on 29 July 2013 . It features two females : the older girl is Russian fashion model Kristina Romanova , and the younger girl is Laneya Grace . It depicts them and how they are different from the people in their village . One morning , Kristina gets up early and rides off on a horse to a nearby city . She notices a woman with the Avicii logo birthmark like the one on her lower arm . They meet others and then jump into a truck and are then shown to be attending an Avicii concert . The next morning , Kristina rides back on the horse to Laneya . The video ends with them walking down the highway and shots from the concert and the staring villagers from the beginning . The video includes cross-promotion from Denim & Supply by Ralph Lauren and Sony Xperia Z smartphone . The video was shot in the Santa Clara River orange groves and in the town of Piru , California , west of Los Angeles , as well as Downtown LA . Avicii concert footage was from Miami . As of December 2017 , this video has been viewed on Avicii 's official YouTube channel over 1.4 billion times , making it the 40th most viewed video on the site . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Wake Me Up '' -- 4 : 09 `` Wake Me Up '' ( Mr. Worldwide Remix ) -- 3 : 38 Digital download -- remixes `` Wake Me Up '' ( Avicii Speed remix ) -- 7 : 04 `` Wake Me Up '' ( reggae mix ) -- 4 : 31 Digital download -- remixes `` Wake Me Up '' ( Avicii Speed remix ) -- 7 : 04 `` Wake Me Up '' ( original extended mix ) -- 5 : 44 `` Wake Me Up '' ( reggae remix ) -- 4 : 31 Digital download -- remixes ( part 2 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( PANG ! Slow Things Down remix ) -- 6 : 12 `` Wake Me Up '' ( EDX Miami Sunset remix ) -- 6 : 32 CD single `` Wake Me Up '' ( radio edit ) -- 4 : 09 `` Wake Me Up '' ( instrumental ) -- 4 : 32 Credits ( edit ) Personnel Avicii -- songwriter , producer Aloe Blacc -- lead vocals , songwriter Arash Pournouri -- co-producer Mike Einziger -- guitar , songwriter Peter Dyer -- keyboards Adapted from CD single and BMI website . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) Brazil Hot Pop Songs Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 19 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 7 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Airplay ( IFPI ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 6 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexican Anglo Chart ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Romania ( UPFR ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 30 South Africa ( EMA ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 14 US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 5 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 9 Israel ( Media Forest ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 19 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 92 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 17 US Billboard Hot 100 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 9 × Platinum 630,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 523,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 0 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 8,647 France 200,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Diamond 1,000,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 7 × Platinum 70,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 13 × Platinum 520,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 4,060,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) 3 × Platinum 30,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 6 × Platinum 10,800,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 16,000,000 Summaries Worldwide ( IFPI ) 11,100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Germany 17 June 2013 Digital download RCA Records / Sony Music Entertainment Italy Spain United Kingdom PRMD / Lava Records / Columbia Records / Sony Music Entertainment United States 2 July 2013 PRMD / Lava Records / Columbia Records / Sony Music Entertainment 29 July 2013 Adult contemporary radio Triple A radio 30 July 2013 Alternative radio Mainstream radio / rhythmic top 40 Acoustic version ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' Single by Aloe Blacc from the album Lift Your Spirit Released 30 September 2013 Format Digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Folk , soul Length 3 : 45 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Mike Einziger , Tim Bergling , Egbert Nathaniel Dawkins III Producer ( s ) DJ Khalil Aloe Blacc singles chronology `` Green Lights '' ( 2011 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2013 ) `` The Man '' ( 2014 ) Music video `` Wake Me Up ( acoustic ) '' on YouTube On 30 September 2013 , Blacc released his own acoustic version of the song . The track appeared in the Wake Me Up EP as track number two in the 5 - track EP . Blacc 's version `` Wake Me Up '' was made available through the following formats : Promo single `` Wake Me Up ( Acoustic ) '' by Aloe Blacc was released as a promotional stand - alone single on Interscope Records and made available online for downloads via iTunes . `` Wake Me Up '' music video In October 2013 , Blacc released the music video for `` Wake Me Up '' . Blacc collaborated with the immigrant rights group National Day Laborer Organizing Network and the ABC * Foundation 's Healing Power of Music Initiative . The director is Alex Rivera . The cast were real life immigrant activists : Hareth Andrade Ayala ( a Virginia leader in the immigrant youth movement working to stop her own father 's deportation ) , Agustin Chiprez Alvarez ( a Los Angeles day laborer ) , and Margarita Reyes ( who was deported with her mother as a child despite being born in the US ) . On Aloe Blacc album The track also appears on Aloe Blacc 's full studio album Lift Your Spirit . On compilation albums The track also appears on a compilation album of 2 CDs released on German markets called Best of 2013 -- Die Hits Des Jahres . The `` Wake Me Up ( Acoustic ) '' is the initial track of the 44 - track compilation . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 71 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 30 France ( SNEP ) 20 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 42 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 79 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 11 Cover versions ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' Single by Tebey featuring Emerson Drive from the album Two Released 27 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 4 : 35 Label TebeyMusic / Road Angel ( CAN ) The Talent Associates ( US ) Producer ( s ) Tebey Danick Dupelle Tebey singles chronology `` Let It Down '' ( 2013 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2013 ) `` Now I Do '' ( 2014 ) Emerson Drive singles chronology `` She Always Gets What She Wants '' ( 2013 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2013 ) `` Who We Are '' ( 2015 ) `` Wake Me Up '' was covered in the style of country music 2013 by Canadian country singer Tebey featuring Canadian country band Emerson Drive . This version was released to digital retailers via TebeyMusic on 27 November 2013 as the third single from the former 's second studio album , Two ( 2014 ) before impacting radio in January 2014 . The song was released in the US on 28 January 2014 through The Talent Associates . It has been well received by Canadian country radio , peaking at No. 5 on the Canada Country airplay chart . The song is also included on Tebey 's 2016 EP , Old School . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' , as performed by Tebey and Emerson Drive , entered the Canadian Hot 100 at No. 63 for the week ending 1 February 2014 . It peaked at No. 56 for the week ending 29 March 2014 , which position it held for one chart week . Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 56 Canada Country ( Billboard ) 5 Other covers ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the original release date was intended to be 8 September 2013 . In the absence of the original , a group called `` Spark Productions '' took advantage and released a cover version of it ; this version made number 26 on the UK Singles Chart before Avicii conceded to public demand and decided to release it early , with the Official Charts Company announcing on 15 July 2013 that it would be released that week . A cover of the song in Irish was uploaded onto YouTube on 9 August 2013 , by an Irish Language College called ' Coláiste Lurgan ' . The video received heavy publicity and popularity within Ireland from many news websites and the public . The video was a viral hit within the country and with Irish abroad , hitting a million views in one week . British band You Me at Six made a country version for BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . James Shotwel commented that their cover `` will be pulling at your heart strings all day long . The once fun - loving track has taken a turn for the melancholy , but it plays so well you 'll hardly think twice about the change . '' In November 2013 , British singer - songwriter Pixie Lott covered `` Wake Me Up '' live at the Pool Studios in London . Also in November 2013 , Russian folk - metal band Russkaja covered `` Wake Me Up '' on their 2013 EP `` Barada '' . In December 2013 , The X Factor finalist Daniel Evans released a mellow Rhodes - based version on his YouTube channel . It was also released as part of his 2013 album , Wicked Game . In January 2014 , Scottish ensemble Red Hot Chilli Pipers performed an acoustic rendition with bagpipes on BBC Radio 1 . Irish singer Derek Ryan did a Country and Irish version of the song in his 2014 album The Entertainer -- Live accompanied with a music video of footage from his performances . Swedish band , Dirty Loops , covered the song on their album Loopified . Christian rock band Skillet began performing a shortened cover of the song at some of their live shows starting in 2015 . The Norwegian acoustic - pop supergroup Stavangerkameratene covered the song as a translated single called `` Vekk meg opp '' ( Wake Me Up ) , released 11 March 2016 . Jessica Mauboy covered the song on her 2016 album , The Secret Daughter : Songs from the Original TV Series . It reached number 34 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart . Children in Need 2014 version ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' Single by Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir Released 9 November 2014 Format CD single digital download Recorded 2014 Genre Pop Length 3 : 55 Label Decca Music video `` Wake Me Up '' on YouTube Performed by Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir , the song was released as the official BBC Children in Need single for 2014 . Background and release ( edit ) Choirmaster and broadcaster Gareth Malone has previously had chart success after putting together non-singers and turning them into a cohesive choir . In 2011 , he guided the Military Wives -- a group of women with partners serving overseas in the army -- to Christmas number one with the song `` Wherever You Are '' . In 2012 , in collaboration with Gary Barlow , Malone produced the song `` Sing '' , as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations , with the Commonwealth Band being joined by the Military Wives . Malone was chosen to create the official Children in Need single for 2014 , and his efforts were captured in a two - part series , Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir , which aired on 3 November and 10 November . The BBC press release said that Malone would `` bring together an array of untrained voices from the world of television sport and theatre '' for the single . The celebrities that make up the All Star Choir are Margaret Alphonsi , Jo Brand , Radzi Chinyanganya , John Craven , Mel Giedroyc , Nitin Ganatra , Larry Lamb , Alice Levine , Fabrice Muamba , Craig Revel Horwood , Linda Robson and Alison Steadman . Promotion and live performances ( edit ) Gareth Malone went on numerous television and radio shows to promote the song , including some presented by celebrities who feature on the record . This included spots on Loose Women , Blue Peter , The One Show and Alice Levine 's afternoon show on Radio 1 . Track listings and formats ( edit ) CD Single ( Decca ) `` Wake Me Up '' -- 3 : 55 Digital Download ( Decca ) `` Wake Me Up '' -- 3 : 55 Chart performance ( edit ) After its release on 9 November , the song was placed at number 1 on the midweek Official Chart Update on Radio 1 , ahead of `` Thinking Out Loud '' by Ed Sheeran and Cheryl 's `` I Do n't Care '' , which was number one the previous weekend . See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in Australia List of best - selling singles in the United States List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2013 List of number - one singles of 2013 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Austria ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Denmark ) List of top 10 singles in 2013 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2013 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Italy ) List of number - one songs of 2013 ( Mexico ) List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles of 2013 ( Poland ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Scotland ) List of number - one singles of 2013 ( Spain ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of number - one dance singles of 2013 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Avicii helped aloe blacc wake up and break out '' . ^ Jump up to : Aloe Blacc saves day for Avicii Daily Star Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ; Caulfield , Keith ( 25 November 2013 ) . `` Aloe Blacc on Having an Anonymous Hit With ' Wake Me Up ! ' : ' I Like the Discovery ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii live -- Aloe Blacc , Joakin Berg , Audra Mae -- Ultra 2013 W2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Unveils Bizarrely Twangy Mumford & Sons Reinvention During Ultra Set '' . SPIN magazine . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Incubus ' Mike Einziger On His ' Unexpected ' Avicii Collaboration '' . KROQ radio . Jump up ^ `` LISTEN : Avicii and Aloe Blacc 's Wake Me Up '' . Jump up ^ Avicii Tracklists / Playlists Overview -- 1001 Tracklists Jump up ^ `` Avicii : ' Aloe Blacc Wrote Wake Me Up Lyrics In Two Hours ' '' . MTV UK . 30 July 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Benny Luo ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` The Voice Behind Avicii 's ' Wake Me Up ' Talks Unconventional Success ( INTERVIEW ) '' . NextShark . Jump up ^ Katz , emily Tess ( 31 July 2014 ) . `` Aloe Blacc Explains Why He Did n't Receive Billing For Avicii 's Hit ' Wake Me Up ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Lorde 's ' Royals ' Expands Reign To R&B Radio '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 7 January 2014 ) . `` Katy Perry Tops ARIA 2013 Singles Chart '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Avicii : ' True ' -- Album review Jump up ^ Avicii `` Wake Me Up '' Sheet Music musicnotes.com Jump up ^ Avicii : ' Wake Me Up ' -- Single review . digitalspy.co.uk/ Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Avicii continues Irish singles chart reign with ' Wake Me Up ! ' Digital Spy Jump up ^ ARIA Take 40 Chart Facts -- 10 August 2013 -- Avicii and Aloe Blacc Still Number One ! - Take 40 Jump up ^ Avicii holds Ellie Goulding off Irish singles No. 1 Digital Spy Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 40 Update ( August 26 , 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bliss , Karen ( 10 January 2014 ) . `` Canada 's Digital Music Sales Rise in 2013 Unlike the U.S. ; Eminem , Robin Thicke Among Top Selling Artists '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 19 March 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : Who Is Soko And Why Is She # 9 ? '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( 26 March 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : After `` Frozen , '' Here Comes `` Summer '' `` . Yahoo Music . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Avicii scores most explosive opening sales of 2013 with Wake Me Up ! Jump up ^ `` Avicii scores fastest selling single of 2013 so far with Wake Me Up '' . OfficialCharts.com . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 6 October 2013 ) . `` Wake Me Up becomes one of the UK 's biggest selling singles of all - time '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Most Streamed Songs of 2013 '' . OfficialCharts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ 2CELLOS ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) , 2CELLOS - Wake Me Up - Avicii ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 Jump up ^ Avicii -- Wake Me Up ( Official Video ) . YouTube ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Musik -- `` Wake Me Up -- Single '' von Avicii `` . Itunes.apple.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up ( PRMD '' . Beatport . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up ( Remixes II ) ( PRMD '' . Beatport . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Wake Me Up ( Remixes II ) -- Single by Avicii '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up ( 2 - Track ) : Amazon.de : Musik '' . Amazon.de. 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tim `` Avicii '' Bergling ( 2013 ) . Wake Me Up . ( Single Cover ) . PRMD Music , Lava Records , Columbia Records . ( catalogue # 00602537477319 ) Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 19.08. 2013 - 25.08. 2013 -- Airplay Top 5 '' ( in Bulgarian ) . Bulgarian Association of the Music Producers . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : BPP , ed . ( November -- December 2013 ) . `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( 46 ) . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Nacional '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . 13 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201330 into search . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201418 into search . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Avicii . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii : Wake Me Up '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Cyta - IFPI Charts Top - 20 Airplay Chart - Εβδομάδα : 41 / 2013 '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on 25 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs -- September 14 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 27 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii -- Wake Me Up Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 '' . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs -- July 27 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 19 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Ingles : Del 7 al 13 de Octubre del 2013 '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . RadioNotas. 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Avicii search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 15 NOvember 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs -- Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 ( archives ) > Avicii on Romanian Top 100 '' . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201332 into search . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201436 into search . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2013 - 10 - 08 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record Report -- Pop Rock General '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 26 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` France : Qui a vendu le plus de singles en 2013 à ce jour ? '' . Ozap.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts 2013 : Helene Fischer & Avicii vorn '' . musikmarkz.de. 2014 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 -- radios 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's # 1 Music Discovery , Rating , and Purchasing Experience ! '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2013 '' . Promuiscae.es . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2013 '' . sverigetopplistan.se . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Enter Avicii in the field Interpret . Enter Wake Me Up in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Click on næste to go to page 5 if certification from official website ^ Jump up to : `` Avicii '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamard , Jonathan ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Clip de `` Lay Me Down '' : Avicii au sommet de son art `` . Webedia . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Avicii ; ' Wake Me Up ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Certification List -- June 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Avicii '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Troféoversikt '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Avicii ; ' Wake Me Up ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Enter Wake Me Up in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ APFV ( 30 November 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming -- Semana 33 : del 11 August 2014 al 17.08. 2014 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Digital Music Report 2014 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . 18 March 2014 . p. 15 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Wake Me Up : Avicii : Amazon.it : Musica MP3 Jump up ^ Wake Me Up ( Radio Edit ) : Avicii : Amazon.es : Tienda MP3 Jump up ^ Wake Me Up : Avicii : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Wake Me Up : Avicii : MP3 Downloads Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Triple A ( AAA ) Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Le , Van . `` MUST - WATCH : `` WAKE ME UP , '' FEATURING ALOE BLACC AND DREAMER HARETH ANDRADE `` . October 23 , 2013 . America 's Voice . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aloe Blacc Teams with NDLON , abc * Foundation for Acoustic Video of No. 1 `` Wake Me Up '' `` . October 23 , 2013 . Herald Online ( Via Interscope ) . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Aloe Blacc Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Zywietz , Tobias . `` Chart Log UK '' . Zobbel.de . Tobias Zywietz . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aloe Blacc Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt . `` Audio Track : Tebey Feat . Emerson Drive -- Wake Me Up '' . Roughstock . Cheri Media . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up ( feat . Emerson Drive ) -- Single by Tebey '' . iTunes Store CAN. Apple Inc . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tinson , Kayla . `` Pick of the Week : Tebey ft . Emerson Drive `` Wake Me Up '' `` . Top Country . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up ( feat . Emerson Drive ) -- Single by Tebey '' . iTunes Store US . Apple Inc . Jump up ^ `` Old School -- EP by Tebey '' . iTunes Store ( Canada ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Singles Top 100 ( February 1 , 2014 ) '' . aCharts . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Singles Top 100 ( March 29 , 2014 ) '' . aCharts . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tebey Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Tebey Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Avicii ' Wake Me Up ! ' ( PRMD / Island Def Jam ) Release UK : 8 September R.O.W : 17 June '' . brandnite.com . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SPARK PRODUCTIONS '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This week 's new releases 15 - 07 - 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Avicii 's Wake Me Up ... as Gaeilge TheJournal.ie Jump up ^ Video : Coláiste Lurgan gives Avicii 's ' Wake Me Up ' the Gaeltacht treatment JOE.ie Jump up ^ Avicii Vs Lurgan - `` Wake Me Up '' as Gaeilge Jump up ^ BBC Radio 1 ( 14 September 2013 ) . `` DYou Me At Six -- Wake Me Up ( Avicii ) in the Live Lounge '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Shotwel , James ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` You Me At Six Turn Avicii 's `` Wake Me Up '' Into A Country Song On BBC Radio . A cover to differ from the others , is the hardrock cover of `` Wake me up '' made by the Swedish band , Reach . This was released on Youtube the 26th of august and has been spoken of in magazines just as the latest issue of `` Classic Rock AoR '' . 1 `` . Under The Gun Review . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` She 's Back : Pixie Lott Storms To Top Of Twitter Trends With Sensational Avicii Cover '' . Entertainmentwise . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barada EP '' . Jump up ^ Koerber , Brian ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Red Hot Chilli Pipers Blow Avicii 's ' Wake Me Up ' Out of the Water '' . Mashable . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chilli Pipers Cover Avicii 's ' Wake Me Up , ' Prove How Badass Bagpipes Can Be '' . The Huffington Post . 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bgQ0l-R2eM Jump up ^ Vekk Meg Opp -- Single by Stavangerkameratene on iTunes Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This week 's new releases '' . 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Malone to form All - Star Choir for official BBC Children in Need single 2014 '' . BBC Media Centre . BBC . 25 September 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 12 November 2014 ) . `` Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir storm ahead in singles race '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Avicii Discography Studio albums True `` Wake Me Up '' `` You Make Me '' `` Hey Brother '' `` Addicted to You '' `` Lay Me Down '' Stories `` Waiting for Love '' `` For a Better Day '' `` Broken Arrows '' `` Pure Grinding '' Extended plays Muja EP The Days / Nights EP `` The Days '' `` The Nights '' Pure Grinding / For a Better Day Avīci ( 01 ) Singles `` My Feelings for You '' `` Street Dancer '' `` Blessed '' `` Fade into Darkness '' `` Levels '' `` Collide '' `` Silhouettes '' `` Superlove '' `` Dancing in My Head '' `` I Could Be the One '' `` X You '' `` We Write the Story '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Taste the Feeling '' `` Without You '' `` Lonely Together '' Concert tours True Tour Stories World Tour Film Avicii : True Stories Children in Need Telethons 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Charity singles `` Almost Seems ( Too Late to Turn ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Heroes '' ( 1986 ) `` Perfect Day '' ( 1997 ) `` Especially for You '' ( 1998 ) `` Love Me '' ( 1999 ) `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' ( 2000 ) `` Have You Ever '' ( 2001 ) `` Do n't Let Me Down '' / `` You and I '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm Your Man ( 2003 ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( 2004 ) `` A Night to Remember '' ( 2005 ) `` Downtown '' ( 2006 ) `` Headlines ( Friendship Never Ends ) '' ( 2007 ) `` Do Ya / Stay with Me '' ( 2008 ) `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' ( 2009 ) `` Love You More '' ( 2010 ) `` Teardrop '' ( 2011 ) `` Something New '' ( 2012 ) `` How Long Will I Love You '' ( 2013 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2014 ) `` Take Me Home '' ( 2015 ) `` All We Needed '' ( 2016 ) Related articles Pudsey Bear Children in Need Rocks the Royal Albert Hall Children in Need Rocks Manchester Children in Need Rocks 2013 Comic Relief Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wake_Me_Up_(Avicii_song)&oldid=815185426 '' Categories : 2013 singles Avicii songs Aloe Blacc songs Song recordings produced by Avicii Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Folktronica songs Columbia Records singles Decca Records singles Interscope Records singles Lava Records singles Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Sweden Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs number - one singles Record Report Pop Rock General number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Finnish - 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Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Song articles with missing songwriters Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 07 : 55 . 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"\n\n\"Wake Me Up\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Avicii\n\n\nfrom the album True\n\n\nReleased\n17 June 2013 (2013-06-17)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\nFolktronica\nprogressive house\n\n\n\n\nLength\n4:09\n\n\nLabel\n\n\nPRMD\nLava\nColumbia\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\nAvicii\nAloe Blacc\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\nAvicii\nArash Pournouri\nMike Shinoda[1]\n\n\n\n\nAvicii singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"X You\"\n(2013)\n\"Wake Me Up\"\n(2013)\n\"You Make Me\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Wake Me Up\" on YouTube\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n16-second sample of Avicii's single Wake Me Up\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"Wake Me Up\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Avicii\n\n\nfrom the album True\n\n\nReleased\n17 June 2013 (2013-06-17)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\nFolktronica\nprogressive house\n\n\n\n\nLength\n4:09\n\n\nLabel\n\n\nPRMD\nLava\nColumbia\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\nAvicii\nAloe Blacc\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\nAvicii\nArash Pournouri\nMike Shinoda[1]\n\n\n\n\nAvicii singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"X You\"\n(2013)\n\"Wake Me Up\"\n(2013)\n\"You Make Me\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Wake Me Up\" on YouTube\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n16-second sample of Avicii's single Wake Me Up\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Avicii",
"Aloe Blacc"
] |
-5204105203689106777 | Permanganate | Permanganate - wikipedia Permanganate Jump to : navigation , search `` MnO4 '' redirects here . For the manganate ion MnO , see Manganate . Permanganate Names Systematic IUPAC name Permanganate Identifiers Properties Chemical formula MnO Molar mass 118.93 g mol Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Infobox references A permanganate is the general name for a chemical compound containing the manganate ( VII ) ion , ( MnO ) . Because manganese is in the + 7 oxidation state , the permanganate ( VII ) ion is a strong oxidizing agent . The ion has tetrahedral geometry . Permanganate solutions are purple in color and are stable in neutral or slightly alkaline media . The exact chemical reaction is dependent upon the organic contaminants present and the oxidant utilized . For example , trichloroethene ( C H Cl ) is oxidized by sodium permanganate to form carbon dioxide ( CO ) , manganese dioxide ( MnO ) , sodium ions ( Na ) , hydronium ions ( H ) , and chloride ions ( Cl ) . In an acidic solution , permanganate ( VII ) is reduced to the colourless + 2 oxidation state of the manganese ( II ) ( Mn ) ion . 8 H + MnO + 5 e → Mn + 4 H O In a strongly basic solution , permanganate ( VII ) is reduced to the green + 6 oxidation state of the manganate ion , MnO . MnO + e → MnO In a neutral medium , however , it gets reduced to the brown + 4 oxidation state of manganese dioxide MnO . 2 H O + MnO + 3 e → MnO + 4 OH Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Properties 3 Compounds 4 See also 5 References Production ( edit ) Permanganates can be produced by oxidation of manganese compounds such as manganese chloride or manganese sulfate by strong oxidizing agents , for instance , sodium hypochlorite or lead dioxide : 2 MnCl + 5 NaClO + 6 NaOH → 2 NaMnO + 9 NaCl + 3 H O 2 MnSO + 5 PbO + 3 H SO → 2 HMnO + 5 PbSO + 2 H O It may also be produced by the disproportionation of manganates , with manganese dioxide as a side - product : 3 Na MnO + 2 H O → 2 NaMnO + MnO + 4 NaOH They are produced commercially by electrolysis or air oxidation of alkaline solutions of manganate salts ( MnO ) . A series of potassium permanganate solutions with varying concentration , increasing to the right . Properties ( edit ) Absorption spectrum of an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate , showing a vibronic progression Permanganates ( VII ) are salts of permanganic acid . They have a deep purple colour , due to a charge transfer transition . Permanganate ( VII ) is a strong oxidizer , and similar to perchlorate . It is therefore in common use in qualitative analysis that involves redox reactions ( permanganometry ) . According to theory , permanganate is strong enough to oxidize water , but this does not actually happen to any extent . Besides this , it is stable . It is a useful reagent , though with organic compounds , not very selective . Potassium permanganate is used as a disinfectant . Manganates ( VII ) are not very stable thermally . For instance , potassium permanganate decomposes at 230 ° C to potassium manganate and manganese dioxide , releasing oxygen gas : 2 KMnO → K MnO + MnO + O A permanganate can oxidize an amine to a nitro compound , an alcohol to a ketone , an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid , a terminal alkene to a carboxylic acid , oxalic acid to carbon dioxide , and an alkene to a diol . This list is not exhaustive . In alkene oxidations one intermediate is a cyclic Mn ( V ) species : Compounds ( edit ) Ammonium permanganate , NH MnO Calcium permanganate , Ca ( MnO ) Potassium permanganate , KMnO Sodium permanganate , NaMnO Silver permanganate , AgMnO See also ( edit ) Perchlorate , a similar ion with a chlorine ( VII ) center Dichromate , which is isoelectronic with permanganate Pertechnetate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sukalyan Dash , Sabita Patel & Bijay K. Mishra ( 2009 ) . `` Oxidation by permanganate : synthetic and mechanistic aspects '' . Tetrahedron. 65 ( 4 ) : 707 -- 739 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tet. 2008.10. 038 . Jump up ^ http://geocleanse.com/permanaganate.asp Jump up ^ Cotton , F. Albert ; Wilkinson , Geoffrey ; Carlos A. Murillo ; Manfred Bochmann ( 1999 ) . Advanced Inorganic Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 770 . ISBN 978 - 0471199571 . Jump up ^ A. Calder , A.R. Forrester1 , and S.P. Hepburn ( 1972 ) . `` 2 - methyl - 2 - nitrosopropane and its dimer '' . Organic Syntheses. 6 : 803 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ; Collective Volume , 52 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Nathan Kornblum and Willard J. Jones ( 1963 ) . `` 4 - nitro - 2 , 2 , 4 - trimethylpentane '' . Organic Syntheses. 5 : 845 . ; Collective Volume , 43 , p. 87 Jump up ^ J.W. Cornforth ( 1951 ) . `` Ethyl pyruvate '' . Organic Syntheses. 4 : 467 . ; Collective Volume , 31 , p. 59 Jump up ^ R.L. Shriner and E.C. Kleiderer ( 1930 ) . `` Piperonylic acid '' . Organic Syntheses. 2 : 538 . ; Collective Volume , 10 , p. 82 Jump up ^ John R. Ruhoff ( 1936 ) . `` n - heptanoic acid '' . Organic Syntheses. 2 : 315 . ; Collective Volume , 16 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Donald G. Lee , Shannon E. Lamb , and Victor S. Chang ( 1981 ) . `` Carboxylic acids from the oxidation of terminal alkenes by permanganate : nonadecanoic acid '' . Organic Syntheses. 7 : 397 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ; Collective Volume , 60 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Kovacs KA , Grof P , Burai L , Riedel M ( 2004 ) . `` Revising the Mechanism of the Permanganate / Oxalate Reaction '' . J. Phys . Chem. A. 108 ( 50 ) : 11026 . Bibcode : 2004JPCA ... 10811026K . doi : 10.1021 / jp047061u . Jump up ^ E.J. Witzemann , Wm . Lloyd Evans , Henry Hass , and E.F. Schroeder ( 1931 ) . `` dl - glyceraldehyde ethyl acetal '' . Organic Syntheses. 2 : 307 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ; Collective Volume , 11 , p. 52 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permanganate&oldid=827550805 '' Categories : Oxoanions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Chemical articles without CAS registry number Chemicals without a PubChem CID Articles without InChI source Chemical pages without ChemSpiderID Articles without EBI source Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 10 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the oxidation state of mn in kmn o4 | [] | [] |
-5831406701791295006 | Give a Little Bit | Give a Little Bit - wikipedia Give a Little Bit Jump to : navigation , search `` Give a Little Bit '' Single by Supertramp from the album Even in the Quietest Moments ... B - side `` Downstream '' Released May 1977 ( 1977 - 05 ) Format 7 '' vinyl Genre Progressive pop folk rock Length 4 : 08 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Rick Davies , Roger Hodgson Producer ( s ) Supertramp Supertramp singles chronology `` Sister Moonshine '' ( 1976 ) `` Give a Little Bit '' ( 1977 ) `` Babaji '' ( 1977 ) `` Sister Moonshine '' ( 1976 ) `` Give a Little Bit '' ( 1977 ) `` Babaji '' ( 1977 ) Even in the Quietest Moments track listing `` Give a Little Bit '' `` Lover Boy '' `` Even in the Quietest Moments '' `` Downstream '' `` Babaji '' `` From Now On '' `` Fool 's Overture '' `` Give a Little Bit '' is the opening song on Supertramp 's 1977 album Even in the Quietest Moments ... The song was released as a single that same year and became an international hit for the band , peaking at number 15 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart . It was a chart hit in the band 's native UK , reaching number 29 on the UK Singles Chart . The single was re-released in 1992 to raise funds for the ITV Telethon Charity event , but failed to chart . Its writing credits are given to Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson , although it is a Hodgson composition . Hodgson and Davies shared writing credits from 1974 until 1983 , when Hodgson left Supertramp . The song is characterized by the ringing tones of 12 - string acoustic guitars , which is joined by a Hohner Clavinet through a Leslie speaker in the bridge of the song . `` Give a Little Bit '' was first written by Hodgson when he was 19 or 20 years old before it was introduced to the band for recording five to six years later . Hodgson stated that the song was inspired by The Beatles ' `` All You Need Is Love '' , released during the love and peace movement of the ' 60s . Drummer Bob Siebenberg recounted that `` Roger had been working at Malibu for quite a while on this tune . I 'd hear the song in hotel rooms and places like that . He had the song on a little tape when I first joined the band so I was quite familiar with the tune . We tried out various drum things and it seemed right to ride it along on the snare drum ... giving it something almost like a train beat . So it 's all on the snare and bass drum , with no tom - tom fills or anything . '' A short snippet of the song is played in the film Superman shortly before Lois Lane 's death scene . The song , however , is not featured on the movie 's soundtrack . The song was used interwoven with the final scenes and part of the end credits for the Ricky Gervais 2009 film The Invention of Lying . The song was used in 2014 for Stouffer 's , Coca - Cola 's Share Happiness commercials , and Target Australia 's Christmas commercials . In 2017 a choral recording was used for Amazon 's worldwide holiday commercial . Contents ( hide ) 1 Live performances 2 Track listings 2.1 7 '' vinyl single ( 1977 ) 2.2 CD single ( 1990 ) 2.3 CD single ( 1992 ) 2.4 CD single ( 2012 ) 3 Chart performance 4 Personnel 5 Goo Goo Dolls version 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Chart performance 6 References 7 External links Live performances ( edit ) `` Give a Little Bit '' was recorded to be released on the live album Paris , but the song was dropped because the band members found all the available recordings of the song to be of unacceptable quality . After Hodgson had left Supertramp , the song was included in almost all his live performances . The song has also been performed by Hodgson during his tour with Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band in 2001 ; a recording appears on the album Ringo Starr and Friends . On Sunday 1 July 2007 , Roger Hodgson sang this song as his finale for his short set at the Concert for Diana , held in Wembley Stadium in London . Princess Diana loved the song , and Hodgson said of the performance in her honor : `` It was very wonderful when the audience all stood up , and the princes also , to sing ' Give a Little Bit ' with me . That was a magical moment . '' `` Give a Little Bit '' can also be found on Hodgson 's album Classics Live , a collection of his live performances from acoustic , band and orchestra shows recorded on tour in 2010 . After Hodgson 's departure from Supertramp , the band included the song for the first time in their set list in 2002 during their One More For The Road Tour . The song was sung by Jesse Siebenberg . They also played the song in their 70 - 10 Tour in 2010 . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl single ( 1977 ) ( edit ) Side one No . Title Length 1 . `` Give a Little Bit '' 3 : 20 Side two No . Title Length 1 . `` Downstream '' 4 : 00 CD single ( 1990 ) ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Give a Little Bit '' 4 : 07 2 . `` The Logical Song '' ( Live version ) 3 : 41 3 . `` Bloody Well Right '' ( Live version ) 6 : 11 CD single ( 1992 ) ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Give a Little Bit '' 4 : 10 2 . `` Give a Little Bit '' ( Live version ) 4 : 03 3 . `` Breakfast in America '' 2 : 38 CD single ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Give a Little Bit ( with choir ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 8 Dutch GfK charts Dutch Top 40 German Singles Chart 29 Norwegian Singles Chart 9 UK Singles Chart 29 U.S. Billboard Pop Singles 15 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 12 Personnel ( edit ) Roger Hodgson -- acoustic 12 - string guitar , electric guitar , lead and backing vocals Dougie Thomson -- bass Bob Siebenberg -- drums , tambourine , maracas Rick Davies -- clavinet , piano , backing vocals John Helliwell -- alto saxophone , backing vocals Goo Goo Dolls version ( edit ) `` Give a Little Bit '' Single by Goo Goo Dolls from the album Let Love In and Live in Buffalo : July 4th 2004 B - side `` Sympathy '' Released 5 October 2004 Format CD , Download Genre Acoustic rock , alternative rock Length 3 : 35 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Rick Davies / Roger Hodgson Producer ( s ) Goo Goo Dolls and Rob Cavallo Goo Goo Dolls singles chronology `` Sympathy '' ( 2002 ) `` Give a Little Bit '' ( 2004 ) `` Better Days '' ( 2005 ) `` Sympathy '' ( 2002 ) `` Give a Little Bit '' ( 2004 ) `` Better Days '' ( 2005 ) In 2004 , the Goo Goo Dolls covered the song , releasing it as a single . It peaked at number 37 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in February , 2005 . It was first covered ( partially ) in 2001 , when guitarist / lead vocalist Johnny Rzeznik appeared in an ad for The Gap singing the song along with other artists . The song opened the live album Live in Buffalo : July 4th , 2004 , and later appeared as a track on their hit album Let Love In . In May 2006 , their version of `` Give a Little Bit '' was honored by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) in recognition of being one of the most played songs in the ASCAP repertoire in 2005 . It was also featured in an episode of Smallville , season 4 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Give a Little Bit '' 3 : 35 2 . `` Sympathy '' 2 : 58 3 . `` Give a Little Bit '' ( Acoustic version ) 3 : 35 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Austrian Singles Chart 45 German Singles Chart 78 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 37 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 U.S. Billboard Adult Top 40 U.S. Billboard Top 40 Tracks 30 U.S. Billboard Radio Songs 36 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic -- Supertramp -- Billboard singles '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats -- Supertramp -- Give a Little Bit '' . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Melhuish , Martin ( 1986 ) . The Supertramp Book . Toronto , Canada : Omnibus Press . pp. 119 -- 137 . ISBN 0 - 9691272 - 2 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Supertramp founder Roger Hodgson '' . Songfacts . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Hodgson - Events '' . K - Earth 101 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Giving A Little Bit - A Conversation With Roger Hodgson '' . DPRP.net . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUXgMfFfOkY Jump up ^ Melhuish , Martin ( 1986 ) . The Supertramp Book . Toronto , Canada : Omnibus Press . pp. 163 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 9691272 - 2 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Give a Little Bit - Songfacts '' . Songfacts . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Classics Live CD '' . rogerhodgsonstore.com . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl -- Supertramp -- Give A Little Bit '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` De Nederlandse Top 40 , week 43 , 1977 '' . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` charts-surfer.de search results for `` Give a Little Bit '' `` . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com -- Supertramp -- Give A Little Bit '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ ( 26 February 2005 ) . Billboard Hot 100 , Billboard . Jump up ^ `` 23rd Annual ASCAP Pop Music Awards , Los Angeles , 2006 , Most performed songs '' . Archived from the original on 19 November 2008 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Goo Goo Dolls -- Give A Little Bit -- austriancharts.at '' . Archived from the original on 16 June 2006 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic -- Goo Goo Dolls -- Billboard singles '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Supertramp Rick Davies Bob Siebenberg John Helliwell Carl Verheyen Cliff Hugo Lee Thornburg Mark Hart Gabe Dixon Jesse Siebenberg Cassie Miller - Thornburg Roger Hodgson Richard Palmer - James Keith Baker Frank Farrell Dougie Thomson Robert Millar Dave Winthrop Kevin Currie Tom Walsh Albums Supertramp Indelibly Stamped Crime of the Century Crisis ? What Crisis ? Even in the Quietest Moments ... Breakfast in America ... Famous Last Words ... Brother Where You Bound Free as a Bird Some Things Never Change Slow Motion Live albums Concert Classics Paris Live ' 88 The Story So Far ... It Was the Best of Times Is Everybody Listening ? 70 - 10 Tour Compilations The Autobiography of Supertramp The Very Best of Supertramp The Very Best of Supertramp 2 Retrospectacle -- The Supertramp Anthology Singles `` Dreamer '' `` Bloody Well Right '' `` Give a Little Bit '' `` The Logical Song '' `` Breakfast in America '' `` Goodbye Stranger '' `` Take the Long Way Home '' `` It 's Raining Again '' `` My Kind of Lady '' `` Cannonball '' `` I 'm Beggin ' You '' `` Give a Little Bit ( New Version ) '' Selected songs `` Brother Where You Bound '' `` Fool 's Overture '' Related articles Discography Band members List of Roger Hodgson concert tours Supertramp Goo Goo Dolls John Rzeznik Robby Takac George Tutuska Mike Malinin Studio albums Goo Goo Dolls Jed Hold Me Up Superstar Car Wash A Boy Named Goo Dizzy Up the Girl Gutterflower Let Love In Something for the Rest of Us Magnetic Boxes Extended plays Just the Way You Are EP Bang ! Dizzy EP Platinum Play EP Rolling Stone Original Waiting for the Rest of It Live albums Live in Buffalo : July 4th , 2004 Compilations What I Learned About Ego , Opinion , Art & Commerce iTunes Originals Greatest Hits Volume One : The Singles Vol. 2 Videography Music in High Places : Live in Alaska Live in Buffalo : July 4th , 2004 Live and Intimate Singles `` There You Are '' `` I 'm Awake Now '' `` We Are the Normal '' `` Only One '' `` Flat Top '' `` Name '' `` Naked '' `` Long Way Down '' `` Lazy Eye '' `` Iris '' `` Slide '' `` Dizzy '' `` Black Balloon '' `` Broadway '' `` Here Is Gone '' `` Big Machine '' `` Sympathy '' `` Give a Little Bit '' `` Better Days '' `` Let Love In '' `` Stay with You '' `` Before It 's Too Late ( Sam and Mikaela 's Theme ) '' `` Real '' `` Home '' `` Notbroken '' `` All That You Are '' `` Rebel Beat '' `` Come to Me '' `` Caught in the Storm '' `` So Alive '' `` Over and Over '' Other songs `` Laughing '' `` So Far Away '' Tours Something for the Rest of Us Tour 2013 Summer Tour Canada 2014 The Otis Midnight Sessions 2014 Summer Tour Boxes Tour Related material Discography Lance Diamond Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Give_a_Little_Bit&oldid=821442457 '' Categories : Supertramp songs Goo Goo Dolls songs 1977 singles 2004 singles Songs written by Rick Davies Songs written by Roger Hodgson Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo 1977 songs A&M Records singles Warner Bros. Records singles Rock ballads Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from June 2011 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 14 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | give a little bit of your love to me | [] | [] |
-8328274320435629032 | Mark Lester | Mark Lester - wikipedia Mark Lester Jump to : navigation , search For the film director , see Mark L. Lester . Mark Lester Lester in 1977 Mark A. Letzer ( 1958 - 07 - 11 ) 11 July 1958 ( age 59 ) Oxford , England Occupation Actor Years active 1964 -- 1977 , 2011 - present Spouse ( s ) Jane ( 1993 -- 2005 , divorced ) Lisa ( 2006 -- 2012 ) Children Mark Lester ( born Mark A. Letzer ; 11 July 1958 ) is an English former child actor known for playing the title role in the 1968 musical film version of Oliver ! and starring in a number of other British and European films of the 1960s and 1970s and in a number of television series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career as child actor 3 Adult life 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Lester was born in the city of Oxford , Oxfordshire , in southern England , to actress Rita Keene Lester and actor and producer Michael Lester ( originally Michael Boris Letzer ) . His father was Jewish and his mother Anglican . Lester was educated at three independent schools : at Corona Theatre School in Ravenscourt Park in West London , followed by Tower House School , a boys ' preparatory school near Richmond Park ( also in West London ) , and at Halliford School in Shepperton in Surrey . Career as child actor ( edit ) Lester initially had supporting roles in several British television series , including The Human Jungle and Danger Man . In 1964 , at the age of six , Lester was cast in Robert Dhéry 's film Allez France ! ( English title The Counterfeit Constable ) with Diana Dors ( who appeared in the 1948 film version of Oliver Twist ) . He played a small part as the second schoolboy in Fahrenheit 451 . In 1967 , at the age of eight , Lester was cast in the title role in the film version of Lionel Bart 's musical Oliver ! . The multiple Academy Award - winning adaptation of Charles Dickens ' novel co-starred Jack Wild , Ron Moody , Harry Secombe , Shani Wallis and Oliver Reed and was directed by Carol Reed . Since Lester could not sing , his singing was dubbed by Kathe Green , daughter of the film 's music arranger Johnny Green . Lester became good friends with Wild during production of the film and their friendship continued after production , with Lester describing Wild as a `` long lost brother '' . These two child actors later reunited for Melody ( 1971 ) , which depicted schoolchildren in love . Tracy Hyde played the role of Melody in the film , which used music from the Bee Gees and Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young . In 1969 , Lester received critical acclaim for his portrayal of a dysfunctional and withdrawn only child in Run Wild , Run Free , starring opposite John Mills , and then as a disturbed child in the first regular episode of Then Came Bronson . Lester 's acting roles peaked as he starred in Eyewitness ( 1970 ) , with Susan George , Night Hair Child with Britt Ekland , Whoever Slew Auntie Roo ? , with Shelley Winters , Melody and a film version of Black Beauty ( all 1971 ) . After this period , his acting roles in the UK would begin to wane . He extended his range with roles in a series of films in Italy including Redneck ( 1972 ) with Telly Savalas and the Western Scalawag ( 1973 ) with Kirk Douglas . The final film of his Italian - based career was in the costume drama La Prima volta sull'erba ( English title The First Time on the Grass , 1974 ) , which was nominated for the Golden Bear prize at the 25th Berlin International Film Festival . Lester wrapped up his film career with the lead role in the all - star film Crossed Swords a.k.a. The Prince and the Pauper ( 1977 ) , starring Raquel Welch , Charlton Heston , Rex Harrison , George C. Scott , and Oliver Reed , who had played Bill Sikes in Oliver ! . Adult life ( edit ) At the age of 18 Lester had access to some of his earnings from his films . He bought a Ferrari and a house in Belgravia and went to parties , nightclubs and restaurants , often paying for friends . He dabbled with drugs . After the poor reception of The Prince and the Pauper , Lester gave up acting at the age of 19 and took his A Levels . In his twenties he became a karate black belt , through this grew interested in sports injuries , and from there osteopathy . At the age of 28 became an osteopath , studying at the British School of Osteopathy and in 1993 , Lester opened the Carlton Clinic , an acupuncture clinic in Cheltenham . Lester was a close friend of Michael Jackson and is godfather to Jackson 's three children . In August 2009 , after Jackson 's death , Lester gave an interview to the British tabloid newspaper News of the World in which he claimed that he could be the biological father of Paris Katherine Jackson , the late singer 's daughter . Lester claimed to have been a sperm donor for Jackson in 1996 , and announced that he was willing to take a paternity test to determine whether he was the father . Brian Oxman , former lawyer for the Jackson family , rejected the claim in a television interview , stating , `` The thing I always heard from Michael was that Michael was the father of these children , and I believe Michael . '' Personal life ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lester has four children with his first wife , whom he married in January 1993 and divorced in 2005 . In 2006 , he married Lisa , a psychiatric nurse . He is a patron of the theatre charity The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1964 The Counterfeit Constable Gérald a.k.a. Allez France 1965 Spaceflight IC - 1 : An Adventure in Space Don Saunders 1966 Fahrenheit 451 schoolboy ( uncredited ) 1967 Our Mother 's House Jiminee 1968 Oliver ! Oliver Twist 1969 Run Wild , Run Free Philip Ransome 1970 The Boy Who Stole the Elephant Davey TV movie 1970 Eyewitness Ziggy 1971 Melody ( released as S.W.A.L.K. ) Daniel Latimer 1971 Black Beauty Joe Evans 1971 Whoever Slew Auntie Roo ? Christopher Coombs 1972 Night Hair Child Marcus 1973 Redneck Lennox Duncan 1973 Little Adventurer Mike Richard 1973 Scalawag Jamie The First Time on the Grass Franz Schmidt a.k.a. La prima volta sull'erba 1977 The Prince and the Pauper Prince Edward / Tom Canty a.k.a. Crossed Swords Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1964 The Human Jungle Small boy TV series ( 1 episode The Twenty - Four Hour Man ) 1966 Danger Man A boy TV series ( 1 episode Someone is Liable to Get Hurt ) 1966 Court Martial Paolo Stevens TV series ( 1 episode Retreat from Life ) 1969 Then Came Bronson John Beaman TV series ( 1 episode The Runner ) 1969 The Ghost & Mrs. Muir Mark Helmore TV series ( 2 episodes Puppy Love and Spirit of the Law ) 1970 Disneyland Davey ( film in two parts ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mark Lester '' . bfi.org.uk . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Ruby Simonson ( 1982 ) . `` Cain Connections '' . Spokane , Washington . ISSN 0899 - 1375 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver ! ( 1968 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver Twist 's voice dubbed by girl : report '' . ABC News . 19 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Long after the stardom , another twist : Mark Lester was the child star '' . independent.co.uk. 30 August 1993 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carlton Clinic '' . Carlton Clinic . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Report : Beatles fans swarm Abbey Road on album anniversary '' . 8 August 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson friend claims paternity '' . BBC News . 10 August 2009 . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson lawyer rejects Mark Lester claims he is Paris ' father '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 10 August 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Holmstrom , John . The Moving Picture Boy : An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995 . Norwich , Michael Russell , 1996 , pp. 323 -- 324 . Dye , David . Child and Youth Actors : Filmography of Their Entire Careers , 1914 - 1985 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , 1988 , pp. 130 -- 131 . External links ( edit ) Mark Lester on IMDb VIAF : 61435716 LCCN : nr95021020 ISNI : 0000 0000 7823 7041 SUDOC : 152704469 BNF : cb139879646 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 8fdd23a5 - c12b - 481b - a186 - 00d36f4a0646 BNE : XX1196675 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Lester&oldid=835244008 '' Categories : 1958 births English male child actors English male film actors Living people Osteopaths People from Oxford People educated at Tower House School English male television actors 20th - century English male actors Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2014 Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 13 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the actor that played oliver twist | [
"Mark Lester (born Mark A. Letzer;[1] 11 July 1958) is an English former child actor known for playing the title role in the 1968 musical film version of Oliver! and starring in a number of other British and European films of the 1960s and 1970s and in a number of television series."
