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-7095273019575427946 | Love & Hip Hop | Love & Hip Hop - wikipedia Love & Hip Hop This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Love & Hip Hop original title screen ( 2011 ) Genre Reality television Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Running time 41 -- 44 minutes Release Original network VH1 Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 720p ( HDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Chronology Related shows ... New York ... Atlanta ... Hollywood ... Miami Love & Hip Hop is a media franchise that consists of several reality television series broadcast on VH1 . The shows document the personal and professional lives of several hip hop and R&B musicians , performers , managers , and record producers residing in varying regions throughout the United States . The original franchise version , Love & Hip Hop : New York , premiered on March 6 , 2011 . Its success resulted in spin - offs located in Atlanta , Hollywood , and Miami . The series is known for its sprawling ensemble cast , with over 200 cast members . Many are notable figures in East Coast , West Coast and Southern hip hop , including Jim Jones , Remy Ma , Soulja Boy , Waka Flocka Flame , Lil Scrappy , Trina and Trick Daddy , as well as R&B artists like Ray J , Keyshia Cole and Stevie J. The franchise is also known for launching the careers of previously unknown artists , including Joseline Hernandez , K. Michelle and Cardi B . The franchise has generated controversy since its inception , and is often criticised for tending towards a narrative format more commonly seen in scripted genres such as soap operas , and appearing to fabricate much of its storyline . However , it is one of the highest rated unscripted franchises in cable television history , and has been described as `` riveting '' , `` addictive '' , `` bawdy and hilarious '' , and a `` guilty pleasure '' . The show has aired continuously since May 15 , 2014 , with an incarnation of the franchise airing nearly every Monday on VH1 . In the United States , Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta usually airs in spring and through summer , followed by Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood in the fall and Love & Hip Hop : New York in the winter . As of March 19 , 2018 , 288 original episodes of New York , Atlanta , Hollywood and Miami have aired over twenty seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 2011 1.2 2012 1.3 2013 1.4 2014 1.5 2015 1.6 2016 1.7 2017 1.8 2018 1.9 Proposed spin - offs 2 Series overview 3 Spin - offs 4 Specials 5 Cast crossovers 6 Cultural impact 7 References 8 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Love & Hip Hop had its origins as a 2006 pilot called Keeping Up With the Joneses , which centered around rapper Jim Jones and was produced by Stefan Springman and Toby Barraud . When VH1 brought producer Mona Scott - Young on board , its focus shifted to include Jim 's girlfriend Chrissy Lampkin and her circle of friends . The series was first mentioned in VH1 's programming development report in early 2010 as Diary of a Hip Hop Girlfriend . 2011 ( edit ) On January 4 , 2011 , it was announced that Love & Hip Hop would debut on March 6 , 2011 , as an eight - episode series . The first season was later expanded to nine episodes in order to include the first season reunion , which aired on May 16 , 2011 . On May 25 , 2011 , the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered on November 14 , 2011 . The season garnered big ratings for the network , averaging 2.8 million total viewers per episode , making it VH1 's highest rated series in over three and a half years . 2012 ( edit ) On May 15 , 2012 , VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , the Atlanta - based spin - off of Love & Hip Hop , would make its series premiere on June 18 , 2012 . After its premiere , the show 's audience grew substantially over the season , garnering even higher ratings than its predecessor . Its finale garnered 5.5 million people overall . On September 7 , 2012 , VH1 announced that Chrissy Lampkin and Jim Jones would leave Love & Hip Hop , to star in their own spin - off show Chrissy & Mr. Jones . 2013 ( edit ) The third season of Love & Hip Hop , now titled Love & Hip Hop : New York in promotional material , premiered on January 7 , 2013 , with nearly a whole new cast . On April 1 , 2013 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta would be returning for a second season on April 22 , 2013 . On October 10 , 2013 , VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop : New York would be returning for a fourth season on October 28 , 2013 . The season premiered back - to - back with the second season of Chrissy & Mr. Jones . 2014 ( edit ) On April 14 , 2014 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta would be returning for a third season on May 5 , 2014 . On August 18 , 2014 , VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood , the Los Angeles - based spin - off of Love & Hip Hop , would make its series premiere on September 15 , 2014 . On October 15 , 2014 , VH1 announced the spin - off K. Michelle : My Life , starring cast member K. Michelle , would make its series premiere on November 3 , 2014 . On December 2 , 2014 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : New York would be returning for a fifth season on December 15 , 2014 . 2015 ( edit ) On April 9 , 2015 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta would be returning for a fourth season on April 20 , 2015 , and would premiere alongside Love & Hip Hop Atlanta : The Afterparty Live ! , a half - hour - long interactive after - show hosted by Big Tigger . On April 14 , 2015 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : The Wedding , a two - hour special featuring the marriage between cast members Yandy Smith and Mendeecees Harris , would air live on May 25 , 2015 . On August 10 , 2015 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood would be returning for a second season on September 7 , 2015 . On October 12 , 2015 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : Out in Hip Hop , a round - table discussion moderated by T.J. Holmes of ABC News , would air on October 19 , 2015 . The special focused on the reality on being openly LGBT in the hip hop community , and coincided with the airing of the seventh episode `` Truth '' , in which bisexual cast member Miles comes out to his ex-girlfriend Amber . On November 2 , 2015 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : New York would be returning for a sixth season on December 14 , 2015 . On December 2 , 2015 , VH1 announced the spin - off Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood , starring Stevie J and Joseline Hernandez , would make its series premiere on January 25 , 2016 , back - to - back with the second season of K. Michelle : My Life . 2016 ( edit ) On March 8 , 2016 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta would be returning for a fifth season on April 4 , 2016 . On August 3 , 2016 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood would be returning for a third season on August 15 , 2016 . On August 8 , 2016 , VH1 and 345 Games announced the release of Love & Hip Hop : The Game , a mobile game for iOS and Android . It was released worldwide on September 22 , 2016 . On November 14 , 2016 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop would be returning for a seventh season on November 21 , 2016 . On December 1 , 2016 , VH1 announced the spin - off Leave It To Stevie , starring Stevie J , would make its series premiere on December 19 , 2016 , back - to - back with the third season of K. Michelle : My Life . 2017 ( edit ) On February 21 , 2017 , VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta would be returning for a sixth season on March 6 , 2017 . On April 19 , 2017 , VH1 announced Joseline 's Special Delivery , a special documenting the birth of Joseline 's child , which aired between the season 's eighth and ninth episodes on May 1 , 2017 . Additionally , Dirty Little Secrets 2 , a special featuring unseen footage and deleted scenes , aired on May 10 , 2017 . On April 13 , 2017 , VH1 announced that season four of Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood would premiere on July 17 , 2017 . On June 19 , 2017 , the season premiere date was moved to July 24 , 2017 . On July 3 , 2017 , three weeks before the season four premiere , VH1 aired Dirty Little Secrets , a special featuring unseen footage and deleted scenes from the show 's first three seasons , along with interviews with the show 's cast and producers . On October 2 , 2017 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : New York would return for an eighth season on October 30 , 2017 . A behind - the - scenes special , Dirty Little Secrets , aired on October 17 , 2017 . On November 16 , 2017 , VH1 announced that Remy & Papoose : A Merry Mackie Holiday , a holiday special starring Remy Ma and Papoose , would air on December 18 , 2017 . On October 30 , 2017 , VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop : Miami , the Miami - based spin - off of Love & Hip Hop , would make its series premiere on January 1 , 2018 . On December 7 , 2017 , VH1 announced that Leave It To Stevie would return for a second season on January 3 , 2018 . However , the show did not air . 2018 ( edit ) On February 16 , 2018 , VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta would return for the seventh season on March 19 , 2018 . On February 26 , 2018 , VH1 announced that Leave It To Stevie would return for a second season on March 26 , 2018 . Proposed spin - offs ( edit ) Since 2013 , Mona Scott - Young has discussed expanding the franchise to other cities , such as Chicago , New Orleans , Detroit and Houston . On February 28 , 2016 , it was reported that potential spin - offs set in Miami and Houston were in pre-production and the producers were auditioning potential cast members . However , Scott - Young denied reports of a spin - off being filmed in New Orleans , saying `` I would love to do a show there but there is no Love & Hip Hop : New Orleans being cast or shot right now . '' Love & Hip Hop : Houston was to feature Jhonni Blaze , Kirko Bangz , Kat St. John , Just Brittany , Nessacary , J. Prince Jr , Propain , the Sauce Twinz , the Charlo Brothers , DJ Eric , Lil ' Keith , and Mehgan James as cast members . However , the show was put on hold indefinitely midway through filming in June 2016 due to concerns for the crew 's safety , after several shoots were shut down by cast violence , as well as locals interrupting filming . On July 7 , 2017 , Scott - Young said `` Houston I love . We wanted to do Houston and we went into Houston to cast and we may go back to Houston . '' On September 23 , 2014 , Tammy Rivera and Waka Flocka Flame announced on social media that they would be leaving Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta to star in their own spin - off show Meet The Flockas . However , the series never eventuated and Rivera returned to the main cast of Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta in 2016 . On October 11 , 2017 , Waka confirmed that Meet The Flockas was in production and would be produced by Mona Scott - Young . Earlier on July 24 , 2017 , Safaree Samuels announced that he would be starring in his own spin - off Wild Safaree . Both spin - offs have not been officially announced by VH1 as of December 2017 . Series overview ( edit ) Year Series Season Premiere Finale Average viewers ( millions ) 2011 Love & Hip Hop : New York March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 0.99 Love & Hip Hop : New York November 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 14 ) February 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) 2.75 2012 Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta June 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 18 ) September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) 3.25 2013 Love & Hip Hop : New York January 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) April 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ) 1.93 Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta April 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 22 ) August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) 3.27 Love & Hip Hop : New York October 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 3.06 2014 Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta May 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) September 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) 3.54 Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood September 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 2.42 Love & Hip Hop : New York 5 December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 2.45 2015 Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) August 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 31 ) 2.91 Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood September 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 07 ) December 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) 2.47 Love & Hip Hop : New York 6 December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 2.56 2016 Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta 5 April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 2.59 Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 2.20 Love & Hip Hop : New York 7 November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 2.40 2017 Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta 6 March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) 2.74 Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 2.02 Love & Hip Hop : New York 8 October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 1.81 2018 Love & Hip Hop : Miami January 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 1.72 Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta 7 March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) TBA TBA Spin - offs ( edit ) Year Series Season Premiere Finale Average viewers ( millions ) 2012 Chrissy & Mr. Jones September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) November 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) 1.69 2013 Chrissy & Mr. Jones October 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) December 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) 2.54 2014 K. Michelle : My Life November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.90 2016 Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 1.92 K. Michelle : My Life January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 1.72 Leave It to Stevie December 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 1.80 K. Michelle : My Life December 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 1.54 2018 Leave It to Stevie March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) TBA TBA Specials ( edit ) Year Special Series Season Premiere Viewers ( millions ) 2012 Love & Hip Hop Atlanta : Dirty Little Secrets Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta December 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 16 ) 1.22 2015 Love & Hip Hop Live : The Wedding Love & Hip Hop : New York 5 May 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 25 ) 2.04 Love & Hip Hop : Out in Hip Hop Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood October 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 1.50 2017 Love & Hip Hop Atlanta : Joseline 's Special Delivery Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta 6 May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 2.18 Love & Hip Hop Atlanta : Dirty Little Secrets 2 Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta 6 May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 1.05 Love & Hip Hop Hollywood : Dirty Little Secrets Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood July 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 03 ) 1.51 Love & Hip Hop New York : Dirty Little Secrets Love & Hip Hop : New York 8 October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 0.70 Remy & Papoose : A Merry Mackie Christmas Love & Hip Hop : New York 8 December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) 1.23 2018 Love & Hip Hop : The Love Edition Love & Hip Hop : New York 8 February 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 12 ) 1.25 Cast crossovers ( edit ) Cast member First appearance Series Love & Hip Hop Spin - offs New York Atlanta Hollywood Miami Chrissy & Mr. Jones K. Michelle : My Life Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood Leave It To Stevie Chrissy Lampkin Love & Hip Hop : New York Main Guest Main Emily Bustamante Main Supporting Somaya Reece Main Guest Guest Jim Jones Supporting Guest Main Nancy `` Mama '' Jones Supporting Guest Supporting Rich Dollaz Supporting Supporting Teairra Marí Supporting Main Erica Mena Main Cisco Rosado Supporting Supporting Mariahlynn Main Guest DJ Self Supporting Guest Felicia `` Snoop '' Pearson Main Guest Jade Wifey Supporting Supporting Juju C . Main Supporting Joseline Hernandez Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta Guest Main Guest Main Rasheeda Guest Main K. Michelle Main Main Guest Karlie Redd Guest Main Guest Mimi Faust Guest Main Supporting Stevie J Guest Main Main Lil Scrappy Guest Supporting Supporting Supporting Ariane Davis Guest Supporting Momma Dee Guest Supporting Kirk Frost Guest Supporting Shay Johnson Supporting Main Adiz `` Bambi '' Benson Guest Supporting Yung Joc Guest Supporting Supporting Dawn Heflin Supporting Guest Jessica Dime Main Guest Tommie Lee Guest Main Supporting D. Smith Supporting Guest Gunplay Supporting Main Moniece Slaughter Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood Supporting Main Ray J Guest Main Supporting Lil Fizz Guest Guest Main Nikki Mudarris Guest Guest Main Guest Princess Love Guest Main Miles Brock Guest Supporting Lyrica Anderson Guest Main A1 Bentley Guest Supporting Safaree Samuels Supporting Main Guest Supporting Keyshia Cole Guest Main Alexis Skyy Guest Supporting Trina Love & Hip Hop : Miami Guest Main Guest Freddie Robinson Jr . Chrissy & Mr. Jones Guest Supporting Talia Coles Guest Supporting Deb Antney Supporting Supporting Paris Phillips K. Michelle : My Life Guest Supporting Jonathan Fernandez Supporting Guest Supporting Tracie Renee Guest Supporting Stevie Jordan Jr . Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood Guest Supporting Sade Jordan Guest Supporting Savannah Jordan Supporting Supporting Faith Evans Leave It To Stevie Guest Guest Supporting Eva Jordan Guest Guest Supporting Dorian Jordan Guest Guest Supporting Note : ^ Jump up to : Appears in archival footage in the Dirty Little Secrets special only . ^ Jump up to : Appears in an uncredited cameo only . Jump up ^ Appears in the Joseline 's Special Delivery special only . ^ Jump up to : Appears in the Love & Hip Hop : Out in Hip Hop special only . ^ Jump up to : Appears in the Love & Hip Hop Live : The Wedding and Love & Hip Hop : The Love Edition specials only . ^ Jump up to : Appears in the Love & Hip Hop : The Love Edition special only . ^ Jump up to : Appears in the Love & Hip Hop Live : The Wedding special only . Cultural impact ( edit ) During a speech at a campaign rally in North Carolina on November 4 , 2016 , President Barack Obama referenced the show , comparing the 2016 presidential race to reality television , saying `` I mean , its like some Love & Hip Hop stuff . '' On a 2013 episode of the BET television series The Game , Wendy Raquel Robinson 's character Tasha makes reference to the franchise , saying `` Back in the day we were n't carrying ourselves like them damn crazies you see on Love & Hip Hop , we conducted ourselves as upstanding women who were looked up to in the community '' . In the 2016 film Barbershop : The Next Cut , when Eve and Common 's characters get into an argument over their relationship , Cedric the Entertainer 's character makes a reference to the franchise , saying `` This ai n't no Love & Hip Hop reunion . '' Lee Daniels is a fan of Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta and his 2016 Fox television series Star ( set in Atlanta ) makes several references to the show . Joseline Hernandez appears in a recurring role as Michelle , a stripper . In the second episode , Lenny Kravitz 's character is seen watching a scene of the show featuring Mimi Faust and Stevie J. In a later scene in the same episode , Jessica Dime makes a cameo appearance as a stripper . The references to the franchise continue into the second season , with the premiere featuring Star ( Jude Demorest ) singing a line from Love & Hip Hop : New York cast member Mariahlynn 's single `` Once Upon A Time ( I Was a Hoe ) '' . Additionally , Star cast member Jasmine Burke guest starred in Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta 's sixth season as herself . In the 2017 pilot of the Netflix television adaptation Dear White People , a character attempts to break up an argument between two female characters by saying `` Yo , fam , can we cut the Love & Hip Hop auditions and get to it ? '' In an overview of the television cultural divide , The New York Times reported that Love & Hip Hop was most popular show in the Black Belt . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hope , Clover . `` America Loves Cardi B , Love & Hip - Hop 's Best New Cast Member '' . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - VH1 's Ratings Soar with the Series Premiere of `` Love & Hip Hop : Miami '' - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` VH1 is in the middle of a ratings resurgence and beating its cable competitors -- here 's why '' . Jump up ^ `` Race and Reality : The Quiet Success of the Black Unscripted Boom '' . Jump up ^ `` Mona Scott - Young , the Brains Behind VH1 's ' Love & Hip Hop , ' Sounds Off on Sexism , Reality TV and Missy Elliott 's Next Album '' . Jump up ^ `` Brawls , Sex and More ! Most Ratchet ' Love & Hip Hop ' Moments '' . Jump up ^ Okeowo , Alexis ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Augmented Reality : The Television Mind of Mona Scott - Young '' -- via www.newyorker.com . Jump up ^ `` Ciara Says Love & Hip Hop Adds No Value To Her Life '' . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up With the Joneses -- Eastern '' . Eastern.tv . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yandy Smith Explains How ' Love & Hip - Hop ' Got Started - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mona Scott - Young Has Created a TV Empire by Keeping Things Real , and She 's Not About to Start Faking It Now '' . Complex AU . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Amplifies Its Original Programming Development to Debut a Record 44 Series in 2010 '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ladies of VH1 's `` Love & Hip Hop '' Are Back for a Reunion Special `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Greenlights New Fall Seasons for One Icon , Four Mob Wives , and Four Hip Hop Insiders '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Primetime Ratings Soar 50 % in Adult 18 -- 49 Demo in February '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - It 's a Scorcher This Summer on VH1 With All - New Series and Returning Favorites - TheFutonCritic.com '' . www.TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 's `` Love & Hip Hop Atlanta '' Two - Part Reunion Premieres Monday , August 27 at 8PM and Monday , September 3 at 8PM - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 's `` Love & Hip Hop 's '' Jim Jones and Chrissy Lampkin Return in Their Own Spin Off Series `` Chrissy & Mr. Jones '' - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Returns to the Big Apple With `` Love & Hip Hop '' `` . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 Brings You Brand New Tales of Gossip , Love & Hip Hop - TheFutonCritic.com '' . www.TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 's `` Love & Hip Hop '' Is Back in the Big Apple for Season 4 and `` Chrissy & Mr. Jones '' Settle in for Season 2 `` . The Futon Critic . October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 Ignites Monday Nights with the Return of `` Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta '' on May 5 at 8 PM ET / PT - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 's `` Love & Hip Hop '' Goes Hollywood - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - `` K. Michelle : My Life '' Featuring `` Love & Hip Hop '' Star K. Michelle Premieres Monday , November 3 at 9 : 00 PM ET / PT on VH1 - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Announces Return of Love & Hip Hop New York Reality TV News and Gossip '' . VH1 Blog . November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 's Smash Hit `` Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta '' Returns for an All - New Season of Hustle & Heartbreak Monday , April 20 at 8PM ET / PT - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com. April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - `` Love & Hip Hop Live : The Wedding '' Airs on VH1 Memorial Day , Monday , May 25 at 8 : 00 PM ET / PT - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com. April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 's `` Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood '' Returns Monday , September 7 at 8PM ET / PT - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com . August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 Hosts Roundtable Discussion Moderated by T.J. Holmes on the Reality of Being Openly Gay in the Hip Hop Community with `` LHH : Out in Hip Hop '' Premiering Monday , October 19 at 11PM - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - The Beat Goes on at VH1 When `` Love & Hip Hop : New York '' Returns for Season 6 on Monday , December 14 at 8PM ET / PT - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com . November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 `` Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta '' Headliners Go West with the Series Premiere of `` Stevie J & Joseline Go Hollywood '' and the Second Season of `` K. Michelle : My Life '' - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 's Top Rated `` Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta '' Season 5 Premieres Monday , April 4 at 8PM ET / PT - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 's `` Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood '' Season 3 Premieres Monday , August 15th at 8 : 00 PM ET / PT - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com . August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-register now for Love & Hip Hop : The Game '' . VH1 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 's Hit Series `` Love & Hip Hop : New York '' Returns for Season 7 on Monday , November 21 at 8PM ET / PT - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 's `` Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta '' Stars Stevie J and K. Michelle Return to VH1 on Monday , December 19 at 9PM - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 's Hit Series `` Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta '' Set to Return for Season 6 on Monday , March 6 at 8 PM ET / PT - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Joseline Hernandez Reveals Baby Girl Will Be Named Bonnie '' . VH1 News . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Management : JoselineHernandez Feb 4 , 2017 at 1 : 44pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 to Give Viewers a Never Before Seen Look Into `` Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta '' and `` Black Ink Crew '' - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.TheFutonCritic.com. April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Announces Its Party - Packed Summer Lineup With New Shows Like Daytime Divas and Returning Favorites Like Love & Hip Hop Hollywood '' . VH1.com. 2017 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` From Spongebob to Hourglass : The Love & Hip Hop Hollywood Cast Members Reveal Which Areas They 've Nipped and Tucked '' . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 Celebrates the Season with `` Remy & Papoose : A Merry Mackie Holiday '' - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Love & Hip Hop Miami Starring Trina , Trick Daddy , and Gunplay , Is Coming In January 2018 '' . www.vh1.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Stevie Returns to VH1 And You Wo n't Believe Which Love & Hip Hop Stars Are Joining Him For His Crazy Adventures ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Kirk 's Paternity Test Results Are Revealed , Karlie Redd Has a New Boo , and Erica Mena Makes Her Return to Reality TV on Season Seven of Love & Hip Hop Atlanta '' . Jump up ^ `` Is Mona Scott - Young Bringing ' Love & Hip Hop ' To Chicago ? '' . 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ xo Necole ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Mona Scott Young Confirms She 's Expanding Love & Hip Hop To LA , Houston or New Orleans '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ thejasminebrand ( July 4 , 2014 ) . `` ( INTERVIEW ) Exclusive : Mona Scott - Young Downplays Reality TV Fights , Hints LA Spin - Off ' Coming Soon ' '' . TheJasmineBrand.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love & Hip Hop ' -- Now Sexier & Sweatier ! Eyeing Two New Cities '' . TMZ . February 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ thejasminebrand ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Love & Hip Hop ' Is NOT Heading to New Orleans ( FALSE ALARM ) '' . TheJasmineBrand.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Love & Hip Hop Houston : Fun While It Lasted '' . Houston Press . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ thejasminebrand ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Mona Scott - Young On Keyshia Cole Joining LHH Franchise & Miami Spin - Off - theJasmineBRAND '' . Jump up ^ AllHipHop . `` Hip - Hop Rumors : Meet The Flockas ? - Exclusive Hip Hop News , Interviews , Rumors , Rap & Music Videos - Allhiphop '' . allhiphop.com . Jump up ^ `` No Hands : Waka Flocka Explains Why He 'd Never Touch Hazel E '' . 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Safaree Is Getting His Own Show '' . 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jalessa ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Obama calls the 2016 election a reality show : It 's like some ' Love & Hip Hop ' stuff '' `` . US Today . Jump up ^ `` Joseline Hernandez Discusses Filming Lee Daniels ' New Series '' . VH1 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . External links ( edit ) Love & Hip Hop : New York Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood Love & Hip Hop Live : The Wedding Love & Hip Hop : Out in Hip Hop VH1 original programming Former 2000s debuts America 's Most Smartest Model ( 2007 ) Breaking Bonaduce ( 2005 -- 06 ) Brooke Knows Best ( 2008 -- 09 ) But Can They Sing ? 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-4095777946244694352 | United States Navy SEALs | United States Navy SEALs - Wikipedia United States Navy SEALs `` SEAL '' and `` Navy SEALs '' redirect here . For other uses , see SEAL ( disambiguation ) and Navy SEALs ( disambiguation ) . US Navy special operations force United States Navy SEALs Special Warfare insignia known as the `` SEAL Trident '' Active 1 January 1962 -- present ( 56 years , 7 months ) Country United States of America Branch United States Navy Type Special operations force Role Special operations HVT Raids Direct action Counter-terrorism Special reconnaissance Unconventional warfare Hostage rescue Foreign internal defense Counter-proliferation Counter narcotic operations Part of U.S. Special Operations Command U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command Garrison / HQ Naval Amphibious Base Coronado Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek Nickname ( s ) `` Frogmen '' , `` The Teams '' , `` The Men with Green Faces '' Motto ( s ) `` The Only Easy Day Was Yesterday '' , `` It Pays to be a Winner '' Engagements Vietnam War Multinational Force in Lebanon Operation Urgent Fury Achille Lauro hijacking Operation Earnest Will Operation Prime Chance Operation Just Cause Operation Nifty Package Operation Desert Storm Somali Civil War Operation Restore Hope Operation Gothic Serpent Battle of Mogadishu Operation Uphold Democracy Yugoslav Wars Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan Operation Red Wings Operation Iraqi Freedom War in North - West Pakistan Angur Ada raid Operation Neptune Spear Maersk Alabama hijacking War on ISIL Operation Inherent Resolve 2014 hostage rescue operations in Yemen 2017 Marawi Crisis The United States Navy 's Sea , Air and Land Teams , commonly abbreviated as the Navy SEALs , are the U.S. Navy 's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command . Among the SEALs ' main functions are conducting small - unit maritime military operations that originate from , and return to , a river , ocean , swamp , delta , or coastline . The SEALs are trained to operate in all environments ( sea , air , and land ) for which they are named . As of 2018 , all active SEALs are male and members of the U.S. Navy . The CIA 's highly secretive and elite Special Operations Group ( SOG ) recruits operators from SEAL Teams , with joint operations going back to the MACV - SOG during the Vietnam War . This cooperation still exists today , as evidenced by military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Scouts and Raiders 1.3 Naval Combat Demolition Units 1.4 OSS Maritime Unit 1.5 Underwater Demolition Teams ( UDT ) 1.6 Korean War 1.7 Birth of Navy SEALs and the Vietnam War 1.8 Reorganization 1.9 Grenada 1.10 Iran -- Iraq War 1.11 Panama 1.12 Persian Gulf War 1.13 Somali Intervention 1.14 War in Afghanistan 1.14. 1 Invasion 1.14. 2 Post-invasion 1.15 Iraq War 1.15. 1 Invasion 1.15. 2 Post-invasion Iraq 1.16 Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines 1.17 Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa 1.17. 1 Maersk Alabama hijacking 1.18 Death of Osama bin Laden 1.19 Morning Glory oil tanker 1.20 Operation Inherent Resolve 2 Selection and training 2.1 Women 3 Navy SEAL teams and structures 3.1 Naval Special Warfare Groups 3.2 SEAL Teams 3.3 Special warfare ratings 4 United States Navy Parachute Team `` Leap Frogs '' 5 Influence on foreign units 6 National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum and memorial 6.1 NSW personnel killed in action 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Origins ( edit ) The modern day U.S. Navy SEALs can trace their roots to World War II . The United States Navy recognized the need for the covert reconnaissance of landing beaches and coastal defenses . As a result , the Amphibious Scout and Raider School was established in 1942 at Fort Pierce , Florida . The Scouts and Raiders were formed in September of that year , just nine months after the attack on Pearl Harbor , from the Observer Group , a joint U.S. Army - Marine - Navy unit . Scouts and Raiders ( edit ) Recognizing the need for a beach reconnaissance force , a select group of Army and Navy personnel assembled at Amphibious Training Base Little Creek , Virginia on August 15 , 1942 to begin Amphibious Scouts and Raiders ( joint ) training . The Scouts and Raiders mission was to identify and reconnoiter the objective beach , maintain a position on the designated beach prior to a landing , and guide the assault waves to the landing beach . The first group included Phil H. Bucklew , the `` Father of Naval Special Warfare , '' after whom the Naval Special Warfare Center building is named . Commissioned in October 1942 , this group saw combat in November 1942 during Operation Torch on the North African Coast . Scouts and Raiders also supported landings in Sicily , Salerno , Anzio , Normandy , and southern France . A second group of Scouts and Raiders , code - named Special Service Unit No. 1 , was established on 7 July 1943 , as a joint and combined operations force . The first mission , in September 1943 , was at Finschhafen in Papua New Guinea . Later operations were at Gasmata , Arawe , Cape Gloucester , and the east and south coasts of New Britain , all without any loss of personnel . Conflicts arose over operational matters , and all non-Navy personnel were reassigned . The unit , renamed 7th Amphibious Scouts , received a new mission , to go ashore with the assault boats , buoy channels , erect markers for the incoming craft , handle casualties , take offshore soundings , clear beach obstacles and maintain voice communications linking the troops ashore , incoming boats and nearby ships . The 7th Amphibious Scouts conducted operations in the Pacific for the duration of the conflict , participating in more than 40 landings . The third and final Scouts and Raiders organization operated in China . Scouts and Raiders were deployed to fight with the Sino - American Cooperative Organization , or SACO . To help bolster the work of SACO , Admiral Ernest J. King ordered that 120 officers and 900 men be trained for `` Amphibious Raider '' at the Scout and Raider school at Fort Pierce , Florida . They formed the core of what was envisioned as a `` guerrilla amphibious organization of Americans and Chinese operating from coastal waters , lakes and rivers employing small steamboats and sampans . '' While most Amphibious Raider forces remained at Camp Knox in Calcutta , three of the groups saw active service . They conducted a survey of the upper Yangtze River in the spring of 1945 and , disguised as coolies , conducted a detailed three - month survey of the Chinese coast from Shanghai to Kitchioh Wan , near Hong Kong . Naval combat Demolition units ( edit ) NCDU 45 , Ensign Karnowski CEC , Chief Carpenters Mate Conrad C. Millis , Machinist Mate Equipment Operator 2nd Class Lester Meyers and 3 sailors . They were on Omaha beach with Ens . Karnowski earning the Navy Cross MM2 Meyers the Silver Star In September 1942 , 17 Navy salvage personnel arrived at ATB Little Creek , VA for a week long course in demolitions , explosive cable cutting and commando raiding techniques . On November 10 , 1942 , the first combat demolition unit successfully cut cable and net barriers across the Wadi Sebou River during Operation Torch in North Africa . This enabled the USS Dallas ( DD - 199 ) to traverse the water and insert U.S. Rangers who captured the Port Lyautey airdrome . In early May 1943 , a two - phase `` Naval Demolition Project '' was directed by the Chief of Naval Operations `` to meet a present and urgent requirement '' . The first phase began at Amphibious Training Base ( ATB ) Solomons , Maryland with the establishment of Operational Naval Demolition Unit No. 1 . Six Officers and eighteen enlisted men reported from the Seabee 's NTC Camp Peary dynamiting and demolition school , for a four - week course . Those Seabees were immediately sent to participate in the invasion of Sicily . At that time Lieutenant Commander Draper L. Kauffman , `` The Father of Naval Combat Demolition , '' was selected to set up a school for Naval Demolitions and direct the entire Project . The first six classes graduated from `` Area E '' at NTC Camp Peary . LCDR Kauffman 's needs quickly out - grew `` Area E '' and on 6 June 1943 he established NCDU training at Fort Pierce . Most of Kauffman 's volunteers came from the navy 's Civil Engineer Corps and enlisted seabees . Training commenced with a gruelling week designed to filter out under - performing candidates . By April 1944 , a total of 34 NCDUs were deployed to England in preparation for Operation Overlord , the amphibious landing at Normandy . On 6 June 1944 , in the face of great adversity , the NCDUs at Omaha Beach managed to blow eight complete gaps and two partial gaps in the German defenses . The NCDUs suffered 31 killed and 60 wounded , a casualty rate of 52 % . Meanwhile , the NCDUs at Utah Beach met less intense enemy fire . They cleared 700 yards ( 640 metres ) of beach in two hours , another 900 yards ( 820 metres ) by the afternoon . Casualties at Utah Beach were significantly lighter with six killed and eleven wounded . During Operation Overlord , not a single demolitioneer was lost to improper handling of explosives . In August 1944 , NCDUs from Utah Beach participated in the landings in southern France , the last amphibious operation in the European Theater of Operations . NCDUs also operated in the Pacific theater . NCDUs 1 - 10 were staged on Florida Island in the Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) during January 1944 . A few were temporarily attached to UDTs . Later NCDUs 1 - 10 were combined to form Underwater Demolition Team A. It is most commonly referred to by its USN phonetic UDT `` Able '' . NCDU 2 , under LTjg Frank Kaine , after whom the Naval Special Warfare Command building is named , and NCDU 3 under LTjg Lloyd Anderson , formed the nucleus of six NCDUs that served with the Seventh Amphibious Force and were the only remaining NCDUs at the end of the war . OSS maritime unit ( edit ) Some of the earliest World War II predecessors of the SEALs were the Operational Swimmers of the Office of Strategic Services , or OSS . Many current SEAL missions were first assigned to them . OSS specialized in special operations , dropping operatives behind enemy lines to engage in organized guerrilla warfare as well as to gather information on such things as enemy resources and troop movements . British Combined Operations veteran LCDR Wooley , of the Royal Navy , was placed in charge of the OSS Maritime Unit in June 1943 . Their training started in November 1943 at Camp Pendleton , California , moved to Santa Catalina Island , California in January 1944 , and finally moved to the warmer waters of The Bahamas in March 1944 . Within the U.S. military , they pioneered flexible swimfins and diving masks , closed - circuit diving equipment ( under the direction of Dr. Christian J. Lambertsen ) , the use of Swimmer Delivery Vehicles ( a type of submersible ) , and combat swimming and limpet mine attacks . In May 1944 , Colonel `` Wild Bill '' Donovan , the head of the OSS , divided the unit into groups . He loaned Group 1 , under Lieutenant Choate , to Admiral Nimitz , as a way to introduce the OSS into the Pacific theater . They became part of UDT - 10 in July 1944 . Five OSS men participated in the very first UDT submarine operation with the USS Burrfish in the Caroline Islands in August 1944 . Underwater Demolition Teams ( UDT ) ( edit ) Main article : Underwater Demolition Teams UDT 3 Seabee welcome sign for the U.S. Marine Corps on Guam ( U.S. Navy ) On 23 November 1943 , the U.S. Marines suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Tarawa , as the second wave of landing crafts ran aground on coral reefs because of unexpectedly shallow tide . As a result , Admiral Kelly Turner ordered the formation of nine underwater demolition teams to do advance landing reconnaissance and demolition of beach obstructions . UDTs 1 & 2 consisted mostly of Seabees plus a few Amphibious Scouts and Raiders personnel . They all had been through the NCDU program and additionally trained at Waimanalo , on Maui . Seabees made up the vast majority of the men in teams 1 - 9 and 13 and were referred to as Seabee Teams . Seabees were roughly 20 % of UDT 11 . The officers were mostly CEC . When Teams 1 and 2 were initially formed they were `` provisional '' with 180 men total . They wore fatigues with life - vests and were not expected to leave their boats similar to the NCDUs . However , at Kwajalein Fort Pierce protocol was changed . Admiral Turner ordered daylight reconnaissance and CEC Ens . Lewis F. Luehrs and Seabee Chief Bill Acheson wore swim trunks under their fatigues anticipating they would not be able to get what the Admiral wanted by staying in the boat . They stripped down , spent 45 minutes in the water in broad daylight . When they got out were taken directly to Admiral Turners flagship to report , still in their trunks . Admiral Turner concluded that daylight reconnaissance by individual swimmers was the way to get accurate information on coral and underwater obstacles for upcoming landings . This is what he reported to Admiral Nimitz . The success of those UDT 1 Seabees not following Fort Pierce protocol rewrote the UDT mission model and training regimen . As a result of UDT 1 the Naval Combat Demolition Training & Experimental Base was created at Kihei on Maui and was distinctly different from Fort Pierce . Those seabees also created the image of UDTs as the `` naked warriors '' . Eventually , 34 UDT teams were established . Their combat uniform of the day was : trunks , fins , diving masks and Ka - bars . These `` Naked Warriors '' saw action across the Pacific in every major amphibious landing including : Eniwetok , Saipan , Kwajalein , Tinian , Guam , Angaur , Ulithi , Peleliu , Leyte , Lingayen Gulf , Zambales , Iwo Jima , Okinawa , Labuan , and Brunei Bay . The last UDT operation of the war was on 4 July 1945 at Balikpapan , Borneo . The rapid demobilization at the conclusion of the war reduced the number of active duty UDTs to two on each coast with a complement of seven officers and 45 enlisted men each . Korean War ( edit ) UDT members using the casting technique from a speeding boat . The Korean War began on 25 June 1950 , when the North Korean army invaded South Korea . Beginning with a detachment of 11 personnel from UDT 3 , UDT participation expanded to three teams with a combined strength of 300 men . During the `` Forgotten War '' the UDTs fought intensively , beginning to employ demolition expertise gained from WWII and use it for an offensive role . Continuing to use water as cover and concealment as well as an insertion method , the Korean Era UDTs targeted bridges , tunnels , fishing nets and other maritime and coastal targets . They also developed a close working relationship with the Republic of Korea Underwater Demolitions Unit ( predecessor to the Navy Special Warfare Flotilla ) , which continues today . The UDTs refined and developed their commando tactics during the Korean War , through their focused efforts on demolitions and mine disposal . The UDTs also accompanied South Korean commandos on raids in the North to demolish train tunnels . This was frowned upon by higher - ranking officials because they believed it was a non-traditional use of Naval forces . Due to the nature of the war the UDTs maintained a low operational profile . Some of the missions include transporting spies into North Korea and the destruction of North Korean fishing nets used to supply the North Korean Army . As part of the Special Operations Group , or SOG , UDTs successfully conducted demolition raids on railroad tunnels and bridges along the Korean coast . The UDTs specialized in a somewhat new mission : Night coastal demolition raids against railroad tunnels and bridges . The UDT men were given the task because , in the words of UDT Lieutenant Ted Fielding , `` We were ready to do what nobody else could do , and what nobody else wanted to do . '' ( Ted Fielding was awarded the Silver Star during Korea , and was later promoted to the rank of Captain ) . On 15 September 1950 , UDTs supported Operation Chromite , the amphibious landing at Incheon . UDT 1 and 3 provided personnel who went in ahead of the landing craft , scouting mud flats , marking low points in the channel , clearing fouled propellers , and searching for mines . Four UDT personnel acted as wave - guides for the Marine landing . In October 1950 , UDTs supported mine - clearing operations in Wonsan Harbor where frogmen would locate and mark mines for minesweepers . On 12 October 1950 , two U.S. minesweepers hit mines and sank . UDTs rescued 25 sailors . The next day , William Giannotti conducted the first U.S. combat operation using an `` aqualung '' when he dove on the USS Pledge . For the remainder of the war , UDTs conducted beach and river reconnaissance , infiltrated guerrillas behind the lines from sea , continued mine sweeping operations , and participated in Operation Fishnet , which devastated the North Koreans ' fishing capability . Birth of Navy SEALs and the Vietnam War ( edit ) Main article : Vietnam War President John F. Kennedy , aware of the situation in Southeast Asia , recognized the need for unconventional warfare and special operations as a measure against guerrilla warfare . In a speech , to Congress , on 25 May 1961 , Kennedy spoke of his deep respect for the United States Army Special Forces . While his announcement of the government 's plan to put a man on the moon drew most of the attention , in the same speech he announced his intention to spend over $100 million to strengthen U.S. special operations forces and expand American capabilities in unconventional warfare . Some people erroneously credit President Kennedy with creating the Navy SEALs . His announcement was actually only a formal acknowledgement of a process that had been under way since Korea . The Navy needed to determine its role within the special operations arena . In March 1961 , Admiral Arleigh Burke , the Chief of Naval Operations , recommended the establishment of guerrilla and counter-guerrilla units . These units would be able to operate from sea , air or land . This was the beginning of the Navy SEALs . All SEALs came from the Navy 's Underwater Demolition Teams , who had already gained extensive experience in commando warfare in Korea ; however , the Underwater Demolition Teams were still necessary to the Navy 's amphibious force . Members of SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Two in a Dry Deck Shelter of the submerged USS Philadelphia . The first two teams were formed in January 1962 and stationed on both US coasts : Team ONE at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado , in San Diego , California and Team TWO at Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek , in Virginia Beach , Virginia . Formed entirely with personnel from UDTs , the SEALs mission was to conduct counter guerilla warfare and clandestine operations in maritime and riverine environments . Men of the newly formed SEAL Teams were trained in such unconventional areas as hand - to - hand combat , high - altitude parachuting , demolitions , and foreign languages . The SEALs attended Underwater Demolition Team replacement training and they spent some time training in UDTs . Upon making it to a SEAL team , they would undergo a SEAL Basic Indoctrination ( SBI ) training class at Camp Kerry in the Cuyamaca Mountains . After SBI training class , they would enter a platoon and conduct platoon training . According to founding SEAL team member Roy Boehm , the SEALs ' first missions were directed against communist Cuba . These consisted of deploying from submarines and carrying out beach reconnaissance in prelude to a proposed US amphibious invasion of the island . On at least one occasion Boehm and another SEAL smuggled a CIA agent ashore to take pictures of Soviet nuclear missiles being unloaded on the dockside . The Pacific Command recognized Vietnam as a potential hot spot for unconventional forces . At the beginning of 1962 , the UDTs started hydrographic surveys and along with other branches of the US Military , the Military Assistance Command Vietnam ( MACV ) was formed . In March 1962 , SEALs were deployed to South Vietnam as advisors for the purpose of training Army of the Republic of Vietnam commandos in the same methods they were trained themselves . The Central Intelligence Agency began using SEALs in covert operations in early 1963 . The SEALs were involved in the CIA sponsored Phoenix Program where it targeted key North Vietnamese Army personnel and Vietcong sympathizers for capture and assassination . The SEALs were initially deployed in and around Da Nang , training the South Vietnamese in combat diving , demolitions , and guerrilla / anti-guerrilla tactics . As the war continued , the SEALs found themselves positioned in the Rung Sat Special Zone where they were to disrupt the enemy supply and troop movements and in the Mekong Delta to fulfill riverine operations , fighting on the inland waterways . SEALs on patrol in the Mekong Delta . Combat with the Viet Cong was direct . Unlike the conventional warfare methods of firing artillery into a coordinate location , the SEALs operated close to their targets . Into the late 1960s , the SEALs were successful in a new style of warfare , effective in anti-guerrilla and guerrilla actions . SEALs brought a personal war to the enemy in a previously safe area . The Viet Cong referred to them as `` the men with green faces , '' due to the camouflage face paint the SEALs wore during combat missions . In February 1966 , a small SEAL Team One detachment arrived in Vietnam to conduct direct actions missions . Operating from Nha Be , in the Rung Sat Special Zone , this detachment signaled the beginning of a SEAL presence that would eventually include 8 SEAL platoons in country on a continuing basis . SEALs also served as advisors for Provincial Reconnaissance Units and the Lein Doc Nguio Nhia , the Vietnamese SEALs . SEALs continued to make forays into North Vietnam and Laos , and covertly into Cambodia , controlled by the Studies and Observations Group . The SEALs from Team TWO started a unique deployment of SEAL team members working alone with South Vietnamese Commandos ( ARVN ) . In 1967 , a SEAL unit named Detachment Bravo ( Det Bravo ) was formed to operate these mixed US and ARVN units , which were called South Vietnamese Provincial Reconnaissance Units ( PRUs ) . At the beginning of 1968 , the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong orchestrated a major offensive against South Vietnam : the `` Tet Offensive '' . The North hoped it would prove to be America 's Dien Bien Phu , attempting to break the American public 's desire to continue the war . As propaganda , the Tet Offensive was successful in adding to the American protest of the Vietnam war . However , North Vietnam suffered tremendous casualties , and from a purely military standpoint , the Tet Offensive was a major disaster for the Communists . By 1970 , President Richard Nixon initiated a Plan of Vietnamization , which would remove the US from the Vietnam War and return the responsibility of defense back to the South Vietnamese . Conventional forces were being withdrawn ; the last SEAL platoon left Vietnam on 7 December 1971 , the last SEAL advisor , left Vietnam in March 1973 . South Vietnam fell to North Vietnamese communist forces in April 1975 . The SEALs were among the highest decorated units for their size in the war , receiving five Navy Crosses , 42 Silver stars , 402 Bronze Stars , two Legions of Merit , 352 Commendation Medals , three Presidential Unit Citations and three Medals of Honor . By the end of the war , 48 SEALs had been killed in Vietnam , but estimates of their kill count are as high as 2,000 . The Navy SEAL Museum in Fort Pierce , Florida , displays a list of the 48 SEALs who lost their lives in combat during the Vietnam War . Reorganization ( edit ) On May 1 , 1983 , UDT -- 11 was redesignated as SEAL Team FIVE , UDT -- 21 was redesignated as SEAL Team FOUR , UDT -- 12 became SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team ONE ( SDVT -- 1 ) , and UDT -- 22 was redesignated as SDVT -- 2 . SEAL Team THREE , was established October 1 , 1983 in Coronado , CA . SEAL Team EIGHT was established on October 1 , 1988 at Naval Amphibious Base , Little Creek , VA . United States Special Operations Command ( SOCOM ) was established in April 1987 and its Naval component , United States Naval Special Warfare Command ( NAVSPECWARCOM ) , also known as NSWC , was established at the same time . Grenada ( edit ) Main article : Invasion of Grenada Both SEAL Team FOUR and SEAL Team SIX , the predecessor to DEVGRU , participated in the US invasion of Grenada . The SEALs ' two primary missions were the extraction of Grenada 's Governor - General and the capture of Grenada 's only radio tower . Neither mission was well briefed or sufficiently supported with timely intelligence and the SEALs ran into trouble from the very beginning . On 24 October 1983 , twelve operators from SEAL Team SIX and four Air Force Combat Control Team members ( CCT ) conducted a predawn combat airborne water insertion from C130 Hercules with Zodiac inflatable rubber boats 40 kilometers north of Point Salinas , Grenada . The team inserted with full combat gear in bad weather with low visibility conditions and high winds . Four SEALs drowned and were never recovered . SEALs split into two teams and proceeded to their objectives . After digging in at the Governor 's mansion , the SEALs realized they had forgotten to load their cryptographic satellite phone . As Grenadian and Cuban troops surrounded the team , the SEALs ' only radio ran out of battery power , and they used the mansion 's land line telephone to call in AC - 130 gunship fire support . The SEALs were pinned down in the mansion overnight and were relieved and extracted by a group of Marines the following morning . The team sent to the radio station also ran into communication problems . As soon as the SEALs reached the radio facility they found themselves unable to raise their command post . After beating back several waves of Grenadian and Cuban troops supported by BTR - 60 armoured personnel carriers , the SEALs decided that their position at the radio tower was untenable . They destroyed the station and fought their way to the water where they hid from patrolling enemy forces . After the enemy had given up their search the SEALs , some wounded , swam into the open sea where they were extracted several hours later after being spotted by a reconnaissance aircraft . Iran -- Iraq War ( edit ) Main article : Operation Prime Chance During the closing stages of the Iran -- Iraq War the United States Navy began conducting operations in the Persian Gulf to protect US - flagged ships from attack by Iranian naval forces . A secret plan was put in place and dubbed Operation Prime Chance . Navy SEAL Teams 1 and 2 along with several Special Boat Units and EOD techs were deployed on mobile command barges and transported by helicopters from the Army 's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment . Over the course of the operation SEALs conducted VBSS ( Visit , Board , Search , and Seizure ) missions to counter Iranian mine laying boats . The only loss of life occurred during the take down of the Iran Ajr . Evidence gathered on the Iran Ajr by the SEALs later allowed the US Navy to trace the mines that struck the USS Samuel B. Roberts ( FFG - 58 ) . This chain of events lead to Operation Praying Mantis , the largest US Naval surface engagement since the Second World War . During Operation Desert Shield and Storm , Navy SEALs trained Kuwaiti Special Forces . They set up naval special operations groups in Kuwait , working with the Kuwaiti Navy in exile . Using these new diving , swimming , and combat skills , these commandos took part in combat operations such as the liberation of the capital city . Panama ( edit ) Main article : United States invasion of Panama Members of SEAL Team 4 immediately before the start of Operation Just Cause . The United States Navy contributed extensive special operations assets to the invasion of Panama , codenamed Operation Just Cause . This included SEAL Teams 2 and 4 , Naval Special Warfare Unit 8 , and Special Boat Unit 26 , all falling under Naval Special Warfare Group 2 ; and the separate Naval Special Warfare Development Group ( DEVGRU ) . DEVGRU fell under Task Force Blue , while Naval Special Warfare Group 2 composed the entirety of Task Force White . Task Force White was tasked with three principal objectives : the destruction of Panamanian Defense Forces ( PDF ) naval assets in Balboa Harbor and the destruction of Manuel Noriega 's private jet at Paitilla Airport ( collectively known as Operation Nifty Package ) , as well as isolating PDF forces on Flamenco Island . The strike on Balboa Harbor by Task Unit Whiskey is notably marked in SEAL history as the first publicly acknowledged combat swimmer mission since the Second World War . Prior to the commencement of the invasion four Navy SEALs , Lt Edward S. Coughlin , EN - 3 Timothy K. Eppley , ET - 1 Randy L. Beausoleil , and PH - 2 Chris Dye , swam underwater into the harbor on Draeger LAR - V rebreathers and attached C4 explosives to and destroyed Noriega 's personal gunboat the Presidente Porras . Task Unit Papa was tasked with the seizure of Paitilla airfield and the destruction of Noriega 's plane there . Several SEALs were concerned about the nature of the mission assigned to them being that airfield seizure was usually the domain of the Army Rangers . Despite these misgivings and a loss of operational surprise , the SEALs of TU Papa proceeded with their mission . Almost immediately upon landing , the 48 SEALs came under withering fire from the PDF stationed at the airfield . Although Noriega 's plane was eventually destroyed , the SEALs suffered four dead and thirteen wounded . Killed were Lt. John Connors , Chief Petty Officer Donald McFaul , Torpedoman 's Mate 2nd Class Issac Rodriguez , and Boatswain 's Mate 1st Class Chris Tilghman . Persian Gulf War ( edit ) Main article : Gulf War In August 1990 , SEALs were the first western forces to deploy to the Persian Gulf as part of Operation Desert Shield . They infiltrated the capital city of Kuwait within hours of the invasion and gathered intelligence and developed plans to rescue US embassy staff should they become hostages . SEALs were also the first to capture Iraqi Prisoners of War when they assaulted nine Kuwaiti Oil platforms on 19 January 1991 . On 23 February 1991 , a seven - man SEAL team launched a mission to trick the Iraqi military into thinking an amphibious assault on Kuwait by coalition forces was imminent by setting off explosives and placing marking buoys 500 meters off the Kuwaiti coast . The mission was a success and Iraqi forces were diverted east away from the true coalition offensive . The SEALs were first into Kuwait City in their Desert Patrol Vehicles when it was recaptured . Somali intervention ( edit ) On 6 December 1992 , as part of Operation Restore Hope , U.S. Navy SEALs and Special Boat crewmen from Naval Special Warfare Task Unit TRIPOLI began a three - day operation carrying out reconnaissance operations in the vicinity of Mogadishu airport and harbor ; ahead of UNITAFs deployment to the country . They suffered only one casualty , who was injured by an IED . In August 1993 a four - man DEVGRU SEAL sniper team was deployed to Mogadishu to work alongside Delta Force as part of Task Force Ranger in the search for Somali warlord Mohammed Farrah Aidid . They took part in several operations in support of the CIA and Army culminating in the 3 October ' Battle of Mogadishu ' where they were part of the ground convoy raiding the Olympic Hotel . All four SEALs would be later awarded the Silver Star in recognition of their bravery whilst Navy SEAL Howard E. Wasdin would be awarded a Purple Heart after continuing to fight despite being wounded three times during the battle . War in Afghanistan ( edit ) Main article : War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) Invasion ( edit ) Further information on the opening phase of Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan : United States invasion of Afghanistan In the immediate aftermath of the 11 September attacks , Navy SEALs quickly dispatched to Camp Doha , and those already aboard US Naval vessels in the Persian Gulf and surrounding waters began conducting VBSS operations against ships suspected of having ties to or even carrying al Qaeda operatives . SEAL Teams 3 and 8 also began rotating into Oman from the United States and staging on the island of Masirah for operations in Afghanistan . One of the SEALs ' immediate concerns was their lack of suitable vehicles to conduct special reconnaissance ( SR ) missions in the rough , landlocked terrain of Afghanistan . After borrowing and retrofitting Humvees from the Army Rangers also staging on Masirah , the SEALs inserted into Afghanistan to conduct the SR of what would become Camp Rhino , as part of Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan ( OEF - A ) . These early stages of OEF were commanded by a fellow SEAL , Rear Admiral Albert Calland . Task Force K - Bar SEALs at one of the entrances to the Zhawar Kili cave complex . As part of the CJSOTF ( Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force ) under the command of General Tommy Franks at CENTCOM SEALs from DEVGRU were part of Task Force Sword , which was established in early October 2001 , it was a black SOF ( Special Operations Forces ) unit under direct command of JSOC . It was a so - called hunter - killer force whose primary objective was of capturing or killing senior leadership and HVT within both al - Qaeda and the Taliban . Sword was initially structured around a two - squadron component of operators from Delta Force ( Task Force Green ) and DEVGRU ( Task Force Blue ) supported by a Ranger protection force teams ( Task Force Red ) and ISA signals intercept and surveillance operators ( Task Force Orange ) and the 160th SOAR ( Task