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"Mark Lester"
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2149146538371351851 | Party of Five | Party of Five - wikipedia Party of Five Jump to : navigation , search Party of Five Intertitle Created by Christopher Keyser Amy Lippman Starring Scott Wolf Matthew Fox Neve Campbell Lacey Chabert Scott Grimes Paula Devicq Jennifer Love Hewitt Michael Goorjian Alexondra Lee Jeremy London Jennifer Aspen Opening theme `` Closer to Free '' by BoDeans Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 142 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 43 -- 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Keyser / Lippman Productions Columbia Pictures Television ( 1994 -- 98 ) ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1998 -- 2000 ) ( seasons 5 - 6 ) Distributor Columbia TriStar Television ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network Fox Original release September 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 12 ) -- May 3 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 03 ) Chronology Related shows Time of Your Life Party of Five is an American television teen and family drama created by Christopher Keyser and Amy Lippman that originally aired on Fox for six seasons from September 12 , 1994 to May 3 , 2000 . The series featured an ensemble cast led by Scott Wolf as Bailey , Matthew Fox as Charlie , Neve Campbell as Julia , and Lacey Chabert as Claudia Salinger , who with their baby brother Owen ( played by several actors ) constitute five siblings whom the series follows after the loss of their parents in a car accident . Notable co-stars included Scott Grimes , Paula Devicq , Michael Goorjian , Jeremy London , and Jennifer Love Hewitt . While categorized as a series aimed at teenagers and young adults , Party of Five explored several mature themes , including substance and domestic abuse , cancer , and the long - term effects of parental loss . Despite receiving positive reviews from television critics after its debut , including TV Guide naming it `` The Best Show You 're Not Watching '' in 1995 , the series suffered from low ratings during its first and second seasons , during which speculation arose that it would soon be cancelled . However , in 1996 , Party of Five won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama , after which ratings and popularity grew for the majority of the remainder of the series . A spin - off starring Hewitt debuted on the network in 1999 , Time of Your Life , which was cancelled after one season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Nielsen ratings 4 Episodes 5 Home releases 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The show , set in San Francisco , centered on the five Salinger siblings ( the `` party of five '' of the show 's title ) , who become orphans after their parents are killed in a car accident caused by a drunk driver . The family is composed of 24 - year - old Charlie ( Matthew Fox ) , the eldest , a womanizing , immature manual laborer who struggles with the responsibility of being the new head of the family ; 16 - year - old Bailey ( Scott Wolf ) , the once - rebellious teen turned responsible caretaker -- and later - turned - substance abuser ; 15 - year - old Julia ( Neve Campbell ) , a sensitive teen ; 11 - year - old Claudia ( Lacey Chabert ) , a precocious child prodigy ; and baby Owen , age one . The siblings take over the running of their family 's restaurant , Salinger 's . Charlie initially serves as bartender and manager , and later Bailey takes over . The struggles the Salingers face over the years include Charlie 's battle with cancer in Season 4 , Bailey 's battle with alcoholism in Season 3 , Julia 's dealing with domestic violence in a relationship in Season 5 , and the long - term effects of parental loss . As the series progressed , romantic relationships became plot points and new cast members joined the show , including Jennifer Love Hewitt as Bailey 's girlfriend Sarah , Jeremy London as Julia 's bad - boy boyfriend and later husband Griffin , and Paula Devicq as Owen 's nanny Kirsten , who developed an on - again - off - again relationship with Charlie throughout the series . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Scott Wolf as Bailey Salinger ( ages 16 -- 22 ) ; the second - born sibling who is forced to grow up fast and deal with life after his parents ' deaths . Matthew Fox as Charlie Salinger ( ages 24 -- 30 ) ; the eldest sibling who struggles to live his own life in the reluctant role of legal guardian to his brothers and sisters . Immature and insecure , he dropped out of college his senior year to `` find himself '' and was planning to re-enroll when his parents ' deaths made him his siblings ' legal guardian . Neve Campbell as Julia Salinger ( ages 15 -- 21 ) ; a highly intelligent , emotionally sensitive teen who struggles to adjust to being an orphan and having more family responsibilities . Lacey Chabert as Claudia Salinger ( ages 11 -- 17 ) ; a gifted violinist struggling to build a life for herself and also deal with being an orphan . The role of the youngest , Owen Salinger ; ( ages 1 - 7 ) was recast three times as the character grew . He was played by Alexander and Zachary Ahnert in the pilot episode , Brandon and Taylor Porter as an infant , Andrew and Stephen Cavarno as a preschooler , and Jacob Smith until the end of the show . Paula Devicq as Kirsten Bennett Salinger ; a graduate student who is hired as Owen Salinger 's nanny and becomes romantically involved with Charlie off - and - on during the series . Scott Grimes as Will McCorkle ( seasons 1 -- 2 , 6 , recurring otherwise ) ; Bailey 's best friend from high school . Michael Goorjian as Justin Thompson ( season 2 , recurring otherwise ) ; Julia 's friend , and later boyfriend , during the series . Jennifer Love Hewitt as Sarah Reeves Merrin ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) ; Bailey 's sensitive , off - and - on girlfriend from high school who also struggles to `` find herself '' . Alexondra Lee as Callie Martel ( season 3 ) ; Bailey 's roommate during his first year at college . Jeremy London as Griffin Chase Holbrook ( seasons 4 -- 6 , recurring seasons 2 -- 3 ) ; moody and troubled teenager with whom Julia becomes involved . Older brother of Jill Holbrook . The character was originally portrayed by James Marsden in one first - season episode . Jennifer Aspen as Daphne Jablonsky ( season 6 , recurring seasons 4 -- 5 ) ; a part - time `` erotic dancer '' who becomes involved with Charlie and later has his baby . Recurring ( edit ) The following lists all actors who appeared in five or more episodes during the run of the show . Tom Mason as Joe Mangus ( 55 episodes , seasons 1 -- 6 ) ; a good - natured older man who grew up with the Salingers ' father Nick in an orphanage and co-founded , co-owned , and managed the family restaurant Salinger 's , taking over as full - time owner after Nick 's death . Often acts as a father figure to Nick 's children . Mitchell Anderson as Ross Werkman ( 22 episodes , seasons 1 -- 6 ) ; a professional violinist , Claudia 's personal violin tutor . Cari Shayne as Nina DiMayo ( nine episodes , seasons 1 -- 2 ) ; Julia 's rebellious , outgoing friend from high school . Jennifer Blanc as Kate Bishop ( eight episodes , season 1 ) ; Bailey 's first girlfriend from high school . Michael Shulman as Artie Baum ( seven episodes , season 1 ) ; Claudia 's friend from elementary school , a fellow child violinist . David Burke as Bill ( six episodes , season 1 ) ; Owen 's part - time nanny . Megan Ward as Jill Holbrook ( nine episodes , season 1 ) ; Bailey 's outgoing and troubled girlfriend . Younger sister of Griffin Holbrook . ( Deceased ) Wendle Josepher as Lori / Mercy ( six episodes , seasons 1 , 3 -- 4 ) ; a school friend of Julia 's Kathleen Noone as Ellie Bennett ( six episodes , seasons 2 -- 3 , 6 ) ; Kirsten 's mother . Marla Sokoloff as Jody Lynch ( seven episodes , seasons 2 -- 3 ) ; Claudia 's troublemaking friend . Alyson Reed as Mrs. Reeves ( nine episodes , seasons 2 -- 5 ) ; Sarah 's mother . Carroll O'Connor as Jacob ( Jake ) Gordon ( six episodes , seasons 2 -- 3 ) ; the Salingers ' maternal grandfather ( father of their deceased mother , Diana Gordon Salinger ) . Brenda Strong as Kathleen Isley ( six episodes , season 2 ) ; a wealthy TV producer whom Charlie dates . When Charlie broke up with her after realizing that being with her made him feel like a `` kept man '' she maliciously retaliated by using her wealth to purchase , and nearly succeeded in closing down , the family restaurant . Tamara Taylor as Grace Wilcox ( 16 episodes , season 3 ) ; a social worker who becomes Charlie 's girlfriend . Ben Browder as Sam Brody ( 10 episodes , season 3 ) ; a construction worker who becomes Julia 's boyfriend . Dan Lauria as Coach Russ Petrocelli ( six episodes , season 3 ) ; Bailey 's wrestling coach during his first year at college . Jackie Mari Roberts as Marcia ( five episodes , season 3 ) Andrew Keegan as Reed Isley ( eight episodes , season 4 ) ; a high - school football player whom Claudia pursues . Paige Turco as Annie Mott ( 18 episodes , season 4 ) ; a divorced single mother who becomes Bailey 's girlfriend . Allison Bertolino as Natalie Mott ( 15 episodes , season 4 ) ; Annie 's young daughter . Jessica Lundy as Nina Rondstadt ( five episodes , season 4 ) ; a zoologist who becomes Charlie 's girlfriend . Tim DeKay as Dr. Paul Thomas ( 12 episodes , seasons 4 -- 5 ) ; Kirsten 's husband Brenda Wehle as Dr. Stephanie Rabin ( eight episodes , seasons 4 -- 5 ) ; Charlie 's oncologist during his cancer treatments . Ever Carradine as Rosalie ( seven episodes , season 4 ) ; a garage co-worker with whom Griffin cheats on Julia . Ross Malinger as Jamie Burke ( eight episodes , seasons 4 -- 5 ) ; a musician friend of Claudia 's . Scott Bairstow as Ned Grayson ( 20 episodes , seasons 5 -- 6 ) ; Julia 's boyfriend during her first year at Stanford who later abuses her . Heather McComb as Maggie ( 11 episodes , season 5 ) ; Julia 's college roommate . Adam Scott as Josh Macon ( seven episodes , season 5 ) ; one of Julia 's friends at college . Joanna Garcia as Hallie ( five episodes , season 5 ) ; a schoolmate of Claudia 's at her New England boarding school . Lynsey Bartilson as Parker Brookes ( five episodes , season 5 ) Chad Todhunter as Cody ( 10 episodes , seasons 5 -- 6 ) ; Claudia 's boyfriend at high school Kyle Secor as Evan Stilman ( eight episodes , season 6 ) ; Julia 's writing editor with whom she becomes involved . Maggie Lawson as Alexa ( seven episodes , season 6 ) ; a cheerleader friend of Claudia 's . Andrew Levitas as Cameron Welcott ( six episodes , season 6 ) ; Alexa 's football - player boyfriend who becomes involved with Claudia . Wilson Cruz as Victor ( 11 episodes , season 6 ) ; Daphne 's daughter 's nanny . Lauren Ambrose as Myra Wringler ( five episodes , season 6 ) ; a troubled high school student who clashes with Charlie . Rhona Mitra as Holly Marie Begins ( 12 episodes , season 6 ) ; an English pre-med student who becomes Bailey 's girlfriend . Charles Esten as Luke ( seven episodes , season 6 ) ; Daphne 's boyfriend . Sean Maher as Adam Matthews ( seven episodes , season 6 ) Thomas Ian Nicholas as Todd Marsh ( nine episodes , season 6 ) ; one of Claudia 's boyfriends . Production ( edit ) The show was created by the team of Christopher Keyser and Amy Lippman and produced by Columbia Pictures Television ( CPT ) and High Productions . CPT would later be folded into Columbia TriStar Domestic Television , which soon afterward became Sony Pictures Television . In March 2009 , Sony began streaming the third season of the show on Crackle . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Timeslot ( ET ) Season Premiere Season Finale Rank Rating ( Households ) Viewers ( in millions ) 22 Monday 9 : 00 Wednesday 9 : 00 September 12 , 1994 March 15 , 1995 # 125 6.2 N / A 22 Wednesday 9 : 00 September 27 , 1995 March 27 , 1996 # 96 7.1 N / A 25 Wednesday 9 : 00 August 21 , 1996 April 2 , 1997 # 82 7.4 N / A 24 Wednesday 9 : 00 September 17 , 1997 May 13 , 1998 # 56 N / A 11.5 5 25 Wednesday 9 : 00 September 16 , 1998 May 19 , 1999 # 70 N / A 10.1 6 24 Tuesday 9 : 00 October 5 , 1999 May 3 , 2000 # 113 6.6 6.135 Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Party of Five episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 12 ) March 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 15 ) 22 September 27 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 27 ) March 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 27 ) 25 August 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 08 - 21 ) April 2 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 02 ) 24 September 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 17 ) May 13 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 13 ) 5 25 September 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 16 ) May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) 6 24 October 5 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 05 ) May 3 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 03 ) Home releases ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On April 27 , 1999 , Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the season 2 episode `` The Wedding '' , the season 3 episode `` Intervention '' , and the season 4 episode `` Richer , Poorer , Sickness , and Health '' on VHS . Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released all six seasons of Party of Five on DVD in Region 1 between 2004 and 2013 . Seasons 4 to 6 are Manufacture - on - Demand ( MOD ) releases , available exclusively through Amazon.com and WBShop.com and only in the US . In Region 2 , Sony has released the first two seasons on DVD . In August 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Party of Five . They subsequently re-released season 1 on DVD on June 24 , 2014 followed by season 2 on January 6 , 2015 . On January 5 , 2016 , Mill Creek released a complete series set featuring all six seasons of the series , available together for the first time . In January 2016 , it was announced that Hulu had acquired the rights to every episode of the series . DVD Name Ep # Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 DVD Special Features The Complete 1st Season 22 May 4 , 2004 June 24 , 2014 ( re-release ) Sept , 25 2006 May 5 , 2006 Audio Commentary On Selected Episodes . `` Party of Five : A Family Album '' , 17 minutes of a documentary about the shows first 4 seasons . 9 Behind The Scenes Featurettes with the Cast and Crew The Complete 2nd Season 22 December 20 , 2005 January 6 , 2015 ( re-release ) Sept , 3 2007 February 14 , 2007 Audio Commentary On Selected Episodes . Documentary on the Series Featuring Jennifer Love Hewitt . The Complete 3rd Season 25 March 25 , 2008 N / A N / A Minisodes The Complete 4th Season 24 March 5 , 2013 N / A N / A None The Complete 5th Season 25 July 2 , 2013 N / A N / A None The Complete 6th and Final Season 24 October 1 , 2013 N / A N / A None The Complete Series 142 January 5 , 2016 N / A N / A `` Party of Five : A Family Album '' , the complete 44 minute documentary . Due to licensing issues , the majority of the music from the original broadcasts have been replaced on the DVDs . The new music was handpicked by the original music supervisors from the series . - Manufacture - on - Demand ( MOD ) release . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Party Of Five Fares Better Than ' On Our Own ' '' . Chicago Tribune . September 12 , 1994 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ TV Guide Book of Lists . Running Press . 2007 . p. 212 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3007 - 9 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Party Of Five is the great forgotten drama of the ' 90s '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Complete TV Ratings 1994 -- 1995 '' . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Complete TV Ratings 1995 -- 1996 '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Complete TV Ratings 1996 -- 1997 '' . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Countdown '' . Entertainment Weekly Published in issue # 434 May 29 , 1998 . May 29 , 1998 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Winners & Losers : Numbers Racket A Final Tally Of The Season 's Show ( from Nielsen Media Research ) '' . GeoCities . June 4 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Complete TV Ratings 1999 -- 2000 '' . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US -- Jahrecharts 1999 / 2000 '' . May 30 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Party of Five : The Wedding ( VHS ) ( 1994 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Party of Five : The Intervention ( VHS ) ( 1994 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Party of Five : Richer , Poorer , Sickness , and Health ( VHS ) ( 1994 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Party of Five -- The Complete Second Season ( 1994 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( February 23 , 2004 ) . `` Party of Five -- Season 1 announced , including WINNING Cover Art ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 4 , 2008 ) . `` Invitation to a Party at Last ! 3rd Season Set Coming in March , 3rd Season Arrives 21⁄4 Years After The 2nd Season ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2008 . Retrieved January 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Party of Five DVD news : Update about Party of Five -- The Complete 4th Season -- TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Party of Five DVD news : Box Art for Party of Five -- The Complete 5th Season -- TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Party of Five DVD news : Box Art for Party of Five -- The Complete 6th Season -- TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Site News DVD news : Mill Creek Licenses 52 TV Shows from Sony for Low - Cost DVD Release -- TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Party of Five DVD news : Release Date for Party of Five -- Season 1 -- TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Party of Five DVD news : Announcement for Party of Five -- The Complete 2nd Season ( MCE ) -- TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Party of Five DVD news : Announcement for Party of Five -- The Complete Series -- TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Inks Multi-Year Licensing Deal with Sony : Acquires ' Dawson 's Creek , ' ' Party of Five , ' More '' . Variety . Michelle Sobrino . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . References ( edit ) John J. O'Connor . `` Trying to Make a House a Home '' . The New York Times . October 17 , 1994 . p . C16 . Brenda Scott Royce . Party of Five : The Unofficial Companion . Los Angeles : Renaissance Books , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58063 - 000 - 9 . OCLC 37392928 . External links ( edit ) Party of Five on IMDb Party of Five at TV.com ( hide ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama Marcus Welby , M.D. , season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 / season 2 ( 1987 ) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 ( 1990 ) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 ( 1994 ) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 ( 1996 ) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 ( 1997 ) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 ( 2000 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 ( 2001 ) The Shield , season 1 ( 2002 ) 24 , season 2 / season 3 ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck , season 2 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2009 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2010 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 2 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2013 ) The Affair , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2015 ) The Crown , season 1 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Party_of_Five&oldid=803699858 '' Categories : 1990s American drama television series 1994 American television series debuts 2000 American television series endings 2000s American drama television series American drama television series Best Drama Series Golden Globe winners English - language television programs Fox network shows Serial drama television series American teen dramas Television series about families Television series about orphans Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in San Francisco Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 02 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played jill's brother in party of five | [] | [] |
1316391017246676077 | Here Comes the Sun | Here Comes the Sun - wikipedia Here Comes the Sun Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by the Beatles . For other uses , see Here Comes the Sun ( disambiguation ) . `` Here Comes the Sun '' Song by the Beatles from the album Abbey Road Published Harrisongs Released 26 September 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) Recorded 7 July -- 19 August 1969 Genre Folk pop pop rock Length 3 : 06 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` Here Comes the Sun '' is a song written by George Harrison that was first released on the Beatles ' 1969 album Abbey Road . Along with `` Something '' and `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , it is one of Harrison 's best - known compositions from the Beatles era . The song was written at the country house of his friend Eric Clapton , where Harrison had chosen to play truant for the day , to avoid attending a meeting at the Beatles ' Apple Corps organisation . The lyrics reflect the composer 's relief at both the arrival of spring and the temporary respite he was experiencing from the band 's business affairs . The Beatles recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' at London 's EMI Studios in the summer of 1969 . Led by Harrison 's acoustic guitar , the recording also features Moog synthesizer , which he had introduced to the Beatles ' sound after acquiring an early model of the instrument in California . Reflecting the continued influence of Indian classical music on Harrison 's writing , the composition includes a series of unusual time changes . `` Here Comes the Sun '' has received acclaim from music critics . Combined with his other contribution to Abbey Road , `` Something '' , it gained for Harrison the level of recognition as a songwriter that had previously been reserved for his bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney . Harrison played the song during many of his relatively rare live performances as a solo artist , including at the Concert for Bangladesh in 1971 and , with Paul Simon , during his appearance on Saturday Night Live in 1976 . Richie Havens and Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel each had hit singles with `` Here Comes the Sun '' in the 1970s . Nina Simone , George Benson , Booker T. & the M.G. 's , Peter Tosh and Joe Brown are among the many other artists who have covered the song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Musical structure 3 Recording 4 Release and reception 5 Cultural references and legacy 6 Cover versions 6.1 Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 6.2 Other artists 7 Personnel 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' is one of Harrison 's best - known Beatles compositions alongside `` Something '' and `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . The early months of 1969 were a difficult period for Harrison : he had quit the band temporarily , he was arrested for marijuana possession , and he had his tonsils removed . Harrison states in his autobiography , I , Me , Mine : `` Here Comes the Sun '' was written at the time when Apple was getting like school , where we had to go and be businessmen : ' Sign this ' and ' sign that . ' Anyway , it seems as if winter in England goes on forever , by the time spring comes you really deserve it . So one day I decided I was going to sag off Apple and I went over to Eric Clapton 's house . The relief of not having to go see all those dopey accountants was wonderful , and I walked around the garden with one of Eric 's acoustic guitars and wrote `` Here Comes the Sun '' . As Clapton states in his autobiography , the house in question is known as Hurtwood Edge . When interviewed in the Martin Scorsese documentary George Harrison : Living in the Material World , Clapton said he believed the month was April . Data from two meteorological stations in the London area show that April 1969 set a record for sunlight hours for the 1960s . The Greenwich station recorded 189 hours for April , a high that was not beaten until 1984 . The Greenwich data also show that February and March were much colder than the norm for the 1960s , which would account for Harrison 's reference to a `` long , cold , lonely winter '' . Musical structure ( edit ) The song is in the key of A major . The main refrain uses a IV ( D chord ) to V - of - V ( B chord ) progression ( the reverse of that used in `` Eight Days a Week '' and `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' ) . The melody in the verse and refrain basically follows the pentatonic scale from E up to C ♯ ( scale steps 5 , 6 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) . One feature is the increasing syncopation in the vocal parts . Another feature is the guitar flat - picking that embellishes the E7 ( V7 ) chord from 2 : 03 to 2 : 11 , creating tension for resolution on the tonic A chord at `` Little darlin ' `` . The bridge involves a ♭ III - ♭ VII - IV - I - V7 triple descending 4th ( or Tri-Plagal ) progression ( with an extra V7 ) as the vocals move from `` Sun '' ( ♭ III or C chord ) to `` sun '' ( ♭ VII or G chord ) to `` sun '' ( IV or D chord ) to `` comes '' ( I or A chord ) and the additional 4th descent to a V7 ( E7 ) chord . The lyric here ( `` Sun , sun , sun , here it comes '' ) has been described as taking `` on the quality of a meditator 's mantra '' . The song also features extreme 4 / 4 ( in the verse ) and a sequence of 11 / 8 + 4 / 4 + 7 / 8 ( which can also be transcribed as 11 / 8 + 15 / 8 ) in the bridge , phrasing interludes which Harrison drew from Indian music influences . In the second verse ( 0 : 59 -- 1 : 13 ) the Moog synthesizer doubles the solo guitar line and in the third verse the Moog adds an obbligato line an octave above . The last four bars ( 2 : 54 -- 3 : 04 ) juxtapose the guitar break with a repeat of the bridge . Recording ( edit ) Harrison , Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr recorded the rhythm track in 13 takes on 7 July 1969 . John Lennon did not contribute to the song as he was recovering from a car crash . Towards the end of the session Harrison spent an hour re-recording his acoustic guitar part . He capoed his guitar on the 7th fret , resulting in the final key of A major ( in fact , slightly above A major due to the track being varispeeded by less than a semitone ) . He also used the same technique on his 1965 song `` If I Needed Someone '' , which shares a similar melodic pattern . The following day he taped his lead vocals , and he and McCartney recorded their backing vocals twice to give a fuller sound . A harmonium and handclaps were added on 16 July . Harrison added an electric guitar run through a Leslie speaker on 6 August , and the orchestral parts ( George Martin 's score for two piccolos , two flutes , two alto flutes and two clarinets ) were added on 15 August . `` Here Comes the Sun '' was completed four days later with the addition of Harrison 's Moog synthesizer part . The master tapes reveal that Harrison recorded a guitar solo that was not included in the final mix at that time . Release and reception ( edit ) Abbey Road was released on 26 September 1969 with `` Here Comes the Sun '' sequenced as the opening track on side two of the LP . Along with `` Something '' , which was issued as a single from the album , the song established Harrison as a composer to match Lennon and McCartney . According to author Alan Clayson , Harrison 's two Abbey Road compositions received `` the most widespread syndication '' of all the tracks on the album , partly through the number of cover versions they attracted . Nine years later , Harrison recorded `` Here Comes the Moon '' as a lyrical successor to the song . In Japan , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was issued on a single in 1970 , as the B - side to McCartney 's Abbey Road track `` Oh ! Darling '' . While the Beatles never released the track on a single in Britain , new rules implemented to the UK Singles Chart in 2007 allowed any song to enter the charts based on download sales . This allowed several songs recorded by the Beatles to list on the charts when the group 's back catalogue became available for download on iTunes in 2010 , including `` Here Comes the Sun '' , which peaked at number 58 on 27 November that year . Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002 , Mikal Gilmore likened `` Here Comes the Sun '' to the McCartney - written `` Let It Be '' and Lennon 's `` Imagine '' , as Harrison 's `` graceful anthem of hope amid difficult realities '' . While expressing regret at having underestimated Harrison as a songwriter , Martin described `` Here Comes the Sun '' as being `` in some ways one of the best songs ever written '' . Cultural references and legacy ( edit ) In 1977 , astronomer and science populariser Carl Sagan attempted to have `` Here Comes the Sun '' included on a disc of music accompanying the Voyager space mission . Titled the Voyager Golden Record , copies of the disc were put on board both spacecraft in the Voyager program in order to provide any entity that recovered them with a representative sample of human civilization . Writing in his book Murmurs of Earth , Sagan recalls that the Beatles favoured the idea , but `` ( they ) did not own the copyright , and the legal status of the piece seemed too murky to risk . '' When the probes were launched in 1977 , the song was not included . The track has appeared in many critics ' lists of the Beatles ' best recordings . Among these , the NME placed it at number 4 in the magazine 's 2015 list of `` the 100 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . In a similar poll compiled by Mojo in 2006 , where the song appeared at number 21 , Danny Eccleston described it as `` perhaps the best song -- outside ' Jerusalem ' -- that religion can claim credit for '' , adding : `` Those who professed surprise at Harrison 's immediate elevation to Most Successful Solo Beatle status ( in 1970 ) clearly were n't listening to this . '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' appeared at number 28 on Rolling Stone 's 2010 list , where the editors commented : `` Along with ' Something , ' it gave notice that the Beatles now had three formidable composers . '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' was played as the entrance music for Ivanka Trump at the 2016 Republican National Convention . The George Harrison estate complained about the song being used to support Donald Trump 's presidential campaign , saying it was `` offensive and against the wishes of the George Harrison estate '' . The Harrison family later tweeted : `` If it had been Beware of Darkness , then we MAY have approved it ! # TrumpYourself . '' Cover versions ( edit ) Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ( edit ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' Single by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel from the album Love 's a Prima Donna B - side `` Lay Me Down '' Released 30 July 1976 ( 1976 - 07 - 30 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Pop , rock Length 2 : 55 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) Steve Harley Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel singles chronology `` White , White Dove '' ( 1976 ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( 1976 ) `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' ( 1976 ) `` White , White Dove '' ( 1976 ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( 1976 ) `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' ( 1976 ) In 1976 , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was covered by the British rock band Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel , and released as the lead single from their fifth studio album , Love 's a Prima Donna . The lineup on their version was Steve Harley on vocals and guitar , Jim Cregan on lead guitar and backing vocals , Jo Partridge on guitar and backing vocals , George Ford on bass guitar and backing vocals , Duncan Mackay on keyboards , and Stuart Elliott on drums . Additional backing vocals were provided by Yvonne Keeley , John G. Perry and Tony Rivers , while Lindsey Elliott played percussion . `` Here Comes the Sun '' was the first cover version that Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel had chosen to record . The song peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and number 7 in Ireland . It was the band 's last top 40 single . Other artists ( edit ) In August 1971 , Harrison performed the song at the Concert for Bangladesh , accompanied by Pete Ham of the group Badfinger . He also played it during his appearance on Saturday Night Live in November 1976 , as a duet with Paul Simon . A live version from his 1991 Japanese tour with Eric Clapton appears on Harrison 's Live in Japan double album . Booker T. & the M.G. 's included the song on their 1970 Abbey Road tribute album , McLemore Avenue . That same year , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was covered by Peter Tosh and released as a single , although it was not widely available until its inclusion on Ca n't Blame the Youth in 2004 . We Five released a version on their 1970 album Catch the Wind . American folk singer Richie Havens had a US hit with his 1971 version , which peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Nina Simone recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' as the title track to her 1971 covers album . Sandy Farina covered `` Here Comes the Sun '' on the Martin - produced soundtrack to the 1978 film Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . In 1980 , on their album Flaming Schoolgirls , the Runaways recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' . Dave Edmunds , Debbie Gibson and Raffi sang a live cover version in a Japanese television special aired in 1990 . On their 1994 debut album , Who Is , This Is ? , ska - punk band Voodoo Glow Skulls recorded a version of the song . Linda Eder released a version of `` Here Comes the Sun '' in 2002 on her Gold album . On 29 November that year , Joe Brown performed the song at the Concert for George tribute , which was organised by Clapton and held at the Royal Albert Hall in London . Brown 's performance was included on the subsequent live album from the event and in David Leland 's concert film . Sheryl Crow sang `` Here Comes the Sun '' in the 2007 animated film Bee Movie . Swedish heavy metal band Ghost released a version of the song as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of their 2010 album Opus Eponymous . Marina Prior recorded the song for her 2012 album Both Sides Now . Malaysian singer Yuna recorded her version for the 2012 film Savages . It can be heard in the ending credits . Naya Rivera and Demi Lovato performed the song , as Santana Lopez and Dani respectively , in Glee 's fifth season episode `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' . Their duet version appears on the album Glee Sings the Beatles , released in September 2013 . Writing for MTV , Jocelyn Vena commented that the two singers sang `` in perfect harmony over a plucky guitar . '' Idolator also pointed out `` their beautiful harmonies '' as a highlight . Paul Simon has often performed `` Here Comes the Sun '' in concert , as a tribute to Harrison . In September 2014 , Simon played the song live on the TBS television show Conan as part of the show 's `` George Harrison Week '' initiative . Personnel ( edit ) According to Ian MacDonald , the lineup on the Beatles ' recording was as follows . The Beatles George Harrison -- lead and backing vocals , acoustic and electric guitars , harmonium , Moog synthesizer , handclaps Paul McCartney -- backing vocal , bass , handclaps Ringo Starr -- drums , handclaps Orchestra Uncredited -- four violas , four cellos , double bass , two piccolos , two flutes , two alto flutes , two clarinets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Richie Havens : Roots , Freedom , Bob Dylan & The Beatles ! '' . The Immortal Jukebox. 2016 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Harrison 2002 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Rowley , David . All Together Now , the ABC of the Beatles songs and albums . Troubador , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Alan . `` Notes on ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , pp. 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , p. 555 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 2005 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles ' Here Comes The Sun ' : Lost Solo Discovered '' . andpop.com. 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` New George Harrison guitar solo uncovered '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 297 , 300 . Jump up ^ Woffinden 1981 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , pp. 355 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 285 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2009 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Fontenot , Robert . `` The Beatles Songs : ' Here Comes the Sun ' -- The history of this classic Beatles song '' . oldies.about.com . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sagan et al. 1978 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Phil ; et al. ( July 2006 ) . `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Mojo . p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs : 28 . ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Owen , Paul ; Bixby , Scott ( 23 July 2016 ) . `` ' The greatest asset Trump has ' : Ivanka gets rave reviews for Cleveland speech '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Chris ( 22 July 2016 ) . `` George Harrison Estate Addresses RNC 's Use Of ' Here Comes The Sun ' To Introduce Ivanka Trump '' . Stereogum . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel -- Love 's A Prima Donna at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` STEVE HARLEY & COCKNEY REBEL full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Tony ( 24 April 1976 ) . `` Harley blows big chance '' . New Musical Express . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Lavezzoli 2006 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Booker T. & the MG 's McLemore Avenue '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` We Five , Catch the Wind '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richie Havens -- Chart history '' . Billboard charts . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Here Comes the Sun -- Nina Simone '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Earth ' 90 : Children and the Environment B.A.M. Majestic Theater Brooklyn , NY Jun 2 , 1990 ) : '' . concertvault.com . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Voodoo Glow Skulls , `` Who Is , This Is ? '' `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kanis , Jon ( December 2012 ) . `` I 'll See You in My Dreams : Looking Back at the Concert for George '' . San Diego Troubadour . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Various Artists A Concert for George ( Video ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` Demi Lovato , Naya Rivera Harmonize On ' Glee ' Duet '' . MTV . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gracie , Bianca ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` Demi Lovato & Naya Rivera Cover The Beatles ' ' Here Comes The Sun ' : Hear The ' Glee ' Track '' . Idolator . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker , Erin ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Paul Simon Performs ' Here Comes The Sun ' for George Harrison Week on ' Conan ' '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mehr , Bob ( January 2012 ) . `` He 's Going to Graceland '' . Mojo . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Watch Paul Simon Perform the Beatles ' ' Here Comes the Sun ' on ' Conan ' '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Sources ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Clayson , Alan ( 2003 ) . George Harrison . London : Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 489 - 3 . The Editors of Rolling Stone ( 2002 ) . Harrison . New York , NY : Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 5 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512941 - 5 . `` Here Comes the Sun '' . Fretbase.com. 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Harrison , George ( 2002 ) ( 1980 ) . I , Me , Mine . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5900 - 4 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1996 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 . Inglis , Ian ( 2010 ) . The Words and Music of George Harrison . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37532 - 3 . Lavezzoli , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Dawn of Indian Music in the West . New York , NY : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 2819 - 3 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 2005 ) ( 1988 ) . The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions : The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962 -- 1970 . London : Bounty Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7537 - 2545 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . Pedler , Dominic ( 2003 ) . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8167 - 6 . Sagan , Carl ; Drake , Frank D. ; Lomberg , Jon ; Sagan , Linda Salzman ; Druyan , Ann ; Ferris , Timothy ( 1978 ) . Murmurs of Earth : The Voyager Interstellar Record . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 41047 - 5 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Woffinden , Bob ( 1981 ) . The Beatles Apart . London : Proteus . ISBN 0 - 906071 - 89 - 5 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 3133 - 9171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Abbey Road Review from AllMusic Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles ' official website Abbey Road Songs Side one `` Come Together '' `` Something '' `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' `` Oh ! Darling '' `` Octopus 's Garden '' `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' Side two `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Because '' `` You Never Give Me Your Money '' `` Sun King '' `` Mean Mr. Mustard '' `` Polythene Pam '' `` She Came In Through the Bathroom Window '' `` Golden Slumbers '' `` Carry That Weight '' `` The End '' `` Her Majesty '' Non-album single `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' `` Old Brown Shoe '' Outtakes `` Come and Get It '' `` Ai n't She Sweet '' Related articles Abbey Road , London The Beatles discography Break - up of the Beatles Iain Macmillan McLemore Avenue The Other Side of Abbey Road Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Steve Harley / Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Steve Harley Barry Wickens Robbie Gladwell James Lascelles Kuma Harada Adam Houghton Jean - Paul Crocker Paul Jeffreys Milton Reame - James Jim Cregan George Ford Duncan Mackay Stuart Elliott Lincoln Anderson Studio albums ( Cockney Rebel ) The Human Menagerie ( 1973 ) The Psychomodo ( 1974 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1975 ) Timeless Flight ( 1976 ) Love 's a Prima Donna ( 1976 ) The Quality of Mercy ( 2005 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley ) Hobo with a Grin ( 1978 ) The Candidate ( 1979 ) Yes You Can ( 1992 ) Poetic Justice ( 1996 ) Stranger Comes to Town ( 2010 ) Live albums Face to Face : A Live Recording ( 1977 ) Stripped to the Bare Bones ( 1999 ) Acoustic and Pure : Live ( 2003 ) Anytime ! ( A Live Set ) ( as The Steve Harley Band , 2004 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Compilations A Closer Look ( 1975 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 1980 ) The Collection ( 1983 ) Greatest Hits ( 1987 ) Mr Soft ( 1988 ) Live at the BBC ( 1995 ) More Than Somewhat -- The Very Best of Steve Harley ( 1998 ) The Cream of Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ( 1999 ) Best of the ' 70s ( 2000 ) The Cockney Rebel - A Steve Harley Anthology ( 2006 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 2008 ) Cavaliers : An Anthology 1973 - 1974 ( 2012 ) Original Album Series ( 2014 ) Singles ( Cockney Rebel ) `` Sebastian '' `` Judy Teen '' `` Hideaway '' `` Psychomodo '' `` Mr. Soft '' `` Tumbling Down '' Singles ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' `` Mr. Raffles ( Man , It Was Mean ) '' `` Black or White '' `` White , White Dove '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' `` ( Love ) Compared with You '' `` The Best Years of Our Lives ( live ) '' `` I Ca n't Even Touch You '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Last Goodbye '' Singles ( Steve Harley ) `` Big Big Deal '' `` Roll the Dice '' `` Someone 's Coming '' `` Freedom 's Prisoner '' `` Ballerina ( Prima Donna ) '' `` Heartbeat Like Thunder '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( with Sarah Brightman ) `` Whatever You Believe '' ( as Anderson , Harley & Batt ) `` When I 'm with You '' `` Star for a Week ( Dino ) '' `` A Friend for Life '' `` Faith & Virtue '' `` For Sale . Baby Shoes . Never Worn '' `` Ordinary People '' Video Live from London ( 1985 ) The Come Back , All is Forgiven Tour : Live ( 1989 ) Live at the Isle of Wight Festival ( 2005 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Related articles Discography The Alan Parsons Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_Comes_the_Sun&oldid=802221014 '' Categories : 1960s ballads Pop ballads Music published by Harrisongs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by George Harrison The Beatles songs Nina Simone songs Steve Harley songs We Five songs 1969 songs 1970 singles 1971 singles 1976 singles Apple Records singles EMI Records singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Use British English from September 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 19 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings lead on here comes the sun | [
"The Beatles recorded \"Here Comes the Sun\" at London's EMI Studios in the summer of 1969. Led by Harrison's acoustic guitar, the recording also features Moog synthesizer, which he had introduced to the Beatles' sound after acquiring an early model of the instrument in California. Reflecting the continued influence of Indian classical music on Harrison's writing, the composition includes a series of unusual time changes."
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"Harrison"
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2673986232117205639 | Ernest Rutherford | Ernest Rutherford - Wikipedia Ernest Rutherford Jump to : navigation , search `` Lord Rutherford '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Lord Rutherfurd or Andrew Rutherford , 1st Earl of Teviot . The Right Honourable The Lord Rutherford of Nelson OM FRS President of the Royal Society In office 1925 -- 1930 Preceded by Sir Charles Scott Sherrington Succeeded by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Personal details ( 1871 - 08 - 30 ) 30 August 1871 Brightwater , Tasman District , New Zealand 19 October 1937 ( 1937 - 10 - 19 ) ( aged 66 ) Cambridge , England , UK Citizenship British subject Nationality New Zealander Residence New Zealand , United Kingdom Signature Alma mater Canterbury College , University of New Zealand University of Cambridge Known for Discovery of alpha and beta radioactivity Discovery of atomic nucleus ( Rutherford model ) Rutherford scattering Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy Discovery of proton Rutherford ( unit ) Coining the term ' artificial disintegration ' Awards Rumford Medal ( 1904 ) Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( 1908 ) Barnard Medal ( 1910 ) Elliott Cresson Medal ( 1910 ) Matteucci Medal ( 1913 ) Copley Medal ( 1922 ) Franklin Medal ( 1924 ) Albert Medal ( 1928 ) Faraday Medal ( 1930 ) Wilhelm Exner Medal ( 1936 ) Faraday Lectureship Prize ( 1936 ) Scientific career Fields Physics and Chemistry Institutions McGill University University of Manchester University of Cambridge Academic advisors Alexander Bickerton J.J. Thomson Doctoral students Nazir Ahmed Norman Alexander Edward Victor Appleton Robert William Boyle James Chadwick Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry Norman Feather Daulat Singh Kothari Alexander MacAulay Cecil Powell Henry DeWolf Smyth Ernest Walton Evan James Williams C.E. Wynn - Williams Yulii Borisovich Khariton Other notable students Edward Andrade Edward Victor Appleton Patrick Blackett Niels Bohr Bertram Boltwood Harriet Brooks Teddy Bullard John Cockcroft Charles Galton Darwin Charles Drummond Ellis Kazimierz Fajans Hans Geiger Otto Hahn Douglas Hartree Pyotr Kapitsa George Laurence Iven Mackay Ernest Marsden Mark Oliphant Thomas Royds Frederick Soddy Influenced Henry Moseley Hans Geiger Albert Beaumont Wood Ernest Rutherford , 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson , OM , FRS ( 30 August 1871 -- 19 October 1937 ) was a New Zealand - born British physicist who came to be known as the father of nuclear physics . Encyclopædia Britannica considers him to be the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday ( 1791 -- 1867 ) . In early work , Rutherford discovered the concept of radioactive half - life , proved that radioactivity involved the nuclear transmutation of one chemical element to another , and also differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation . This work was performed at McGill University in Canada . It is the basis for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry he was awarded in 1908 `` for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements , and the chemistry of radioactive substances '' , for which he was the first Canadian and Oceanian Nobel laureate . Rutherford moved in 1907 to the Victoria University of Manchester ( today University of Manchester ) in the UK , where he and Thomas Royds proved that alpha radiation is helium nuclei . Rutherford performed his most famous work after he became a Nobel laureate . In 1911 , although he could not prove that it was positive or negative , he theorized that atoms have their charge concentrated in a very small nucleus , and thereby pioneered the Rutherford model of the atom , through his discovery and interpretation of Rutherford scattering by the gold foil experiment of Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden . He conducted research that led to the first `` splitting '' of the atom in 1917 in a nuclear reaction between nitrogen and alpha particles , in which he also discovered ( and named ) the proton . Rutherford became Director of the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in 1919 . Under his leadership the neutron was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932 and in the same year the first experiment to split the nucleus in a fully controlled manner was performed by students working under his direction , John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton . After his death in 1937 , he was honoured by being interred with the greatest scientists of the United Kingdom , near Sir Isaac Newton 's tomb in Westminster Abbey . The chemical element rutherfordium ( element 104 ) was named after him in 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Later years and honours 2 Scientific research 2.1 Gold foil experiment 3 Legacy 3.1 Nuclear physics 3.2 Items named in honour of Rutherford 's life and work 4 Incidences of cancer at Rutherford 's former laboratory 5 Publications 5.1 Articles 6 Styles of address and arms 6.1 Styles of address 6.2 Arms 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Biography Early life and education Rutherford aged 21 Ernest Rutherford was the son of James Rutherford , a farmer , and his wife Martha Thompson , originally from Hornchurch , Essex , England . James had emigrated to New Zealand from Perth , Scotland , `` to raise a little flax and a lot of children '' . Ernest was born at Brightwater , near Nelson , New Zealand . His first name was mistakenly spelled ' Earnest ' when his birth was registered . Rutherford 's mother Martha Thompson was a schoolteacher . He studied at Havelock School and then Nelson College and won a scholarship to study at Canterbury College , University of New Zealand , where he participated in the debating society and played rugby . After gaining his BA , MA and BSc , and doing two years of research during which he invented a new form of radio receiver , in 1895 Rutherford was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 , to travel to England for postgraduate study at the Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge . He was among the first of the ' aliens ' ( those without a Cambridge degree ) allowed to do research at the university , under the inspiring leadership of J.J. Thomson , and the newcomers aroused jealousies from the more conservative members of the Cavendish fraternity . With Thomson 's encouragement , he managed to detect radio waves at half a mile and briefly held the world record for the distance over which electromagnetic waves could be detected , though when he presented his results at the British Association meeting in 1896 , he discovered he had been outdone by another lecturer , by the name of Marconi . In 1898 Thomson recommended Rutherford for a position at McGill University in Montreal , Canada . He was to replace Hugh Longbourne Callendar who held the chair of Macdonald Professor of physics and was coming to Cambridge . Rutherford was accepted , which meant that in 1900 he could marry Mary Georgina Newton ( 1876 -- 1954 ) to whom he had become engaged before leaving New Zealand ; they married at St Paul 's Anglican Church , Papanui in Christchurch , they had one daughter , Eileen Mary ( 1901 -- 1930 ) , who married Ralph Fowler . In 1901 he gained a DSc from the University of New Zealand . In 1907 Rutherford returned to Britain to take the chair of physics at the Victoria University of Manchester . Later years and Honours He was knighted in 1914 . During World War I , he worked on a top secret project to solve the practical problems of submarine detection by sonar . In 1916 he was awarded the Hector Memorial Medal . In 1919 he returned to the Cavendish succeeding J.J. Thomson as the Cavendish professor and Director . Under him , Nobel Prizes were awarded to James Chadwick for discovering the neutron ( in 1932 ) , John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton for an experiment which was to be known as splitting the atom using a particle accelerator , and Edward Appleton for demonstrating the existence of the ionosphere . In 1925 , Rutherford pushed calls to the Government of New Zealand to support education and research , which led to the formation of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ( DSIR ) in the following year . Between 1925 and 1930 he served as President of the Royal Society , and later as president of the Academic Assistance Council which helped almost 1,000 university refugees from Germany . He was appointed to the Order of Merit in the 1925 New Year Honours and raised to the peerage as Baron Rutherford of Nelson , of Cambridge in the County of Cambridge in 1931 , a title that became extinct upon his unexpected death in 1937 . In 1933 , Rutherford was one of the two inaugural recipients of the T.K. Sidey Medal , set up by the Royal Society of New Zealand as an award for outstanding scientific research . Lord Rutherford 's grave in Westminster Abbey For some time before his death , Rutherford had a small hernia , which he had neglected to have fixed , and it became strangulated , causing him to be violently ill . Despite an emergency operation in London , he died four days afterwards of what physicians termed `` intestinal paralysis '' , at Cambridge . After cremation at Golders Green Crematorium , he was given the high honour of burial in Westminster Abbey , near Isaac Newton and other illustrious British scientists . Scientific research Ernest Rutherford at the McGill University in 1905 At Cambridge , Rutherford started to work with J.J. Thomson on the conductive effects of X-rays on gases , work which led to the discovery of the electron which Thomson presented to the world in 1897 . Hearing of Becquerel 's experience with uranium , Rutherford started to explore its radioactivity , discovering two types that differed from X-rays in their penetrating power . Continuing his research in Canada , he coined the terms alpha ray and beta ray in 1899 to describe the two distinct types of radiation . He then discovered that thorium gave off a gas which produced an emanation which was itself radioactive and would coat other substances . He found that a sample of this radioactive material of any size invariably took the same amount of time for half the sample to decay -- its `` half - life '' ( 111⁄2 minutes in this case ) . From 1900 to 1903 , he was joined at McGill by the young chemist Frederick Soddy ( Nobel Prize in Chemistry , 1921 ) for whom he set the problem of identifying the thorium emanations . Once he had eliminated all the normal chemical reactions , Soddy suggested that it must be one of the inert gases , which they named thoron ( later found to be an isotope of radon ) . They also found another type of thorium they called Thorium X , and kept on finding traces of helium . They also worked with samples of `` Uranium X '' from William Crookes and radium from Marie Curie . In 1902 , they produced a `` Theory of Atomic Disintegration '' to account for all their experiments . Up till then atoms were assumed to be the indestructable basis of all matter and although Curie had suggested that radioactivity was an atomic phenomenon , the idea of the atoms of radioactive substances breaking up was a radically new idea . Rutherford and Soddy demonstrated that radioactivity involved the spontaneous disintegration of atoms into other types of atoms ( one element spontaneously being changed to another ) . The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 was awarded to Ernest Rutherford `` for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements , and the chemistry of radioactive substances '' . In 1903 , Rutherford considered a type of radiation discovered ( but not named ) by French chemist Paul Villard in 1900 , as an emission from radium , and realised that this observation must represent something different from his own alpha and beta rays , due to its very much greater penetrating power . Rutherford therefore gave this third type of radiation the name of gamma ray . All three of Rutherford 's terms are in standard use today -- other types of radioactive decay have since been discovered , but Rutherford 's three types are among the most common . In Manchester , he continued to work with alpha radiation . In conjunction with Hans Geiger , he developed zinc sulfide scintillation screens and ionisation chambers to count alphas . By dividing the total charge they produced by the number counted , Rutherford decided that the charge on the alpha was two . In late 1907 , Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds allowed alphas to penetrate a very thin window into an evacuated tube . As they sparked the tube into discharge , the spectrum obtained from it changed , as the alphas accumulated in the tube . Eventually , the clear spectrum of helium gas appeared , proving that alphas were at least ionised helium atoms , and probably helium nuclei . Gold foil experiment Top : Expected results : alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom undisturbed . Bottom : Observed results : a small portion of the particles were deflected , indicating a small , concentrated charge . Note that the image is not to scale ; in reality the nucleus is vastly smaller than the electron shell . Rutherford performed his most famous work after receiving the Nobel prize in 1908 . Along with Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909 , he carried out the Geiger -- Marsden experiment , which demonstrated the nuclear nature of atoms by deflecting alpha particles passing through a thin gold foil . Rutherford was inspired to ask Geiger and Marsden in this experiment to look for alpha particles with very high deflection angles , of a type not expected from any theory of matter at that time . Such deflections , though rare , were found , and proved to be a smooth but high - order function of the deflection angle . It was Rutherford 's interpretation of this data that led him to formulate the Rutherford model of the atom in 1911 -- that a very small charged nucleus , containing much of the atom 's mass , was orbited by low - mass electrons . Before leaving Manchester in 1919 to take over the Cavendish laboratory in Cambridge , Rutherford became , in 1919 , the first person to deliberately transmute one element into another . In this experiment , he had discovered peculiar radiations when alphas were projected into air , and narrowed the effect down to the nitrogen , not the oxygen in the air . Using pure nitrogen , Rutherford used alpha radiation to convert nitrogen into oxygen through the nuclear reaction N + α → O + proton . In the products of this reaction Rutherford simply identified hydrogen nuclei , by their similarity to the particle radiation from earlier experiments in which he had bombarded hydrogen gas with alpha particles to knock hydrogen nuclei out of hydrogen atoms . This result showed Rutherford that hydrogen nuclei were a part of nitrogen nuclei ( and by inference , probably other nuclei as well ) . Such a construction had been suspected for many years on the basis of atomic weights which were whole numbers of that of hydrogen ; see Prout 's hypothesis . Hydrogen was known to be the lightest element , and its nuclei presumably the lightest nuclei . Now , because of all these considerations , Rutherford decided that a hydrogen nucleus was possibly a fundamental building block of all nuclei , and also possibly a new fundamental particle as well , since nothing was known from the nucleus that was lighter . Thus , confirming and extending the work of Wilhelm Wien who in 1898 discovered the proton in streams of ionized gas , Rutherford postulated the hydrogen nucleus to be a new particle in 1920 , which he dubbed the proton . In 1921 , while working with Niels Bohr ( who postulated that electrons moved in specific orbits ) , Rutherford theorized about the existence of neutrons , ( which he had christened in his 1920 Bakerian Lecture ) , which could somehow compensate for the repelling effect of the positive charges of protons by causing an attractive nuclear force and thus keep the nuclei from flying apart from the repulsion between protons . The only alternative to neutrons was the existence of `` nuclear electrons '' which would counteract some of the proton charges in the nucleus , since by then it was known that nuclei had about twice the mass that could be accounted for if they were simply assembled from hydrogen nuclei ( protons ) . But how these nuclear electrons could be trapped in the nucleus , was a mystery . Rutherford 's theory of neutrons was proved in 1932 by his associate James Chadwick , who recognized neutrons immediately when they were produced by other scientists and later himself , in bombarding beryllium with alpha particles . In 1935 , Chadwick was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery . Legacy A plaque commemorating Rutherford 's presence at the University of Manchester Nuclear physics Rutherford 's research , and work done under him as laboratory director , established the nuclear structure of the atom and the essential nature of radioactive decay as a nuclear process . Rutherford 's team , using natural alpha particles , demonstrated induced nuclear transmutation , and later , using protons from an accelerator , demonstrated artificially - induced nuclear reactions and transmutation . He is known as the father of nuclear physics . Rutherford died too early to see Leó Szilárd 's idea of controlled nuclear chain reactions come into being . However , a speech of Rutherford 's about his artificially - induced transmutation in lithium , printed in 12 September 1933 London paper The Times , was reported by Szilárd to have been his inspiration for thinking of the possibility of a controlled energy - producing nuclear chain reaction . Szilard had this idea while walking in London , on the same day . Rutherford 's speech touched on the 1932 work of his students John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton in `` splitting '' lithium into alpha particles by bombardment with protons from a particle accelerator they had constructed . Rutherford realized that the energy released from the split lithium atoms was enormous , but he also realized that the energy needed for the accelerator , and its essential inefficiency in splitting atoms in this fashion , made the project an impossibility as a practical source of energy ( accelerator - induced fission of light elements remains too inefficient to be used in this way , even today ) . Rutherford 's speech in part , read : We might in these processes obtain very much more energy than the proton supplied , but on the average we could not expect to obtain energy in this way . It was a very poor and inefficient way of producing energy , and anyone who looked for a source of power in the transformation of the atoms was talking moonshine . But the subject was scientifically interesting because it gave insight into the atoms . Items named in honour of Rutherford 's life and work A statue of a young Ernest Rutherford at his memorial in Brightwater , New Zealand . Scientific discoveries The element rutherfordium , Rf , Z = 104 . ( 1997 ) The rutherford ( Rd ) , an obsolete unit of radioactivity equivalent to one megabecquerel . Institutions Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , a scientific research laboratory near Didcot , Oxfordshire . Rutherford College , Auckland , a school in Auckland , New Zealand Rutherford College , Kent , a college at the University of Kent in Canterbury , England Rutherford Institute for Innovation at the University of Cambridge Rutherford Intermediate School , Wanganui , New Zealand Rutherford Hall , a hall of residence at Loughborough University Awards Rutherford Medal , the highest science medal awarded by the Royal Society of New Zealand Rutherford Award at Thomas Carr College for excellence in Victorian Certificate of Education chemistry , Australia . Rutherford Memorial Medal is an award for research in the fields of physics and chemistry by the Royal Society of Canada . Rutherford Medal and Prize is awarded once every two years by the Institute of Physics for `` distinguished research in nuclear physics or nuclear technology '' . Rutherford Memorial Lecture is an international lecture tour under the auspices of the Royal Society created under the Rutherford Memorial Scheme in 1952 . Buildings Rutherford House , a boarding house at Nelson College Rutherford Hotel , Nelson 's largest hotel , which incorporates the Rutherford Cafe and Bar The physics and chemistry building at the University of Canterbury , New Zealand Rochester and Rutherford Hall at the University of Canterbury , New Zealand Rutherford House , the primary building of Victoria University of Wellington 's Pipitea Campus , originally the headquarters of the New Zealand Electricity Department , in Wellington , New Zealand . Rutherford building at Bedford Modern School . A building of the modern Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge The Ernest Rutherford Physics Building at McGill University , Montreal The Coupland Building at the University of Manchester , where Rutherford worked , was renamed `` The Rutherford Building '' in 2006 . The Rutherford lecture theatre in the Schuster Laboratory at the University of Manchester Major streets Lord Rutherford Road ( the location of his birthplace in Brightwater , New Zealand ) Rutherford Street , a major thoroughfare in central Nelson , New Zealand Rutherford Close , a residential street in Abingdon , Oxfordshire Rutherford Road in the biotechnology district of Carlsbad , California Rutherford Road , commercial / residential street in Vaughan , Ontario , Canada Other Rutherford Park , a sports ground in Nelson , New Zealand The Rutherford Memorial at the site of his birth in Brightwater , New Zealand His image is on the obverse of the New Zealand one hundred - dollar note ( since 1992 ) . The Rutherford Foundation , a charitable trust set up by the Royal Society of New Zealand to support research in science and technology . Rutherford House , at Macleans College , Auckland , New Zealand Rutherford House , at Hillcrest High School , Hamilton , New Zealand Rutherford House , at Rotorua Intermediate School , Rotorua , New Zealand Rutherford House , at Rangiora High School The crater Rutherford on the Moon , and the crater Rutherford on the planet Mars Ernest Rutherford was the subject of a play by Stuart Hoar . On the side of the Mond Laboratory on the site of the original Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge , there is an engraving in Rutherford 's memory in the form of a crocodile , this being the nickname given to him by its commissioner , his colleague Peter Kapitza . Rutherford rocket engine , an engine developed in New Zealand by Rocket Lab and the first to use the electric pump feed cycle . His image is depicted in the stained glass window of the Presbyterian chapel at Lindisfarne College in Hastings , New Zealand . The window , unveiled in 2007 , is dedicated to the college 's concept of men with supreme content of character , and depicts Rutherford along with Charles Upham , Edmund Hillary , and John Rangihau as iconic examples . Incidences of cancer at Rutherford 's former Laboratory The Coupland Building at Manchester University , at which Rutherford conducted many of his experiments , has been the subject of a cancer cluster investigation . There has been a statistically high incidence of pancreatic cancer , brain cancer , and motor neuron disease occurring in and around Rutherford 's former laboratories and , since 1984 , a total of six workers have been stricken with these ailments . In 2009 , an independent commission concluded that the very slightly elevated levels of various radiation related to Rutherford 's experiments decades earlier are not the likely cause of such cancers and ruled the illnesses a coincidence . Publications Radio - activity ( 1904 ) , 2nd ed. ( 1905 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60355 - 058 - 1 Radioactive Transformations ( 1906 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60355 - 054 - 3 Radioactive Substances and their Radiations ( 1913 ) The Electrical Structure of Matter ( 1926 ) The Artificial Transmutation of the Elements ( 1933 ) The Newer Alchemy ( 1937 ) Articles `` Disintegration of the Radioactive Elements '' Harper 's Monthly Magazine , January 1904 , pages 279 to 284 . Styles of address and Arms Styles of address 1871 - 1903 : Mr Ernest Rutherford 1903 - 1914 : Mr Ernest Rutherford FRS 1914 - 1925 : Sir Ernest Rutherford FRS 1925 : Sir Ernest Rutherford OM FRS 1925 - 1930 : Sir Ernest Rutherford OM PRS 1930 - 1931 : Sir Ernest Rutherford OM FRS 1931 - 1937 : The Right Honourable The Lord Rutherford of Nelson OM FRS Arms Coat of arms of Ernest Rutherford Notes The arms of Ernest Rutherford consist of : Crest A baron 's coronet . On a helm wreathed of the Colors , a kiwi Proper . Escutcheon Per saltire arched Gules and Or , two inescutcheons voided of the first in fess , within each a martlet Sable . Supporters Dexter , Hermes Trismegistus ( mythological patron of knowledge and alchemists ) . Sinister , a Māori warrior . Motto Primordia Quaerere Rerum ( `` To seek the first principles of things . '' Lucretius . ) See also The Rutherford Journal References Jump up ^ Eve , A.S. ; Chadwick , J. ( 1938 ) . `` Lord Rutherford 1871 -- 1937 '' . Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society . 2 ( 6 ) : 394 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbm. 1938.0025 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ernest Rutherford , Baron Rutherford of Nelson '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of Radioactivity '' . lbl.gov. 9 August 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ernest Rutherford -- Biography '' . NobelPrize.org . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , John . `` Rutherford -- A Brief Biography '' . Rutherford.org.nz . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , E. ; Royds , T. ( 1908 ) . `` XXIV. Spectrum of the radium emanation '' . Philosophical Magazine . Series 6 . 16 ( 92 ) : 313 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440808636511 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Ernest ( 1911 ) . The scattering of alpha and beta particles by matter and the structure of the atom . Taylor & Francis . p. 688 . Jump up ^ Longair , M.S. ( 2003 ) . Theoretical concepts in physics : an alternative view of theoretical reasoning in physics . Cambridge University Press . pp. 377 -- 378 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52878 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ernest Rutherford NZHistory.net.nz , New Zealand history online . Nzhistory.net.nz ( 19 October 1937 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ McLintock , A.H. ( 18 September 2007 ) . `` Rutherford , Sir Ernest ( Baron Rutherford of Nelson , O.M. , F.R.S. ) '' . An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand ( 1966 ed . ) . Te Ara -- The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . ISBN 978 - 0 - 478 - 18451 - 8 . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Campbell , John . `` Rutherford , Ernest 1871 -- 1937 '' . Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ By J.L. Heilbron - Ernest Rutherford And the Explosion of Atoms - Oxford University Press - ISBN 0 - 19 - 512378 - 6 Jump up ^ Campbell , John ( 30 October 2012 ) . `` Rutherford , Ernest '' . An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand . Te Ara -- The Encyclopaedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ 1851 Royal Commission Archives ^ Jump up to : `` Rutherford , Ernest ( RTRT895E ) '' . A Cambridge Alumni Database . University of Cambridge . Jump up ^ McKown , Robin ( 1962 ) . Giant of the Atom , Ernest Rutherford . Julian Messner Inc , New York . p. 57 . Jump up ^ TEARA : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Story : Rutherford , Ernest Jump up ^ Birth , Death and Marriage Historical Records , New Zealand Government Registration number 1954 / 19483 Jump up ^ Family history in from the cold . Jump up ^ Historic St Paul 's Church in the Christchurch suburb of Papanui is being fully restored . Jump up ^ `` No. 12647 '' . The Edinburgh Gazette. 27 February 1914 . p. 269 . Jump up ^ Alan Selby ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Manchester scientist Ernest Rutherford revealed as top secret mastermind behind sonar technology '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Brewerton , Emma ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Ernest Rutherford '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Jump up ^ `` No. 14089 '' . The Edinburgh Gazette. 2 January 1925 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` No. 33683 '' . The London Gazette. 23 January 1931 . p. 533 . Jump up ^ `` Background of the Medal '' . Royal Society of New Zealand . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recipients '' . Royal Society of New Zealand . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Complete Peerage , Volume XIII -- Peerage Creations , 1901 -- 1938 . St Catherine 's Press . 1949 . p. 495 . Jump up ^ Heilbron , J.L. ( 2003 ) Ernest Rutherford and the Explosion of Atoms . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 123 -- 124 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512378 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wilhelm Wien : Über positive Elektronen und die Existenz hoher Atomgewichte . In : Annalen der Physik . Band 318 ( 4 ) , 1904 , S. 669 -- 677 . Jump up ^ The Times archives , 12 September 1933 , `` The British association -- breaking down the atom '' Jump up ^ Freemantle , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` ACS Article on Rutherfordium '' . Chemical & Engineering News . American Chemical Society . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rutherford House '' . Nelson College . Nelson College . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ErnestRutherford Physics Building '' . Virtual McGill . McGill University . 24 January 2000 . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Lord Rutherford may have left a deadly legacy `` Lord Rutherford may have left a deadly legacy `` News `` Royal Society of New Zealand . Royalsociety.org.nz . Retrieved on 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Good Kiwi men ' reflected in chapel window '' . Hawke 's Bay Today . NZPA. 25 July 2007 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Brumfiel , Geoff ( 30 September 2009 ) . `` Rutherford Building cancers a ' coincidence ' '' . doi : 10.1038 / news. 2009.965 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Carmichael , R.D. ( 1916 ) . `` Review '' Radioactive Substances and their Radiations , by E. Rutherford '' ( PDF ) . Bull . Amer . Math . Soc. 22 ( 4 ) : 200 . doi : 10.1090 / s0002 - 9904 - 1916 - 02762 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pais , Abraham ( 1999 ) . Line of Succession : Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 216 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 851997 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Coat - of - Arms of Ernest Rutherford '' . Escutcheons of Science . Numericana . Further reading Badash , Lawrence ( 2008 ) ( 2004 ) . `` Rutherford , Ernest '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 35891 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Cragg , R.H. ( 1971 ) . `` Lord Ernest Rutherford of Nelson ( 1871 - 1937 ) '' . Royal Institute of Chemistry , Reviews . 4 ( 2 ) : 129 . doi : 10.1039 / RR9710400129 . Campbell , John . ( 1999 ) Rutherford : Scientist Supreme , AAS Publications , Christchurch , ISBN 0 - 4730 - 5700 - X Marsden , E. ( 1954 ) . `` The Rutherford Memorial Lecture , 1954 . Rutherford - His Life and Work , 1871 -- 1937 '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 226 ( 1166 ) : 283 -- 305 . Bibcode : 1954RSPSA. 226 ... 283M . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1954.0254 . Reeves , Richard ( 2008 ) . A Force of Nature : The Frontier Genius of Ernest Rutherford . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 33369 - 8 Rhodes , Richard ( 1986 ) . The Making of the Atomic Bomb . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 44133 - 7 Wilson , David ( 1983 ) . Rutherford . Simple Genius , Hodder & Stoughton , ISBN 0 - 340 - 23805 - 4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ernest Rutherford . Find more aboutErnest Rutherfordat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Biography and web exhibit from the American Institute of Physics Biography from Nobel prize official website Nobel Lecture The Chemical Nature of the Alpha Particles from Radioactive Substances `` Radioactive change '' , Rutherford & Soddy article ( 1903 ) , online and analyzed on Bibnum ( click ' à télécharger ' for English version ) . The Rutherford Museum Rutherford Scientist Supreme Profile from American Public Broadcasting Service Profile from The New Zealand Edge Annotated bibliography for Ernest Rutherford from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Biography in 1966 An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Rutherford at Canterbury University College from The Rutherford Journal Rutherford 's Timebomb Article on Rutherford 's contribution to dating the Age of the Earth BBC Radio 4 : In Our Time -- Rutherford The Rutherford Collection at his alma mater the University of Canterbury Ernest Rutherford NZ Post stamp , 2008 -- includes link to short biography and other sources ( NZHistory.net.nz ) Kennedy , Bruce . `` Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment '' . Backstage Science . Brady Haran . Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Baron Rutherford of Nelson 1931 -- 1937 Extinct Presidents of the Royal Society 17th century Viscount Brouncker ( 1662 ) Joseph Williamson ( 1677 ) Christopher Wren ( 1680 ) John Hoskyns ( 1682 ) Cyril Wyche ( 1683 ) Samuel Pepys ( 1684 ) Earl of Carbery ( 1686 ) Earl of Pembroke ( 1689 ) Robert Southwell ( 1690 ) Charles Montagu ( 1695 ) Lord Somers ( 1698 ) 18th century Isaac Newton ( 1703 ) Hans Sloane ( 1727 ) Martin Folkes ( 1741 ) Earl of Macclesfield ( 1752 ) Earl of Morton ( 1764 ) James Burrow ( 1768 ) James West ( 1768 ) James Burrow ( 1772 ) John Pringle ( 1772 ) Joseph Banks ( 1778 ) 19th century William Hyde Wollaston ( 1820 ) Humphry Davy ( 1820 ) Davies Gilbert ( 1827 ) Duke of Sussex ( 1830 ) Marquess of Northampton ( 1838 ) Earl of Rosse ( 1848 ) Lord Wrottesley ( 1854 ) Benjamin Collins Brodie ( 1858 ) Edward Sabine ( 1861 ) George Biddell Airy ( 1871 ) Joseph Dalton Hooker ( 1873 ) William Spottiswoode ( 1878 ) Thomas Henry Huxley ( 1883 ) George Gabriel Stokes ( 1885 ) William Thomson ( 1890 ) Joseph Lister ( 1895 ) 20th century William Huggins ( 1900 ) Lord Rayleigh ( 1905 ) Archibald Geikie ( 1908 ) William Crookes ( 1913 ) J.J. Thomson ( 1915 ) Charles Scott Sherrington ( 1920 ) Ernest Rutherford ( 1925 ) Frederick Gowland Hopkins ( 1930 ) William Henry Bragg ( 1935 ) Henry Hallett Dale ( 1940 ) Robert Robinson ( 1945 ) Edgar Adrian ( 1950 ) Cyril Norman Hinshelwood ( 1955 ) Howard Florey ( 1960 ) Patrick Blackett ( 1965 ) Alan Lloyd Hodgkin ( 1970 ) Lord Todd ( 1975 ) Andrew Huxley ( 1980 ) George Porter ( 1985 ) Sir Michael Atiyah ( 1990 ) Sir Aaron Klug ( 1995 ) 21st century Robert May ( 2000 ) Martin Rees ( 2005 ) Sir Paul Nurse ( 2010 ) Sir Venkatraman Ramakrishnan ( 2015 ) People whose names are used in chemical element names Vasili Samarsky - Bykhovets Johan Gadolin Amerigo Vespucci Marie Curie Pierre Curie George Berkeley Albert Einstein Enrico Fermi Dmitri Mendeleev Alfred Nobel Ernest Lawrence Ernest Rutherford Glenn T. Seaborg Niels Bohr Lise Meitner Nicolaus Copernicus Georgy Flyorov Robert Livermore Scientists whose names are used as SI units non SI units Physical constants Copley Medallists of 1901 -- 50 Josiah Willard Gibbs ( 1901 ) Joseph Lister ( 1902 ) Eduard Suess ( 1903 ) William Crookes ( 1904 ) Dmitri Mendeleev ( 1905 ) Élie Metchnikoff ( 1906 ) Albert A. Michelson ( 1907 ) Alfred Russel Wallace ( 1908 ) George William Hill ( 1909 ) Francis Galton ( 1910 ) George Darwin ( 1911 ) Felix Klein ( 1912 ) Ray Lankester ( 1913 ) J.J. Thomson ( 1914 ) Ivan Pavlov ( 1915 ) James Dewar ( 1916 ) Pierre Paul Émile Roux ( 1917 ) Hendrik Lorentz ( 1918 ) William Bayliss ( 1919 ) Horace Tabberer Brown ( 1920 ) Joseph Larmor ( 1921 ) Ernest Rutherford ( 1922 ) Horace Lamb ( 1923 ) Edward Albert Sharpey - Schafer ( 1924 ) Albert Einstein ( 1925 ) Frederick Gowland Hopkins ( 1926 ) Charles Scott Sherrington ( 1927 ) Charles Algernon Parsons ( 1928 ) Max Planck ( 1929 ) William Henry Bragg ( 1930 ) Arthur Schuster ( 1931 ) George Ellery Hale ( 1932 ) Theobald Smith ( 1933 ) John Scott Haldane ( 1934 ) Charles Thomson Rees Wilson ( 1935 ) Arthur Evans ( 1936 ) Henry Hallett Dale ( 1937 ) Niels Bohr ( 1938 ) Thomas Hunt Morgan ( 1939 ) Paul Langevin ( 1940 ) Thomas Lewis ( 1941 ) Robert Robinson ( 1942 ) Joseph Barcroft ( 1943 ) Geoffrey Ingram Taylor ( 1944 ) Oswald Avery ( 1945 ) Edgar Douglas Adrian ( 1946 ) G.H. Hardy ( 1947 ) Archibald Hill ( 1948 ) George de Hevesy ( 1949 ) James Chadwick ( 1950 ) Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 -- 1925 1901 Jacobus van ' t Hoff 1902 Emil Fischer 1903 Svante Arrhenius 1904 William Ramsay 1905 Adolf von Baeyer 1906 Henri Moissan 1907 Eduard Buchner 1908 Ernest Rutherford 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald 1910 Otto Wallach 1911 Marie Curie 1912 Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier 1913 Alfred Werner 1914 Theodore Richards 1915 Richard Willstätter 1916 1917 1918 Fritz Haber 1919 1920 Walther Nernst 1921 Frederick Soddy 1922 Francis Aston 1923 Fritz Pregl 1924 1925 Richard Zsigmondy 1926 -- 1950 1926 Theodor Svedberg 1927 Heinrich Wieland 1928 Adolf Windaus 1929 Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler - Chelpin 1930 Hans Fischer 1931 Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932 Irving Langmuir 1933 1934 Harold Urey 1935 Frédéric Joliot - Curie / Irène Joliot - Curie 1936 Peter Debye 1937 Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer 1938 Richard Kuhn 1939 Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička 1940 1941 1942 1943 George de Hevesy 1944 Otto Hahn 1945 Artturi Virtanen 1946 James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947 Robert Robinson 1948 Arne Tiselius 1949 William Giauque 1950 Otto Diels / Kurt Alder 1951 -- 1975 1951 Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg 1952 Archer Martin / Richard Synge 1953 Hermann Staudinger 1954 Linus Pauling 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud 1956 Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov 1957 Alexander Todd 1958 Frederick Sanger 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský 1960 Willard Libby 1961 Melvin Calvin 1962 Max Perutz / John Kendrew 1963 Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta 1964 Dorothy Hodgkin 1965 Robert Woodward 1966 Robert S. Mulliken 1967 Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter 1968 Lars Onsager 1969 Derek Barton / Odd Hassel 1970 Luis Federico Leloir 1971 Gerhard Herzberg 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein 1973 Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974 Paul Flory 1975 John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog 1976 -- 2000 1976 William Lipscomb 1977 Ilya Prigogine 1978 Peter D. Mitchell 1979 Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig 1980 Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger 1981 Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann 1982 Aaron Klug 1983 Henry Taube 1984 Robert Merrifield 1985 Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle 1986 Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi 1987 Donald J. Cram / Jean - Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988 Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989 Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech 1990 Elias Corey 1991 Richard R. Ernst 1992 Rudolph A. Marcus 1993 Kary Mullis / Michael Smith 1994 George Olah 1995 Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / Frank Rowland 1996 Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997 Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou 1998 Walter Kohn / John Pople 1999 Ahmed Zewail 2000 Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa 2001 -- present 2001 William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless 2002 John B. 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288616035665144195 | Songs from Les Misérables | Songs from Les Misérables - wikipedia Songs from Les Misérables Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Les Misérables is a sung - through musical based on the novel Les Misérables by French poet and novelist Victor Hugo . Premiering in Paris in 1980 , it has music by Claude - Michel Schönberg , original French lyrics by Alain Boublil and Jean - Marc Natel , with an English - language libretto by Herbert Kretzmer . The London production has run continuously since October 1985 -- the longest - running musical in the West End and the second longest - running musical in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Performance 1.1 Characters 1.2 Songs 2 Prologue 2.1 Overture / Work Song 2.2 On Parole 2.3 Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven 2.4 Valjean 's Soliloquy -- What Have I Done ? 3 Act I 3.1 At the End of the Day 3.2 I Dreamed a Dream 3.3 Lovely Ladies 3.4 Fantine 's Arrest 3.5 The Runaway Cart 3.6 Who Am I ? -- The Trial 3.7 Fantine 's Death 3.8 The Confrontation 3.9 Castle On A Cloud 3.10 Master of the House 3.11 The Well Scene 3.12 The Bargain / The Waltz of Treachery 3.13 Suddenly 3.14 Look Down 3.15 The Robbery / Javert 's Intervention 3.16 Stars 3.17 Éponine 's Errand 3.18 The ABC Café -- Red and Black 3.19 Do You Hear the People Sing ? 3.20 Rue Plumet -- In My Life 3.21 A Heart Full of Love 3.22 The Attack on Rue Plumet 3.23 One Day More 4 Act II 4.1 Upon These Stones -- Building the Barricade 4.2 On My Own 4.3 Upon These Stones -- At the Barricade 4.4 Javert 's Arrival 4.5 Little People 4.6 A Little Fall of Rain 4.7 Night of Anguish 4.8 The First Attack 4.9 Drink with Me 4.10 Bring Him Home 4.11 Dawn of Anguish 4.12 The Second Attack 4.13 The Final Battle 4.14 The Sewers / Dog Eats Dog 4.15 Javert 's Suicide 4.16 Turning 4.17 Empty Chairs at Empty Tables 4.18 Every Day 4.19 Valjean 's Confession 4.20 The Wedding 4.21 Beggars at the Feast 5 Epilogue 5.1 Valjean 's Death 5.2 Finale 6 Song appearances in recordings 7 References 8 External links Performance ( edit ) There have been several recordings of this material , including ones by the original London cast and original Broadway cast . However , no recording contains the entire performance of songs , score and spoken parts as featured on stage ; The Complete Symphonic Recording comes closest , but a pair of songs that were cut from the show following the initial London run , as well as one song only present in the Original French Concept Album , are not included . Characters ( edit ) The characters who sing solos or duets are : Jean Valjean , a morally conflicted paroled convict , prisoner 24601 , and the protagonist . Failing to find work with his yellow parole note and redeemed by the Bishop of Digne 's mercy , he tears his passport up and conceals his identity ( under the alias `` Monsieur Madeleine '' and later `` Monsieur Fauchelevent '' ) in order to live his life again as an honest man . However , Javert constantly pursues him Fantine , a struggling single mother who becomes a street prostitute in order to pay for her child 's well - being Javert , a willful police inspector , originally a prison - guard , who becomes obsessed with hunting down Valjean to whom he refers as `` Prisoner 24601 '' Éponine , the young daughter of the sinister Thénardiers who was pampered and spoiled as a child but grows up to be ragged in Paris . She secretly loves Marius Cosette , Fantine 's daughter , who is abused and mistreated by the Thénardiers but whom Valjean later adopts -- she soon grows into a beautiful young woman Marius Pontmercy , a French student and revolutionary who falls in love with Cosette Monsieur and Madame Thénardier , a crooked couple who own an inn and exploit their customers . They later become a feared band of thieves in the streets of Paris Enjolras , leader of the student revolutionaries who seek to bring revolution and change to France Gavroche , a hotheaded young boy who is adored by the people and aligns himself with their revolution -- he is a true symbol of the youth and boldness of the rebellion Grantaire , a revolutionary who does n't believe in the causes of the revolution . He reveres Enjolras , and is often drunk Songs ( edit ) Act I Overture -- Instrumental ( Orchestra ) Prologue : Work Song -- Chain Gang , Javert and Valjean Prologue : On Parole -- Valjean , Farmer , Labourer , Innkeeper 's Wife and Innkeeper Prologue : Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven -- Constables and Bishop Prologue : What Have I Done ? -- Valjean At the End of the Day -- Fantine , The Poor , Foreman , Workers , Factory Girls and Valjean I Dreamed a Dream -- Fantine Lovely Ladies -- Fantine , Sailors , Whores , Old Woman , Crone and Pimp Fantine 's Arrest -- Fantine , Bamatabois , Javert and Valjean The Runaway Cart -- Onlookers , Valjean , Fauchelevent and Javert Who Am I ? -- Valjean Fantine 's Death -- Fantine and Valjean The Confrontation -- Javert and Valjean Castle on a Cloud -- Young Cosette and Madame Thénardier Master of the House -- Thénardier , Madame Thénardier and Chorus The Well Scene -- Valjean and Young Cosette The Bargain / The Thénardier Waltz of Treachery -- Thénardier , Valjean , Madame Thénardier and Young Cosette Suddenly -- Valjean ( 2012 film only ) The Convent ( 2012 film only ) Stars -- Javert Look Down -- Beggars , Gavroche , Old Woman , Prostitute , Pimp , Enjolras and Marius The Robbery / Javert 's Intervention -- Thénardier , Madame Thénardier , Éponine , Marius , Valjean and Javert Éponine 's Errand -- Marius and Éponine The ABC Café / Red and Black -- Students , Enjolras , Marius , Grantaire and Gavroche Do You Hear the People Sing ? -- Enjolras , Grantaire , Students and Beggars In My Life -- Cosette , Valjean , Marius and Éponine A Heart Full of Love -- Marius , Cosette and Éponine The Attack on Rue Plumet -- Thénardier , Thieves , Éponine , Marius , Valjean and Cosette One Day More -- Valjean , Marius , Cosette , Éponine , Enjolras , Javert , Thénardier , Madame Thénardier and Company Act II At the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) -- Enjolras , Javert , Marius , Éponine and Valjean On My Own -- Éponine Building the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) -- Enjolras , Students and Army Officer Javert 's Arrival -- Javert and Enjolras Little People -- Gavroche , Students , Enjolras and Javert A Little Fall of Rain -- Éponine and Marius Night of Anguish -- Enjolras , Valjean , and Students The First Attack -- Enjolras , Grantaire , Students , Valjean and Javert Drink with Me -- Grantaire and Marius Bring Him Home -- Valjean Dawn of Anguish -- Enjolras and Students The Second Attack ( Death of Gavroche ) -- Enjolras , Marius , Valjean , Grantaire , Gavroche and Students The Final Battle -- Army Officer , Grantaire , Enjolras and Students The Sewers -- Instrumental ( Orchestra ) Dog Eats Dog ( The Sewers ) -- Thénardier Javert 's Suicide -- Valjean and Javert Turning -- Women of Paris Empty Chairs at Empty Tables -- Marius Every Day / A Heart Full of Love ( Reprise ) -- Cosette , Marius and Valjean Valjean 's Confession -- Valjean and Marius Suddenly ( Reprise ) -- Marius and Cosette ( 2012 film only ) Wedding Chorale -- Guests , Thénardier , Marius and Madame Thénardier Beggars at the Feast -- Thénardier and Madame Thénardier Epilogue : Valjean 's Death -- Valjean , Fantine , Cosette , Marius and Éponine Finale : Do You Hear the People Sing ( Reprise ) -- Full Company Prologue ( edit ) Overture / Work song ( edit ) The `` Overture '' is the opening song and a dramatic instrumental introduction that establishes the setting as Toulon , France , 1815 . The `` Work Song '' flows from the `` Overture '' , the former opening with a choir of imprisoned men singing a melody later used in `` Look Down '' but eventually becoming a dark duet between the prisoner Jean Valjean and the guard Javert . In early versions , such as in the Original London Recording , the `` Overture '' was essentially just a minor version of the beginning of `` At the End of the Day , '' but is now almost exclusively played with part of the same melody as the `` Work Song '' and `` Look Down '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , nor did any of the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Ouverture ( Overture ) and Le bagne : pitié , pitié ( The Prison : Mercy , mercy ) . On Parole ( edit ) `` On Parole '' is the second song in the Prologue . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , nor did any of the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as En liberté conditionnelle ( On Parole ) . Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven ( edit ) The song contains two parts , the first in which Valjean is invited in by the Bishop and steals the silver , the second , where Valjean is caught by two constables . The former is often cut out of recordings . When the both parts are played , the song is usually known as `` The Bishop of Digne '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , nor did any of the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as L'évêque de Digne ( The Bishop of Digne ) . Valjean 's Soliloquy -- What have I done ? ( edit ) `` What Have I Done ? '' is the fourth and final song in the Prologue , sung by the main character , Jean Valjean . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , nor did any of the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Pourquoi ai - je permis à cet homme ? ( Why Did I Allow That Man ? ) . Act I ( edit ) At the end of the Day ( edit ) The music of `` At the End of the Day '' is fast and intricate , with different melodies coinciding as sung by various groups of poor women and men , female workers , solos by certain workers , and repetitious instrumentation . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La journée est finie ( The Day is Finished ) , in which it features as the first song . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Quand un jour est passé ( When a Day is Past ) . I Dreamed a Dream ( edit ) Main article : I Dreamed a Dream `` I Dreamed a Dream '' is a solo sung by Fantine during the first act and the play 's most famous number . Most of the music is soft and melancholic , but towards the end becomes louder and taut with frustration and anguish as she cries aloud about the wretched state of her life and her unfair mistreatment . Other uses Glee characters Rachel Berry and Shelby Corcoran ( portrayed by Lea Michele and Idina Menzel , respectively ) recorded a cover version of this song . Other covers include Neil Diamond ( from his 1987 live album Hot August Night II ) and Aretha Franklin ( from her 1991 album What You See Is What You Sweat ) . Franklin also performed this song for U.S. President Bill Clinton on the evening of the day that he was inaugurated . In the film The Commitments ( 1991 ) , one of the auditionees for the titular band sings `` I Dreamed a Dream '' as her audition song . Susan Boyle performed it in 2009 for her audition on the third season of the ITV programme Britain 's Got Talent . The song 's renewed popularity caused Patti LuPone 's 1985 recording to enter the UK Singles Chart , peaking at forty - five with 4,987 digital download sales . `` I Dreamed a Dream '' is the musical 's only chart hit . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie ( I Had Dreamed of Another Life ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as J'avais rêvé ( I Had Dreamed ) . Lovely Ladies ( edit ) `` Lovely Ladies '' is a song from the first act . It is followed by `` Fantine 's Arrest '' and sometimes the two are counted as one song . Fantine , now unemployed , wanders to the docks where she eventually turns to prostitution to survive . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear on the recording , but was a part of the stage show as a song known as La nuit ( The Night ) , which features similar events as the scene where Fantine sells her hair in Les beaux cheveux que voilà ( The Beautiful Hair That is There ) . A shortened version of this song was added at the end of J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie ( I Had Dreamed of Another Life ) , which features the same melody as the final and slower section of Lovely Ladies . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Tu viens , chéri ! ( You Come , Darling ! ) . Fantine 's Arrest ( edit ) `` Fantine 's Arrest '' is a song from the first act . It follows `` Lovely Ladies '' ( the two are sometimes counted as one song ) . Valjean 's appearance in the song is sometimes referred to as `` Valjean 's Intervention '' . This song is followed by `` The Runaway Cart '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song was separated into two songs , which were called Dites - moi ce qui se passe ( Tell Me What Happened ) and Fantine et Monsieur Madeleine ( Fantine and Monsieur Madeleine ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The Runaway Cart ( edit ) `` The Runaway Cart '' is a song from the first act , divided into two parts . The chorus , Fauchelevent , and Valjean sing the first with instrumental parts . Valjean sings the second one and Javert on a medium - paced tune often picked up by Javert or other policemen ( first sung in `` Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven '' ) . The song is cut heavily or left completely out in most recordings . It is known in the School Edition as `` The Cart Crash '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear on the recording , but was a part of the stage show in slightly longer form . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . Who Am I ? -- The Trial ( edit ) `` Who Am I ? '' is a song from the first act , a solo sung by the main character Jean Valjean . It is rather slow - paced , and shares a melody with Valjean 's solo in `` One Day More , '' as well as the ten - years - later sequence after the Prologue . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear on the recording , but was a part of the stage show as Comment faire ? ( What to Do ? ) . It includes an additional stanza , in which Valjean shortly reveals his past , since the concept version did not contain the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le procès : comment faire ? ( The Trial -- What to Do ? ) . Fantine 's Death ( edit ) `` Fantine 's Death '' , also known as `` Come to Me '' , is a song from the first act . It is followed by `` The Confrontation '' . It is slow - paced and the tune is very soft . It has the same melody as the more famous `` On My Own '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La mort de Fantine ( Fantine 's Death ) . The Confrontation ( edit ) The main opposing characters Jean Valjean and Javert sing `` The Confrontation '' . It follows `` Come to Me '' and is followed by `` Castle on a Cloud '' . The song is low and slow - paced . The instrumentation behind the vocals is the same as in the `` Work Song '' , the melody partly also picks up that song . The song 's highlight is Javert and Valjean singing in counterpoint , with the lead alternating . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . In the stage show , a doctor shortly informed Valjean of Fantine 's death and Valjean asked three days to fetch Cosette , which Javert refuses . The music was entirely different , but finished in the same instrumental climax that is still used . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La confrontation ( The Confrontation ) . Castle on a Cloud ( edit ) `` Castle on a Cloud '' is a solo for the part of young Cosette . She sings about a castle where she does not have to sweep floors and a lady all in white looks after her . It is followed by a tag that breaks away from the main melody , involving the first entrance of Mme Thénardier , which is cut from many recordings . Mme Thénardier verbally abuses Cosette , orders her to fetch some water from a well , praises her daughter young Éponine ( a silent role ) , and again refers to Cosette ( after Éponine points to her to show she did not leave ) , warning that she never asks twice . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- The main song is called Mon prince est en chemin ( My Prince is On the Way ) where it is preceded by a long instrumental section . The part where Cosette is caught by Mme Thénardier is called Mam'zelle Crapaud ( Miss Toad ) that is added onto the end of `` Castle on a Cloud '' in the English version . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Une poupée dans la vitrine ( A Doll in a Window ) . This is a reference to the book ; to a doll . Master of the House ( edit ) `` Master of the House '' is one of the better - known songs of the musical and one that provides comic relief . It introduces the Thénardiers and the crooked way that they operate their inn . The song is preceded by a lengthy introduction sung largely by regulars at the inn and Thénardier himself , which is cut from almost all recordings . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La devise du cabaretier ( The Innkeeper 's Motto ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Maître Thénardier ( Master Thénardier ) . The Well Scene ( edit ) `` The Well Scene '' is sung by Valjean and Young Cosette . Cosette is walking alone in the woods with a bucket of water . Valjean arrives and Cosette sees him . Valjean tells her to not be afraid . He asks for her name and Cosette tells him . He takes the bucket for her and walks her back to the inn . ( only in the new video production in 2013 ) The Bargain / the Waltz of Treachery ( edit ) `` The Bargain '' and `` The Waltz of Treachery '' are two intertwined songs . Much of the number is often cut from recordings . The latter part of `` The Waltz of Treachery '' is largely instrumental . It flows directly into `` Look Down '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Valjean chez les Thénardier ( Valjean at the Thénardiers ' ) and La valse de la fourberie ( The Waltz of Treachery ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La transaction ( The Dealing ) . It is only the second part . Suddenly ( edit ) Main article : Suddenly ( Les Misérables ) `` Suddenly '' is a song created for the 2012 film . The song `` explains what happens when Valjean takes Cosette from the inn and looks after her '' . The song appears only on Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack . Look Down ( edit ) `` Look Down '' , sometimes referred to as `` Paris : 1832 '' , or in the School Edition as `` The Beggars '' , involves one of the best - known themes in the musical , imitating that which is first heard in the `` Work Song '' . It is important for plot , introducing Gavroche , Enjolras , Marius , the adolescent Éponine , the adolescent Cosette , and the plight of the working poor ; it flows directly into `` The Robbery '' . The song comes after `` Stars '' in the Original London Recording and the 2012 film . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Donnez , donnez ( Give , Give ) . The song is about twice as long . It has a second solo sung by Gavroche , where he makes fun about the king Louis - Philippe and the politicians . A part of what would later become The Robbery can be found at the end . This stanza asks for some historical knowledge ; otherwise , the joke can not be understood . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Bonjour , Paris ( Hello , Paris ) . The Robbery / Javert 's Intervention ( edit ) `` The Robbery '' is a lesser - known song from the musical . The young adults Eponine , Marius , and Cosette are introduced ( though Cosette 's part in the scene is silent ) . Marius and Cosette bump into each other and fall in love at first sight . Thénardier attempts to rob Jean Valjean , whereupon realizing Valjean is the one `` who borrowed Cosette , '' a brawl breaks out . Éponine cries out as Javert arrives on the scene , ( a segment of the song commonly known as `` Javert 's Intervention '' ) but , because Javert does not immediately recognise Valjean , the latter escapes ; Thénardier then convinces Javert to let him go and pursue Valjean instead . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song appeared at the end of Donnez , donnez ( Give , Give ) on the recording , but also existed in the stage show . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . Stars ( edit ) `` Stars '' is one of the two chief songs performed as a solo by Javert . It is among the better - known songs from the musical . It comes before `` Look Down '' in the Original London Version and the 2012 film . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Sous les étoiles ( Under the Stars ) . Éponine 's Errand ( edit ) `` Éponine 's Errand '' is an important scene in the show in which Marius asks Éponine to discover where Cosette lives and then take him to her . It is clear that Éponine is reluctant to encourage the brewing romance between Marius and Cosette , but because of her love for Marius , she cooperates . The first part follows the same melody as L'un vers l'autre ( Towards One Another ) , a solo for Éponine that appeared on the original concept album but did not make it to the current version . This tune appears throughout the show . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The ABC Café -- Red and Black ( edit ) `` The ABC Café -- Red and Black '' , on most recordings referred to as simply `` Red and Black '' , introduces the group of young student revolutionaries , who have formed an organization called the Friends of the ABC . The song name is a mixture from the Café Musain , which was their favourite meeting place in the book and their name , `` La Société des Amis de l'ABC '' ( literally in English , the Society of Friends of the ABC ) . The name is a pun , as in French `` ABC '' when pronounced one letter at a time is `` abaissé '' , which is also the word for `` lower '' ( therefore , `` Friends of the Lower Class or the Poor '' ) . The song consists of many different changing parts . The song involves a tag , in which Gavroche enters and announces to the students that General Lamarque is dead ; Enjolras then sings a solo about how this is a sign for the beginning of the revolution , transitioning directly into `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' French Versions 1980 Original French Version These songs are known as Rouge et noir ( Red and Black ) , sung by Marius about his meeting with Cosette , followed by Les amis de l'ABC ( The Friends of the ABC ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- These songs are known as Le café des amis de l'ABC ( The Café of the Friends of the ABC ) and Rouge la flamme de la colère ( Red , the Flame of Anger ) . The song order is reversed to match the English versions . Do You Hear the People sing ? ( edit ) Main article : Do You Hear the People Sing ? `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' is one of the principal and most recognizable songs from the musical , sometimes ( especially in various translated versions of the play ) called `` The People 's Song '' . A stirring anthem , it is sung twice : once at the end of the first act , and once at the end of the musical 's Finale . Instrumentally , the theme is also prominent in the battle scenes . In the 2012 movie , it is performed after `` One Day More '' . At the special Les Misérables 10th Anniversary Concert in 1995 , `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' was sung as an encore by seventeen different actors who had played Jean Valjean around the world . Each actor sang a line of the song in his own language ( except for Jerzy Jeszke , who being Polish himself sung a line in German as he 'd performed the role of Valjean in Germany ) , and the languages sung including French , German , Japanese , Hungarian , Swedish , Polish , Dutch , Norwegian , Czech , Danish , Icelandic and English . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as À la volonté du peuple ( To the Will of the People ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as À la volonté du peuple ( To the Will of the People ) . Rue Plumet -- in My Life ( edit ) `` Rue Plumet -- In My Life '' , referred to on most recordings as simply `` In My Life '' , is among the better - known songs from the musical . It largely involves a duet between Cosette and Valjean , though Marius and Éponine also sing near the end . In the Original London recording alone , it plays alongside a Cosette solo , `` I Saw Him Once '' , ( Te souviens - tu du premier jour ? in the original 1980 French production ) cut out of all other recordings . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Cosette : Dans la vie ( Cosette : In Life ) and Marius : Dans la vie ( Marius : In Life ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Rue Plumet -- Dans ma vie ( Rue Plumet -- In My Life ) . A Heart Full of love ( edit ) `` A Heart Full of Love '' is sung by Cosette , Marius , and Éponine , immediately following `` In My Life '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Le cœur au bonheur ( The Heart at Happiness ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le cœur au bonheur ( The Heart at Happiness ) . The Attack on Rue Plumet ( edit ) `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' is a three - part song , the first part of which plays in only two recordings : a long version in the 1980 Original French recording and a much - shortened version only on the Complete Symphonic Recording and added into the beginning of `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' . The second is best known and is played in all recordings while the third is again more important for plot than music . On the London Original Cast recording , it is called the `` Plumet Attack '' . Éponine , bringing Marius to Valjean 's house to see Cosette , stumbles upon her father Thénardier and his gang Patron - Minette , made up of Brujon , Babet , Claquesous , and Montparnasse , preparing to rob the house ; Éponine screams , dispersing the robbers , while Valjean is led to believe that Javert or his minions have discovered his whereabouts at last , and so prepares to leave at once with Cosette . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- The first part of the song figures as Voilà le soir qui tombe ( Behold , The Night Falls ) , which lasts over a minute and a half and actually occurs between `` In My Life '' and `` A Heart Full of Love '' . It is sung solo by Éponine and warns Marius about the planned break - in . The second part did not figure on the recording , but was used as a purely instrumental piece in the stage show . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le casse de la rue Plumet ( The Break - In of Rue Plumet ) . One Day more ( edit ) Main article : One Day More `` One Day More '' is a choral piece with many solos : all of the main characters ( except for Fantine and The Bishop - both of whom have died by this point ) sing in it in a counterpoint style known as dramatic quodlibet , as well as parts by the ensemble . It is the finale to Act 1 . The song borrows themes from several songs from the first act . Each character sings his / her part to a different melody at the same time ( counterpoint ) , before joining for the final chorus : Valjean picks up the melody of `` Who Am I ? '' without any changes ( A major ) Marius , Cosette and Éponine sing to the melody of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' with Éponine 's taking the bridge ( `` But the tigers come at night '' , sung by Éponine as `` One more day all on my own '' ) ( A major , modulating to F# minor ) Enjolras repeats the bridge melody of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' but in a major key . ( E ♭ major ) Javert sings to the already often - used theme from `` Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven '' , `` Fantine 's Arrest '' and `` The Robbery / Javert 's Intervention '' , only slower and in a major key . ( A major ) The Thénardiers sing to a slightly changed melody from `` Master of the House '' ( A Major ) The revolutionaries repeat the bridge melody of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' in a major key with a counter melody that is only instrumental in Fantine 's solo . ( A major ) At the end of the song , everyone sings the melody of `` Who Am I ? '' ( C major ) Other uses The song was used by Bill Clinton in his successful 1992 campaign for the presidency of the United States . Another version was used by Barack Obama supporters during his successful 2008 election campaign . It was also used as a finale to the 25th Anniversary concert of Les Misérables at The O2 , sung by the OLC with Ramin Karimloo singing the part of Enjolras . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Demain ( Tomorrow ) . It is slightly longer , finishing with a short solo from Valjean . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le grand jour ( The Big Day ) . Act II ( edit ) Upon These Stones -- Building the Barricade ( edit ) `` Building the Barricade '' is the entr'acte of the musical and features a new music theme , which transitions into Éponine 's appearance at the barricade , and her sung dialogue with Marius and later with Valjean as she passes to him a letter from Marius intended for Cosette . It is often cut out of recordings in part or completely . On the Complete Symphonic Recording , this song is mislabeled `` At the Barricade '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear on the recording , but was present in the stage show . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La première barricade ( The First Barricade ) . The section where Éponine delivers the letter to Valjean is cut . On My own ( edit ) Main article : On My Own ( Les Misérables ) `` On My Own '' is a solo part for Éponine . The refrain of the song is the same tune as that of `` Fantine 's Death ( Come to Me ) '' , although it adds a bridge and the tune of the verses are different . Beginning in the key of D , modulating to B ♭ ( even though the song does not actually change key ) , then ending in F , this is her most important song . In the film adaptation , the song comes after A Heart Full of Love and before One Day More . Other uses `` On My Own '' has appeared in many famous events outside of Les Misérables , for example : The character of Rachel Berry in Glee , played by Lea Michele ( who played Eponine at the Hollywood Bowl production of Les Mis ) , sang this song as an audition to join the Glee Club in the pilot episode . Michele 's version has been released as a digital download single . Anne Hathaway parodied the song at the 83rd Academy Awards . ( Hathaway would later go on to play Fantine in the 2012 film version of Les Misérables . ) French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not figure , although the music was adapted from L'air de la misère ( The Air of Misery ) , which was sung by Fantine about her misery and suffering . Éponine 's solo was known as L'un vers l'autre ( The One Toward the Other ) , bearing no resemblance . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Mon histoire ( My Story ) . Upon These Stones -- at the Barricade ( edit ) `` At the Barricade '' , also called `` Back at the Barricade '' , begins with an instrumental reprise of the `` Red and Black '' and a sung reprise of the `` Upon These Stones '' musical themes . It is also the first of the two times that a National Guardsmen sings a warning to the revolutionaries . On the Complete Symphonic Recording , this song is mislabeled `` Building the Barricade '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Sur la barricade ( On the Barricade ) . Javert 's Arrival ( edit ) `` Javert 's Arrival '' or `` Javert 's Return '' involves Javert 's return to the barricade to report on the enemy 's plans ; however , he is interrupted by Gavroche 's exposing him as a spy in `` Little People '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song was a part of the stage show in similar form , but was not a part of the recording . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Je sais ce qui se trame ( I Know What is Happening ) . Little People ( edit ) `` Little People '' begins as Gavroche proudly and merrily uncovers Javert 's identity as an undercover police inspector . Versions The Original London Recording included a much longer version sung by Gavroche , sung in the first act , between `` Look Down '' and `` Red and Black . '' This original version was related to Gavroche being able to be useful even though small , rather than the uncovering of Javert . For later versions of the musical , the song was halved to its current length . Gavroche 's gleeful uncovering of Javert is sung to an entirely different melody , already used in the Original French Version and is much shorter , before leading to the musical bit that was left in . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La faute à Voltaire ( Voltaire 's Fault ) and is very long , accompanied by a background choir . The song that Victor Hugo put in the book is used as the refrain . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as C'est la faute à ... ( It Is the Fault of ... ) . A Little fall of rain ( edit ) `` A Little Fall of Rain '' is the song of Éponine 's death . It features Marius and Éponine , the eldest daughter of the Thénardiers , as she tells him that she loves him and dies in his arms . Marius 's reaction to her death in the musical is quite different from that in the novel ; in the book , Marius does not really care much about Éponine , whereas in the musical they are portrayed as best friends , and he and his fellow students mourn her death , `` fighting in her name '' , Marius being quite devastated by his best friend 's death , even crying while holding her in his arms , and refusing to let go when his fellow students try to take her body away , and refusing the comfort of Enjolras , and continuing to cry over his best friend being gone forever . The title lyric is often misinterpreted ; she thinks she is wet because of rain , Marius sees it 's blood from her wound ( s ) that 's `` everywhere '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Ce n'est rien ( It is Nothing ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Un peu de sang qui pleure ( A Little Blood that Weeps ) . Night of Anguish ( edit ) `` Night of Anguish '' is a musical interlude scene . The exact definition of this song and the following are hazy ; sometimes the few lines following Éponine 's death are named `` Night of Anguish '' , sometimes it is the scene directly after the first attack that includes the dialogue between Valjean and Javert , that receives this name . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La nuit de l'angoisse ( The Night of Anguish ) , which contains much of the same musical material , appears much earlier on the concept recording , and is about the revolutionaries ' lamentation of their predicament . It also includes material that would later be used in `` Drink with Me '' . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The first Attack ( edit ) `` The First Attack '' begins as a largely instrumental number with only some short lines of singing ; there also several lines shouted by revolutionaries during the attack . Depending on the definition of the song , it includes the scene in which Valjean sets Javert free . This scene , even though musically relatively uninteresting , is very important for the plot . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as L'aube du 6 juin ( Dawn of June 6 ) on the recording , but was revised for the stage show into musical sections still present in the English version . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La première attaque ( The First Attack ) . Drink with Me ( edit ) `` Drink with Me '' is the revolutionaries ' mellow song as night falls and they await their enemy 's retaliation . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- One stanza of it can be found in the song La nuit de l'angoisse ( The Night of Anguish ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Souviens - toi des jours passés ( Remember the Past Days ) . Bring him Home ( edit ) Valjean begs God to save and return Marius to Cosette . In a documentary on the Blu - ray of the film adaptation , Claude - Michel Schönberg revealed that the song was written specifically for Colm Wilkinson . French Versions 1979 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Comme un homme ( Like a Man ) . 1999 Spanish Cathedral Version - This song is known as Sálvalo ( Save him ) . Dawn of Anguish ( edit ) `` Dawn of Anguish '' is another minor interlude in which Enjolras and the revolutionaries come to the realisation that the people of Paris are not joining their revolution . Without the masses rising up to support them , they accept that the uprising 's failure is inevitable and so Enjolras tells all the women and fathers of children to return to their homes , since they will only die if they remain at the barricades . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . 1999 Spanish Cathedral Version - This song never appeared and was never mentioned . The second Attack ( edit ) `` The Second Attack '' or `` Death of Gavroche '' is important to the plot . Gavroche runs into the enemy line of fire to retrieve ammunition for the revolutionaries , but is killed during a reprise of his `` Little People '' solo . James Fenton had written another song for Gavroche 's death , called `` Ten Little Bullets '' , using the melody of Gavroche 's solo in `` Look Down '' . The song did not make it past recordings , probably not even there . Only the Broadway Revival version restarted using it in 2006 . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La mort de Gavroche ( The Death of Gavroche ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The final battle ( edit ) `` The Final Battle '' is a mostly instrumental number , often omitted from recordings . It repeats the first bar of the theme from `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' with some variations and key changes , before erupting into a final reprise of the `` Red and Black '' theme , ending on a discordant chord instead of the major chord of that theme . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The sewers / Dog Eats Dog ( edit ) `` The Sewers '' is mostly a lengthy completely instrumental reprise of `` Bring Him Home '' , though it also incorporates `` Dog Eats Dog '' , a solo performed by Thénardier . In it , Thénardier describes his robbing the dead bodies from the battle at the barricades and justifies his actions by saying that somebody has to `` clean them up ... as a service to the town '' . He also declares that God is dead and that the only thing looking down from the heavens is the harvest moon . It is one of the darkest songs of the musical . The song was notably absent in the 2012 film adaptation , which instead featured a shorter chase - action sequence , scored primarily to `` Look Down '' , in its place . The omission of the song allows Thénardier 's character in the film to remain somewhat comical , though he is still shown in the sewers robbing dead bodies . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Fureurs cannibales ( Cannibal Frenzy ) . Javert 's suicide ( edit ) `` Javert 's Suicide '' is the second and last chief song performed solely by Javert . It is preceded by a repeat of the beginning of `` The Confrontation '' theme ( which is sometimes cut from recordings or incorporated into `` The Sewers '' ) , in which Valjean asks Javert for one hour to bring Marius to a hospital , a request to which Javert , this time , agrees . After Valjean leaves , Javert contemplates the paradox of hunting the man who has spared him his life ; he proceeds to jump to his death in the river . The song is instrumentally an exact reprise of Valjean 's Soliloquy , though sung by Javert with changed lyrics . Part of an instrumental from Stars is heard at the end of song as he is falling . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Noir ou blanc ( Black or White ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le suicide de Javert ( Javert 's Suicide ) . Turning ( edit ) `` Turning '' features the women of Paris mourning the loss of the students and their own hopeless cycles of childbirth and misery . It is set to the melody of `` Lovely Ladies . '' It is also the only song in the musical not sung by a major character . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Tourne , tourne ( Turn , Turn ) . Empty Chairs at Empty Tables ( edit ) `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' is a solo sung by the character Marius , who is mourning the death of all of his friends who were killed at the barricade . Part of it is to the tune of `` The Bishop of Digne '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Seul devant ces tables vides ( Alone in Front of These Empty Tables ) . Every Day ( edit ) `` Every Day '' or `` Marius and Cosette '' is a two - part song sung by Cosette , Marius and Valjean . The second part is often known as `` A Heart Full of Love ( Reprise ) '' . Gillenormand sings part of the song in the 2012 film . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , but identical music sections were present in a former exchange between Marius and the Gillenormands in the stage show . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . Valjean 's Confession ( edit ) `` Valjean 's Confession '' is sung by Valjean and Marius . Though important for the plot , the music is more important as an introduction to `` Who Am I ? '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as L'aveu de Jean Valjean ( Jean Valjean 's Confession ) and was much longer . It explains Valjean 's motives more clearly . When Marius asks why Valjean confesses to him , Valjean explains that his conscience will not let him rest until he has done so . Valjean asks Marius if it would be better if he ( Valjean ) did not see Cosette again and Marius says that he thinks so . This fits much better with the description in the book . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The Wedding ( edit ) `` The Wedding '' is a very brief song , also known as the `` Wedding Chorale '' , and is sung by the guests on Cosette and Marius 's wedding . The second part is a dialogue - heavy song that is often abridged or cut , sung by Marius and the Thénardiers . This part is sometimes called `` The Waltz of Treachery ( Reprise ) '' as it is sung to a similar melody . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- The first part of this song is known as Le mariage : soyez heureux ( The Marriage : Be Happy ) . It was longer than all other versions , featuring an additional refrain . The second part is known as Marchandage et révélation ( Bargaining and Revelation ) , where it is more than only slightly longer . It included another subplot from the book . Here , Thénardier first tries to shock Marius with the revelation that Valjean is an ex-convict , which Marius already knows . When Thénardier says that Valjean is also a murderer , Marius claims to know that as well . He believes Valjean to have killed both Javert ( on the barricade ) and a certain M. Madeleine , a rich factory owner . Thénardier proves to him ( with the help of newspaper clippings ) , that Javert committed suicide and that Madeleine and Valjean are the same person -- Marius 's false source of information is unknown -- and then tells him about the sewers . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Sonnez , sonnez ( Ring , Ring ) . Beggars at the Feast ( edit ) `` Beggars at the Feast '' is the second big musical number sung by the Thénardiers , in which they proclaim how through their treacherous ways they always manage to come out on top before waving the audience goodbye with the mocking line `` When we 're rich as Croesus , Jesus , wo n't we see you all in hell '' . It is a reprise of the `` Master of the House '' theme . French Versions ' 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Mendiants à la fête ( Beggars at the Party ) . Epilogue ( edit ) Valjean 's Death ( edit ) `` Valjean 's Death '' is the penultimate ( or last , depending on the song organization ) musical number in Les Misérables . This and the `` Finale '' , into which it flows without pause , are sometimes counted as one song . The combination is often known as `` The Epilogue '' ( as the musical also has a Prologue ) . Fantine and Éponine come to welcome him into salvation . `` Valjean 's Death '' borrows the tune from `` On My Own '' , and towards the end , `` Bring Him Home '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Épilogue : la lumière ( Epilogue : The Light ) . Fantine and Eponine do not appear , as the song ends alternatively with Valjean emploring Cosette and Marius to love and cherish each other , before he peacefully passes away . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Final : c'est pour demain ( Finale : It is For Tomorrow ) . Finale ( edit ) `` The Finale '' , also known as `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? ( Reprise ) '' , is the last song in the musical ; it is often incorporated with `` Valjean 's Death '' into a single track on recordings , simply entitled `` Epilogue '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , instead ending with Valjean 's Death . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Final : c'est pour demain ( Finale : It is For Tomorrow ) . Song appearances in recordings ( edit ) Key -- All or almost all of song included -- Part of song included -- Song excluded Song Original London Recording Original Broadway Recording 10th Anniversary Recording Complete Symphonic Recording Original French Concept Album Paris Revival Recording School Edition Motion picture ( 2012 ) Overture / Work Song On Parole Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven Valjean 's Soliloquy ( What Have I Done ? ) At the End of the Day I Dreamed a Dream Lovely Ladies Fantine 's Arrest The Runaway Cart Who Am I ? Come to Me ( Fantine 's Death ) The Confrontation Castle on a Cloud Master of the House Suddenly The Bargain The Waltz of Treachery Look Down The Robbery Javert 's Intervention Little People ( original ) Stars Éponine 's Errand The ABC Café / Red and Black Do You Hear the People Sing ? I Saw Him Once In My Life A Heart Full of Love The Attack on Rue Plumet One Day More At the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) On My Own Building the Barricade Javert 's Arrival Little People A Little Fall of Rain Night of Anguish The First Attack Drink with Me Bring Him Home Dawn of Anguish The Second Attack ( Death of Gavroche ) The Final Battle The Sewers Dog Eats Dog Javert 's Suicide Turning Empty Chairs at Empty Tables Every Day Valjean 's Confession Suddenly ( Reprise ) The Wedding Chorale Beggars at the Feast Valjean 's Death Finale Notes While the cuts in the Student Edition appear significant , most are small edits that do n't remove more than a verse or a few measures . While `` The Death of Gavroche '' is included in the student production , it was cut from the 25th Anniversary . While `` The Wedding Chorale '' was cut in the Student Edition , it appeared in the 25th Anniversary Concert . Only some of the songs listed below were included on the motion picture 's soundtrack album . See the track listing at Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I Dreamed a Dream '' . discogs.com . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin -- I Dreamed A Dream -- Clinton Inauguration '' . YouTube . 30 June 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish singer ' gobsmacked ' by overnight stardom '' . CNN . 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Week Ending April 25th 2009 -- Chart Watch UK '' . New.uk.music.yahoo.com. 2009 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Patti LuPone -- I Dreamed A Dream '' . Chart Stats . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` One Song More ! Les Miz Film Will Have New Song and Live Singing ; Cameron Mackintosh Reveals All '' . Playbill. 2012 - 02 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Moral Philosophy : The Musical passes an unexpected milestone '' . The Guardian . October 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot : Featured Music '' . Fox . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Schönberg , Claude - Michel . The West End Connection ( Blu - ray Disc ) . Universal Studios . Jump up ^ Behr , Edward ( 1993 ) . The Complete Book of Les Miserables . Arcade Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 156 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Les Misérables official website Les Misérables song lyrics at SoundtrackLyrics.net ( hide ) Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Characters Jean Valjean Javert Fantine Cosette Marius Éponine Enjolras Gavroche Thénardiers Bishop Myriel Patron - Minette Friends of the ABC Film adaptations 1909 1917 1925 1934 1935 1948 1952 1958 1978 1982 1995 1998 2012 Concerts 1995 Other adaptations Musical Radio Les Misérables : Shōjo Cosette Jean Val Jean Beedala Patlu ( 1950 ) Ezhai Padum Padu ( 1950 ) Kundan ( 1955 ) Duppathuge Dukka ( 1956 ) Beedala Patlu ( 1972 ) Television adaptations 1974 telenovela 2000 miniseries 2014 telenovela Songs and soundtracks Songs from Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` On My Own '' `` One Day More '' `` Suddenly '' Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Related Fantine ( 1886 painting ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Songs_from_Les_Misérables&oldid = 822702876 '' Categories : Songs from musicals Works based on Les Misérables Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles that may contain original research from April 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with peacock terms from March 2015 All articles with peacock terms Articles needing more viewpoints from March 2015 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 00 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings master of the house in les miserables | [
"\"Master of the House\" is one of the better-known songs of the musical and one that provides comic relief. It introduces the Thénardiers and the crooked way that they operate their inn. The song is preceded by a lengthy introduction sung largely by regulars at the inn and Thénardier himself, which is cut from almost all recordings.",
"\"Master of the House\" is one of the better-known songs of the musical and one that provides comic relief. It introduces the Thénardiers and the crooked way that they operate their inn. The song is preceded by a lengthy introduction sung largely by regulars at the inn and Thénardier himself, which is cut from almost all recordings."