Force Brown ) . Task Force K - Bar was established on 10 October 2001 , it was formed around a Naval Special Warfare Group consisting of SEALs from SEAL Teams 2 , 3 and 8 and Green Berets from 1st Battalion , 3rd SFG ; the task force was led by SEAL Captain Robert Harward . The task force 's principal task was to conduct SR and SSE missions in the south of the country . Other Coalition SOF - particularly KSK , JTF2 and New Zealand Special Air Service were assigned to the task force . As part of the JIATF - CT ( Joint Interagency Task Force - Counterterrorism ) - intelligence integration and fusion activity manned by personnel from all Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan ( OEF - A ) participating units - SEALs from DEVGRU were part of Task Force Bowie , they were embedded in the task force in AFOs ( Advanced Force Operations ) . The AFOs were 45 - man reconnaissances units made up of a Delta Force recce specialists augmented by selected SEALs from DEVGRU and supported by ISA 's technical experts . The AFOs had been raised to support TF Sword and were tasked with intelligence preparation of the battlefield , working closely with the CIA and reported directly to Task Force Sword . The AFOs conducted covert reconnaissance -- sending small 2 or 3 man teams into al - Qaeda ' Backyard ' along the border with Pakistan , the AFO operators would deploy observation posts to watch and report enemy movements and numbers as well as environmental reconnaissance ; much of the work was done on foot or ATVs . SEALs were present at the Battle of Qala - i - Jangi in November 2001 alongside their counterparts from the British SBS . Chief Petty Officer Stephen Bass was awarded the Navy Cross for his actions during the battle . Before the US Marines landed at Camp Rhino in November 2001 , a SEAL recce team from SEAL Team 8 conducted reconnaissance of the area , they were mistakenly engaged by orbiting AH - 1W attack helicopters , but the SEALs managed to get a message through to the Marines before they suffered casualties . The SR mission in the region of Camp Rhino lasted for four days , after which two United States Air Force Combat Control Teams made a nighttime HALO jump to assist the SEALs in guiding in Marines from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit who seized control of the area and established a Forward operating base . Post-invasion ( edit ) Task Force K - Bar SEALs searching munitions found in the Zhawar Kili cave complex . In January 2002 , following the Battle of Tora Bora , another series of caves was discovered in Zhawar Kili , just south of Tora Bora , airstrikes hit the sites before SOF teams were inserted into the area . A SEAL platoon from SEAL Team 3 , including several of their Desert Patrol Vehicles , accompanied by a German KSK element , a Norwegian SOF team and JTF2 reconnaissance teams spent some nine days conducting extensive SEE , clearing an estimated 70 caves and 60 structures in the area , recovering a huge amount of both intelligence and munitions , but they did n't encounter any al - Qaeda fighters . Subsequent SEAL operations during the invasion of Afghanistan were conducted within Task Force K - Bar , a joint special operations unit of Army Special Forces , United States Air Force Special Tactics Teams , and special operations forces from Norway , Germany , Australia , New Zealand , Canada , and Denmark . Task Force K - Bar conducted combat operations in the massive cave complexes near the city of Kandahar and surrounding territory , the town of Prata Ghar and hundreds of miles of rough terrain in southern and eastern Afghanistan . Over the course of six months Task Force K - Bar killed or captured over 200 Taliban and al Qaeda fighters , and destroyed tens of thousands of pounds of weapons and ordnance . In February 2002 , while at Camp Rhino , the CIA passed on intelligence from a Predator drone operating in the Paktia province that Taliban Mullah Khirullah Said Wali Khairkhwa was spotted leaving a building by vehicle convoy . SEALs and Danish Jægerkorpset commandos boarded Air Force Pave Low helicopters and seized Khairkhwa on the road less than two hours later . The SEALs continued to perform reconnaissance operations for the Marines until leaving after having spent 45 days on the ground . In March 2002 , SEALs from DEVGRU , SEAL Team 2 , 3 and 8 participated extensively in Operation Anaconda . During what would become known as the Battle of Takur Ghar , whilst inserting from an MH - 47E Chinook , PO1 Neil Roberts from DEVGRU , was thrown from his helicopter when it took fire from entrenched al Qaeda fighters . Roberts was subsequently killed after engaging and fighting dozens of enemies for almost an hour . Several SEALs were wounded in a rescue attempt and their Air Force Combat Controller , Technical Sergeant John Chapman , was killed . Attempts to rescue the stranded SEAL also led to the deaths of several US Army Rangers and an Air Force Pararescueman acting as a Quick Reaction Force . Navy SEALs LT Michael P. Murphy and STG2 Matthew Axelson in Afghanistan , both of whom were killed in action . Later in 2002 , CJSOFT became a single integrated command under the broader CJTF - 180 that commanded all US forces assigned to OEF - A , it was built around an Army Special Forces Group ( often manned by National Guard units ) and SEAL teams . A small JSOC element ( formerly Task Force Sword / 11 ) not under direct CTJF command -- embedded within CJSOFT , it was manned by a joint SEAL and Ranger element that rotated command , it was not under direct ISAF command , although it operated in support of NATO operations . In June 2005 , Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor after his four - man reconnaissance counterinsurgency team was almost wiped out during Operation Red Wings . After the four man team lost Danny Dietz , he put himself in open view to call in the QRF . He soon after died from injuries sustained . Matthew Axelson also died on this operation . The QRF never reached the scene ; it was struck by an RPG killing eight Navy SEALs and eight Army Night Stalkers . Marcus Luttrell was the only survivor from this operation . A US Navy SEAL , assigned to Special Operations Task Force - South East , greets children in a village in Uruzgan Province , 30 August 2012 . In early 2010 , Brigadier General Scott Miller took command of CJSOTF - Afghanistan and assigned virtually all SOF in the theatre to a new counterinsurgency role that would become known as the ALP / VSO Program ( Afghan Local Police / Village Stability Operations ) , the SOF in Afghanistan were organised into battalion level SOTF ( Special Operations Task Forces ) each with a geographic area of responsibility - the SEALs were given southeast Afghanistan . To increase security of their assigned VSO village , a SEAL Platoon in Chora District , Uruzgan Province built a wall constructed of 500 metres ( 550 yd ) of HESCO barriers to divert insurgent movements away , this proved successful and eventually the Afghan villagers took ownership of it . SEALs and other SOTF still conducted Direct Action missions , but now partnered with Afghan forces . On 6 August 2011 , seventeen U.S. Navy SEALs were killed when their CH - 47 Chinook helicopter was shot down by an RPG fired by Taliban militants . The SEALs were en route to support U.S. Army Rangers who were taking fire while attempting to capture a senior Taliban leader in the Tangi Valley . Fifteen of the SEALs belonged to the Naval Special Warfare Development Group . Two others were SEALs assigned to a West Coast - based Naval Special Warfare unit . A total of 30 Americans and eight Afghans were killed in the crash , making it the single largest loss of U.S. lives in the Global War on Terrorism . On 16 June 2012 , SEALs in Uruzgan Province conducted a joint operation into the Shah Wali Kot Valley where they suffered the loss of a Black Hawk helicopter when it was struck by an insurgent RPG , the crash killed 11 servicemen ( seven US and four Afghan ) . In December 2012 , SEALs from DEVGRU rescued a US doctor who had been kidnapped a few days earlier . However , during the operation the unit suffered a fatality , Petty Officer 1st Class Nicolas D. Checque . Senior Chief Edward Byers , was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during this mission . In May 2013 , Rear Admiral Sean Pybus , commander of Navy Special Warfare stated that the unit would cut in half the number of SEAL platoons in Afghanistan by the end of 2013 . Pybus also added that the unit is already `` undergoing a transition back to its maritime roots '' by placing more emphasis on sea - based missions after being involved in mostly landlocked missions since 2001 . Iraq War ( edit ) Main article : Iraq War Invasion ( edit ) US military security personnel on the Al Basrah Oil Terminal after its capture . For the 2003 invasion of Iraq , a squadron from DEVGRU operated as part of Task Force 20 . Their role was to conduct heliborne direct action raids , particularly against HVTs . The Naval Special Operations Task Group was assigned to Operation Iraqi Freedom , and was built around a core of SEAL Teams 8 and 10 , Polish GROM , Royal Marines from 40 and 42 Commando under the command of 3 Commando Brigade and attached US Psy Ops and civil affairs teams . The Naval Task Group was principally tasked with the capture of the port of Umm Qasr , Iraq 's only deep - water port ; the oil pipeline facilities of the Al - Faw Peninsula ; and the two off - shore platforms the pipelines fed . Once these initial target sets were secured , the Task Group would support conventional forces in the south , conducting reconnaissance and raiding activities . Aviation support was provided by both Marine air of the 15th MEU and 20th Special Operations Squadron . Several days before the beginning of the invasion , two SDV teams were launched from Mark V Special Operations Craft in the Persian Gulf . Their objectives were the hydrographic reconnaissance of the Al Basrah ( MABOT ) and Khawr Al Amaya ( KAAOT ) Oil Terminals . After swimming under the terminals and securing their Mark 8 mod 1s , the SDV SEALs spent several hours taking pictures and surveying Iraqi activity on both platforms before returning to their boats . On March 20 , 2003 , SEALs from SEAL Team 8 and 10 ( 31 SEALs , 2 Navy EOD a USAF combat controller and several Iraqi interpreters ) moved to seize the MABOT oil terminal whilst GROM operators assaulted the KAAOT Oil Terminals . The terminals were quickly seized with no casualties , and explosives which were found on the terminals were made safe by GROM operators . The shore - based pumping stations ( known as MMS - Monitoring and Meter Stations ) and their pipelines on the Al - Faw Peninsula were seized by 12 SEALS from SEAL Team 3 , who were mounted in DPVs . They took off from Kuwait and were inserted under Iraqi anti-aircraft fire by MH - 53 helicopters . The target area was ' softened up ' by JDAM bombs dropped from B - 52s on Iraqi bunkers , trenches and dugouts around the oil facilities . After a brief firefight in which the SEALs killed 1 Iraqi soldier and captured 13 , the SEALs secured the MMS and the pipelines , and were relieved by Royal Marines from 40 Commando . The SEALs advised the Marines , helping coordinate AC - 130 Spectres fire support onto Iraqi forces . The other shore - based pumping station at Umm Qasr was secured by SEALs and Royal Marines ; before they landed , AC - 130 Spectres and A-10As engaged a nearby SAM installation and a responding Iraqi mechanised unit . The SEALs secured the facility itself whilst the Royal Marines cleared Iraqi bunkers , killing several Iraqi soldiers . Other Naval Task Group operations included elements of three SEAL platoons in GMV trucks and DPVs seizing the al Zubayr MMS , whilst I MEF attacked the Rumaylah Oil Fields north of al - Faw . SEALs and Special Boat teams helped secure the Khawr Abd Allah and Khawr Az Zubyar waterways , which enabled humanitarian supplies to be delivered to the port of Umm Qasr . SEALs from the unit that secured the al - Faw MMS also conducted reconnaissance on the Shat Al Arab waterway , that was later secured by British forces . SEALs were also involved in various VBSS missions with British and Australian forces to seize Iraqi craft carrying seaborne mines . Coalition military planners were concerned that retreating Iraqi forces would destroy the Mukatayin hydroelectric dam , located 57 miles northeast of Baghdad , in an attempt to slow advancing US troops . In addition to restricting the manoeuvre of Coalition forces , the destruction of the dam would deny critical power needs to the surrounding area , as well as cause massive flooding and loss of Iraqi civilian life . A mixed team of SEALs from SEAL Team 5 and Polish GROM was called in to seize the dam . This force was flown several hours by six US Air Force MH - 53J Pave Lows ; the force consisted of 20 SEALs ( with an extra six SEAL snipers in one helicopter carrying the SEAL command and control element ) and two EOD operators along with 35 GROM operators to the dam . The SEALs employed DPVs into blocking positions to defend against counter-attack and roving bands of Iranian bandits that had been crossing the border and raiding Iraqi towns . As in Al Faw , the SEALs found their DPVs ( the SEAL unit at the al - Faw MMS lost all but two DPVs when they were bogged down in the oily mud ) to be ineffective and this marked the last time they would employ them in Iraq . The SEALs and GROM on foot fast - roped out of their helicopters and immediately stormed the dam . The minimal Iraqi troops guarding the dam surrendered without a fight , and with the exception of a GROM soldier who broke an ankle during the insertion , no casualties were sustained in the operation . After several hours of searching the dam for remaining hostile forces or any explosives , the SEALs secured the dam and held it for five days until they were relieved by advancing elements of the US Army . During the Battle of Basra , SEALs along with the Brigade Reconnaissance Force and 539 Assault Squadron RM attempted a waterborne approach to Basra via the Shatt al - Arab waterway but were intercepted by Iranian Revolutionary Guard patrol craft and did not want to engage them so they withdrew . On 6 April 2003 , after relocating further up the waterway they successfully infiltrated via the waterway , using SEAL UAVs they called in `` show - of - force '' and an airstrike by a USMC harrier on Iraqi troops , the SEALs then headed to `` Chemical Ali 's '' house with SSE teams to find traces of chemical weapons . SEALs carried out missions around Nasiriyah , carrying out reconnaissance on surrounding villages and engaging enemy strong points bypassed by the US Marine advance . Charlie Platoon , SEAL Team 3 , later operated ahead of the Marine advance carrying out similar missions . SEAL and GROM units continued to cooperate throughout the rest of the invasion phase , with raids and anti-sniper missions in Baghdad . Post-invasion Iraq ( edit ) Petty Officer Michael A. Monsoor , 2nd Navy SEAL killed in Iraq . This photo was taken during an extraction after a firefight , and the smoke was used to conceal their movements from the enemy . Following the invasion , SEAL platoons rotated through Iraq , conducting overwatch for US and Iraqi patrols and directly mentoring local Iraqi forces ; they also conducted surveillance and sniping missions into known trouble spots . In September 2004 , a SEAL sniper element was tasked with establishing an overwatch and surveillance position overlooking Haifa Street , they were inserted by Bradley IFVs from a unit of the 9th Cavalry Regiment , however they were spotted and engaged by insurgents . The SEALs notified the Bradleys , they drove back , fired on the insurgents and set up a cordon for the SEALs to be extracted , one Bradley was destroyed by a car bomb , there were no casualties and the SEALs were extracted . In the interim between the First Battle of Fallujah and Second Battle of Fallujah , insurgents in Fallujah knew that the coalition assault was inevitable and under the guidance of the influx of foreign fighters , began to build defensive networks throughout the city - ranging from fortified buildings , trench lines , berms , strategically placed car bombs and IEDs . In preparations for the second battle , SEALs conducted reconnaissance near the berms and tested out reports that the insurgents were equipped with night - vision equipment , they proved this by throwing an infra - red chemical light into the street which drew small arms fire . SEALs along with the 5th SFG , Marine Force Recon and Det One and other JSOC elements were heavily involved in shaping operations prior to the November 7 D - DAY when coalition forces entered the city . The SOF shaping included sophisticated feints to mislead the insurgents as to the direction of the final assault , close target reconnaissance and direct - action missions where a logistics node or IED factory was targeted . When the offensive on the insurgents in the city began , many of the US Marine companies had SEAL sniper teams attached to them , mainly from SEAL Teams 3 , 5 and 10 . From 2005 , SEALs were heavily committed to western Iraq in Al Anbar Governorate , AQI terrorists who escaped Fallujah had relocated to Ramadi . A SEAL Task Unit was co-located with the Marines at Al Asad Airbase and sent elements to Ramadi and Habbaniyah , the SEALs were initially tasked with target development for the Marines and providing sniper overwatch for their patrols . The SEALs were already training an Iraqi Army unit in Habbaniyah , although FID was their main focus until later that year . A SEAL Task Unit generally comprised two individual SEAL Platoons : each Platoon was made up of seven - man squad elements commanded by a junior officer , three of these Task Units ( although a fourth was often added ) along with a Special Boat Team detachment and a Headquarters Team ( including integral intelligence , targeting and EOD personnel ) made up a Naval Special Warfare Squadron . According to Dick Couch , the SEALs began FID with two Iraqi units - the Army Scouts who conducted conventional reconnaissance missions , and the SMP ( Special Missions Platoon ) , a locally formed unit that would later fight alongside the SEALs . Despite several challenges , the SEALs were soon conducted operations with partnered units , particularly in Special Reconnaissance , focusing on the surveillance aspect , whilst conventional US Army or Marines would conduct raids and arrests . The typical loadout of the SEALs in Ramadi included the M4 carbine , optimised for close quarter battle with a 10 - inch barrel equipped with a 6 - inch sound suppressor , Surefire flashlight and EOTech sight , short barrel and foregrip and seven magazines . As the SEALs were beginning to make headway in Ramadi , AQI was starting to infiltrate the area by targeting local Sheikhs and convincing them to allow jihadists to marry into local tribes , thus cementing their powerbase and Sheikhs that resisted these advances were met with typical AQI brutality . Al - Qaeda 's efforts to install a Sharia - style shadow government in Ramadi led to AQI 's downfall - when in the first half of 2006 , in the run - up to the Second Battle of Ramadi SEALs , increasingly partnered with conventional forces of the 1st Brigade Combat Team , 1st Armored Division which was planning the offensive . SEALs along with the Scouts and SMP , would conduct reconnaissance , surveillance and sniper overwatch tasks ; with their own targeting cell , they also began conducting raids on local insurgent leaders . The 1st BCT began the concerted offensive to clear Ramadi of AQI fighters ; on 29 September 2006 , whilst at a rooftop overwatch position , Petty Officer Michael A. Monsoor died after leaping upon an enemy grenade during a rooftop firefight , two SEALs on the roof were badly wounded from the grenade fragments and their local Iraqi Scouts ran back into the cover of the building , a fourth SEAL ( only lightly wounded ) , managed to radio his colleagues and get the Scouts to return fire . A SEAL element in a second overwatch position immediately ran through heavy fire to reach Monsoor ( whom later died from his wounds in the back of a Bradley IFV ) and the wounded SEALs , Monsoor was later awarded the Medal of Honor and the Silver Star . The advances by conventional forces and the SEALs in Ramadi , combined with the brutal tactics of AQI , helped to increase recruitment in a local police initiative - the programme was designed to bring the local Sheikhs ' militias into the Iraqi Security Forces . These volunteers would serve locally in their communities to defend them against al - Qaeda , a month after the kidnapping and murder of Sheikh Khalid by AQI ( which proved to be the tipping point ) , the Sheikhs signed a declaration agreeing to fight AQI and by the closing of 2006 , even former insurgents were joining the local police ( later known as the Anbar Awakening ) by the end of the battle , some 1,100 terrorists were killed . In Fallujah , the SEAL Task Unit were also heavily involved in fighting . In one joint operation to capture an AQI leader , they entered the target building and were engaged resulting in an Iraqi Scout being killed and a SEAL severely wounded , two SEALs returned fire and entered the building , both SEALs entered different rooms , in one room the SEAL encountered three insurgents who opened fired at close range , another SEAL across the hallway was struck in the head and killed , the SEAL in the room with the insurgents killed all three . In September 2009 , in a nighttime raid in Fallujah , SEALs captured Ahmad Hashim Abd al - Isawi ( nicknamed the `` Butcher of Fallujah '' ) , a prominent al - Qaeda terrorist who was the mastermind behind the 2004 Fallujah ambush . Al - Isawai made accusations of mistreatment while in custody , and testified in April 2010 at the ensuing courts - martial against three SEALs ( all of whom were acquitted ) . Iraqi authorities later tried and executed al - Isawi by hanging at some point before November 2013 . SEALS remained employed throughout the Iraqi Campaign as Task Units or Task Elements until its close in 2011 . Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines ( edit ) Main article : Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines OEF - P was established in 2002 to conduct long - term partnered operations with both Philippine Army special operations and intelligence units , as well as police units to counter the threat posed by the ASG and JI terrorist groups . Much of this work has been assigned to 1st SFG ; SEALs and USAF Special Operations who have also had a long - term presence in the Philippines . There are few confirmed operational details about the SEALs and Green Berets conducting partnered operations , although elements are partnered with Philippine Army and SOF ; there have been mentions of Green Berets and SEALs being wounded . On 21 June 2002 , SEALs in RIBs supported the Philippine Naval Special Operations Group in the operation that killed Abu Sabaya , a senior leader in the ASG . A US Predator UAV marked the HVT with an infrared laser as he tried to escape in a smugglers boat , the MH - 47Es from the 160th SOAR used search lights mounted on their helicopters to pinpoint the target 's boat while operators from the Philippine Naval Special Operations Group opened fire on the boat killing the terrorist leader and capturing four other terrorists with him . Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa ( edit ) Main article : Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa As part of OEF - HOA , Naval Special Warfare Unit 10 are deployed to Camp Lemonnier , Djibouti , under the command of SOCCE - HOA ( Special Opererations Command and Control Element - Horn of Africa ) which commands all SOCOM units assigned to training or operational missions in the region . Special operations carried out in Somalia are conducted under the codename : Operation Octave Dune , as part of the overall effort in Somalia , which is known as Operation Octave Shield . Before Djibouti became the epicentre for counter terrorism operations in Africa , unilateral operations were launched from temporary forward locations in friendly nations such as Kenya , or from US Navy Ships . The earliest known operation in Somalia was known as Operation Cobalt Blue : In 2003 , SEALs using SEAL Delivery Vehicles swam ashore along the Somali coastline and emplaced covert surveillance cameras . Known as cardinals , the cameras were designed to watch likely target locations for wanted terrorists as al - Qaeda and its affiliates began to regroup in the country , however the cameras only took one image a day and captured very little . CJSOTF - HOA ( Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force - Horn of Africa ) developed a rescue plan called Operation Mystic Talon , in case and CIA SAD or ISA operators were captured in the region , the plan required a SEAL platoon Air Force Special Operations assets that , if necessary , would fight their way into Somalia , recover the hostage and fight their way out , should a mission need to be launched before a dedicated JSOC task force could be deployed to the region . Maersk Alabama hijacking ( edit ) Main article : Maersk Alabama hijacking On 12 April 2009 , in response to a hostage taking incident off the coast of Somalia by Somalian pirates , three Navy SEALs from DEVGRU simultaneously engaged and killed the three pirates who were closely holding the hostage , Captain Richard Phillips , of the freighter ship Maersk Alabama . The pirates and their hostage were being towed in a lifeboat approximately 100 yards behind USS Bainbridge when each of the pirates were killed by a different DEVGRU sniper with a single shot to the head . Death of Osama bin Laden ( edit ) Main article : Death of Osama bin Laden In the early morning of 1 May 2011 local time , a team of Navy SEALs of the Naval Special Warfare Development Group ( DEVGRU ) , previously called `` SEAL Team 6 '' , along with a Belgian Malinois Military Working Dog ( named `` Cairo '' ) , supported by Special Activities Division officers on the ground , killed Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad , Pakistan about 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Islamabad in a CIA operation . President Barack Obama later confirmed the death of bin Laden , but did not directly mention the involvement of DEVGRU , saying only that a `` small team '' of Americans undertook the operation to bring down bin Laden . The unprecedented media coverage raised the public profile of the SEAL community , particularly the counter-terrorism specialists commonly known as SEAL Team 6 . The Walt Disney Company tried unsuccessfully to trademark the name `` SEAL Team 6 '' the day after the raid . The official name of the military operation was Operation Neptune Spear . The model of the compound used in the 60 Minutes documentary was donated by CBS to the Navy SEAL Museum . Morning Glory oil tanker ( edit ) On 16 March 2014 , thirty U.S. Navy SEALs from SEAL Team 2 took control of MV Morning Glory , a tanker full of oil loaded from a rebel - held port in Libya . The raid by Navy SEALs took place in international waters off the coast of Cyprus , the raid was a success ; preventing a Libyan splinter militia group selling nationalized Libyan oil on the black market . Operation Inherent Resolve ( edit ) Main article : Operation Inherent Resolve As part of Operation Inherent Resolve 's Iraq Campaign , there are at least 100 SEALs as part of a Special Operations advise and assist mission to Peshmerga and Iraqi Security Forces in combating ISIS . The Navy SEAL operation in northern Iraq is called Task Force Trident . On 3 May 2016 , Petty Officer 1st Class Charles Keating IV was killed by ISIS small arms fire near the town of Tel Skuf during an ISIS assault on a Peshmerga position . He was a member of a 20 - man Quick Reaction Force ( QRF ) sent to rescue a dozen U.S. advisors at the position and temporarily assist the Peshmerga . Selection and training ( edit ) Main article : United States Navy SEAL selection and training U.S. Navy SEALs conducting training with SCAR rifles . Students conduct CQB drills during SEAL Qualification Training . Before getting accepted into Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL training , a prospective candidate must pass a certain number of both mental and physical requirements . These tests include : Pre-enlistment medical screening , ASVAB , AFQT , C - SORT , and PST . Then , the candidate must get a SEAL contract by passing the SEAL Physical Screening Test : 500 yard swim in 12 : 30 , 50 push - ups in 2 minutes , 50 sit - ups in 2 minutes , 10 consecutive pull - ups in 2 minutes , and a 1.5 mile run in 10 : 30 . Candidates receiving a passing score may then be admitted into training to become Navy SEALs . SEAL training is extremely rigorous . The attrition rate fluctuates , but averages at about 80 percent . The average candidate spends over a year in a series of formal training courses before being awarded the Special Warfare Operator Naval Rating and the Navy Enlisted Classification ( NEC ) 5326 Combatant Swimmer ( SEAL ) or , in the case of commissioned naval officers , the designation Naval Special Warfare ( SEAL ) Officer . Navy SEAL training pipeline : 8 - week Naval Recruit Training 8 - week Naval Special Warfare Prep School 24 - week Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL Training ( BUD / S ) 5 - week Parachute Jump School 26 - week SEAL Qualification Training ( SQT ) Upon graduation from SQT , trainees receive the U.S. Navy SEAL Trident , designating them as Navy SEALs . They are subsequently assigned to a SEAL Team or SEAL Delivery Vehicle ( SDV ) Team and begin 18 - months of predeployment training before they are considered deployable . This training consists of : 6 - month Professional Development -- Individual Specialty Training ( ProDev ) 6 - month Unit Level Training ( ULT ) . ULT is unit training conducted by each Groups Training Detachment . Core unit training blocks are Air Operations , Land Warfare , Maritime , Urban and Special Reconnaissance . 6 - month Squadron Integration Training ( SIT ) Those enlisted SEALs with a medical rating will first attend the Special Operation Combat Medic Course for 6 months in Fort Bragg , North Carolina before joining a team in order to become a SEAL medic . Those pursuing Officer positions first attend the Junior Officer Training Course to learn about operations planning and how to perform team briefings . In total it can take over 2.5 years to completely train a Navy SEAL for his first deployment . Women ( edit ) Until December 2015 , female sailors were barred from becoming Navy SEALs by naval regulation . However , in August 2015 , it was reported that the `` Navy is planning to open its elite SEAL teams to women who can pass the grueling training regimen . '' Admiral Jon Greenert , the Chief of Naval Operations at the time , said that `` he and the head of Naval Special Warfare Command , Rear Admiral Brian Losey , believe that if women can pass the legendary six - month Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL training , they should be allowed to serve . '' In August 2015 , `` ( f ) inal approval ( for admission of women ) is still pending . '' On 3 December 2015 , it was announced that there are now `` no exceptions '' to all military roles in the U.S. , and women can become U.S. Navy SEALs . However , as of April 2016 , no female sailors have yet applied to undergo indoctrination as SEALs . The Washington Examiner reported on 10 August 2017 : `` A woman aiming to become the first female Navy SEAL officer quit about a week into the initial training '' . Navy SEAL Teams and structures ( edit ) Two members of SEAL Delivery Team 2 conduct lockout training with USS Hawaii in 2007 . SEALs from SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Two fast - rope to the deck of the USS Toledo ( 2005 ) . Naval Special Warfare groups ( edit ) Naval Special Warfare Command is organized into the following configuration : Naval Special Warfare Group 1 : SEAL Teams 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 Naval Special Warfare Group 2 : SEAL Teams 2 , 4 , 8 , 10 Naval Special Warfare Group 3 : SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1 Naval Special Warfare Group 4 : Special Boat Teams 12 , 20 , 22 Naval Special Warfare Group 10 : NSW Support Activity One , NSW Support Activity Two , Mission Support Center ( `` organize , train , educate , equip , deploy and sustain specialized intelligence , surveillance , reconnaissance and preparation - of - the - environment capabilities '' ) Naval Special Warfare Group 11 : SEAL Teams 17 , 18 ( formerly Operational Support Teams 1 , 2 ) Naval Special Warfare Development Group : Assigned operationally to JSOC ( formerly SEAL Team 6 ) The total number of special operations personnel , including SEALs and SWCC 's assigned to Naval Special Warfare Command is approximately 8,195 out of a total 8,985 military staff , and 10,166 including civilian support staff . SEAL Teams ( edit ) The original SEAL Teams in the Vietnam War were separated between West Coast ( Team ONE ) and East Coast ( Team TWO ) SEALs . Likewise current SEAL Teams are organized into two groups : Naval Special Warfare Group One ( West Coast ) and Naval Special Warfare Group Two ( East Coast ) , both of which come under the command of Naval Special Warfare Command at NAB Coronado , California . As of 2006 , there are eight confirmed Navy SEAL Teams . The current SEAL Team deployments include Teams 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , and 10 . The most recent teams are SEAL Team 7 and SEAL Team 10 , which were formed in March and April 2002 , respectively . The Teams deploy as Naval Special Warfare Squadrons or Special Operations Task Forces and can deploy anywhere in the world . Squadrons will normally be deployed and fall under a Joint Task Force ( JTF ) or a Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force ( CJSOTF ) as a Special Operations Task Force ( SOTF ) . SEAL Team 5 conducts an exercise in a Combat Rubber Raiding Craft in 2000 . Each SEAL Team is commanded by a Navy Commander ( O - 5 ) , and has a number of operational SEAL platoons and a headquarters element . A SEAL Team has a Staff Headquarters element and three 40 - man Troops . Each Troop consists of a Headquarters element consisting of a Troop Commander , typically a Lieutenant Commander ( O - 4 ) , a platoon Senior Enlisted ( E-8 ) , a Targeting / Operations Officer ( O - 2 / 3 ) and a Targeting / Operations Leading / Chief Petty Officer ( E-6 / 7 ) . Under the HQ element are two SEAL platoons of 16 -- 20 men ( two officers , 14 -- 16 enlisted SEALs , and sometimes assigned non-NSW support personnel ) ; a company - sized Combat Service Support ( CSS ) and / or Combat Support ( CS ) consisting of staff N - codes ( the Army and Marine Corps use S - codes ) ; N1 Administrative support , N2 Intelligence , N3 Operations , N4 Logistics , N5 Plans and Targeting , N6 Communications , N7 Training , and N8 Air / Medical . Each platoon can be task organized for operational purposes into four squads , of eight 4 -- 5 man fire teams / boat crews . The size of each SEAL `` Team '' with platoons and support staff is approximately 300 personnel . The typical SEAL platoon has an OIC ( Officer in Charge , usually a Lieutenant ( O - 3 ) , a Platoon chief ( E-7 / E-8 ) , and two squads commanded by a LTJG ( O - 2 ) and a Squad Leader ( E-6 ) . The remaining members of the Squad are operators ( E-4 to E-6 ) with their specialty skills in ordinance , communications , diving , medical . The core leadership in the Troop and Platoon are the Commander / OIC and the Senior Enlisted NCO ( Senior Chief / Chief ) . Platoon core skills consist of : Sniper , Breacher , Communicator , Maritime / Engineering , Close Air Support , Corpsman , Point - man / Navigator , Primary Driver / Navigator ( Rural / Urban / Protective Security ) , Heavy Weapons Operator , Sensitive Site Exploitation , Air Operations Master , Lead Climber , Lead Diver / Navigator , Interrogator , Explosive Ordnance Disposal , Technical Surveillance , and Advanced Special Operations . Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek , a naval base in Virginia Beach , Virginia , is home to SEAL Teams 2 , 4 , 8 , and 10 . Naval Amphibious Base Coronado , a naval base in Coronado , California , is home to SEAL Teams 1 , 3 , 5 , and 7 . There is also a SEAL Delivery Vehicle ( SDV ) unit , SDVT - 1 , located in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . SDVT - 2 was based in Virginia ; it was disestablished and merged into SDVT - 1 . SDV Teams are SEAL teams with an added underwater delivery capability . An SDV platoon consists of 12 -- 15 SEALs . Declassified locations : Insignia Team Deployment Number of Platoons HQ Notes SEAL Team 1 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California SEAL Team 2 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Team 3 Middle East 6 Platoons Coronado , California SEAL Team 4 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Team 5 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California Naval Special Warfare Development Group Worldwide Classified Dam Neck , Virginia SEAL Team 6 was dissolved in 1987 . The Navy then established the Naval Special Warfare Development Group , also known as DEVGRU . While DEVGRU is administratively supported by Naval Special Warfare Command , they are operationally under the command of the Joint Special Operations Command SEAL Team 7 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California SEAL Team 8 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Team 10 Middle East 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Worldwide 4 Platoons Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Dets in : Little Creek , Virginia San Diego , California Special Warfare ratings ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Navy enlisted rates Navy SEALs training with MP5 submachine guns . The Special Warfare Operator rating ( SO ) and Special Warfare Boat Operator rating ( SB ) , were established in 2006 . Special Warfare Operators ( SEALs ) and Special Warfare Boat Operators ( SWCCs ) , are no longer required to maintain the original rating they qualified in upon joining the Navy . The following ratings are specific to Navy SEALs : Rate Abbreviation Pay grade Special warfare rating Abbreviation Master chief petty officer MCPO E-9 Master chief special warfare operator SOCM Senior chief petty officer SCPO E-8 Senior chief special warfare operator SOCS Chief petty officer CPO E-7 Chief special warfare operator SOC Petty officer first class PO1 E-6 Special warfare operator , first class SO1 Petty officer second class PO2 E-5 Special warfare operator , second class SO2 Petty officer third class PO3 E-4 Special warfare operator , third class SO3 United States Navy Parachute Team `` Leap Frogs '' ( edit ) A member of the U.S. Navy Parachute Demonstration Team , the `` Leap Frogs '' , returns to earth after a successful jump . The primary mission of the Navy Parachute Team ( NPT ) is to support Naval Special Warfare recruiting by gaining access and exposure to appropriate candidates through aerial parachuting demonstrations . The U.S. Navy Parachute Team is a fifteen - man team composed of U.S. Navy SEALs . Each member comes to the team for a three - year tour from one of the two Naval Special Warfare Groups located on the east and west coasts . On completion of the tour , members return to operational units . The parachute team began in 1969 when Navy SEALs and Frogmen volunteered to perform at weekend air shows . The Team initially consisted of five jumpers : LCDR Olson , PHC Gagliardi , SK2 `` Herky '' Hertenstein , PR1 Al Schmiz and PH2 `` Chip '' Maury . Schmiz and Maury were members of the original `` Chuting Stars . '' When LCDR Olson was transferred to California , PHC Gene `` Gag '' Gagliardi ( D 546 ) of UDT ELEVEN introduced him to the local jumping elite with the San Diego Skydivers , one of the nation 's first sports parachuting clubs . He convinced the Commander Naval Operations Support Group , PACIFIC to create a small demonstration team consisting of a cadre of highly qualified freefall jumpers . Its activities were to be conducted on a `` not to interfere '' basis with other military duties and at no cost to the government , other than utilizing normally scheduled aircraft . This group eventually adopted the `` Leap Frogs '' name . The team was officially commissioned as the U.S. Navy Parachute Team in 1974 by the Chief of Naval Operations and assigned the mission of demonstrating Navy excellence throughout the United States . The East Coast - based `` Chuting Stars '' were disbanded in the 1980s with the `` Leap Frogs '' taking on all official parachute demonstrations within the Navy . A typical Leap Frogs performance consists of six jumpers leaping out of an aircraft at an altitude of 6,000 feet . After freefalling sometimes using smoke or streamers , the Leap Frogs fly their canopies together to build canopy - relative work formations . After performances , the Leap Frogs make themselves available to the public to answer questions about the Navy and the Naval Special Warfare community , as well as to sign autographs . Influence on foreign units ( edit ) US Navy SEALs and Grom -- Polish naval warfare team members -- practicing boarding skills near Gdansk , Poland , 2009 . From its predecessors -- the Underwater Demolition Teams -- to its current form , the SEALs have influenced the training and formation of several foreign units . In 1955 the Underwater Demolition Teams provided funding and training for the Republic of Korea Naval Special Warfare Flotilla , who are also known as UDT / SEALs . The Philippine Naval Special Warfare Group is also patterned on the training and implementation of the US Navy SEALs and the UDTs . Upon the creation of the Indian MARCOS in 1987 , three officers were sent to undergo a hard training schedule with the SEALs that would help them further shape their unit 's capabilities . Due to their reputation as being one of America 's premier special operations forces , SEALs ( particularly operators from DEVGRU ) will often do exchanges with allied SOFs . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum and memorial ( edit ) Main article : National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum The National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum , in Fort Pierce , Florida , was founded in 1985 and was recognized as a National Museum by an act of Congress . The museum is dedicated to preserving the history of the Navy SEALs and their predecessors . The SEAL Museum stands on the training site of the first Navy frogmen . There through World War II , thousands of service members were trained as members of Naval Combat Demolition Units and Underwater Demolition Teams . The Museum houses rare historic artifacts from the founding of the UDT to present day , including weapons , vehicles , equipment , and most recently added , the Maersk Alabama lifeboat aboard which Somali pirates held Captain Richard Phillips hostage . NSW personnel killed in action ( edit ) According to the museum , 280 UDT and SEALs were killed in action as of March 2018 : World War II & Korean War ( 1941 -- 1953 ) : 96 personnel Vietnam and Cold War ( 1954 -- 1989 ) : 103 personnel Desert Storm and War on Terror ( 1990 -- Present ) : 81 personnel In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : United States Navy SEALs in popular culture U.S. Navy SEALs have been depicted in numerous works of art , entertainment , and media . Examples of well - known representations in films include : Navy SEALs ( 1990 ) , The Rock ( 1996 ) , G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) , Act of Valor ( 2012 ) , Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) , Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) and American Sniper ( 2014 ) . Examples of fictional representations in literature include various characters in Tom Clancy novels ( e.g. , Rainbow Six and Without Remorse ) and the G.I. Joe universe . See also ( edit ) United States Navy portal Underwater diving portal List of Navy SEALs List of special forces units United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of 3 December 2015 , female sailors can become U.S. Navy SEALs , however as of 19 April 2016 , none have yet done so . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wentz , Gene ; Jurus , B. Abell ( 1993 ) . Men In Green Faces . St. Martin 's Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 95052 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` US joins battle as Philippines takes losses in besieged city '' . CNBC . 10 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marawi siege : US special forces aiding Philippine army '' . BBC News Online . 10 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dancel , Raul ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` US special forces aid Philippine troops in battle for Marawi '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Navy SEAL History '' . Navy Seals.com . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SEAL Requirements '' . Navy Seals.com . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Laster , Jill ( July 2011 ) . `` Program letting Coasties train as SEALs on hold '' . Navy Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Navy SEAL History '' . SEAL + SWCC . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Meghann ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` The Navy SEALs are now open to women , but no one has stepped forward '' . Navy Times . Military Times & Sightline Media Group . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Waller , Douglas ( 3 February 2003 ) . `` The CIA 's Secret Army '' . TIME . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Plaster , John L. ( 1997 ) . SOG : The Secret Wars of America 's Commandos in Vietnam . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 68481 - 105 - 5 . Jump up ^ Haney , Eric L. ( 2002 ) . Inside Delta Force . New York : Delacorte Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 38573 - 251 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Army Officer Recalls Hunt for Bin Laden '' . 60 Minutes . CBS News . 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SEAL History : Origins of Naval Special Warfare - WWII '' . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Seabee magazine online ^ Jump up to : `` Seal History : Origins of Naval Special Warfare -- WWII '' . Navy Seal Museum Archives . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naval Combat Demolition Units '' . specwarnet . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : World War II US Navy Special Warfare Units , Eugene Lipak , Osprey Publishing , POB 3985 , NY , NY , 10185 . 2014 , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : Vann , R.D. ( 2004 ) . `` Lambertsen and O2 : beginnings of operational physiology '' . Undersea Hyperb Med. 31 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 31 . PMID 15233157 . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Butler , F.K. ( 2004 ) . `` Closed - circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy '' . Undersea Hyperb Med. 31 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 20 . PMID 15233156 . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Teams in World War II '' . View of the Rockies . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Blazich , Frank A. ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` This Week in Seabee History ( Week of September 11 ) '' . Seabees Online . Navy Facilities Engineering Command . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWII UDT One & WWII UDT Two '' . View of the Rockies . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 15 June 2011 ) . SEALs at War . Random House Publishing Group . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 57006 - 2 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Orr ( 24 June 2014 ) . Brave Men , Dark Waters : The Untold Story of the Navy SEALs . Open Road Media . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4976 - 4563 - 9 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SEAL History : Underwater Demolition Teams in the Korean War '' . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis of the U.S. Navy 's SEa , Air , Land ( SEAL ) Teams '' . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Navy SEAL History '' . Navy Seals.com . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Watson , James ( 1997 ) . Walking Point : The Experience of a Founding Member of the Elite Navy SEALs . New York , New York : William Morrow & Co . ISBN 0 - 688 - 14302 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Video gallery : Forged by Adversity '' . United States Navy . 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Ray ; Sasser , Charles ( 1997 ) . First SEAL . New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 67153 - 625 - 1 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 -- via Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ Watson , James ; Dockery , Kevin ( 1993 ) . Point Man . New York : Avon Books . ISBN 0 - 380 - 71986 - X . Jump up ^ Moïse , Edwin E. `` The Vietnam Wars , Section 8 : The Tet Offensive and its Aftermath '' . Clemson University . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` President Cites Seal Team '' . The New York Times . 12 November 1968 . p. 21 -- via ProQuest . Jump up ^ `` Washington For the Record '' . The New York Times . 19 June 1970 . p. 4 -- via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Couch ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ United States Special Operations Command . `` Naval Special Warfare Command '' . www.socom.mil . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Cawthorne ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Herbert A. `` United States PSYOP in Somalia '' . Psywarrior . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Borchini , Charles P. ( Lt. Col . ) ; Borstelmann , Mari ( October 1994 ) . `` PSYOP in Somalia : The Voice of Hope '' ( PDF ) . Special Warfare . United States Army . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wasdin , Howard E. ; Templin , Stephen ( 2011 ) . Seal Team Six : The incredible story of an elite sniper -- and the special operations unit that killed Osama Bin Laden . London , UK : Sphere Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 549 - 0 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 -- via Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 25 - 31 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 49 - 50 & 77 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 54 - 69 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 161 - 162 . ^ Jump up to : `` DOD Identifies Service Members Killed In CH - 47 Crash '' . U.S. Department of Defense , Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense ( Public Affairs ) . 11 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ King , Laura ; Dilanian , Ken ; Cloud , David S. ( 6 August 2011 ) . `` SEAL Team 6 members among 38 killed in Afghanistan '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Helicopter Crash in Afghanistan Reportedly Kills Members of SEAL Team 6 '' . Fox News . 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pentagon releases names of Chinook crash victims '' . CNN News . 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Shumaker , Lisa ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Navy identifies SEAL killed in hostage rescue in Afghanistan '' . Yahoo ! News . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Obama to present Medal of Honor to Navy SEAL '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Dan ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` SEALs to Undergo ' Evolution in Reverse ' as They Return to Maritime Operations '' . National Defense . National Defense Industrial Association . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 123 - 126 . Jump up ^ Rossiter ( 2009 ) , pp. 149 , 153 & 158 - 162 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 126 - 127 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Rossiter ( 2009 ) , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Owen , Mark ( 2012 ) . No Easy Day : The Autobiography of a Navy Seal : The Firsthand Account of the Mission That Killed Osama Bin Laden . New York : Dutton Books . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 52595 - 372 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rossiter ( 2009 ) , pp. 325 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 178 - 179 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 175 - 178 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 179 - 180 . Jump up ^ `` A Navy SEAL loadout in Ramadi '' . Corpi d'élite. net . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 180 - 182 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Patrick ( 2013 ) . Honor and Betrayal : The Untold Story of the Navy Seals Who Captured the `` Butcher of Fallujah '' -- and the Shameful Ordeal They Later Endured . Perseus Book Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 30682 - 309 - 1 . Jump up ^ CNN Wire Staff ( 22 April 2010 ) . `` Navy SEAL not guilty of charges in Iraq '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Centanni , Steve ( 6 May 2010 ) . `` Navy SEAL Found Not Guilty of Assaulting a Suspected Terrorist '' . Fox News . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hartwell , Ray V. ( 26 November 2013 ) . `` Persecuting Our Heroes '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 184 - 185 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 200 - 201 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 282 - 284 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 285 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. warship near boat carrying pirates '' . CNN . 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Flock , Elizabeth ( 2 May 2011 ) . `` Navy SEALs who killed Osama bin Laden are from the elite ' Team 6 ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The raid on Osama bin Laden 's compound '' . CBS News . 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Osama bin Laden killed in CIA operation '' . The Washington Post . 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Winter , Jana ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` Mickey Mouse Surrenders to Navy SEALs in Trademark Battle '' . Fox News . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Model of Osama bin Laden Abbottabad Compound '' . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Seals board rogue Libya oil tanker Morning Glory '' . BBC News . 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Navy SEALS board , take control of rogue Libya tanker '' . Fox News . 17 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revelation of March ISIS battle highlights risks for U.S. troops '' . CNN . 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy SEAL killed in Iraq battle vs. ISIS '' . CBS News . 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Navy SEAL Charles Keating IV gave life rescuing others from ISIS '' . CNN . 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Battle With ISIS that Killed a US Navy SEAL '' . ABC News . 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Navy SEAL Enlisted General Requirements '' . SEAL + SWCC . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Enlisted SEAL Requirements '' . Navy Seals.com . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . SEAL + SWCC . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BUD / S '' . Navy SEALs . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Navy SEALs '' . Navy.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Navy SEALs Training Stages Overview '' . SEAL + SWCC . Jump up ^ `` Navy SEAL Platoon Training '' . Navy SEALs Information & Resources . 4 September 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Special Operations Combat Medic Course '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Larter , David ; Myers , Meghann ( 19 August 2015 ) . `` Navy SEALs set to open to women , top admiral says '' . Navy Times . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Crockett , Emily ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` '' No exceptions `` : Women can now serve in all military combat roles '' . Vox . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Tritten , Travis J. ( 10 August 2017 ) . `` Candidate to be first female Navy SEAL officer quits after a week '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naval Special Warfare Welcomes Group 10 to Force '' . navy.mil. 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Menzie , Christopher ( 8 August 2008 ) . `` Naval Special Warfare Reserve Command Renamed '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Special Operations Forces , Fiscal Year 2014 p. 46 '' ( PDF ) . Government Accountability Office . July 2015 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Navy SEALs '' . Duniakemilauemas.blogspot.com. 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Tommy ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` SEAL Team 7 Holds Change of Command '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Special Warfare Operator Rating ( SEAL ) '' . Navycs.com. 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Menzie , Christopher ( 10 October 2006 ) . `` NSW Community Establishes New SO and SB Ratings '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SEALs and SWCCs drop source ratings '' . SOCNET : The Special Operations Community Network . 11 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Job Title '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 May 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor of Science in Business Administration with a concentration in General Management '' ( PDF ) . Trident University International . 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' ( PDF ) . Governors State University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Parachute Team handbook '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Leap Frogs '' . Official U.S. Navy Parachute Team Web Site . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SEAL History : The Leap Frogs - Origins of the Navy SEAL Parachuting Exhibition Team '' . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch ( 2008 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Falconer , Duncan ( 1 July 2001 ) . First Into Action : A Dramatic Personal Account of Life in the SBS . London : Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 75153 - 165 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Origin of the UDT - SEAL Museum '' . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Archived from the original on 10 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ft . Pierce Museum Now the Official National Museum of Navy SEALs and Their Predecessors '' . NavySEALs.com . Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.navysealmuseum.org/home-to-artifacts-from-the-secret-world-of-naval-special-warfare/the-navy-seal-memorial-the-names-of-those-who-made-the-ultimate-sacrifice Bibliography ( edit ) Besel , Jennifer M. The Navy SEALs . Mankato , Minn : Capstone Press , 2011 . ISBN 1 - 4296 - 5380 - 9 OCLC 649079630 Bosiljevac , T.L. SEALs : UDT / SEAL Operations in Vietnam . Ballantine Books , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 8041 - 0722 - X . OCLC 23228772 Bosiljevac , T.L. SEAL Team Roll - Back . New York : Avon Books , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 78714 - 8 . OCLC 41020614 Bahmanyar , Mir . US Navy SEALs . Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 807 - 3 . OCLC 62176513 Bahmanyar , Mir with Chris Osman . SEALs : The US Navy 's Elite Fighting Force . Osprey Publishing , 2008 . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 226 - 1 . OCLC 191922842 Cawthorne , Nigel ( 2008 ) . The Mammoth Book of Inside the Elite Forces . London , UK : Robinson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84529 - 821 - 0 . Couch , Dick . May the Seals : Their untold history ( 2014 ) Couch , Dick ( 2008 ) . The Sheriff of Ramadi : Navy SEALs and the Winning of al - Anbar . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 138 - 9 . Couch , Dick . The Warrior Elite : The Forging of SEAL Class 228 . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4695 - 5 . OCLC 802957824 Couch , Dick . The Finishing School : Earning the Navy SEAL Trident . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 81046 - 4 . OCLC 60563833 Couch , Dick . Down Range : Navy SEALs in the War on Terrorism . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 8101 - 7 . OCLC 71199069 Cummings , Dennis J. The Men Behind the Trident : SEAL Team One in Viet Nam . New York : Bantam Books , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 57928 - 2 OCLC 39494815 Denver , Rorke , and Ellis Henican . Damn Few : Making the Modern SEAL Warrior . New York : Hyperion , 2013 . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 1280 - 2 OCLC 795757181 Dockery , Kevin . Navy SEALs : A History of the Early Years . New York : Berkley Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 17825 - 0 OCLC 0425178250 Dockery , Kevin . Navy SEALs : A History Part II : The Vietnam Years . New York : Berkley Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18348 - 3 OCLC 48449554 Dockery , Kevin . Navy SEALs : A History Part III : Post-Vietnam to the Present . New York : Berkley Books , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 19034 - X OCLC 51818673 Dockery , Kevin . Weapons of the Navy SEALs . New York : Berkley Books , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 19834 - 0 OCLC 56347561 Donald , Mark L. , and Scott Mactavish . Battle Ready : Memoir of a SEAL Warrior Medic . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2013 . ISBN 1 - 250 - 00976 - 6 OCLC 759914152 Fawcett , Bill . Hunters and Shooters : An Oral History of the U.S. Navy SEALs in Vietnam . New York : W. Morrow and Co. , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 12664 - 2 OCLC 31520013 Freid - Perenchio , Stephanie , and Jennifer Walton . SEAL : The Unspoken Sacrifice . ( Ketchum , ID ) : SFP Studio , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 30322 - 6 OCLC 525383689 Greitens , Eric . The Heart and the Fist : The Education of a Humanitarian , the Making of a Navy SEAL . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2011 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 42485 - X OCLC 646308409 Halberstadt , Hans . US Navy SEALs in Action . Osceola , WI : Motorbooks International , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 87938 - 993 - 1 OCLC 32275764 Jansing , Chris ( 29 January 2010 ) . `` A typical SEAL ? Think 007 , not Rambo '' . NBC Field Notes ( NBC News ) . Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . Kelly , Orr . Never Fight Fair ! : Navy SEALs ' Stories of Combat and Adventure . Novato , CA : Presidio Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 89141 - 519 - X OCLC 30894438 Kyle , Chris ( 2013 ) . American Sniper . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06208 - 235 - 0 . Luttrell , Marcus . Lone Survivor : The Eyewitness Account of Operation Redwing and the Lost Heroes of SEAL Team 10 . Little , Brown and Company , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 04469 - 5 . OCLC 319610219 Luttrell , Marcus. , and James D. Hornfischer . Service : A Navy SEAL at War . New York , NY : Little , Brown and Co. , 2012 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 18536 - 1 OCLC 756584153 Mann , Don , and Ralph Pezzullo . Inside SEAL Team Six : My Life and Missions with America 's Elite Warriors . New York , NY : Little , Brown & Co. , 2011 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 20431 - 5 OCLC 729343843 McEwen , Scott , and Richard Miniter . Eyes on Target : Inside Stories from the Brotherhood of the U.S. Navy SEALs . New York : Center Street , 2014 . ISBN 1 - 4555 - 7569 - 0 OCLC 828891431 Neville , Leigh ( 2015 ) . Special Forces in the War on Terror . Oxford , UK : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 47280 - 790 - 8 . Neville , Leigh . Takur Ghar : The SEALs and Rangers on Roberts Ridge , Afghanistan 2002 . Oxford , UK : Osprey Pub. , 2013 . ISBN 1 - 78096 - 198 - 7 OCLC 798058824 Owen , Mark , and Kevin Maurer . No Easy Day : The Autobiography of s Navy SEAL : the Firsthand Account of the Mission That Killed Osama Bin Laden . New York , NY : Dutton , 2012 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 95372 - 8 OCLC 808121503 Padden , Ian . U.S. Navy SEALs . Toronto : Bantam Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 24954 - 1 OCLC 12264420 Pfarrer , Chuck . SEAL Target Geronimo : The Inside Story of the Mission to Kill Osama Bin Laden . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2011 . ISBN 1 - 250 - 00635 - X OCLC 733234790 Pfarrer , Chuck . Warrior Soul : The Memoir of a Navy SEAL . New York : Random House , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6036 - 2 OCLC 52165997 Redman , Jason , and John R. Bruning . The Trident : The Forging and Reforging of a Navy SEAL Leader . New York : William Morrow , 2013 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 220832 - 2 OCLC 827260093 Robinson , Patrick . Honor and Betrayal : The Untold Story of the Navy SEALs Who Captured the `` Butcher of Fallujah '' - and the Shameful Ordeal They Later Endured . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press , 2013 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 82308 - X OCLC 861508106 Rossiter , Mike ( 2009 ) . Target Basra . London , UK : Corgi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 55215 - 700 - 1 . Sasser , Charles W. Encyclopedia of the Navy SEALs . New York : Facts on File , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4569 - 0 . OCLC 48383497 Wasdin , Howard E. , and Stephen Templin . SEAL Team Six : Memoirs of an Elite Navy SEAL Sniper . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2011 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 69945 - X OCLC 681499659 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Navy SEALs . Official website United States Navy Parachute Team -- official website `` Navy Fact File : Navy SEALs '' . San Diego : United States Navy . April 2002 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2005 . Retrieved 25 June 2006 . Peterson , Lt. Cmdr Erick ( June 2009 ) . `` The Strategic Utility of U.S. Navy SEALs '' . Master thesis ( dtic.mil ) . Naval Postgraduate School . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . SEAL The Unspoken Sacrifice exhibit at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library McCoy , Shane T. ( August 2004 ) . `` Testing Newton 's Law '' , All Hands Magazine , p. 33 . Obringer , Lee Ann . `` How the Navy SEALs Work '' . How Stuff Works . Retrieved 14 June 2006 . Navy SEALs 50 -- Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Establishment of the U.S. Navy SEALs Ethos of the Navy SEALs United States Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM ) Portal : Military of the United States United States Army USASOC Units U.S. Army Special Forces Command U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School 75th Ranger Regiment 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment 4th Military Information Support Group 8th Military Information Support Group 95th Civil Affairs Brigade 528th Sustainment Brigade Types Special Forces Rangers Psychological Operations United States Marine Corps MARSOC Units Marine Raiders Marine Raider Support Group Marine Special Operations School Types United States Marine Corps Critical Skills Operator United States Navy NAVSPECWARCOM Units Naval Special Warfare Group 1 Naval Special Warfare Group 2 Naval Special Warfare Group 3 Naval Special Warfare Group 4 Naval Special Warfare Group 10 Naval Special Warfare Group 11 Naval Special Warfare Center Types Navy SEALs Special warfare combatant - craft crewmen United States Air Force AFSOC Units 1st Special Operations Wing 24th Special Operations Wing 27th Special Operations Wing 352d Special Operations Wing 353d Special Operations Group Types Pararescue Combat Control Team Special Operations Weather Technician Combat Rescue Officer Special Tactics Officer Special Mission Units JSOC DoD Joint Communications Unit Army 1st SFOD - 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233990315556613640 | Madrid | Madrid - wikipedia Madrid Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the capital city of Spain . For the autonomous community , see Community of Madrid . For other uses , see Madrid ( disambiguation ) . Madrid Municipality From upper left : Gran Vía , Plaza Mayor , view of business districts of AZCA and CTBA , Puerta de Alcalá , and view of Royal Palace and Almudena Cathedral Flag Coat of arms Motto ( s ) : `` Fui sobre agua edificada , mis muros de fuego son . Esta es mi insignia y blasón '' ( `` On water I was built , my walls are made of fire . This is my ensign and escutcheon `` ) Madrid Show map of Madrid Madrid Madrid ( Community of Madrid ) Show map of Community of Madrid Madrid Madrid ( Europe ) Show map of Europe Location of Madrid within Spain / Community of Madrid Coordinates : 40 ° 23 ′ N 3 ° 43 ′ W / 40.383 ° N 3.717 ° W / 40.383 ; - 3.717 Coordinates : 40 ° 23 ′ N 3 ° 43 ′ W / 40.383 ° N 3.717 ° W / 40.383 ; - 3.717 Country Spain Autonomous community Madrid Comarcas Metropolitan Area and Corredor del Henares Founded 9th century Government Body Ayuntamiento de Madrid Mayor Manuela Carmena ( Ahora Madrid ) Area Municipality 604.3 km ( 233.3 sq mi ) Elevation 667 m ( 2,188 ft ) Population ( 2015 ) Municipality 3,141,991 Rank 1st ( 3rd in EU ) Density 5,390 / km ( 14,000 / sq mi ) Urban 6,240,000 ( 2016 ) Metro 6,529,700 ( 2014 ) Demonym ( s ) Madridian , Madrilenian , Madrilene , Cat madrileño , - ña ; matritense ; gato ( es ) Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Postal code 28001 -- 28080 Area code ( s ) + 34 ( ES ) + 91 ( M ) Patron saints Isidore the Laborer Virgin of Almudena Website www.madrid.es Madrid ( / məˈdrɪd / , Spanish : ( maˈðɾið ) , locally ( maˈðɾi ( θ ) ) ) is the capital of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole . The city has almost 3.166 million inhabitants with a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the third - largest city in the European Union ( EU ) after London and Berlin , and its metropolitan area is the third - largest in the EU after those of London and Paris . The municipality itself covers an area of 604.3 km ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile - La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is Manuela Carmena from the party Ahora Madrid . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third - largest GDP in the European Union and its influences in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world - famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético de Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre of Southern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula ; it hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is the 17th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2014 index . Madrid houses the headquarters of the World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO ) , belonging to the United Nations Organization ( UN ) , the Ibero - American General Secretariat ( SEGIB ) , the Organization of Ibero - American States ( OEI ) , and the Public Interest Oversight Board ( PIOB ) . It also hosts major international regulators and promoters of the Spanish language : the Standing Committee of the Association of Spanish Language Academies , headquarters of the Royal Spanish Academy ( RAE ) , the Cervantes Institute and the Foundation of Urgent Spanish ( Fundéu BBVA ) . Madrid organises fairs such as FITUR , ARCO , SIMO TCI and the Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week . While Madrid possesses modern infrastructure , it has preserved the look and feel of many of its historic neighbourhoods and streets . Its landmarks include the Royal Palace of Madrid ; the Royal Theatre with its restored 1850 Opera House ; the Buen Retiro Park , founded in 1631 ; the 19th - century National Library building ( founded in 1712 ) containing some of Spain 's historical archives ; a large number of national museums , and the Golden Triangle of Art , located along the Paseo del Prado and comprising three art museums : Prado Museum , the Reina Sofía Museum , a museum of modern art , and the Thyssen - Bornemisza Museum , which completes the shortcomings of the other two museums . Cibeles Palace and Fountain have become one of the monument symbols of the city . Madrid is the most visited city of Spain . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Middle Ages 2.2 Modern Age 2.3 From the 19th century to present day 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Water supply 4 Demographics 4.1 Immigration 4.2 Religion 5 Government 5.1 Districts 6 Metropolitan area 7 Cityscape 7.1 Architecture 7.2 Urban sculpture 7.3 Environment 8 Economy 8.1 Economic history 8.2 Present - day economy 8.2. 1 Standard of living 8.2. 2 Employment 8.2. 3 Services 8.2. 4 Industry 8.2. 5 Construction 8.2. 6 International rankings 9 Art and culture 9.1 Museums and art centres 9.2 Landmarks 9.3 Churches 9.4 Literature 9.5 Nightlife 9.6 Bohemian culture 9.7 Classical music and opera 9.8 Local festivities 9.9 Bullfighting 9.10 LGBTQ culture 10 Sport 10.1 Sports clubs 10.2 Football 10.3 Basketball 10.4 Annual international events 11 Education 11.1 Universities 11.2 Business schools 12 Transport 12.1 Roads 12.2 Local transport 12.3 Long - distance transport 13 International relations 13.1 Twin towns and sister cities 13.2 Union of Ibero - American Capital Cities 13.3 Other partnerships 14 Notable people 15 Historic buildings 16 Honours 17 See also 18 References 19 External links Etymology ( edit ) مجريط Majrīṭ ( AFI ( madʒriːtˁ ) ) Is the first documented reference to the city . It is recorded in Andalusian Arabic during the al - Andalus . The name Magerit ( ( madʒeˈɾit ) ) was retained in Medieval Spanish . The most ancient recorded name of the city `` Magerit '' ( for * Materit or * Mageterit ? ) comes from the name of a fortress built on the Manzanares River in the 9th century AD , and means `` Place of abundant water '' in Arabic . A wider number of theories have been formulated on possible earlier origins . According to legend , Madrid was founded by Ocno Bianor ( son of King Tyrrhenius of Tuscany and Mantua ) and was named `` Metragirta '' or `` Mantua Carpetana '' . Others contend that the original name of the city was `` Ursaria '' ( `` land of bears '' in Latin ) , because of the many bears that were to be found in the nearby forests , which , together with the strawberry tree ( Spanish madroño ) , have been the emblem of the city since the Middle Ages . Nevertheless , it is also speculated that the origin of the current name of the city comes from the 2nd century BC . The Roman Empire established a settlement on the banks of the Manzanares river . The name of this first village was `` Matrice '' ( a reference to the river that crossed the settlement ) . Following the invasions carried out by the Germanic Sueves and Vandals , as well as the Sarmatic Alans during the 5th century AD , the Roman Empire no longer had the military presence required to defend its territories on the Iberian Peninsula , and as a consequence , these territories were soon occupied by the Vandals , who were in turn dispelled by the Visigoths , who then ruled Hispania in the name of the Roman emperor , also taking control of `` Matrice '' . In the 8th century , the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula saw the name changed to `` Mayrit '' , from the Arabic term ميرا Mayra ( referencing water as a ' tree ' or ' giver of life ' ) and the Ibero - Roman suffix it that means ' place ' . The modern `` Madrid '' evolved from the Mozarabic `` Matrit '' , which is still in the Madrilenian gentilic . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Madrid and Timeline of Madrid Middle Ages ( edit ) Although the site of modern - day Madrid has been occupied since prehistoric times , and there are archaeological remains of Carpetani settlement , Roman villas , a Visigoth basilica near the church of Santa María de la Almudena and three Visigoth necropoleis near Casa de Campo , Tetúan and Vicálvaro , the first historical document about the existence of an established settlement in Madrid dates from the Muslim age . At the second half of the 9th century , Emir Muhammad I of Córdoba built a fortress on a headland near the river Manzanares , as one of the many fortresses he ordered to be built on the border between Al - Andalus and the kingdoms of León and Castile , with the objective of protecting Toledo from the Christian invasions and also as a starting point for Muslim offensives . After the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba , Madrid was integrated in the Taifa of Toledo . With the surrender of Toledo to Alfonso VI of León and Castile , the city was conquered by Christians in 1085 , and it was integrated into the kingdom of Castile as a property of the Crown . Christians replaced Muslims in the occupation of the centre of the city , while Muslims and Jews settled in the suburbs . The city was thriving and was given the title of Villa , whose administrative district extended from the Jarama in the east to the river Guadarrama in the west . The government of the town was vested to the neighbouring of Madrid since 1346 , when king Alfonso XI of Castile implements the regiment , for which only the local oligarchy was taking sides in city decisions . Since 1188 , Madrid won the right to be a city with representation in the courts of Castile . In 1202 , King Alfonso VIII of Castile gave Madrid its first charter to regulate the municipal council , which was expanded in 1222 by Ferdinand III of Castile . In 1309 , the Courts of Castile were joined in Madrid for the first time under Ferdinand IV of Castile , and later in 1329 , 1339 , 1391 , 1393 , 1419 and twice in 1435 . Since the unification of the kingdoms of Spain under a common Crown , the Courts were convened in Madrid more often . Modern Age ( edit ) During the revolt of the Comuneros , led by Juan de Padilla , Madrid joined the revolt against Emperor Charles V of Germany and I of Spain , but after defeat at the Battle of Villalar , Madrid was besieged and occupied by the royal troops . However , Charles I was generous to the town and gave it the titles of Coronada ( Crowned ) and Imperial . When Francis I of France was captured at the battle of Pavia , he was imprisoned in Madrid . And in the village is dated the Treaty of Madrid of 1526 ( later denounced by the French ) that resolved their situation . View of Madrid from the west , facing the Puerta de la Vega ( 1562 ) , by Anton van den Wyngaerde ( called in Spain Antonio de las Viñas ) , commissioned by Philip II to collect views of his cities . Is seen in the foreground the banks of the Manzana , crossed by the predecessors to the Segovia Bridge ( in the first third ) , and the Toledo Bridge ( further south , right ) , which was built in a monumental form years later . The most prominent building in the north ( left ) is the Alcázar , which was part of the walled circuit and which would undergo several fires until the fatal one in 1734 that almost completely destroyed it and was replaced by the current Palacio Real . The following churches are seen in the village ( from left to right : San Gil , San Juan , Santiago , San Salvador , Iglesia de San Miguel de los Octoes , San Nicolás , Santa María , San Justo , San Pedro , Capilla del Obispo , San Andrés and , outside the walls , San Francisco ) , that do not yet have even the profile of domes and chapiters by which they would be characterised in the following centuries . Outside the walls and on the river , there is a craft facility dedicated to the treatment of hides : the Pozacho Tanneries . The recent installation of the court imposed a regalía de aposento tax on private houses , which produced all kinds of resistance including , most notably , the construction of Casas a la malicia . Ministry of Agriculture The number of urban inhabitants grew from 4,060 in the year 1530 to 37,500 in the year 1594 . The poor population of the court was composed of ex-soldiers , foreigners , rogues and Ruanes , dissatisfied with the lack of food and high prices . In June 1561 , when the town had 30,000 inhabitants , Philip II of Spain moved his court from Valladolid to Madrid , installing it in the old castle . Thanks to this , the city of Madrid became the political centre of the monarchy , being the capital of Spain except for a short period between 1601 and 1606 ( Philip III of Spain 's government ) , in which the Court returned to Valladolid . This fact was decisive for the evolution of the city and influenced its fate . Madrid in the XVI - XVII Centuries During the reign of Philip III and Philip IV of Spain , Madrid saw a period of exceptional cultural brilliance , with the presence of geniuses such as Miguel de Cervantes , Diego Velázquez , Francisco de Quevedo and Lope de Vega . Puerta de Alcalá The death of Charles II of Spain resulted in the War of the Spanish succession . The city supported the claim of Philip of Anjou as Philip V. While the city was occupied in 1706 by a Portuguese army , who proclaimed king the Archduke Charles of Austria under the name of Charles III , and again in 1710 , remained loyal to Philip V . Philip V built the Royal Palace , the Royal Tapestry Factory and the main Royal Academies . But the most important Bourbon was King Charles III of Spain , who was known as `` the best mayor of Madrid '' . Charles III took upon himself the feat of transforming Madrid into a capital worthy of this category . He ordered the construction of sewers , street lighting , cemeteries outside the city , and many monuments ( Puerta de Alcalá , Cibeles Fountain ) , and cultural institutions ( El Prado Museum , Royal Botanic Gardens , Royal Observatory , etc . ) . Despite being known as one of the greatest benefactors of Madrid , his beginnings were not entirely peaceful , as in 1766 he had to overcome the Esquilache Riots , a traditionalist revolt instigated by the nobility and clergy against his reformist intentions , demanding the repeal of the clothing decree ordering the shortening of the layers and the prohibition of the use of hats that hide the face , with the aim of reducing crime in the city . The reign of Charles IV of Spain is not very meaningful to Madrid , except for the presence of Goya in the Court , who portrayed the popular and courtly life of the city . From the 19th century to present day ( edit ) Alcalá street On 27 October 1807 , Charles IV and Napoleon I signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau , which allowed the passage of French troops through Spanish territory to join the Spanish troops and invade Portugal , which had refused to obey the order of international blockade against England . As this was happening , there was the Mutiny of Aranjuez ( 17 March 1808 ) , by which the crown prince , Ferdinand VII , replaced his father as king . However , when Ferdinand VII returned to Madrid , the city was already occupied by Joachim - Napoléon Murat , so that both the king and his father were virtually prisoners of the French army . Napoleon , taking advantage of the weakness of the Spanish Bourbons , forced both , first the father then the son , to join him in Bayonne , where Ferdinand arrived on 20 April . In the absence of the two kings , the situation became more and more tense in the capital . On 2 May , a crowd began to gather at the Royal Palace . The crowd saw the French soldiers pulled out of the palace to the royal family members who were still in the palace . Immediately , the crowd launched an assault on the floats . The fight lasted hours and spread throughout Madrid . Subsequent repression was brutal . In the Paseo del Prado and in the fields of La Moncloa hundreds of patriots were shot due to Murat 's order against `` Spanish all carrying arms '' . Paintings such as The Third of May 1808 by Goya reflect the repression that ended the popular uprising on 2 May . The Peninsular War against Napoleon , despite the last absolutist claims during the reign of Ferdinand VII , gave birth to a new country with a liberal and bourgeois character , open to influences coming from the rest of Europe . Madrid , the capital of Spain , experienced like no other city the changes caused by this opening and filled with theatres , cafés and newspapers . Madrid was frequently altered by revolutionary outbreaks and pronouncements , such as Vicálvaro 1854 , led by General Leopoldo O'Donnell and initiating the progressive biennium . However , in the early 20th century Madrid looked more like a small town than a modern city . During the first third of the 20th century the population nearly doubled , reaching more than 850,000 inhabitants . New suburbs such as Las Ventas , Tetuán and El Carmen became the homes of the influx of workers , while Ensanche became a middle - class neighbourhood of Madrid . Cuatro Torres Business Area Skyline The Spanish Constitution of 1931 was the first legislated on the state capital , setting it explicitly in Madrid . Madrid was one of the most heavily affected cities of Spain in the Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) . The city was a stronghold of the Republicans from July 1936 . Its western suburbs were the scene of an all - out battle in November 1936 and it was during the Civil War that Madrid became the first European city to be bombed by aeroplanes ( Japan was the first to bomb civilians in world history , at Shanghai in 1932 ) specifically targeting civilians in the history of warfare . ( See Siege of Madrid ( 1936 -- 39 ) ) . During the economic boom in Spain from 1959 to 1973 , the city experienced unprecedented , extraordinary development in terms of population and wealth , becoming the largest GDP city in Spain , and ranking third in Western Europe . The municipality was extended , annexing neighbouring council districts , to achieve the present extension of 607 km ( 234.36 sq mi ) . The south of Madrid became very industrialised , and there were massive migrations from rural areas of Spain into the city . Madrid 's newly built north - western districts became the home of the new thriving middle class that appeared as result of the 1960s Spanish economic boom , while the south - eastern periphery became an extensive working - class settlement , which was the base for an active cultural and political reform . After the death of Franco and the start of the democratic regime , the 1978 constitution confirmed Madrid as the capital of Spain . In 1979 , the first municipal elections brought Madrid 's first democratically elected mayor since the Second Republic . Madrid was the scene of some of the most important events of the time , such as the mass demonstrations of support for democracy after the failed coup , 23 - F , on 23 February 1981 . The first democratic mayors belonged to the leftist parties ( Enrique Tierno Galván , Juan Barranco Gallardo ) , turning the city after more conservative positions ( Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún , José María Álvarez del Manzano , Alberto Ruiz - Gallardón and Ana Botella ) . Benefiting from increasing prosperity in the 1980s and 1990s , the capital city of Spain has consolidated its position as an important economic , cultural , industrial , educational , and technological centre on the European continent . Madrid seen from Buenavista Hill Geography ( edit ) Madrid lies on the southern Meseta Central , 60 km south of the Guadarrama mountains and straddling the Jarama and Manzanares river basins . There is a considerable difference in altitude within city limits ranging from 543 m ( 1,781 ft ) to 846 m ( 2,776 ft ) above sea level . Over a quarter of the Madrid municipal area is covered by the largely forested protected area of El Pardo . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Madrid Madrid has an inland Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csa ) which transitions to a semi-arid climate ( BSk ) in the eastern side of the city . Winters are cool due to its altitude , which is approximately 667 m ( 2,188 ft ) above sea level , including sporadic snowfalls and frequent frosts in December and January . Summers are hot , in the warmest month -- July - average temperatures during the day ranging from 32 to 33 ° C ( 90 to 91 ° F ) depending on location , with maximums commonly climbing over 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) during frequent heat waves . Due to Madrid 's altitude and dry climate , diurnal ranges are often significant during the summer . The highest recorded temperature was on 24 July 1995 , at 42.2 ° C ( 108.0 ° F ) , and the lowest recorded temperature was on 16 January 1945 at − 10.1 ° C ( 13.8 ° F ) . These records were registered at the airport , in the eastern side of the city . Precipitation is concentrated in the autumn and spring , and , together with Athens which has similar annual precipitation , is the driest capital in Europe . It is particularly sparse during the summer , taking the form of about two showers and / or thunderstorms during the season . Climate data for Madrid ( 667 m ) , Buen Retiro Park in the city centre ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 33.5 ( 92.3 ) 38.6 ( 101.5 ) 43.1 ( 109.6 ) 44.3 ( 111.7 ) 44.7 ( 112.5 ) 42.2 ( 108 ) 36 ( 97 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 44.7 ( 112.5 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 12.0 ( 53.6 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 31.3 ( 88.3 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 11.2 ( 52.2 ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 7.7 ( 45.9 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 7.8 ( 18 ) − 7.5 ( 18.5 ) − 4.5 ( 23.9 ) − 1.5 ( 29.3 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 7 ( 45 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 4.1 ( 39.4 ) 0.3 ( 32.5 ) − 3.8 ( 25.2 ) − 6.5 ( 20.3 ) − 7.8 ( 18 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 33 ( 1.3 ) 35 ( 1.38 ) 25 ( 0.98 ) 45 ( 1.77 ) 51 ( 2.01 ) 21 ( 0.83 ) 12 ( 0.47 ) 10 ( 0.39 ) 22 ( 0.87 ) 60 ( 2.36 ) 58 ( 2.28 ) 51 ( 2.01 ) 421 ( 16.57 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 6 5 7 7 7 7 7 59 Mean monthly sunshine hours 148 157 214 231 272 310 359 335 261 198 157 124 2,769 Source : Agencia Estatal de Meteorología Climate data for Madrid - Barajas Airport ( 609 m ) , in north east Madrid ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 33.5 ( 92.3 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 14.8 ( 58.6 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 14.8 ( 58.6 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 0.2 ( 32.4 ) ( 34.2 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 5.7 ( 42.3 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 4.1 ( 39.4 ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 29 ( 1.14 ) 32 ( 1.26 ) 22 ( 0.87 ) 38 ( 1.5 ) 44 ( 1.73 ) 22 ( 0.87 ) 9 ( 0.35 ) 10 ( 0.39 ) 24 ( 0.94 ) 51 ( 2.01 ) 49 ( 1.93 ) 42 ( 1.65 ) 371 ( 14.61 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 5 5 6 7 7 6 6 55 Mean monthly sunshine hours 144 168 224 226 258 310 354 329 258 199 151 128 2,749 Source : Agencia Estatal de Meteorología Climate data for Madrid - Cuatro Vientos Airport , 8 km ( 4.97 mi ) from the city centre ( altitude : 690 metres ( 2,260 feet ) , satellite view ) ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 27.3 ( 81.1 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 14.9 ( 58.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 5.1 ( 41.2 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 34 ( 1.34 ) 35 ( 1.38 ) 25 ( 0.98 ) 43 ( 1.69 ) 50 ( 1.97 ) 25 ( 0.98 ) 12 ( 0.47 ) 11 ( 0.43 ) 24 ( 0.94 ) 60 ( 2.36 ) 57 ( 2.24 ) 53 ( 2.09 ) 428 ( 16.85 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 6 5 7 7 7 7 7 59 Mean monthly sunshine hours 158 173 221 238 280 316 364 335 250 203 161 135 2,840 Source : Agencia Estatal de Meteorología Water supply ( edit ) Madrid derives almost 73.5 percent of its water supply from dams and reservoirs built on the Lozoya River , such as the El Atazar Dam , which was built in 1972 and inaugurated by Francisco Franco . This water supply is managed by Canal de Isabel II , a public entity created in 1851 . It is responsible for the supply , depurating waste water and the conservation of all the Comunidad de Madrid region natural water resources . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1897 510,616 -- 1900 540,109 + 5.8 % 1910 556,958 + 3.1 % 1920 728,937 + 30.9 % 1930 863,958 + 18.5 % 1940 1,096,466 + 26.9 % 1950 1,527,894 + 39.3 % 1960 2,177,123 + 42.5 % 1970 3,120,941 + 43.4 % 1980 3,158,818 + 1.2 % 1991 2,909,792 − 7.9 % 2001 2,938,723 + 1.0 % 2011 3,198,645 + 8.8 % 2014 3,165,235 − 1.0 % 2015 3,141,991 − 0.7 % Source : Alterations to the municipalities in the Population Censuses since 1842 , Instituto Nacional de Estadistica Largest groups of foreign residents Nationality Population ( 2015 ) Romania 46,410 China 32,174 Ecuador 29,867 Morocco 21,137 Bolivia 19,654 Dominican Republic 18,606 Colombia 17,617 Paraguay 16,802 Peru 16,523 Italy 14,134 Philippines 10,522 Uruguay 9,534 Bulgaria 8,420 Greece 5,658 Turkey 3,393 The population of Madrid has overall increased since the city became the capital of Spain in the mid-16th century , and has stabilised at approximately 3 million since the 1970s . From 1970 until the mid-1990s , the population dropped . This phenomenon , which also affected other European cities , was caused in part by the growth of satellite suburbs at the expense of the downtown region within the city proper . This also occurred during a period of slowed growth in the European economy . The demographic boom accelerated in the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century due to immigration in parallel with a surge in Spanish economic growth . According to census data , the population of the city grew by 271,856 between 2001 and 2005 . Immigration ( edit ) As the capital city of Spain , the city has attracted many immigrants from around the world . In 2015 , about 89.8 % of the inhabitants were Spanish , while people of other origins , including immigrants from Latin America , Europe , Asia , North Africa and West Africa , represented 11.2 % of the population . The ten largest immigrant groups include : Ecuadorian : 104,184 , Romanian : 52,875 , Bolivian : 44,044 , Colombian : 35,971 , Peruvian : 35,083 , Chinese : 34,666 , Moroccan : 32,498 , Dominican : 19,602 , Brazilian : 14,583 , and Paraguayan : 14,308 . There were 2,476 Japanese citizens registered with the Japanese embassy in Madrid in 1993 . There are also important communities of Filipinos , Equatorial Guineans , Uruguayans , Bulgarians , Greeks , Indians , Italians , Argentines , Senegalese and Poles . Districts that host the largest number of immigrants are Usera ( 28.37 % ) , Centro ( 16.87 % ) , Carabanchel ( 22.72 % ) and Tetuán ( 21.54 % ) . Districts that host the smallest number are Fuencarral - El Pardo ( 9.27 % ) , Retiro ( 9.64 % ) and Chamartín ( 11.74 % ) . Many members of Madrid 's Japanese community , particularly those with children , live in Majadahonda , Mirasierra , The Vaguada , and other areas in northwest Madrid , in proximity to the Japanese international school . Central Madrid attracted many Japanese company employees without children due to its proximity to places of employment . Religion ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Most people in Madrid are Roman Catholic . It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madrid . In a 2011 survey conducted by InfoCatólica , 57.1 % of Madrid residents of all ages identified themselves as Catholic . Government ( edit ) See also : List of mayors of Madrid Cybele Palace : City Hall of Madrid and iconic monument of the city The City Council consists of 57 members , one of them being the mayor . The mayor presides over the RKO . The Plenary of the Council is the body of political representation of the citizens in the municipal government . Some of its attributions are : fiscal matters , the election and deposition of the mayor , the approval and modification of decrees and regulations , the approval of budgets , the agreements related to the limits and alteration of the municipal term , the services management , the participation in supramunicipal organisations , etc . Nowadays , mayoral team consists of the mayor , the deputy mayor and 8 delegates ; all of them form The Board of Delegates ( the Municipal Executive Committee ) . Madrid has tended to be a stronghold of the People 's Party ( PP , right - wing political party ) , which has controlled the city 's mayoralty since 1989 . In the 2007 regional and local elections , the People 's Party obtained 34 seats , the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party ( PSOE , left political party ) obtained 18 and United Left ( IU , left political party ) obtained 5 . In the 2015 elections , however , the PP was the party with the most votes but failed to gain a majority with Ahora Madrid the runner - up . Manuela Carmena , mayoral candidate for Ahora Madrid , was proclaimed mayor after a coalition pact between her party and the PSOE . Districts ( edit ) Main article : Districts of Madrid Madrid is administratively divided into 21 districts , which are further subdivided into 128 wards ( barrios ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Madrid districts . The numbers correspond with the list in the left Centro : Palacio , Embajadores , Cortes , Justicia , Universidad , Sol . Arganzuela : Imperial , Acacias , La Chopera , Legazpi , Delicias , Palos de Moguer , Atocha . Retiro : Pacífico , Adelfas , Estrella , Ibiza , Jerónimos , Niño Jesús . Salamanca : Recoletos , Goya , Fuente del Berro , Guindalera , Lista , Castellana . Chamartín : El Viso , Prosperidad , Ciudad Jardín , Hispanoamérica , Nueva España , Castilla . Tetuán : Bellas Vistas , Cuatro Caminos , Castillejos , Almenara , Valdeacederas , Berruguete . Chamberí : Gaztambide , Arapiles , Trafalgar , Almagro , Vallehermoso , Ríos Rosas . Fuencarral - El Pardo : El Pardo , Fuentelarreina , Peñagrande , Barrio del Pilar , La Paz , Valverde , Mirasierra , El Goloso . Moncloa - Aravaca : Casa de Campo , Argüelles , Ciudad Universitaria , Valdezarza , Valdemarín , El Plantío , Aravaca . Latina : Los Cármenes , Puerta del Ángel , Lucero , Aluche , Las Águilas , Campamento , Cuatro Vientos . Carabanchel : Comillas , Opañel , San Isidro , Vista Alegre , Puerta Bonita , Buenavista , Abrantes . Usera : Orcasitas , Orcasur , San Fermín , Almendrales , Moscardó , Zofío , Pradolongo . Puente de Vallecas : Entrevías , San Diego , Palomeras Bajas , Palomeras Sureste , Portazgo , Numancia . Moratalaz : Pavones , Horcajo , Marroquina , Media Legua , Fontarrón , Vinateros . Ciudad Lineal : Ventas , Pueblo Nuevo , Quintana , La Concepción , San Pascual , San Juan Bautista , Colina , Atalaya , Costillares . Hortaleza : Palomas , Valdefuentes , Canillas , Pinar del Rey , Apóstol Santiago , Piovera . Villaverde : San Andrés , San Cristóbal , Butarque , Los Rosales , Los Ángeles . Villa de Vallecas : Casco Histórico de Vallecas , Santa Eugenia . Vicálvaro : Casco Histórico de Vicálvaro , Ambroz . San Blas : Simancas , Hellín , Amposta , Arcos , Rosas , Rejas , Canillejas , Salvador . Barajas : Alameda de Osuna , Aeropuerto , Casco Histórico de Barajas , Timón , Corralejos . Metropolitan area ( edit ) Main article : Madrid metropolitan area The Madrid metropolitan area comprises the city of Madrid and forty surrounding municipalities . It has a population of slightly more than 6.271 million people and covers an area of 4,609.7 square kilometres ( 1,780 sq mi ) . It is the largest metropolitan area in Spain and the third largest in the European Union . As with many metropolitan areas of similar size , two distinct zones of urbanisation can be distinguished : Inner ring ( primera corona ) : Alcorcón , Leganés , Getafe , Móstoles , Fuenlabrada , Coslada , Alcobendas , Pozuelo de Alarcón , San Fernando de Henares Outer ring ( segunda corona ) : Villaviciosa de Odón , Parla , Pinto , Valdemoro , Rivas - Vaciamadrid , Torrejón de Ardoz , Alcalá de Henares , San Sebastián de los Reyes , Tres Cantos , Las Rozas de Madrid , Majadahonda , Boadilla del Monte The largest suburbs are to the South , and in general along the main routes leading out of Madrid . Submetropolitan areas inside Madrid metropolitan area : Madrid submetropolitan areas Submetropolitan area Area ( km2 ) Population ( pop . ) Density ( pop. / km2 ) Madrid -- Majadahonda 996.1 3,580,828 3,595.0 Móstoles -- Alcorcón 315.1 430,349 1,365.6 Fuenlabrada -- Leganés -- Getafe -- Parla -- Pinto -- Valdemoro 931.7 822,806 883.1 Alcobendas 266.4 205,905 772.9 Arganda del Rey -- Rivas - Vaciamadrid 343.6 115,344 335.7 Alcalá de Henares -- Torrejón de Ardoz 514.6 360,380 700.3 Colmenar Viejo -- Tres Cantos 419.1 104,650 249.7 Collado Villalba 823.1 222,769 270.6 Madrid metropolitan area 4,609.7 5,843,031 1,267.6 Cityscape ( edit ) Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of Madrid This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Very little medieval architecture is preserved in Madrid , mostly in the Almendra central , including the San Nicolás and San Pedro el Viejo church towers , the church of St. Jerome , and the Bishop 's Chapel . Nor has Madrid retained much Renaissance architecture , other than the Bridge of Segovia and the Convent of Las Descalzas Reales . Canalejas Square Many of the historic buildings of Madrid date from the Spanish Golden Age , which coincided with the Habsburgs reign ( 1516 -- 1700 ) . Philip II moved his court to Madrid in 1561 and transformed the town into a capital city . These reforms were embodied in the Plaza Mayor , characterised by its symmetry and austerity , as well as the new Alcázar , which would become the second most impressive royal palace of the kingdom . The material used during the Habsburg era was mostly brick , and the humble façades contrast with the elaborate interiors . Notable buildings include the Prison of the Court , the Palace of the Councils , the Royal Convent of La Encarnación , and the Buen Retiro Palace . The Imperial College church model dome was imitated in all of Spain . Pedro de Ribera introduced Churrigueresque architecture to Madrid ; the Cuartel del Conde - Duque , the church of Montserrat , and the Bridge of Toledo are among the best examples . The reign of the Bourbons during the eighteenth century marked a new era in the city . Philip V tried to complete King Philip II 's vision of urbanisation of Madrid . Philip V built a palace in line with French taste , as well as other buildings such as St. Michael 's Basilica and the Church of Santa Bárbara . King Charles III beautified the city and endeavoured to convert Madrid into one of the great European capitals . He pushed forward the construction of the Prado Museum ( originally intended as a Natural Science Museum ) , the Puerta de Alcalá , the Royal Observatory , the Basilica of San Francisco el Grande , the Casa de Correos in Puerta del Sol , the Real Casa de la Aduana , and the General Hospital ( which now houses the Reina Sofia Museum and Royal Conservatory of Music ) . The Paseo del Prado , surrounded by gardens and decorated with neoclassical statues , is an example of urban planning . The Duke of Berwick ordered the construction of the Liria Palace . The Gran Vía has styles ranging from Vienna Secession , Plateresque , Neo-Mudéjar , and Art Deco . During the early 19th century , the Peninsular War , the loss of viceroyalties in the Americas , and continuing coups limited the city 's architectural development ( Royal Theatre , the National Library of Spain , the Palace of the Senate , and the Congress ) . The Segovia Viaduct linked the Royal Alcázar to the southern part of town . From the mid-19th century until the Civil War , Madrid modernised and built new neighbourhoods and monuments . The expansion of Madrid developed under the Plan Castro , resulting in the neighbourhoods of Salamanca , Argüelles , and Chamberí . Arturo Soria conceived the linear city and built the first few kilometres of the road that bears his name , which embodies the idea . The Gran Vía was built using different styles that evolved over time : French style , eclectic , art deco , and expressionist . Antonio Palacios built a series of buildings inspired by the Viennese Secession , such as the Palace of Communication , the Fine Arts Circle of Madrid ( Círculo de Bellas Artes ) , and the Río de La Plata Bank ( Instituto Cervantes ) . Other notable buildings include the Bank of Spain , the neo-Gothic Almudena Cathedral , Atocha Station , and the Catalan art - nouveau Palace of Longoria . Las Ventas Bullring was built , as the Market of San Miguel ( Cast - Iron style ) . Gate of Europe , built during the 1990s . The Civil War severely damaged the city . Subsequently , the old town and the Ensanche were destroyed , and numerous blocks of flats were built . Examples of post-war architecture include the Spanish Air Force headquarters and the skyscrapers of Plaza de España , at the time ( the 1950s ) the highest in Europe . With the advent of Spanish economic development , skyscrapers , such as Torre Picasso , Torres Blancas and Torre BBVA , and the Gate of Europe , appeared in the late 20th century in the city . During the decade of the 2000s , the four tallest skyscrapers in Spain were built and together form the Cuatro Torres Business Area . Madrid - Barajas Airport Terminal 4 was inaugurated in 2006 and won several architectural awards . Terminal 4 is one of the world 's largest terminal areas and features glass panes and domes in the roof , which allow natural light to pass through . Urban sculpture ( edit ) The streets of Madrid are a veritable museum of outdoor sculpture . The Museum of Outdoor Sculpture , located in the Paseo de la Castellana , is dedicated to abstract works , among which is the Sirena Varada ( Strander Mermaid ) by Eduardo Chillida . Since the 18th century , the Paseo del Prado has been decorated with an iconographic program with classical monumental fountains : the Fuente de la Alcachofa ( Fountain of the Artichoke ) , the Cuatro Fuentes ( Four Fountains ) , the Fuente de Neptuno ( Fountain of Neptune ) , the Fuente de Apolo ( Fountain of Apollo ) , and the Fuente de Cibeles ( Fountain of Cybele , also known as Fountain of Cibeles ) , all designed by Ventura Rodríguez . The equestrian sculptures are particularly important , starting chronologically with two designed in the 17th century : the statue of Philip III , in the Plaza Mayor by Giambologna , and the statue of Philip IV , in the Plaza de Oriente ( undoubtedly the most important statue of Madrid , projected by Velázquez and built by Pietro Tacca with scientific advice of Galileo Galilei ) . Many areas of the Buen Retiro Park ( Parque del Retiro ) are really sculptural scenography : among them are The Fallen Angel by Ricardo Bellver and the Monument to Alfonso XII , designed by José Grases Riera . In another vein are the neon advertising signs , some of which have acquired a historic range and are legally protected , such as Schweppes in Plaza de Callao or Tío Pepe in the Puerta del Sol , recently retired from its location for the restoration of the building . Fountain of Neptune ( Ventura Rodríguez ) Fountain of Cybele ( Ventura Rodríguez ) Monument to Alfonso XII ( José Grasés Riera ) Strander Mermaid ( Eduardo Chillida ) Bronze sculptures of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza at the Plaza de España ( Madrid ) Philip IV ( Pietro Tacca ) Fuente del Ángel Caído ( Ricardo Bellver ) Cervantes Monument at Plaza de España ( Madrid ) The Statue of the Bear and the Strawberry Tree Monument to Christopher Columbus ( Arturo Mélida , Jerónimo Suñol ) Environment ( edit ) Buen Retiro Park Madrid is the European city with the highest number of trees and green surface per inhabitant and it has the second highest number of aligned trees in the world , with 248,000 units , only exceeded by Tokyo . Madrid 's citizens have access to a green area within a 15 - minute walk . Since 1997 , green areas have increased by 16 % . At present , 8.2 % of Madrid 's grounds are green areas , meaning that there are 16 m ( 172 sq ft ) of green area per inhabitant , far exceeding the 10 m ( 108 sq ft ) per inhabitant recommended by the World Health Organization . Buen Retiro Park , gardens Buen Retiro Park ( Parque del Buen Retiro , or simply Parque del Retiro ) , formerly the grounds of the palace built for Philip IV of Spain , is Madrid 's most popular park and the largest park in central Madrid . Its area is more than 1.4 km ( 0.5 sq mi ) ( 350 acres ) and it is located very close to the Puerta de Alcalá and not far from the Prado Museum . The park is entirely surrounded by the present - day city . Its lake in the middle once staged mini naval sham battles to amuse royalty ; these days the more tranquil pastime of pleasure boating is popular . Inspired by London 's Crystal Palace , the Palacio de Cristal can be found at the south - eastern end of the park . In the Buen Retiro Park is also the Forest of the Departed ( Bosque de los Ausentes ) , a memorial monument to commemorate the 191 victims of the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks . Atocha Railway Station ( Estación de Atocha ) is the city 's first and most central station , and is also home to a 4,000 - square - metre ( 43,056 - square - foot ) indoor garden , with more than 500 species of plant life and ponds with turtles and goldfish in . Casa de Campo , lake Casa de Campo is an enormous urban parkland to the west of the city , the largest in Spain and Madrid 's main green lung . Its area is more than 1,700 hectares ( 6.6 sq mi ) . It is home to a fairground , the Madrid Zoo , an amusement park , the Parque de Atracciones de Madrid , and an outdoor municipal pool , to enjoy a bird 's eye view of the park and city take a cable car trip above the tree tops . Casa de Campo 's vegetation is one of its most important features . There are , in fact , three different ecosystems : oak , pine and river groves . The oak is the dominant tree species in the area and , although many of them are over 100 years old and reach a great height , they are also present in the form of chaparral and bushes . The pine - forest ecosystem boasts a large number of trees that have adapted perfectly to the light , dry conditions in the park . In addition , mushrooms often emerge after the first rains of autumn . Finally , the river groves , or riparian forests , are made up of various , mainly deciduous , species that grow in wetter areas . Examples include poplars , willows and alder trees . As regards fauna , this green space is home to approximately 133 vertebrate species . The Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid ( Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid ) is an 8 - hectare botanical garden located in the Plaza de Murillo , next to the Prado Museum . It was an 18th - century creation by Carlos III and it was used as a base for the plant species being collected across the globe . There is an important research facility that started life as a base to develop herbal remedies and to house the species collected from the new - world trips , today it is dedicated to maintaining Europe 's ecosystem . Campo del Moro Gardens The Royal Palace ( Palacio Real ) is surrounded by three green areas . In front of the palace , are the gardens of the Plaza de Oriente ; to the north , the gardens of Sabatini and to the west up to the Manzanares River , the famous Campo del Moro . Campo del Moro gardens has a surface area of 20 hectares and is a scenic garden with an unusual layout filled with foliage and an air of English romanticism . The Sabatini Gardens have a formal Neoclassic style , consisting of well - trimmed hedges , in symmetric geometrical patterns , adorned with a pool , statues and fountains , with trees also planted in a symmetrical geometric shape . Plaza de Oriente can distinguish three main plots : the Central Gardens , the Cabo Noval Gardens and the Lepanto Gardens . The Central Gardens are arranged around the central monument to Philip IV , in a grid , following the barroque model garden . They consist of seven flowerbeds , each packed with box hedges , forms of cypress , yew and magnolia of small size , and flower plantations , temporary . These are bounded on either side by rows of statues paths , popularly known as the Gothic kings , and mark the dividing line between the main body of the plaza and the Cabo Noval Gardens at north , and the Lepanto Gardens at south . Mount of El Pardo Mount of El Pardo ( Monte de El Pardo ) is a mediterranean forest inside the city of Madrid . It is one of the best preserved Mediterranean Forests in Europe . The European Union has designated the Monte de El Pardo as a Special Protection Area for bird - life . This meadow , which has been used as hunting grounds by the royalty given the variety of game animals that have inhabited it since the Middle Ages , is home to 120 flora species and 200 vertebrae species . Rabbits , red partridges , wild cats , stags , deer and wild boars live among ilexes , cork oaks , ash trees , black poplars , oaks , junipers and rockroses . Monte del Pardo is part of the Regional Park of the High Basin of the Manzanares , spreading out from the Guadarrama Mountains range to the centre of Madrid , and protected by strong legal regulations . Just before crossing the city , the River Manzanares forms a valley composed by sandy elements and detritus from the mountain range . Mount of El Pardo and Soto de Viñuelas inside the city of Madrid Soto de Viñuelas , also known as Mount Viñuelas , is a meadow - oak forest north of the city of Madrid and east of the Monte de El Pardo . It is a fenced property of about 3,000 hectares , which includes important ecological values , landscape and art . Soto de Viñuelas is part of the Regional Park of the High Basin of the Manzanares , a nature reserve which is recognised as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO , where it has been classified as Area B , the legal instrument that allows agricultural land use . Soto de Viñuelas has also received the statement of Special Protection Area for Birds . Manzanares River El Capricho is a 14 - hectare garden located in the area of Barajas district . It dates back to 1784 . The art of landscaping in El Capricho is displayed in three different styles of classical gardenscapes : the `` parterre '' or French garden , English landscaping and the Italian giardino . Madrid Río ( Madrid River ) is a linear park that runs along the bank of the Manzanares River , in the middle of Madrid . It is an area of parkland 10 kilometres ( 6 miles ) long and covers 649 hectares in six districts : Moncloa - Aravaca , Centro , Arganzuela , Latina , Carabanchel and Usera . It is a large area of environmental , sporting , leisure and cultural interest . Madrid Río provides a link with other green spaces in the city such as Casa de Campo and the Linear Park of the Manzanares River . The main landscaped area in Madrid Río is the Arganzuela Park , covering 23 hectares where pedestrian and cycling routes cover the whole park . The Madrid Río cycling network covers some 30 km ( 19 mi ) and is linked to other bike routes . To the north , Madrid Rio connects to the Senda Real , the Green Ring for Cyclists and the E 7 ( GR 10 ) trail , which goes as far as the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range . To the south , Madrid Río provides access to the Enrique Tierno Galván Park and the Linear Park of the Manzanares River , an extensive green zone running parallel to the river as far as Getafe . As well as the cycle routes there are 42 km ( 26 mi ) of paths for walkers and runners . In the Salón de Pinos , a 6 - kilometre long tree - lined promenade , there are circuits for aerobic and anaerobic exercise , while near the Puente de Praga bridge there is a tennis court and seven tennis courts . The theme park Faunia is a natural history museum and zoo combined , aimed at being fun and educational for children . It comprises eight eco-systems from tropical rain forests to polar regions , and contains over 1,500 animals , some of which roam freely within . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Madrid Plaza Mayor ( 17th & 18th centuries ) , original main marketplace of Madrid Headquarters of the Banco de España , Madrid After it became the capital of Spain in the 16th century , Madrid was more a centre of consumption than of production or trade . Economic activity was largely devoted to supplying the city 's own rapidly growing population , including the royal household and national government , and to such trades as banking and publishing . A large industrial sector did not develop until the 20th century , but thereafter industry greatly expanded and diversified , making Madrid the second industrial city in Spain . However , the economy of the city is now becoming more and more dominated by the service sector . Madrid is the 5th most important leading Center of Commerce in Europe ( after London , Paris , Frankfurt and Amsterdam ) and ranks 11th in the world . Economic history ( edit ) As the capital city of the Spanish Empire from 1561 , Madrid 's population grew rapidly . Administration , banking , and small - scale manufacturing centred on the royal court were among the main activities , but the city was more a locus of consumption than production or trade , geographically isolated as it was before the coming of the railways . Industry started to develop on a large scale only in the 20th century , but then grew rapidly , especially during the `` Spanish miracle '' period around the 1960s . The economy of the city was then centred on diverse manufacturing industries such as those related to motor vehicles , aircraft , chemicals , electronic devices , pharmaceuticals , processed food , printed materials , and leather goods . Since the restoration of democracy in the late 1970s , the city has continued to expand . Its economy is now among the most dynamic and diverse in the European Union . Present - day economy ( edit ) As the national capital , Madrid concentrates activities directly connected with power ( central and regional government , headquarters of Spanish companies , regional HQ of multinationals , financial institutions ) and with knowledge and technological innovation ( research centres and universities ) . It is one of Europe 's largest financial centres and the largest in Spain . The city has 17 universities and over 30 research centres . It is the third metropolis in the EU by population , and the fourth by gross internal product . Leading employers include Telefónica , Iberia , Prosegur , BBVA , Urbaser , Dragados , and FCC . The comunidad de Madrid , containing the city and surrounding areas , had a GDP of € 203,626 M in 2015 , equating to a GDP per capita of € 31,812 . In 2011 the city itself had a GDP per capita 74 % above the national average and 70 % above that of the 27 European Union member states , although 11 % behind the average of the top 10 cities of the EU . Although housing just over 50 % of the region 's 's population , the city generates 65.9 % of its GDP . Following the recession commencing 2007 / 8 , recovery was under way by 2014 , with forecast growth rates for the city of 1.4 % in 2014 , 2.7 % in 2015 and 2.8 % in 2016 . The economy of Madrid has become based increasingly on the service sector . In 2011 services accounted for 85.9 % of value added , while industry contributed 7.9 % and construction 6.1 % . Nevertheless , Madrid continues to hold the position of Spain 's second industrial centre after Barcelona , specialising particularly in high - technology production . Following the recession , services and industry were forecast to return to growth in 2014 , and construction in 2015 . Standard of living ( edit ) Mean household income and spending are 12 % above the Spanish average . The proportion classified as `` at risk of poverty '' in 2010 was 15.6 % , up from 13.0 % in 2006 but less than the average for Spain of 21.8 % . The proportion classified as affluent was 43.3 % , much higher than Spain overall ( 28.6 % ) . Consumption by Madrid residents has been affected by job losses and by austerity measures , including a rise in sales tax from 8 % to 21 % in 2012 . Although residential property prices have fallen by 39 % since 2007 , the average price of dwelling space was € 2,375.6 per sq. m. in early 2014 , and is shown as second only to London in a list of 22 European cities . Employment ( edit ) AZCA Business park in northern Madrid Telefónica district in Madrid Participation in the labour force was 1,638,200 in 2011 , or 79.0 % . The employed workforce comprised 49 % women in 2011 ( Spain , 45 % ) . 41 % of economically active people are university graduates , against 24 % for Spain as a whole . Cristal Tower & Espacio Tower ( CTBA ) In 2011 , the unemployment rate was 15.8 % , remaining lower than in Spain as a whole . Among those aged 16 -- 24 , the unemployment rate was 39.6 % . Unemployment reached a peak of 19.1 % in 2013 , but with the start of an economic recovery in 2014 , employment started to increase . Employment continues to shift further towards the service sector , with 86 % of all jobs in this sector by 2011 , against 74 % in all of Spain . Services ( edit ) The share of services in the city 's economy is 86 % . Services to business , transport & communications , property & financial together account for 52 % of total value added . The types of services that are now expanding are mainly those that facilitate movement of capital , information , goods and persons , and `` advanced business services '' such as research and development ( R&D ) , information technology , and technical accountancy . Banks based in Madrid carry out 72 % of the banking activity in Spain . The Spanish central bank , Bank of Spain , has existed in Madrid since 1782 . Stocks & shares , bond markets , insurance , and pension funds are other important forms of financial institution in the city . Madrid is an important centre for trade fairs , many of them coordinated by IFEMA , the Trade Fair Institution of Madrid . The public sector employs 18.1 % of all employees . Madrid attracts about 8M tourists annually from other parts of Spain and from all over the world , exceeding even Barcelona . Spending by tourists in Madrid was estimated ( 2011 ) at € 9,546.5 M , or 7.7 % of the city 's GDP . The construction of transport infrastructure has been vital to maintain the economic position of Madrid . Travel to work and other local journeys use a high - capacity metropolitan road network and a well - used public transport system . In terms of longer - distance transport , Madrid is the central node of the system of autovías and of the high - speed rail network ( AVE ) , which has brought major cities such as Seville and Barcelona within 2.5 hours travel time . Also important to the city 's economy is Madrid - Barajas Airport , the fourth largest airport in Europe . Madrid 's central location makes it a major logistical base . Industry ( edit ) As an industrial centre Madrid retains its advantages in infrastructure , as a transport hub , and as the location of headquarters of many companies . Industries based on advanced technology are acquiring much more importance here than in the rest of Spain . Industry contributed 7.5 % to Madrid 's value - added in 2010 . However , industry has slowly declined within the city boundaries as more industry has moved outward to the periphery . Industrial Gross Value Added grew by 4.3 % in the period 2003 -- 2005 , but decreased by 10 % during 2008 -- 2010 . The leading industries were : paper , printing & publishing , 28.8 % ; energy & mining , 19.7 % ; vehicles & transport equipment , 12.9 % ; electrical and electronic , 10.3 % ; foodstuffs , 9.6 % ; clothing , footwear & textiles , 8.3 % ; chemical , 7.9 % ; industrial machinery , 7.3 % . Construction ( edit ) The construction sector , contributing 6.5 % to the city 's economy in 2010 , was a growing sector before the recession , aided by a large transport and infrastructure program . More recently the construction sector has fallen away and earned 8 % less in 2009 than it had been in 2000 . The decrease was particularly marked in the residential sector , where prices dropped by 25 % -- 27 % from 2007 to 2012 / 13 and the number of sales fell by 57 % . International rankings ( edit ) A recent study placed Madrid 7th among 36 cities as an attractive base for business . It was placed third in terms of availability of office space , and fifth for easy of access to markets , availability of qualified staff , mobility within the city , and quality of life . Its less favourable characteristics were seen as pollution , languages spoken , and political environment . Another ranking of European cities placed Madrid 5th among 25 cities ( behind Berlin , London , Paris and Frankfurt ) , being rated favourably on economic factors and the labour market , and on transport and communication . Art and culture ( edit ) Museums and art centres ( edit ) Prado Museum See also : List of museums in Madrid Madrid is considered one of the top European destinations concerning art museums . Best known is the Golden Triangle of Art , located along the Paseo del Prado and comprising three museums . The most famous one is the Prado Museum , known for such highlights as Diego Velázquez 's Las Meninas and Francisco de Goya 's La maja vestida and La maja desnuda . The other two museums are the Thyssen Bornemisza Museum , established from a mixed private collection , and the Reina Sofía Museum , where Pablo Picasso 's Guernica is exhibited , returned to Spain from New York after more than two decades . The Prado Museum ( Museo del Prado ) is a museum and art gallery that features one of the world 's finest collections of European art , from the 12th century to the early 19th century , based on the former Spanish Royal Collection . The collection currently comprises around 7,600 paintings , 1,000 sculptures , 4,800 prints and 8,200 drawings , in addition to a large number of works of art and historic documents . El Prado is one of the most visited museums in the world , and it is considered to be among the greatest museums of art . It has the best collection of artworks by Goya , Velázquez , El Greco , Rubens , Titian , Hieronymus Bosch , José de Ribera , and Patinir as well as works by Rogier van der Weyden , Raphael Sanzio , Tintoretto , Veronese , Caravaggio , Van Dyck , Albrecht Dürer , Claude Lorrain , Murillo , and Zurbarán , among others . Among the most famous paintings in this museum are Las Meninas , The Immaculate Conception , and The Judgement of Paris . Reina Sofía Museum The Reina Sofía National Art Museum ( Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía , abbreviated as MNCARS ) is Spain 's national museum of 20th - century art . The museum is mainly dedicated to Spanish art . Highlights of the museum include excellent collections of Spain 's greatest 20th - century masters , Pablo Picasso , Salvador Dalí , Joan Miró , Juan Gris , and Julio González . Certainly the most famous masterpiece in the museum is Picasso 's painting Guernica . The Reina Sofía also hosts a free - access library specialising in art , with a collection of over 100,000 books , over 3,500 sound recordings , and almost 1,000 videos . Thyssen - Bornemisza Museum The Thyssen - Bornemisza Museum ( Museo Thyssen - Bornemisza ) is an art museum that fills the historical gaps in its counterparts ' collections : in the Prado 's case , this includes Italian primitives and works from the English , Dutch , and German schools , while in the case of the Reina Sofía , the Thyssen - Bornemisza collection , once the second largest private collection in the world after the British Royal Collection , includes Impressionists , Expressionists , and European and American paintings from the second half of the 20th century , with over 1,600 paintings . The Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando ( Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando ) currently functions as a museum and gallery that houses a fine art collection of paintings from the 15th to 20th centuries , including works by Giovanni Bellini , Correggio , Rubens , Zurbarán , Murillo , Goya , Juan Gris , and Pablo Serrano . The academy is also the headquarters of the Madrid Academy of Art . Francisco Goya was once one of the academy 's directors , and its alumni include Pablo Picasso , Salvador Dalí , Antonio López García , Juan Luna , and Fernando Botero . Royal Armoury of Madrid , located in the Royal Palace of Madrid The Royal Palace of Madrid ( Palacio Real de Madrid ) is the official residence of Felipe VI of Spain , but he uses it only for official acts . It is a baroque palace full of artworks and is one of the largest European royal palaces , characterised by its luxurious rooms and its rich collections of armours and weapons , pharmaceuticals , silverware , watches , paintings , tapestries , and the most comprehensive collection of Stradivarius in the world The National Archaeological Museum ( Museo Arqueológico Nacional ) collection includes , among others , Pre-historic , Celtic , Iberian , Greek and Roman antiquities , and medieval ( Visigothic , Muslim and Christian ) objects . Highlights include a replica of the Altamira cave ( the first cave in which prehistoric cave paintings were discovered ) , Lady of Elx ( an enigmatic polychrome stone bust ) , Lady of Baza ( a famous example of Iberian sculpture ) , Biche of Balazote ( an Iberian sculpture ) , and Treasure of Guarrazar ( a treasure that represents the best surviving group of early medieval Christian votive offerings and the high point of Visigothic goldsmith 's work ) . The Museum of the Americas ( Museo de América ) is a national museum that holds artistic , archaeological , and ethnographic collections from the American continent , ranging from the Paleolithic period to the present day . The permanent exhibit is divided into five major themed areas : an awareness of America , the reality of America , society , religion , and communication . National Museum of Natural Sciences The National Museum of Natural Sciences ( Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales ) is Spain 's national museum of natural history . The research departments of the museum are biodiversity and evolutionary biology , evolutionary ecology , paleobiology , vulcanology , and geology . The Naval Museum ( Museo Naval ) is managed by the Ministry of Defense . The museum 's mission is to acquire , preserve , investigate , report , and display for study , education , and contemplation parts , sets , and collections of historical , artistic , scientific , and technical works related to naval activity in order to disseminate Spanish maritime history ; to help illustrate , highlight , and preserve their traditions ; and promote national maritime awareness . El Aquelarre , Francisco de Goya . Lázaro Galdiano Museum The Convent of Las Descalzas Reales ( Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales ) resides in the former palace of King Charles I of Spain and Isabella of Portugal . Their daughter , Joan of Austria , founded this convent of nuns of the Poor Clare order in 1559 . Throughout the remainder of the 16th century and into the 17th century , the convent attracted young widowed or spinster noblewomen . Each woman brought with her a dowry . The riches quickly piled up , and the convent became one of the richest convents in all of Europe . It has many works of Renaissance and Baroque art , including a recumbent Christ by Gaspar Becerra , a staircase whose paintings were painted by an unknown artist ( perhaps Velázquez ) and that are considered masterpieces of Spanish Illusionistic painting , and Brussels tapestries inspired by paintings of Rubens . The Museum of Lázaro Galdiano ( Museo de Lázaro Galdiano ) houses an encyclopaedic collection specialising in decorative arts . Apart from paintings and sculptures , it displays 10th - century Byzantine enamel ; Arab and Byzantine ivory chests ; Hellenistic , Roman , medieval , renaissance , baroque , and romantic jewellery ; Pisanello and Pompeo Leoni medals ; Spanish and Italian ceramics ; Italian and Arab clothes ; and a collection of weapons ; including the sword of Pope Innocent VIII . The National Museum of Decorative Arts ( Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas ) is one of the oldest museums in the city and illustrates the evolution of the so - called `` minor arts '' ( furniture , ceramics and glass , textile , etc . ) . Its 60 rooms display 15,000 of the institute 's approximately 40,000 total . The National Museum of Romanticism ( Museo Nacional de Romanticismo ) contains a large collection of artefacts and art , focusing on daily life and customs of the 19th century , with special attention to the aesthetics of Romanticism . The Museum Cerralbo ( Museo Cerralbo ) houses a private collection of ancient works of art , artefact , s and other antiquities collected by Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa , 17th Marquis of Cerralbo . The National Museum of Anthropology ( Museo Nacional de Antropología ) provides an overview of different cultures , with objects and human remains from around the world , highlighting a Guanche mummy from Tenerife . The Sorolla Museum ( Museo Sorolla ) is located in the building in which the Valencian Impressionist painter had his home and workshop . The collection includes , in addition to numerous works by Joaquín Sorolla , a large number of objects that the artist possessed , including sculptures by Auguste Rodin . CaixaForum Madrid CaixaForum Madrid is a post-modern art gallery in the centre of Madrid . It is sponsored by the Catalan - Balearic bank La Caixa and located next to the Salón del Prado . Although the CaixaForum is a modern building , it also exhibits retrospectives of artists from earlier time periods and has evolved into one of the most - visited museums in Madrid . It was constructed by the Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron from 2001 to 2007 , who took an unused industrial building and hollowed it out at the base and inside and then added additional floors encased with rusted steel . Next to the gallery is an art installation by French botanist Patrick Blanc of green plants growing on the wall of the neighbouring house . The red of the top floors with the green of the wall next to it form a contrast . The green is in reflection of the neighbouring Royal Botanical Garden . Major cultural centres organise parallel cultural events housed in unique buildings : Fine arts circle Centrocentro is an exhibition space in Cibeles Palace , formerly the Palace of Communications and now the City Hall . Two social areas have been set up and offer catalogues and publications about current exhibitions and cultural events along the Art Walk . Near these social areas are two large street maps showing the 59 institutions , monuments and buildings of special interest that make the Art Walk such a diverse experience . The Fine Arts Circle ( Círculo de Bellas Artes ) , built by Antonio Palacios , is one of Madrid 's oldest arts centres and one of the most important private cultural centres in Europe . It is a multidisciplinary centre with activities ranging from visual art to literature , science to philosophy , film and to the performing arts . Nowadays it hosts exhibitions , shows , film screenings , conferences and workshops ; its radio programming and magazine Minerva play an important part in the country 's cultural life . Matadero Madrid , literally `` Madrid Abattoir '' , is a complex situated by the river Manzanares whose buildings are an architectural ensemble devoted to performance arts , managed and programmed by the Teatro Español ( Madrid ) . Matadero is a flexible area that allows the autonomous operation of three interconnected spaces : a theatre café , which accommodates small - scale shows ; a large stage , for all sorts of genres and more experimental options ; and a third building for dressing rooms and areas for training , debate , analysis and rehearsing new productions . Conde Duque cultural centre has expanded the amount of space dedicated to culture and art . The new installations now accommodate a theatre , an exhibition hall and an auditorium with a year - round program . Other art galleries and museums in Madrid include : Liria Palace Spanish Air Force Museum Royal Palace of El Pardo Railway Museum Royal Palace of Madrid Lady of Elche ( National Archaeological Museum ) Museum of the Americas National Museum of Natural Sciences Royal Palace of El Pardo Museum of Madrid History National Archaeological Museum of Spain Landmarks ( edit ) Alcalá Street and the Metropolis Building In the year 2006 , Madrid was the fourth most - visited city in Europe and the first in Spain , with almost seven million tourists . It is also the seat of the World Tourism Organization and the International Tourism Fair -- FITUR . Most of the tourist attractions of Madrid are in the old town and the Ensanche , corresponding with the districts of Centro , Salamanca , Chamberí , Retiro , and Arganzuela . The nerve centre of the city is the Puerta del Sol , the starting point for the numbering of all city streets and all the country 's highways . The Calle de Alcalá or Alcalá Street leads from the Puerta del Sol from the NE of the city . From the street you get from Plaza de Cibeles . Subsequently , the street reaches the `` Plaza de la Independencia '' , which includes the Puerta de Alcalá and an entrance to the Buen Retiro Park . The Calle Mayor leads to Plaza Mayor continuing for the so - called Madrid de los Austrias , in reference to the Dynasty of Habsburg -- finally reaching Calle de Bailén , near the Cathedral of the Almudena and the church of San Francisco el Grande . The Calle del Arenal comes to Royal Theatre in Plaza de la Ópera , continuing through Plaza de Oriente , where the Royal Palace is . From there , the Calle Bailen leads to the Plaza de España and the Temple of Debod , an Egyptian temple moved stone by stone to Spain in gratitude for their help in the construction of the Aswan Dam . Also in this square is the start of the Gran Vía street . Churches ( edit ) Almudena Cathedral Royal Convent of La Encarnación ( façade ) San Francisco el Grande Madrid has a considerable number of Catholic churches , some of which are among the most important Spanish religious artworks . The oldest church that survives today is San Nicolás de los Servitas , whose oldest item is the bell tower ( 12th century ) , in Mudéjar style . The next oldest temple is San Pedro el Real , with its high brick tower . St. Jerome Church is a gothic church next to El Prado Museum . The Catholic Monarchs ordered its construction in the 15th century , as part of a vanished monastery . The monastery 's cloister is preserved . It has recently been renovated by Rafael Moneo , with the goal to house the neoclassical collection of El Prado Museum , and also sculptures by Leone Leoni and Pompeo Leoni . The Bishop Chapel is a gothic chapel built in the 16th century by order of the Bishop of Plasencia , Gutierre de Vargas . It was originally built to house the remains of Saint Isidore Laborer ( Madrid 's patron saint ) , but it was used as the Vargas family mausoleum . Inside are the altarpiece and the tombs of the Vargas family , which were the work of Francisco Giralte , a disciple of Alonso Berruguete . They are considered masterpieces of Spanish Renaissance sculpture . St. Isidore Church from the Plaza Mayor St. Isidore Church was built between 1620 and 1664 by order of Empress Maria of Austria , daughter of Charles V of Germany and I of Spain , to become part of a school run by the Jesuits , which still exists today . Its dome is the first example of a dome drawing on a wooden frame covered with plaster , which , given its lightness , makes it easy to support the walls . It was the cathedral of Madrid between 1885 and 1993 , which is the time it took to build the Almudena . The artworks inside were mostly burned during the Spanish Civil War , but it retained the tomb that holds the incorrupt body of Saint Isidore Laborer and the urn containing the ashes of his wife , Maria Torribia . The Royal Convent of La Encarnación is an Augustinian Recollect convent . The institution , which belonged to ladies of the nobility , was founded by Queen Margaret of Austria , wife of Philip III of Spain , in the early 17th century . Due to the frescoes and sculptures it houses , it is one of the most prominent temples in the city . The building 's architect was Fray Alberto de la Madre de Dios , who built it between 1611 and 1616 . The façade responds to an inspiring Herrerian style , with great austerity , and it was imitated by other Spanish churches . The church 's interior is a sumptuous work by the great Baroque architect Ventura Rodriguez . In the church are preserved shrines containing the blood of St. Januarius and St. Pantaleon , the second ( according to tradition ) liquefies every year on the saint 's day on 27 July . San Antonio de los Alemanes ( St. Anthony Church ) is a pretty 17th - century church that was originally part of a Portuguese hospital . Subsequently , it was donated to the Germans living in the city . The interior of the church has been recently restored . It has some beautiful frescoes painted by Luca Giordano , Francisco Carreño , and Francisco Rizi . The frescoes represent some kings of Spain , Hungary , France , Germany , and Bohemia . They all sit looking at the paintings in the vault , which represent the life of Saint Anthony of Padua . The Royal Chapel of St. Anthony of La Florida is sometimes named the `` Goya 's Sistine Chapel '' . The chapel was built on orders of King Charles IV of Spain , who also commissioned the frescoes by Goya . These were completed over a six - month period in 1798 . The frescoes portray miracles by Saint Anthony of Padua , including one that occurred in Lisbon but that the painter has relocated to Madrid . Every year on 13 June , the chapel becomes the site of a lively pilgrimage in which young unwed women come to pray to St. Anthony and ask for a partner . San Francisco el Grande Basilica was built in neoclassical style in the second half of the 18th century by Francesco Sabatini . It has the fifth largest diameter dome to Christianity. ( 33 metres ( 108 feet ) in diameter : it 's smaller than the dome of Rome 's Pantheon ( 43.4 metres or 142.4 feet ) , St. Peter 's Basilica ( 42.4 metres or 139.1 feet ) , the Florence Cathedral ( 42 metres or 138 feet ) , and the Rotunda of Mosta ( 37.2 metres or 122.0 feet ) in Malta , but it 's larger than St. Paul 's Cathedral ( 30.8 metres or 101 feet ) in London and Hagia Sophia ( 31.8 metres or 104 feet ) in Istanbul ) . The church is dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi , who according to legend was established in Madrid during his pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela . Its sumptuous interior features many artworks , including paintings by Goya and Zurbarán . The Cathedral of Santa María la Real de la Almudena is the episcopal seat of the Archdiocese of Madrid . It is a temple 102 metres ( 335 feet ) long and 73 metres ( 240 feet ) high , built during the 19th and 20th centuries in a mixture of different styles : neoclassical exterior , neo-Gothic interior , neo-Romanesque crypt , and neo-Byzantine apse 's paints . The cathedral was built in the same place as the Moorish citadel ( Al - Mudayna ) . It was consecrated by Pope John Paul II on his fourth trip to Spain on 15 June 1993 , thus becoming the only Spanish cathedral dedicated by a pope . The Church of La Concepción is a neogothic catholic church , opened in 1914 . Literature ( edit ) Cervantes Institute headquarters Madrid has been one of the great centres of Spanish literature . Some of the best writers of the Spanish Golden Century were born in Madrid , including : Lope de Vega ( Fuenteovejuna , The Dog in the Manger , The Knight of Olmedo ) , who reformed the Spanish theatre , a work continued by Calderon de la Barca ( Life is a Dream ) , Francisco de Quevedo , Spanish nobleman and writer famous for his satires , which criticised the Spanish society of his time , and author of El Buscón . And finally , Tirso de Molina , who created the famous character Don Juan . Cervantes and Góngora also lived in the city , although they were not born there . The homes of Lope de Vega , Quevedo , Gongora and Cervantes are still preserved , and they are all in the Barrio de las Letras ( District of Letters ) . Other writers born in Madrid in later centuries have been Leandro Fernandez de Moratín , Mariano José de Larra , Jose de Echegaray ( Nobel Prize in Literature ) , Ramón Gómez de la Serna , Dámaso Alonso , Enrique Jardiel Poncela and Pedro Salinas . The `` Barrio de las Letras '' ( District of Letters ) owes its name to the intense literary activity developed over the 16th and 17th centuries . Some of the most prominent writers of the Spanish Golden Age settled here , as Lope de Vega , Quevedo or Góngora , and the theatres of Cruz and Príncipe , two of the major comedy theatres of that time . At 87 Calle de Atocha , one of the roads that limit the neighbourhood , was the printing house of Juan Cuesta , where the first edition of the first part of Don Quixote ( 1604 ) was published , one of the greatest works of Spanish literature . Most of the literary routes are articulated along the Barrio de las Letras , where you can find scenes from novels of the Siglo de Oro and more recent works like `` Bohemian Lights '' . Madrid is home to the Royal Academy of Spanish Language , an internationally important cultural institution dedicated to language planning by enacting legislation aimed at promoting linguistic unity within the Hispanic states ; this ensures a common linguistic standard , in accordance with its founding statutes `` to ensure that the changes undergone ( by the language ) ( ... ) not break the essential unity that keeps all the Hispanic '' . Madrid is also home to another international cultural institution , the Instituto Cervantes , whose task is the promotion and teaching of the Spanish language as well as the dissemination of the culture of Spain and Hispanic America . The National Library of Spain is the largest major public library in Spain . The library 's collection consists of more than 26,000,000 items , including 15,000,000 books and other printed materials , 30,000 manuscripts , 143,000 newspapers and serials , 4,500,000 graphic materials , 510,000 music scores , 500,000 maps , 600,000 sound recording , 90,000 audiovisuals , 90,000 electronic documents , more than 500,000 microforms , etc . Commemorative plaque of the 1st edition of Don Quixote Plaza de Santa Ana , Barrio de las Letras National Library of Spain Nightlife ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nightlife in Centro District The nightlife in Madrid is one of the city 's main attractions . Tapas bars , cocktail bars , clubs , jazz lounges , live music venues , flamenco theatres , and establishments of all kinds cater to all . Every night , venues pertaining to the Live Music Venues Association La Noche en Vivo host a wide range of live music shows . Everything from acclaimed to up - and - coming artists , singer - songwriters to rock bands , jazz concerts or electronic music sessions to showcase music at its best . Nightlife and young cultural awakening flourished in the 1980s while Madrid 's mayor Enrique Tierno Galván ( PSOE ) was in office . At this time , the cultural movement called La Movida flourished , and it initially gathered around Plaza del Dos de Mayo . Nowadays , the Malasaña area is known for its alternative scene . Callao Square at night Some of the most popular night destinations include the neighbourhoods of Bilbao , Tribunal , Atocha , Alonso Martínez or Moncloa , together with the Puerta del Sol area ( including Ópera and Gran Vía , both adjacent to the popular square ) and Huertas ( Barrio de las Letras ) , destinations which are also filled with tourists day and night . The district of Chueca has also become a hot spot in the Madrilenian nightlife , especially for the gay population . Chueca is popularly known as the gay quarter , comparable to The Castro district in San Francisco . What is also popular is the practice of meeting in parks or streets with friends and drinking alcohol together ( this is called botellón , from botella , ' bottle ' ) , but in recent years , drinking in the street is punished with a fine of € 600 . Usually in Madrid people do not go out until later in the evening and do not return home until early in the morning . A typical evening out could start after 12 : 00 AM and end at 6 : 30 AM . Bohemian culture ( edit ) The city has venues for performing alternative art and expressive art . They are mostly located in the centre of the city , including in Ópera , Antón Martín , Chueca and Malasaña . There are also several festivals in Madrid , including the Festival of Alternative Art , the Festival of the Alternative Scene . The neighbourhood of Malasaña , as well as Antón Martín and Lavapiés , hosts several bohemian cafés / galleries . These cafés are typified with period or retro furniture or furniture found on the street , a colourful , nontraditional atmosphere inside , and usually art displayed each month by a new artist , often for sale . Cafés include the retro café Lolina and bohemian cafés La Ida , La Paca and Café de la Luz in Malasaña , La Piola in Huertas and Café Olmo and Aguardiente in Lavapiés . In the neighbourhood of Lavapiés , there are also `` hidden houses '' , which are illegal bars or abandoned spaces where concerts , poetry readings and the famous Spanish botellón ( a street party or gathering that is now illegal but rarely stopped ) . Classical music and Ópera ( edit ) National Auditorium of Music The Auditorio Nacional de Música is the main venue for classical music concerts in Madrid . It is home to the Spanish National Orchestra , the Chamartín Symphony Orchestra and the venue for the symphonic concerts of the Community of Madrid Orchestra and the Madrid Symphony Orchestra . It is also the principal venue for orchestras on tour playing in Madrid . The Teatro Real is the main opera house in Madrid , located just in front of the Royal Palace , and its resident orchestra is the Madrid Symphony Orchestra . The theatre stages around seventeen opera titles ( both own productions and co-productions with other major European opera houses ) per year , as well as two or three major ballets and several recitals . The Teatro de la Zarzuela is mainly devoted to Zarzuela ( the Spanish traditional musical theatre genre ) , as well as operetta and recitals . The resident orchestra of the theatre is the Community of Madrid Orchestra . The Teatro Monumental is the concert venue of the RTVE Symphony Orchestra . Other concert venues for classical music are the Fundación Joan March and the Auditorio 400 , devoted to contemporary music . Local festivities ( edit ) 2 May , Fiesta de la Communidad ( Madrid 's Community Day ) . 15 May , San Isidro Labrador ( Madrid 's patron saint ) . 13 June , San Antonio de la Florida ( Moncloa neighbourhood 's patron saint ) . 16 -- 25 July , Virgen del Carmen festivities ( Vallecas neighbourhood 's patron saint ) . 6 -- 14 August , Virgen de la Paloma festivities ( Madrid 's popular patron saint ) . 7 August , San Cayetano ( Cascorro neighbourhood 's patron saint ) . 10 August , San Lorenzo ( Lavapiés neighbourhood 's patron saint ) . 9 November , Feast of the Virgin of Almudena ( Madrid 's patron saint ) . Bullfighting ( edit ) Las Ventas bullring Madrid hosts the largest plaza de toros ( bullring ) in Spain , Las Ventas , established in 1929 . Las Ventas is considered by many to be the world centre of bullfighting and has a seating capacity of almost 25,000 . Madrid 's bullfighting season begins in March and ends in October . Bullfights are held every day during the festivities of San Isidro ( Madrid 's patron saint ) from mid May to early June , and every Sunday , and public holiday , the rest of the season . The style of the plaza is Neo-Mudéjar . Las Ventas also hosts music concerts and other events outside of the bullfighting season . Lgbtq culture ( edit ) Since Spain legalised same - sex marriage in July 2005 , Madrid has become one of the largest hot spots for LGBT culture . With about 500 businesses aimed toward the LGBT community , Madrid has become a `` Gateway of Diversity '' . Madrid 's Pride Parade began in 1977 , in the Chueca neighbourhood , which also marked the beginning of the gay , lesbian , transgender , and bisexual rights movement after being repressed for forty years in a dictatorship . This claiming of LGBT rights has allowed the Pride Parade in Madrid to grow year after year , becoming one of the best in the world . In 2007 , this was recognised by the European Pride Owners Association ( EPOA ) when Madrid hosted Europride , the Official European Pride Parade . It was hailed by the President of the EPOA as `` the best Europride in history '' . In 2017 , Madrid plans on celebrating the 40th anniversary of their first Pride Parade with WorldPride Madrid 2017 . This festival will be the host of many conferences , seminars , workshops , cultural and sports activities , and a `` kids and family pride '' that will be a source of education . The hope for this event is that its legacy will show the world a multicultural , diverse , and tolerant society . Sport ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Madrid Sports clubs ( edit ) Club Established Sport League Venue Capacity Real Madrid C.F. 1902 Football La Liga Santiago Bernabéu 85,254 Atlético Madrid 1903 Football La Liga Wanda Metropolitano 67,829 Real Madrid Baloncesto 1932 Basketball ACB Palacio de Deportes 17,453 CB Estudiantes 1948 Basketball ACB Palacio de Deportes 17,453 Football ( edit ) Main article : Football in Madrid Santiago Bernabéu Palacio de Deportes Madrid is home to La Liga football club giant Real Madrid , who play their home games at the Santiago Bernabéu . Their supporters are referred to as Madridistas or Merengues ( Meringues ) . Real Madrid was selected as the best club of the 20th century ( FIFA Club of the Century ) , being the current leader of the European teams ranking and the most valuable sports team in the world . Real are the current holders of the European Cup having won the competition a record 12 times . They are also the current holders of La Liga with their 2017 title being their 33rd . Their successful hometown rivals , Atlético Madrid , are also well - supported in the city and play their home games at the Wanda Metropolitano . Their supporters are referred to as Atléticos or Colchoneros ( The Mattressers ) , in reference to the team 's red and white jersey colours . Atlético is considered a European elite team , having reached in the last five seasons , two UEFA Champions League finals . Historically , Atletico has won 10 national league titles and 10 national cup titles . The final matches for the UEFA Euro 1964 and the 1982 FIFA World Cup , were held at Bernabéu , thus making Madrid the first city in Europe to host both a UEFA European Championship and a FIFA World Cup final . Some of Spain 's top footballers are Madrilenians ( born in Madrid ) , including Real Madrid former captains Emilio Butragueño ( and co-teammate of La Quinta del Buitre , `` The Vulture 's Cohort '' ) , Raúl or Iker Casillas and Atlético Madrid player Fernando Torres . Basketball ( edit ) Madrid boasts a prominent place in Spanish basketball , with two clubs in the country 's top - level Liga ACB. Real Madrid 's basketball section has won a record 9 Euroleague Championships , 33 Spanish Leagues and 27 Spanish Cups , having achieved 3 Triple Crowns . Madrid 's other professional basketball club is Estudiantes that have won 3 Spanish Cup championships . Both teams play their home games at the Palacio de Deportes . Annual international events ( edit ) Cycling : The city serves as the final stage of the Vuelta a España , one of the prestigious three - week - long Grand Tours . Tennis : Madrid Open , a male and female professional tennis tournament , held during the first week of May . The event is classified as an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event on the ATP Tour and a WTA Premier Mandatory event on the WTA Tour . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Spain State Education in Spain is free , and compulsory from 6 to 16 years . The current education system is called LOE ( Ley Orgánica de Educación ) . Universities ( edit ) Madrid is home to a large number of public and private universities . Some of them are among the oldest in the world , and many of them are the most prestigious universities in Spain . The `` National Distance Education University '' , in Spanish Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia ( UNED ) has as its mission the public service of higher education through the modality of distance education . Facts and data about UNED : At more than 205,000 students ( 2015 ) , UNED has the largest student population in Spain and is one of the largest universities in Europe . Since 1972 , UNED has sought to translate into action the principle of equal opportunity in access to higher education through a methodology based on the principles of distance learning and focused on the needs of the student . UNED is the leader in the implementation of cutting edge technologies applied to learning , with the largest offer of virtual courses in Spain . Complutense University of Madrid , founded 1293 The Complutense University of Madrid ( Universidad Complutense de Madrid ) is the second largest university in Spain after UNED Spanish open University and one of the oldest universities in the world . It has 10,000 staff members and a student population of 117,000 . Nearly all academic staff are Spanish . It is located on two campuses , in the university quarter Ciudad Universitaria at Moncloa in Madrid , and in Somosaguas . The Complutense University of Madrid was founded in Alcalá de Henares , old Complutum , by Cardinal Cisneros in 1499 . Nevertherless , its real origin dates back to 1293 , when King Sancho IV of Castile built the General Schools of Alcalá , which would give rise to Cisnero 's Complutense University . During the course of 1509 -- 1510 five schools were already operative : Artes y Filosofía ( Arts and Philosophy ) , Teología ( Theology ) , Derecho Canónico ( Canonical Laws ) , Letras ( Liberal Arts ) and Medicina ( Medicine ) . In 1836 , during the reign of Isabel II , the University was moved to Madrid , where it took the name of Central University and was located at San Bernardo Street . Subsequently , in 1927 , a new University City ( Ciudad Universitaria ) was planned to be built in the district of Moncloa - Aravaca , in lands handed over by the King Alfonso XIII to this purpose . The Spanish Civil War turned the University City into a war zone , causing the destruction of several schools in the area , as well as the loss of part of its rich scientific , artistic and bibliographic heritage . In 1970 the Government reformed the High Education , and the Central University became the Complutense University of Madrid . It was then when the new campus at Somosaguas was created to house the new School of Social Sciences . The old Alcalá campus was reopened as the independent UAH , University of Alcalá , in 1977 . Complutense also serves to the population of students who select Madrid as their residency during their study abroad period . Students from the United States for example , might go to Madrid on a program like API ( Academic Programs International ) and study at Complutense for an intense immersion into the Spanish Language . The beautiful setting of the campus allows students living temporarily in Madrid to have access to all of the city 's public features including Retiro Park , El Prado Museum , and much more . After studying at the University , students return home with a fluent sense of Spanish as well as culture and diversity . School of Mines , Technical University of Madrid The Technical University of Madrid ( Universidad Politécnica de Madrid ) , is the top technical university in Spain . It is the result of the merge of different Technical Schools of Engineering . The Autonomous University of Madrid ( Universidad Autónoma de Madrid ) was instituted under the leadership of the famous physicist , Nicolás Cabrera . The Autonomous University is widely recognised for its research strengths in theoretical physics . Known simply as La Autónoma in Madrid , its main site is the Cantoblanco Campus , situated 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the northeast of the capital ( M - 607 ) and close to the municipal areas of Madrid , namely Alcobendas , San Sebastián de los Reyes , Tres Cantos and Colmenar Viejo . Located on the main site are the Rectorate building and the Faculties of Science , Philosophy and Fine Arts , Law , Economic Science and Business Studies , Psychology , Higher School of Computing Science and Engineering , and the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education . La Autónoma is considered the institution to study Law in Spain , even is ranked in first place over private and public universities such as Comillas Pontifical University or Charles III University . The Medical School is sited outside the main site and beside the Hospital Universitario La Paz . The Charles III University of Madrid ( Universidad Carlos III de Madrid ) , whose philosophy is to create responsible free - thinking people with a sensitivity to social problems and an involvement in the concept of progress based on freedom , justice and tolerance . The undergraduate degrees in Business Administration , Economics is ranked first among those offered by public and private universities in Spain , and its Master and PhD programs also rank top in the country . The Department of Economics is among the 50 best worldwide , and in the top 10 in Econometrics . Some other prestigious universities include University of Alcalá ( Universidad de Alcalá ) ( public ) , rebuilt at Alcalá de Henares in 1975 ; King Juan Carlos University ( Universidad Rey Juan Carlos ) ( public ) , which is the second largest university in Madrid ( by enrolment ) ; and the Comillas Pontifical University ( Universidad Pontificia Comillas ) ( private ) , involved in a number of academic exchange programmes , work practice schemes and international projects with over 200 Higher Education Institutions in Europe , Latin America , North America and Asia . Other universities in Madrid are : Alfonso X University , Antonio de Nebrija University , Camilo José Cela University , Francisco de Vitoria University , European University of Madrid , Pontifical University of Salamanca -- Madrid Campus , Saint Louis University Madrid Campus and San Pablo CEU University ( all of them private ) . Madrid is also home to the Queen Sofía College of Music ( Escuela Superior de Música Reina Sofía ) , the Madrid Royal Conservatory ( Real Conservatorio Superior de Música de Madrid ) Business schools ( edit ) IE Business School ( formerly Instituto de Empresa ) has its main campus on the border of the Chamartín and Salamanca districts of Madrid . IE Business School recently ranked # 1 in WSJ 's 2009 rankings for Best MBA Programs under 2 years . It scored ahead of usual stalwarts , INSEAD and IMD , giving it top billing among International MBA programs . Although based in Barcelona , both IESE Business School and ESADE Business School also have Madrid campuses . These three schools are the top - ranked business schools in Spain , consistently rank among the top 20 business schools globally , and offer MBA programs ( in English or Spanish ) as well as other business degrees . Other Madrid business schools and universities that have MBA programs include : EAE Business School ( in English and Spanish ) . Charles III University of Madrid through the Centro de Ampliación de Estudios ( in English or Spanish ) . Comillas Pontifical University ( in Spanish only ) . Technical University of Madrid ( in Spanish only ) . Transport ( edit ) Autovía A4 , Spain A type 2000 Metro train AVE S - 112 at Madrid Atocha Station Main article : Transport in Madrid Madrid is served by several roads and three modes of public surface transport , and two airports , one of them being almost two different airports . A great many important road , rail and air links converge on the capital , providing effective connections with other parts of the metropolitan region and with the rest of Spain and other parts of Europe . Roads ( edit ) Commuters and other local travellers have available a high - capacity metropolitan road network , Madrid is the centre of the most important roads of Spain . The road network within the Madrid region includes nine radial autovías ( fast dualled highways ) . In 2016 it was announced that Madrid will stop the use of all diesel powered cars and trucks within the next decade . ID Itinerary Autovía A-1 Madrid -- Aranda de Duero -- Burgos -- Miranda de Ebro -- Vitoria -- San Sebastián -- Irún -- French border Autovía A-2 Madrid -- Zaragoza -- Lleida -- Barcelona -- Girona -- French border Autovía A-3 Madrid -- Valencia Autovía A-4 Madrid -- Córdoba -- Sevilla -- Cádiz Autovía A-5 Madrid -- Talavera de la Reina -- Trujillo -- Mérida -- Badajoz -- Portuguese border Autovía A-6 Madrid -- Medina del Campo -- Benavente -- Ponferrada -- Lugo -- A Coruña Autovía A-31 Madrid -- Albacete -- Alicante Autovía A-42 Madrid -- Illescas -- Toledo Autovía M - 607 Madrid -- Tres Cantos -- Colmenar Viejo A bypass in the north of Madrid Also Madrid road network includes four orbital ones at different distances from the centre . Autopista de Circunvalación M - 30 , Ring road around Madrid City Center . It is the busiest Spanish road , famous for its traffic jams . A significant portion of the southern part runs underground , with tunnel sections of more than 6 kilometres ( 3.7 miles ) in length and 3 to 6 lanes in each direction . Autopista de Circunvalación M - 40 , Ring road around the outer city districts and closest metropolitan municipalities . Autopista de Circunvalación M - 45 , road built between the M - 40 and M - 50 , passes by neighbourhoods like Villaverde and Vallecas Autopista de Circunvalación M - 50 , Madrid 's outer ring road , connecting municipalities and cities in the metropolitan area , like the ones in the south industrial belt ( Fuenlabrada , Móstoles , Getafe , Leganés ) and the more residential suburbs to the West , like Boadilla del Monte and Las Rozas . Madrid M - 30 bypass Due to the large amount of traffic , new toll highways were built parallel to the main national freeways ( A1 ... A6 ) . Their names are R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 and R5 and provide a paid alternative to the often overcrowded free radials . Madrid public transport system map ( Metro , cercanias and light metro ) Local transport ( edit ) There are four major components of public transport , with many intermodal interchanges . Madrid Metro Train Madrid Metro Map The first is the Metro , the second longest metro system in Europe ( after London 's ) at 294 kilometres ( 183 miles ) . Only the Métro of Paris has more stations . Logo Metro Line Route Length Stations Pinar de Chamartín -- Valdecarros 23.873 km 31 Las Rosas -- Cuatro Caminos 14 km 20 Villaverde Alto -- Moncloa 16.4 km 18 Argüelles -- Pinar de Chamartín 16 km 23 Alameda de Osuna -- Casa de Campo 23.2 km 32 Circular 23.5 km 28 Hospital de Henares -- Pitis 31.2 km 29 Nuevos Ministerios -- Aeropuerto T4 16.5 km 8 Paco de Lucía -- Arganda del Rey 39.5 km 27 Hospital Infanta Sofía -- Puerta del Sur 39.9 km 31 Plaza Elíptica -- La Fortuna 5.3 km 7 MetroSur 40.7 km 28 Ópera -- Príncipe Pío 1.1 km 294 kilometres ( 183 miles ) Chueca neighbourhood station Another is the Cercanías . Those are local railways , used for longer distances from the suburbs into Madrid , consisting of nine lines totalling 382 kilometres ( 237 miles ) and 98 stations . With fewer stops inside the centre of the city they are faster than the Metro , but run less frequently . This system is connected with Metro ( presently 22 stations ) and Light Metro . Cercanias Train Madrid Cercanías Map Line Route Km Stations Príncipe Pío -- Atocha -- Recoletos -- Chamartín -- Fuente de la Mora -- Aeropuerto T4 24 10 Guadalajara -- Alcalá de Henares -- Atocha -- Recoletos -- Chamartín 65 18 Aranjuez -- Villaverde Bajo -- Atocha -- Sol -- Chamartín -- Pinar -- Villalba -- El Escorial 106 23 Alcobendas - S.S. de los Reyes -- Cantoblanco Universidad -- Chamartín -- Sol -- Atocha -- Villaverde Bajo -- Getafe Centro -- Parla 48 15 Colmenar Viejo -- Cantoblanco Universidad -- Chamartín -- Sol -- Atocha -- Villaverde Bajo -- Getafe Centro -- Parla 59 15 Móstoles -- El Soto -- Atocha -- Fuenlabrada -- Humanes 45 23 Alcalá de Henares -- Atocha -- Recoletos -- Chamartín -- Las Rozas -- Príncipe Pío -- Atocha -- Recoletos -- Chamartín -- Fuente de la Mora 98 30 Vicálvaro -- Atocha -- Recoletos -- Chamartín -- Villalba -- Cercedilla 78 16 El Escorial -- Santa María de la Alameda -- Ávila 71 9 Cercedilla -- Cotos 18 Villalba -- Príncipe Pío -- Atocha -- Recoletos -- Chamartín -- Fuente de la Mora - Aeropuerto T4 55 21 Madrid has four lines of Light Metro with several connection with Metro and also with Cercanias . Light Metro Line Route Length Stations Pinar de Chamartín - Las Tablas 5.395 km 9 Colonia Jardín - Estación de Aravaca 8.680 km 13 Colonia Jardín - Puerta de Boadilla 13.699 km 16 Parla Circular Line 8.3 km 15 36 km 53 Finally there is a dense network of bus routes , run by the municipal body Empresa Municipal de Transportes , or EMT , which operate 24 hours a day , in the night are special lines called `` N lines '' . There are two types , the red and blue buses inside the city ( with more than 200 bus lines ) , the green buses which has route with the neighbourhoods outside the centre of the city ( with 459 suburban bus lines ) , and the ( yellow ) Airport Express bus . Also several neighbourhoods has its own bus lines for the mobility inside them Blue Urban Bus Suburban bus Express Airport Bus Almost half of all journeys in the metropolitan area are made on public transport , a very high proportion compared with most European cities . Taxis of Madrid Madrid has 15723 taxis around all the city . Long - distance transport ( edit ) In terms of longer - distance transport , Madrid is the central node of the system of autovías , giving the city direct fast road links with most parts of Spain and with France and Portugal . It is also the focal point of one of the world 's three largest high - speed rail systems , Alta Velocidad Española ( AVE ) , which has brought major cities such as Seville and Barcelona within 2.5 hours travel time . There are now 2,900 kilometres ( 1,800 miles ) of AVE track , connecting Madrid with 17 provincial capitals , and further lines are under construction . Also Spain business are designing new high speed trains which will be the new generation AVE 104 like Talgo AVRIL . Madrid is also home to Madrid - Barajas Airport , the sixth - largest airport in Europe , handling over 40M passengers annually , of whom 70 % are international travellers , in addition to the majority of Spain 's air freight movements . Madrid 's location at the centre of the Iberian Peninsula makes it a major logistical base . Madrid - Barajas Airport has 4 Terminals and also the terminal 4S , called Satellite terminal , this terminal is 2 kilometres ( 1.2 miles ) from the terminal 4 and connected by an Automated People Mover System ( AMP ) train . A second commercial airport for Madrid , the Ciudad Real Central Airport is under the process of reopening after years of closure due to financial difficulties of the airport 's former parent company . Spain High Speed Services map APM Madrid airport ( Train Terminal 4 - > 4S ) European high speed railways map Adolfo Suárez Madrid -- Barajas Airport , Terminal 4 AVE 103 in Atocha International relations ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain Twin towns and sister cities ( edit ) List of Madrid 's twin towns , sister cities : Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Berlin , Germany Bordeaux , France Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Melbourne , Australia Miami , United States New York City , United States Nouakchott , Mauritania Rabat , Morocco Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina Tripoli , Libya Warsaw , Poland Union of Ibero - American capital cities ( edit ) Madrid is part of the Union of Ibero - American Capital Cities from 12 October 1982 establishing brotherly relations with the following cities : Andorra la Vella , Andorra Asunción , Paraguay Bogotá , Colombia Buenos Aires , Argentina Caracas , Venezuela Guatemala City , Guatemala Havana , Cuba Quito , Ecuador La Paz , Bolivia Lima , Peru Lisbon , Portugal Managua , Nicaragua Manila , Philippines Mexico City , Mexico Montevideo , Uruguay Panama City , Panama Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil San Jose , Costa Rica San Juan , Puerto Rico San Salvador , El Salvador Santiago , Chile Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Tegucigalpa , Honduras Other partnerships ( edit ) Athens , Greece Beijing , China Brussels , Belgium Cebu City , Philippines Davao City , Philippines Manila , Philippines Moscow , Russia Paris , France Prague , Czech Republic Rome , Italy Zamboanga City , Philippines Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Madrid Andrés Manuel del Río Federico Chueca Félix Lope de Vega Fernando Trueba Fernando Verdasco Francisco de Quevedo Francisco J. Ayala Gregorio Marañón José Ortega y Gasset Juan Caramuel Juan Gris Julio Iglesias María Guerrero Penélope Cruz Plácido Domingo Raúl Tirso de Molina Historic buildings ( edit ) Royal Palace of Madrid Plaza de la Villa Bridge of Toledo St. Michael 's Basilica St. Barbara 's Church . Royal Observatory Gate of Toledo Congress of Deputies Spanish Ministry of Agriculture Bank of Spain Delicias Train Station Hospital of Maudes San Manuel & San Benito church SGAE Seat Telefónica Building Palacio de la Prensa Carrión Building Spanish Air Force Headquarters Edificio Girasol Torres Blancas Caja Mágica Honours ( edit ) Madrid Dome in Aristotle Mountains , Graham Land in Antarctica is named after the city . See also ( edit ) C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Madrid Conference of 1991 Mayor of Madrid List of tallest buildings in Madrid OPENCities List of films set in Madrid References ( edit ) ^ `` History of Madrid '' . Madrid Traveller . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Population on 1 January by age groups and sex -- functional urban areas -- Eurostat , 2014 ^ Demographia World Urban Areas , 12th Annual Edition : 2016 : 04 . ^ Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero , Instituto Nacional de Estadística , 2015 . ^ `` World Urban Areas : Population & Density '' ( PDF ) . Demographia . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . ^ Eurostat , UrbanAudit.org Archived 6 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Data for 2004 . ^ Brinkoff , Thomas `` Principal Agglomerations of the World '' . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Data for 1 January 2009 . ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs World Urbanization Prospects ( 2007 revision ) , ( United Nations , 2008 ) , Table A. 12 . Data for 2007 . ^ `` Member of the Governing Council . Delegate for Economy , Employment and Citizen Involvement '' ( PDF ) . p. 6 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . ^ `` Madrid '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ `` Global city GDP rankings 2008 -- 2025 '' . Pricewaterhouse Coopers . Archived from the original on 4 May 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . ^ Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) Study Group and Network , Loughborough University . `` The World According to GaWC 2010 '' . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . ^ `` Global Power City Index 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ `` Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . ^ `` Global Power City Index '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . ^ `` Monocle 's World 's Most Liveable Cities Index 2009 '' . Monocle.com. 10 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . ^ `` Top 20 liveable cities -- 10 Madrid '' . Monocle.com . Archived from the original on 15 July 2007 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . ^ `` FITUR '' . Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . ^ `` Arte Contemporaneo en España -- ARCOmadrid '' . Ifema.es . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ ( 1 ) SIMO TCI ^ `` Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week '' . Archived from the original on 11 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . ^ `` Arquitectura . Edificios de los Museos Estatales '' . Mcu.es. 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . ^ `` Geography of Madrid '' . Easy expat. 11 August 2006 . ^ `` Plaza de Cibeles Spain.info in english '' . Spain.info . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . ^ `` Madrid 's Palacio de Cibeles Renovated Into Jaw - Dropping CentroCentro Cultural Center Inhabitat -- Sustainable Design Innovation , Eco Architecture , Green Building '' . Inhabitat . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . ^ `` Las 15 ciudades más turísticas de España '' . Libre Mercado ( in Spanish ) . 2017 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . ^ `` Madrid History -- Museums -- Suggested Itineraries Madrid '' . Indigoguide.com . Archived from the original on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . ^ `` El Madrid Medieval ( Medieval Madrid ) . Includes Pre-historic , Roman and medieval up to the Catholic Monarchs '' . History of Madrid . ( in Spanish ) . José Manuel Castellanos . Retrieved 28 October 2007 . ^ `` El origen del nombre '' . JLL & JRP. 16 August 2006 . ^ `` Los primeros madrileños llegaron hace 500.000 años . Los descubrimientos de la M - 30 '' . ^ `` La prehistoria de Madrid '' . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . ^ Ocupaciones achelenses en el valle del Jarama ( Arganda , Madrid ) ; Santonja , Manuel ; López Martínez , Nieves y Pérez - González , Alfredo ; 1980 ; Diputación provincial de Madrid ; ISBN 84 - 500 - 3554 - 6 ^ `` Las villas romanas de Madrid . Madrid en época romana '' ( PDF ) . ^ El Madrid antiguo en época romana ; Fernández Palacios , Fernando ; Estudios de Prehistoria y Arqueología Madrileñas ; Number 13 ; year 2004 ^ `` 824 tumbas visigodas en Vicalvaro '' . ^ `` Madrid Islámico '' . Nova.es . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . ^ It was recorded in the 15th century by the Arab geographer al - Himyari , who his book `` The Perfurmed Garden book about the news of the countrie '' s ( Kitab al Rawd to mi'tar ) describes : `` Madrid , remarkable city of Al - Andalus , which was built by Amir Muhammad ibn Abd ar - Rahman ... '' ^ `` Ayuntamiento de Madrid -- Alfonso VI en Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . Madrid.es . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . ^ `` ELMADRIDMEDIEVAL = José Manuel Castellanos Oñate '' . Elmadridmedieval.jmcastellanos.com . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . ^ `` Ayuntamiento de Madrid -- El Siglo XIII '' ( in Spanish ) . Madrid.es . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . ^ Esarte , Pedro ( 2001 ) . Navarra , 1512 -- 1530 . Pamplona : Pamiela . ISBN 84 - 7681 - 340 - 6 . ^ This and other 16th - and 17th - century views of Madrid ( from Frederic de Witt and Pedro Texeira ) can be seen at this website ^ `` Ayuntamiento de Madrid -- Madrid capital '' ( in Spanish ) . Madrid.es . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . ^ `` Ayuntamiento de Madrid -- El Madrid del Siglo de Oro '' ( in Spanish ) . Madrid.es . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Royal Academies ^ `` Ayuntamiento de Madrid -- Madrid bajo el signo del reformismo ilustrado '' ( in Spanish ) . Madrid.es . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . ^ `` Ayuntamiento de Madrid -- Madrid y la Guerra de la Independencia '' ( in Spanish ) . Madrid.es . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . ^ `` Ayuntamiento de Madrid -- El Madrid liberal '' ( in Spanish ) . Madrid.es . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ `` Madrid , de territorio fronterizo a región metropolitana . Madrid , from being the `` frontier '' to become a Metropole `` . History of Madrid . ( in Spanish ) . Luis Enrique Otero Carvajal ( Profesor Titular de Historia Contemporánea . Universidad Complutense . Madrid ) . Archived from the original on 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 October 2007 . ^ `` Climate : Madrid - Temperature , Climate graph , Climate table - Climate-Data.org '' . climate-data.org . ^ J. Klausen , MeteoSwiss , Switzerland . `` GAWSIS 2.2 '' . Gaw.empa.ch . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Extreme Values ( annual ) , Madrid . AEMet . ^ `` Guía resumida del clima en España ( 1981 -- 2010 ) '' . AEMet . November 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . ^ `` Extreme Values ( Jan -- Apr ) , Madrid '' . AEMet . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . ^ `` Extreme Values ( May -- Aug ) , Madrid '' . AEMet . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . ^ `` Extreme Values ( Sep -- Dec ) , Madrid '' . AEMet . ^ `` Guía resumida del clima en España ( 1981 -- 2010 ) '' . AEMet . Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . ^ `` HISTORIALIA -- Presa de El Atazar . Madrid '' . historialia.com . ^ `` Foreign Population in the city of madrid . A study by the Dirección General de Estadística of the municipality of Madrid '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Conte - Helm , Marie . The Japanese and Europe : Economic and Cultural Encounters ( Bloomsbury Academic Collections ) . A&C Black , 17 December 2013 . ISBN 1780939809 , 9781780939803 . p. 111 . ^ `` España experimenta retroceso en catolicismo - El Mundo - Mundo Cristiano - CBN.com '' . cbn.com . ^ `` Pleno de Madrid ( Spanish Only ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Munimadrid.es . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . ^ `` Local Government Organization ( Spanish Only ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Munimadrid.es . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . ^ `` Eurostat -- Tables , Graphs and Maps Interface ( TGM ) table '' . Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ Royal Palace of Madrid ^ Juliá , S. et al. ( 1995 ) , Madrid , Historia de una capital ^ `` Overview : Economy of Madrid '' . EasyExpat. 16 August 2006 . ^ Nota de coyuntura : economía de Madrid , Becker , Bellido y Fernández ( 2006 ) ^ Estructura Economica de le Ciudad de Madrid , Ayuntamiento de Madrid ( Madrid City Council ) , August 2013 ^ Madrid : El PIB ascendió un 3 , 4 % ( `` Madrid : GDP grew by 3.4 % '' ) , datosmacro.com , accessed 10 January 2017 ^ Barómetro de Economía de la Ciudad de Madrid , No. 41 , Ayuntamiento de Madrid ( Madrid City Council ) , October 2014 Archived 28 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` ' Madrid Nightlife Has Lost a Bit of Its Magic ' . '' UMCI News ( Potomac Falls , VA ) . Al Bawaba ( Middle East ) Ltd. 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 from HighBeam Research : http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-396395280.html ^ A comparison of UK and European cities `` , City Mayors , 21 February 2013 ^ `` Spanish Jobless Figure Drops as Economy Picks Up . '' The Gazette ( Colorado Springs , CO ) . The Gazette ( Colorado Springs , CO ) . 2014 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 from HighBeam Research : http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-37308642.html ^ Cushman & Wakefield , European Cities Monitor , 2011 ^ Ramos , A. ( 2013 ) : Ranking de ciudades europeas 2012 , Barómetro de Economía de la Ciudad de Madrid . No. 35 ^ `` Museo Reina Sofía ( MNCARS ) , official English webpage '' . Museoreinasofia.es . Archived from the original on 1 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ Kandell , Jonathan ( 28 April 2002 ) . `` Baron Thyssen - Bornemisza , Industrialist Who Built Fabled Art Collection , Dies at 81 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . ^ `` Thyssen - Bornemisza Museum , official english webpage '' . ^ `` The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando Museum , Madrid '' . Gomadrid.com . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ `` WICHITA STATE UNIVERSITY SCULPTURE TOUR -- Wichita State University '' . wichita.edu . ^ . http://www.patrimonionacional.es/Home/Palacios-Reales/Palacio-Real-de-Madrid.aspx ^ Ignacio Sánchez Ramírez -- info @ visionados . com . `` Museo Arqueológico Nacional Inicio '' . Man.mcu.es . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . ^ `` Museo de América '' . Museodeamerica.mcu.es . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . ^ `` Portada '' . MNCN. 27 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . ^ `` INICIO MUSEO NAVAL MADRID -- Museo Naval -- Armada Española -- Ministerio de Defensa -- Gobierno de España '' ( in Spanish ) . Armada.mde.es . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ `` Patrimonio Nacional -- Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales '' . Patrimonionacional.es . Archived from the original on 14 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ `` Fundación Lázaro Galdiano museum website '' . Flg.es . Archived from the original on 2 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ `` Museo de Artes Decorativas '' . Mnartesdecorativas.mcu.es . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . ^ `` Museo del Romanticismo '' . Museoromanticismo.mcu.es . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . ^ `` Museo Cerralbo '' . Museo Cerralbo . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . ^ `` Museo Nacional de Antropología '' . Mnantropologia.mcu.es . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . ^ `` Museo Sorolla '' . Museo Sorolla . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . ^ `` Caixaforum Madrid Nuestros centros Obra Social `` la Caixa '' `` . Obrasocial.lacaixa.es. 15 January 1974 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ `` de Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . Museo del Aire . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ `` Patrimonio Nacional -- Real Sitio de El Pardo '' . Patrimonionacional.es . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ `` Museo del Ferrocarril de Madrid Delicias -- Fundación de los Ferrrocarriles Españoles '' . Museodelferrocarril.org . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ `` Madrid es la cuarta ciudad europea más visitada . Datos del Consejero delegado de Economía y Participación Ciudadana , Miguel Ángel Villanueva '' . Madridiario.es. 30 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . ^ `` Real Decreto 1109 / 1993 , de 9 de julio , por el que se aprueba los Estatutos de la Real Academia Española '' . Noticias.juridicas.com. 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ España , Biblioteca Nacional de ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` Colecciones '' . bne.es . ^ MSO.net - http://www.mso.net . `` Things to do in Madrid -- Popular sightseeing activities & things to do in Madrid '' . Directline-citybreaks.co.uk . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . ^ `` 11 Festival Escena Contemporánea '' . Escenacontemporanea.com . Archived from the original on 19 December 2010 . 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Orquesta Sinfónica Chamartín. 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . ^ `` Teatro Real ( Timeout Madrid ) '' . Archived from the original on 5 September 2009 . Retrieved 31 January 2009 . ^ `` History '' . mcu.es . ^ `` Teatro de la Zarzuela -- Timeout Madrid '' . Timeout.com . Archived from the original on 8 September 2009 . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . ^ `` La Orquesta Sinfónica ( in Spanish ) '' . RTVE . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Mclean , Renwick ( 1 July 2005 ) . `` Spain gives approval to gay unions '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ `` About Madrid Pride -- Madrid Pride MADO'15 '' . www.madridorgullo.com . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ `` About WPM 2017 -- Madrid Pride MADO'15 '' . www.madridorgullo.com . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ `` Madridista or Colchonero ? '' . goal.com . ^ `` Sistema Educativo LOE by the Spanish Ministry of Education ( Spanish Only ) '' , Retrieved 8 March 2016 ^ `` Universidad Complutense '' . Missouri - St. Louis University . 10 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2006 . ^ `` Complutense University of Madrid '' . UCM . ^ `` '' El Mundo '' 50 Carreras 2008 `` . Elmundo.es . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ `` Universidad Autónoma '' . Universidad Autónoma de Madrid . 10 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2004 . ^ `` '' El Mundo '' 250 Masters 2007 `` . Aula2.elmundo.es . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ `` Department of Economics , U. Carlos III de Madrid '' . Eco.uc3m.es . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ http://www.econphd.net/rankings.htm ^ McGrath , Matt ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Four major cities move to ban diesel vehicles by 2025 '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . ^ `` Ghost airport selling for $14,000 '' . news.com.au . ^ http://www.telemadrid.es/noticias/sociedad/noticia/el-trafico-aereo-podria-volver-al-aeropuerto-de-ciudad-real-en-octubre ^ `` Hermanamientos y Acuerdos con ciudades '' . Ayuntamiento de Madrid . ^ `` Berlin -- City Partnerships '' . Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ `` Bordeaux -- Rayonnement européen et mondial '' . Mairie de Bordeaux ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . ^ `` Declaración de Hermanamiento múltiple y solidario de todas las Capitales de Iberoamérica ( 12 -- 10 -- 82 ) '' ( PDF ) . 12 October 1982 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . ^ Madrid Dome . SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer . 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A MAD Show Ireland The Late Late Show You 're a Star Israel Latvia Eirodziesma Dziesma Lithuania Macedonia Malta Montenegro Netherlands Serbia and Montenegro Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Yugoslavia Other awards Marcel Bezençon Awards OGAE OGAE Video Contest OGAE Second Chance Contest Television and concerts Eurovision Song Contest Previews Songs of Europe Kvalifikacija za Millstreet Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Best of Eurovision Eurovision Song Contest 's Greatest Hits Portal World Book Capitals 2001 : Madrid 2002 : Alexandria 2003 : New Delhi 2004 : Antwerp 2005 : Montreal 2006 : Turin 2007 : Bogotá 2008 : Amsterdam 2009 : Beirut 2010 : Ljubljana 2011 : Buenos Aires 2012 : Yerevan 2013 : Bangkok 2014 : Port Harcourt 2015 : Incheon 2016 : Wrocław 2017 : Conakry 2018 : Athens 2019 : Sharjah VIAF : 155864429 LCCN : n78089046 GND : 4036862 - 2 SELIBR : 153149 NDL : 00629281 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madrid&oldid=825626961 '' Categories : Capitals in Europe Madrid Municipalities in the Community of Madrid Populated places established in the 9th century Populated places in the Community of Madrid University towns in Spain Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - 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-2229680836025456804 | Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game) | Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( video game ) - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( video game ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( February 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire PAL region cover art Developer ( s ) EA UK Publisher ( s ) Electronic Arts Series Harry Potter ( game ) Engine RenderWare Platform ( s ) Game Boy Advance , GameCube , Microsoft Windows , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , PlayStation Portable Release Game Boy Advance , GameCube , Microsoft Windows , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 & Xbox NA : 8 November 2005 EU : 11 November 2005 PlayStation Portable NA : 15 November 2005 EU : 18 November 2005 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is an action - adventure video game based on the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , which in turn is based on J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , the fourth novel in the Harry Potter series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The game follows the three main characters of the film -- namely Harry Potter , Hermione Granger , and Ron Weasley -- and there is an entirely new spell - casting system that allows for collaborative spells . The characters themselves more closely resemble their film counterparts than in previous games . It also has higher - quality graphics than the previous Harry Potter video games . However , the gameplay in the fourth video game is much more action - oriented , which is a change from the previous games . In addition , players can play the game with friends , and can combine their magic and spells to make them more powerful . Players can also capture moving beans using Accio and increase their power with collectors , creature , and character , cards . The game is divided into several non-consecutive levels , some of which are locked at the beginning of the game until the player collects enough Triwizard Shields to unlock it . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2008 ) Reception Review scores Publication Score DS GBA GC PC PS2 PSP Xbox Eurogamer N / A N / A N / A 6 / 10 N / A N / A N / A Famitsu 28 / 40 ( C + A ) 27 / 40 N / A 27 / 40 N / A N / A N / A N / A Game Informer N / A N / A 6.5 / 10 N / A 6.5 / 10 N / A 6.5 / 10 GamePro N / A N / A N / A N / A GameSpot 6.5 / 10 6.6 / 10 7.3 / 10 7.3 / 10 7.3 / 10 7.3 / 10 7.3 / 10 GameSpy N / A GameTrailers N / A N / A 5.8 / 10 5.8 / 10 5.8 / 10 N / A 5.8 / 10 GameZone 8 / 10 7.7 / 10 7.5 / 10 8 / 10 7.1 / 10 7.8 / 10 7.5 / 10 IGN 7.8 / 10 7.4 / 10 7.2 / 10 7.2 / 10 7.2 / 10 7.5 / 10 7.2 / 10 Nintendo Power 8 / 10 8 / 10 8.5 / 10 N / A N / A N / A N / A OPM ( US ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A OXM ( US ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) N / A N / A N / A 35 % N / A N / A N / A X-Play N / A N / A N / A Detroit Free Press N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A The Sydney Morning Herald N / A N / A N / A Aggregate score Metacritic 68 / 100 71 / 100 69 / 100 66 / 100 68 / 100 70 / 100 68 / 100 Just like the previous Harry Potter game titles , Goblet of Fire has received `` mixed '' reviews , according to video game review aggregator Metacritic . In Japan , Famitsu gave it a score of all four sevens for the DS version ; and one eight , one seven , and two sixes for the GameCube version . Famitsu Cube + Advance gave both the DS and GameCube versions a score of three sevens and one six . Detroit Free Press gave the GameCube version all four stars and said , `` This is a masterful video game because it can be enjoyed on many levels . Younger players can simply explore this graphically rich Harry Potter world and succeed . Older players will enjoy manipulating the magic by choosing spells and skills and casting magic together with friends . '' However , The Sydney Morning Herald gave the game three stars out of five and stated that its highlight `` is a brief but thrilling broomstick chase against a fire - breathing dragon . An underwater interlude is less successful , although it provides variety . '' The PlayStation 2 version of The Goblet of Fire received a `` Platinum '' sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association ( ELSPA ) , indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clare , Oliver ( 2005 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Gantayat , Anoop ( 2005 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Now Playing in Japan ( Page 2 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Reiner , Andrew ( December 2005 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . Game Informer ( 152 ) : 161 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Ouroboros ( 2005 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Colayco , Bob ( 2005 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Review ( DS ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Colayco , Bob ( 2005 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Review ( GBA ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Colayco , Bob ( 2005 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Colayco , Bob ( 2005 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Review ( PSP ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick ( 2005 - 11 - 21 ) . `` GameSpy : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( NDS ) '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick ( 2005 - 11 - 21 ) . `` GameSpy : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( GBA ) '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Klepek , Patrick ( 2004 - 11 - 14 ) . `` GameSpy : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick ( 2005 - 11 - 16 ) . `` GameSpy : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( PSP ) '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Review ( GC , PC , PS2 , Xbox ) '' . GameTrailers . November 15 , 2005 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bedigian , Louis ( 2005 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - NDS - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bedigian , Louis ( 2005 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - GBA - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hollingshead , Anise ( 2005 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - GC - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Giacobbi , Kevin `` BIFF '' ( 2005 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - PC - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Eberle , Matt ( 2005 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - PS2 - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Zacarias , Eduardo ( 2005 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - PSP - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Code Cowboy ( 2005 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - XB - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bozon , Mark ( 2005 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( DS ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bozon , Mark ( 2005 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Review ( GBA ) '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Casamassina , Matt ( 2005 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Castro , Juan ( 2005 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( PSP ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . Nintendo Power . 199 : 107 . January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( PS2 ) '' . Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine : 100 . January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( PSP ) '' . Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine : 97 . March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . Official Xbox Magazine : 84 . December 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . PC Gamer : 102 . March 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Sewart , Greg ( 2006 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Review '' . X-Play . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ' ( GameCube ) '' . Detroit Free Press . 2005 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jason ( 2005 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Muggle trouble '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Critic Reviews for DS '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Critic Reviews for Game Boy Advance '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Critic Reviews for GameCube '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Critic Reviews for PC '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Critic Reviews for PlayStation 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Critic Reviews for PSP '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Critic Reviews for Xbox '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ELSPA Sales Awards : Platinum '' . Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caoili , Eric ( November 26 , 2008 ) . `` ELSPA : Wii Fit , Mario Kart Reach Diamond Status In UK '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire on IMDb Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire at MobyGames Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( Game Boy Advance and DS ) at MobyGames The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Category Portal J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games Lego Creator : Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(video_game)&oldid=812180478 '' Categories : 2005 video games Action - adventure games Cooperative video games Dragons in video games Electronic Arts games Harry Potter video games Game Boy Advance games GameCube games Nintendo DS games PlayStation 2 games PlayStation Portable games RenderWare games Video game sequels Video games developed in the United Kingdom Windows games Xbox games Video games set in the United Kingdom Video games set in England Video games set in Scotland Video games set in the 1990s Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment games Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from February 2016 Articles needing additional references from February 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles to be expanded from December 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles using Video game reviews template in multiple platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 12 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1335168050903324139 | Southern United States | Southern United states - Wikipedia Southern United states Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the cultural region . For the geographically southern part of the United States , see Sun Belt . Southern United States The Southern United States as defined by the United States Census Bureau . Subregion Southeastern United States , South Central United States , Deep South , Upland South , Dixie , South Atlantic , East South Central , West South Central Population ( 2010 US Census ) Total 114.6 million The Southern United States ( also the American South , Dixie , and the South ) , is a region of the United States of America . The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States , but is commonly defined as including the states that fought for the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War. . The Deep South is fully located in the southeastern corner . Arizona and New Mexico , which are geographically in the southern part of the country , are rarely considered part , while West Virginia , which separated from Virginia in 1863 , commonly is . Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries . While the states of Delaware and Maryland , as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War , they remained with the Union . Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s , they became more culturally , economically , and politically aligned with the industrial Northern states , and are often identified as part of the Mid-Atlantic or Northeast by many residents , businesses , public institutions , and private organizations . However , the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South . Historic Southern United States . The states in stripes were considered `` border states '' , and gave varying degrees of support to the Southern cause although they remained in the Union . ( This illustration depicts the original , trans - Allegheny borders of Virginia , thus does not show West Virginia separately . See the images above for post-1863 Virginia and West Virginia borders . ) Although members of the Five Tribes in Indian Territory ( today part of Oklahoma ) aligned themselves with the Confederacy , the region is not shaded because at the time it was a territory , not a state . The area roughly considered to constitute the Bible Belt Usually , the South is defined as including the southeastern and south - central United States . The region is known for its culture and history , having developed its own customs , musical styles , and cuisines , which have distinguished it in some ways from the rest of the United States . The Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European ( mostly English , Scottish , Scotch - Irish , Irish , German , French , and Spanish American ) , African , and some Native American components . Some other aspects of the historical and cultural development of the South have been influenced by the institution of slave labor on plantations in the Deep South to an extent seen nowhere else in the United States ; the presence of a large proportion of African Americans in the population ; support for the doctrine of states ' rights , and the legacy of racial tension magnified by the Civil War and Reconstruction Era , as seen in thousands of lynchings ( mostly from 1880 to 1930 ) , the segregated system of separate schools and public facilities known as `` Jim Crow laws '' , that lasted until the 1960s , and the widespread use of poll taxes and other methods to frequently deny black people of the right to vote or hold office until the 1960s . Since the late 1960s , black people have held many offices in Southern states , especially in the coastal states of Virginia and South Carolina . Many black people have also been elected or appointed as mayors and police chiefs in the metropolises of Memphis , Houston , Atlanta , and New Orleans , and serve in both the U.S. Congress and state legislatures . Historically , the South relied heavily on agriculture , and was highly rural until after 1945 . It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants . The American South is now among the fastest - growing areas in the United States . Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States . Sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political , demographic , and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States . The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt , an area of high Protestant church attendance ( especially evangelical churches such as the Southern Baptist Convention ) and predominantly conservative , religion - influenced politics . Indeed , studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas , including religion , morality , international relations and race relations . This is evident in both the region 's religious attendance figures and in the region 's usually strong support for the Republican Party in political elections since the 1960s , and especially since the 1990s . Apart from its climate , the living experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation . The arrival of millions of Northerners ( especially in major metropolitan areas and coastal areas ) and millions of Hispanics has meant the introduction of cultural values and social norms not rooted in Southern traditions . Observers conclude that collective identity and Southern distinctiveness are thus declining , particularly when defined against `` an earlier South that was somehow more authentic , real , more unified and distinct '' . The process has worked both ways , however , with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed `` Southernization '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 2.1 Native American culture 2.2 European colonization 2.3 American Revolution 2.4 Antebellum years 2.5 Civil War 2.6 Reconstruction and Jim Crow 2.7 Late 19th and 20th century -- industrialization and Great Migration 3 Modern economy 4 Education 5 Culture 5.1 Religion 6 Sports 6.1 American football 6.2 Baseball 6.3 Auto racing 6.4 Basketball 6.5 Golf 6.6 Soccer 7 Health 8 Politics 8.1 Presidents from the South 8.2 Other politicians and political movements 9 Race relations 9.1 Native Americans 9.2 Civil rights 10 Symbolism 11 Major cities 12 Major metropolitan areas 13 Major combined statistical areas 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Geography ( edit ) Texas Hill Country The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century . Bluegrass region in Kentucky Glass Mountains at Glass Mountains State Park , Oklahoma A field of yellow wildflowers in Saint Bernard Parish , Louisiana North Carolina 's Appalachian Mountains Pearl River backwater in Mississippi Misty Bluff along the Buffalo River , Ozark Mountains , Arkansas Tidal wetlands of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland Cherry River in West Virginia The highlands of Grayson County in Southwest Virginia As defined by the United States Census Bureau , the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states . As of 2010 , an estimated 114,555,744 people , or thirty - seven percent of all U.S. residents , lived in the South , the nation 's most populous region . The Census Bureau defined three smaller divisions : The South Atlantic States : Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia and West Virginia The East South Central States : Alabama , Kentucky , Mississippi and Tennessee The West South Central States : Arkansas , Louisiana , Oklahoma , and Texas . The Council of State Governments , an organization for communication and coordination between states , includes in its South regional office the states of Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , Missouri , North Carolina , Oklahoma , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , and West Virginia . Other terms related to the South include : The Old South : can mean either the slave states that existed in 1776 ( Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina ) or all the slave states before 1860 ( which included the newer states of Kentucky , Tennessee , Alabama , Florida , Mississippi , Missouri , Arkansas , Louisiana , and Texas ) . The New South : usually including the South Atlantic States . The Solid South : region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964 , especially after disfranchisement of most blacks at the turn of the 20th century . Before that , blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s ; Populist - Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s . Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States . Southern Appalachia : mainly refers to areas situated in the Southern Appalachian Mountains , namely Eastern Kentucky , East Tennessee , Western North Carolina , Western Maryland , West Virginia , Southwest Virginia , North Georgia , and Northwestern South Carolina . Southeastern United States : usually including the Carolinas , the Virginias , Tennessee , Kentucky , Georgia , Alabama , Mississippi , and Florida . The Deep South : various definitions , usually including Louisiana , Alabama , Mississippi , Georgia , and South Carolina . Occasionally , parts of adjoining states are included ( sections of East Texas , the Mississippi embayment areas of Arkansas and Tennessee , and northern and central Florida ) . The Gulf South : various definitions , usually including Gulf coasts of Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi , Texas and Alabama . The Upper South : Kentucky , Virginia , West Virginia , Tennessee , North Carolina , and occasionally Missouri , Maryland , and Delaware . Dixie : various definitions , but most commonly associated with the 11 states of the Old Confederacy . The Mid-South : Various definitions , including that of the Census Bureau of the East and West South Central United States ; in another informal definition , Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , and sometimes adjoining areas of other states . Border South : Missouri , Kentucky , Maryland , and Delaware were states on the outer rim of the Confederacy that did not secede from the United States in the 1860s , but did have significant numbers of residents who joined the Confederate armed forces . Kentucky and Missouri had Confederate governments - in - exile and were represented in the Confederate Congress and by stars on the Confederate battle flag . West Virginia formed in 1863 after the western region of Virginia broke away to protest the Old Dominion 's joining of the Confederacy , but residents of the new state were about evenly divided on supporting the Union or the Confederacy . The popular definition of the `` South '' is more informal and generally associated with the 11 states that seceded before or during the Civil War to form the Confederate States of America . In order of their secession , these were : South Carolina , Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , Texas , Virginia , Arkansas , Tennessee , and North Carolina . These states share commonalities of history and culture that carry on to the present day . Oklahoma was not a state during the Civil War , but all its major Native American tribes signed formal treaties of alliance with the Confederacy . The South is a diverse meteorological region with numerous climatic zones , including temperate , sub-tropical , tropical , and arid -- though the South generally has a reputation as hot and humid , with long summers and short , mild winters . Most of the south -- except for the higher elevations and areas near the western , southern and some northern fringes -- fall in the humid subtropical climate zone . Crops grow readily in the South ; its climate consistently provides growing seasons of at least six months before the first frost . Another common environment occurs in the bayous and swamplands of the Gulf Coast , especially in Louisiana and in Texas . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Southern United States Native American culture ( edit ) The first well - dated evidence of human occupation in the south United States occurs around 9500 BC with the appearance of the earliest documented Americans , who are now referred to as Paleo - Indians . Paleoindians were hunter - gathers that roamed in bands and frequently hunted megafauna . Several cultural stages , such as Archaic ( ca . 8000 -- 1000 BC ) and the Woodland ( ca . 1000 BC -- AD 1000 ) , preceded what the Europeans found at the end of the 15th century -- the Mississippian culture . The Mississippian culture was a complex , mound - building Native American culture that flourished in what is now the southeastern United States from approximately 800 AD to 1500 AD . Natives had elaborate and lengthy trading routes connecting their main residential and ceremonial centers extending through the river valleys and from the East Coast to the Great Lakes . Some noted explorers who encountered and described the Mississippian culture , by then in decline , included Pánfilo de Narváez ( 1528 ) , Hernando de Soto ( 1540 ) , and Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville ( 1699 ) . Native American descendants of the mound - builders include Alabama , Apalachee , Caddo , Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , Guale , Hitchiti , Houma , and Seminole peoples , all of whom still reside in the South . Other peoples whose ancestral links to the Mississippian culture are less clear but were clearly in the region before the European incursion include the Catawba and the Powhatan . European colonization ( edit ) Benjamin Hawkins , seen here on his plantation , teaches Creek Native Americans how to use European technology . Painted in 1805 . European immigration resulted in a corresponding die off of Native Americans who had not been exposed to various diseases . The predominant culture of the South was rooted in the settlement of the region by British colonists . In the 17th century , most voluntary immigrants were of English origins who settled chiefly along the coastal regions of the Eastern seaboard but had pushed as far inland as the Appalachian Mountains by the 18th century . The majority of early English settlers were indentured servants , who gained freedom after enough work to pay off their passage . The wealthier men who paid their way received land grants known as headrights , to encourage settlement . The Spanish and French established colonies in Florida , Texas and Louisiana . The Spanish colonized Florida in the 16th century , with their communities reaching a peak in the late 17th century . In the British colonies , immigration began in 1607 and continued until the outbreak of the Revolution in 1775 . Settlers cleared land , built houses and outbuildings , and on their own farms . The rich owned large plantations that dominated export agriculture and used slaves . Many were involved in the labor - intensive cultivation of tobacco , the first cash crop of Virginia . Tobacco exhausted the soil quickly , requiring that farmers regularly clear new fields . They used old fields as pasture , and for crops such as corn and wheat , or allowed them to grow into woodlots . In the mid-to - late - 18th century , large groups of Ulster Scots ( later called the Scotch - Irish ) and people from the Anglo - Scottish border region immigrated and settled in the back country of Appalachia and the Piedmont . They were the largest group of non-English immigrants from the British Isles before the American Revolution . In the 1980 Census , 34 % of Southerners reported that they were of English ancestry ; English was the largest reported European ancestry in every Southern state by a large margin . The early colonists engaged in warfare , trade , and cultural exchanges . Those living in the backcountry were more likely to encounter Creek Indians , Cherokee , and Choctaws and other regional native groups . The oldest university in the South , the College of William & Mary , was founded in 1693 in Virginia ; it pioneered in the teaching of political economy and educated future U.S. Presidents Jefferson , Monroe and Tyler , all from Virginia . Indeed , the entire region dominated politics in the First Party System era : for example , four of the first five presidents -- Washington , Jefferson , Madison , and Monroe -- were from Virginia . The two oldest public universities are also in the South : the University of North Carolina ( 1789 ) and the University of Georgia ( 1785 ) . American Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War 1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of Guilford in North Carolina . With Virginia in the lead , the Southern colonies embraced the American Revolution , providing such leaders as commander in chief George Washington , and the author of the Declaration of Independence , Thomas Jefferson . In 1780 -- 81 , the British largely halted reconquest of the northern states , and concentrated on the south , where they were told there was a large Loyalist population ready to leap to arms once the royal forces arrived . The British took control of Savannah and Charleston , capturing a large American army in the process , and set up a network of bases inland . There were many more Loyalists in the South than in the North , but they were concentrated in larger coastal cities and were not great enough in number to overcome the revolutionaries . Large numbers of loyalists from South Carolina fought for the British in the Battle of Camden . The British forces at the Battle of Monck 's Corner and the Battle of Lenud 's Ferry consisted entirely of Loyalists with the exception of the commanding officer ( Banastre Tarleton ) . Both white and black Loyalists fought for the British at the Battle of Kemp 's Landing in Virginia . Led by Nathanael Greene and other generals , the Americans engaged in Fabian tactics designed to wear down the British invasion force , and to neutralize its strong points one by one . There were numerous battles large and small , with each side claiming some victories . By 1781 , however , British General Cornwallis moved north to Virginia , where an approaching army forced him to fortify and await rescue by the British Navy . The British Navy did arrive , but so did a stronger French fleet , and Cornwallis was trapped . American and French armies , led by Washington , forced Cornwallis to surrender his entire army in Yorktown , Virginia in October 1781 , effectively winning the North American part of the war . The Revolution provided a shock to slavery in the South . Thousands of slaves took advantage of wartime disruption to find their own freedom , catalyzed by the British Governor Dunmore of Virginia 's promise of freedom for service . Many others were removed by Loyalist owners and became slaves elsewhere in the Empire . Between 1770 and 1790 , there was a sharp decline in the percentage of blacks -- from 61 % percent to 44 % in South Carolina and from 45 % to 36 % in Georgia . In addition , some slaveholders were inspired to free their slaves after the Revolution . They were moved by the principles of the Revolution , and Quaker and Methodist preachers worked to encourage slaveholders to free their slaves . Planters such as George Washington often freed slaves by their wills . In the upper South , more than 10 percent of all blacks were free by 1810 , a significant expansion from pre-war proportions of less than 1 percent free . Antebellum years ( edit ) Slaves on a South Carolina plantation ( The Old Plantation , c. 1790 ) Cotton became dominant in the lower South after 1800 . After the invention of the cotton gin , short staple cotton could be grown more widely . This led to an explosion of cotton cultivation , especially in the frontier uplands of Georgia , Alabama and other parts of the Deep South , as well as riverfront areas of the Mississippi Delta . Migrants poured into those areas in the early decades of the 19th century , when county population figures rose and fell as swells of people kept moving west . The expansion of cotton cultivation required more slave labor , and the institution became even more deeply an integral part of the South 's economy . With the opening up of frontier lands after the government forced most Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi , there was a major migration of both whites and blacks to those territories . From the 1820s through the 1850s , more than one million enslaved Africans were transported to the Deep South in forced migration , two - thirds of them by slave traders and the others by masters who moved there . Planters in the Upper South sold slaves excess to their needs as they shifted from tobacco to mixed agriculture . Many enslaved families were broken up , as planters preferred mostly strong males for field work . Two major political issues that festered in the first half of the 19th century caused political alignment along sectional lines , strengthened the identities of North and South as distinct regions with certain strongly opposed interests , and fed the arguments over states ' rights that culminated in secession and the Civil War . One of these issues concerned the protective tariffs enacted to assist the growth of the manufacturing sector , primarily in the North . In 1832 , in resistance to federal legislation increasing tariffs , South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification , a procedure in which a state would , in effect , repeal a Federal law . Soon a naval flotilla was sent to Charleston harbor , and the threat of landing ground troops was used to compel the collection of tariffs . A compromise was reached by which the tariffs would be gradually reduced , but the underlying argument over states ' rights continued to escalate in the following decades . Horse racing at Jacksonville , Alabama , 1841 The second issue concerned slavery , primarily the question of whether slavery would be permitted in newly admitted states . The issue was initially finessed by political compromises designed to balance the number of `` free '' and `` slave '' states . The issue resurfaced in more virulent form , however , around the time of the Mexican -- American War , which raised the stakes by adding new territories primarily on the Southern side of the imaginary geographic divide . Congress opposed allowing slavery in these territories . Before the Civil War , the number of immigrants arriving at Southern ports began to increase , although the North continued to receive the most immigrants . Hugenots were among the first settlers in Charleston , along with the largest number of Hasidic Jews outside of New York City . Numerous Irish immigrants settled in New Orleans , establishing a distinct ethnic enclave now known as the Irish Channel . Germans also went to New Orleans and its environs , resulting in a large area north of the city ( along the Mississippi ) becoming known as the German Coast ; however , still greater numbers immigrated to Texas ( especially after 1848 ) , where many bought land and were farmers . Many more German immigrants arrived in Texas after the Civil War , where they created the brewing industry in Houston and elsewhere , became grocers in numerous cities , and also established wide areas of farming . By 1840 , New Orleans was the wealthiest city in the country and the third largest in population . The success of the city was based on the growth of international trade associated with products being shipped to and from the interior of the country down the Mississippi River . New Orleans also had the largest slave market in the country , as traders brought slaves by ship and overland to sell to planters across the Deep South . The city was a cosmopolitan port with a variety of jobs that attracted more immigrants than other areas of the South . Because of lack of investment , however , construction of railroads to span the region lagged behind the North . People relied most heavily on river traffic for getting their crops to market and for transportation . Civil War ( edit ) Main articles : American Civil War and Confederate States of America By 1856 , the South had lost control of Congress , and was no longer able to silence calls for an end to slavery -- which came mostly from the more populated , free states of the North . The Republican Party , founded in 1854 , pledged to stop the spread of slavery beyond those states where it already existed . After Abraham Lincoln was elected the first Republican president in 1860 , seven cotton states declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America before Lincoln was inaugurated . The United States government , both outgoing and incoming , refused to recognize the Confederacy , and when the new Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered his troops to open fire on Fort Sumter in April 1861 , there was an overwhelming demand , North and South , for war . Only the state of Kentucky attempted to remain neutral , and it could only do so briefly . When Lincoln called for troops to suppress what he referred to as `` combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary '' judicial or martial means , four more states decided to secede and join the Confederacy ( which then moved its capital to Richmond , Virginia ) . Although the Confederacy had large supplies of captured munitions and many volunteers , it was slower than the Union in dealing with the border states . By March 1862 , the Union largely controlled Maryland , West Virginia , Kentucky and Missouri , had shut down all commercial traffic from all Confederate ports , had prevented European recognition of the Confederate government , and was poised to seize New Orleans . Confederate dead of General Ewell 's Corps who attacked the Union lines at the Battle of Spotsylvania , May 19 , 1864 . In the four years of war 1861 -- 65 the South was the primary battleground , with all but two of the major battles taking place on Southern soil . Union forces relentlessly squeezed the Confederacy , controlling the border states in 1861 , the Tennessee River , the Cumberland River and New Orleans in 1862 , and the Mississippi River in 1863 . In the East , however , the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee beat off attack after attack in its defense of their capital at Richmond . But when Lee tried to move north , he was repulsed ( and nearly captured ) at Sharpsburg ( 1862 ) and Gettysburg ( 1863 ) . The Confederacy had the resources for a short war , but was unable to finance or supply a longer war . It reversed the traditional low - tariff policy of the South by imposing a new 15 % tax on all imports from the Union . The Union blockade stopped most commerce from entering the South , and smugglers avoided the tax , so the Confederate tariff produced too little revenue to finance the war . Inflated currency was the solution , but that created distrust of the Richmond government . Because of low investment in railroads , the Southern transportation system depended primarily on river and coastal traffic by boat ; both were shut down by the Union Navy . The small railroad system virtually collapsed , so that by 1864 internal travel was so difficult that the Confederate economy was crippled . The Confederate cause was hopeless by the time Atlanta fell and William T. Sherman marched through Georgia in late 1864 , but the rebels fought on , refusing to give up their independence until Lee 's army surrendered in April 1865 . All the Confederate forces surrendered , and the region moved into the Reconstruction Era . The South suffered much more than the North overall , as the Union strategy of attrition warfare meant that Lee could not replace his casualties , and the total war waged by Sherman , Sheridan and other Union armies devastated the infrastructure and caused widespread poverty and distress . The Confederacy suffered military losses of 95,000 men killed in action and 165,000 who died of disease , for a total of 260,000 , out of a total white Southern population at the time of around 5.5 million . Based on 1860 census figures , 8 % of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war , including 6 % in the North and about 18 % in the South . Northern military casualties exceeded Southern casualties in absolute numbers , but were two - thirds smaller in terms of proportion of the population affected . Reconstruction and Jim Crow ( edit ) Main articles : Reconstruction Era , Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era , and Voting rights in the United States A Home on the Mississippi , Currier and Ives , 1871 After the Civil War , the South was devastated in terms of population , infrastructure and economy . Because of states ' reluctance to grant voting rights to freedmen , Congress instituted Reconstruction governments . It established military districts and governors to rule over the South until new governments could be established . Many white Southerners who had actively supported the Confederacy were temporarily disenfranchised . Rebuilding was difficult as people grappled with the effects of a new labor economy of a free market in the midst of a widespread agricultural depression . In addition , what limited infrastructure the South had was mostly destroyed by the war . At the same time , the North was rapidly industrializing . To avoid the social effects of the war , most of the Southern states initially passed black codes . Eventually , these were mostly legally nullified by federal law and anti-Confederate legislatures , which existed for a short time during Reconstruction . There were thousands of people on the move , as African Americans tried to reunite families separated by slaves sales , and sometimes migrated for better opportunities in towns or other states . Other freed people moved from plantation areas to cities or towns for a chance to get different jobs . At the same time , whites returned from refuges to reclaim plantations or town dwellings . In some areas , many whites returned to the land to farm for a while . Some freedpeople left the South altogether for states such as Ohio and Indiana , and later , Kansas . Thousands of others joined the migration to new opportunities in the Mississippi and Arkansas Delta bottomlands and Texas . With passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States ( which outlawed slavery ) , the 14th Amendment ( which granted full U.S. citizenship to African Americans ) and the 15th amendment ( which extended the right to vote to African American males ) , African Americans in the South were made free citizens and were given the right to vote . Under Federal protection , white and black Republicans formed constitutional conventions and state governments . Among their accomplishments were creating the first public education systems in Southern states , and providing for welfare through orphanages , hospitals and similar institutions . Northerners came south to participate in politics and business . Some were representatives of the Freedmen 's Bureau and other agencies of Reconstruction ; some were humanitarians with the intent to help black people . Some were adventurers who hoped to benefit themselves by questionable methods . They were all condemned with the pejorative term of carpetbagger . Some Southerners also took advantage of the disrupted environment and made money off various schemes , including bonds and financing for railroads . Secret vigilante organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan -- an organization sworn to perpetuate white supremacy -- had arisen quickly after the war 's end and used lynching , physical attacks , house burnings and other forms of intimidation to keep African Americans from exercising their political rights . Although the first Klan was disrupted by prosecution by the Federal government in the early 1870s , other groups persisted . By the mid-to - late - 1870s , elite Southerners created increasing resistance to the altered social structure . Paramilitary organizations such as the White League in Louisiana ( 1874 ) , the Red Shirts in Mississippi ( 1875 ) and rifle clubs , all `` White Line '' organizations , used organized violence against Republicans , both black and white , to remove Republicans from political office , repress and bar black voting , and restore the Democratic Party to power . In 1876 white Democrats regained power in most of the state legislatures . They began to pass laws designed to strip African Americans and poor whites from the voter registration rolls . The success of late - 19th century interracial coalitions in several states inspired a reaction among some white Democrats , who worked harder to prevent both groups from voting . Despite discrimination , many blacks became property owners in areas that were still developing . For instance , 90 % of the Mississippi 's bottomlands were still frontier and undeveloped after the war . By the end of the century , two - thirds of the farmers in Mississippi 's Delta bottomlands were black . They had cleared the land themselves and often made money in early years by selling off timber . Tens of thousands of migrants went to the Delta , both to work as laborers to clear timber for lumber companies , and many to develop their own farms . By the end of the century , two - thirds of farm owners in the Delta bottomlands were black . However , the long agricultural depression , along with disenfranchisement and lack of access to credit , led to many blacks in the Delta losing their property by 1910 and becoming sharecroppers or landless workers over the following decade . More than two generations of free African Americans lost their stake in property . Child laborers , Bluffton , South Carolina , 1913 Nearly all Southerners , black and white , suffered as a result of the Civil War . Within a few years cotton production and harvest was back to pre-war levels , but low prices through much of the 19th century hampered recovery . They encouraged immigration by Chinese and Italian laborers into the Mississippi Delta . While the first Chinese entered as indentured laborers from Cuba , the majority came in the early 20th century . Neither group stayed long at rural farm labor . The Chinese became merchants and established stores in small towns throughout the Delta , establishing a place between white and black . Migrations continued in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among both blacks and whites . In the last two decades of the 19th century about 141,000 blacks left the South , and more after 1900 , totaling a loss of 537,000 . After that the movement increased in what became known as the Great Migration from 1910 to 1940 , and the Second Great Migration through 1970 . Even more whites left the South , some going to California for opportunities and others heading to Northern industrial cities after 1900 . Between 1880 and 1910 , the loss of whites totaled 1,243,000 . Five million more left between 1940 and 1970 . From 1890 to 1908 , ten of the eleven former Confederate states , along with Oklahoma upon statehood , passed disfranchising constitutions or amendments that introduced voter registration barriers -- such as poll taxes , residency requirements and literacy tests -- that were hard for many poor to meet . Most African Americans , most Mexican Americans , and tens of thousands of poor whites were disfranchised , losing the vote for decades . In some states , grandfather clauses temporarily exempted white illiterates from literacy tests . The numbers of voters dropped drastically throughout the former Confederacy as a result . This can be seen via the feature `` Turnout in Presidential and Midterm Elections '' at the University of Texas ' Politics : Barriers to Voting . Alabama , which had established universal white suffrage in 1819 when it became a state , also substantially reduced voting by poor whites. Democrat controlled legislatures passed Jim Crow laws to segregate public facilities and services , including transportation . While African Americans , poor whites and civil rights groups started litigation against such provisions in the early 20th century , for decades Supreme Court decisions overturning such provisions were rapidly followed by new state laws with new devices to restrict voting . Most blacks in the former Confederacy and Oklahoma could not vote until 1965 , after passage of the Voting Rights Act and Federal enforcement to ensure people could register . Despite increases in the eligible voting population with the inclusion of women , blacks , and those eighteen and over throughout this period , turnout in ex-Confederate states remained below the national average throughout the 20th century . Not until the late 1960s did all American citizens regain protected civil rights by passage of legislation following the leadership of the American Civil Rights Movement . Late 19th and 20th century -- industrialization and Great Migration ( edit ) Main article : Great Migration ( African American ) An illustrated depiction of black people picking cotton , 1913 At the end of the 19th century , white Democrats in the South had created state constitutions that were hostile to industry and business development , with anti-industrial laws extensive from the time new constitutions were adopted in the 1890s . Banking was limited , as was access to credit . States persisted in agricultural economies . Especially in Alabama and Florida , rural minorities held control in many state legislatures long after population had shifted to industrializing cities , and legislators resisted business and modernising interests : Alabama refused to redistrict between 1901 and 1972 , long after major population and economic shifts to cities . For decades Birmingham generated the majority of revenue for the state , for instance , but received little back in services or infrastructure . In the late 19th century , Texas rapidly expanded its railroad network , creating a network of cities connected on a radial plan and linked to the port of Galveston . It was the first state in which urban and economic development proceeded independently of rivers , the primary transportation network of the past . A reflection of increasing industry were strikes and labor unrest : `` in 1885 Texas ranked ninth among forty states in number of workers involved in strikes ( 4,000 ) ; for the six - year period it ranked fifteenth . Seventy - five of the one hundred strikes , chiefly interstate strikes of telegraphers and railway workers , occurred in the year 1886 . '' By 1890 Dallas became the largest city in Texas , and by 1900 it had a population of more than 42,000 , which more than doubled to over 92,000 a decade later . Dallas was the harnessmaking capital of the world and a center of other manufacturing . As an example of its ambitions , in 1907 Dallas built the Praetorian Building , fifteen storeys tall and the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi , soon to be followed by other skyscrapers . Texas was transformed by a railroad network linking five important cities , among them Houston with its nearby port at Galveston , Dallas , Fort Worth , San Antonio , and El Paso . Each exceeded fifty thousand in population by 1920 , with the major cities having three times that population . Business interests were ignored by the Southern Democrat ruling class . Nonetheless , major new industries started developing in cities such as Atlanta , GA ; Birmingham , AL ; and Dallas , Fort Worth and Houston , Texas . Growth began occurring at a geometric rate . Birmingham became a major steel producer and mining town , with major population growth in the early decades of the 20th century . The first major oil well in the South was drilled at Spindletop near Beaumont , Texas , on the morning of January 10 , 1901 . Other oil fields were later discovered nearby in Arkansas , Oklahoma , and under the Gulf of Mexico . The resulting `` Oil Boom '' permanently transformed the economy of the West South Central states and produced the most significant economic expansion after the Civil War . In the early 20th century , invasion of the boll weevil devastated cotton crops in the South , producing an additional catalyst to African Americans ' decisions to leave the South . From 1910 to 1940 , and then from the 1940s to 1970 , more than 6.5 million African Americans left the South in the Great Migration to northern and midwestern cities , defecting from persistent lynching , violence , segregation , poor education , and inability to vote . Black migration transformed many Northern cities , creating new cultures and music . Many African Americans , like other groups , became industrial workers ; others started their own businesses within the communities . Southern whites also migrated to industrial cities , especially Chicago and Detroit , where they took jobs in the booming new auto industry . Photo of sharecropper family in Walker County , Alabama , ca . 1937 Later , the Southern economy was dealt additional blows by the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl . After the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , the economy suffered significant reversals and millions were left unemployed . Beginning in 1934 and lasting until 1939 , an ecological disaster of severe wind and drought caused an exodus from Texas and Arkansas , the Oklahoma Panhandle region , and the surrounding plains , in which over 500,000 Americans were homeless , hungry and jobless . Thousands left the region forever to seek economic opportunities along the West Coast . President Franklin D. Roosevelt noted the South as the `` number one priority '' in terms of need of assistance during the Great Depression . His administration created programs such as the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1933 to provide rural electrification and stimulate development . Locked into low - productivity agriculture , the region 's growth was slowed by limited industrial development , low levels of entrepreneurship , and the lack of capital investment . World War II marked a time of change in the South as new industries and military bases were developed by the Federal government , providing badly needed capital and infrastructure in many regions . People from all parts of the US came to the South for military training and work in the region 's many bases and new industries . Farming shifted from cotton and tobacco to include soybeans , corn , and other foods . Industrial growth increased in the 1960s and greatly accelerated into the 1980s and 1990s . Several large urban areas in Texas , Georgia , and Florida grew to over four million people . Rapid expansion in industries such as autos , telecommunications , textiles , technology , banking , and aviation gave some states in the South an industrial strength to rival large states elsewhere in the country . By the 2000 census , the South ( along with the West ) was leading the nation in population growth . However , with this growth has come long commute times and air pollution problems in cities such as Dallas , Houston , Atlanta , Austin , Charlotte , and others that rely on sprawling development and highway networks . Modern economy ( edit ) In the late 20th century , the South changed dramatically . It saw a boom in its service economy , manufacturing base , high technology industries , and the financial sector . Texas in particular witnessed dramatic growth and population change with the dominance of the energy industry and tourism such as the Alamo Mission in San Antonio . Tourism in Florida and along the Gulf Coast also grew steadily throughout the last decades of the 20th century . Numerous new automobile production plants have opened in the region , or are soon to open , such as Mercedes - Benz in Tuscaloosa , Alabama ; Hyundai in Montgomery , Alabama ; the BMW production plant in Spartanburg , South Carolina ; Toyota plants in Georgetown , Kentucky , Blue Springs , Mississippi and San Antonio ; the GM manufacturing plant in Spring Hill , Tennessee ; a Honda factory in Lincoln , Alabama ; the Nissan North American headquarters in Franklin , Tennessee and factories in Smyrna , Tennessee and Canton , Mississippi ; a Kia factory in West Point , Georgia ; and the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant in Tennessee . The two largest research parks in the country are located in the South : Research Triangle Park in North Carolina ( the world 's largest ) and the Cummings Research Park in Huntsville , Alabama ( the world 's fourth largest ) . In medicine , the Texas Medical Center in Houston has achieved international recognition in education , research , and patient care , especially in the fields of heart disease , cancer , and rehabilitation . In 1994 the Texas Medical Center was the largest medical center in the world including fourteen hospitals , two medical schools , four colleges of nursing , and six university systems . The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center is consistently ranked the # 1 cancer research and treatment center in the United States . Many major banking corporations have headquarters in the region . Bank of America is in Charlotte , North Carolina . Wachovia was headquartered there before its purchase by Wells Fargo . Regions Financial Corporation is in Birmingham , as is AmSouth Bancorporation , and BBVA Compass . SunTrust Banks is located in Atlanta as is the district headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta . BB&T is headquartered in Winston - Salem . Many corporations are headquartered in Atlanta and its surrounding area , such as The Coca - Cola Company , Delta Air Lines , and The Home Depot , and also to many cable television networks , such as the Turner Broadcasting System ( CNN , TBS , TNT , Turner South , Cartoon Network ) , and The Weather Channel . In recent years some southern states , most notably Texas , have lured companies with lower tax burdens and lower cost of living for their workforce . Today , the states with the most Fortune 500 companies include California , New York , and Texas ; closely mirroring the economic and population resources of those states . This economic expansion has enabled parts of the South to report some of the lowest unemployment rates in the United States . But in the U.S. top ten of poorest big cities , the South is represented in the rankings by two cities : Miami , Florida and Memphis , Tennessee . In 2011 , nine out of ten poorest states were in the South . Education ( edit ) Southern public schools in the past ranked in the lower half of some national surveys . When allowance for race is considered , a 2007 US Government list of test scores often shows white fourth and eighth graders performing better than average for reading and math ; while black fourth and eighth graders also performed better than average . This comparison does not hold across the board . Mississippi scores lower than average no matter how the statistics are compared . However , newer data suggests that education in the south is on par with the nation , with 72 % of high schoolers graduating compared to 73 % nationwide . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the Southern United States Street musicians in Maynardville , Tennessee , photographed in 1935 Several Southern states ( Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia ) were British colonies that sent delegates to sign the Declaration of Independence and then fought against the government along with the Northern colonies during the Revolutionary War . The basis for much Southern culture derives from the pride in these states being among the 13 original colonies , and from the fact that much of the population of the South has strong ancestral links to Colonists who emigrated west . Southern manners and customs reflect the relationship with England and Africa that was held by the early population , with some influences being provided by the Native American populations of the area . Overall , the South has had lower percentages of high school graduates , lower housing values , lower household incomes , and lower cost of living than the rest of the United States . These factors , combined with the fact that Southerners have continued to maintain strong loyalty to family ties , has led some sociologists to label white Southerners an ethnic or quasi-ethnic group , though this interpretation has been subject to criticism on the grounds that proponents of the view do not satisfactorily indicate how Southerners meet the criteria of ethnicity . The predominant culture of the South has its origins with the settlement of the region by large groups of Northern English , Scots lowlanders and Ulster - Scots ( later called the Scotch - Irish ) who settled in Appalachia and the Piedmont in the 18th century , and from parts of southern England such as East Anglia , Kent and the West Country in the 17th century , and the many African slaves who were part of the Southern economy . African - American descendants of the slaves brought into the South compose the United States ' second - largest racial minority , accounting for 12.1 percent of the total population according to the 2000 census . Despite Jim Crow era outflow to the North , the majority of the black population remains concentrated in the Southern states , and has heavily contributed to the cultural blend ( Christianity , foods , art , music ( see spiritual , blues , jazz and rock and roll ) ) that characterize Southern culture today . In previous censuses , the largest ancestry group identified by Southerners was English or mostly English , with 19,618,370 self - reporting `` English '' as an ancestry on the 1980 census , followed by 12,709,872 listing `` Irish '' and 11,054,127 `` Afro - American '' . Almost a third of all Americans who claim English ancestry can be found in the American South , and over a quarter of all Southerners claim English descent as well . The South also continues to have the highest percentage of African Americans in the country , due to the history of slavery . Religion ( edit ) The South has been a stronghold of evangelical Protestantism Although the upper class In Virginia and South Carolina was Anglican , The First Great Awakening and the Second Great Awakening from about 1742 about 1850 generated large numbers of Methodists and Baptists . By 1900 , the Southern Baptist Convention had become numerically largest group , especially in rural areas and remain so . followed by Methodists , with other denominations found throughout the region . Roman Catholics historically were concentrated in Maryland , Louisiana , and Hispanic areas such as South Texas and South Florida and along the Gulf Coast . The great majority of black Southerners are Baptist or Methodist . Statistics show that Southern states have the highest religious attendance figures of any region in the United States . Pentecostalism has been strong across the South since the late 19th century . Sports ( edit ) American football ( edit ) Alabama plays Texas in American football for the 2010 BCS National Championship Game American football , especially at the college and high school level , is by far the most popular team sport in most areas of the Southern United States . The region is home to numerous decorated and historic college football programs , particularly in the Southeastern Conference ( known as the `` SEC '' ) , Atlantic Coast Conference ( known as the `` ACC '' ) , and the Big 12 Conference . The SEC , consisting entirely of teams based in Southern states , is widely considered to be the strongest league in contemporary college football and includes the Alabama Crimson Tide , the program with the most national championships in the sport 's history . The sport is also highly competitive and has a spectator following at the high school level , particularly in rural areas where high school football games often serve as prominent community gatherings . Though not as popular on a wider basis as the collegiate game , professional football also has a growing tradition in the Southern United States . Before league expansion began in the 1960s , the only established professional team based in the South was the Washington Redskins , who still retain a large following in many pockets of the region . Later on , the merger - era National Football League began to expand into the football - crazed Deep South in the 1960s with franchises like the Atlanta Falcons , New Orleans Saints , Houston Oilers , Miami Dolphins , and most prominently the Dallas Cowboys , who overtook Washington as the region 's most popular team and eventually became widely considered the most popular team in the United States . In later decades , NFL expansion into Southern states continued , with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Carolina Panthers added to the league , while the Houston Oilers were replaced by the Houston Texans after the Oilers relocated to Nashville to become the Tennessee Titans . Rank Team Sport League Attendance ( avg / game ) Texas A&M Aggies Football NCAA ( SEC ) 105,123 LSU Tigers Football NCAA ( SEC ) 101,723 Alabama Crimson Tide Football NCAA ( SEC ) 101,534 Tennessee Volunteers Football NCAA ( SEC ) 99,754 5 Texas Longhorns Football NCAA ( Big 12 ) 94,103 6 Georgia Bulldogs Football NCAA ( SEC ) 92,746 7 Dallas Cowboys Football NFL 90,069 8 Auburn Tigers Football NCAA ( SEC ) 87,451 9 Florida Gators Football NCAA ( SEC ) 85,834 10 Oklahoma Sooners Football NCAA ( Big 12 ) 85,162 11 Florida State Seminoles Football NCAA ( ACC ) 82,211 12 Clemson Tigers Football NCAA ( ACC ) 81,752 13 South Carolina Gamecocks Football NCAA ( SEC ) 81,381 14 Arkansas Razorbacks Football NCAA ( SEC ) 66,521 15 Carolina Panthers Football NFL 74,056 16 Ole Miss Rebels Football NCAA ( SEC ) 61,547 17 Virginia Tech Hokies Football NCAA ( ACC ) 61,157 18 Mississippi State Bulldogs Football NCAA ( SEC ) 61,127 19 West Virginia Mountaineers Football NCAA ( Big 12 ) 60,000 20 Texas Tech Red Raiders Football NCAA ( Big 12 ) 58,934 21 Kentucky Wildcats Football NCAA ( SEC ) 57,572 Baseball ( edit ) Houston vs Texas face - off during the Lone Star Series in the American League West division of Major League Baseball Baseball has been played in the Southern United States since at least the years leading up to the American Civil War . It was traditionally more popular than American football until the 1980s , and still accounts for the largest annual attendance amongst sports played in the South . The first mention of a baseball team in Houston was on April 11 , 1861 . 19th century and early 20th century games were common , especially once the professional leagues such as the Texas League , the Dixie League , and the Southern League were organized . The short - lived Louisville Colonels were a part of the early National League and American Association , but ceased to exist in 1899 . The first Southern Major League Baseball team after the Colonels appeared in 1962 when the Houston Colt . 