] | [
"regulars at the inn",
"Thénardier"
] |
689421969421496662 | Presidents of the United States and control of Congress | Presidents of the United States and control of Congress - wikipedia Presidents of the United States and control of Congress Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged into Divided government in the United States . ( Discuss ) Proposed since March 2017 . The degree to which the President of the United States 's political party has control over the House of Representatives and Senate often determines his political strength - such as the ability to pass sponsored legislation , ratify treaties , and have Cabinet members and judges approved . Party control of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives ( including President 's party ) : 1855 - 2015 Contents ( hide ) 1 Presidential impact 2 Presidents by congressional control and terms won / served 3 See also 4 References Presidential impact ( edit ) Many presidents ' elections produced what is known as a coattail effect , in which the success of a presidential candidate also leads to electoral success for other members of his or her party . In fact , all newly elected presidents except Zachary Taylor , Richard Nixon , and George H.W. Bush were accompanied by control of at least one house of Congress . Presidents by congressional control and terms won / served ( edit ) No . President President 's Party Senate with Senate opposed House with House opposed Congress with Congress opposed Congress divided Years served Elections won George Washington None 8 0 6 6 0 8 John Adams Federalist 0 0 0 0 Thomas Jefferson Democratic - Republican 8 0 8 0 8 0 0 8 James Madison Democratic - Republican 8 0 8 0 8 0 0 8 James Monroe Democratic - Republican 8 0 8 0 8 0 0 8 6 John Quincy Adams Adams 0 0 7 Andrew Jackson Democratic 8 0 8 0 8 0 0 8 8 Martin Van Buren Democratic 0 0 0 0 9 William Harrison Whig 0.1 0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0 0.1 10 John Tyler Whig / Independent 0 0 0 11 James Polk Democratic 0 0 12 Zachary Taylor Whig 0 0 0 0 13 Millard Fillmore Whig 0 0 0 0 0 14 Franklin Pierce Democratic 0 0 15 James Buchanan Democratic 0 0 16 Abraham Lincoln Republican 0 0 0 0 17 Andrew Johnson National Union 0 0 0 0 0 18 Ulysses Grant Republican 8 0 6 6 0 8 19 Rutherford Hayes Republican 0 0 20 James Garfield Republican 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 21 Chester Arthur Republican 0 0 0 22 Grover Cleveland Democratic 0 0 0 0 23 Benjamin Harrison Republican 0 0 24 Grover Cleveland Democratic 0 25 William McKinley Republican 4.5 0 4.5 0 4.5 0 0 4.5 26 Theodore Roosevelt Republican 7.5 0 7.5 0 7.5 0 0 7.5 27 William Taft Republican 0 0 28 Woodrow Wilson Democratic 6 6 6 0 8 29 Warren Harding Republican 0 0 0 0 30 Calvin Coolidge Republican 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 6 31 Herbert Hoover Republican 0 0 32 Franklin Roosevelt Democratic 12 0 12 0 12 0 0 12.1 33 Harry Truman Democratic 6 6 6 0 7.8 34 Dwight Eisenhower Republican 6 6 6 0 8 35 John Kennedy Democratic 2.8 0 2.8 0 2.8 0 0 2.8 36 Lyndon Johnson Democratic 5.2 0 5.2 0 5.2 0 0 5.2 37 Richard Nixon Republican 0 5.6 0 5.6 0 5.6 0 5.6 38 Gerald Ford Republican 0 2.4 0 2.4 0 2.4 0 2.4 0 39 Jimmy Carter Democratic 0 0 0 0 40 Ronald Reagan Republican 6 0 8 0 6 8 41 George H.W. Bush Republican 0 0 0 0 42 Bill Clinton Democratic 6 6 6 0 8 43 George W. Bush Republican 4.5 3.5 6 4.5 1.5 8 44 Barack Obama Democratic 6 6 8 45 Donald Trump Republican 0 0 0 0 0.5 No . President President 's Party Senate with Senate opposed House with House opposed Congress with Congress opposed Congress divided Years served Elections won See also ( edit ) Divided government in the United States Party divisions of United States Congresses Political power in the United States over time Political party strength in U.S. states References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Party In Power - Congress and Presidency - A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 - 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of Presidents of the United States '' . Filibustercartoons.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Congress by Party 1855 -- 2013 '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Birth Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Pension and benefits Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession US Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidents_of_the_United_States_and_control_of_Congress&oldid=795618373 '' Categories : United States presidential history Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from March 2017 All articles to be merged Use mdy dates from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 11 : 30 . 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-6138745442136716834 | Be Thankful for What You Got | Be Thankful for What You Got - wikipedia Be Thankful for What You Got `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' Single by William DeVaughn from the album Be Thankful for What You Got B - side `` Be Thankful for What You Got , Part 2 '' Released March 1974 Recorded 1972 Genre Soul Length 7 : 12 ( album version ) 3 : 25 ( single edit ) Label Roxbury Records Songwriter ( s ) William DeVaughn Producer ( s ) Frank Fioravanti , John Davis `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' is a soul song written and first performed by William DeVaughn . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Sampled 1.2 References 2 Covers 2.1 Massive Attack version 2.2 Lipbone Redding version 3 Notes 4 Sources History ( edit ) DeVaughn wrote `` A Cadillac Do n't Come Easy '' eventually re-written to become `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' in 1972 , and spent $900 toward its development ( ( i ) A development agreement , under which an artist will record a few initial demos or tracks . If successful , the company may reserve the right to extend the arrangement ; ) to Omega Sound ( a Philadelphia production house ) . The producers at Omega ( Frank Fioravanti and sax player / MFSB session group member , John Davis ) decided to go for a strong groove with a smooth , almost jazzy arrangement , eventually booking time to record at Sigma Sound Studio in Philadelphia . The session featured members of the MFSB group -- guitarist Norman Harris , drummer Earl Young , bassist Ron Baker , and vibist Vince Montana -- secured by Allan Felder , who also developed the separate ad lib back - up chorus with his sister 's vocal choir. ( The B - Side of the single entitled `` Diamond in the Back '' was the same title adopted by Ludacris 2004 ) Frank Fioravanti could have released the record on the company 's own label Sound Gems , but it was just starting out and instead secured its release on the Roxbury Records record label , run by producer - songwriter Wes Farrell . The record sold nearly two million copies on its release in spring 1974 , reaching # 1 on the U.S. R&B charts and # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . With a sound and content influenced by Curtis Mayfield ( and often erroneously attributed to him ) , its simple and encouraging lyrics hit home , to the extent that it became featured on gospel radio stations . The edited version , which is the first part of the song , became a hit . The other half of the song is a longer instrumental with the repeated chords and rhythm before the final chorus comes in . The song is seven minutes long and radio stations preferred the sung portions over the instrumental portions . The song is noted for its repeated line : `` Diamond in the back , / Sun roof top , / Diggi'n the scene , with a gangsta lean '' . DeVaughn 's second album Figures Ca n't Calculate ( TEC , 1980 ) included a remake . The song is featured in the films Bug ( 2002 ) , Be Cool ( 2005 ) and La Mission ( 2010 ) . Preceded by `` I 'm in Love '' by Aretha Franklin Billboard Hot Soul Singles number one single June 1 , 1974 Succeeded by `` Hollywood Swinging '' by Kool & the Gang Sampled ( edit ) The song has been sampled several times , such as by N.W.A in `` Gangsta Gangsta '' , Ludacris in `` Diamond in the Back '' and Ice Cube in `` Stand Tall '' . References ( edit ) The song is referenced in the Parliament - Funkadelic song `` P. Funk ( Wants to Get Funked Up ) '' , with the lyric : `` Gangster lean ; Y'all should dig my sun - roof top . '' The song was also referenced in the late guitarist Gabor Szabo 's 1976 song , `` Keep Smiling , '' except the `` diamond in the back '' lyric was changed to `` digging the scene with a Philly lean , '' possibly referring to the song 's co-author and producer ( and Vaughn 's Philadelphia International Records label - mate ) Bunny Sigler . In the song `` Still Fly '' by Big Tymers the last verse mentions an ' old - school Caddy with a diamond in the back ' and imitates DeVaughn 's higher tone . The song is referenced in the Rihanna song `` Shut Up and Drive ( Rihanna song ) '' , with the phrase : `` I 'm a fine - tuned super-sonic speed machine , with a sunroof top and a gangsta lean . '' Covers ( edit ) The song was covered in 1974 by Arthur Lee and Love on their Reel to Real album ; Reggae versions were done by Donovan Carless in 1974 , Bunny Clarke ( produced by Lee `` Scratch '' Perry ) in 1975 , and by Winston Curtis in 1984 ( on World International Records ) ; in 1991 by the British trip hop band Massive Attack on their album Blue Lines , in 1993 by Portrait on the soundtrack album Addams Family Values : Music from the Motion Picture , by Peter Blakeley as the opening theme for the movie The Taking of Beverly Hills , by Yo La Tengo on its 1997 `` Little Honda '' EP and by Lawrence `` Lipbone '' Redding on his 2009 Science of Bootyism album . The song has been covered by Rumer ( musician ) in her EP `` Love is the Answer '' . Also covered by vibes player Craig Peyton for Profile Records 1983 , electro sequencer arrangement . The song , titled `` Be Thankful '' , was covered by Omar Lye - Fook featuring Erykah Badu on his 2001 album `` Best By Far '' . The song was also covered by Cleveland Watkiss on `` Blessing in Disguise '' ( Polydor 1991 ) . Massive Attack version ( edit ) Massive Attack 's cover version , retitled `` Be Thankful for What You 've Got '' , was featured on their 1991 debut album Blue Lines . A music video was produced for the song ; however , it was not released as a stand - alone commercial single . Instead , a remix by Paul Oakenfold was also included on their 1992 single release Massive Attack EP . Massive Attack EP track listing : `` Hymn of the Big Wheel '' ( Nellee Hooper Remix ) -- 4 : 47 `` Home of the Whale '' -- 4 : 02 `` Be Thankful for What You 've Got '' ( Paul Oakenfold Remix ) -- 4 : 36 `` Any Love '' ( Larry Heard Remix ) -- 4 : 27 `` Be Thankful for What You 've Got '' Single by Lipbone Redding from the album Science of Bootyism EP Released April 21 , 2009 Format CD Genre Soul Length 5 : 10 6 : 12 ( long version ) Songwriter ( s ) William DeVaughn Producer ( s ) Jeff Eyrich for Lipbone Redding Lipbone Redding version ( edit ) Lawrence `` Lipbone '' Redding 's cover version , `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' , appeared on his 2009 EP Lipbone Redding and the LipBone Orchestra : Science of Bootyism , BePop Records . The EP contains two versions of the song . Science of Bootyism EP track listing : `` The Land of Drunk and Stoned '' -- 4 : 24 `` Sweet Melinda '' -- 4 : 56 `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' -- 5 : 10 `` Old Tattoo '' -- 4 : 58 `` Ghetto Girl ( Downtown Deep Ghetto Mix '' ) - 7 : 00 `` Ghetto Girl ( Uptown Slum Club Mix ) '' - 5 : 51 `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' ( long version ) - 6 : 12 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Record Details '' . 45cat.com . 45cat . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Chart positions and sales figure : Nathan . Jump up ^ `` Be Thankful '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Massive Attack - Massive Attack E.P. at Discogs Sources ( edit ) Nathan , David . Notes for William DeVaughn : Be Thankful for What You Got : A Golden Classics Edition . Collectables ( sic ) CD COL - 5271 . Collectables ( sic ) Record Corp. , 1994 . hide Massive Attack 3D Daddy G Mushroom Studio albums Blue Lines Protection Mezzanine 100th Window Heligoland Remix albums No Protection Singles `` Daydreaming '' `` Unfinished Sympathy '' `` Safe from Harm '' `` Sly '' `` Protection '' `` Karmacoma '' `` Risingson '' `` Teardrop '' `` Angel '' `` Inertia Creeps '' `` Special Cases '' `` Butterfly Caught '' `` Live with Me '' `` Four Walls '' `` The Spoils '' EPs Splitting the Atom Ritual Spirit Compilations Singles 90 / 98 Collected Others `` I Want You '' ( with Madonna ) Danny the Dog DJ - Kicks : Daddy G See also Discography Tricky Shara Nelson Horace Andy Angelo Bruschini Neil Davidge The Wild Bunch Trip hop Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Be_Thankful_for_What_You_Got&oldid=843069869 '' Categories : 1974 singles 1992 singles 2009 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Massive Attack songs 1972 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 17 : 16 . 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2076780174040017545 | Major League Baseball postseason | Major League Baseball postseason - wikipedia Major League Baseball postseason `` Major League Baseball playoffs '' redirects here . For tie - breaker games , see List of Major League Baseball tie - breakers . Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The Major League Baseball postseason is an elimination tournament held after the conclusion of the MLB regular season . As of 2012 , the playoffs for each league -- American and National -- consist of a one - game wild - card playoff between two wild card teams , two best - of - five Division Series ( LDS ) featuring the wild - card winner and the winner of each division , and finally the best - of - seven League Championship Series ( LCS ) . The winners of the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) and the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) play each other in the best - of - seven World Series . Contents 1 Format history 1.1 Before 1969 : One round 1.2 1969 -- 1993 : Two rounds 1.3 1994 -- 2011 : Three rounds 1.4 2012 -- present : Expanded wild card 2 Home - field advantage 2.1 World Series 2.2 League Championship Series 2.3 Division Series 3 Postseason bonuses 3.1 How the Bonus Pool is determined 3.2 How much the winner and loser receives from each pool 3.3 How the team 's share of the pool is divided 4 See also 5 References Format history ( edit ) Before 1969 : one round ( edit ) Major League Baseball is the oldest of America 's major professional sports organizations , steeped in tradition with roots dating back to the 1870s . The final series to determine its champion has been called the `` World Series '' ( originally `` World 's Championship Series '' and then `` World 's Series '' ) as far back as the National League 's contests with the American Association starting at the beginning of the 1880s . In 1903 , the two modern Major League Baseball leagues began annual postseason play with a one - round system in which the American League team with the best record faced the National League team with the best record in a best - of - seven series ( in 1903 , 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 it was best - of - nine ) called the World Series ; however , there was no 1904 Series because the National League Champion , the New York Giants , refused to play . This single - tiered approach persisted through 1968 , even with the expansions of 1961 -- 1962 that expanded both leagues to 10 teams . 1969 -- 1993 : two rounds ( edit ) In 1969 , both leagues expanded to twelve teams , which made it more difficult to compete for a league championship because there were more teams competing for the AL and NL pennants . In addition , a team would play other clubs in its own region of the country more than clubs in the rest of the country , creating an unbalanced schedule that in some years could give a team from one region an advantage in fighting for a single pennant . To remedy this , and imitating the other major sports ' long - standing playoff traditions , Major League Baseball split each league into Eastern and Western divisions , creating four divisions overall and no worse than a sixth - place finish for any team in any division until later expansions in 1977 and 1993 . This created a new postseason round , which was dubbed the League Championship Series ( LCS ) , a best - of - five series . In 1985 the LCS was expanded to a best - of - seven series . Under this system , it was possible for one of the best teams in a league to be left out of the postseason if it did n't win its division . Most notably , in 1993 , the Atlanta Braves and San Francisco Giants finished with the two best records in the majors , with 104 and 103 wins , respectively . However , since both teams played in the National League West , the Giants missed the postseason by a single game . The baseball players ' strike of 1981 uniquely -- for this era -- added another round to the postseason . Because the strike split the season into two roughly equal halves , the division winners of each half of the 1981 season first met in a best - of - five Division Series . The winners of the division series then progressed to the league championship series , with the remainder of the postseason following a similar format to other years in this era . 1994 -- 2011 : three rounds ( edit ) Major League Baseball went through a realignment in 1994 , when both the American and National leagues expanded to three divisions : Eastern , Central , and Western . To avoid a playoff with an odd number of divisional winners , the league added a wild card playoff spot to each league , imitating the original post-merger NFL system . The wild - card for each league would be the team with the best record that did not win their division , eliminating a circumstance where a team with the second - best record in the entire league would miss the playoff because of not winning its division . This new format doubled the postseason contenders in each league from two to four , and from four teams overall to eight . The addition of a second wild card spot occurred in 2012 . The additional teams meant another elimination round was necessary . This new round would become the new first round of the postseason , the best - of - five Division Series . This term had first been used for the extra round required in 1981 due to the `` split - season '' scheduling anomaly following the midseason baseball players strike . This format was in place for the 1994 season , but that year 's players ' strike canceled the postseason . The format was realized on the field in 1995 . Under this format , in the two Divisional Series , the wild card team played the divisional champion outside its own division that had the better record , with the remaining two teams playing each other in the second Division Series for each league . The two Division Series winners from each league go on to play each other in the League Championship Series . As with the previous postseason format , the winners of each League Championship Series met in the World Series . 2012 -- present : expanded wild card ( edit ) With the adoption of the new collective bargaining agreement in November 2011 , baseball commissioner Bud Selig announced that a new playoff system would begin within two years ; the change was ultimately put into place in 2012 . The format chosen was the one - game wild - card playoff . Under this format , a second wild card team has been added to each league , i.e. , the team with the second - highest win total in each league among non-division winners . The two wild card teams play in a one - game playoff after the end of the regular season , with the winner advancing to the Division Series . The divisional champions qualify for the Division Series just as in the previous format ; however , under the expanded wild card format the winner of the one - game wild card playoff faces the top - seeded divisional champion in the Division Series , regardless of whether the two teams are in the same division , while the second - and third - seeded divisional champions play each other in the other Division Series . The format for placement in the League Championship Series and World Series remains . Home - field advantage ( edit ) World Series ( edit ) The World Series used several different formats in its early years . Initially it generally followed an alternating home - and - away pattern , except that if a seventh game was possible , its site was determined by coin toss prior to the sixth game . In 1924 the Series began using a 2 - 3 - 2 format , presumably to save on travel costs , a pattern that has continued to this day with the exception of a couple of the World War II years when wartime travel restrictions compelled a 3 - 4 format ( used in 1943 and 1945 , but not in the 1944 series , which was contested between crosstown rivals the St. Louis Browns and St. Louis Cardinals ; all games were held in the same stadium in St. Louis ) . From the start of the 2 - 3 - 2 format through the 2002 season , home - field advantage generally alternated between leagues each year . Prior to the 1994 strike , the National League champion received home - field advantage in even - numbered years and the American League champion in odd - numbered years ; these were reversed for 1995 -- 2002 ( because 1994 would have been the NL 's turn to have home - field , but the World Series was cancelled by the aforementioned strike ) . That changed starting in 2003 . The 2002 All - Star Game had ended in a tie , much to the displeasure of both fans and sportswriters who complained about a lack of intensity and competitiveness on the part of the players . This hit especially close to home for Commissioner Bud Selig , as the game had been played in his home city of Milwaukee , Wisconsin . In response , to give some real meaning to the game , in 2003 MLB began assigning home - field advantage in the World Series to the winner of that year 's All - Star Game , which is typically held in mid-July . Following the acceptance of a new collective bargaining agreement after the 2016 season , home - field advantage in the World Series will no longer be tied to the outcome of the All - Star Game , but will instead go to the team with the better regular - season record . League Championship Series ( edit ) Until 1998 , the LCS alternated home - field advantage with a 2 - 3 format in the best - of - 5 era ( 1969 -- 84 ) and a 2 - 3 - 2 format when it went to best - of - 7 ( 1985 -- present ) . Since 1998 the team with the better record has had this advantage , except that in no case can the wild card ever secure the extra home game , regardless of regular - season records . Division Series ( edit ) Until 1998 , the Division Series rotated which of the three division champions would not have home - field advantage , with the wild card never having it . Now the two division winners with the best records in each league have home field , with the least - winning divisional winner and the wild card not having home field . The DS used a 2 - 3 format until 1998 and now uses a 2 - 2 - 1 format . This is seen as a more fair distribution of home - field advantage because previously under the 2 - 3 format , the team hosting the first two games had absolutely no chance of winning the series at home . With the current 2 - 2 - 1 format however , both teams have the home - field advantage in a sense . While one team gets to host three games ( including the critical first and last game ) , the other team does get two chances out of three ( games 3 and 4 ) of winning the series on its home field . With the adoption of the expanded playoff format in 2012 , the five - game Division Series began with two home games for the lower seeds , followed by up to three home games for the higher seeds . This one - year change eliminated a travel day prior to a decisive Game 5 of a Division Series and was necessary because the 2012 regular - season schedule was announced before the agreement on the new postseason was reached . For 2013 , the Division Series returned to the 2 - 2 - 1 format that was used from 1998 to 2011 . Postseason bonuses ( edit ) There are three factors that determine the actual amount of bonus money paid to any individual player : ( 1 ) the size of the bonus pool ; ( 2 ) their team 's success in the season / post-season ; and ( 3 ) the share of the pool assigned to the individual player . How the bonus pool is determined ( edit ) There is a separate pool for each series -- the Wild Card games , the Division Series , the League Championship Series , and the World Series . The players ' bonus pool is funded with 60 % of the gate receipts for each of the Wild Card games , the first three games of each Division Series , the first four games of each LCS and the first four games of the World Series ; limiting the funding for the pool to these games , the minimum number in each series , removes incentive to extend the series for merely fiscal sake . The value of the gate is determined by the size of the venues , the amount of high - priced premium seating in the venues , the number of games played in the series and whether the games sell out . Ticket prices for each series are set by MLB , not the home teams , so they are relatively uniform across baseball . How much the winner and loser receives from each pool ( edit ) The World Series winner gets 36 % , the World Series loser gets 24 % , both League Championship Series losers get 12 % , the four Division Series losers get 3.25 % , and the two Wild Card playoff losers get 1.5 % . How the team 's share of the pool is divided ( edit ) The division of the team 's share of the pool is voted upon by the players who have been on the team during the entire regular season , in a meeting chaired by their union representative . This meeting follows the trade deadline on July 31 . Players who have been with the team for the full season automatically receive a full share . At the meeting , the full - season players vote on whether anyone else -- including players who have not been with the team for the full season , coaches , and trainers -- is to be granted a full share , less than a full share , a cash award , or no share . After the World Series , the pool of money is split according to the shares determined in the vote . There is no limit to the number of shares that may be granted , but a greater number of shares dilutes the value of each share , and consequently the amount each player is awarded . As an example , playoff - pool full - share holders for the St. Louis Cardinals received US $362,183.97 ( equivalent to $439,667 in 2017 ) each when the team won the World Series in 2006 . See also ( edit ) Babe Ruth Award ( best player in the postseason ; since 2007 ) `` Esurance MLB Awards '' Best Major Leaguer , Postseason MLB division winners Professional baseball References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( August 7 , 1981 ) . `` Owners Approve a Plan to Split Baseball Season '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Addition of Wild Card berths finalized for 2012 '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` CBA ending All - Star link to World Series ' home - field advantage '' . ESPN.com . December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Professional Baseball Rules Book ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . MLBPA.org . Office of the Commissioner of Baseball . 2018 . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 shall be scheduled in the ballpark of the opponent of a Wild Card Club in the League Championship Series , notwithstanding the percentage of games won and lost by such Wild Card Club Jump up ^ `` The Economics Of Postseason Baseball '' . Jump up ^ `` Rockies vote 44 full shares from playoff pool '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 08 . 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-6006653717795704335 | Raj Koothrappali | Raj Koothrappali - Wikipedia Raj Koothrappali hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rajesh Koothrappali The Big Bang Theory character Kunal Nayyar as Raj Koothrappali First appearance `` Pilot '' ( 2007 ) Created by Chuck Lorre Bill Prady Portrayed by Kunal Nayyar Information Full name Rajesh Ramayan Koothrappali Nickname ( s ) Raj ( By Everyone ) Brown Dynamite ( By Himself ) Gender Male Occupation Astrophysicist Title Doctor Family Dr. V.M. Koothrappali ( father ) Mrs. Koothrappali ( mother ) Priya Koothrappali ( younger sister ) 3 unnamed brothers 1 unnamed sister Relatives Sanjay ( cousin ) Venkatesh ( cousin ) Unnamed uncle Dileep ( grandfather ) Religion Hinduism Nationality Indian Rajesh Ramayan `` Raj '' Koothrappali , Ph. D. is a fictional character on the CBS television series The Big Bang Theory , portrayed by British Indian actor Kunal Nayyar . Raj is based on a computer programmer that the show 's co-creator , Bill Prady , knew back when he himself was a programmer . Raj is Howard Wolowitz 's ( Simon Helberg ) best friend , with whom Raj shares what Nayyar calls a `` bromance '' , although the relationship is frequently made awkward by Raj 's metrosexuality . Raj works as an astrophysicist in the Physics Department at Caltech . He had selective mutism , which did not allow him to talk to women outside of his family unless he was under the influence of alcohol ( or medication ) , until the season 6 finale . Along with Howard , Sheldon Cooper , and Leonard Hofstadter , Raj is one of the four characters to appear in every episode of The Big Bang Theory . Contents 1 Character biography 2 Personality 2.1 Selective mutism 3 Family 4 Work 5 Relationships 6 Creation and casting 7 See also 8 References Character biography ( edit ) Rajesh , who is normally called Raj or just by his surname Koothrappali , is from New Delhi , India . However , he despises Indian food , and his knowledge about Indian culture and Hinduism is often rebuked by Sheldon , who is seen to speak better Hindi than him . He was born into a wealthy family and has five siblings , one of whom is Priya , a former on - off girlfriend of Leonard . Raj is normally seen wearing a layered combination of a printed shirt and sweater vest under a track top - style windbreaker with khakis or cargo pants and skate shoes . White briefs are Raj 's underwear of choice . Raj wore a red cap in the pilot episode , but has not worn any headgear on a regular basis for the rest of the series ' run . Between seasons one and eleven , Raj styled his naturally curly hair with hair gel `` while trying to blend in '' . Raj joins in playing Halo online and trading - card games with his friends , and has even claimed to have experienced gaming addiction in the past . It was revealed in `` The Monster Isolation '' that Raj did at least part of his higher education at the University of Cambridge , where he discovered his interest in astrophysics . Personality ( edit ) While in general Raj is more patient with Sheldon than Leonard , Howard or Penny , Sheldon is completely oblivious to this , and even casually cuts him off as a friend on one occasion . Another recurring joke is his metrosexuality , which manifests itself in his appreciation for media generally associated with female patrons , such as the novel Eat , Pray , Love , the TV series Sex and the City and films featuring Sandra Bullock . This has led those close to him to opine that he is somewhat feminine ( as in `` The Closure Alternative '' ) , and others to mistakenly conclude that he is homosexual ( a theory his sister mentioned in `` The Herb Garden Germination '' that had been held by members of their family ) , which he typically denies ( even asserting his metrosexuality in `` The Transporter Malfunction '' ) , but which Howard often teases him over . One of Raj 's biggest personality quirks is his tendency to speak or act inappropriately , often landing him in trouble or leading to an angry reaction from whomever he has upset . This was particularly pronounced when he was under the influence of alcohol , which could cause a catch - 22 , since for years he needed alcohol to even speak to a woman , but the alcohol led to him say the wrong things . On one occasion , just as Leonard and Penny are about to have sex in their hotel room , Raj enters and obliviously proceeds to climb into Sheldon 's recently vacated bed , completely unaware of what he has interrupted . On another occasion , he openly discussed having had crushes on Penny and Bernadette directly in front of them , which caused both discomfort , and unwittingly hurting Amy 's feelings when he admits that he never had a crush on her as well ( despite Penny and Bernadette 's best efforts to alert him to this fact ) . When socializing with his friends , despite his Indian accent , Raj is noted for using slang and using the word `` dude '' , although on some occasions he appears to not understand American slang . He speaks fluent Hindi , but according to Sheldon , his mother tongue is English . Selective mutism ( edit ) Until the season six finale , Raj 's principal characteristic was his inability to speak to or around non-related women , a medical condition known as selective mutism . In the show this was alluded to by Dr. Beverly Hofstadter , Leonard 's mother . Raj also stated he has selective mutism in the episode `` The Cornhusker Vortex '' . Raj was able to speak in the presence of women only when they were part of a crowd , if he had been drinking alcoholic beverages ( or thinks he has been ) , if he was under influence of other drugs , if he was unaware of their presence , or if the woman is deaf . He observed that this was an improvement over his previous affliction , in which the presence of women caused him to lose bladder control . He had no problem speaking to his mother , sisters , or other female relatives . Until the end of the sixth season , Raj remained silent when Penny was present . Penny occasionally taunted him about this , saying such things as `` Yo , Raj , talk to me '' . Raj sometimes whispered what he wanted to say to Howard or Leonard , who then repeated his words or responded to his question out loud . However , Howard sometimes used the situation to amuse himself -- for example , when he `` confessed '' on Raj 's behalf that Raj had stalked Penny with binoculars , or when Sheldon called Penny over to their table to silence Raj ; Howard then refused to act as a mouthpiece and told Raj , `` No no no , he won ; Suck it up . '' In `` The Dumpling Paradox '' , Leonard jokingly suggests cutting Raj in half so the group can play video games without Howard while Penny is in the room : Raj turns to Leonard ( facing away from Penny ) and responds , `` Oh , sure , cut the foreigner in half . There 's a billion more where he came from . '' Later , in `` The Bat Jar Conjecture '' , Raj accidentally utters a few words ( `` good story '' ) , much to the surprise of his friends , but he immediately realizes Penny is there and covers his mouth with both hands . A recurring gag was for Raj to find himself left alone when his friends , in the company of Penny or another woman , make plans to go somewhere and Raj 's mutism prevents him from speaking up to join in . In `` The Grasshopper Experiment '' , Penny ( who was practicing mixing cocktails in order to obtain a bartending shift ) inadvertently discovered that Raj 's mutism could be suppressed by consuming alcohol : even a tiny amount ( such as a bite of rum cake in `` The Apology Insufficiency '' ) enabled him to have prolonged conversations with women ; however , this also tends to make him loud and obnoxious . When the main characters take a train to an academic conference in San Francisco , Raj can talk to series guest Summer Glau ( playing herself ) while drinking beer : when Leonard inadvertently reveals the beer is non-alcoholic and that Raj is under a placebo effect , Howard uses this to his advantage and Raj is returned to his usual mute self . In some episodes , Raj took to carrying a hip flask with him to counter his problem , while in other episodes that required him to speak with Penny or other women present , he was usually shown doing so with a beer or wine glass near him to indicate he had consumed alcohol ( such as `` The Santa Simulation '' ) . Raj experimented with medications that suppressed social anxiety , but they tended to have side effects . When Sheldon 's sister Missy visited , Raj took medicine that enabled him to speak to her , but it resulted in involuntary repetitive hand motions . In the episode `` The Wildebeest Implementation '' , Raj was worried that an experimental drug he was considering might affect his rationality , but Sheldon encouraged him to take it anyway : however , Raj 's worries were realized while speaking to a woman in a coffee shop when he completely lost all inhibitions and removed all of his clothing . At the end of the Season 6 finale `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' , Raj 's girlfriend Lucy breaks up with him . The subsequent trauma apparently cures his mutism , and he finds he can talk to Penny , Amy , and Bernadette while completely sober . However , he talks so much that the women become bored and irritated and start drinking in order to put up with him . Family ( edit ) Raj regularly communicates with his parents , Dr. and Mrs. V.M. Koothrappali back in India via webcam . Raj is the only one of the guys whose father has been revealed on the show until the ninth season , as Sheldon 's father is deceased , Howard 's father abandoned him when he was eleven , and Leonard 's father did n't make an appearance until season 9 , where he appeared when Leonard was again getting married to Penny . When they become meddling or judgmental , he `` brings his parents '' into Leonard and Sheldon 's apartment via his laptop . In the season 2 finale , Mrs. Koothrappali and Mrs. Wolowitz have an argument because the latter does not believe that there is not a single Outback Steakhouse restaurant in India . A running gag in the series is Raj portraying himself as having come from humble origins and growing up in poverty in India , only for his friends to remind him that his father is a gynaecologist , drives a Bentley ( which he protests was a `` lease '' ) , and had servants ( although he protests on one occasion that there were only four servants , and that two of them were children ) . In the episode `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' , Sheldon reveals that Raj 's family is wealthier than he lets on . He observes that they are `` Richie Rich rich '' , which he explains is `` halfway between Bruce Wayne and Scrooge McDuck '' . Raj 's cousin Sanjay ( or , as he says his friends know him , `` Dave from AT&T Customer Service '' ) works in a call centre and is mentioned in a number of episodes . In one episode , Raj tries to avoid returning to India for his cousin 's wedding , as Raj 's parents have arranged a date for him . Raj has three brothers and two sisters . Raj 's sister Priya has a one - night stand with Leonard in Season 4 . This leads to a brief argument between Leonard , Raj and Howard for breaking the `` pinky swear '' that Leonard and Howard made about never trying to make a move on her . Later in the series , Priya and Leonard start a relationship against Raj 's wishes , which is awkward as she is living with Raj at the time . In the Season 4 finale , Raj had to move temporarily into Sheldon 's apartment after overhearing Leonard using Star Trek references as sexual metaphors to his sister . Also , in the season 3 episode `` The Precious Fragmentation '' , Raj tries to negotiate the possession of the One Ring with the help of his cousin Venkatesh Koothrappali , who is an attorney ( but agrees with Raj that he is useless in that role ) . In the season 7 episode `` The Table Polarization '' , Raj talks about naming his first child Dileep after his grandfather . Work ( edit ) Raj is an astrophysicist in the Physics Department at Caltech , best known for a publication on Kuiper belt object size distribution . For his discovery of a planetary object beyond the Kuiper belt , 2008 NQ , which he named `` Planet Bollywood '' , Raj was included in People magazine 's `` 30 ( Visionaries ) Under 30 ( Years of Age ) to Watch '' , received a larger office , and became a celebrity of sorts , drawing the envy of his friends . After six months of failed research on the composition of trans - Neptunian objects , Raj feared being deported back to India ( at which point , he describes spending his time at work as `` mostly checking e-mail , updating his Facebook status , and messing up Wikipedia entries '' ) . To stay in the country , he sought out a research position in stellar evolution with Professor Laughlin ; the job proposition failed as the research team included an attractive woman , and Raj , who became drunk so he could talk to her , made an inappropriate comment . Raj ended up working alongside Sheldon ( or `` for '' him , as Sheldon insists ) , `` exploring the string theory implications of gamma rays from dark matter annihilations '' . Ironically , he noted that he once wanted to be the `` Indira Gandhi of particle astrophysics ( but with a penis , of course ) '' . During season 6 , Raj has developed a talent to be a party planner that was demonstrated at the time of Howard and Bernadette 's wedding , and the Halloween , and Valentine 's Day parties , at the comic book store . Relationships ( edit ) For most of the series ' run , Raj had not been involved in any lasting romantic relationship , mostly due to his inability to speak to women . However , he was much more successful in casual sex than the more sexually aggressive Howard . He once dated Lalita Gupta , a childhood friend , in an arrangement made by his parents . With Raj able to speak to her only under the influence of alcohol , the date goes badly , and Lalita left the intoxicated and bothersome Raj to have dinner with Sheldon . After Raj behaves boorishly with Penny while at a People magazine reception , and presents Penny to his parents ( via webcam ) as his girlfriend , he later apologizes , first with a written note . When Penny forces him to do so verbally , he utters a barely audible `` sorry '' . Raj also seeks to date Sheldon 's attractive twin sister , Missy . To do so , he takes an experimental drug to correct his anxiety disorder . He is the only one , out of himself , Howard and Leonard , in whom Missy showed any interest , but the medication wears off when he tries to ask her out . When Sheldon , Leonard , Howard , and Raj are on a train to San Francisco , the latter three tried talking to actress Summer Glau , who they see is in their train car . After drinking what he thinks is a beer , Raj is able to charm Glau . When a jealous Howard points out to Raj that his beer is non-alcoholic , Raj stops speaking in the middle of his conversation , and flees from Glau . Raj reveals that he once had a girlfriend , after Leonard claims that the two of them were the only ones