45s ( known today as the Houston Astros ) were enfranchised . Later , the Atlanta Braves came in 1966 , followed by the Texas Rangers in 1972 , and finally the Miami Marlins and Tampa Bay Rays in the 1990s . College baseball appears to be more well attended in the Southern U.S. than elsewhere , as teams like Arkansas , LSU , Virginia , Mississippi State , Ole Miss , South Carolina , and Texas are commonly at the top of the NCAA 's attendance . The South generally produces very successful collegiate baseball teams as well , with Virginia , Vanderbilt , LSU , and South Carolina winning recent College World Series Titles . The following is a list of best - attended baseball teams in the Southern U.S. : Rank Team League 2014 overall annual attendance Texas Rangers American League 2,718,733 Baltimore Orioles American League 2,464,473 Atlanta Braves National League 2,354,305 Houston Astros American League 1,751,829 5 Miami Marlins National League 1,732,283 Auto racing ( edit ) The start of the 2015 Daytona 500 , the biggest race in NASCAR , at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach , Florida The Southern states are commonly associated with stock car racing and its most prominent competition NASCAR , which is based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The sport was developed in the Deep South in the early 20th century , with stock car racing 's historic mecca being Daytona Beach , Florida , where cars initially raced on the wide , flat beachfront before the construction of Daytona International Speedway . Though the sport has attained a following throughout the United States , a majority of NASCAR races continue to take place at Southern tracks . Basketball ( edit ) Basketball is very popular throughout the Southern United States as both a recreational and spectator sport , particularly in the states of North Carolina and Kentucky which are home to several historically prominent college basketball programs . Prominent NBA teams based in the South include the Houston Rockets , San Antonio Spurs , Oklahoma City Thunder , Dallas Mavericks , Washington Wizards , Charlotte Hornets , Atlanta Hawks , Orlando Magic , Memphis Grizzlies , New Orleans Pelicans , and the Miami Heat . Golf ( edit ) Golf is a popular recreational sport in most areas of the South , with the region 's warm climate allowing it to host many professional tournaments and numerous destination golf resorts , particularly in the state of Florida . The region is home to The Masters , an elite invitational competition played at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia , which has become one of the professional game 's most important tournaments . Soccer ( edit ) In recent decades association football , known in the South as in the rest of the United States as `` soccer '' , has become a popular sport at youth and collegiate levels throughout the region . The game has been historically widespread at the college level in the Atlantic coast states of Maryland , Virginia , and the Carolinas , which contain many of the nation 's most successful college soccer programs . The establishment of Major League Soccer has led to professional soccer clubs in the Southern cities including FC Dallas , Houston Dynamo , Orlando City , and Atlanta United . The current United States third division soccer league , the United Soccer League , was initially geographically based in the coastal Southeast around clubs in Charleston , Richmond , Charlotte , Wilmington , Raleigh , Virginia Beach , and Atlanta . Health ( edit ) Nine Southern states have obesity rates exceeding thirty percent of the population , the highest in the country : Mississippi , Louisiana , West Virginia , Alabama , Oklahoma , Arkansas , South Carolina , Kentucky , and Texas . Rates for hypertension and diabetes for these states are also the highest in the nation . A study reported that six Southern states have the worst incidence of sleep disturbances in the nation , attributing the disturbances to high rates of obesity and smoking . The South has a higher percentage of obese people and diabetics . It has the largest number of people dying from stroke . and the highest rates of cognitive decline . Life expectancy is lower and death rates are higher in the South than in other regions of the United States for all racial groups . This disparity reflects substantial divergence between the South and other regions since the middle of the 20th century . The East South Central Census Division of the United States ( made up of Kentucky , Tennessee , Mississippi , and Alabama ) had the highest rate of inpatient hospital stays in 2012 . The other divisions , West South Central ( Texas , Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Louisiana ) and South Atlantic ( West Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and Florida ) ranked seventh and fifth , respectively . The South had a significantly higher rate of hospital discharges in 2005 than other regions of the United States , but the rate had declined to be closer to the overall national rate by 2011 . For cancer in a region , the South , particularly an axis from West Virginia through Texas , leads the nation in adult obesity , adult smoking , low exercise , low fruit consumption , low vegetable consumption , all known cancer risk factors , which matches a similar high risk axis in `` All Cancers Combined , Death Rates by State , 2011 '' from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the Southern United States While this Confederate Flag pattern is the one most often thought of as the Confederate Flag today , it was actually just one of many used by the Confederate armed forces . Variations of this design served as the Battle Flag of the Armies of Northern Virginia and Tennessee , and as the Confederate Naval Jack , albeit with different shades . A rally against school integration in 1959 . In the first decades after Reconstruction , when white Democrats regained power in the state legislatures , they began to make voter registration more complicated , to reduce black voting . With a combination of intimidation , fraud and violence by paramilitary groups , they suppressed black voting and turned Republicans out of office . From 1890 to 1908 , ten of eleven states ratified new constitutions or amendments that effectively disenfranchised most black voters and many poor white voters . This disfranchisement persisted for six decades into the 20th century , depriving blacks and poor whites of all political representation . Because they could not vote , they could not sit on juries . They had no one to represent their interests , resulting in state legislatures consistently underfunding programs and services , such as schools , for blacks and poor whites . With the collapse of the Republican Party in nearly all parts of the South , the region became known as the `` Solid South '' , and the Democratic Party after 1900 moved to a system of primaries to select their candidates . Victory in a primary was tantamount to election . From the late 1870s to the 1960s , only rarely was a state or national Southern politician a Republican , apart from a few Appalachian mountain districts . Republicans , however , continued to control parts of the Appalachian Mountains and compete for power in the Border States . Apart from a few states ( such as the Byrd Machine in Virginia , the Crump Machine in Memphis ) , and a few other local organizations , the Democratic Party itself was very lightly organized . It managed primaries but party officials had little other role . To be successful a politician built his own network of friends , neighbors and allies . Reelection was the norm , and the result from 1910 to the late 20th century was that Southern Democrats in Congress had accumulated seniority , and automatically took the chairmanships of all committees . By the 1940s the Supreme Court began to find disfranchisement measures like the `` grandfather clause '' and the white primary unconstitutional . Southern legislatures quickly passed other measures to keep blacks disfranchised , even after suffrage was extended more widely to poor whites . Because white Democrats controlled all the Southern seats in Congress they had outsize power in Congress and could sidetrack or filibuster efforts by Northerners to pass legislation against lynching , for example . Increasing support for civil rights legislation by the national Democratic Party beginning in 1948 caused segregationist Southern Democrats to nominate Strom Thurmond on a third - party `` Dixiecrat '' ticket in 1948 . These Dixiecrats returned to the party by 1950 , but Southern Democrats held off Republican inroads in the suburbs by arguing that only they could defend the region from the onslaught of northern liberals and the civil rights movement . In response to the Brown v. Board of Education ruling of 1954 , 101 Southern congressmen ( 19 senators , 82 House members of which 99 were Southern Democrats and 2 were Republicans ) in 1956 denounced the Brown decisions as a `` clear abuse of judicial power ( that ) climaxes a trend in the federal judiciary undertaking to legislate in derogation of the authority of Congress and to encroach upon the reserved rights of the states and the people . '' The manifesto lauded , `` ... those states which have declared the intention to resist enforced integration by any lawful means '' . It was signed by all Southern senators except Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson , and Tennessee senators Albert Gore , Sr. and Estes Kefauver . Virginia closed schools in Warren County , Prince Edward County , Charlottesville , and Norfolk rather than integrate , but no other state followed suit . Democratic governors Orval Faubus of Arkansas , Ross Barnett of Mississippi , John Connally of Texas , Lester Maddox of Georgia , and , especially , George Wallace of Alabama resisted integration and appealed to a rural and blue - collar electorate . US president Lyndon B. Johnson signs the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The northern Democrats ' support of civil rights issues culminated when Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which ended legal segregation and provided federal enforcement of voting rights for blacks . In the presidential election of 1964 , Barry Goldwater 's only electoral victories outside his home state of Arizona were in the states of the Deep South where few blacks could vote before the 1965 Voting Rights Act . Pockets of resistance to integration in public places broke out in violence during the 1960s by the shadowy Ku Klux Klan , which caused a backlash among moderates . Major resistance to school busing extending into the 1970s . National Republicans such as Richard Nixon began to develop their Southern strategy to attract conservative white Southerners , especially the middle class and suburban voters , in addition to migrants from the North and traditional GOP pockets in Appalachia . The transition to a Republican stronghold in the South took decades . First , the states started voting Republican in presidential elections , except for native sons Jimmy Carter in 1976 and Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996 . Then the states began electing Republican senators and finally governors . Georgia was the last state to do so , with Sonny Perdue taking the governorship in 2002 . In addition to its middle class and business base , Republicans cultivated the religious right and attracted strong majorities from the evangelical or Fundamentalist vote , mostly Southern Baptists , which had not been a distinct political force prior to 1980 . After the 2012 elections , the eleven states of the former Confederacy were represented by 98 Republicans , 40 Democrats . Presidents from the South ( edit ) The South produced nine of the first twelve Presidents prior to the Civil War . For more than a century after the Civil War , no politician from an antebellum slave state became President unless he either moved North ( like Woodrow Wilson ) or was vice president when the president died in office ( like Andrew Johnson , Harry Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson ) . In 1976 , Jimmy Carter defied this trend and became the first Southerner to break the pattern since Zachary Taylor in 1848 . The South has produced five of the last nine American Presidents : Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) , Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 81 ) , George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 93 ) , Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) and George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) . Johnson was a native of Texas , while Carter is from Georgia , and Clinton from Arkansas . While George H.W. and George W. Bush began their political careers in Texas , they were both born in New England and have their ancestral roots in the region . Other politicians and political movements ( edit ) Bill Clinton , newly elected Governor of Arkansas speaks with Jimmy Carter in 1978 . Carter and Clinton were both Southern Democrats and elected to the presidencies in 1976 and 1992 . The South has produced various nationally known politicians and political movements . In 1948 , a group of Democratic congressmen , led by Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , split from the Democrats in reaction to an anti-segregation speech given by Minneapolis mayor and future senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota . They founded the States Rights Democratic or Dixiecrat Party . During that year 's Presidential election , the party ran Thurmond as its candidate and he carried four Deep South states . In the 1968 Presidential election , Alabama Governor George C. Wallace ran for President on the American Independent Party ticket . Wallace ran a `` law and order '' campaign similar to that of Republican candidate , Richard Nixon . Nixon 's Southern Strategy of gaining electoral votes downplayed race issues and focused on culturally conservative values , such as family issues , patriotism , and cultural issues that appealed to Southern Baptists . In the 1994 mid-term elections , another Southern politician , Newt Gingrich , led the Republican Revolution , ushering in twelve years of GOP control of the House . Gingrich became Speaker of the United States House of Representatives in 1995 and served until his resignation in 1999 . Tom DeLay was the most powerful Republican leader in Congress until he was indicted under criminal charges in 2005 and was forced to step aside by Republican rules . Apart from Bob Dole of Kansas ( 1985 -- 96 ) , the recent Republican Senate leaders have been Southerners : Howard Baker ( 1981 -- 85 ) of Tennessee , Trent Lott ( 1996 -- 2003 ) of Mississippi , Bill Frist ( 2003 -- 2006 ) of Tennessee , and Mitch McConnell ( 2007 -- present ) of Kentucky . The Republicans candidates for President have won the South in elections since 1972 , except for 1976 . However , the region is not entirely monolithic , and every successful Democratic candidate since 1976 has claimed at least three Southern states . Barack Obama won Florida , Maryland , Delaware , North Carolina , and Virginia in 2008 but did not repeat his victory in North Carolina during his 2012 reelection campaign . Race relations ( edit ) Main article : Racism in the United States Native Americans ( edit ) Native Americans had lived in the south for nearly 12,000 years . They were defeated by settlers in a series of wars ending in the War of 1812 and the Seminole Wars , and most were removed west to Indian Territory ( now Oklahoma and Kansas ) . However large numbers of Native Americans managed to stay behind by blending into the surrounding society . This was especially true of the wives of Euro - American merchants and miners . Civil rights ( edit ) Racial segregation was commonplace in the South until the 1960s . The South witnessed two major events in the lives of 20th century African Americans : the Great Migration and the American Civil Rights Movement . The Great Migration began during World War I , hitting its high point during World War II . During this migration , blacks left the South to find work in Northern factories and other sectors of the economy . The migration also empowered the growing Civil Rights Movement . While the movement existed in all parts of the United States , its focus was against disfranchisement and the Jim Crow laws in the South . Most of the major events in the movement occurred in the South , including the Montgomery Bus Boycott , the Mississippi Freedom Summer , the March on Selma , Alabama , and the assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr ... In addition , some of the most important writings to come out of the movement were written in the South , such as King 's `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Most of the civil rights landmarks can be found around the South . The Martin Luther King , Jr. , National Historic Site in Atlanta includes a museum that chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement as well as Martin Luther King , Jr. 's boyhood home on Auburn Avenue . Additionally , Ebenezer Baptist Church is located in the Sweet Auburn district as is the King Center , location of Martin Luther and Coretta Scott King 's gravesites . The Civil Rights Movement ended Jim Crow laws across the South . A second migration appears to be underway , with African Americans from the North moving to the South in record numbers . While race relations are still a contentious issue in the South , the region surpasses the rest of the country in many areas of integration and racial equality . According to 2003 report by researchers at the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee , Virginia Beach , Charlotte , Nashville - Davidson , and Jacksonville were the four most integrated of the nation 's fifty largest cities , with Memphis at number six . Southern states tend to have a low disparity in incarceration rates between blacks and whites relative to the rest of the country . Symbolism ( edit ) Some Southerners use the Confederate flag to identify themselves with the South , states ' rights and Southern tradition . Groups , such as the League of the South , have a high regard for the secession movement of 1860 , citing a desire to protect and defend Southern heritage . Numerous political battles have erupted over flying the Confederate flag over state capitols , and the naming of public buildings or highways after Confederate leaders , the prominence of certain statues , and the everyday display of Confederate insignia . Other symbols of the South include the Bonnie Blue Flag , magnolia trees , and the song `` Dixie '' . Major cities ( edit ) The South was heavily rural as late as the 1940s , but now the population is increasingly concentrated in metropolitan areas . The following tables show the twenty largest cities , metropolitan , and combined statistical areas in the South . Houston is the largest city in the South . Houston San Antonio Dallas Austin Jacksonville Fort Worth Charlotte El Paso Washington D.C. Nashville Rank City State ( s ) Population ( 2016 est . ) Houston TX 2,303,482 San Antonio TX 1,492,510 Dallas TX 1,317,929 Austin TX 947,890 5 Jacksonville FL 880,619 6 Fort Worth TX 854,113 7 Charlotte NC 842,051 8 El Paso TX 683,080 9 Washington DC 681,170 10 Nashville TN 660,388 11 Memphis TN 652,717 12 Oklahoma City OK 638,367 13 Louisville KY 616,261 14 Baltimore MD 614,664 15 Atlanta GA 472,522 16 Raleigh NC 458,880 17 Miami FL 453,579 18 Virginia Beach VA 452,602 19 Tulsa OK 403,090 20 Arlington TX 392,772 Major metropolitan areas ( edit ) Rank Metropolitan Statistical Area State ( s ) Population ( 2016 est . ) Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington TX 7,233,323 Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land TX 6,772,470 Washington metropolitan area VA -- MD - WV - DC 6,131,977 Miami - Fort Lauderdale - Pompano Beach FL 6,066,387 5 Atlanta - Sandy Springs - Marietta GA 5,789,700 6 Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater FL 3,032,171 7 Baltimore -- Towson MD 2,798,886 8 Charlotte -- Gastonia -- Rock Hill - Concord NC -- SC 2,474,314 9 Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford FL 2,441,257 10 San Antonio - New Braunfels TX 2,429,609 11 Cincinnati - Northern Kentucky * OH - IN - KY 2,165,139 12 Austin -- Round Rock - San Marcos TX 2,056,405 13 Nashville - Davidson -- Murfreesboro -- Franklin TN 1,865,298 14 Virginia Beach -- Norfolk -- Newport News VA -- NC 1,726,907 15 Jacksonville FL 1,478,212 16 Oklahoma City OK 1,373,211 17 Memphis - Forrest City TN -- MS -- AR 1,342,842 18 Raleigh NC 1,302,946 19 Louisville -- Jefferson County * KY -- IN 1,283,430 20 Richmond VA 1,281,708 * Asterisk indicates part of the metropolitan area is outside the states classified as Southern . Major combined statistical areas ( edit ) Rank Combined Statistical Area State ( s ) Population ( 2015 estimates ) Washington - Baltimore - Arlington DC - MD - VA - WV - PA 9,625,360 Dallas - Fort Worth TX 7,504,362 Houston TX 6,855,069 Miami - Fort Lauderdale - Port St. Lucie FL 6,654,565 5 Atlanta - Athens - Clarke County - Sandy Springs GA 6,365,108 6 Orlando - Deltona - Daytona Beach FL 3,129,308 7 Tampa - St. Petersburg - Clearwater FL 3,030,953 8 Charlotte - Concord NC - SC 2,583,956 9 Cincinnati - Wilmington - Maysville OH - KY - IN 2,216,735 10 Raleigh - Durham - Chapel Hill NC 2,117,103 11 Nashville - Davidson -- Murfreesboro TN 1,951,644 12 Virginia Beach - Norfolk VA - NC 1,828,187 13 Greensboro -- Winston - Salem -- High Point NC 1,642,506 14 Jacksonville - St. Marys - Palatka FL -- GA 1,573,606 15 Louisville / Jefferson County -- Elizabethtown -- Madison KY - IN 1,504,559 16 New Orleans - Metairie - Hammond LA - MS 1,493,205 17 Oklahoma City - Shawnee OK 1,430,327 18 Greenville - Spartanburg - Anderson SC 1,426,625 19 Memphis - Forrest City TN -- MS - AR 1,370,716 20 Birmingham - Hoover - Talladega AL 1,319,238 See also ( edit ) Black Belt ( U.S. region ) Cuisine of the Southern United States Culture of honor ( Southern United States ) King Cotton List of plantations in the United States Rice Belt Southern American English Southern art Southern hospitality Southern literature Territories of the United States on stamps White Southerner Admixture United States portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Census Regions and Divisions of the United States '' ( PDF ) . 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Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Toward a social history of the American Civil War : exploratory essays Archived November 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Maris Vinovskis ( 1990 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 : An Easy Adjustment to the Post War Nation : Pensacola Between 1865 and 1870 '' ( PDF ) . fsu.edu . December 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Richard Nelson Current , Those Terrible Carpetbaggers : A Reinterpretation ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Nicholas Lemann , Redemption : The Last Battle of the Civil War , New York : Farrar Straus & Giroux , 2002 , pp. 70 -- 75 Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary , Vol. 17 , 2000 , p. 27 Archived April 28 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed March 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ John Solomon Otto , The Final Frontiers , 1880 -- 1930 : Settling the Southern Bottomlands , Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1999 Jump up ^ John C. Willis , Forgotten Time : The Yazoo - Mississippi Delta after the Civil War , Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Italians in Mississippi '' , Mississippi History Now Archived October 26 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed November 28 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Vivian Wong , `` Somewhere Between White and Black : The Chinese in Mississippi '' , Organization of American Historians Magazine of History `` . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , accessed November 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ Edward L. Ayers , The Promise of the New South : Life after Reconstruction , New York : Oxford University Press , 1992 ; 15th Anniversary Edition ( pbk ) , 2007 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary , Vol. 17 , 2000 , pp. 12 -- 13 Archived April 28 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed March 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Glenn Feldman , The Disfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2004 Jump up ^ Springer , Melanie ( 2014 ) . How the States Shaped the Nation . The University of Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Busbee , Wesley F. ; Mississippi : A History ; p. 185 ISBN 0882952277 Jump up ^ `` Dr. Michael McDonald , US Elections Project : Alabama Redistricting Summary , George Mason University '' . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2005 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . , accessed April 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Strikes '' , Texas Handbook On - Line Archived May 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jackie McElhaney and Michael V. Hazel , `` Dallas '' , Handbook of Texas Online Archived October 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ David G. McComb , `` Urbanization '' , Handbook of Texas Online Archived April 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` First Measured Century : Interview : James Gregory '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Medical Center '' . tshaonline.org . Jump up ^ `` U.S. News Best Hospitals : Cancer '' . usnews.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart : States With The Most Fortune 500 Companies '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` State jobless rate below US average '' . The Decatur Daily . August 19 , 2005 . Retrieved February 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Milwaukee now fourth poorest city in nation JSOnline , September 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ America 's Poorest States Archived May 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , 24 / 7 Wall St Jump up ^ Matus , Ron , ( March 6 , 2005 ) . `` Schools still rank near the bottom '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ US Department of Education Archived August 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . retrieved June 14 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Graduation Rates Rise in South , Study Finds '' . Education Week . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bethune , Lawrence E. `` Scots to Colonial North Carolina before 1775 '' . Lawrence E. Bethune 's M.U.S.I.C.s Project . Jump up ^ Cooper , Christopher A. ; Knotts , H. Gibbs ( 2004 ) . `` Defining Dixie : A State - Level Measure of the Modern Political South '' . American Review of Politics . 25 : 25 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Reed , John Shelton ( 1982 ) . One South : An Ethnic Approach to Regional Culture . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1003 - 5 . Jump up ^ Smith , William L. ( 2009 ) . `` Southerner and Irish ? Regional and Ethnic Consciousness in Savannah , Georgia '' ( PDF ) . Southern Rural Sociology. 24 ( 1 ) : 223 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Smith , M.G. ( 1982 ) . `` Ethnicity and ethnic groups in America : the view from Harvard '' ( PDF ) . Ethnic and Racial Studies . 5 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1080 / 01419870.1982. 9993357 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer , Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America , New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 , pp. 633 -- 639 ^ Jump up to : `` Table 3a . Persons Who Reported a Single Ancestry Group for Regions , Divisions and States : 1980 '' ( PDF ) . census.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Type of Ancestry Response for Regions , Divisions and States : 1980 '' ( PDF ) . census.gov . Jump up ^ Wilson , Charles Reagan . Ferris , William R. Encyclopedia of Southern culture , p. 556 Jump up ^ Christine Leigh Heyrman , Southern Cross : The Beginnings of the Bible Belt ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Donald G. Mathews , Religion in the Old South ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Edward L. Queen , In the South the Baptists Are the Center of Gravity : Southern Baptists and Social Change , 1930 -- 1980 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ `` Baptists as a Percentage of all Residents '' . Department of Geography and Meteorology , Valparaiso University . 2000 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Samuel S. Hill , Charles H. Lippy , and Charles Reagan Wilson , eds . Encyclopedia of Religion in the South ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` The most and least religious states in the US -- Mississippi comes out top , Vermont is bottom -- Christian News on Christian Today '' . christiantoday.com . Jump up ^ Blanton , Anderson , Hittin ' the Prayer Bones : Materiality of Spirit in the Pentecostal South . ( University of North Carolina Press , 2015 ) Jump up ^ 2014 National College Football Attendance Jump up ^ Writers ' Program of the Work Projects Administration on the State of Texas ( 1942 ) . Houston : A History and Guide . American Guide Series . The Anson Jones Press . p. 215 . LCCN 87890145 . OL 2507140M . Jump up ^ `` Base Ball Club '' . The Weekly Telegraph . April 16 , 1861 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cutler , Tami ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Division I Baseball Attendance '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Attendance '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Obesity Facts '' . Overweight and Obesity . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . August 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Baird , Joel Banner ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Study : Vermont among least obese states '' . The Burlington Free Press . Burlington , VT . pp. 1A , 4A . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Six Worst States for Sleep '' . 247wallst.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rachel Pomerance , `` Most and Least Obese U.S. States '' , U.S. News & World Report , August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diabetes Most Prevalent In Southern United States , Study Finds '' , Science Daily , September 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Southern Diet Might Explain the ' stroke Belt ' '' , HealthDay , February 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ Rick Nauert , `` U.S. South Has Higher Risk of Cognitive Decline '' , Psych Central , May 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Geographic and Racial Variation in Premature Mortality in the U.S. : Analyzing the Disparities '' . Jump up ^ CDC . `` Death in the United States '' . Jump up ^ Fenelon , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Geographic Divergence in Mortality in the United States '' . Population and Development Review . 39 ( 4 ) : 611 -- 634 . PMC 4109895 . PMID 25067863 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2013. 00630. x . Jump up ^ Wiess , AJ and Elixhauser A ( October 2014 ) . `` Overview of Hospital Utilization , 2012 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 180 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Jump up ^ Torio CM , Andrews RM ( September 2014 ) . `` Geographic Variation in Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations for Acute and Chronic Conditions , 2005 -- 2011 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 178 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Jump up ^ Matt Stiles , `` The State of the Cancer Nation '' , NPR , April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2nd map in `` Cancer Prevention and Control , Cancer Rates by State '' , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Perman , Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Key ; Southern Politics State and Nation ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Gordon B. McKinney ( 2010 ) ; Southern Mountain Republicans 1865 -- 1900 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 9724 - 9 Jump up ^ The classic study is V.O. Key , Southern politics in State and Nation ( 1949 ) Jump up ^ Numan V. Bartley , The New South , 1945 -- 1980 ( 1995 ) pp 455 -- 70 Jump up ^ Bernard Cosman , Five States for Goldwater Continuity and Change in Southern Presidential Voting Patterns ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ David M. Chalmers , Backfire : how the Ku Klux Klan helped the civil rights movement ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Bartley , The New South pp 408 -- 11 Jump up ^ Earl Black and Merle Black , The Rise of Southern Republicans ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ William C. Martin , With God On Our Side : The Rise of the Religious Right in America ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Michael Barone , `` Republicans Find Refuge in the House , '' The Wall Street Journal ( Nov. 9 , 2012 ) p . A13 . Jump up ^ `` Romney Bus Tour Charts Course for Battlegrounds Obama Won '' . Businessweek . August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katzman , 1996 Jump up ^ `` Tracking New Trends in Race Migration '' . News & Notes . National Public Radio . March 14 , 2006 . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Study shows Memphis among most integrated cities '' . Memphis Business Journal . January 13 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Mauer , Marc ; Ryan S. King ( July 2007 ) . `` Uneven Justice : State Rates of Incarceration By Race and Ethnicity '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : The Sentencing Project . p. 16 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . ( Report . ) Jump up ^ `` League of the South Core Beliefs Statement '' . League of the South . June 1994 . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tony Horowitz , Confederates in the Attic ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Martinez , James Michael ; Richardson , William Donald ; McNinch - Su , Ron , eds. ( 2000 ) . Confederate Symbols . University Press of Florida . ISBN 9780813017587 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2014 to July 1 , 2015 ( CBSA - EST2012 - 01 ) '' . March 2016 United States Census . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2015 to July 1 , 2016 ( CBSA - EST2012 - 01 ) '' . March 2015 United States Census . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The 2012 Census population estimate for the part within the South ( Kentucky ) is 431,997 . Jump up ^ The 2010 Census population for the part within the South ( Kentucky ) is 973,271 . Ayers , Edward L. What Caused the Civil War ? Reflections on the South and Southern History ( 2005 ) Cash , Wilbur J. The Mind of the South ( 1941 ) , Cooper , Christopher A. and H. Gibbs Knotts , eds . The New Politics of North Carolina ( U. of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5876 - 9 Flynt , J. Wayne Dixie 's Forgotten People : The South 's Poor Whites ( 1979 ) . deals with 20th century . David M. Katzman . `` Black Migration '' . The Reader 's Companion to American History . Houghton Mifflin Company . James Grossman ( 1996 ) . `` Chicago and the ' Great Migration ' '' . Illinois History Teacher. 3 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . McWhiney , Grady . In Cracker Culture : Celtic Ways in the Old South ( 1988 ) John O. Allen and Clayton E. Jewett ( 2004 ) . Slavery in the South : A State - by - State History . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32019 - 5 . Rayford Logan ( 1997 ) . The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80758 - 0 . William B. Hesseltine ( 1936 ) . A History of the South , 1607 -- 1936 . Prentice - Hall . Mark , Rebecca , and Rob Vaughan . The South : The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures ( 2004 ) Robert W. Twyman. and David C. Roller , ed. , ed. ( 1979 ) . Encyclopedia of Southern History . LSU Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0575 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Charles Reagan Wilson and William Ferris , ed. , ed. ( 1989 ) . Encyclopedia of Southern Culture . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1823 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) Edward L. Ayers ( 1993 ) . The Promise of the New South : Life after Reconstruction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508548 - 5 . Monroe Lee Billington ( 1975 ) . The Political South in the 20th Century . Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 13983 - 9 . Earl Black and Merle Black ( 2002 ) . The Rise of Southern Republicans . Belknap press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01248 - 8 . W.J. Cash ( 1935 ) . The Mind of the South . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73647 - 6 . Pete Daniel ( 2000 ) . Lost Revolutions : The South in the 1950s . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4848 - 4 . Davis , Donald , and Mark R. Stoll . Southern United States : An Environmental History ( 2006 ) Edwards , Laura F. `` Southern History as U.S. History , '' Journal of Southern History , 75 ( Aug. 2009 ) , 533 -- 64 . Frederickson , Kari. ( 2013 ) . Cold War Dixie : Militarization and Modernization in the American South . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press . Michael Kreyling ( 1998 ) . Inventing Southern Literature . University Press of Mississippi . p. 66 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 045 - 1 . Heather A. Haveman ( 2004 ) . `` Antebellum literary culture and the evolution of American magazines '' . Poetics. 32 : 5 -- 28 . doi : 10.1016 / j. poetic. 2003.12. 002 . Eugene D. Genovese ( 1976 ) . Roll , Jordan , Roll : The World the Slaves Made . New York : Vintage Books . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 71652 - 3 . Morris , Christopher ( 2009 ) . `` A More Southern Environmental History '' . Journal of Southern History . 75 ( 3 ) : 581 -- 598 . Howard N. Rabinowitz ( September 1976 ) . `` From Exclusion to Segregation : Southern Race Relations , 1865 -- 1890 '' . Journal of American History . 43 : 325 -- 350 . Nicol C. Rae ( 1994 ) . Southern Democrats . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508709 - 7 . Jeffrey A. Raffel ( 1998 ) . Historical Dictionary of School Segregation and Desegregation : The American Experience . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29502 - 6 . J. Mills Thornton III . Archipelagoes of My South : Episodes in the Shaping of a Region , 1830 -- 1965 ( 2016 ) online Virts , Nancy ( 2006 ) . `` Change in the Plantation System : American South , 1910 -- 1945 '' . Explorations in Economic History . 43 ( 1 ) : 153 -- 176 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2005.04. 003 . Wells , Jonathan Daniel ( 2009 ) . `` The Southern Middle Class '' . Journal of Southern History . 75 ( 3 ) : 651 -- . C. Vann Woodward ( 1955 ) . The Strange Career of Jim Crow . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514690 - 5 . Gavin Wright ( 1996 ) . Old South , New South : Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War . LSU Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2098 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Southern United States . Southern United States travel guide from Wikivoyage DocSouth : Documenting the American South -- multimedia collections from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Center for the Study of Southern Culture -- the research center at the University of Mississippi , with a graduate program and undergraduate major in southern studies University of Mississippi Libraries . `` Southern Studies '' . Library Guides . University of North Carolina , Southern Studies . `` Southern Studies Jumpgate '' . 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-7633433696575487770 | Social contract | Social contract - wikipedia Social contract Jump to : navigation , search `` Social Agreement '' redirects here . For the Greek political party , see Social Agreement ( Greece ) . For Rousseau 's 1762 treatise on the concept , see The Social Contract . For other uses , see Social Contract ( disambiguation ) . The original cover of Thomas Hobbes 's work Leviathan ( 1651 ) , in which he discusses the concept of the social contract theory In both moral and political philosophy , the social contract is a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment . Usually , the social contract concerns the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual . Social contract arguments typically posit that individuals have consented , either explicitly or tacitly , to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or magistrate ( or to the decision of a majority ) , in exchange for protection of their remaining rights . The question of the relation between natural and legal rights , therefore , is often an aspect of social contract theory . The term takes its name from The Social Contract ( French : Du contrat social ou Principes du droit politique ) , a 1762 book by Jean - Jacques Rousseau that discussed this concept . Although the antecedents of social contract theory are found in antiquity , in Greek and Stoic philosophy and Roman and Canon Law , the heyday of the social contract was the mid-17th to early 19th centuries , when it emerged as the leading doctrine of political legitimacy . The starting point for most social contract theories is an examination of the human condition absent of any political order that Thomas Hobbes termed the `` state of nature '' . In this condition , individuals ' actions are bound only by their personal power and conscience . From this shared starting point , social contract theorists seek to demonstrate , in different ways , why a rational individual would voluntarily consent to give up their natural freedom to obtain the benefits of political order . Hugo Grotius ( 1625 ) , Thomas Hobbes ( 1651 ) , Samuel von Pufendorf ( 1673 ) , John Locke ( 1689 ) , Jean - Jacques Rousseau ( 1762 ) , and Immanuel Kant ( 1797 ) are among the most prominent of 17th - century and 18th - century theorists of social contract and natural rights . Each solved the problem of political authority in a different way . Grotius posited that individual human beings had natural rights . Thomas Hobbes famously said that in a `` state of nature '' , human life would be `` solitary , poor , nasty , brutish and short '' . In the absence of political order and law , everyone would have unlimited natural freedoms , including the `` right to all things '' and thus the freedom to plunder , rape , and murder ; there would be an endless `` war of all against all '' ( bellum omnium contra omnes ) . To avoid this , free men contract with each other to establish political community ( civil society ) through a social contract in which they all gain security in return for subjecting themselves to an absolute sovereign , one man or an assembly of men . Though the sovereign 's edicts may well be arbitrary and tyrannical , Hobbes saw absolute government as the only alternative to the terrifying anarchy of a state of nature . Hobbes asserted that humans consent to abdicate their rights in favor of the absolute authority of government ( whether monarchical or parliamentary ) . Pufendorf disputed Hobbes 's equation of a state of nature with war . Alternatively , John Locke and Jean - Jacques Rousseau have argued that we gain civil rights in return for accepting the obligation to respect and defend the rights of others , giving up some freedoms to do so . The central assertion of social contract approaches is that law and political order are not natural , but are instead human creations . The social contract and the political order it creates are simply the means towards an end -- the benefit of the individuals involved -- and legitimate only to the extent that they fulfill their part of the agreement . According to Hobbes ( in whose view government is not a party to the original contract ) citizens are not obligated to submit to the government when it is too weak to act effectively to suppress factionalism and civil unrest . According to other social contract theorists , when the government fails to secure their natural rights ( Locke ) or satisfy the best interests of society ( called the `` general will '' in Rousseau ) , citizens can withdraw their obligation to obey , or change the leadership through elections or other means including , when necessary , violence . Locke believed that natural rights were inalienable , and that the rule of God therefore superseded government authority , and Rousseau believed that democracy ( self - rule ) was the best way of ensuring the general welfare while maintaining individual freedom under the rule of law . The Lockean concept of the social contract was invoked in the United States Declaration of Independence . Social contract theories were eclipsed in the 19th century in favor of utilitarianism , Hegelianism , and Marxism , and were revived in the 20th century , notably in the form of a thought experiment by John Rawls . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Classical thought 1.2 Renaissance developments 2 Philosophers 2.1 Hugo Grotius ( 1625 ) 2.2 Thomas Hobbes ' Leviathan ( 1651 ) 2.3 John Locke 's Second Treatise of Government ( 1689 ) 2.4 Jean - Jacques Rousseau 's Du contrat social ( 1762 ) 2.5 Pierre - Joseph Proudhon 's individualist social contract ( 1851 ) 2.6 John Rawls ' Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) 2.7 David Gauthier 's Morals By Agreement ( 1986 ) 2.8 Philip Pettit 's Republicanism ( 1997 ) 3 Critical theories 3.1 Consent of the governed 3.2 Natural law and constitutionalism 3.3 Tacit consent 3.4 Explicit Consent 3.5 Voluntarism 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) The concept of the social contract was originally posed by Glaucon , as described by Plato in The Republic , Book II . They say that to do injustice is , by nature , good ; to suffer injustice , evil ; but that the evil is greater than the good . And so when men have both done and suffered injustice and have had experience of both , not being able to avoid the one and obtain the other , they think that they had better agree among themselves to have neither ; hence there arise laws and mutual covenants ; and that which is ordained by law is termed by them lawful and just . This they affirm to be the origin and nature of justice ; -- it is a mean or compromise , between the best of all , which is to do injustice and not be punished , and the worst of all , which is to suffer injustice without the power of retaliation ; and justice , being at a middle point between the two , is tolerated not as a good , but as the lesser evil , and honoured by reason of the inability of men to do injustice . For no man who is worthy to be called a man would ever submit to such an agreement if he were able to resist ; he would be mad if he did . Such is the received account , Socrates , of the nature and origin of justice . The social contract theory also appears in Crito , another dialogue from Plato . Over time , the social contract theory became more widespread after Epicurus ( 341 - 270 BC ) , the first philosopher who saw justice as a social contract , and not as existing in Nature due to divine intervention ( see below and also Epicurean ethics ) , decided to bring the theory to the forefront of his society . As time went on , philosophers of traditional political and social thought , such as Locke , Hobbes , and Rousseau put forward their opinions on social contract , which then caused the topic to become much more mainstream . Classical Thought ( edit ) Social contract formulations are preserved in many of the world 's oldest records . The Buddhist text of the second century BCE , Mahāvastu , recounts the legend of Mahasammata . The story goes as follows : In the early days of the cosmic cycle mankind lived on an immaterial plane , dancing on air in a sort of fairyland , where there was no need of food or clothing , and no private property , family , government or laws . Then gradually the process of cosmic decay began its work , and mankind became earthbound , and felt the need of food and shelter . As men lost their primeval glory , distinctions of class arose , and they entered into agreements with one another , accepting the institution of private property and the family . With this theft , murder , adultery , and other crime began , and so the people met together and decided to appoint one man from among them to maintain order in return for a share of the produce of their fields and herds . He was called `` the Great Chosen One '' ( Mahasammata ) , and he received the title of raja because he pleased the people . In his rock edicts , the Buddhist king Asoka was said to have argued for a broad and far - reaching social contract . The Buddhist vinaya also reflects social contracts expected of the monks ; one such instance is when the people of a certain town complained about monks felling saka trees , the Buddha tells his monks that they must stop and give way to social norms . Epicurus in the fourth century BCE seemed to have had a strong sense of social contract , with justice and law being rooted in mutual agreement and advantage , as evidenced by these lines , among others , from his Principal Doctrines ( see also Epicurean ethics ) : 31 . Natural justice is a pledge of reciprocal benefit , to prevent one man from harming or being harmed by another . 32 . Those animals which are incapable of making binding agreements with one another not to inflict nor suffer harm are without either justice or injustice ; and likewise for those peoples who either could not or would not form binding agreements not to inflict nor suffer harm . 33 . There never was such a thing as absolute justice , but only agreements made in mutual dealings among men in whatever places at various times providing against the infliction or suffering of harm . Renaissance developments ( edit ) Quentin Skinner has argued that several critical modern innovations in contract theory are found in the writings from French Calvinists and Huguenots , whose work in turn was invoked by writers in the Low Countries who objected to their subjection to Spain and , later still , by Catholics in England . Francisco Suárez ( 1548 -- 1617 ) , from the School of Salamanca , might be considered an early theorist of the social contract , theorizing natural law in an attempt to limit the divine right of absolute monarchy . All of these groups were led to articulate notions of popular sovereignty by means of a social covenant or contract , and all of these arguments began with proto - `` state of nature '' arguments , to the effect that the basis of politics is that everyone is by nature free of subjection to any government . These arguments , however , relied on a corporatist theory found in Roman law , according to which `` a populus '' can exist as a distinct legal entity . Thus , these arguments held that a group of people can join a government because it has the capacity to exercise a single will and make decisions with a single voice in the absence of sovereign authority -- a notion rejected by Hobbes and later contract theorists . Philosophers ( edit ) Hugo Grotius ( 1625 ) ( edit ) In the early 17th century , Grotius ( 1583 -- 1645 ) introduced the modern idea that individuals had natural rights that enabled self - preservation , employing this idea as a basis for moral consensus in the face of religious diversity and the rise of natural science . He seeks to find a parsimonious basis for a moral beginning for society , a kind of natural law that everyone could accept . He goes so far as to say in his On the Law of War and Peace that even if we were to concede what we can not concede without the utmost wickedness , namely that there is no God , these laws would still hold . The idea was considered incendiary since it suggested that power can ultimately go back to the individuals if the political society that they have set up forfeits the purpose for which it was originally established , which is to preserve themselves . In other words , individual persons are sovereign . Grotius says that the people are sui juris ( under their own jurisdiction ) . People have rights as human beings , but there is a delineation of those rights because of what is possible for everyone to accept morally ; everyone has to accept that each person as an individual is entitled to try to preserve himself . Each person should , therefore , avoid doing harm to , or interfering with , another , and any breach of these rights should be punished . Thomas Hobbes ' Leviathan ( 1651 ) ( edit ) Main article : Leviathan ( Hobbes book ) The first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed contract theory was Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 -- 1679 ) . According to Hobbes , the lives of individuals in the state of nature were `` solitary , poor , nasty , brutish and short '' , a state in which self - interest and the absence of rights and contracts prevented the `` social '' , or society . Life was `` anarchic '' ( without leadership or the concept of sovereignty ) . Individuals in the state of nature were apolitical and asocial . This state of nature is followed by the social contract . The social contract was an `` occurrence '' during which individuals came together and ceded some of their individual rights so that others would cede theirs . This resulted in the establishment of the state , a sovereign entity like the individuals now under its rule used to be , which would create laws to regulate social interactions . Human life was thus no longer `` a war of all against all '' . The state system , which grew out of the social contract , was , however , also anarchic ( without leadership ) . Just as the individuals in the state of nature had been sovereigns and thus guided by self - interest and the absence of rights , so states now acted in their self - interest in competition with each other . Just like the state of nature , states were thus bound to be in conflict because there was no sovereign over and above the state ( more powerful ) capable of imposing some system such as social - contract laws on everyone by force . Indeed , Hobbes ' work helped to serve as a basis for the realism theories of international relations , advanced by E.H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau . Hobbes wrote in Leviathan that humans ( `` we '' ) need the `` terrour of some Power '' otherwise humans will not heed the law of reciprocity , `` ( in summe ) doing to others , as wee would be done to '' . John Locke 's second treatise of government ( 1689 ) ( edit ) John Locke 's conception of the social contract differed from Hobbes ' in several fundamental ways , retaining only the central notion that persons in a state of nature would willingly come together to form a state . Locke believed that individuals in a state of nature would be bound morally , by the Law of Nature , not to harm each other in their lives or possessions , but without government to defend them against those seeking to injure or enslave them , people would have no security in their rights and would live in fear . Locke argued that individuals would agree to form a state that would provide a `` neutral judge '' , acting to protect the lives , liberty , and property of those who lived within it . While Hobbes argued for near - absolute authority , Locke argued for inviolate freedom under law in his Second Treatise of Government . Locke argued that a government 's legitimacy comes from the citizens ' delegation to the government of their absolute right of violence ( reserving the inalienable right of self - defense or `` self - preservation '' ) , along with elements of other rights ( e.g. property will be liable to taxation ) as necessary to achieve the goal of security through granting the state a monopoly of violence , whereby the government , as an impartial judge , may use the collective force of the populace to administer and enforce the law , rather than each man acting as his own judge , jury , and executioner -- the condition in the state of nature . Jean - Jacques Rousseau 's du contrat social ( 1762 ) ( edit ) Jean - Jacques Rousseau ( 1712 -- 1778 ) , in his influential 1762 treatise The Social Contract , outlined a different version of social contract theory , as the foundations of political rights based on unlimited popular sovereignty . Although Rousseau wrote that the British were perhaps at the time the freest people on earth , he did not approve of their representative government . Rousseau believed that liberty was possible only where there was direct rule by the people as a whole in lawmaking , where popular sovereignty was indivisible and inalienable . But he also maintained that the people often did not know their `` real will '' , and that a proper society would not occur until a great leader ( `` the Legislator '' ) arose to change the values and customs of the people , likely through the strategic use of religion . Rousseau 's political theory differs in important ways from that of Locke and Hobbes . Rousseau 's collectivism is most evident in his development of the `` luminous conception '' ( which he credited to Denis Diderot ) of the general will . Rousseau argues a citizen can not pursue his true interest by being an egoist but must instead subordinate himself to the law created by the citizenry acting as a collective . ( The social contract ) can be reduced to the following terms : Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will ; and in a body we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole . Rousseau 's striking phrase that man must `` be forced to be free '' should be understood this way : since the indivisible and inalienable popular sovereignty decides what is good for the whole , then if an individual lapses back into his ordinary egoism and disobeys the law , he will be forced to listen to what was decided when the people acted as a collectivity ( as citizens ) . Thus , the law , inasmuch as it is created by the people acting as a body , is not a limitation of individual freedom , but rather its expression . Thus , enforcement of laws , including criminal law , is not a restriction on individual liberty : the individual , as a citizen , explicitly agreed to be constrained if , as a private individual , he did not respect his own will as formulated in the general will . Because laws represent the restraints of civil freedom , they represent the leap made from humans in the state of nature into civil society . In this sense , the law is a civilizing force , and therefore Rousseau believed that the laws that govern a people helped to mold their character . Pierre - Joseph Proudhon 's individualist social contract ( 1851 ) ( edit ) While Rousseau 's social contract is based on popular sovereignty and not on individual sovereignty , there are other theories espoused by individualists , libertarians , and anarchists that do not involve agreeing to anything more than negative rights and creates only a limited state , if any . Pierre - Joseph Proudhon ( 1809 -- 1865 ) advocated a conception of social contract that did not involve an individual surrendering sovereignty to others . According to him , the social contract was not between individuals and the state , but rather among individuals who refrain from coercing or governing each other , each one maintaining complete sovereignty upon him - or herself : What really is the Social Contract ? An agreement of the citizen with the government ? No , that would mean but the continuation of ( Rousseau 's ) idea . The social contract is an agreement of man with man ; an agreement from which must result what we call society . In this , the notion of commutative justice , first brought forward by the primitive fact of exchange , ... is substituted for that of distributive justice ... Translating these words , contract , commutative justice , which are the language of the law , into the language of business , and you have commerce , that is to say , in its highest significance , the act by which man and man declare themselves essentially producers , and abdicate all pretension to govern each other . -- Pierre - Joseph Proudhon , General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century ( 1851 ) John Rawls ' theory of justice ( 1971 ) ( edit ) Building on the work of Immanuel Kant with its presumption of limits on the state , John Rawls ( 1921 -- 2002 ) , in A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) , proposed a contractarian approach whereby rational people in a hypothetical `` original position '' would set aside their individual preferences and capacities under a `` veil of ignorance '' and agree to certain general principles of justice and legal organization . This idea is also used as a game - theoretical formalization of the notion of fairness . David Gauthier 's Morals by agreement ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Main article : Contractarian ethics David Gauthier `` neo-Hobbesian '' theory argues that cooperation between two independent and self - interested parties is indeed possible , especially when it comes to understanding morality and politics . Gauthier notably points out the advantages of cooperation between two parties when it comes to the challenge of the prisoner 's dilemma . He proposes that , if two parties were to stick to the original agreed - upon arrangement and morals outlined by the contract , they would both experience an optimal result . In his model for the social contract , factors including trust , rationality , and self - interest keep each party honest and dissuade them from breaking the rules . Philip Pettit 's Republicanism ( 1997 ) ( edit ) Philip Pettit ( b . 1945 ) has argued , in Republicanism : A Theory of Freedom and Government ( 1997 ) , that the theory of social contract , classically based on the consent of the governed , should be modified . Instead of arguing for explicit consent , which can always be manufactured , Pettit argues that the absence of an effective rebellion against it is a contract 's only legitimacy . Critical theories ( edit ) Consent of the governed ( edit ) An early critic of social contract theory was Rousseau 's friend , the philosopher David Hume , who in 1742 published an essay `` Of Civil Liberty '' . The second part of this essay , entitled `` Of the Original Contract '' , stresses that the concept of a `` social contract '' is a convenient fiction : As no party , in the present age can well support itself without a philosophical or speculative system of principles annexed to its political or practical one ; we accordingly find that each of the factions into which this nation is divided has reared up a fabric of the former kind , in order to protect and cover that scheme of actions which it pursues ... The one party ( defenders of the absolute and divine right of kings , or Tories ) , by tracing up government to the DEITY , endeavor to render it so sacred and inviolate that it must be little less than sacrilege , however tyrannical it may become , to touch or invade it in the smallest article . The other party ( the Whigs , or believers in constitutional monarchy ) , by founding government altogether on the consent of the PEOPLE suppose that there is a kind of original contract by which the subjects have tacitly reserved the power of resisting their sovereign , whenever they find themselves aggrieved by that authority with which they have for certain purposes voluntarily entrusted him . -- David Hume , `` On Civil Liberty '' ( II. XII. 1 ) Hume argued that consent of the governed was the ideal foundation on which a government should rest , but that it had not actually occurred this way in general . My intention here is not to exclude the consent of the people from being one just foundation of government where it has place . It is surely the best and most sacred of any . I only contend that it has very seldom had place in any degree and never almost in its full extent . And that therefore some other foundation of government must also be admitted . -- Ibid II. XII. 20 Natural law and Constitutionalism ( edit ) Legal scholar Randy Barnett has argued that , while presence in the territory of a society may be necessary for consent , this does not constitute consent to all rules the society might make regardless of their content . A second condition of consent is that the rules be consistent with underlying principles of justice and the protection of natural and social rights , and have procedures for effective protection of those rights ( or liberties ) . This has also been discussed by O. A. Brownson , who argued that , in a sense , three `` constitutions '' are involved : first , the constitution of nature that includes all of what the Founders called `` natural law '' ; second , the constitution of society , an unwritten and commonly understood set of rules for the society formed by a social contract before it establishes a government , by which it does establish the third , a constitution of government . To consent , a necessary condition is that the rules be constitutional in that sense . Tacit consent ( edit ) The theory of an implicit social contract holds that by remaining in the territory controlled by some society , which usually has a government , people give consent to join that society and be governed by its government , if any . This consent is what gives legitimacy to such a government . Other writers have argued that consent to join the society is not necessarily consent to its government . For that , the government must be set up according to a constitution of government that is consistent with the superior unwritten constitutions of nature and society . Explicit consent ( edit ) The theory of an implicit social contract also goes under the principles of explicit consent . The main difference between Tacit consent and explicit consent is that explicit consent is meant to leave no room for misinterpretation . Moreover , you should directly state what it is that you want and the person has to respond in a concise manner that either confirms or denies the proposition . Voluntarism ( edit ) According to the will theory of contract , a contract is not presumed valid unless all parties voluntarily agree to it , either tacitly or explicitly , without coercion . Lysander Spooner , a 19th - century lawyer and staunch supporter of a right of contract between individuals , argued in his essay No Treason that a supposed social contract can not be used to justify governmental actions such as taxation because government will initiate force against anyone who does not wish to enter into such a contract . As a result , he maintains that such an agreement is not voluntary and therefore can not be considered a legitimate contract at all . Modern Anglo - American law , like European civil law , is based on a will theory of contract , according to which all terms of a contract are binding on the parties because they chose those terms for themselves . This was less true when Hobbes wrote Leviathan ; at that time more importance was attached to consideration , meaning a mutual exchange of benefits necessary to the formation of a valid contract , and most contracts had implicit terms that arose from the nature of the contractual relationship rather than from the choices made by the parties . Accordingly , it has been argued that social contract theory is more consistent with the contract law of the time of Hobbes and Locke than with the contract law of our time , and that certain features in the social contract which seem anomalous to us , such as the belief that we are bound by a contract formulated by our distant ancestors , would not have seemed as strange to Hobbes ' contemporaries as they do to us . See also ( edit ) Philosophy portal Mandate of Heaven Classical republicanism Consent Contract Epicurean ethics Federalism Mandate ( politics ) Mayflower Compact Monarchomachs The Racial Contract Right of rebellion School of Salamanca Social capital Social cohesion Social Contract ( Britain ) - British Labour Party policy involving trade - offs between employment conditions and social welfare Social disintegration Social Justice in the Liberal State Social rights ( social contract theory ) Social solidarity Societal collapse Consent theory Crito -- dialogue by Plato References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` For the name social contract ( or original contract ) often covers two different kinds of contract , and , in tracing the evolution of the theory , it is well to distinguish them . Both were current in the 17th century and both can be discovered in Greek political thought ... ( The first ) generally involved some theory of the origin of the state . The second form of social contract may be more accurately called the contract of government , or the contract of submission ... Generally , it has nothing to do with the origins of society , but , presupposing a society already formed , it purports to define the terms on which that society is to be governed : the people have made a contract with their ruler which determines their relations with him . They promise him obedience , while he promises his protection and good government . While he keeps his part of the bargain , they must keep theirs , but if he misgoverns the contract is broken and allegiance is at an end . '' J.W. Gough , The Social Contract ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1936 ) , pp. 2 -- 3 . Modern revivals of social contract theories have not been as concerned with the origin of the state . Jump up ^ Ross Harrison writes that `` Hobbes seems to have invented this useful term . '' See Ross Harrison , Locke , Hobbs , and Confusion 's Masterpiece ( Cambridge University Press , 2003 ) , p. 70 . The phrase `` state of nature '' does occur , in Thomas Aquinas 's Quaestiones disputatae de veritate , Question 19 , Article 1 , Answer 13 . However , Aquinas uses it in the context of a discussion of the nature of the soul after death , not in reference to politics . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Riley , The Social Contract and Its Critics , chapter 12 in The Cambridge History of Eighteenth - Century Political Thought , Eds . Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler , Vol 4 of The Cambridge History of Political Thought ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) , pp. 347 -- 75 . Jump up ^ The Republic , Book II . Quoted from http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.3.ii.html Jump up ^ `` https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/enlightenment--33?print=1 '' . www.timetoast.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ AL Basham , The Wonder That Was India , pp. 83 Jump up ^ Vincent Cook ( 2000 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Principal Doctrines '' . Epicurus . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Quentin Skinner , The Foundations of Modern Political Thought : Volume 2 : The Age of the Reformation ( Cambridge , 1978 ) Jump up ^ E.g. person A gives up his / her right to kill person B if person B does the same . Jump up ^ Hobbes , Thomas ( 1985 ) . Leviathan . London : Penguin . p. 223 . Jump up ^ Jean - Jacques Rousseau , Oeuvres complètes , ed . B. Gagnebin and M. Raymond ( Paris , 1959 -- 95 ) , III , 361 ; The Collected Writings of Rousseau , ed. C. Kelley and R. Masters ( Hanover , 1990 -- ) , IV , 139 . Jump up ^ Oeuvres complètes , III , 364 ; The Collected Writings of Rousseau , IV , 141 . Jump up ^ Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland , 2011 , `` Liberalism '' , 1.1 , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Immanuel Kant , ( ( 1797 ) ) . The Metaphysics of Morals , Part 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Social Contract Theory ( Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) '' . Iep.utm.edu. 2004 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contractarianism ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) '' . Plato.stanford.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Hume , David . Essays , Moral , Political , and Literary , Part II , Essay XII , Of The Original Contract . Jump up ^ Restoring the Lost Constitution : The Presumption of Liberty , Randy Barnett ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : O.A. Brownson ( 1866 ) . `` The American Republic : its Constitution , Tendencies , and Destiny '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Gaining explicit consent under the GDPR '' . IT Governance Blog. 2017 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Joseph Kary , `` Contract Law and the Social Contract : What Legal History Can Teach Us About the Political Theory of Hobbes and Locke '' , 31 Ottawa Law Review 73 ( Jan. 2000 ) Further reading ( edit ) Ankerl , Guy . Towards a Social Contract on a Worldwide Scale : Solidarity contracts . Research series . Geneva : International Institute for Labour Studies ( Pamphlet ) , 1980 , ISBN 92 - 9014 - 165 - 4 . Carlyle , R.W. A History of mediæval political theory in the West . Edinburgh London : W. Blackwood and sons , 1916 . Falaky , Faycal ( 2014 ) . Social Contract , Masochist Contract : Aesthetics of Freedom and Submission in Rousseau . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 4989 - 0 Gierke , Otto Friedrich Von and Ernst Troeltsch . Natural Law and the Theory of Society 1500 to 1800 . Translated by Sir Ernest Barker , with a Lecture on `` The Ideas of Natural Law and Humanity '' , by Ernst Troeltsch . Cambridge : The University Press , 1950 . Gough , J.W. . The Social Contract . Oxford : Clarendon Press . 1936 . Harrison , Ross . Hobbes , Locke , and Confusion 's Empire : an Examination of Seventeenth - Century Political Philosophy . Cambridge University Press , 2003 . Hobbes , Thomas . Leviathan. 1651 . Locke , John . Second Treatise on Government 1689 . Narveson , Jan ; Trenchard , David ( 2008 ) . `` Contractarianism / Social Contract '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 103 -- 05 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n66 . ISBN 978 - 1412965804 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Pettit , Philip . Republicanism : A Theory of Freedom and Government . NY : Oxford U.P. , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 829083 - 7 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1997 Pufendorf , Samuel , James Tully and Michael Silverthorne . Pufendorf : On the Duty of Man and Citizen according to Natural Law . Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought . Cambridge University Press 1991 . Rawls , John . A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) Riley , Patrick . `` How Coherent is the Social Contract Tradition ? '' Journal of the History of Ideas 34 : 4 ( Oct . -- Dec. , 1973 ) : 543 -- 62 . Riley , Patrick . Will and Political Legitimacy : A Critical Exposition of Social Contract Theory in Hobbes , Locke , Rousseau , Kant , and Hegel . Cambridge , Mass . : Harvard University Press , 1982 . Riley , Patrick . The Social Contract and Its Critics , chapter 12 in The Cambridge History of Eighteenth - Century Political Thought . Eds . Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler . Vol 4 of The Cambridge History of Political Thought . Cambridge University Press , 2006 . pp. 347 -- 75 . Rousseau , Jean - Jacques . The Social Contract , or Principles of Political Right ( 1762 ) External links ( edit ) Library resources about Social contract Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Social Contract . `` The Social Contract '' . In Our Time ( 7 Feb 2008 ) . BBC Radio Program . Melvyn Bragg , moderator ; with Melissa Lane , Cambridge University ; Susan James , University of London ; Karen O'Brien , University of Warwick . `` Game Theory '' . In Our Time ( May 10 , 2012 ) . BBC Radio Program . Melvin Bragg , moderator , with Ian Stewart , Emeritus , University of Warwick , Andrew Colman , University of Leicester , and Richard Bradley , London School of Economics . Discussion of game theory that touches on relation of game theory to the Social Contract . Foisneau , Luc . `` Governing a Republic : Rousseau 's General Will and the Problem of Government '' . Republics of Letters : A Journal for the Study of Knowledge , Politics , and the Arts 2 , no . 1 ( December 15 , 2010 ) `` The Social Contract and Constitutional Republics '' . Constitution Society , website . Sigmund , Paul E. `` Natural Law , Consent , and Equality : William of Ockham to Richard Hooker '' . Published on website Natural Law , Natural Rights , and American Constitutionalism . A We the People project of the National Endowment for the Humanities . Cudd , Ann . `` Contractarianism '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . D'Agostino , Fred . `` Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Social contract '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jan Narveson . `` The Contractarian Theory of Morals : FAQ '' . On website Against Politics : Anarchy Naturalized . A satirical example of a social contract for the United States from the Libertarian Party . Parody . Social Contract : A Basic Contradiction in Western Liberal Democracy , Eric Engle . A critique of social contract theory as counter-factual myth . 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-4381390748552742174 | List of games that support Wii Balance Board | List of Games that support Wii Balance Board - wikipedia List of Games that support Wii Balance Board Jump to : navigation , search The Wii Balance Board . This is a list of released video games for the Wii and Wii U video game consoles which allow use of the Balance Board accessory . The first game to support this accessory is Wii Fit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Wii 1.1 WiiWare 2 Wii U 2.1 Unreleased 3 References Wii ( edit ) This incomplete list is frequently updated to include new information . Title Developer Publisher Release date N. America Release date Europe Release date Japan 10 Minute Solution Seamless Entertainment Activision 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2010 000000002010 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2010 N / A Academy of Champions : Soccer Academy of Champions Ubisoft Vancouver Ubisoft 000000002009 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2009 N / A Aladdin Magic Racer Hydravision Entertainment Red Wagon Games BigBen Interactive / Neko Entertainment 000000002011 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 2011 000000002010 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2010 N / A All Star Cheer Squad All Star Cheerleader Gorilla Systems Corp . THQ 000000002008 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2008 000000002009 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2009 N / A All Star Cheer Squad 2 All Star Cheerleader 2 Gorilla Systems Corp . 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America Release date Europe Release date Japan Copter Crisis Digital Leisure Digital Leisure 000000002009 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2009 N / A Equilibrio DK Games DK Games 000000002009 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2009 000000002009 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2009 N / A Horizon Riders Sabarasa Sabarasa 000000002011 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 2011 000000002012 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2012 N / A Incredible Maze , The The Incredible Maze Digital Leisure Digital Leisure 000000002008 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2008 N / A Manic Monkey Mayhem Code Monkeys Code Monkeys 000000002010 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2010 000000002009 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2009 N / A Overturn Studio Zan Studio Zan Gamebridge 000000002009 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2009 000000002010 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2010 000000002008 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2008 Physiofun Balance Training Kaasa Solution Kaasa Solution N / A 000000002010 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 2010 N / A Rock N ' Roll Climber Vitei Nintendo 000000002009 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 2009 N / A N / A Sekai no Omoshiro Party Game SIMS SIMS N / A N / A 000000002010 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2010 Sekai no Omoshiro Party Game 2 SIMS SIMS N / A N / A 000000002010 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2010 Snowboard Riot Hudson Soft Hudson Soft 000000002009 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2009 000000002009 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2009 000000002009 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2009 Step Up GolemLabs Zoozen 000000002011 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2011 N / A N / A Tetris Party Hudson Soft Hudson Soft Tetris Online 000000002008 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2008 Wii U ( edit ) Title Developer Publisher Release date N. America Release date Europe Release date Japan Wii Fit U Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002013 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2013 Unreleased ( edit ) Title Release date N. America Release date Europe Release date Japan Fit Music TBA 000000002012 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2012 TBA Stratusphere Yoga TBA TBA TBA Yoga TBA TBA TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' 10 Minute Solution ' ( Wii ) Announced - Screens '' . Worthplaying. 2010 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Search : ( 2010 - 06 - 29 ) . `` 10 Minute Solution Release Information for Wii '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Champions - Game Info '' . us.ubi.com. 2009 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Aladin Magic Racer is now available ! '' . Hydravision. 2010 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` All Star Cheer Squad at '' . 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Wii Wii Family Edition Mini Hardware Remote Plus MotionPlus Nunchuk Classic Controller Zapper Balance Board Speak Wi - Fi USB Connector GameCube controller WaveBird Broadway Software / services System software Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection connector games WiiConnect24 games Nintendo Week Third - party / hardware & software Third - party accessories Nyko Kama Nyko Wand Ubisoft Motion Tracking Camera DarwiinRemote Dolphin Freeloader Wii Menu Amazon Video Channel BBC iPlayer Channel Check Mii Out Channel Crunchyroll Channel Everybody Votes Channel Hulu Plus Channel Internet Channel Netflix Channel Nintendo Channel Wii no Ma Wii Shop Channel YouTube Channel Games Best - selling MotionPlus Classic Controller Balance Board GameCube controller Nintendo Selects Touch ! Generations Wii U eShop Virtual Console Japan North America PAL region South Korea Backward compatibility GameCube games New Play Control ! WiiWare Games North America PAL region Wii series Sports Sports Resort Play Play : Motion Fit Fit Plus Music songs Party Predecessor : GameCube Successor : Wii U Category Launch Sales Wii U Hardware Wii U GamePad Off - TV Play Wii U Pro Controller Wii accessories Wii Remote ( Plus ) MotionPlus Nunchuk Classic Controller Balance Board Wii Speak Third - party accessories Amiibo Online service Nintendo Network Miiverse Nintendo eShop Nintendo TVii Amazon Instant Video / LoveFilm Hulu Plus Netflix TiVo SpotPass System software Home Menu Amazon Instant Video LoveFilm Crunchyroll Hulu Napster Netflix Niconico Mii Maker YouTube Wii Mode Wii U Chat Games List Best - selling Balance Board Pro Controller Miis Nintendo Network Wii MotionPlus Virtual Console Japan North America PAL region Backward compatibility Wii games Wi - Fi Connection Wii applications WiiWare games North America PAL region Wii Mode Virtual Console Japan North America PAL region Wii series Street U Fit U Party U Sports Club Miscellaneous List of Wii games on Wii U eShop Licensed toolkits Integrated Nintendo Web Framework Unity Supported Autodesk Gameware CryEngine ( 4th generation ) Havok Gamebryo Umbra Unreal Engine 3 ← Predecessor : Wii Follow - up : Nintendo Switch → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_games_that_support_Wii_Balance_Board&oldid=830257909 '' Categories : Wii Balance Board games Nintendo - related lists Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages with duplicate reference names Incomplete lists from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 18 : 45 . 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-8376556743388070986 | New York Jets | New York Jets - wikipedia New York Jets New York Jets Current season Established August 14 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( August 14 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Headquartered in the Atlantic Health Jets Training Center Florham Park , New Jersey Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Eastern Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Green , White Personnel Owner ( s ) Woody and Christopher Johnson Chairman Christopher Johnson CEO Christopher Johnson President Neil Glat General manager Mike Maccagnan Head coach Todd Bowles Team history New York Titans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) New York Jets ( 1963 -- present ) Team nicknames Gang Green Championships League championships ( 1 ) † AFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 1 ) 1968 AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 1968 ( III ) Conference championships ( 0 ) Division championships ( 4 ) AFL East : 1968 , 1969 AFC East : 1998 , 2002 † - Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL - NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL - NFL Merger Playoff appearances ( 14 ) AFL : 1968 , 1969 NFL : 1981 , 1982 , 1985 , 1986 , 1991 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 Home fields Polo Grounds ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Shea Stadium ( 1964 -- 1983 ) Giants Stadium ( 1984 -- 2009 ) MetLife Stadium ( 2010 -- present ) The New York Jets are a professional American football team located in the New York metropolitan area . The Jets compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Florham Park , New Jersey . In a unique arrangement for the league , the Jets share MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey with the New York Giants . The franchise is legally and corporately registered as New York Jets , LLC . The team was founded in 1959 as the Titans of New York , an original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) ; later , the franchise joined the NFL in the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 . The team began to play in 1960 at the Polo Grounds . Under new ownership , the current name was adopted in 1963 and the franchise moved to Shea Stadium in 1964 and then to the Meadowlands Sports Complex in 1984 . The Jets advanced to the playoffs for the first time in 1968 and went on to compete in Super Bowl III where they defeated the Baltimore Colts , becoming the first AFL team to defeat an NFL club in an AFL -- NFL World Championship Game . Since 1968 , the Jets have appeared in the playoffs 13 times , and in the AFC Championship Game four times , most recently losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2010 . However , the Jets have never returned to the Super Bowl , making them one of three NFL teams to win their lone Super Bowl appearance , along with the New Orleans Saints and Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Apart from the Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions , who have never reached the Super Bowl ( although both won NFL championships prior to 1966 ) , the Jets ' drought is the longest among current NFL franchises . The team 's training facility , Atlantic Health Jets Training Center , which opened in 2008 , is located in Florham Park . The team currently holds their annual training camp sessions in Florham Park , New Jersey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 2 Ownership 2.1 Wismer 2.2 Werblin syndicate 2.3 Hess 2.4 Woody Johnson 2.5 Christopher Johnson 3 Stadiums 4 Rivalries 4.1 New England Patriots 4.2 Buffalo Bills 4.3 Miami Dolphins 4.4 New York Giants 5 Logos and uniforms 6 Cheerleading squad 7 Radio and television 8 Statistics 9 Players 9.1 Current roster 9.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 9.3 Retired numbers 9.4 Ring of Honor 9.5 American Football League All - Time Team 9.6 All - Time Four Decade Team 9.7 Notable first - round draft picks 10 Coaches and staff 10.1 Head coaches 10.2 Current staff 11 References 12 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the New York Jets The first organizational meeting of the American Football League took place on August 14 , 1959 . Harry Wismer , representing the city of New York at the meeting , proclaimed the state was ready for another professional football team and that he was more than capable of running the daily operations . Wismer was granted the charter franchise later dubbed the Titans of New York as Wismer explained , `` Titans are bigger and stronger than Giants . '' He secured the Titans ' home field at the decrepit Polo Grounds , where the team struggled financially and on the field during its first three years . By 1962 , the debt continued to mount for Wismer , forcing the AFL to assume the costs of the team until season 's end . Joe Namath quarterbacking for the Jets in Super Bowl III . A five - man syndicate , headed by Sonny Werblin , saved the team from certain bankruptcy , purchasing the lowly Titans for $1 million . Werblin renamed the team the New York Jets since the team would play in Shea Stadium near LaGuardia Airport . The new name was intended to reflect the modern approach of his team . The Jets ' owners hired Weeb Ewbank as the general manager and head coach . Ewbank and quarterback Joe Namath led the Jets to prominence in 1969 , when New York defeated the heavily favored Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III and solidified the AFL 's position in the world of professional football . When the AFL and NFL merged , the team fell into a state of mediocrity along with their star quarterback , Namath , who only had three successful post-merger seasons after injuries hampered much of his career . The Jets continued to spiral downward before enjoying a string of successes in the 1980s , which included an appearance in the 1982 AFC Championship Game , and the emergence of the popular New York Sack Exchange . The early 1990s saw the team struggling . After firing coach Bruce Coslet , owner Leon Hess hired Pete Carroll who struggled to a 6 -- 10 record and was promptly fired at the end of the season . Thereafter , Rich Kotite was selected to lead the team to victory ; instead he led the Jets to a 4 -- 28 record over the next two years . Kotite stepped down at the end of his second season forcing the Jets to search for a new head coach . Hess lured then - disgruntled New England Patriots head coach Bill Parcells to New York in 1997 . Parcells led the team back to relevance and coached them to the AFC Championship Game in 1998 . Hess died in 1999 while the team , plagued by injuries , produced an eight win record , falling short of a playoff berth . At the end of the season , Parcells stepped down as head coach deferring control to his assistant , Bill Belichick ; Belichick resigned the very next day ( leaving a napkin at the stage for his introduction , on which he had written `` I resign as HC of the NYJ '' ) and went on to accept the head coaching position with the Patriots . The franchise obtained a new owner in Woody Johnson in 2000 . Additionally , through the 2000s the Jets visited the playoffs five times , a franchise record , under the direction of three different coaches . Rex Ryan was hired in January 2009 . Ryan led the team to back - to - back AFC Championship appearances during his first two years but the team never made the playoffs again during his tenure . Ownership ( edit ) Wismer ( edit ) Harry Wismer , a businessman , had been interested in sports for much of his life when he was granted a charter franchise in the American Football League . A three - sport letterman , football , particularly , stuck with Wismer who went on to play for the University of Florida and Michigan State before a knee injury ended his playing career . Undeterred , Wismer began his career as a broadcaster originally with Michigan State and became a pioneer of the industry . Later , as the Titans owner , Wismer formulated a league - wide policy which allowed broadcasting rights to be shared equally among the teams . Wismer , who had previously had a 25 % stake in the Washington Redskins , was interested in the American Football League and was given a franchise to develop in New York . Wismer , whose philosophy was who you knew mattered most , tried to make the team and the league a success . His efforts began to accrue debt as the Titans ' first two seasons were mediocre with attendance dropping in the team 's second year . The franchise was sold for $1 million to a five - man syndicate headed by Sonny Werblin of the Gotham Football Club , Inc. , in February 1963 . Werblin syndicate ( edit ) Sonny Werblin graduated from Rutgers University and was employed by the Music Corporation of America , eventually becoming president of the company 's television division . With a vast knowledge of media , Werblin was determined to put the spotlight on the team . His first order of business , after changing the team 's name and jerseys , was to sign Joe Namath to an unprecedented contract . Werblin 's gamble would later pay off as Namath , who became a public star , led the Jets on to victory in Super Bowl III , though by then Werblin had sold his stake in the team . Werblin 's partners , Townsend B. Martin , Leon Hess , Donald C. Lillis , and Philip H. Iselin , had a falling out with Werblin over the way the team was run -- though the franchise had begun to make a profit , Werblin was making all the policies and decisions himself with little or no input from his partners , much to their dismay . Though Werblin initially resisted their ultimatum to dissolve the partnership , Werblin agreed to be bought out in 1968 . Werblin remained involved in the sports community and became the first chairman and CEO of the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority where he helped to create the Meadowlands Sports Complex , including Giants Stadium . Hess ( edit ) Leon Hess became well known for his Hess Corporation gas stations ; however , he also played an instrumental part in the development of the Jets during his tenure as co-owner and eventual sole owner . Hess had often fought for improvements while the team was a tenant at Shea Stadium but generally stayed away from football operations , allowing his coaches and general manager to make football - related decisions . Becoming the team 's majority stockholder in 1973 , Hess bought Philip H. Iselin 's share upon his death in 1976 after which only two of Hess ' partners remained , Townsend Martin and Helen Dillon , who had inherited the stake from her father Donald Lillis , upon his death . Hess began to buy out the remaining partners in 1981 when he bought Martin 's 25 % stake for $5 million . Hess bought Dillon 's stake three years later for another $5 million , acquiring sole control of the team . Hess had a passion for his team and took losses hard . In 1995 , following a mediocre 6 -- 10 season under Pete Carroll , despite generally shying away from football operations , Hess announced `` I 'm 80 years old , I want results now '' during a conference in which Rich Kotite was introduced as the team 's new coach . After two unsuccessful years with Kotite , Hess heavily involved himself in hiring Bill Parcells in hopes to see his team again reach the Super Bowl . He did not live to see his dream realized , dying on May 7 , 1999 . Johnson at a November 2008 game Woody Johnson ( edit ) With the team for sale , two potential buyers were found in Cablevision and philanthropist Woody Johnson whose grandfather , Robert Wood Johnson II , expanded Johnson & Johnson . Johnson was unknown among the other NFL owners at the time of his $635 million purchase of the franchise . However , Johnson had a passion for sports according to former Knicks general manager Ernie Grunfeld and desired to own his own team . Johnson has been considered to be an enabler who wants the best from his employees . Much like Hess , Johnson left many of the football related decisions up to his management team and tended to avoid the spotlight . However , upon hiring head coach Rex Ryan , Johnson had an increased presence as he molded the Jets into his team . Christopher Johnson ( edit ) In 2017 , Woody Johnson was appointed by President Donald Trump as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom . Once his post was confirmed , his brother Christopher Johnson became a co-owner and took over the day - to - day operations for the team , including personnel decisions . Stadiums ( edit ) Shea Stadium , 1964 Owner Harry Wismer sought out a place for the team to play their home games but was only able to secure the dilapidated Polo Grounds , which had not had a major tenant since the baseball New York Giants vacated the stadium in 1957 . The Titans played their first four seasons at the stadium -- in the final season they were renamed the Jets . The Titans shared the stadium with baseball 's new expansion team , the New York Mets , for two years before both teams moved to the Shea Stadium in Queens in 1964 . The Jets hold the distinction of being the final team to host a game at the Polo Grounds , a 19 -- 10 loss to the Buffalo Bills on December 14 , 1963 . Wismer hoped the Titans could play in what would become known as Shea Stadium beginning in 1961 . However , funding difficulties and legal problems delayed construction of the stadium . Wismer signed a memorandum of understanding in late 1961 to secure the Titans ' new home . That memorandum recognized that the Mets would have exclusive use of the stadium until they had completed their season . As the team moved to Shea under new ownership , they were , in most years , required to open the season with several road games , a problem made worse in 1969 and 1973 when the Mets had long playoff runs . Feeling that this arrangement put the Jets at a disadvantage , the team announced in 1977 that they would play two home games a year during the month of September at the Giants ' new home in New Jersey , Giants Stadium . Litigation began between New York City and the Jets over the issue , and in the lawsuit 's settlement , the city agreed to allow the Jets to play two September home games a season at Shea beginning in 1978 for the remaining six years in the Jets ' lease . In 1977 , the Jets were to play one September game at Giants Stadium and an October 2 game at Shea . In spite of these issues , majority owner Leon Hess was interested in renewing the team 's lease at Shea , which was due to expire in 1983 . Hess negotiated with New York mayor Ed Koch . Hess wanted the city to redevelop the stadium to expand its capacity . He also hoped to renegotiate other aspects of the lease -- the Jets received no money from ticketholders parking at Shea . Hess 's proposals met resistance from Koch . When negotiations reached an impasse , the Jets announced their intention to depart for New Jersey . On December 10 , 1983 the Jets played their final game at Shea and lost to the Steelers 34 -- 7 . As fans pillaged the stadium for mementos , the scoreboard read `` N.J. Jets '' in reference to the Jets ' departure to the Meadowlands . When the Jets joined the Giants at the stadium , many Jets fans hoped the name , Giants Stadium , would be changed . However , the Giants , who had the authority to approve the change , refused . In an effort to conceal the fact that they played in a stadium built and decorated for another team , the stadium grounds crew was assigned to make the stadium more Jet - friendly during Jets games by putting up green banners and placing the Jets ' logo over the Giants ' . No change could be made to the blue and red seating bowl . The Jets were featured in the first NFL playoff game in the stadium 's history , falling to the Patriots on December 28 , 1985 . As the Jets sought to become a stronger franchise and remove themselves from their counterparts ' shadow , the team entered into negotiations with the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in an attempt to build a stadium on the west side of Manhattan , entering a bidding war with TransGas Energy Systems and Cablevision for the rights to the West Side Yard property -- Hess , prior to his death , had been approached by former mayor Rudy Giuliani about bringing the team to the West Side when their lease at Giants Stadium expired in 2008 . Cablevision was fixated against the Jets owning the land as Madison Square Garden , located only a few blocks away , would be forced to compete with the stadium . Team owners had voted , 31 -- 1 , with the Buffalo Bills the only objectors , to award the 2010 Super Bowl to New York contingent on the Jets winning the bid and completing construction of the stadium prior to 2010 . An inside view of MetLife Stadium during the first - ever preseason matchup between the Giants and Jets The MTA unanimously voted to sell the land to the Jets for approximately $210 million as the committee agreed that having the stadium would be beneficial in the long run . An angry Cablevision , community groups and transportation advocates were determined to derail the Jets ' attempts at building the stadium and two lawsuits challenging the construction of the stadium on environmental grounds were filed . Although confident they could secure the stadium , their hopes were dashed when Sheldon Silver and Joseph L. Bruno , both of whom held veto power over the stadium construction , refused to support the project , alleging it would hurt rather than help the development of the West Side . Defeated , the Jets agreed to enter a 50 -- 50 partnership with their rival , the Giants , to build a new stadium effectively agreeing to a 99 - year lease , which the Giants had signed earlier in the year , to remain in New Jersey . The stadium , known as MetLife Stadium , became the first in the history of the NFL to be jointly built by two franchises . The stadium , which is illuminated in different colors depending on which team is hosting a game , opened in April 2010 and saw the Jets and Giants open the stadium together in a preseason exhibition game . The Jets ' first regular season home game at the new stadium was held on September 13 , 2010 and was shown nationwide on Monday Night Football . New York lost to the Ravens 10 -- 9 . Team owners voted to have the stadium host Super Bowl XLVIII , held in 2014 . Rivalries ( edit ) New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : Jets -- Patriots rivalry Since the inception of the American Football League , the Jets have maintained what is considered to be a marquee rivalry with the New England Patriots . The rivalry was relatively docile in its early years until 1966 when the Jets removed the Patriots , who had hopes of appearing in Super Bowl I , from playoff contention with a 38 -- 28 defeat at Shea Stadium . The Patriots returned the favor in 1985 when the Jets lost to New England 26 -- 14 in the wild card round ; the Patriots went on to Super Bowl XX where they were defeated by the Bears . The rivalry began to escalate and receive increased media attention in 1997 when a disgruntled Bill Parcells vacated his head coaching position with New England to accept the same position with New York . The following year , the Jets signed Pro Bowl running back Curtis Martin from the Patriots . After the Jets declined during Parcells ' third year , Parcells decided to resign as head coach . His assistant , Bill Belichick , resigned suddenly the next day to become the head coach of the Patriots instead . A critical turning point of the rivalry took place on September 23 , 2001 when Jets linebacker Mo Lewis tackled Drew Bledsoe , leaving the veteran with internal bleeding . This provided an opportunity for Tom Brady to take over as the starting quarterback and during his tenure , Brady successfully guided New England to five Super Bowl titles . In 2006 , Eric Mangini , an assistant under Belichick , left New England to join the Jets as their head coach . Under Mangini , the famous Spygate incident took place , further escalating tensions between both clubs . When Rex Ryan was hired as the team 's head coach , the rivalry further escalated due to an increased war of words between both teams . In January 2011 , the two met in a Divisional Round playoff game . The visiting Jets pulled a 28 -- 21 upset to advance to the AFC Championship Game , which they ultimately lost one week later to the Pittsburgh Steelers . Buffalo Bills ( edit ) Main article : Bills -- Jets rivalry The Jets and the Bills represent the same state ( New York ) , and this rivalry represents the differences between New York City and Western New York , where the Bills play . The teams are both charter members of the American Football League and have generally stayed in the same division since , even after the NFL and AFL merged . Aside from a few notable moments , such as a playoff game in 1981 , ex-Jets coach Rex Ryan coaching the Bills for two years , O.J. Simpson breaking an NFL rushing record against the Jets , and notable mishaps by quarterbacks Mark Sanchez and J.P. Losman , this has been an otherwise mellow rivalry . Miami Dolphins ( edit ) Main article : Dolphins -- Jets rivalry New York has maintained a rivalry with the Miami Dolphins since the Dolphins ' inception in 1966 . One of the most famous games in Jets history took place in 1994 when the Dolphins ran the Fake Spike play , giving them an improbable victory and halting the Jets ' momentum that season , serving as a precursor to the Jets ' next two unsuccessful years under Rich Kotite . The Jets went on to complete an improbable victory of their own on October 23 , 2000 in what is known as The Monday Night Miracle . The Jets , trailing the Dolphins 30 -- 7 at the end of the third quarter , rallied in the fourth quarter scoring 23 unanswered points , eventually winning in overtime with a 40 - yard John Hall kick . When Rex Ryan became New York 's head coach , there was an increased war of words between the clubs culminating with Ryan flashing an obscene gesture to heckling Dolphins fans in January 2010 . The rivalry continued between both teams when Sal Alosi , then the strength and conditioning coach of the Jets , tripped Dolphins cornerback Nolan Carroll . Carroll was not seriously injured and Alosi resigned nearly two months later . New York Giants ( edit ) Further information : Jets -- Giants rivalry The New York Jets previously maintained a high tension rivalry against their in - town counterparts , the New York Giants , that has since diminished due to the infrequency with which the teams meet in the regular season . The pinnacle of the rivalry came on August 17 , 1969 when both the Jets and Giants met for the first time , in a preseason game which was viewed as a `` turf war '' by both opponents . The Giants , considered a mediocre team at the time , were regarded as underdogs and were under much scrutiny by the media and their fans . Ultimately , the Jets bested their rival 37 -- 14 ; this would result in the firing of Giants coach Allie Sherman . The Jets met the Giants in 1988 during the final game of the regular season . The Jets , with a 7 -- 7 -- 1 record , had little to lose as their hopes for playoff contention had vanished . The Giants , however , were contending for a playoff spot and a victory would have secured their spot and their division title . Although the six point favorites , the Giants were unable to overcome the Jets defense which saw the Jets sack quarterback Phil Simms eight times . With the Jets ' victory and victories by the Rams and Eagles , the Giants were eliminated from playoff contention and the Jets gained respect in the eyes of many . In spite of the big sibling rivalry that has resulted in trash talk between the players , both teams have formed an unexpected and consequently strong partnership sharing Giants Stadium for 26 years and MetLife Stadium , a venture in which both teams own a 50 % share of the stadium . The rivalry regained much of its tension in the 2011 NFL season when the Jets and Giants met in Week 16 . Both teams needed a victory to keep their playoffs hope alive and there was significant trash talk between Rex Ryan and his players and many of the Giants in the weeks leading up to the game . Ryan and Giants running back Brandon Jacobs reportedly came close to blows after the game , a 29 -- 14 win by the Giants . The two teams met again on December 6 , 2015 , with the Jets coming from behind and winning 23 -- 20 in overtime . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) See also : Logos and uniforms of the New York Jets The Jets ' colors are hunter green and white . The team 's current uniform and primary logo , in use since 1998 , are modernized versions of the design used from 1965 to 1977 . The helmet is white with two parallel green stripes down the center , and a green facemask . The primary logo , which appears on each side of the helmet and on the jersey front by the player 's left shoulder , is a green oval with the word `` JETS '' in thick white sans - serif italics over `` NY '' in outline serif lettering , and a white miniature football graphic at bottom center . The jerseys have standard one - color block numerals and serif lettering , alternating stripes on the shoulders , and opposite - colored sleeves and TV numerals . The team uses both white pants with two parallel green stripes from hip to knee on each side , and green pants with white stripes . The team 's original uniforms , as the Titans of New York in 1960 , were navy blue with old gold numerals , gold pants with two parallel blue stripes on each side , and navy blue helmets with a single gold stripe down the center and no logo decals . The white jerseys had navy blue numerals . In 1961 , the Titans added UCLA - style shoulder stripes ( gold and white on the blue jerseys , gold and navy blue on the white jerseys ) , changed the pants striping to a blue stripe flanked by white stripes , and employed a somewhat brighter shade of gold . When the Titans became the Jets in 1963 , navy and gold were abandoned in favor of kelly green and white . The jerseys had opposite - colored sleeves with thick stripes on the shoulders and cuffs , above and below the TV numerals . The pants were white with two parallel green stripes on each side . The new helmets were white with a single green stripe down the center ; the logo on each side was a silhouette of a jet airplane in green , with the word `` JETS '' in thick white sans - serif italics along the fuselage . In 1964 , the single green stripe became two parallel stripes , and the jet - plane decal was replaced with a white football shape outlined in green , with the word `` JETS '' in thick green sans - serif italics in front of `` NY '' in green outline serif lettering , and a miniature football at bottom center . The decals were difficult to see from a distance ( or on television ) , so the colors were reversed in 1965 . This design remained largely unchanged through 1977 , apart from some variations to the numeral and lettering typefaces , the angle of the helmet decals , and adjustments to the shoulder and sleeve striping due to changes in NFL jersey tailoring and materials . The Jets ' first major design change was made for the 1978 season . The kelly green and white color scheme was retained ; the new helmets were solid green with white facemasks , and a stylized `` JETS '' wordmark in white on each side . The mark featured angular lettering and a silhouette of a modern jet airplane extending horizontally to the right from the top of the `` J '' above the `` ETS '' . The jerseys featured large TV numerals on the shoulders and two thick parallel stripes on the sleeves , while the pants had a single green stripe from hip to knee on each side . In 1990 , the Jets modified this design by adding thin black outlines to the numerals , lettering , stripes and helmet decals , changing the facemasks from white to black , and adding a set of green pants to be worn with the white jerseys . The Jets adopted their current uniform and logo design in 1998 . Green pants were added in 2002 , and have been worn with both the white and green jerseys . The Jets were the first NFL team to wear a `` throwback '' uniform , in 1993 for a home game against the Cincinnati Bengals celebrating the 25th anniversary of the 1968 championship team . The jersey and pants mimicked the 1963 -- 77 design , although the team wore its regular green helmets with a white - outlined version of the 1965 -- 77 logo decal . In 1994 , as part of the NFL 's 75th Anniversary celebration , the Jets wore both home and road versions of this uniform in select games , again using their regular green helmets with the 1965 -- 77 logo but with two parallel white stripes down the center . In 2007 , the team introduced a new `` throwback '' uniform , evoking the original Titans of New York and combining elements of the 1960 and 1961 -- 62 uniforms , with navy blue helmets and jerseys , old gold numerals and helmet stripes , gold and white shoulder stripes , and gold pants with blue and white stripes on each side . These uniforms appeared again in 2008 , 2009 and 2011 , with a white jersey variation also appearing in 2009 as part of the NFL 's celebration of the American Football League 's 50th anniversary . Cheerleading squad ( edit ) JetBlue honors the NY Jets with its green plane . Main article : Jets Flight Crew The team originally named the Jets Flag Crew was established in 2006 . In 2007 , the group underwent an expansion and was appropriately renamed the Jets Flight Crew . The squad regularly performs choreographed routines during the team 's home contests . Auditions have been held annually since their inception to attract new members . The Jets Junior Flight Crew was established in 2010 offering children the opportunity to train with the Flight Crew while improving their `` talent and abilities in a non-competitive environment . '' Radio and television ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates For more information on Jets broadcasting , see List of New York Jets broadcasters . The Jets ' current flagship radio station is WEPN 98.7 ESPN with Bob Wischusen , as the play - by - play announcer and former Jet Marty Lyons of the Sack Exchange , as the color analyst . Any preseason games not nationally televised are shown on WCBS - TV . SportsNet New York , which serves as the official home of the Jets , airs over 250 hours of `` exclusive , in depth '' material on the team in high definition . Monday Night Football games are televised in a simulcast with ESPN by either sister station WABC - TV , or WPIX - TV if WABC chooses to waive the game to another station to carry regularly scheduled programming . Thursday Night Football carriage of a Jets game is incumbent on the producing network for that game ( either WCBS or WNBC ) , which is also simulcast by NFL Network . Statistics ( edit ) This is a partial list of the Jets ' last five completed seasons . For the full season - by - season franchise results , see List of New York Jets seasons . Note : The Finish , Wins , Losses , and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Super Bowl champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference champions Division champions Wild Card berth As of December 31 , 2017 Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties 2013 2013 NFL AFC East 2nd 8 8 0 -- -- 2014 2014 NFL AFC East 4th 12 0 -- -- 2015 2015 NFL AFC East 2nd 10 6 0 -- -- 2016 2016 NFL AFC East 4th 5 11 0 -- -- 2017 2017 NFL AFC East 4th 5 11 0 -- -- Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Jets players New York Jets roster view talk Quarterbacks 5 Teddy Bridgewater 14 Sam Darnold 15 Josh McCown Running backs 40 Trenton Cannon 20 Isaiah Crowell 38 Dimitri Flowers FB 25 Elijah McGuire 29 Bilal Powell 30 Thomas Rawls 44 Lawrence Thomas FB Wide receivers 11 Robby Anderson 81 Quincy Enunwa 16 Chad Hansen 88 Charles Johnson 10 Jermaine Kearse 7 Tre McBride 17 Charone Peake 1 Terrelle Pryor 3 Andre Roberts 19 Devin Smith 18 ArDarius Stewart 9 Jonah Trinnaman 82 Lucky Whitehead Tight ends 89 Chris Herndon 84 Bucky Hodges 86 Jordan Leggett 85 Neal Sterling 83 Eric Tomlinson 87 Clive Walford Offensive linemen 68 Kelvin Beachum T 69 Ben Braden G 77 James Carpenter G 70 Dakota Dozier G 62 Antonio Garcia T 63 Austin Golson C 78 Jonotthan Harrison C 71 Ben Ijalana T 76 Darius James T 61 Spencer Long C 79 Brent Qvale T 72 Brandon Shell T 65 Dakoda Shepley G 64 Travis Swanson C 67 Brian Winters G Defensive linemen 96 Henry Anderson DE 75 Xavier Cooper DE 94 Folorunso Fatukasi DE 99 Steve McLendon NT 98 Mike Pennel NT 97 Nathan Shepherd DE 93 Deon Simon NT 66 Mychealon Thomas NT 92 Leonard Williams DE Linebackers 47 David Bass OLB 51 Brandon Copeland OLB 49 Dylan Donahue OLB 57 Obum Gwacham OLB 46 Neville Hewitt ILB 48 Jordan Jenkins OLB 58 Darron Lee ILB 59 Frankie Luvu LB 95 Josh Martin OLB 55 Lorenzo Mauldin OLB 53 Kevin Minter ILB 56 Kevin Pierre - Louis ILB -- Courtney Upshaw OLB 54 Avery Williamson ILB 52 Anthony Wint LB Defensive backs 33 Jamal Adams SS 23 Terrence Brooks SS 32 Juston Burris CB 21 Morris Claiborne CB 34 Jeremy Clark CB 38 Xavier Coleman CB 22 Trumaine Johnson CB 31 Derrick Jones CB 26 Marcus Maye FS 36 Doug Middleton S 45 Rontez Miles S 43 Parry Nickerson CB 27 Darryl Roberts CB 30 Rashard Robinson CB 39 Kacy Rodgers II CB 35 Terrell Sinkfield CB 41 Buster Skrine CB 37 J.J. Wilcox SS Special teams 6 Taylor Bertolet K 4 Lachlan Edwards P 42 Thomas Hennessy LS 8 Cairo Santos K Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated June 14 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 89 Active , 0 Inactive , 1 Unsigned → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of famers ( edit ) Joe Namath , Hall of Famer . His # 12 was retired by the Jets . John Riggins , Hall of Famer New York Jets in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted Brett Favre QB 2008 2016 12 Joe Namath QB 1965 -- 1976 1985 13 Don Maynard WR 1960 -- 1972 21 LaDainian Tomlinson RB 2010 -- 2011 2017 28 Curtis Martin RB 1998 -- 2005 2012 42 Ronnie Lott DB 1993 -- 1994 2000 44 John Riggins RB 1971 -- 1975 1992 81 Art Monk WR 1994 2008 99 Jason Taylor DE 2017 Contributors Name Positions Seasons Inducted Name Positions Seasons Inducted Weeb Ewbank Head coach 1963 -- 1973 1978 Ron Wolf Director - Player Personnel 1990 -- 1991 2015 Bulldog Turner Head coach 1962 1966 Bill Parcells Head coach GM 1997 -- 1999 1997 -- 2000 2013 Sammy Baugh Head coach 1960 -- 1961 1963 Ewbank , Martin , Maynard , and Namath are recognized based upon their achievements with the Jets . Ewbank is also recognized based upon his achievements with the Baltimore Colts , coaching them to NFL championships in 1958 and 1959 . Riggins is recognized primarily for his seasons with the Washington Redskins ( 1976 -- 1979 , 1981 -- 1985 ) , as is Monk ( 1980 -- 1993 ) , who won three Super Bowl championships with Washington . Lott is in the Hall of Fame primarily for his exploits as a member of the San Francisco 49ers . Baugh and Turner are recognized based upon their achievements as players with other teams , rather than their head coaching stints with the Jets . While Parcells reversed the fortunes of the Jets , he had major impact for the New York Giants , coaching them to two Super Bowl victories . Wolf only had a brief stint with the Jets between 1990 and 1991 , while most of his major contributions occurred as an executive and player personnel director with the Oakland Raiders ( 1963 -- 1974 , 1979 -- 1989 ) , and later as General Manager of the Green Bay Packers ( 1991 -- 2001 ) . Favre only played one season as a member of the Jets in 2008 , between most of his career with the Packers ( 1992 -- 2007 ) and his last two NFL seasons with the Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 -- 2010 ) . Retired numbers ( edit ) New York Jets retired numbers No . Player Position Years played 12 Joe Namath QB 1965 -- 1976 13 Don Maynard WR 1960 -- 1972 28 Curtis Martin RB 1998 -- 2005 73 Joe Klecko DL 1977 -- 1987 90 Dennis Byrd DL 1989 -- 1992 ( Jacket ) Weeb Ewbank Coach 1963 -- 1973 Ring of Honor ( edit ) The Jets established a Ring of Honor on July 20 , 2010 , to commemorate former alumni . Each season , players will be nominated by an internal committee and then inducted into the Ring . There is no specific amount of honorees to be selected each year . New York Jets Ring of Honor No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 12 Joe Namath QB 1965 -- 1976 13 Don Maynard WR 1960 -- 1972 28 Curtis Martin RB 1998 -- 2005 75 Winston Hill OL 1963 -- 1976 73 Joe Klecko DL 1977 -- 1987 -- Weeb Ewbank Coach 1963 -- 1973 60 Larry Grantham LB 1960 -- 1972 2011 81 Gerry Philbin DL 1964 -- 1972 2011 24 Freeman McNeil RB 1981 -- 1992 2011 88 Al Toon WR 1985 -- 1992 2011 85 Wesley Walker WR 1977 -- 1989 2012 99 Mark Gastineau DE 1979 -- 1988 2012 93 Marty Lyons DT 1979 -- 1989 2013 80 Wayne Chrebet WR 1995 -- 2005 2014 -- Leon Hess Owner 1968 -- 1999 2014 32 Emerson Boozer RB 1966 -- 1975 2015 41 Matt Snell RB 1964 -- 1972 2015 68 Kevin Mawae 1998 -- 2005 2017 American Football League All - Time Team ( edit ) The following Titans / Jets were selected to the American Football League All - Time Team on January 14 , 1970 . The first and second teams were determined by a panel of members of the AFL 's Hall of Fame Board of Selectors : First Team Joe Namath ( QB ) Don Maynard ( WR ) Gerry Philbin ( DE ) Weeb Ewbank ( Coach ) Second Team Winston Hill ( T ) Larry Grantham ( LB ) Jim Turner ( PK ) Art Powell ( WR ) Bob Talamini ( G ) All - time four Decade team ( edit ) New York announced their official All - Time Four Decade team in 2003 which , was determined by the fans of the team . Offense Defense Joe Namath QB Mark Gastineau DE Curtis Martin RB John Abraham DE Matt Snell FB Marty Lyons NT Don Maynard WR Joe Klecko NT Al Toon WR Greg Buttle LB Wesley Walker WR Kyle Clifton LB Mickey Shuler TE Mo Lewis LB Kevin Mawae James Hasty CB Jason Fabini Aaron Glenn CB Marvin Powell Victor Green Winston Hill Bill Baird Randy Rasmussen Jim Sweeney Special Teams Bruce Harper ( KR ) , Pat Leahy ( PK ) , Chuck Ramsey ( P ) Notable first - round draft picks ( edit ) For more information , see List of New York Jets first - round draft picks . Perhaps the most famous of the Jets ' first round picks came in 1965 when they selected Alabama quarterback Joe Namath who boosted the Jets into the national spotlight with his boisterous personality and lifestyle . His physical talents on the field helped improve the Jets ' fortunes , leading them to victory over the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III . Though injuries hampered the latter part of Namath 's career , he is best remembered , according to former teammate John Dockery , as `` a guy that came along and broke a lot of the conventions . '' Namath was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1985 . The Jets have had a history of selecting players who turned out to be draft busts . Perhaps one of the most disappointing players in Jets history was running back Blair Thomas . Thomas , who averaged 5.4 yards per carry at Penn State , was an intriguing prospect the Jets were interested in utilizing to help their cumbersome offense . Confident in their decision , the Jets drafted Thomas with the second overall pick in 1990 , expecting him to be a solid player for years to come . Thomas ran for only 620 yards in 1990 , and failed to meet the high expectations . By the time Thomas left the team as an unrestricted free agent in 1993 , he had rushed for 2,009 yards and only five touchdowns . The 2008 first round pick , defensive lineman Vernon Gholston , followed a similar path , failing to record a sack during his three - year tenure with the team . Kyle Brady in 1995 , who was drafted ahead of Warren Sapp , one of many disappointments during Rich Kotite 's tenure as coach . However , in the same draft , the Jets did better with Hugh Douglas . Dewayne Robertson was a fourth overall selection in 2003 by the Jets . The defensive tackle out of Kentucky failed to make a big impact with the team . He accounted for 14.5 sacks in his 5 seasons with the team , a rather underwhelming player given what the Jets had hoped for . At quarterback , the Jets found themselves dealing with the consequences of drafting University of Alabama QB Richard Todd in 1976 . In his tenure with the Jets , he threw for more interceptions than he did touchdowns . In the ' 81 season , the Jets played vs the Miami Dolphins in the AFC Championship Game . Todd threw for 5 interceptions and the Jets lost the game . A year later , Todd would be traded to the New Orleans Saints . The most recent bust , Dee Milliner , was drafted by the team in 2013 . Milliner played his college career at the University of Alabama and had high expectations after being drafted . Lasting just 3 years with the team , Milliner 's career was plagued by injuries and inconsistency , recording only 3 interceptions during his breif Jets career . In the 2013 and 2014 seasons , one of the Jets ' strongest units has been their defensive line , manned by 1st Round selections Muhammad Wilkerson ( 2011 ) and Sheldon Richardson ( 2013 ) . In 2013 , Wilkerson ended the season with 10.5 sacks , matching the last Jets player to have more than 10 sacks in a single season , John Abraham in 2005 . Also that year , Richardson was honored with an award from the AP for Defensive Rookie of the Year . The Jets ' run defense was stout with all three in the line up , finishing fifth as a team in rushing yards allowed in 2014 . Coaches and staff ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Jets head coaches Current staff ( edit ) New York Jets staff Front Office Owner - Woody Johnson Chairman / CEO -- Christopher Johnson President -- Neil Glat General Manager -- Mike Maccagnan Director of Football Administration -- Jacqueline Davidson Director of Player Personnel -- Brian Heimerdinger Director of College Scouting -- Matt Bazirgan Head Coaches Head Coach -- Todd Bowles Assistant Head Coach / Inside Linebackers -- Mike Caldwell Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks -- Jeremy Bates Running Backs -- Stump Mitchell Wide Receivers -- Karl Dorrell Tight Ends -- Jimmie Johnson Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- Rick Dennison Assistant Offensive Line -- David Diaz - Infante Offensive Assistant / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Mick Lombardi Offensive Assistant -- Jason Vrable Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Kacy Rodgers Defensive Line -- Robert Nunn Assistant Defensive Line -- La'Roi Glover Outside Linebackers -- Kevin Greene Defensive Backs -- Dennard Wilson Assistant Defensive Backs -- Steve Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Robby Brown Defensive Quality Control -- Tim Atkins Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Brant Boyer Special Teams Assistant -- Jeff Hammerschmidt Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Justus Galac Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Aaron McLaurin Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Joe Giacobbe → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Year in Review - 1959 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . The American Football League 's first organizational meeting was held in Chicago under the leadership of Lamar Hunt of Dallas . Charter franchises were granted to New York and Harry Wismer ; Dallas , Los Angeles , Minneapolis , Denver and Houston . Jump up ^ `` General FAQ '' . New York Jets . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 New York Jets Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . New York Jets . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets , LLC '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year In Review : 1969 '' . New York Jets . Archived from the original on 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets Playoff History '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Lange , Randy ( 16 April 2008 ) . `` Training Center by the Numbers '' . New York Jets . Archived from the original on 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets Corporate Headquarters and Training Center - Florham Park , N.J '' . ENR New York . December 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jets to Remain in Florham Park for 2015 Training Camp '' . NewYorkJets.com . March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minutes of the First Organizational Meeting of the American Football League '' ( PDF ) . Pro Football Hall of Fame . August 14 , 1959 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , p. 36 Jump up ^ Sahadi , pp. 40 , 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ `` Year In Review : 1962 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year In Review : 1963 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How All 32 NFL Teams Got Their Names '' . 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Cross , B. Duane ( January 22 , 2001 ) . `` The AFL : A Football Legacy '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chastain , pp. 191 -- 198 Jump up ^ `` Year In Review : 1997 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Year In Review : 1998 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year In Review : 1999 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Year In Review : 2000 '' . New York Jets . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lange , p. 141 Jump up ^ `` New York Jets Playoff History '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jets welcome Ryan to New York '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 22 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Rex Ryan Guarantees Super Bowl Title for Jets ' Next Season '' . AOL News . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chastain , pp. 41 -- 43 ^ Jump up to : Chastain , pp. 64 -- 66 ^ Jump up to : Sahadi , pp. 142 -- 145 ^ Jump up to : Chastain , pp. 154 -- 156 Jump up ^ Gola , Hank ( January 12 , 2000 ) . `` Hess Family Hits Gusher In Jet Sale '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( January 14 , 2000 ) . `` Sports Business ; For Hess 's Estate , It 's a jets.com '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( January 12 , 2000 ) . `` Man in the News ; Philanthropist and Fan '' . 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( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` It 's a Battle for the Soul of New ... Stadium '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Perlman , William ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` Jacobs , giddy Giants not done chewing the fat with Jets '' . US Presswire . The National Football League . Jump up ^ Shorenstein , Marissa ( October 22 , 2006 ) . `` Wave Hello to New Flag Carriers '' . New York Jets . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jets ' Flight Crew Set for Takeoff '' . New York Daily News . August 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NY Jets Junior Flight Crew Cheerleader General Information '' . New York Jets . January 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . 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Eskenazi , Gerald ( 1998 ) . Gang Green : An Irreverent Look Behind the Scenes at Thirty - Eight ( Well , Thirty - Seven ) Seasons of New York Jets Football Futility . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84115 - 0 . Lange , Randy ( 2005 ) . Stadium Stories : New York Jets . Guilford , Connecticut : The Globe Pequot Press . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 3783 - 2 . Ryczek , William J. ( 2009 ) . Crash of the Titans : The Early Years of the New York Jets and the AFL ( revised ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4126 - 6 . Sahadi , Lou ( 1969 ) . The Long Pass : The Inside Story of the New York Jets from the Terrible Titans to Broadway Joe Namath and the Championship of 1968 . New York : The World Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58567 - 933 - 1 . Strother , Sidney ( 1988 ) . NFL Top 40 : The Greatest Pro Football Games Ever Played . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 82490 - 9 . 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New York City portal New Jersey portal Official website New York Jets at NFL.com New York Jets Founded in 1960 Formerly the New York Titans ( 1960 -- 62 ) Based in East Rutherford , New Jersey Headquartered in Florham Park , New Jersey Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks Quarterbacks Flight Crew Stadiums Polo Grounds Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Fireman Ed Alex Anthony Flash Gordon The Wonder Years West Side Stadium Generation Jets The King of Queens Lore Heidi Game The Guarantee Announcerless game New York Sack Exchange Clock Play The Monday Night Miracle Spygate Butt fumble Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Giants Key personnel Owner : Woody Johnson Chairman / CEO : Christopher Johnson President Neil Glat General Manager : Mike Maccagnan Head Coach : Todd Bowles Division championships ( 4 ) 1968 1969 1998 2002 League championships ( 1 ) 1968 ( III ) does not include 1968 AFL championship Retired numbers 12 13 28 73 90 Ewbank Media Broadcasters WEPN WEPN - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the jets move to new jersey | [] | [] |