without them . She has never appeared in the show , but he states that she was deaf , so his inability to speak with women was not an issue . Raj has an infatuation with Howard 's girlfriend , Bernadette , and is visibly unhappy when she accepts Howard 's marriage proposal . This antagonizes Howard when Howard learns of it . Kunal Nayyar and Simon Helberg , the actors who play Raj and Howard Wolowitz , at PaleyFest Despite both being heterosexual , Raj and Howard tend to appear as if they are in a homosexual relationship . This is described by Leonard 's mother , Dr. Beverly Hofstadter , as an `` ersatz homosexual marriage '' . Even Raj 's parents are aware of this , as Raj 's mother once notes `` the closest thing we have to a daughter - in - law is that Jewish boy Howard ! '' . Raj often takes up the stereotypically `` female '' role in arguments with Howard , once expressing his displeasure at Howard constantly ditching him to chase women . Raj recounts a dream where he and Howard both had mansions with a secret tunnel that connected Howard 's `` front yard '' to his `` back yard '' . He uses a female avatar in World of Warcraft . In season four he claims to be a metrosexual , and in season 8 it is revealed that he and Howard were once in couples therapy . In season 10 's `` The Emotion Detection Automaton '' , Howard tells Raj that if they are both unattached in the next thirty years , he would be open to the two of them having a relationship . In the season 4 finale , Penny and Raj become intoxicated and , despite agreeing to remain good friends , end up in bed together . The next morning , both agree to pretend it never happened , but they are caught by Leonard , Sheldon , and Howard as they try to leave , causing Penny to think about moving back to Nebraska . In the opening episode of season 5 , Raj reveals to Penny that they did not have intercourse ; instead he ejaculated prematurely and they fell asleep . Penny promised not to tell the guys , although subsequently she sometimes calls him `` Quick Draw '' . In season 5 , Raj buys a new iPhone and quickly develops feelings for the computerized personal assistant , Siri . Later in season 5 , Penny believes she has found the perfect match for Raj by having him meet a woman who is deaf : however , it turns out she only dated Raj for his money and leaves him when he tells her that his parents will cut off financial ties with him if they continue to see each other . Finally , in despair , Raj asks his parents to find him a potential bride for an arranged marriage . Raj gets along well with his parents ' first selection , but discovers that the woman is a lesbian trying to conceal her sexual orientation from her family : she assumes Raj is also homosexual and that they would have a lavender marriage , an idea Raj considers as a viable alternative to lifelong bachelorhood until Howard and Bernadette convince him otherwise . Out of their concern for his loneliness , Howard and Bernadette give him a pet dog . Happy with his new companion , a female Yorkshire Terrier he names Cinnamon , Raj proceeds to see if the pup fits in his man - purse . This leads Bernadette to dispute Raj 's heterosexuality . In the episode `` The Thespian Catalyst '' , Raj fantasizes various scenarios in which Howard dies or is rendered an invalid , and Raj must satisfy Bernadette 's sexual needs . This culminates in a dream sequence where he and Bernadette dance together in a Bollywood musical number . He reflects upon these fantasies by observing that he is `` definitely not gay '' . At Howard 's bachelor party , Raj mentions that he and Howard had a threesome at Comic - Con with an overweight woman in a Sailor Moon costume . In the season six episode , `` The Tangible Affection Proof '' , Raj and Stuart , put together a party at the store for lonely single people on Valentine 's Day . After giving a speech about how one can not define themself by being in a relationship , he is approached by a woman named Lucy ( Kate Micucci ) . They both leave to get a cup of coffee , with Raj hypocritically declaring `` Later , losers ! '' In `` The Monster Isolation '' , Lucy flees during their coffee date , sending Raj into depression and self - isolation in his apartment wearing nothing but briefs and Uggs . Lucy gives Howard her phone number to give to Raj . Later , Lucy goes to his apartment to apologize and tells him that she has problems around new people . Raj describes his own psychological problems , and they agree to have a formal date . In the following episode , `` The Contractual Obligation Implementation '' , he takes Lucy out for a first date to a library where they text message each other instead of speaking , in light of her social anxiety and his selective mutism . They continue to date and by `` The Love Spell Potential '' they kiss . However , in the season 6 finale `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' , Lucy feels too pressured by Raj to meet his friends , and a dinner between Lucy , Raj , and Amy does not go well . Raj apologizes for his behavior and asks Lucy to come to Leonard 's goodbye party before his departure for the North Sea on Professor Stephen Hawking 's expedition . However , Lucy text messages him at the party saying she will not be there and does not want to see him again . The next day , Penny goes to comfort a heartbroken Raj , who thinks he is completely unlovable . Penny suggests that this lament is attributed to alcohol , but Raj says he that he has not had a drink since the night before : he is finally cured of his selective mutism . In season 7 , Raj 's newfound ability to speak to women allows him to put aside his previous difficulties with them , and though he does not date , he manages to charm several women throughout the series , including the divorced HR representative Mrs. Davis , and a veterinarian named Yvette . Eventually , he begins dating Emily Sweeney ( Laura Spencer ) , an attractive but rather sinister young dermatologist he met on the Internet . Their initial interaction does not go well , when she finds Raj 's shyness and passivity off - putting , but she eventually agrees to go on a date with him : it goes well and the two begin dating properly for the rest of the season , becoming exclusive in the final two episodes . In `` The Valentino Submergence '' , episode 15 of season 9 , Raj breaks up with Emily right before Valentine 's Day , because he has developed an interest in Claire , a bartender working on a sci - fi screenplay for a children 's film who he met in the previous episode . Upon learning that Claire has reunited with her former boyfriend , he begs Emily to take him back , but she refuses . During season 11 , after three seasons of unsuccessful dates , Raj asks his now - divorced father to arrange another marriage for him : he ends up seeing an ambitious hotel concierge named Anu ( Rati Gupta ) whose cavalier and impersonal attitude to marriage leaves him briefly disheartened , but after she proposes to him , he half - heartedly accepts . Creation and casting ( edit ) Raj did not appear in the original , unaired series pilot , which only featured Leonard , Sheldon , and a different version of the Penny character , called Katie . The test audiences reacted negatively to Katie , but they liked Sheldon and Leonard . In the new pilot , Raj and Howard were added . Series co-creator Bill Prady stated : `` The idea was , if they like these first two guys , let 's give them two more '' . Raj 's social anxiety around women was inspired by a former co-worker of Prady . Originally the character was called `` Dave '' , and was an American born to Indian parents . This was changed when Nayyar won the role , because he was `` so Indian '' . When doing scenes in which Raj must consume alcohol in order to speak , Nayyar would drink non-alcoholic substitutes . When scenes called for Raj to drink grasshoppers , the substitute was a concoction of water , cream and a heavy amount of green food coloring . See also ( edit ) List of The Big Bang Theory characters List of The Big Bang Theory episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Vegas Renormalization '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 21 . April 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvgoodness.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/bigbang_isolation2.jpg Jump up ^ `` The Cooper - Nowitzki Theorem '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 6 . November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Barbarian Sublimation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 3 . October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Friendship Algorithm '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 13 . January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Vengeance Formulation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 9 . October 12 , 2009 . 04 : 30 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Psychic Vortex '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 12 . January 11 , 2009 . 14 : 06 minutes in . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Pirate Solution '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 4 . November 23 , 2009 . 17 : 51 minutes in . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Maternal Capacitance '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 15 . February 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cornhusker Vortex '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 6 . November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Series 3 Episode 06 -- The Cornhusker Vortex Big Bang Theory transcripts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Grasshopper Experiment '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 8 . November 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Pants Alternative '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 18 . March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Bat Jar Conjecture '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 13 . April 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Terminator Decoupling '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 17 . March 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Wildebeest Implementation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 22 . May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Guitarist Amplification '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 7 . November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Pirate Solution '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 4 . October 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Griffin Equivalency '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 4 . October 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Countdown Reflection '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 24 . May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Holographic Excitation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 6 . Episode 5 . October 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Tangible Affection Proof '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 6 . Episode 16 . February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Porkchop Indeterminacy '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 15 . May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Desperation Emanation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 5 . October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Herb Garden Germination '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 20 . April 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Transporter Malfunction '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 20 . March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 24 . May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 1 . September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Beta Test Initiation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 14 . January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 4 . October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Thespian Catalyst '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 14 . February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Stag Convergence '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 22 . April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Big Bang Theory ' : ' We did n't anticipate how protective the audience would feel about our guys ' '' . Variety . May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum Mechanics of The Big Bang Theory '' . The Big Bang Theory DVD featurette . Jump up ^ `` Come up with a new theory : Sheldon does NOT have Asperger 's '' . TV Squad . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved January 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Paley Festival Recap ' 09 : THE BIG BANG THEORY '' . theTVaddict.com. April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nayyar , Kunal ( September 15 , 2015 ) . Yes , My Accent Is Real : And Some Other Things I Have n't Told You , Atria Books , pp. 201 - 202 . hide The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 12 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( jellyfish ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raj_Koothrappali&oldid=864306035 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Pasadena , California Fictional immigrants to the United States Fictional Indian people Fictional astronomers Fictional astrophysicists The Big Bang Theory characters Fictional characters introduced in 2007 Male characters in television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2013 Articles that may contain original research from April 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles with style issues from October 2016 All articles with style issues Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from October 2016 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 11 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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7695969193741575748 | Oliver Valentine | Oliver Valentine - wikipedia Oliver Valentine Jump to : navigation , search Oliver Valentine Holby City character First appearance `` Proceed With Caution '' 9 June 2009 Last appearance `` No Matter Where You Go , There You Are -- Part Two '' 27 March 2018 Portrayed by James Anderson Information Occupation Specialist registrar , cardiothoracic surgery ( prev . F1 , F2 , CT1 doctor ) Family Tony Valentine ( father ) Blanche Valentine ( mother ) Penny Valentine ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) Tara Lo ( 2013 ) Zosia March ( 2017 -- ) Oliver `` Ollie '' Valentine is a fictional character from the BBC medical drama Holby City , played by actor James Anderson . He first appeared in the eleventh series episode `` Proceed With Caution '' , broadcast on 9 June 2009 . Oliver was introduced alongside his older sister , Penny ( Emma Catherwood ) , as a Foundation House Officer 1 ( F1 ) on rotation at Holby City Hospital . Series producer Diana Kyle intended their inclusion to have an `` instant impact on the wards . '' Anderson was selected to play Oliver ; he spent time with a real F1 doctor and trained with the programme 's medical advisors to prepare for the part . It took him around six months to ease into the role , and a further six to feel comfortable in it . Oliver was initially portrayed as `` the golden boy '' compared to his sister . Boyishly charming and medically talented , he nonetheless lacked confidence in his ability . When Oliver reached his F2 training , the series formed an on - screen duo by pairing him with registrar Greg Douglas ( Edward MacLiam ) . Oliver 's lack of competency was highlighted -- he endangered patients and landed his colleagues in trouble . In a prominent storyline , Oliver made a series of medical errors , which forced him to admit that he cheated on an exam at medical school . He began a downward spiral , and reached `` rock bottom '' when Penny was killed off . He was then central to a special flashback episode , which depicted his battle to cope with her death . Though he confessed to Director of Surgery Henrik Hanssen ( Guy Henry ) that he was not truly qualified , Hanssen allowed Oliver to continue practising medicine . Branded a Lothario - type character , Oliver has been involved in several romantic storylines during his tenure ; Anderson has called him `` the hospital bike '' . In a toy boy storyline with ward sister Chrissie Williams ( Tina Hobley ) , Oliver was seen to compromise his career . He went on to date ward sister Daisha Anderson ( Rebecca Grant ) , kiss registrar Jac Naylor ( Rosie Marcel ) , and earn the unreciprocated affection of ward sister Frieda Petrenko ( Olga Fedori ) , and marry F1 doctor Tara Lo ( Jing Lusi ) . Anderson decided to leave the series in 2012 and filmed his final scenes in March 2013 . Oliver departed in the episode `` Mens Sana In Corpore Sano '' , dated 9 July 2013 . He returned on 23 December 2014 , for one episode , before making a full time return on 5 May 2015 . Anderson opted to leave the series again in 2017 and Oliver departed in the episode `` No Matter Where You Go , There You Are -- Part Two '' , broadcast on 27 March 2018 . Responses to the character have generally been negative , with particular criticism for his poor treatment of Penny . Bree Treacy of RTÉ Ten disliked both Valentines , and Jim Shelley of the Daily Mail described him as a `` weasel '' . Many have questioned Oliver 's medical skills and labelled him an incompetent doctor -- as Daniel Maier of The Guardian put it , he is `` a doctor with the blue eyes of Fonda and the medical competence of fondue '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Creation and characterisation 2.2 Relationships 2.3 Career 2.4 Departure and return 2.5 Second departure 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Oliver arrives at Holby City Hospital as an F1 doctor , alongside his sister Penny ( Emma Catherwood ) . He acquires Penny 's preferred rotation on the Acute Assessment Unit ( AAU ) , where he develops a flirtatious relationship with ward sister Chrissie Williams ( Tina Hobley ) . Within weeks , their relationship becomes sexual . Chrissie becomes pregnant , but later miscarries . They break up , and Oliver moves on to date ward sister Daisha Anderson ( Rebecca Grant ) . A transfer to the cardiothoracic surgery ward has him working under registrar Jac Naylor ( Rosie Marcel ) . While Daisha spends Christmas with her family in the Philippines , Oliver kisses Jac . Upon her return , Daisha learns of the tryst . Soon thereafter , she is shot during a hostage situation and Oliver struggles to cope . Although she recovers , she opts to leave Holby and move back to the Philippines . Oliver discovers that Penny has been having a relationship with a patient , Scott ( Joshua Bowman ) , endangering her career . She plans to move to Spain with him and abandon her training , but Oliver convinces Scott to leave without her . Keen to earn praise from his consultants , Connie Beauchamp ( Amanda Mealing ) and Elliot Hope ( Paul Bradley ) , Oliver claims Penny 's research as his own , and is awarded her place in an operation . He is promoted to F2 level , and betrays Penny further by revealing her affair with Scott , which results in her failing her cardiothoracic rotation and being moved to the AAU . A rivalry develops between them , but they are forced to call a truce when a series of pranks endanger a patient . Registrar Greg Douglas ( Edward MacLiam ) shirks his responsibilities by excessively delegating to Oliver ; to his dismay , Connie appoints him as Oliver 's mentor . Oliver pushes himself too far in an attempt to impress Greg , which earns the senior doctor a reprimand for leaving him unsupervised . Oliver tries to earn back Greg 's respect , but panics while attempting to insert a chest drain , and has to be rescued by ward sister Frieda Petrenko ( Olga Fedori ) . He invites her for a drink as thanks , but when Penny discovers that Frieda has romantic feelings for him , Oliver cancels as he does not reciprocate them . Oliver 's confidence is further damaged when he mishandles a case , which results in a mother leaving her son to die alone . He moves back to the AAU , where he is shaken by an encounter with the boy 's mother , which causes him to panic and embarrass himself in theatre . Penny 's career begins to improve , and Oliver resents her when she is given registrar duties for a shift . Having realised that he is close to failing his F2 year , Oliver implicates Penny in a serious surgical error of his own doing , but is caught by registrar Antoine Malick ( Jimmy Akingbola ) . When a patient unexpectedly dies in his care , Oliver breaks down . He confesses to Penny that he cheated in medical school by swapping one of their exam papers , so he passed on her merit while she was forced to repeat a year . Furious , Penny tells Oliver that he must confess to Director of Surgery Henrik Hanssen ( Guy Henry ) . He writes a letter of resignation , but deletes it after a positive day working alongside Frieda , who encourages him to repeat his F2 year . After giving Oliver a final chance to confess , Penny is called away to the site of a train crash . Oliver is left alone on AAU , where he successfully performs a difficult procedure . Hopeful that Penny will forgive him , Oliver is devastated to learn that she has been killed in an accident at the crash site . Unable to cope in the aftermath of her death , Oliver turns to drugs and alcohol . He sends Hanssen a letter of resignation , which includes a full confession . His father Tony ( Simon Shepherd ) offers him money to choose a new career , and claims that Oliver always had more potential than Penny . This angers Oliver , who endangers his own life to save a patient and feels reinvigorated . Hanssen is impressed by Oliver 's patient treatment , and overlooks his cheating to allow him a fresh start . Oliver continues and succeeds in his second F2 year under Elliot , who is his mentor . He begins a relationship with F1 Tara Lo ( Jing Lusi ) . He learns she has a brain tumor and becomes fixated on finding a cure . She learns to accept it . Oliver begins spending more time at Tara 's flat and later moves in . Oliver and Tara marry the day before she has a major operation . Oliver and Tara prepare for her operation , but there are complications in surgery and she dies . Anderson returns as Oliver in the episode `` I Will Honour Christmas in My Heart '' - Series 17 , Episode 11 , for just one episode . He makes a full return from Series 17 , Episode 30 and onwards , as the new registrar on Darwin . In season 19 Ollie and Zosia get back together . After numerous troubles and storylines including an abortion and box of antiques . Ollie finally proposes with a haribo ring in the episode named unbreakable . Furthermore , in the episode project aurous , Zollie makes their engagement official after Ollie gives Zosia a proper engagement ring . In `` Group Animal , Part 2 '' Ollie , as well as others , are shot in a dramatic two - part special by Fredrik Johannson who was later shot dead by police . Ollie was shot through the head and Roxanna Macmillan operated on him . He goes up to ITU after the hospital is taken off lockdown . Ollie is placed into a coma . Zosia returns and Ollie wakes up from his coma , and is transferred to AAU , and then Keller . Roxanna becomes obsessed with Ollie and is constantly checking up on him and getting emotionally involved . When Ollie diagnoses a stroke , Roxanna is filled with joy . Development ( edit ) Creation and characterisation ( edit ) `` Careless and cocksure , Oliver Valentine has always been something of a golden boy , leaving sister Penny in his shadow . But Ollie 's big , blue eyes belie darker truths that lead to his deceptive and sometimes devious nature . Yet what Ollie lacks in confidence he makes up for with his natural talent in theatre and boyish charm . But how far that will get him remains to be seen . '' -- BBC Online . The impending arrival of sibling trainee doctors Oliver and Penny was announced in May 2009 , by executive producer Tony McHale and series producer Diana Kyle . The latter described them both as `` full of energy and enthusiasm '' , and asserted that they would have an `` instant impact on the wards at every level . '' They were deemed talented physicians with the desire to achieve by McHale , who noted that `` one is more naturally gifted than the other '' , and suggested that their personal lives would cause conflict with their professional ones , as they attempted to progress at work . Actor James Anderson was cast as Oliver . Before assuming the role , he shadowed a real F1 doctor on ward rounds -- an experience he found difficult . `` We were approaching beds in which people were waking up from heart attacks and coming around quite distressed sometimes . It was really difficult to be there with a patient . It 's harder than you think and I got quite emotional . '' Anderson underwent such extensive training with the programme 's medical advisors that he jested in June 2009 , `` If I started medical training now , I could probably graduate as a doctor coming out of the show ! '' The actor experienced `` an extended period of anxiety '' upon joining the series , and recalls : `` It took me about six months to have any sense of what was going on and then the second six months to feel comfortable ( ... ) but only because it 's such a well - oiled machine . You 're coming in as a little cog , so you have to discover how to work in that and that takes a while . '' BBC Online described Oliver 's positive qualities as being his `` boyishly charming '' manner and his general determination . Jane Simon of the Daily Mirror deemed him a `` soft touch '' when he went to great lengths to help a young patient , and a Daily Mail review suggested that Oliver was `` really quite sweet '' , despite his apparent smugness . Oliver is flawed by a lack of confidence and his deceptive nature . He has a tendency to land his work colleagues in trouble , which has been conveyed through storylines with Daisha and Greg . What 's on TV highlighted Oliver 's `` lack of competence '' and called him petulant for betraying Penny after his promotion to F2 level . When his career began to deteriorate , the publication deemed him reckless , then found him hapless in the aftermath of her death , in reference to the way he `` ( sank ) into despair , finding comfort in drink , drugs and his dead sister 's flatmate . '' The Sunday Mirror 's Kevin O'Sullivan reflected on Oliver 's development since his arrival , with the observation , `` Once he was the strutting ladies ' man of the wards , a veritable medical Casanova who exuded confidence and charm . But time has taken its toll on Oliver Valentine -- and now he is just a shadow of his former self '' -- a devastated and broken man , `` tormented by the memory of his sibling and his guilty conscience . '' Relationships ( edit ) Introduced as a Lothario - type character , according to Anderson , Oliver `` had a reputation for being the hospital bike . '' His first relationship developed when he attracted the attention of ward sisters Chrissie Williams and Daisha Anderson . Daisha showed less interest in him than Chrissie , of whose attentiveness Anderson said , `` I think any hot - blooded male would find that attractive '' . Oliver appeared to ruin his chances with Daisha when he encouraged a patient to complain about her diagnosis -- though Anderson noted , `` he does apologise to Daisha , and sweetly gives her a cupcake '' . This left Chrissie free to pursue Oliver . Before their relationship began , Anderson opined `` She 's gorgeous , and Oliver would be a fool not to go out with her . '' He thought that Oliver and Chrissie 's `` unflappable '' natures made them a good fit for one another , though wondered if they were too alike . As an older woman , their relationship was described as a `` toyboy storyline '' for Chrissie . Hobley admitted to having fun with the storyline due to the real age gap between herself and Anderson . She described Chrissie 's feelings for Oliver , stating : `` Chrissie is having a lot of fun with him . But deep down she 's really hoping to find true love -- she 's been quite unlucky so far . She 's not getting any younger and she 's worried about missing out on kids . '' Producers Kyle and McHale revealed that the pair could have been a `` perfect match '' , however said the romance would not run smoothly . Anderson believed it was a bad idea for his character to get involved with a work colleague . Oliver began to doubt the relationship , and on Penny 's advice , convinced Chrissie to break up with him without ruining his career . Chrissie took the break up well , and Hobley told What 's on TV that her character did not mind , as `` it was only a bit of fun . She never planned on settling down with him . '' It was then announced Chrissie would become pregnant with Oliver 's child . Hobley assessed that Chrissie was surprised to learn that she was pregnant , but pleased , as she had lost a baby five years previously and did not think that she was capable of conceiving another . Oliver was displeased by the news , but Chrissie had no expectations that he should provide for her . Her father , nursing consultant Mark Williams ( Robert Powell ) , urged him to `` stand up to the mark and be a proper man '' . However , soon after , Chrissie miscarried their unborn baby . Oliver went on to share a kiss with Jac , a photograph of which was spread around the hospital by Penny , prompting Oliver to try and hide it from Daisha . Ward sister Frieda Petrenko developed a crush on him , and was pleased when he invited her for a drink , however Oliver did not reciprocate her feelings and later cancelled . Fedori commented in January 2011 that she and Anderson had had little `` juicy '' material , more `` little scenes here and there '' . Asked about the future of Frieda and Oliver 's relationship , she was unwilling to divulge potential plots , but noted , `` There 's been talk about things heading in all sorts of directions '' . Oliver initially had a `` friendly rivalry '' with sister Penny . Catherwood believes they always had `` a really good relationship '' . She characterised the siblings ' relationship as `` one of constant rivalry but ultimately unconditional support '' , and noted , `` Everything always comes more easily to Oliver than Penny -- she has spent her life playing catch up '' . When Penny considered giving her career up over a patient she was romantically involved with , in order to protect her , Oliver ruined the romance . Their relationship remained unaffected by this : Catherwood revealed , `` Well they are brother and sister , so you forgive your family for enormous amounts . So it does n't affect their relationship , if anything he is there as soon as she breaks down he 's there to catch her , full of apologies and support . '' She said the situation would bring them closer together , because it is a typical scenario siblings go through . When Catherwood quit the series , Penny was killed whilst attempting to rescue a patient from a train crash . Her death was not shown on - screen : a conscious decision made by the production team to fully focus on Oliver 's story . Series producer Myar Craig Brown revealed that the big focus would be on the effect it had on Oliver . Forced to come to terms with her death , he faced an `` emotional rollercoaster of feeling that he was second best to her '' . Career ( edit ) Having arrived at Holby as an F1 , Oliver quickly progressed onto his F2 training . This resulted in `` professional jealousy '' forming with Penny , and in retaliation to their disagreements , he put her career in jeopardy by revealing her affair . Registrar Greg Douglas was appointed as Oliver 's mentor . The fast - paced storyline saw Greg initially `` kick ( ing ) against his newfound responsibility '' , before realising that Oliver could be beneficial to his own career , which resulted in an `` unlikely friendship '' forming between them . Though a `` fairly light , buddy - buddy '' storyline to begin with , Anderson felt that filming their scenes was `` intensive '' . Speaking of their friendship , Anderson explained : `` We start off on the wrong foot with each other and we 're competitive , which is unhelpful to the patients and ( initially ) we 're not out to help one another at all . But they have similarities ... in terms of dropping people in it . '' The pace of the storyline had to be changed when Anderson injured his knee upon falling down a ten foot cellar . The pair clashed over conflicting medical opinions on patient care , and their friendship soon created a negative effect over Oliver 's work ethic . Greg 's jokes at his expense left Oliver unable to carry out simple procedures correctly . Oliver 's career further deteriorated in early 2011 , when it transpired he was not a qualified doctor . A series of setbacks -- failing the exam to progress on to his CT1 training , blaming a surgical error on Penny , and the death of a patient in his care -- prompted him to admit that he swapped his own exam paper with Penny 's in his final year of medical school . Anderson explained that Oliver could no longer cope with the mounting pressure , hence his confession . Contrasting the siblings , he assessed `` ( Oliver ) was seen as the golden boy when he arrived at Holby -- but he was trading on his sister 's success . '' Issued with the ultimatum of confessing to Director of Surgery Henrik Hanssen , Oliver realised that `` he must take responsibility '' , lest he `` lose the one person who loves him unconditionally . '' Believing himself to be in a `` impossible dilemma '' , Anderson said that Oliver was trying to make good on what he had done by repeating his F2 exams . `` By exposing the lie he 'll end his career , Oliver ca n't understand why Penny wo n't stand by him . '' He added that since Oliver made a serious surgical error , his colleagues had lost trust in his medical capability . When a train crash occurred , he was forced to take control of AAU . Anderson explained : `` He 's not fully qualified and that 's all he can think about . He 's struggling . '' When he saved a patients life , Oliver thought he should keep his job . However , he was then told that Penny had died , news that would `` change Oliver 's life forever . '' Following Penny 's death , Craig - Brown stated that `` whether he 's good enough to stay in medicine will be ( Oliver 's ) big storyline . '' The series explored how Oliver coped with her death through a flashback episode . Henry , who plays Hanssen , observed that Oliver 's return to work saw him make multiple mistakes and `` hit rock bottom '' . Oliver tried to resign from Holby , though before he left he responded to a dangerous RTA call and saved a patient 's life . When he was summoned by Hanssen about his resignation , he was given `` fatherly advice '' , and the senior doctor `` turned a blind eye '' to Oliver 's confession . Henry explained that Hanssen `` does n't think a good doctor should lose his chance at a career in medicine '' , after learning Oliver risked his own life on the job . Departure and return ( edit ) The character left the show in the episode titled `` Mens Sana In Corpore Sano '' , which aired on 9 July 2013 . Anderson told producers of his intention to leave one year prior to his departure . They wanted Oliver to leave the show on a positive note and began planning his final storyline . Anderson filmed his final scenes in March 2013 . Producers kept his departure a secret until transmission to surprise viewers . Anderson told Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy that Oliver survived the bereavement over the deaths of his sister and wife . Oliver was given redemption in his final scenes so that his fans could believe that he has a future . Oliver resigns and in his final scene tells Elliot that he will return to the hospital . Anderson was pleased that his character has the option of returning in the future . On 30 October 2014 , it was announced that Anderson had reprised his role . Anderson expressed his pleasure at returning to Holby City saying he was `` thrilled to be given the opportunity to bring Ollie back '' . He said there would be `` lots of surprises in store '' for his character , who he dubbed `` Oliver 2.0 '' due to him being older and wiser . Anderson had been approached to return numerous times but only agreed mid 2014 . Oliver 's return was planned to last one episode but Anderson was convinced to return permanently . The BBC later released a promotional video publicising the character 's return . Oliver 's return storyline will see him admitted to the hospital suffering from a serious heart condition . Anderson explained that in the fourteen months since his departure from Holby , Oliver has been working abroad in South America , drinking heavily and self - medicating with several drugs . As he was not taking proper care of himself , he contracted a virus which has affected his heart . Ric Griffin ( Hugh Quarshie ) discovers a `` bloodied and badly bruised '' Oliver near the hospital entrance , and admits him immediately . When it emerges that Oliver 's condition is potentially fatal , he asks Elliot to fit him with his new surgical device . However , Jac refuses to let the surgery go ahead as the device is only in the experimental stage . Anderson said `` Oliver knows that the operation should n't go ahead . It 's legally , ethically and morally not a procedure that he should have , but when Jac says no , he 's disappointed and angry . '' However , Elliot refuses to give up on Oliver and makes sure the operation goes ahead . Second departure ( edit ) Anderson decided to leave the series again in 2017 and Oliver departed in the twentieth series episode `` No Matter Where You Go , There You Are -- Part Two '' , broadcast on 27 March 2018 . Oliver 's exit was not announced before transmission and Anderson confirmed the news on Twitter , commenting , `` It 's with a full , heavy heart that I now move on to adventures new . '' Reception ( edit ) `` Ollie is meant to be the naturally talented one out of him and sister Penny , but you would n't trust him to take a splinter from your finger without accidentally grafting your spleen to the back of your neck . Having ballsed up one operation and blamed it on his sister , this month Oliver has admitted to failing his original medical exams and swapping his papers with Penny 's -- meaning Dr Dumbo has been practising illegally all along . Keen to avoid any further sibling betrayal , Penny chose the easy way out and got herself crushed to death by a falling train carriage . '' Daniel Maier of The Guardian , on Oliver 's lack of skill and betrayal of Penny . Reviewer 's interpretations of Oliver have generally negative . Early in his tenure , he received positive commentary from Inside Soap , who said , `` he may be a whizz - kid trainee doctor , but new Holby recruit Oliver Valentine is n't all work and no play ! He 's certainly got an eye for the ladies . '' Maeve Quigley , writing for the Daily Mirror , opined that Chrissie was more than a match for Oliver . She added that he soon learnt `` you underestimate the female staff of Holby at your peril '' , after he thought his flirting had Chrissie `` wrapped around his little finger . '' Also writing for the Daily Mirror , Simon called Oliver and Penny a `` medical tag - team '' . She found it odd they did not get along professionally because she thought `` a brother - sister relationship would be one of the least troublesome at Holby . '' A Liverpool Daily Post review said that Oliver made Penny feel about `` two inches tall '' when he was promoted to F2 , and supported her question `` Who needs enemies when I 've got a brother like you ? '' Bree Treacy of RTÉ Ten found both of the Valentines annoying . In June 2010 she preferred Penny , `` with Oliver definitely getting the award for the most annoying sibling in the hospital '' ; the following month she called them irritating and recommended they `` get ( their ) acts together '' . On the day Oliver admitted to stealing Penny 's exam paper , Daily Mail critic Jim Shelley featured him in his negative `` Down '' column and branded him a `` weasel '' . Oliver 's lack of medical ability drew several negative reviews . Referring to his `` cack - handedness '' , Simon described him as `` screwing up just about everything he touches '' upon his return to the AAU , a sentiment she repeated after Penny 's death . Simon was left baffled when a professor of cardiology was offered the `` very best care possible '' -- which resulted in Oliver treating him . She concluded : `` ( this ) begs the question , what 's he doing at Holby being looked after by an F2 ? '' The Guardian 's Daniel Maier ridiculed Oliver 's supposed talents , and jested that he was `` a doctor with the blue eyes of Fonda and the medical competence of fondue '' . One Daily Record columnist said that Oliver `` hoped to complete his training on the strength of his nice eyes and pretty '' . A special flashback episode , centered on Oliver dealing with the aftermath of Penny 's death , was selected as recommended viewing by What 's on TV , the Liverpool Daily Post , and the Daily Mirror . The Sunday Mirror 's O'Sullivan called it poignant , and Rachel Mainwaring of the Western Mail wrote , `` It 's easy viewing ( apart from the odd gooey scene ) and full of moral as well as medical issues that leaves you shouting at the screen , ' Do the right thing Oliver , tell them the truth . ' '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Veil of Tears , Part One '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oliver Valentine '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holby 's Guy : Hanssen will show a ' more human side ' '' . What 's on TV . ( IPC Media ) . 15 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moon , Katy ( 12 -- 18 March 2011 ) . `` Russell Crowe made me famous '' . Inside Soap . Hachette Filipacchi UK ( 10 ) : 38 . ^ Jump up to : Shelley , Jim ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` Going up and going down '' . Daily Mail . Trinity Mirror . 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BBC . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : Reza Moradi ( director ) , Tony McHale ( writer ) ( 15 March 2011 ) . `` Too Much Monkey Business '' . Holby City . Series 13 . Episode 22 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ David Innes Edwards ( director ) , Joe Ainsworth ( writer ) ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` Second Coming '' . Holby City . Series 13 . Episode 24 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Daikin Marsh ( director ) , Dana Fainaru ( writer ) ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Boy Valentine , Girl Valentine '' . Holby City . Series 13 . Episode 26 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Daikin Marsh ( director ) , Justin Young ( writer ) ( 21 June 2011 ) . `` In Between Days '' . Holby City . Series 13 . Episode 36 . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ Radio Times , Holby City , Series 15 , Episode 26 Jump up ^ BBC.co.uk Series 15 , Episode 27 Great Expectations ^ Jump up to : Green , Kris ( 29 May 2009 ) . `` Tony McHale / Diana Kyle ( ' Holby City ' ) '' . Digital Spy . ( Hachette Filipacchi UK ) . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dishy doctors brighten up Holby City '' . Daily Post . Trinity Mirror. 17 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ James Anderson & Emma Catherwood ( 9 June 2009 ) . Holby 's James : ' I feel like a real doctor ' ( Flash Video ) ( Interview ) . What 's on TV . IPC Media . Event occurs at 01 : 01 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Holby City -- BBC1 HD , 8pm ( not Scotland ) '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soap of the day '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers. 9 August 2009 . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Valentine 's girls '' . Inside Soap . Hachette Filipacchi UK ( 28 ) : 35 . 11 -- 17 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oliver reveals Penny 's shocking secret '' . What 's on TV . ( IPC Media ) . 12 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver makes a shocking revelation '' . What 's on TV . IPC Media . 15 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holby City '' . What 's on TV . IPC Media . 21 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Kevin ( 26 June 2011 ) . `` Time takes its toll on Holby City 's Casanova Oliver Valentine '' . Sunday Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Boyle , Claire ( 18 July 2009 ) . `` My husband loves this photo so much he put it up in our bedroom '' . Daily Mirror . ( Trinity Mirror ) . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What to WATCH '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Trinity Mirror. 15 August 2009 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 19 August 2009 ) . `` We love telly ; pick of the day '' . Daily Mirror . ( Trinity Mirror ) . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tina Hobley on Chrissie 's baby '' . What 's on TV . ( IPC Media ) . 22 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Jen ( 18 August 2009 ) . `` Holby 's Tina is pregnant '' . The Sun . ( News International ) . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Tina Hobley ( 2 October 2009 ) . Tina Hobley : ' Chrissie 's ready for a baby ' ( Flash Video ) ( Interview ) . What 's on TV . IPC Media . Event occurs at 00 : 01 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . She 's sort of happy , but also surprised and shocked and slightly worried about what she 's going to do , but her natural instinct is to think , ' Actually I 'm going to keep this baby , because I did n't think I could get pregnant ' . Because she had the loss of her baby five years ago , Amanda , so she 's delighted in that way . She feels that she 's ready , perhaps , to have a baby , and there 's great excitement about it . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 6 October 2009 ) . `` We love telly ; Pick of the Day '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Tina Hobley : ' Chrissie 's ready for a baby ' . Event occurs at 00 : 35 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . `` She says ' I do n't want anything from you , this is my decision to have this baby , not yours , you 're young , 24 years old ' . And then he 's panicking a bit , and her dad is making him feel really guilty about , ' You better stand up to the mark and be a proper man about this ' and all this nonsense . And then , tragically , the next episode , she 's not feeling very good and she has this miscarriage . '' Jump up ^ `` What to Watch '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Trinity Mirror. 9 January 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Quiz '' . South Wales Echo . Trinity Mirror. 30 January 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What to Watch '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Trinity Mirror. 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` More chat from ' Holby ' star Olga Fedori '' . Digital Spy . ( Hachette Filipacchi UK ) . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Mainwaring , Rachel ( 28 June 2009 ) . `` Emma Catherwood setting pulse racing in new role '' . Wales on Sunday . Trinity Mirror . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holby City -- Emma Catherwood Interview '' . TV.com . ( CBS Interactive ) . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ James Anderson ; Emma Catherwood ( 5 January 2010 ) . `` James Anderson and Emma Catherwood Interview '' . This Morning ( Interview ) . ITV . Jump up ^ `` Pick of the day '' . Birmingham Mail . Trinity Mirror. 17 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkelly , Daniel ( 19 June 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Holby City ' teasers from producer Myar Craig - Brown '' . Digital Spy . ( Hachette Filipacchi UK ) . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 11 May 2010 ) . `` We love telly ; Pick of the Day '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ McIver , Brian ( 25 August 2010 ) . `` Record tv , Pick of the day '' . Daily Record . ( Trinity Mirror ) . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What to watch '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Trinity Mirror. 2 October 2010 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Sarah ( 9 -- 15 April 2011 ) . `` Nobody trusts Oliver anymore ... '' . Inside Soap . Hachette Filipacchi UK ( 14 ) : 40 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkelly , Daniel ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Holby City ' : James Anderson on Oliver Valentine exit , future plans '' . Digital Spy . ( Hearst Magazines UK ) . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkelly , Daniel ( 30 October 2014 ) . `` Holby City : Henrik Hanssen , Oliver Valentine , Essie Harrison to return '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` Holby City 's James Anderson on Oliver return : ' He 's in dire straits ' '' . Digital Spy . ( Hearst Magazines UK ) . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` Holby City : See Oliver Valentine return in new promo '' . Digital Spy . ( Hearst Magazines UK ) . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tyler , Laura - Jayne ( 20 December 2014 -- 2 January 2015 ) . `` Help me , Elliot ! '' . Inside Soap ( 50 -- 51 ) : 36 . Jump up ^ Writer : Andy Bayliss ; Director : David Innes Edwards ; Producer ; Yasmin Kalli ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` No Matter Where You Go , There You Are -- Part Two '' . Holby City . BBC . BBC One . Jump up ^ James Anderson ( @ jimeroo ) ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` This dear old hospital of mine has been a school , a playground , and a family to me for over seven years . I 've loved every minute and it 's with a full , heavy heart that I now move on to adventures new . Thank you so much for having me . James x '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Quigley , Maeve ( 11 August 2009 ) . `` We love telly ; pick of the day '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 9 June 2009 ) . `` We love telly ; Faye goes fourth : Pick of the day '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` Holby City , BBC1 , 8pm '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What to watch '' . Liverpool Daily Post . ( Trinity Mirror ) . 8 May 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Treacy , Bree ( 16 June 2010 ) . `` Is anyone watching Holby ? '' . RTÉ Ten . ( Raidió Teilifís Éireann ) . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Treacy , Bree ( 2 July 2010 ) . `` Connie 's a goner on Holby '' . RTÉ Ten . ( Raidió Teilifís Éireann ) . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 14 December 2010 ) . `` Holby City -- BBC1 , 8pm '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 26 April 2010 ) . `` Holby City -- BBC1 8pm '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jane ( 21 September 2010 ) . `` We love telly ; Substitutes on '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Record ; Sew ... we meet again '' . Daily Record . ( Trinity Mirror ) . 18 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Holby City '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What to Watch '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Trinity Mirror. 18 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday June 21 ; 3 - 2 - See ... '' Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror. 18 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Mainwaring , Rachel ( 25 June 2011 ) . `` My Telly '' . Western Mail . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . External links ( edit ) Oliver Valentine at BBC Online Oliver Valentine on IMDb ( hide ) Holby Casualty Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Characters ( list ) Tess Bateman Connie Beauchamp Lily Chao Lofty Chiltern Kirsty Clements Charlie Fairhead Adrian Fletcher Josh Griffiths Zoe Hanna Ethan Hardy Harry Harper Nick Jordan Dylan Keogh Caleb Knight Alicia Munroe Sam Nicholls Tina Seabrook Patrick Spiller Sam Strachan Ellen Zitek Episodes Series 1 -- 20 Series 21 -- Specials `` Exile '' `` Forsaking All Others -- Part Two '' `` Hello , I Must Be Going '' `` Too Old for This Shift '' `` Episode 1068 '' Related articles Casualty 1900s Casualty@Holby City `` Bound 4 Da Reload ( Casualty ) '' ( hide ) Holby City Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Characters ( list ) Present Serena Campbell Lofty Chiltern Dominic Copeland Adrian Fletcher John Gaskell Ric Griffin Henrik Hanssen Essie Harrison Donna Jackson Sacha Levy Jac Naylor Frieda Petrenko Past Daisha Anderson Connie Beauchamp Jasmine Burrows Joseph Byrne Anne - Marie Lady Byrne Mary - Claire Carter Linden Cullen Raf di Lucca Arthur Digby Greg Douglas Abra Durant Adele Effanga Mo Effanga Jayne Grayson Dan Hamilton Elliot Hope Nick Jordan Maria Kendall Jesse Law Vanessa Lytton Jonny Maconie Antoine Malick Zosia March Stuart McElroy Eddi McKee Anton Meyer Faye Morton Guy Self Sahira Shah Colette Sheward Michael Spence Sam Strachan Amy Teo Harry Tressler Kyla Tyson Oliver Valentine Penny Valentine Gemma Wilde Chrissie Williams Mark Williams Maddy Young Episodes `` Tuesday 's Child '' `` New Lands , New Beginnings '' `` I 'll Walk You Home '' `` Veil of Tears -- Part One '' `` Group Animal '' Related articles Awards and nominations Casualty@Holby City Holby City woman HolbyBlue Episodes John Keenan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Valentine&oldid=834500764 '' Categories : Holby City characters Fictional physicians Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with attributed pull quotes Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what has happened to ollie in holby city | [] | [] |
-1196479248328758199 | Katherine Kelly Lang | Katherine Kelly Lang - Wikipedia Katherine Kelly Lang Katherine Kelly Lang Lang at the 2013 Monte - Carlo Television Festival Katherine Kelly Wegeman ( 1961 - 07 - 25 ) July 25 , 1961 ( age 57 ) Hollywood , California , U.S. Other names Kelly Lang Occupation Actress Years active 1979 -- present Known for The Bold and the Beautiful as Brooke Logan Spouse ( s ) Skott Snider ( m . 1989 ; div. 1995 ) Alex D'Andrea ( m . 1997 ; div. 2014 ) Children Parent ( s ) Keith R. Wegeman ( father ) Judith Lang ( mother ) Katherine Kelly Lang ( born Katherine Kelly Wegeman ; July 25 , 1961 ) is an American actress best known for playing Brooke Logan in the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful . Contents 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Personal life ( edit ) She was born in Hollywood , California and graduated from Beverly Hills High School . She is the daughter of Olympic ski jumper Keith R. Wegeman and actress Judith Lang and the granddaughter of Oscar - winning cinematographer Charles Lang . Lang was divorced twice . She is the mother of three children : Jeremy Skott Snider ( born 1990 ) , Julian Lang Snider ( born 1992 ) , Zoe Katrina D'Andrea ( born 1997 ) , and has a stepdaughter , Danyelle D'Andrea ( born 1991 ) . On November 11 , 2012 , it was announced that Lang had filed for divorce , citing irreconcilable differences after 15 years of marriage . The divorce was finalized in June 2014 . Career ( edit ) Lang 's first credit role was a movie called Skatetown , U.S.A. ( 1979 ) , with Scott Baio , Maureen McCormick and Patrick Swayze . That was followed by guest roles in various television series such as the short - lived The Powers of Matthew Star and Masquerade and the long - running Riptide , Happy Days , The Fall Guy and HBO 's 1st & Ten . Lang starred in the 1996 movie Subliminal Seduction . In 1985 , Lang appeared in three music videos : Alabama 's `` There 's No Way '' ( where she played the love interest of Alabama lead singer Randy Owen ) , and The Beach Boys ' `` Getcha Back '' and its sequel `` It 's Gettin ' Late '' . In 1987 , she was offered the role of blue - collar Brooke Logan on the soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful , and has been an integral part of the program ever since . Her love affair with Ridge Forrester ( played by Ronn Moss ) has been a key story arc for over 20 years , and a love triangle among Brooke , Ridge , and Taylor ( Hunter Tylo ) stretched across an entire decade . The show 's 5,000 th episode included only the four core characters : Brooke , Ridge , Stephanie and Eric . As of February 2015 , Lang is one of only two actors to be on The Bold and the Beautiful throughout the series . The other is John McCook , who portrays Eric Forrester . She appeared as Brooke on The Young and the Restless in 1999 , interacting with Eric Braeden ( Victor ) , Peter Bergman ( Jack ) , and Eileen Davidson ( Ashley ) . Lang previously appeared on The Young and the Restless as Gretchen in 1981 , and returned to the soap , for a brief stint , in July 2007 . Her work as Brooke has been recognized with seven Soap Opera Digest Award nominations , beginning in 1991 and most recently in 2005 . Crystal Chappell won a Daytime Emmy Award along with Lang , Hillary B. Smith and Galen Gering in the Outstanding Drama Series : New Approach category for producing Venice : The Series . In 2016 , Lang made an appearance as herself in the Australian soap opera Neighbours . Filmography ( edit ) List of acting performances in film and television Year Title Role Notes 1979 Skatetown , U.S.A. Allison Movie 1981 The Young and the Restless Gretchen Brooke Logan Guest role ; 1999 , 2007 1982 Desperate Lives Mary Movie 1986 Mr. Boogedy Widow Marion Television film The Bold and the Beautiful Brooke Logan Series regular ; 1987 -- present The Night Stalker Denise Movie 1995 Till the End of the Night Diana Davenport Movie Subliminal Seduction Deb Danver Television film 2016 Neighbours Herself Guest role 2016 Have You Been Paying Attention ? Herself Guest Quiz Master 2018 Isidingo Herself Guest role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Soap Opera Actress The Bold and the Beautiful Won 1991 Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Soap Opera Actress Won Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Heroine Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Story Line ( shared with John McCook ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Best Wedding ( shared with John McCook ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star Nominated 1995 Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Soap Opera Actress Won Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Soap Couple ( shared with Ronn Moss ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Love Story ( shared with Hunter Tylo and Ronn Moss ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Favorite Storyline ( shared with Winsor Harmon ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Heroine Nominated 2002 Daytime Emmy Award for America 's Favorite Couple Special Fan Award ( shared with Sean Kanan ) Nominated 2003 Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Daytime Drama Nominated TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Couple ( shared with Ronn Moss ) Won TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Female Won TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Storyline ( shared with Ronn Moss and Jennifer Finnigan ) Won 2006 TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Couple ( shared with Ronn Moss ) Won TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Female Actor Won 2013 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( July 25 , 2015 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( July 25 ) '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Bold and the Beautiful Cast : Katherine Kelly Lang '' . CBS . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight on Katherine Kelly Lang '' . Soap Opera Weekly . February 27 , 2007 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Stephanie ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` B&B Star Files For Divorce '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Beautiful Occasion '' . Soap Opera Weekly . February 13 , 2007 . pp. 30 -- 31 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ICYMI Katherine Kelly Lang and John McCook Interview '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Profile , community.ew.com , June 23 , 2014 ; accessed April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautfiul 's Katherine Kelly Lang has filmed a guest role in Neighbours '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Awards List '' . BoldandBeautiful.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . EmmyOnline.org . National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Katherine Kelly Lang . Katherine Kelly Lang on IMDb WorldCat Identities BNF : cb14196311p ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 0071 9155 VIAF : 10059331 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Kelly_Lang&oldid=865761964 '' Categories : 1961 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Hollywood , Los Angeles American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Use American English from October 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 00 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays brooke logan on bold and beautiful | [
"Katherine Kelly Lang (born Katherine Kelly Wegeman; July 25, 1961)[1] is an American actress best known for playing Brooke Logan in the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful.\n"
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"Katherine Kelly Lang"
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7672382285224467664 | The Lion Sleeps Tonight | The Lion Sleeps Tonight - wikipedia The Lion Sleeps Tonight Jump to : navigation , search `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' Single by the Tokens from the album The Lion Sleeps Tonight A-side `` Tina '' Released November 1961 Genre Rhythm and blues doo - wop Length 2 : 41 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Solomon Linda Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Albert Stanton Producer ( s ) Hugo & Luigi Audio sample file help `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' is a song written and recorded originally by Solomon Linda with the Evening Birds for the South African Gallo Record Company in 1939 , under the title `` Mbube '' . Composed in Zulu , it was adapted and covered internationally by many 1950s and ' 60s pop and folk revival artists , including the Weavers , Jimmy Dorsey , Yma Sumac , Miriam Makeba and the Kingston Trio . In 1961 , it became a number one hit in the United States as adapted in English with the best - known version by the doo - wop group the Tokens . It went on to earn at least US $15 million in royalties from cover versions and film licensing . The pop group Tight Fit had a number one hit in the UK with the song in 1982 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Copyright issues 3 Selected list of recorded versions 3.1 `` Mbube '' 3.2 `` Wimoweh '' 3.3 `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' 4 Charted singles 4.1 The Tokens 4.1. 1 Weekly charts 4.1. 2 Year - end charts 4.2 Robert John 4.2. 1 Weekly charts 4.2. 2 Year - end charts 4.3 Tight Fit 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) `` Mbube '' ( Zulu for `` lion '' ) was written in the 1920s , by Solomon Linda , a South African singer of Zulu origin , who later worked for the Gallo Record Company in Johannesburg as a cleaner and record packer . He spent his weekends performing with the Evening Birds , a musical ensemble , and it was at Gallo Records , under the direction of producer Griffiths Motsieloa , that Linda and his fellow musicians recorded several songs including `` Mbube , '' which incorporated a call - response pattern common among many Sub-Saharan African ethnic groups , including the Zulu . According to journalist Rian Malan : `` Mbube '' was n't the most remarkable tune , but there was something compelling about the underlying chant , a dense meshing of low male voices above which Solomon yodelled and howled for two exhilarating minutes , improvising occasionally . The third take was the best , achieving immortality when Solly took a deep breath , opened his mouth , and improvised the melody that the world now associates with these words : In the jungle , the mighty jungle , the lion sleeps tonight . Issued by Gallo as a 78 - rpm record in 1939 , and marketed to black audiences , `` Mbube '' became a hit and Linda a star throughout South Africa . By 1948 , the song had sold over 100,000 copies in Africa and among black South African immigrants in Great Britain . Linda also lent its name to a style of African a cappella music that evolved into isicathamiya ( also called mbube ) , popularized by Ladysmith Black Mambazo . In 1949 , Alan Lomax , then working as folk music director for Decca Records , brought Solomon Linda 's 78 recording to the attention of his friend Pete Seeger of the folk group The Weavers . In November 1951 , after having performed the song for at least a year in their concerts , The Weavers recorded an adapted version with brass and string orchestra and chorus and released it as a 78 single entitled `` Wimoweh '' , a mishearing of the original song 's chorus of `` Uyimbube '' , Zulu : You are a lion . Their version contained the chanting chorus `` Wimoweh '' and Linda 's improvised melodic line . The Weavers credited the song as `` Traditional '' , with arrangement by `` Paul Campbell '' , later found to be a pseudonym used by the Weavers in order to claim royalties . It reached Billboard 's top ten and became a staple of The Weavers ' live repertoire , achieving further exposure on their best - selling The Weavers at Carnegie Hall LP album , recorded in 1955 and issued in 1957 . The song was also covered extensively by other folk revival groups such as The Kingston Trio , and exotica singer Yma Sumac . However , Miriam Makeba , in 1960 , recorded the same song as `` Mbube '' , with the writing credit given to `` J. Linda '' . In 1961 , two RCA records producers , Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore , hired Juilliard - trained musician and lyricist George David Weiss to arrange a pop music cover of `` Wimoweh '' , for the B - side of a 45 - rpm single called `` Tina , '' sung by the teenage doo - wop group The Tokens . Weiss wrote the English lyrics : `` In the jungle , the mighty jungle , The lion sleeps tonight ... '' and `` Hush , my darling , do n't fear , my darling ... '' Weiss also brought in soprano Anita Darian to reprise Yma Sumac 's version , before , during and after the saxophone solo . `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' was issued by RCA in 1961 , and it rocketed to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . Weiss ' Abilene Music Inc. , was the publisher of this arrangement , and listed `` Albert Stanton '' ( a pseudonym for Al Brackman , the business partner of Pete Seeger 's music publisher , Howie Richmond ) , as one of the song 's writers or arrangers . Copyright issues ( edit ) Social historian Ronald D. Cohen writes , `` Howie Richmond copyrighted many songs originally in the public domain ( sic ) but now slightly revised to satisfy Decca and also to reap profits . '' Canadian writer Mark Steyn , on the other hand , attributes the invention of the pseudonym `` Paul Campbell '' to Pete Seeger . Howie Richmond 's claim of author 's copyright could secure both the songwriter 's royalties and his company 's publishing share of the song 's earnings . Although Linda was listed as a performer on the record itself , the Weavers thought he had recorded a traditional Zulu song . Their managers , publisher , and their attorneys knew otherwise because they had been contacted by -- and had reached an agreement with -- Eric Gallo of Gallo Records in South Africa . The Americans maintained , however , that South African copyrights were not valid because South Africa was not a signatory to U.S. copyright law . In the 1950s , after Linda 's authorship was made clear , Seeger sent Linda $1000 . Seeger also instructed TRO / Folkways to henceforth pay his share of authors ' earnings to Linda . The folksinger apparently trusted his publisher 's word of honor and either saw no need , or was unable to make sure these instructions were carried out . In 2000 , South African journalist Rian Malan wrote a feature article for Rolling Stone magazine in which he recounted Linda 's story and estimated that the song had earned $15 million for its use in the Disney movie The Lion King alone . The piece prompted filmmaker François Verster to create the Emmy - winning documentary A Lion 's Trail , that told Linda 's story while incidentally exposing the workings of the multi-million dollar corporate music publishing industry . In July 2004 , as a result of the publicity generated by Malan 's article and the subsequent documentary , the song became the subject of a lawsuit between Linda 's estate and Disney , claiming that Disney owed $1.6 million in royalties for the use of `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' in the film and musical stage productions of The Lion King . At the same time , the Richmond Organization began to pay $3,000 annually into Linda 's estate . In February 2006 , Linda 's descendants reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music Publishers , who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney , to place the earnings of the song in a trust . Selected list of recorded versions ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( July 2017 ) The song has been recorded by numerous artists , and is a standard that has become a part of popular culture . `` Mbube '' ( edit ) 1939 Solomon Linda and the Evening Birds 1951 In the first film adaptation of Cry , the Beloved Country 1960 Miriam Makeba , on Miriam Makeba 1988 Ladysmith Black Mambazo , as `` Mbube '' , during opening sequence of movie Coming to America ( but not on the soundtrack album ) 1991 The Elite Swingsters Featuring Dolly Rathebe , as `` Mbube '' on Woza ! 1994 Ladysmith Black Mambazo , as `` Mbube ( The Lion Sleeps Tonight ) '' , on Gift of the Tortoise 1996 Soweto String Quartet , as `` Imbube '' on Renaissance 2005 Soweto Gospel Choir , as `` Imbube '' on Blessed 2006 Ladysmith Black Mambazo , as `` Mbube '' , on Long Walk to Freedom 2007 CH2 and Soweto String Quartet , as `` Imbube '' on Pap & Paella 2010 Angélique Kidjo , as `` Mbube '' on Õÿö `` Wimoweh '' ( edit ) 1952 : The Weavers : US # 6 1952 : Jimmy Dorsey 1952 : Yma Sumac 1957 : The Weavers , live . 1959 : Bill Hayes ( on Kapp Records ) 1959 : The Kingston Trio 1961 : Karl Denver : UK # 4 1962 : Bert Kaempfert on album A Swingin ' Safari , ( on Polydor Records ) . Done mostly as an instrumental save for the `` Wimoweh '' chorus . 1962 : Hugh Masekela on Trumpet Africaine 1964 : Glen Campbell on The Astounding 12 - String Guitar of Glen Campbell 1964 : Chet Atkins 1971 : Rumplestiltskin on Black Magician 1993 : Nanci Griffith with Odetta , on Other Voices , Other Rooms 1994 : Roger Whittaker , on Roger Whittaker Live ! 1994 : Manu Dibango and Ladysmith Black Mambazo , on Waka Afrika 1998 : Pete Seeger on For Kids And Just Plain Folks 1999 : Desmond Dekker on Halfway To Paradise `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' ( edit ) `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' Single picture sleeve Single by Robert John from the album Robert John B - side `` Janet '' Released December 1971 Genre Pop Label Atlantic `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' Single picture sleeve Single by Tight Fit from the album Tight Fit Released January 1982 Genre Pop Length 3 : 18 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Albert Stanton Solomon Linda Producer ( s ) Tim Friese - Greene Tight Fit singles chronology `` Back to the Sixties Part II '' ( 1981 ) `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' ( 1982 ) `` Fantasy Island '' ( 1982 ) 1961 : The Tokens : US # 1 , UK # 11 1962 : Henri Salvador -- in French as `` Le lion est mort ce soir '' ( `` The Lion Died Tonight '' ) FR # 1 1965 : The New Christy Minstrels 1965 : The Shangaans , on `` Jungle Drums '' 1968 : The Tremeloes , on Silence Is Golden 1971 : Eric Donaldson 1972 : Robert John : US # 3 , gold record . 1972 : Dave Newman : UK # 34 1974 : Ras Michael and the Sons of Negus , as `` Rise Jah Jah Children ( The Lion Sleeps ) '' 1975 : Brian Eno , on single , later on Working Backwards : 1983 - 1973 and Eno Box II : Vocal 1979 : The Stylistics 1980 : Passengers 1982 : Tight Fit : UK # 1 , This version has sold over a million copies in the UK . 1982 : The Nylons 1987 : Tracey Ullman et . al. on the skit `` City of Strangers '' from The Tracey Ullman Show 1989 : Sandra Bernhard 1991 : Hotline & P.J. Powers , on The Best Of 1992 : Talisman , on A Capella 1992 : They Might Be Giants with Laura Cantrell , interpolated into `` The Guitar ( The Lion Sleeps Tonight ) '' 1993 : Pow woW : FR # 1 , cover of Salvador 's version . 1993 : R.E.M. : B - side of `` The Sidewinder Sleeps Tonite '' and on The Automatic Box ( Disc 3 ) . 1993 : The Nylons 1994 : Dennis Marcellino 1994 : Tonic Sol - Fa 1995 : Lebo M. for Rhythm of the Pride Lands , an album with songs inspired by the music of The Lion King 1997 : ' N Sync : B - side of `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' 1997 : The Muppets , on an episode of Muppets Tonight 1998 : Helmut Lotti , on Out of Africa 1998 : The Undertones , on 8 Degrees and Rising 1990s : The Streetnix 2001 : Baha Men featuring Imani Coppola , sampled the chorus in the song `` You All Dat '' on Who Let the Dogs Out 2001 : Rockapella 2002 : Mango Groove , on Eat a Mango 2004 : Daniel Küblböck 2005 : The Mavericks 2009 : Melo - M , on Around the World 2010 : Cool Down Cafe featuring Gerard Joling , on Goud 2014 : Billy Joel and Jimmy Fallon , on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon 2015 : Justin Fletcher as Gail Force on Gigglebiz 2016 : Tight Fit new production Rainforest Radio Edit on Together ( Almighty ) 2016 : Mayunga featuring Akon sampled the chorus in their single `` Please Do n't Go Away '' Charted singles ( edit ) The Tokens ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1961 -- 62 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 US Billboard R&B Singles 7 Australia Kent Music Report 15 Belgian Ultratop 50 6 German Media Control Charts 23 New Zealand Lever UK Singles Charts 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1962 ) Rank US Cash Box 10 Robert John ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 -- 72 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 31 US Billboard Top 100 Singles US Billboard Adult Contemporary 6 US Cash Box Top 100 Canadian RPM Top Tracks 15 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary 17 German Singles Charts 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia 172 Canada 45 US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Cash Box 10 Tight Fit ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position UK Singles Charts Ö3 Austria Top 40 8 Belgian Ultratop 50 German Media Control Charts Danish Singles Charts Dutch Singles Charts Irish Singles Charts New Zealand Singles Charts Swedish Sverigetopplistan Charts 17 Swiss Ultratop Charts 8 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Malan , Rian . `` In the Jungle '' . Longform.org . Archived from the original on 18 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Cad , Saint . `` Top 10 Famous Songs With Unknown Originals '' . listverse.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Frith , Simon ( 2004 ) . Popular music : critical concepts in media and cultural studies , Volume 4 . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 33270 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : David Hutcheon , `` The Story Behind the Song : The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' , Mojo ' 60s , # 9 , 2017 , pp. 18 - 19 Jump up ^ `` Show 18 - Blowin ' in the Wind : Pop discovers folk music . ( Part 1 ) '' . Pop Chronicles . UNT Digital Library . 18 May 1969 . Retrieved 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ronald D. ( 2002 ) . Rainbow Quest : the Folk Music Revival and American Society . Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press . p. 71 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Academy Presents 27th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards '' ( press release ) , 25 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Ear Music Forum - Mbube - Mickey Mouse Under House Arrest in SAfrica ? '' . 3rdearmusic.com . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Blair , David ( 30 October 2004 ) . `` Penniless singer 's family sue Disney for Lion King royalties '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Lawsuit , a Mighty Lawsuit '' . 25 October 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight 1939 : Linda Solomon , The Evening Birds '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 406 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sedghi , Ami ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel and Jimmy Fallon Form 2 - Man Doo - Wop Group Using iPad App '' . The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . YouTube . 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tight Fit -- Together -- Almighty Records '' . www.almightyrecords.com . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 15 March 1962 Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1962YESP.html Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 29 , 1962 Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 3 / 18 / 72 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1972YESP.html Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 30 , 1972 External links ( edit ) Solomon Linda , Songwriter Who Penned ' The Lion , ' Finally Gets His Just Desserts Sample of Mbube performed by Solomon Linda 's Original Evening Birds ( WMA Stream ) . NPR : All Things Considered : Family of ' Lion Sleeps Tonight ' Writer to Get Millions Telegraph : Penniless singer 's family sue Disney for Lion King royalties The Lion Sleeps Tonight . BBC World Service Documentary by Paul Gambaccini first broadcast 16 July 2010 Preceded by `` Please Mr. Postman '' by The Marvelettes Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( The Tokens version ) 18 December 1961 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Twist '' by Chubby Checker Preceded by `` Town Called Malice '' by The Jam UK Singles Chart number one single ( Tight Fit version ) 28 February 1982 -- 20 March 1982 Succeeded by `` Seven Tears '' by Goombay Dance Band ( hide ) Miriam Makeba Studio albums Miriam Makeba ( 1960 ) The Many Voices of Miriam Makeba ( 1962 ) The World of Miriam Makeba ( 1963 ) The Voice of Africa ( 1964 ) Makeba Sings ! ( 1965 ) An Evening with Belafonte / Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magic of Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magnificent Miriam Makeba ( 1966 ) All About Miriam ( 1966 ) Pata Pata ( 1967 ) Makeba ! ( 1968 ) Keep Me in Mind ( 1970 ) A Promise ( 1974 ) Miriam Makeba & Bongi ( 1975 ) Country Girl ( 1978 ) Comme une symphonie d'amour ( 1979 ) Sangoma ( 1988 ) Welela ( 1989 ) Eyes on Tomorrow ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Song ( 1994 ) Homeland ( 2000 ) Reflections ( 2004 ) Compilations Harry Belafonte and Miriam Makeba ( 1975 ) The Queen of African Music ( 1987 ) Africa ( 1991 ) Singles `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1960 ) `` The Click Song '' / `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' ( 1963 ) `` Malaika '' / `` Malcolm X '' ( 1965 ) `` Pata Pata '' ( 1967 ) `` Mas que Nada '' ( 1967 ) `` I Shall Be Released '' / `` Iphi Ndilela ( Show Me the Way ) '' ( 1969 ) `` Soweto Blues '' ( 1988 ) `` Brand New Day '' `` Chauffeur Blues '' `` Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika '' People Bongi Makeba ( daughter ) Hugh Masekela ( 3rd husband ) Stokely Carmichael ( 4th husband ) VIAF : 176353071 LCCN : n2005007934 GND : 300660596 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_Sleeps_Tonight&oldid=832350201 '' Categories : South African songs 1961 singles 1972 singles 1982 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Miriam Makeba songs Nanci Griffith songs Glen Campbell songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Robert John songs Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi Songs written by Hugo Peretti Songs written by Luigi Creatore Songs written by George David Weiss Songs about animals 1939 songs RCA Records singles Jive Records singles The Tokens songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Zulu - language text Articles with too many examples Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 13 : 07 . 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5200391627819817578 | If You Want to Sing Out, Sing Out | If You Want to Sing Out , Sing Out - wikipedia If You Want to Sing Out , Sing Out Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` If You Want to Sing Out , Sing Out '' Song by Cat Stevens from the album Footsteps in the Dark : Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Released December 1984 Recorded 1971 Genre Folk rock , pop rock Length 2 : 46 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Cat Stevens Producer ( s ) Paul Samwell - Smith `` If You Want To Sing Out , Sing Out '' is a popular song by Cat Stevens . It first appeared in the 1971 film Harold and Maude . Stevens wrote all the songs in Harold and Maude in 1970 - 1971 , during the time he was writing and recording his Tea for the Tillerman album . However , `` If You Want to Sing Out , Sing Out '' and two other songs from that period were not released as singles nor placed on any album at that time . No official soundtrack was released from the film at that time . The song was finally released later on Stevens ' 1984 album , Footsteps in the Dark : Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 along with his other previously unreleased songs . In addition , it appeared on the UK edition of his 2003 album The Very Best of Cat Stevens . Contents ( hide ) 1 Official soundtrack ( 2007 ) 2 Appearances in other media 3 Cover versions 4 References Official soundtrack ( 2007 ) ( edit ) The first official soundtrack album to the film was released in December 2007 , by Vinyl Films Records , as a vinyl - only limited edition release of 2500 copies . It contained a 30 - page oral history of the making of the film , the most extensive series of interviews yet conducted on Harold and Maude . Appearances in other media ( edit ) The song features prominently in Hal Ashby 's Harold and Maude . In 2007 , a rendition of `` Sing Out '' appeared in the film Charlie Bartlett . The song is featured in the TV shows My Name Is Earl and Ray Donovan . It was featured as the 2nd song of Rodney Mullen 's skateboarding part in the Plan B video , Questionable . The song is also the theme to the BBC Radio sitcom North by Northamptonshire . As of fall 2016 , the song appears in a commercial for the 2017 Jeep Grand Cherokee . Cover versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by Bloomington , Indiana 's folk punk pioneers Ghost Mice under the shortened title `` Sing Out '' . The song has been covered by Death By Chocolate in 2001 , on their first , self - titled album In August 2009 , Yusuf Islam approved his original recording of the song for use in a T Mobile television commercial . Wyclef Jean also made an upbeat remix of the song for a later T Mobile commercial that aired in December 2009 . Folk music / bluegrass band Rani Arbo and Daisy Mayhem covered the song for their 2010 album Ranky Tanky . The song has also been covered by Amanda Palmer . The song has been covered by Jim Gill on his 1995 children 's album Jim Gill Makes It Noisy In Boise , Idaho . German bitpop band Welle : Erdball covered the song on their album Der Kalte Krieg ( 2011 ). ( 1 ) References ( edit ) ( hide ) Cat Stevens / Yusuf Islam / Yusuf Studio pop albums As Cat Stevens Matthew and Son New Masters Mona Bone Jakon Tea for the Tillerman Teaser and the Firecat Catch Bull at Four Foreigner Buddha and the Chocolate Box Numbers Izitso Back to Earth As Yusuf An Other Cup Roadsinger Tell ' Em I 'm Gone Live albums Saturnight Majikat Spiritual albums The Life of the Last Prophet Prayers of the Last Prophet A Is for Allah I Look I See Footsteps in the Light Compilations Greatest Hits Footsteps in the Dark : Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of Cat Stevens Gold I Have No Cannons That Roar Singles `` I Love My Dog '' `` Matthew And Son '' `` I 'm Gonna Get Me A Gun '' `` A Bad Night '' `` Lady D'Arbanville '' `` Father And Son '' `` Wild World '' `` Moonshadow '' `` Peace Train '' `` Morning Has Broken '' `` Another Saturday Night '' `` Oh Very Young '' Other songs `` Blue Monday '' `` Boots and Sand '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` The First Cut Is The Deepest '' `` I Think I See The Light '' `` Here Comes My Baby '' `` Banapple Gas '' `` ( I Never Wanted ) To Be A Star '' `` If You Want To Sing Out , Sing Out '' `` Into White '' `` Trouble '' `` Where Do The Children Play ? '' Categories Albums Compilation albums Live albums Songs Songs written by Cat Stevens Related topics Discography Harold and Maude ( soundtrack ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You_Want_to_Sing_Out,_Sing_Out&oldid=804133703 '' Categories : Cat Stevens songs 1971 songs Songs written for films Songs written by Cat Stevens Song recordings produced by Paul Samwell - Smith Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 00 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8229674962169438681 | Fertile Crescent | Fertile Crescent - wikipedia Fertile Crescent Jump to : navigation , search Map showing the generally defined area of the Fertile Crescent in red The Fertile Crescent ( also known as the `` cradle of civilization '' ) is a crescent - shaped region where agriculture and early human civilizations like the Sumer and Ancient Egypt flourished due to inundations from the surrounding Nile , Euphrates , and Tigris rivers . Technological advances in the region include the development of writing , glass , the wheel , agriculture , and the use of irrigation . Modern - day countries with significant territory within the Fertile Crescent are Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Cyprus , Jordan , Israel , Palestine , Egypt , as well as the southeastern fringe of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran . The term is also used in international geopolitics and diplomatic relations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Biodiversity and climate 3 History 3.1 Early domestications 4 Languages 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Bibliography 8 External links Terminology ( edit ) The term `` Fertile Crescent '' was popularized by archaeologist James Henry Breasted in Outlines of European History ( 1914 ) and Ancient Times , A History of the Early World ( 1916 ) . Breasted wrote : This fertile crescent is approximately a semicircle , with the open side toward the south , having the west end at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean , the center directly north of Arabia , and the east end at the north end of the Persian Gulf ( see map , p. 100 ) . It lies like an army facing south , with one wing stretching along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the other reaching out to the Persian Gulf , while the center has its back against the northern mountains . The end of the western wing is Palestine ; Assyria makes up a large part of the center ; while the end of the eastern wing is Babylonia . This great semicircle , for lack of a name , may be called the Fertile Crescent . It may also be likened to the shores of a desert - bay , upon which the mountains behind look down -- a bay not of water but of sandy waste , some eight hundred kilometres across , forming a northern extension of the Arabian desert and sweeping as far north as the latitude of the northeast corner of the Mediterranean . This desert - bay is a limestone plateau of some height -- too high indeed to be watered by the Tigris and Euphrates , which have cut cañons obliquely across it . Nevertheless , after the meager winter rains , wide tracts of the northern desert - bay are clothed with scanty grass , and spring thus turns the region for a short time into grasslands . The history of Western Asia may be described as an age - long struggle between the mountain peoples of the north and the desert wanderers of these grasslands -- a struggle which is still going on -- for the possession of the Fertile Crescent , the shores of the desert - bay . There is no name , either geographical or political , which includes all of this great semicircle ( see map , p. 100 ) . Hence we are obliged to coin a term and call it the Fertile Crescent . In current usage , the Fertile Crescent includes Iraq , Kuwait , and surrounding portions of Iran and Turkey , as well as the rest of the Levantine coast of the Mediterranean Sea , Syria , Jordan , Israel , and Lebanon . Water sources include the Jordan River . The inner boundary is delimited by the dry climate of the Syrian Desert to the south . Around the outer boundary are the Anatolian highlands to the north and the Sahara Desert to the west . Biodiversity and climate ( edit ) As crucial as rivers and marshlands were to the rise of civilization in the Fertile Crescent , they were not the only factor . The area is geographically important as the `` bridge '' between Africa and Eurasia , which has allowed it to retain a greater amount of biodiversity than either Europe or North Africa , where climate changes during the Ice Age led to repeated extinction events when ecosystems became squeezed against the waters of the Mediterranean Sea . The Saharan pump theory posits that this Middle Eastern land - bridge was extremely important to the modern distribution of Old World flora and fauna , including the spread of humanity . The area has borne the brunt of the tectonic divergence between the African and Arabian plates and the converging Arabian and Eurasian plates , which has made the region a very diverse zone of high snow - covered mountains . The Fertile Crescent had many diverse climates , and major climatic changes encouraged the evolution of many `` r '' type annual plants , which produce more edible seeds than `` K '' type perennial plants . The region 's dramatic variety in elevation gave rise to many species of edible plants for early experiments in cultivation . Most importantly , the Fertile Crescent was home to the eight Neolithic founder crops important in early agriculture ( i.e. , wild progenitors to emmer wheat , einkorn , barley , flax , chick pea , pea , lentil , bitter vetch ) , and four of the five most important species of domesticated animals -- cows , goats , sheep , and pigs ; the fifth species , the horse , lived nearby . The Fertile Crescent flora comprises a high percentage of plants that can self - pollinate , but may also be cross-pollinated . These plants , called `` selfers '' , were one of the geographical advantages of the area because they did not depend on other plants for reproduction . History ( edit ) Further information : History of the Middle East The ancient Near East Regions and states Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia Akkadian Empire Assyria Babylonia Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Sumer Egypt Ancient Egypt Persia Achaemenid Empire Elam Medes Anatolia Hittites Hurrians Neo-Hittite states Urartu The Levant Ancient Israel Phoenicia Archaeological periods Chronology Bronze Age Bronze Age collapse Iron Age Languages Akkadian Aramaic Assyriology Cuneiform script Elamite Hebrew Hittite Hurrian Phoenician Sumerian Urartian Literature Babylonian Hittite texts Sumerian Mythology Babylonian Hittite Mesopotamian Egyptian Other topics Cradle of civilization Assyrian law Babylonian astronomy Babylonian law Babylonian mathematics Cuneiform law History of the Middle East As well as possessing many sites with the skeletal and cultural remains of both pre-modern and early modern humans ( e.g. , at Tabun and Es Skhul caves in Israel ) , later Pleistocene hunter - gatherers , and Epipalaeolithic semi-sedentary hunter - gatherers ( the Natufians ) ; the Fertile Crescent is most famous for its sites related to the origins of agriculture . The western zone around the Jordan and upper Euphrates rivers gave rise to the first known Neolithic farming settlements ( referred to as Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) , which date to around 9,000 BCE ( and includes sites such as Göbekli Tepe and Jericho ) . This region , alongside Mesopotamia ( which lies to the east of the Fertile Crescent , between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates ) , also saw the emergence of early complex societies during the succeeding Bronze Age . There is also early evidence from the region for writing and the formation of hierarchical statelevel societies . This has earned the region the nickname `` The cradle of civilization '' . It is in this region where the first libraries appeared , some 5,000 years ago . The oldest known library was found in northern Syria , in the ruins of Ebla , a major commercial center that was destroyed around 1650 BCE . Both the Tigris and Euphrates start in the Taurus Mountains of what is modern - day Turkey . Farmers in southern Mesopotamia had to protect their fields from flooding each year , except northern Mesopotamia which had just enough rain to make some farming possible . To protect against flooding , they made levees . Since the Bronze Age , the region 's natural fertility has been greatly extended by irrigation works , upon which much of its agricultural production continues to depend . The last two millennia have seen repeated cycles of decline and recovery as past works have fallen into disrepair through the replacement of states , to be replaced under their successors . Another ongoing problem has been salination -- gradual concentration of salt and other minerals in soils with a long history of irrigation . Early domestications ( edit ) Prehistoric seedless figs were discovered at Gilgal I in the Jordan Valley , suggesting that fig trees were being planted some 11,400 years ago . Cereals were already grown in Syria as long as 9,000 years ago . Small cats ( Felis silvestris ) also were domesticated in this region . Languages ( edit ) Linguistically , the Fertile Crescent was a region of great diversity . Historically , Semitic languages generally prevailed in the lowlands , whilst in the mountainous areas to the east and north a number of generally unrelated languages were found including Elamite , Kassite , and Hurro - Urartian . The precise affiliation of these , and their date of arrival , remain topics of scholarly discussion . However , given lack of textual evidence for the earliest era of prehistory , this debate is unlikely to be resolved in the near future . The evidence which does exist suggests that by the third millennium BCE and into the second , several language groups already existed in the region . These included : Proto - Euphratean language -- a non-Semitic language considered to be the substratum language of the people that introduced farming into Southern Iraq in the Early Ubaid period ( 5300 - 4700 BC ) . Sumerian -- a non-Semitic language which displays a Sprachbund - type relationship with neighbouring Akkadian Semitic languages -- Akkadian , Amorite , Aramaic , Ugaritic , Canaanite . Hurro - Urartian languages -- a small family . ( The otherwise isolated Kassite language may be related . ) Hattic -- a language isolate , spoken originally in central Anatolia . Indo - European languages -- generally believed to be later intrusive languages , such as Hittite and the Indo - Aryan material attested in the Mittani civilization . Links between Hurro - Urartian and Hattic and the indigenous languages of the Caucasus have frequently been suggested , but are not generally accepted . See also ( edit ) Hilly Flanks History of Mesopotamia History of agriculture Hydraulic empire Beth Nahrain Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica . `` Fertile Crescent '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Haviland , William A. ; Prins , Harald E.L. ; Walrath , Dana ; McBride , Bunny ( 13 January 2013 ) . The Essence of Anthropology ( 3rd ed . ) . Belmont , California : Cengage Learning . p. 104 . ISBN 1111833443 . Jump up ^ Ancient Mesopotamia / India . Culver City , California : Social Studies School Service . 2003 . p. 4 . ISBN 1560041668 . ^ Jump up to : Abt , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . American Egyptologist : the life of James Henry Breasted and the creation of his Oriental Institute . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 193 -- 194 , 436 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 0011 - 04 . Jump up ^ Goodspeed , George Stephen ( 1904 ) . A History of the ancient world : for high schools and academies . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Breasted , James Henry ( 1914 ) . `` Earliest man , the Orient , Greece , and Rome '' . In Robinson , James Harvey ; Breasted , James Henry ; Beard , Charles A. Outlines of European history , Vol. 1 ( PDF ) . Boston : Ginn . pp. 56 -- 57 . `` The Ancient Orient '' map is inserted between pages 56 and 57 . Jump up ^ Breasted , James Henry ( 1916 ) . Ancient times , a history of the early world : an introduction to the study of ancient history and the career of early man ( PDF ) . Boston : Ginn . pp. 100 -- 101 . `` The Ancient Oriental World '' map is inserted between pages 100 and 101 . Jump up ^ Clay , Albert T. ( 1924 ) . `` The so - called Fertile Crescent and desert bay '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 44 : 186 -- 201 . doi : 10.2307 / 593554 . JSTOR 593554 . Jump up ^ Kuklick , Bruce ( 1996 ) . `` Essay on methods and sources '' . Puritans in Babylon : the ancient Near East and American intellectual life , 1880 -- 1930 . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 02582 - 7 . Textbooks ... The true texts brought all of these strands together , the most important being James Henry Breasted , Ancient Times : A History of the Early World ( Boston , 1916 ) , but a predecessor , George Stephen Goodspeed , A History of the Ancient World ( New York , 1904 ) , is outstanding . Goodspeed , who taught at Chicago with Breasted , antedated him in the conception of a ' crescent ' of civilization . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Jared ( March 1997 ) . Guns , Germs , and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies ( 1st ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 480 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 03891 - 2 . OCLC 35792200 . Jump up ^ Murray , Stuart ( 9 July 2009 ) . Basbanes , Nicholas A. ; Davis , Donald G. , eds . The Library : An Illustrated History . New York , NY : Skyhorse Publishing , Inc. p. 320 . doi : 10.1080 / 10875300903535149 . ISBN 9781628733228 . OCLC 277203534 . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Black , Linda ; Krieger , Larry S. ; Naylor , hillip C. ; Shabaka , Dahia Ibo ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . p. 1082 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . Jump up ^ Norris , Scott ( 1 June 2006 ) . `` Ancient Fig Find May Push Back Birth of Agriculture '' . National Geographic Society . National Geographic News . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Genographic Project : The Development of Agriculture '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Carlos A. ; Menotti - Raymond , Marilyn ; Roca , Alfred L. ; Hupe , Karsten ; Johnson , Warren E. ; Geffen , Eli ; Harley , Eric H. ; Delibes , Miguel ; Pontier , Dominique ; Kitchener , Andrew C. ; Yamaguchi , Nobuyuki ; O'Brien , Stephen J. ; Macdonald , David W. ( 27 July 2007 ) . `` The near eastern origin of cat domestication '' . Science . 317 ( 5837 ) : 519 - 23 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1139518 . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Steadman & McMahon 2011 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Steadman & McMahon 2011 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Steadman & McMahon 2011 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Potts 2012 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Potts 2012 , p. 570 . Jump up ^ Potts 2012 , p. 584 . Bibliography ( edit ) Library resources about Fertile Crescent Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Jared Diamond , Guns , germs and steel . A short history of everybody for the last 13'000 years , 1997 . Anderson , Clifford Norman . The Fertile Crescent : Travels In the Footsteps of Ancient Science . 2d ed. , rev . Fort Lauderdale : Sylvester Press , 1972 . Deckers , Katleen . Holocene Landscapes Through Time In the Fertile Crescent . Turnhout : Brepols , 2011 . Ephʻal , Israel . The Ancient Arabs : Nomads On the Borders of the Fertile Crescent 9th - 5th Centuries B.C. Jerusalem : Magnes Press , 1982 . Kajzer , Małgorzata , Łukasz Miszk , and Maciej Wacławik . The Land of Fertility I : South - East Mediterranean Since the Bronze Age to the Muslim Conquest . Newcastle upon Tyne , UK : Cambridge Scholars Publishing , 2016 . Kozłowski , Stefan Karol . The Eastern Wing of the Fertile Crescent : Late Prehistory of Greater Mesopotamian Lithic Industries . Oxford : Archaeopress , 1999 . Potts , Daniel T. ( 21 May 2012 ) . A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East . 1 . John Wiley & Sons . p. 1445 . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444360790 . ISBN 9781405189880 . Steadman , Sharon R. ; McMahon , Gregory ( 15 September 2011 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia : ( 10,000 - 323 BCE ) . OUP . p. 1174 . ISBN 9780195376142 . Thomas , Alexander R . The Evolution of the Ancient City : Urban Theory and the Archaeology of the Fertile Crescent . Lanham : Lexington Books / Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fertile Crescent . Ancient Fertile Crescent Almost Gone , Satellite Images Show -- from National Geographic News , May 18 , 2001 . 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3353034520795377553 | Drinking the Kool-Aid | Drinking the Kool - Aid - wikipedia Drinking the Kool - Aid Directions for a package of Kool - Aid `` Drinking the Kool - Aid '' is an expression commonly used in the United States that refers to a person who believes in a possibly doomed or dangerous idea because of perceived potential high rewards . The phrase often carries a negative connotation . It can also be used ironically or humorously to refer to accepting an idea or changing a preference due to popularity , peer pressure , or persuasion . In recent years it has evolved further to mean extreme dedication to a cause or purpose , so extreme that one would `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' and die for the cause . The phrase derives from the November 1978 Jonestown deaths , in which over 900 members of the Peoples Temple , who were followers of Jim Jones , died , many of whom committed suicide by drinking a mixture of a powdered soft - drink flavoring agent laced with cyanide and prescription drugs Valium , Phenergan , and chloral hydrate , while the rest of the members , including 89 infants and elderly , were killed by forced ingestion of the poison . The soft - drink flavoring was a mixture of both Kool - Aid and a competing brand , Flavor Aid . Contents 1 Background 2 Use 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Jonestown § Deaths in Jonestown On November 18 , 1978 , Jones ordered that the members of Representative Leo Ryan 's party be killed after several defectors chose to leave with the party . Residents of the commune later committed suicide by drinking a flavored beverage laced with potassium cyanide , some were forced to drink it , some ( such as small children ) drank it unknowingly . Roughly 918 people died . Descriptions of the event often refer to the beverage not as Kool - Aid but as Flavor Aid , a less - expensive product reportedly found at the site . Kraft Foods , the maker of Kool - Aid , has stated the same . Implied by this accounting of events is that the reference to the Kool - Aid brand owes exclusively to its being better - known among Americans . Others are less categorical . Both brands are known to have been among the commune 's supplies : Film footage shot inside the compound prior to the events of November shows Jones opening a large chest in which boxes of both Flavor Aid and Kool - Aid are visible . Criminal investigators testifying at the Jonestown inquest spoke of finding packets of `` cool aid '' ( sic ) , and eyewitnesses to the incident are also recorded as speaking of `` cool aid '' or `` Cool Aid . '' It is unclear whether they intended to refer to the actual Kool - Aid -- brand drink or were using the name in a generic sense that might refer to any powdered flavored beverage . Given that both were available and are functionally very similar , it is hard to distinguish whether just one or both brands were used . The group had engaged in many `` dry runs '' using unpoisoned drink . Use ( edit ) In December 1978 , Rev. Dr. William Sloane Coffin told a convention of the American unit of Pax Christi that American planning for nuclear war and preparations for civil defense was `` the Kool - Aid drill without the cyanide . '' According to academician Rebecca Moore , early analogies to Jonestown and Kool - Aid were based around death and suicide , not blind obedience . The earliest such example she found , via a Lexis - Nexis search , was a 1982 statement from Lane Kirkland , then head of the AFL - CIO , which described Ronald Reagan 's policies as `` Jonestown economics , '' which `` administers Kool - Aid to the poor , the deprived and the unemployed . '' In 1984 , a Reagan administration appointee , Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. , chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights , was quoted as criticizing civil rights leaders Jesse Jackson , Vernon Jordan Jr. , and Benjamin Hooks by making an analogy between allegiance to `` the black leadership '' and blind obedience to the Jonestown leaders : `` We refuse to be led into another political Jonestown as we were led during the Presidential campaign . No more Kool - Aid , Jesse , Vernon and Ben . We want to be free . '' In 1989 , Jack Solerwitz , a lawyer for many of the air traffic controllers who lost their jobs in the 1981 PATCO strike , explained his dedication to their cause in spite of the substantial personal financial losses he incurred by saying : `` I was the only lawyer who kept the doors open for them , and I thought I 'd get a medal for it ... Instead , I was the one who drank the Kool - Aid . '' The widespread use of the phrase with its current meaning may have begun in the late 1990s . In some cases it began to take on a neutral or even positive light , implying simply great enthusiasm . In 1998 , the dictionary website logophilia.com defined the phrase thus : `` To become a firm believer in something ; to accept an argument or philosophy whole - heartedly . '' The phrase has been used in the business and technology worlds to mean fervent devotion to a certain company or technology . A 2000 The New York Times article about the end of the dot - com bubble noted , `` The saying around San Francisco Web shops these days , as companies run out of money , is ' Just keep drinking the Kool - Aid , ' a tasteless reference to the Jonestown massacre . '' The phrase or metaphor has also often been used in a political context , usually with a negative implication . In 2002 , Arianna Huffington used the phrase `` pass the Kool - Aid , pardner '' in a column about an economic forum hosted by President George W. Bush . Later , commentators Michelangelo Signorile and Bill O'Reilly have used the term to describe those whom they perceive as following certain ideologies blindly . In a 2009 speech , Newsweek editor Jon Meacham stressed his political independence by saying , `` I did not drink the Obama Kool - Aid last year . '' In 2011 , columnist Meghan Daum wrote that the phrase had become `` one of the nation 's most popular idiomatic trends , '' while bemoaning its rise in popularity , calling its usage `` grotesque , even offensive . '' She cited , among others , usages by Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz , who said that he `` drank the Kool - Aid as much as anyone else about Obama , '' and Us Weekly magazine , which reported during the short marriage of Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries that `` Kris is not drinking the Kardashian Kool - Aid . '' In February 2012 , `` Drinking the Kool - Aid '' won first place in an online poll by Forbes Magazine as `` the single most annoying example of business jargon . '' See also ( edit ) Irrationality Skepticism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ * Higgins , Chris ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` Stop Saying ' Drink the Kool - Aid ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . `` ' Jonestown ' : Portrait of a Disturbed Cult Leader '' . Day to Day . October 20 , 2006 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Paul McFedries ( 1998 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Wordspy article on the expression `` Drink the Kool - Aid , '' October 27 , 1998 `` . Logophilia Limited , www.wordspy.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hall , John R. ( 1987 ) . Gone from the Promised Land : Jonestown in American Cultural History . Transaction Publishers . p. 282 . ISBN 9780887388019 . Jump up ^ * `` Cult 's survivors sought in jungle '' . The Ledger . Lakeland , Florida . November 21 , 1978 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Holden , Stephen . `` Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple ^ Jump up to : Eric Zorn ( 2008 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Change of Subject , `` Have you drunk the ' Kool Aid ' Kool Aid '' . Chicago Tribune , www.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Krause , Charles A. ( Dec 17 , 1978 ) . `` Jonestown Is an Eerie Ghost Town Now '' . Washington Post . Along the muddy path that served as a sidewalk for much of the commune , other reminders of the life and death that were Jonestown lie half buried in the fertile soil . A pair of woman 's eyeglasses , a towel , a pair of shorts , packets of unopened Flavor - Aid lie scattered about waiting for the final cleanup that may one day return Jonestown to the tidy , if overcrowded , little community it once was . Jump up ^ * Kihn , Martin ( 2007 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Do n't Drink the Grape - Flavored Sugar Water ... '' Fast Company . Archived from the original on 7 April 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Al Thomkins ( 2003 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Al 's Morning Meeting , `` Thursday Edition : Clearing Kool - Aid 's Name '' `` . The Poynter Institute . Archived from the original on 4 December 2003 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Stanley ( 2006 ) . Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple ( DVD ) . Hollywood , California : PBS Home Video . Jump up ^ `` Guyana inquest '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Larry D. ( 8 November 1998 ) . `` Utopian nightmare . Jonestown : What did we learn ? '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hyer , Marjorie . Pax Christi Group Opposes SALT II . 9 December 1978 . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Drinking the Kool - Aid : The Cultural Transformation of a Tragedy , Rebecca Moore , American Academy of Religion / Western Region , St. Mary 's College of California , 26 March 2002 Jump up ^ `` Criticism of Black Leaders '' . The New York Times . November 20 , 1984 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Margolick , David ( January 20 , 1989 ) . `` LAW : AT THE BAR ; Lawyer for striking air traffic controllers won back 60 jobs but suffered personal loss '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fishburne , Rodes ( April 29 , 2000 ) . `` The Shadow in Silicon Valley '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Arianna Huffington ( August 16 , 2002 ) . `` Wacko in Waco '' . Salon.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Feeling Sorry for O'Reilly '' . Fox News . 2005 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finch , Jake ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Newsweek editor addresses Reagan Forum '' . Ventura County Star . Jump up ^ Daum , Meghan ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't ' drink the Kool - Aid ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Jargon Madness , Forbes , January 25 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Look up drink the Kool - Aid in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Richardson , James D. ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` The phrase ' drank the Kool - Aid ' is completely offensive . We should stop saying it immediately '' . PostEverything . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple Timeline I - Hotel Peoples Temple in San Francisco Jonestown Jonestown conspiracy theories People Members Timothy Stoen Larry Layton Deborah Layton Jeannie Mills Congressional entourage Leo Ryan Jackie Speier Tim Reiterman Don Harris Other Father Divine Charles Garry Marshall Kilduff Mark Lane George Moscone Willie Brown Harvey Milk Angela Davis Huey P. Newton John R. Burke Mervyn Dymally Books Journey to Nowhere : A New World Tragedy ( 1980 ) Raven ( 1982 ) Seductive Poison ( 1999 ) A Thousand Lives ( 2011 ) Films and television Documentaries Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple ( 2006 ) Jonestown : Paradise Lost ( 2007 ) Dramatizations Guyana : Crime of the Century ( 1979 ) Guyana Tragedy : The Story of Jim Jones ( 1980 ) Related articles Cult Awareness Network Drinking the Kool - Aid The Mary Pearl Willis Foundation Evergreen Cemetery WikiSource Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drinking_the_Kool-Aid&oldid=852471509 '' Categories : Political terminology of the United States Computer jargon Peoples Temple English phrases Influence ( social and political ) Metaphors referring to food and drink Consensus Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 06 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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6424260499578873800 | Mille-feuille | Mille - feuille - wikipedia Mille - feuille Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mille - feuille Mille - feuille Alternative names Napoleon , gâteau de mille - feuilles , vanilla slice or custard slice Type Pastry Place of origin France Main ingredients Puff pastry , pastry cream , powdered sugar Cookbook : Mille - feuille Media : Mille - feuille The mille - feuille ( French pronunciation : ( mil fœj ) , `` thousand - leaf '' ) , vanilla slice or custard slice , also known as the Napoleon , is a French pastry whose exact origin is unknown . Its modern form was influenced by improvements made by Marie - Antoine Carême . Traditionally , a mille - feuille is made up of three layers of puff pastry ( pâte feuilletée ) , alternating with two layers of pastry cream ( crème pâtissière ) The top pastry layer is dusted with confectioner 's sugar , and sometimes cocoa , pastry crumbs , or pulverized seeds ( e.g. roasted almonds ) . Alternatively the top is glazed with icing or fondant in alternating white ( icing ) and brown ( chocolate ) stripes , and combed . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Composition 3 Variant names and forms 4 Competitions 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References History ( edit ) All the elements of the recipe are present in numerous cookbooks since , at least , the 16th century but the exact origin of the mille - feuille is unknown . The earliest mention of the name mille - feuille itself appears in 1733 in an English - language cookbook written by French chef Vincent La Chapelle . Unlike the modern cake , the 18th - century Mille - feuille is served stuffed with jam and marmalade instead of cream . In French , the first mention of the Mille - feuille appears a little later , in 1749 , in a cookbook by Menon . To make a mille - feuille cake , you take puff pastry , make out of it five cakes of equal size , & of the thickness of two coins , in the last one you shall make a hole in the middle in the shape of a Knight 's cross , regarding the size you will base yourself on the dish that you will use for service , bake them in the oven . When they are baked & cooled , stack them one on the other , the one with the hole on top , & jams between every cake , ( sentence unclear , maybe referring to covering all sides with jam ) & ice them everywhere with white icing so that they appear to be a single piece ; you can embellish it with some red currant jelly , candied lemon skins & pistachio , you serve them on a plate . Menon , La science du maître d'hôtel cuisinier , avec des observations sur la connaissance & propriétés des alimens , 1749 , p. 367 . Available online . The word mille - feuille is not used again in the recipe books of the 18th century . However , under the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte , several of the fanciest Parisian pastry shops appear to have sold the cake . During the 19th century , all recipes are filled with jam with the exception of the 1876 recipe by Urbain Dubois which is served with Bavarian cream . According to Alan Davidson in the Oxford Companion to Food ( p. 505 ) , the invention of the form ( but not of the pastry itself ) is usually attributed to Szeged , Hungary , where a caramel - coated mille - feuille is called Szegedinertorte . Composition ( edit ) Traditionally , a mille - feuille is made up of three layers of puff pastry , and two layers of crème pâtissière . The top layer is coated with a sprinkling of powdered sugar . In later variations , the top is glazed with icing , in alternating white ( icing ) and brown ( chocolate ) strips , and then combed . Today , there are also savory mille - feuille , with cheese and spinach or other savory fillings . Variant names and forms ( edit ) A mille - feuille pastry that has combed glazing A mille - feuille pastry ( Japan ) According to La Varenne , it was earlier called gâteau de mille - feuilles ( English : cake of a thousand sheets ) , referring to the many layers of pastry . Using traditional puff pastry , made with six folds of three layers , it has 729 layers ; with some modern recipes it may have as many as 2,048 . The variant name of Napoleon appears to come from napolitain , the French adjective for the Italian city of Naples , but altered by association with the name of Emperor Napoleon I of France . The Larousse Gastronomique does not mention the Napoléon , although a gateau napolitain is listed , with a note that while the cake itself is not often seen , small biscuits known as fonds napolitains are still made , decorated with butter cream or conserves . There is no evidence to connect the pastry to the emperor himself . In France , a Napoléon is a particular type of mille - feuille filled with almond flavoured paste . Russian Napoleon cake In Russian literature , a cake named Наполеон ( Napoleon ) is first mentioned as early as in the first half of the 19th century . Alexander Bestuzhev explained the emergence of such names by the romantic and historicist spirit of that time . The cake has enjoyed an especially great popularity since the centenary celebration of the Russian victory over Napoleon in the Patriotic War of 1812 . During the celebrations in 1912 , triangular - shape pastries were sold resembling the bicorne . The many layers of the cake symbolized La Grande Armée . The top is covered by pastry crumbs symbolizing the snow of Russia which helped the Russians defeat Napoleon . Later , the cake became a standard dessert in the Soviet cuisine . Nowadays , the Napoleon remains one of the most popular cakes in Russia and other post-Soviet countries . It typically has more layers than the French archetype , but the same height . In Lithuanian tradition , Napoleon or Napoleonas is quite similar to Russian Napoleon . The recipe varies slightly as Lithuanians add layers of fruit filling such as apricots . It is often associated with weddings or celebrations and often given as gifts . Italian mille foglie filled with pastry cream and garnished with strawberries and powdered sugar In Italy , it is called mille foglie and contains similar fillings . A savory Italian version consists of puff pastry filled with spinach , cheese or pesto , among other things . Another important distinction of the Italian variety is that it often consists of a layer of puff pastry with layers of sponge cake as well ( e.g. from bottom to top , puff pastry , sponge cake strawberries and cream and then puff pastry ) . In the United Kingdom , the pastry is most often called a vanilla slice , cream slice , or a custard slice , but can , on occasion , be named mille - feuille or Napoleon on branded products . It is common in the UK to only use two slices of pastry with a single , thick layer of filling between them . In Canada , mille - feuille is often named gâteaux Napoléon or Napoleon Slice ( in English Canada ) . It is sold either with custard , whipped cream , or both , between three layers of puff pastry . Almond paste is the most common flavoured variety . There is a French Canadian way where the mille - feuille is done with graham crackers instead of puff pastry , and where pudding replaces the custard layer . In South Africa and Zimbabwe , it is called a custard slice . In Australia it is called a custard slice or a vanilla slice , using a gelein set crème pâtissière , and in many cases , passionfruit icing . `` French Vanilla slice '' refers to a product similar to that in the main article . In New Zealand it is variously known as a ' custard slice ' , a ' custard square ' , a ' vanilla slice ' , or , with passion - fruit icing , a ' passion - fruit slice ' . In the German speaking part of Switzerland and also in Austria it is called Crèmeschnitte . In Israel it is known by a variation of that name , kremshnit ( קרמשניט ) . Polish kremówka In Poland , the local variant of the pastry is called kremówka , or napoleonka . It consists of two layers of pastry separated by a thick cream layer . The whole pastry is then covered with powdered sugar . A similar local variety is called krempita in Serbia , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina , kremna rezina or kremšnita in Slovenia , and krémeš in Slovakia . In Hungary it is called Krémes . Its version francia krémes ( French Napoleon ) is topped with whipped cream and caramel . Kremna rezina In Sweden as well as in Finland , the Napoleonbakelse ( Napoleon pastry ) is a mille - feuille filled with whipped cream , custard , and jam . The top of the pastry is glazed with icing and currant jelly . In Denmark and Norway , it is simply called Napoleonskake . In Belgium and the Netherlands the tompouce or tompoes is the equivalent pastry . Several variations exist in Belgium , but in the Netherlands it has achieved an almost iconic status and the market allows preciously little variation in form , size , ingredients and colour ( always two layers of pastry , nearly always pink glazing , but orange around national festivities ) . The cartoon character Tom Puss by Marten Toonder is named after the tompouce . Tompouce on the King 's Day in Netherlands In Greece , the pastry is called Μιλφέιγ , which is the transcription of the word mille - feuille using Greek letters . The filling between the layers is cream whereas Chantilly cream is used at the top of the pastry . It also has some resemblance to the traditional Greek dish of Galaktoboureko ( literally `` milk börek '' ) , though with this dish , the custard is baked with the pastry , rather than added afterwards . In the Spanish milhojas , the puff pastry is thin and crunchy . They are often far deeper than solely of three layers of the pastry , and reach up to . 5 feet ( 0.15 m ) tall . In Latin American milhojas , various layers of puff pastry are layered with dulce de leche and confectioner sugar on top . A Colombian version of milhoja has dulce de leche , melted bocadillo between the layers , topped with whipped cream and coconut flakes . A Napoleon pastry in Hong Kong In Hong Kong , the 拿 破 侖 ( Napoleon ) is layered with buttercream , meringue and walnuts . In Mainland China , a similar product also marketed as a Napoleon ( 拿 破 侖 ) varies between regions and individual bakeries , but usually features a top and bottom layer of rough puff pastry , typically made with vegetable shortening rather than butter , and a sponge cake and artificial buttercream filling . In Philippines , it is called `` Napoleones '' ( pronunciation : na - pol - yo - nes ) ; and is composed of two to three layers , with pastry cream or white custard as filling , topped with sugar glaze . It is a popular specialty in Negros , especially in Silay City , and can be bought as pasalubong by many who visit the region . In Iran , the pastry is called `` شيرينى ناپلئونى '' ( Shirini - e Nâpel'oni , literally `` Napoleonic Sweet Pastry '' ) . It consists of thin puff pastry and often topped with powdered sugar . In Morocco , Algeria and Tunisia , it is consumed regularly . It is called mille - feuille also . In northern Morocco they call it Milfa which is a combination / portmanteau of the words mille and feuille . Competitions ( edit ) An annual competition for the best vanilla slice baker is the Great Australian Vanilla Slice Triumph held in Ouyen in western Victoria . Judging criteria include `` when tasted , should reveal a custard with a creamy smooth texture and a balance of vanilla taste with a crisp , crunchy pastry topped with a smooth and shiny glaze / fondant '' . The inaugural winner and reputedly best Vanilla Slice maker in the world is Just Fine Food , a baker in the Victorian town of Sorrento . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of custard desserts List of French desserts Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The name is also written as `` millefeuille '' and `` mille feuille '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ La Chapelle , Vincent ( 1733 ) . The Modern Cook . London : N. Prevost . p. 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Menon ( 1749 ) . La science du maître d'hôtel cuisinier , avec des observations sur la connaissance & propriétés des alimens . p. 347 . Jump up ^ Grimod de la Reynière ( 1810 ) . Almanach des gourmands : servant de guide dans les moyens de faire ... , Volume 7 . Joseph Chaumerot . p. 221 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Dubois , Urbain ( 1876 ) . Cuisine de tous les pays : études cosmopolites . p. 538 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Alan ; Jaine , Tom ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to Food . Oxford University Press . p. 505 . Jump up ^ `` Larousse Cuisine - Mille - feuille '' . Cuisine.larousse.fr . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ André Guillot , Vraie Cuisine légère , Éditions Flammarion , 1992 , republished in 2007 ISBN 978 - 2 - 08 - 202542 - 3 ( in French ) . The counting of layers was reported in Compte - rendu du Séminaire n ° 32 de gastronomie moléculaire ( December 18th , 2003 ) from the French Society of Chemistry , see Compte - rendu Archived 2008 - 12 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Lynne Olver . `` history notes - pie & pastry '' . Food Timeline . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Larousse gastronomique , p702 ; the mille - feuille is mentioned , page 667 , and credited as a late 19th - century creation . ^ Jump up to : `` Вонзаете вилку в сладкий пирог и - его имя Наполеон ! '' из статьи `` Клятва при гробе Господнем . Русская быль XV века . Сочинения Н . Полевого. 1832 '' . А . А . Бестужев - Марлинский. 1833 . ( in Russian ) - Stick a fork in a sweet cake , and its name is Napoleon ! from the article Oath at the Holy Sepulchre . Russian true stories in the 15th century . Works by N. Polevoy. 1832 . Alexander Bestuzhev. 1833 . Jump up ^ `` Custard slice '' . BBC Food . Jump up ^ `` The Best Krémes in Budapest , Hungary - WSJ '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Napoleonskake '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travel news - The Great Australian Vanilla Slice Triumph '' . Ninemsn. 2006 - 07 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Planet , Lonely . `` Just Fine Food in Sorrento , Australia '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` A slice of vanilla heaven ... '' . mymorningtonpeninsula. 2011 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Just Fine Food - home of Sorrento 's famous vanilla slice '' . Visit Mornington Peninsula . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . 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