2638871896811147632 | Bow (ship) | Bow ( ship ) - wikipedia Bow ( ship ) Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bow of the cruise ship Spirit of Endeavour The bow / ˈbaʊ / is the forward part of the hull of a ship or boat , the point that is usually most forward when the vessel is underway . Both of the adjectives fore and forward mean towards the bow . The other end of the boat is the stern . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Function 3 Parts 4 Types 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) From Middle Dutch boech or Old Norse bógr ( shoulder ) . Function ( edit ) The bow of Severn class lifeboat 17 - 31 in Poole Harbour , Dorset , England . The bow is designed to reduce the resistance of the hull cutting through water and should be tall enough to prevent water from easily washing over the top of it . On slower ships like tankers , a fuller bow shape is used to maximise the volume of the ship for a given length . A `` wet bow '' results from seawater washing over the top of the hull . A raked stem can help to reduce the wetness of the bow . Aside from making the deck slippery , water can corrode the metal of the ship . If the temperature is low enough this water can also freeze on the deck , rails , turrets , and other exposed surfaces , increasing the topside weight . The bow may be reinforced to serve as an ice - breaker , one example being the bow of container - ship Sea Witch whose reinforcement was the cause of significant damage to another ship in a 1973 collision . Parts ( edit ) The forward part of the bow , usually on the ship 's centreline , is called the stem . Traditionally , the stem was an upright timber or metal bar into which side planks or plates were joined . Types ( edit ) Several types of bows exist . These include : notable bow types Bulbous bow clipper bow curved bow Inverted bow plumb bow raked bow Ram bow High - chin spoon bow Low - chin spoon bow Straight bow ( Direct angle close to 90 degr . ) See also ( edit ) Aft Boat building Bow ( rowing ) Deck Figurehead Naval architecture Port Prow Shipbuilding Starboard Stem ( ship ) Superstructure References ( edit ) Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bows ( ship part ) . Look up bow in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Sleight , Steve ; The New Complete Sailing Manual , Dorling Kindersley Co. , ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 7566 - 0944 - 5 Steward , Robert ; Boatbuilding Manual , 3rd ed . International Marine Publishing Company . Camden , Maine ( 1987 ) , p2 - 3 . ISBN 0 - 87742 - 236 - 2 ( hide ) Parts of a sailing ship Aftercastle Afterdeck Anchor Anchor windlass Beakhead Bilge Bilgeboard Boom brake Bow Bowsprit Capstan Cathead Centreboard Chains Cockpit Crow 's nest Daggerboard Deck Figurehead Forecastle Gangway Gunwale Head Hull Jackline Jibboom Keel Keel ( Canting ) Kelson Leeboard Mast Orlop deck Poop deck Prow Quarter gallery Quarterdeck Rudder Ship 's wheel Skeg Stem Stern Sternpost Strake Taffrail Tiller Top Transom Whipstaff Winch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bow_(ship)&oldid=794474547 '' Categories : Watercraft components Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from May 2016 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Беларуская Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Kiswahili Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 07 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the stern and bow of a boat | [] | [] |
2867101973622716382 | Irene Ryan | Irene Ryan - wikipedia Irene Ryan Not to be confused with Eileen Ryan . This article is about the Beverly Hillbillies actress . For the geologist and politician , see Irene E. Ryan . For the improv artist , see The Committee ( improv group ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Irene Ryan Ryan on The Beverly Hillbillies , 1968 Jessie Irene Noblett ( 1902 - 10 - 17 ) October 17 , 1902 El Paso , Texas , United States April 26 , 1973 ( 1973 - 04 - 26 ) ( aged 70 ) Santa Monica , California , United States Resting place Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery , Santa Monica Nationality American Occupation Actress Years active 1913 -- 1973 Spouse ( s ) Tim Ryan ( m . 1922 -- 1942 ) ; divorced Harold E. Knox ( m . 1946 -- 1961 ) ; divorced Irene Ryan ( born Jessie Irene Noblitt ; October 17 , 1902 -- April 26 , 1973 ) was an American actress who found success in vaudeville , radio , film , television , and Broadway . Ryan is most widely known for her portrayal of Granny , the mother - in - law of Buddy Ebsen 's character , on the long - running TV series The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1962 -- 1971 ) , for which she was nominated for Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1963 and 1964 . Contents 1 Early years 2 Career 2.1 The Beverly Hillbillies 3 Stage 4 Club 5 Recognition 6 Death 7 Legacy and charitable causes 8 Partial filmography 9 References 10 External links Early years ( edit ) Ryan was born Jessie Irene Noblitt on October 17 , 1902 , in El Paso , Texas . She was the second child and last daughter born to Catherine J. `` Katie '' ( née McSharry ) and James Merritt Noblitt . Her father was an Army sergeant from North Carolina , and her mother had emigrated from her native Ireland . She was 17 years younger than her only sister Anna . Career ( edit ) Ryan began her career at the age of 11 , after winning $3 for singing `` Pretty Baby '' in an amateur contest at the Valencia Theater in San Francisco . At 20 , she married writer - comedian Tim Ryan . They performed in vaudeville as a double act , known in show business as a `` Dumb Dora '' routine and epitomized by George Burns and Gracie Allen . ( According to Jim Jordan Jr. , while playing the same circuit as Marian and Jim Jordan , Ryan suggested they include more comedy and patter in their show , which led to the creation of Fibber McGee and Molly . ) Billed as `` Tim and Irene '' , they had their own series of short subjects in the 1930s for Educational Pictures , and later worked in feature films for Monogram Pictures . Substituting for Jack Benny in 1936 , they starred in The Jello Summer Show on NBC 's Red Network . Recordings ( made on 78 rpm 12 - in lacquer disks ) of the shows of September 20 and September 27 ( the latter the last of the series ) exist . Don Wilson was the announcer . Tim and Irene Ryan had no children and divorced in 1942 , although she kept his surname . She toured with Bob Hope and was on his radio program for two years . She played Edgar Kennedy 's wife in two of his RKO series of short films in 1943 . That same year , she appeared in the country music film O , My Darling Clementine . In 1944 , she played a ditzy secretary named Polly in a B - movie titled Hot Rhythm with Dona Drake . In 1946 , she married Harold E. Knox , who worked in film production . ( They divorced in 1961 ; the couple had no children . ) She continued to work in motion pictures of the late 1940s and early 1950s , generally playing fussy or nervous women . In 1946 , she joined the cast of The Jack Carson Show on CBS radio . She played `` a neighborhood storekeeper who operates a combination candy shop and lending library . '' In January 1955 , Ryan made her first television sitcom appearance in an episode of the CBS series The Danny Thomas Show . She appeared with Walter Brennan in the 1959 episode `` Grandpa 's New Job '' on the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys . In the 1960 - 1961 CBS sitcom Bringing Up Buddy , starring Frank Aletter , she was cast in three episodes as Cynthia Boyle ; and she appeared as Rusty Wallace in `` The Romance of Silver Pines '' , a 1962 episode of My Three Sons , starring Fred MacMurray . The Beverly Hillbillies ( edit ) After her divorce from Knox the prior year , Ryan was cast in 1962 as Daisy `` Granny '' Moses , the mother - in - law of patriarch J.D. `` Jed '' Clampett in The Beverly Hillbillies . According to Filmways publicist Ted Switzer , series creator and producer Paul Henning had decided to cast Bea Benaderet as Granny . However , when Ryan read for the role , `` with her hair tied back in a bun and feisty as all get - out '' , she just blew everyone away . Executive producer Al Simon and Henning immediately said , `` That 's Granny ! '' Later , when Benaderet saw Ryan 's tryout , she agreed . Benaderet was cast as Jed Clampett 's cousin , Pearl Bodine . In 1966 , Irene Ryan played Granny in the comedy Do n't Worry , We 'll Think of a Title , co-starring Rose Marie and Morey Amsterdam . Stage ( edit ) In 1972 , Ryan starred in the role of Berthe in the Bob Fosse - directed Broadway musical Pippin , in which she sang the number `` No Time at All '' . A live recording ( sound with still photographs ) of the song `` No Time at All '' from Pippin was recorded in 1972 . Club ( edit ) In 1965 , Ryan signed a two - year contract to perform at the Sahara Hotel in Las Vegas , Nevada . Recognition ( edit ) In both 1963 and 1964 , Ryan was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Series ( Lead ) . Ryan was nominated for Broadway 's 1973 Tony Award as Best Supporting or Featured Actress ( Musical ) for her performance in Pippin . She lost to Patricia Elliott ( A Little Night Music ) in a ceremony held about a month before Ryan 's death . Death ( edit ) On March 10 , 1973 , Ryan suffered an apparent stroke during a performance of Pippin . She flew home to California on her doctor 's orders and was hospitalized . She was diagnosed with an inoperable glioblastoma ( malignant brain tumor ) , although reportedly she was never informed of the diagnosis . She died at St. John 's Hospital , Santa Monica , California on April 26 , 1973 , aged 70 . The causes of death were given as glioblastoma and arteriosclerotic heart disease . Her body was interred in a mausoleum crypt at the Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery in Santa Monica beside her sister , Mrs. Anna Thompson . Legacy and charitable causes ( edit ) The Irene Ryan Acting Scholarship awards scholarships to outstanding actors who participate in the Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival . The scholarship provides `` recognition , honor , and financial assistance to outstanding student performers wishing to pursue further education . '' These scholarships have been awarded by the Irene Ryan Foundation since 1972 . Partial filmography ( edit ) L-R : Moyna MacGill , Irene Ryan , Florence Bates and Margaret Hamilton in Texas , Brooklyn and Heaven ( 1948 ) O , My Darling Clementine ( 1943 ) Hot Rhythm ( 1944 ) San Diego , I Love You ( 1944 ) That 's the Spirit ( 1945 ) That Night with You ( 1945 ) Diary of a Chambermaid ( 1946 ) Little Iodine ( 1946 ) The Woman on the Beach ( 1947 ) Heading for Heaven ( 1947 ) Mighty Joe Young ( 1949 ) Half Angel ( 1951 ) Meet Me After the Show ( 1951 ) The WAC from Walla Walla ( 1952 ) Blackbeard the Pirate ( 1952 ) Ricochet Romance ( 1954 ) Spring Reunion ( 1957 ) Rockabilly Baby ( 1957 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Irene Ryan , 70 , Actress , Is Dead '' . The New York Times . April 27 , 1973 . p. 40 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irene Ryan -- ' Millionaire Granny ' -- Establishes College Acting Scholarships '' . The Lawton Constitution . August 26 , 1971 . p. 30 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Dunning , John ( May 7 , 1998 ) . On the Air : The Encyclopedia of Old - Time Radio ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 672 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507678 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Stroke Takes TV 's Granny '' . Evening Independent . St. Petersburg , Florida . April 27 , 1973 . p. 20A . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geaufort , John ( December 8 , 1972 ) . `` A New ' Granny ' Role '' . San Rafael Daily Independent Journal . p. 17 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ One of the short films in which Irene Ryan plays Edgar Kennedy 's wife , Hold Your Temper ( 1943 ) , is available for viewing on YouTube . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Carson to Star Irene Ryan In New Fall Show '' . Harrisburg Telegraph . September 28 , 1946 . p. 19 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` The Romance of Silver Pines '' , My Three Sons ( S02E15 ) , originally broadcast January 11 , 1962 . TV Guide . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Beverly Hillbillies Ultimate Collection DVD set , Volume 1 Disc 4 , Bonus materials film : Paul Henning and the Hillbillies Jump up ^ `` Irene Ryan '' . Playbill . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No Time at All ( Pippin ~ Broadway , 1972 ) - Irene Ryan '' . YouTube . 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernon , Terry ( January 17 , 1965 ) . `` Tele - Vues '' . Independent . Long Beach . p. 34 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Search : Irene Ryan '' . Emmy Awards . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Irene Ryan '' . Tony Awards . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Success As Granny Clampett : Actress Irene Ryan Dies '' . The Beaver County Times . April 27 , 1973 . pp. A -- 14 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Irene Ryan Acting Scholarship '' . Kennedy Center . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Irene Ryan on IMDb Irene Ryan at the Internet Broadway Database Irene Ryan profile , who2.com National Irene Ryan Award Winners , kennedy-center.org Irene Ryan at Find a Grave WorldCat Identities GND : 1075292387 ISNI : 0000 0000 3551 335X LCCN : n94090853 SNAC : w6k68c33 VIAF : 33693011 Biography portal Texas portal New York City portal Los Angeles portal California portal Radio portal Theatre portal Film portal Television portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irene_Ryan&oldid=863642670 '' Categories : 1902 births 1973 deaths 20th - century American actresses Actresses from San Francisco Actresses from El Paso , Texas American film actresses American radio actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Deaths from brain tumor Disease - related deaths in California Vaudeville performers Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery , Santa Monica American people of Irish descent Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Русский Simple English Svenska اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 02 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played granny on the original beverly hillbillies | [] | [] |
-2814551054921138899 | List of Jessica Jones characters | List of Jessica Jones characters - wikipedia List of Jessica Jones characters Jump to : navigation , search Main cast members ( L-R ) Ritter , Colter , Taylor , Moss , Traval , Darville , and Moriarty at the 2015 New York Comic Con . Jessica Jones is an American web television series created for Netflix by Melissa Rosenberg , based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise , and is the second in a series of shows that will lead up to a Defenders crossover miniseries . The series stars Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones , with Rachael Taylor , Eka Darville , and Carrie - Anne Moss also starring . They were joined by Mike Colter , Wil Traval , Erin Moriarty , and David Tennant for the first season , and J.R. Ramirez , Terry Chen , Leah Gibson and Janet McTeer for the second season . In addition to original characters , several characters from other Marvel Cinematic Universe television series and / or based on various Marvel properties also appear throughout the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Main characters 2.1 Jessica Jones 2.2 Luke Cage 2.3 Trish Walker 2.4 Will Simpson 2.5 Hope Shlottman 2.6 Malcolm Ducasse 2.7 Jeri Hogarth 2.8 Kilgrave 2.9 Oscar Arocho 2.10 Pryce Cheng 2.11 Inez Green 2.12 Alisa Jones 3 Recurring characters 3.1 Introduced in season one 3.1. 1 Pam 3.1. 2 Wendy Ross - Hogarth 3.1. 3 Nicole 3.1. 4 Ruben 3.1. 5 Oscar Clemons 3.1. 6 Robyn 3.1. 7 Clair 3.1. 8 Emma 3.1. 9 Jackson 3.1. 10 Donald 3.1. 11 Louise Thompson 3.1. 12 Dorothy Walker 3.1. 13 Albert Thompson 3.2 Introduced in season two 3.2. 1 Griffin Sinclair 3.2. 2 Steven Benowitz 3.2. 3 Vido Arocho 3.2. 4 Eddy Costa 3.2. 5 Ruth Sunday 3.2. 6 Karl Malus 3.2. 7 Shane Ryback 4 Guest characters 4.1 Introduced in other TV series 4.2 Introduced in season one 4.3 Introduced in season two 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Character Portrayed by Appearances First Season 1 Season 2 Main characters Jessica Jones Krysten Ritter `` AKA Ladies Night '' Main Luke Cage Mike Colter Main Does not appear Trish Walker Rachael Taylor Main Will Simpson Wil Traval `` AKA It 's Called Whiskey '' Main Guest Hope Shlottman Erin Moriarty `` AKA Ladies Night '' Main Does not appear Malcolm Ducasse Eka Darville Main Jeri Hogarth Carrie - Anne Moss Main Kilgrave David Tennant Main Guest Oscar Arocho J.R. Ramirez `` AKA Start at the Beginning '' Does not appear Main Pryce Cheng Terry Chen Does not appear Main Inez Green Leah Gibson `` AKA God Help the Hobo '' Does not appear Main Alisa Jones Miriam Shor `` AKA WWJD ? '' Guest Does not appear Janet McTeer `` AKA Sole Survivor '' Does not appear Main Recurring characters Pam Susie Abromeit `` AKA Ladies Night '' Recurring Does not appear Wendy Ross - Hogarth Robin Weigert Recurring Does not appear Nicole Nichole Yannetty Recurring Guest Ruben Kieran Mulcare `` AKA Crush Syndrome '' Recurring Does not appear Oscar Clemons Clarke Peters Recurring Does not appear Robyn Colby Minifie Recurring Does not appear Clair Danielle Ferland `` AKA 99 Friends '' Recurring Does not appear Emma Gillian Glasco Recurring Does not appear Jackson Ryan Farrell Recurring Does not appear Donald Paul Pryce Recurring Does not appear Louise Thompson Lisa Emery Recurring Does not appear Dorothy Walker Rebecca De Mornay `` AKA Top Shelf Perverts '' Guest Recurring Albert Thompson Michael Siberry `` AKA WWJD ? '' Recurring Does not appear Griffin Sinclair Hal Ozsan `` AKA Start at the Beginning '' Does not appear Recurring Steven Benowitz Maury Ginsberg Does not appear Recurring Vido Arocho Kevin Chacon Does not appear Recurring Eddy Costa John Ventimiglia `` AKA Freak Accident '' Does not appear Recurring Ruth Sunday Lisa Tharps Does not appear Recurring Karl Malus Callum Keith Rennie `` AKA The Octopus '' Does not appear Recurring Shane Ryback Eden Marryshow `` AKA Ai n't We Got Fun '' Does not appear Recurring Main characters ( edit ) Jessica Jones ( edit ) Further information : Jessica Jones Krysten Ritter Jessica Jones ( portrayed by Krysten Ritter ) is a former superhero with the abilities of superhuman strength and flight , suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder who opens her own detective agency , Alias Investigations . By November 2014 , Ritter , Alexandra Daddario , Teresa Palmer , Jessica De Gouw and Marin Ireland were being tested for the role of Jessica Jones , with Ritter having been auditioning since October and on the top of executive producer and showrunner Melissa Rosenberg 's list for playing Jones , even when Rosenberg was earlier developing the series for ABC . The next month , Ritter was cast in the role . Ritter and Palmer had been the final candidates , with both auditioning opposite Mike Colter to test chemistry . Ritter stated that she read through Alias in preparation for the role and expressed delight in working with Rosenberg . On adapting the character from the comics , Jeph Loeb stated , `` Jessica Jones ( i ) s based on a much more adult comic . The source material came that way . She has real problems with a number of things that she abuses ! And we 're not shying away from that . There 's no tidying her up . '' Ritter called playing the character the `` biggest acting challenge '' in her career and praised the character development . She explained that when she was playing the character , she took `` a lot from the comics because she 's so well - drawn . We have some lines that are pulled from the comics , but then the script -- she 's as developed for television as she is in the comics '' . Ritter put on 10 pounds ( 4.5 kg ) of muscle for the role and trained for two months before filming began . Elizabeth Cappuccino portrayed a young Jessica . Series costume designer Stephanie Maslansky was assisted on the first episode by Jenn Rogien , who crafted Jessica Jones ' leather jacket , faded jeans , and boots costume . On Jessica 's costume , Maslansky said she `` considers her clothing to be an armor and a shield and something that helps her maintain a distance from other people and privacy . It keeps her from having to deal with the rest of humanity in a certain sort of way . '' At least 10 versions of Jessica 's jacket were made , which started as an Acne Studios leather motorcycle jacket that had any `` bells and whistles and any additional superfluous design details '' removed , while 20 pairs of jeans were used , with both being aged and distressed . Ritter described the character by saying that `` she goes about things in a very odd way , she 's very rough around the edges , and dry and sarcastic and a total asshole sometimes . But I think at her core she 's a good person . '' Comparing the character to Matt Murdock in Marvel 's Daredevil , Rosenberg said , `` They 're very different kinds of characters . Jessica is about paying rent and getting the next client . She 's dealing with a fairly dark past . She 's trying to get through the day . She 's not really trying to save the city . She 's trying to save her apartment . At her core , she does share something with Matt Murdock , and he 's a little more aware of it , that she wants to do something good . She wants to contribute to the world . But , there are a lot of personality issues for her that can get in the way ... Matt Murdock has been studying martial arts . He has extraordinary fighting skills . Jessica Jones is a brawler . She gets drunk , she gets pissed off and boom , you 're down . She does n't wear a costume . She does n't have a mask . She 's just who she is . She 's an extremely blunt , direct person , and that applies to the action , as well . '' Ritter was nominated for the 6th Critics ' Choice Television Awards ' Best Actress in a Drama Series for her role as Jones . Luke Cage ( edit ) Further information : Luke Cage Mike Colter Luke Cage ( portrayed by Mike Colter ) is a man with superhuman strength and unbreakable skin , with a mysterious past that Jones encounters in the course of an investigation and who changes her life immensely . In November 2014 , Lance Gross , Colter , and Cleo Anthony were in contention for the role of Luke Cage , which was envisioned as a recurring role in the series before headlining Marvel 's Luke Cage . Colter was confirmed in the role the next month , having signed on for the series , and others , without reading any scripts , and being drawn to the series because of its opportunity to have character exploration , which he felt was lacking in the MCU films . He put on 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) of muscle for the role . Rosenberg noted that because Cage has his own series to explore who he is , she represents him as `` a man of few words '' rather than trying to say anything about who he is in particular . Colter was pleased and surprised that the audience `` got '' the character , as Luke `` was a man of few words and a lot of subtext , '' which `` was refreshing because we were going for this character in a way that said little but spoke volumes because of their past history together . I felt people got the subtleties . '' When Loeb described the character to Colter , he said `` that Luke does n't have to try hard at anything . It just happens . '' This helped Colter form the character , along with using his opposite personal experience of having to work hard for everything . Colter also credited Rosenberg and S.J. Clarkson with helping him `` get on the right track '' with the character in the early episodes . Maslansky felt that Cage was also someone `` who wears his clothing like an armor , '' with his wardrobe consisting of T - shirts , jeans , leather jackets or an army jacket . Colter described the character as `` a neighborhood hero , very much linked to New York and Jessica Jones . ( He ) is a darker , grittier , more tangible character than Iron Man or Thor . He likes to keep things close to his chest , operate on the hush - hush . He has these abilities but he 's not sure how and when to use them . '' Loeb said the character `` is important to the show , and he is certainly important to the story of Jessica Jones and who she is . It would not be Jessica Jones unless you at least understood how Luke affected her life and where she is . '' He also added that the series sees Luke Cage `` not quite in the middle , but in the early part of the middle '' of his story , and that Luke Cage allows Marvel to `` tell a great deal of story that happens before , and a great deal of story that happens afterwards . '' Trish Walker ( edit ) Further information : Patsy Walker Rachael Taylor Patricia `` Trish '' Walker ( portrayed by Rachael Taylor ) is a former model and child star known as `` Patsy '' who is Jones ' adoptive sister and best friend . She now works as a radio host . Taylor was cast in January 2015 . The role of Jones ' best friend was intended for the character of Carol Danvers when Rosenberg was developing the series at ABC , but was changed to Walker due to the changing nature of the MCU and that Danvers would appear in her own film . Rosenberg ultimately found this to be `` much more appropriate ... it was better that ( Jessica 's ) best friend was not someone with powers . It actually ends up being a really great mirror for her . '' Speaking about the character , Loeb said , `` what 's most important is the relationship between her and Jessica , and how these two women who are , in some ways , sisters , in terms of their friendship , could be that different , and yet believe in the same kinds of things . That question of , what is it to be a hero and the responsibilities that you have when you have abilities , is something that brings them together , but also continually pushes them apart . I think we 're very lucky to have Melissa as a writer because she really grasps the insight of what it is to have a friendship with a woman , and the way that two women can actually be competitive and friendly , and love each other and hate each other , and have a history with each other . '' Taylor added that Jessica `` was the first person to not care about the exterior parts of Patsy Walker or Trish Walker . She was the first person to see her for who she really was '' . Catherine Blades portrayed a young Trish . To prepare for the role , Taylor `` looked into a bunch of child stars '' and determined `` that the main source of ( their ) damage comes from feeling that they 're loved for what they do and not who they are . The maternal / paternal or familial love or any kind of love is dependent on them being successful , making money , being sparkly , being famous , whatever the thing is . '' On the multiple alias Trish wields in the series , Taylor said , `` Trish has a number of them . I think there is a part of her that is alpha that actually , if she had the kind of abilities that Jessica had , she would probably be President of the United States in that world or the equivalent . She would take it as far as she could because she has that in her . '' Will Simpson ( edit ) Further information : Nuke ( Marvel Comics ) Wil Traval Will Simpson ( portrayed by Wil Traval ) is an NYPD sergeant who is very serious about his job . Traval joined the cast in February 2015 . He felt that Simpson sees everything in `` black and white '' and that `` justice can be served easily , '' an opposite to Jessica , who `` deals in a world of gray '' that causes the two to have friction between them . Traval described the character as `` reinvented '' and `` reshaped '' for the series from the one in the comics , where the character is known as Frank Simpson , as the comic character was `` a little bit too hard to handle . ( H ) e was just a psychotic crazy guy . '' Hope Shlottman ( edit ) Erin Moriarty Hope Shlottman ( portrayed by Erin Moriarty ) is a student - athlete attending New York University who is a client of Alias Investigations upon her parents hiring Jessica . She later commits suicide during Kilgrave 's fight with Jessica . Moriarty joined the cast in February 2015 . She called her character a `` polar opposite '' to Jessica Jones , describing Hope as `` an all - American girl , ( innocent and ) really earnest '' . Over the course of the series , the two form a bond , with Jessica becoming protective of Hope , due to a shared experience they have with Kilgrave . Malcolm Ducasse ( edit ) Further information : Malcolm Ducasse Eka Darville Malcolm Ducasse ( portrayed by Eka Darville ) is Jones ' neighbor who struggles with drug addiction , resulting in his personal journey intertwining with hers . Darville joined the cast in February 2015 . He stated that Malcolm was a new character for the series , though inspired by `` seed characters '' from the comics . He also felt playing the character with the drug addiction `` was pretty intense and dark '' and that Malcolm 's relationship with Jessica `` is like a flip - flop between victim and savior ... much more ( sibling - like ) than anything else . '' Jeri Hogarth ( edit ) Further information : Jeryn Hogarth Carrie - Anne Moss Jeri Hogarth ( portrayed by Carrie - Anne Moss ) is an attorney and potentially powerful ally to Jones , who hires Jones for cases . Moss was announced as cast in early February 2015 , with her character revealed in October to be a gender - swapped ( changed from male to female ) version of the comics character Jeryn Hogarth . The character was also made a lesbian . Moss signed on to the series after reading the first two scripts , having been pitched the character by Loeb and Rosenberg . Moss described the character by saying that `` she 's fierce , she 's strong , she 's powerful , and she likes that power . '' She worked `` a few days every episode '' , which allowed her to grow the character throughout the series , while not knowing what the character would become as she played each moment , which she noted was how real - life is . Moss reprised her role in the second season of Daredevil and in Iron Fist . Comparing those experiences to her much larger role on Jessica Jones , Moss said , `` You want to come in and have something powerful . For Jessica Jones , that 's where I get to have that experience . With the other shows , I 'm having fun . '' Kilgrave ( edit ) Further information : Purple Man David Tennant Kevin Thompson ( portrayed by David Tennant ) is a mysterious man from Jones 's past , who can control minds , and whose reappearance shakes up her life . He was born with a neural disease and was experimented on as a young child , which resulted in him acquiring an airborne virus that gave him his powers , and later changed his name to ' Kilgrave ' . Rosenberg stated that Tennant was the choice for the character when the series was originally developed for ABC , but he was unavailable at that time , so the production made sure to `` jump on him '' when the series moved to Netflix . To pitch Tennant on this version of the series , Rosenberg and Loeb spoke with him , gave him the scripts for the first two episode ( which Kilgrave does not appear in much ) , and drafts of some scenes from later in the series including of the flashback where Kilgrave and Jones first meet . Tennant was cast in January 2015 . Maslansky , who originally was planning to custom - make Kilgrave 's wardrobe , used many suits created by designer Paul Smith from the previous fashion season for him , as Smith `` was all about purple . '' On his outfits , Maslansky added the designers `` wanted to find a place where we could utilize clothing in shades of purple , but not go so over the top that it would look silly and that he would stop feeling ominous or menacing . '' James Freedson - Jackson portrayed a young Kilgrave . Tennant stated that `` Kilgrave is the classic character who is abused and therefore perpetuates abuse . It was just a terrible , horrible cycle . '' Loeb called Kilgrave `` a terrible man who does n't see himself as terrible '' and compared him to Vincent D'Onofrio 's Wilson Fisk in Daredevil , saying `` there are going to be times ( watching Daredevil ) when you 're uncomfortable because you 're not quite rooting for Matt , you 're kind of rooting for Wilson , and it 's the same kind of thing you 're going to find in Jessica . There 's going to be moments where some of the things that she does is pretty questionable . And some of the things that , when you learn about Kilgrave 's character and the way that David Tennant plays that character , it 's really extraordinary . '' Tennant noted that at first the idea of mind control seems `` quite a rather splashy , kind of comic book idea '' but that in reality `` the idea that everyone should bend to your every whim and that no one should ever contradict you , that you can have whatever you want whenever you wanted it ... it 's rather aspirational and rather desirable at first glance , but the fact of it is then rather horrifying , because you could never have a genuine human relationship with anyone ... that starts touching on what kind of personality that would create , what kind of person that would make you , how that would pollute your worldview . '' Oscar Arocho ( edit ) JR Ramirez Oscar Arocho ( portrayed by J.R. Ramirez ) is the new superintendent in Jones ' building , and a single father whose son becomes enamored with Jones and her powers . Ramirez was cast in March 2017 , which was revealed that July after the airing of his character 's death on Power . Pryce Cheng ( edit ) Pryce Cheng ( portrayed by Terry Chen ) is a rival private investigator . Inez Green ( edit ) Leah Gibson Inez Green ( portrayed by Leah Gibson ) is a `` street-wise '' nurse . Gibson was cast as Inez by July 2017 . Alisa Jones ( edit ) Janet McTeer Further information : Alisa Campbell Alisa Jones ( portrayed by Miriam Shor in season one , Janet McTeer in season two ) is Jessica 's mother who was killed in a car crash when she was young . It was later revealed that Karl Malus of IGH saved her life and has been going around targeting anyone involved with IGH . Recurring characters ( edit ) Introduced in season one ( edit ) Pam ( edit ) Pam ( portrayed by Susie Abromeit ) is Jeri Hogarth 's assistant and lover . Abromeit worked with her manager , who is gay , to portray Pam as a lesbian , and created her own backstory for the character . This included childhood trauma ( continuing with the series ' penchant for abuse ) and Pam 's realization during college that she is attracted to women . Wendy Ross - Hogarth ( edit ) Wendy Ross - Hogarth ( portrayed by Robin Weigert ) is a doctor and Jeri Hogarth 's wife , whom Hogarth is divorcing . Nicole ( edit ) Nicole ( portrayed by Nichole Yannetty ) is an intern on Trish Walker 's talk show . Ruben ( edit ) Ruben ( portrayed by Kieran Mulcare ) is Jones ' upstairs neighbor and the twin brother of Robyn . He is later mind - controlled to kill himself by Kilgrave . Oscar Clemons ( edit ) Further information : Oscar Clemons Oscar Clemons ( portrayed by Clarke Peters ) is an NYPD detective at the 15th Precinct . He is later killed by Will Simpson to keep him from getting the police involved in the search for Kilgrave . Robyn ( edit ) Robyn ( portrayed by Colby Minifie ) is Jones ' upstairs neighbor and the twin sister of Ruben . Clair ( edit ) Clair ( portrayed by Danielle Ferland ) is a cellist and a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones . Emma ( edit ) Emma ( portrayed by Gillian Glasco ) is an actress and a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones . Jackson ( edit ) Jackson ( portrayed by Ryan Farrell ) is a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones . Donald ( edit ) Donald ( portrayed by Paul Pryce ) is a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones . Louise Thompson ( edit ) Louise Thompson ( portrayed by Lisa Emery ) is Kilgrave 's mother . She is later forced to commit suicide by Kilgrave . Dorothy Walker ( edit ) Further information : Dorothy Walker ( comics ) Dorothy Walker ( portrayed by Rebecca De Mornay ) is Trish Walker 's abusive mother and talent agent who becomes Jessica 's foster mother when she was young . Albert Thompson ( edit ) Albert Thompson ( portrayed by Michael Siberry ) is Kilgrave 's father . Introduced in season two ( edit ) Griffin Sinclair ( edit ) Griffin Sinclair ( portrayed by Hal Ozsan ) is Trish 's new boyfriend and a news anchor . Steven Benowitz ( edit ) Steven Benowitz ( portrayed by Maury Ginsberg ) is one of the lead attorneys of Hogarth Chao & Benowitz . Vido Arocho ( edit ) Vido Arocho ( portrayed by Kevin Chacon ) is the son of Oscar Arocho who befriends Jessica . Eddy Costa ( edit ) Eddy Costa ( portrayed by John Ventimiglia ) is a detective investigating the deaths of anyone involved with IGH who has crossed paths with Jessica Jones . Ruth Sunday ( edit ) Ruth Sunday ( portrayed by Lisa Tharps ) is Eddie Costa 's detective partner . Karl Malus ( edit ) Further information : Karl Malus Karl Malus ( portrayed by Callum Keith Rennie ) is a scientist who is one of the leaders of IGH . He was the one who saved the lives of Jessica Jones and Alisa Jones following a car accident . Shane Ryback ( edit ) Shane Ryback ( portrayed by Eden Marryshow ) is a con - artist working with Inez Green . Guest characters ( edit ) The following is a supplementary list of recurring guest stars that appear in lesser roles or make significant cameo appearances . The characters are listed , in order of appearance on the show , by the other MCU media or season in which they first appeared . Introduced in other TV series ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors Brett Mahoney ( portrayed by Royce Johnson ; first appears in season one ) : A sergeant in the NYPD 's 15th Precinct . Claire Temple ( portrayed by Rosario Dawson ; first appears in season one ) : A nurse in Hell 's Kitchen . Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson ( portrayed by Elden Henson ; first appears in season two ) : A lawyer at Hogarth , Chao & Benowitz . Turk Barrett ( portrayed by Rob Morgan ; first appears in season two ) : A common thug who specializes in guns . Thembi Wallace ( portrayed by Tijuana Ricks ; first appears in season two ) : A news reporter . Introduced in season one ( edit ) Roy Healy ( portrayed by Joseph Ragno ) : A bartender working for Cage . Reva Connors ( portrayed by Parisa Fitz - Henley ) : Cage 's wife , who was killed by Jones under Kilgrave 's control . Brian Jones ( portrayed by James Colby ) : Jessica 's father who was killed in a car crash when she was young . Phillip Jones ( portrayed by Billy McFadden ) : Jessica 's younger brother who was killed in a car crash when she was young . Len Sirkes ( portrayed by Brett Azar ) : A loan shark who Jessica and Cage encounter during a case . Miklos Kozlov ( portrayed by Thomas Kopache ) : A doctor and member of IGH who ran the program that gave Simpson his experimental pills . Maury Tuttlebaum ( portrayed by Daniel Marcus ) : A morgue attendant at Riverbank Medical Center . Samantha Reyes ( portrayed by Michelle Hurd ) : A district attorney . Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance through an on - set photograph , the same one seen in Daredevil . In Iron Fist , Lee 's character is identified as NYPD Captain Irving Forbush . Introduced in season two ( edit ) Linda Chao ( portrayed by Angel Desai ) : Hogarth and Benowitz 's partner at Hogarth , Chao & Benowitz . Zakarian ( portrayed by Jacqueline Antaramian ) : Hogarth 's doctor . Robert Coleman / Whizzer ( portrayed by Jay Klaitz ) : A subject of IGH who possesses super speed . Ian ( portrayed by Anthony Grasso ) : The head of Walker 's radio station . Maximillian `` Max '' Tatum ( portrayed by James McCaffrey ) : A film director with a terrible past with Walker . Maynard Tiboldt ( portrayed by Ben Van Bergen ) : A hypnotherapist hired by Trish to evaluate Jessica . Sonia Arocho ( portrayed by Victoria Cartagena ) : Oscar 's ex-wife who resorts to kidnapping their son Vido . Stirling Adams ( portrayed by Mat Vairo ) : A former bartender who briefly dates Jessica , but is killed by her mother . Ronald Garcia ( portrayed by Alfredo Narciso ) : The head of the ZCN Broadcasting Center . Dale Holiday ( portrayed by Brian Hutchinson ) : A sadistic prison guard and serial killer . Torres ( portrayed by Myrna Cabello ) : A doctor that cares for Walker . Lee once again makes a cameo appearance through an on - set photograph , on an advertisement for the law firm Forbush and Associates . See also ( edit ) Daredevil cast and characters Luke Cage cast and characters Iron Fist cast and characters The Defenders cast and characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' : Krysten Ritter , Alexandra Daddario , Teresa Palmer , Marin Ireland , Jessica De Gouw Testing For Lead '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Krysten Ritter Nabs Lead In Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Three More Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Krysten Ritter & Showrunner Melissa Rosenberg Talk ' Jessica Jones ' at NYCC '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Krysten Ritter , Marvel 's New Jessica Jones , Is Currently `` Devouring '' the Comics `` . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Boone , John ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` We Asked Marvel 's Head of Television About Everything From ' Agent Carter ' to ' Iron Fist ' -- And He Answered '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marc Strom ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` This Week In Marvel Episode 200.5 With Clark Gregg , Krysten Ritter And More '' ( Podcast ) . Marvel.com . Events occur between 46 : 00 -- 48 : 00 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' GMA ' 40 for 40 : Everything You Need to Know About Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cappuccino , Elizabeth ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` So thrilled so finally announce my participation in @ netflix latest @ marvel series # JessicaJones . I got to play young Jessica Jones before she 's turns into the total bad ass that she is acted by @ therealkrystenritter . So thrilled its a total dream come true '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Soo Hoo , Fawina ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` There Are No Superhero Costumes To Be Found In ' Jessica Jones , ' Netflix 's Latest Marvel Adaptation '' . Fashionista . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` JESSICA JONES : Melissa Rosenberg and Jeph Loeb Talk Characters , Tone , Action and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' Mad Max ' Leads Film ; ABC , HBO , FX Networks & ' Fargo ' Top TV '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Mike Colter to Star as Luke Cage in Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Northmore , Henry ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : Mike Colter , ' Luke Cage is a darker , grittier , more tangible hero ' '' . The List . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2015 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : White , Brett ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` NYCC : `` Jessica Jones '' & `` Daredevil '' Collide at Marvel / Netflix Panel `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Carrie - Anne Moss and Mike Colter Talk ' Jessica Jones ' and ' Luke Cage ' at NYCC '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Colter on `` Jessica Jones '' . AOL Build . November 20 , 2015 . Event occurs at 7 : 25 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Mike Colter Will `` Deal With His Own Demons '' in `` Luke Cage '' Netflix Series `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rachael Taylor the Latest to Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . January 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Hunter ( July 23 , 2011 ) . `` Comic - Con : Marvel TV Announces Development Slate ; Includes Live - Action AKA JESSICA JONES ( ALIAS ) , THE HULK , CLOAK AND DAGGER , MOCKINGBIRD , Animated HULK AND THE AGENTS OF S.M.A.S.H , More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , Steve ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Captain Marvel 's Carol Danvers Was Originally on Jessica Jones '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Beard , Jim ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Rachael Taylor Deals with Trish Walker 's Inner Demons in ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` '' Jessica Jones '' Stars Are `` Just Trying To Survive '' Marvel 's Darkest TV Show Yet `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` NYCC 2015 : Marvel 's Nuke Looks To Be Part Of Jessica Jones '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dyce , Andrew ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Easter Eggs , Marvel Connections , & Comic Nods '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ IGN ( October 11 , 2015 ) . Jessica Jones : Erin Moriarty Interview - NYCC 2015 . YouTube . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Maglio , Tony ; Sneider , Jeff ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Carrie - Anne Moss Joins Marvel - Netflix 's ' Jessica Jones ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Has Hot Sex and Nuanced Sexuality ( Especially for a Marvel Show ) '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brownfield , Paul ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Details Revealed , Full Pilot Shown -- New York Comic Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Carrie - Anne Moss and Mike Colter Talk Sex , Character - Building , and More Sex '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie - Anne Moss 's Jeri Hogarth is Becoming the Nick Fury of the Marvel Netflix Shows '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Tennant Joins Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Jessica Jones ' made it to Netflix after ABC nixed the show '' . Tech Insider . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Liz Shannon ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Why David Tennant Felt ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' Was ' A Gamble Worth Taking ' '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` J.R. Ramirez Joins ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberley ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Power 's J.R. Ramirez Breaks Down Julio 's Ultimate Mistake , Plus : What Marvel Show Is He Headed To ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bundel , Ani ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Who Is Pryce Cheng On ' Jessica Jones ' ? Here 's What You Should Know About The New Character '' . Elite Daily . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2018 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Latour , Rob ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Season 2 Adds ' Twilight ' Actress Leah Gibson ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Watch : Jessica Jones Season 2 Red Carpet '' . Syfy Wire . March 10 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Britt ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Where Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' Could Go in Season 2 '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Star Janet McTeer Pulls Back the Curtain on Her Top - Secret Season 2 Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Brianne ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Meet Susie Abromeit of Netflix 's `` Jessica Jones '' ! `` . Viva Glam Magazine . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bendix , Trish ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Susie Abromeit on playing Pam in `` Jessica Jones '' and if she ships Jessica and Trish `` . AfterEllen . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Hey , it 's that guy ! How you know Jeri Hogarth 's wife on ' Jessica Jones ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AKA It 's Called Whiskey '' ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , Kevin ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones is Marvel 's Most Compelling Series Yet '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` In Marvel 's Jessica Jones , women get stuff done while men just talk about women '' . Vox . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' : All the Season 2 Easter Eggs You Might Have Missed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Showrunner Teases a Super Suit for Krysten Ritter , Confirms ' Daredevil ' Crossover '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drum , Nicole ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Season 2 's ' Daredevil ' Connection Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Siede , Caroline ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Jessica Jones ' penultimate episode has deadly ( and non-deadly ) consequences '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beckford , Gorgette ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Jamaican - born actress appears in Jessica Jones series '' . The Jamaica Observer . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Simon . `` Everything We Know About Marvel 's Jessica Jones So Far '' . Screen Geek . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Dennis ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Daredevil 's brutal second season puts superheroes on trial '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` '' Jessica Jones '' Stan Lee Cameo Spotted `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Commandeur , Jordan ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Iron Fist : 15 Easter Eggs And References '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siede , Caroline ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Jessica Jones showcases the best and worst of what a flashback episode can do '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Season 1 Rosenberg , Melissa ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Ladies Night '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Schraft , Micah ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Crush Syndrome '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Friedman , Liz ; Reynolds , Scott ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA It 's Called Whiskey '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Hicks , Hilly , Jr . ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA 99 Friends '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Baratta , Dana ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA The Sandwich Saved Me '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Ricourt , Edward ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA You 're a Winner ! '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Reback , Jenna ; Schraft , Micah ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Top Shelf Perverts '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Reynolds , Scott ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA WWJD ? '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . King , Jamie ; Baratta , Dana ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Sin Bin '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Baratta , Dana ; Schraft , Micah ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA 1,000 Cuts '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Reynolds , Scott ; Friedman , Liz ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA I 've Got the Blues '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . HIcks , Hilly , Jr . ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Take a Bloody Number '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . King , Jamie ; Reynolds , Scott ; Rosenberg , Melissa ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Smile '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . External links ( edit ) Full cast and crew of Jessica Jones at IMDb Jessica Jones Brian Michael Bendis Michael Gaydos Supporting characters Luke Cage Carol Danvers Jessica Drew Ben Urich Enemies Man Mountain Marko Purple Man Publications Alias The Pulse Jessica Jones In other media Jessica Jones season 1 characters Related articles Daily Bugle New Avengers Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... 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Other Team Thor Book Portal Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jessica_Jones_characters&oldid=839096751 '' Categories : Jessica Jones ( TV series ) Lists of American television series characters Lists of Marvel Comics television characters Lists of action television characters Lists of drama television characters Marvel Cinematic Universe lists Marvel Cinematic Universe specific characters Superhero television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 06 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays patsy walker's mom in jessica jones | [] | [] |
6381680328159416478 | Bantu Education Act, 1953 | Bantu education Act , 1953 - wikipedia Bantu education Act , 1953 Bantu Education Act , 1953 Act to provide for the transfer of the administration and control of native education from the several provincial administrations to the Government of the Union , and for matters incidental thereto . Citation Act No. 47 of 1953 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date of Royal Assent 5 October 1986 Date commenced 1 January 1954 Date repealed 1 January 1980 Administered by Minister of Native Affairs Repealing legislation Education and Training Act , 1979 Status : Repealed The Bantu Education Act , 1953 ( Act No. 47 of 1953 ; later renamed the Black Education Act , 1953 ) was a South African segregation law which legalised several aspects of the apartheid system passed by the Apartheid regime which was really not on the side of the black community . Its major provision was enforcing racially separated educational facilities . Even universities were made `` tribal '' , and all but three missionary schools chose to close down when the government no longer would help support their schools . Very few authorities continued using their own finances to support education for native Africans . In 1959 , this type of education was extended to `` non white '' universities and colleges with the Extension of University Education Act , and the internationally prestigious University College of Fort Hare was taken over by the government and degraded to being part of the Bantu education system . It is often argued that the policy of Bantu ( African ) education was aimed to direct black or non-white youth to the unskilled labour market , although Kiyaam Govind , at the time Minister of Native Affairs , claimed that the aim was to solve South Africa 's `` ethnic problems '' by creating complementary economic and political units for different ethnic group . The national authorities of the time is often said to have viewed education as having a rather pivotal position in their goal of eventually separating South Africa from the Bantustans entirely . The Minister of Native Affairs at the time , the `` Architect of Apartheid '' Hendrik Verwoerd , stated that : `` There is no place for ( the Bantu ) in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour ... What is the use of teaching the Bantu child mathematics when it can not use it in practice ? '' The introduction of Bantu Education led to a substantial increase of government funding to the learning institutions of black Africans , but it did not keep up with population increase . The law forced institutions under the direct control of the state and solve white man problems . The National Party now had the power to employ and train teachers as they saw fit . Black teachers ' salaries in 1953 were extremely low and resulted in a dramatic drop of trainee teachers . Only one third of the black teachers were qualified . The schools reserved for the country 's white children were of Western standards . 30 % of the black schools did not have electricity , 25 % no running water and less than half had plumbing . The education for Blacks , Indians and Coloureds was substantially cheaper but not free . In the 70s , the per capita governmental spending on black education was one - tenth of the spending on white . In 1976 , the Afrikaans Medium Decree of 1974 , which forced all black schools to use both Afrikaans and English as languages of instruction beginning with the last year of primary school , led to the Soweto Uprising in which more than 575 people died , at least 134 of them under the age of eighteen . The act was repealed in 1979 by the Education and Training Act , 1979 , which continued the system of racially segregated education , while also eliminating both discrimination in tuition fees and the segregated Department of Bantu Education and allowing the both use of native tongue education up to the fourth grade and limited attendance at private schools as well . Segregation became unconstitutional after the introduction of the Interim Constitution in 1994 , and most sections of the Education and Training Act were repealed by the South African Schools Act , 1996 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nadine L. Moore , Faculty of Humanities University of Pretoria ( 2015 ) . `` IN CLASS OF THEIR OWN : THE BANTU EDUCATION ACT ( 1953 ) REVISITED '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Nancy L. ; Worger , William H. ( 2004 ) . South Africa - The Rise and Fall of Apartheid . Seminar Studies in History . Pearson Education Limited . pp. 48 -- 52 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 41437 - 7 . Jump up ^ Timeline of the University : 1959 n Archived December 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Official website of University of Fort Hare . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Byrnes , Rita M. ( 1996 ) . South Africa : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Giliomee H , 2009 . A Note on Bantu Education 1953 - 1970 South African Journal of Economics , March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Afrikaans Medium Decree that Led to the Soweto Uprising '' . about.com . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( U.S. ) , Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa ( 15 September 1981 ) . `` South Africa : Time Running Out : the Report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa '' . University of California Press . Retrieved 15 September 2017 -- via Google Books . http://nmmu.ac.za/documents/mward/Bantu%20Education%20Act%201953.pdf External links ( edit ) Article on apartheid and education that mentions the Bantu Act ( in Dutch ) https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/bantu-education-act%2C-act-no-47-of-1953 Apartheid legislation in South Africa Precursors ( before 1948 ) Hut tax ( 1884 ) Franchise and Ballot Act ( 1892 ) Glen Grey Act ( 1894 ) Natal Legislative Assembly Bill ( 1894 ) Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act ( 1906 ) South Africa Act ( 1909 ) Mines and Works Act ( 1911 ) Natives Land Act ( 1913 ) Natives ( Urban Areas ) Act ( 1923 ) Immorality Act ( 1927 ) Native Administration Act ( 1927 ) Representation of Natives Act ( 1936 ) Native Trust and Land Act ( 1936 ) Native ( Urban Areas ) Consolidation Act ( 1945 ) Asiatic Land Tenure Act ( 1946 ) Malan to Verwoerd ( 1948 -- 1966 ) Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act ( 1949 ) Immorality Amendment Act ( 1950 ) Population Registration Act ( 1950 ) Group Areas Act ( 1950 ) Suppression of Communism Act ( 1950 ) Native Building Workers Act ( 1951 ) Separate Representation of Voters Act ( 1951 ) Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act ( 1951 ) Bantu Authorities Act ( 1951 ) Native Laws Amendment Act ( 1952 ) Pass Laws Act ( 1952 ) Public Safety Act ( 1953 ) Native Labour ( Settlement of Disputes ) Act ( 1953 ) Bantu Education Act ( 1953 ) Reservation of Separate Amenities Act ( 1953 ) Natives Resettlement Act ( 1954 ) Group Areas Development Act ( 1955 ) Riotous Assemblies Act ( 1956 ) Industrial Conciliation Act ( 1956 ) Natives ( Prohibition of Interdicts ) Act ( 1956 ) Immorality Act ( 1957 ) Bantu Investment Corporation Act ( 1959 ) Extension of University Education Act ( 1959 ) Promotion of Bantu Self - government Act ( 1959 ) Unlawful Organizations Act ( 1960 ) Indemnity Act ( 1961 ) Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act ( 1961 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1961 ) Urban Bantu Councils Act ( 1961 ) General Law Amendment Act ( 1963 ) Coloured Persons Representative Council Act ( 1964 ) Post-Verwoerd ( 1966 -- 1994 ) Terrorism Act ( 1967 ) Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act ( 1968 ) Prohibition of Political Interference Act ( 1968 ) Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act ( 1970 ) Bantu Homelands Constitution Act ( 1971 ) Aliens Control Act ( 1973 ) Indemnity Act ( 1977 ) National Key Points Act ( 1980 ) - List of National Key Points Internal Security Act ( 1982 ) Black Local Authorities Act ( 1982 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1983 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_Education_Act,_1953&oldid=863830622 '' Categories : 1953 in South African law Apartheid laws in South Africa 1953 in international relations Education law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Italiano 日本 語 Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2018 , at 10 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the purpose of bantu education act | [
"The Bantu Education Act, 1953 (Act No. 47 of 1953; later renamed the Black Education Act, 1953) was a South African segregation law which legalised several aspects of the apartheid system passed by the Apartheid regime which was really not on the side of the black community. Its major provision was enforcing racially separated educational facilities.[1] Even universities were made \"tribal\", and all but three missionary schools chose to close down when the government no longer would help support their schools. Very few authorities continued using their own finances to support education for native Africans.[2] In 1959, this type of education was extended to \"non white\" universities and colleges with the Extension of University Education Act, and the internationally prestigious University College of Fort Hare was taken over by the government and degraded to being part of the Bantu education system.[3] It is often argued that the policy of Bantu (African) education was aimed to direct black or non-white youth to the unskilled labour market,[4] although Kiyaam Govind, at the time Minister of Native Affairs, claimed that the aim was to solve South Africa's \"ethnic problems\" by creating complementary economic and political units for different ethnic group.\n"
] | [
"enforcing racially separated educational facilities"
] |
6814670985780599661 | Buckwheat Boyz | Buckwheat Boyz - Wikipedia Buckwheat Boyz Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Buckwheat Boyz Origin Miami , Florida , United States Genres Baltimore club Years active 1997 -- 2002 Labels Koch Records Past members Marcus Bowens , Jermaine Fuller , J.J. O'Neal , Dougy Williams The Buckwheat Boyz was an American musical group founded by Marcus Bowens and Jermaine Fuller , with the later addition of J.J. O'Neal and Dougy Williams . The Buckwheat Boyz were signed by Koch Records , and recorded their first and only full - length record . From this self - titled album , the song `` Peanut Butter Jelly Time '' became popular on the Internet after a flash music video featuring an animated dancing banana was created . The popularity of the song increased as it was featured on TV shows such as The Proud Family , Family Guy , and Regular Show . Disbandment ( edit ) In 2002 , founding member and vocalist Jermaine Fuller died during an 11 - hour police standoff . During the standoff his brother - in - law , Snoop Dogg attempted to calm Fuller down and convince him to surrender to no avail . Fuller 's death directly led to the disbandment of the group . `` Ice Cream and Cake '' song ( edit ) Their song `` Ice Cream and Cake '' rapidly rose in popularity after being featured in a 2009 Baskin - Robbins marketing campaign , which included a television commercial and an Ice Cream and Cake Dance Video Contest . In August 2009 , Baskin - Robbins kicked off the contest by hosting the Guinness World Records Largest Cheerleading Dance event with Mario Lopez of Extra TV and 225 members of the Universal Cheerleaders Association ( UCA ) , at the University of California Los Angeles . However , as of August 2011 , the Guinness World Records archive states that the record for largest cheerleading dance was set in November 2009 by 297 participants at the University of Memphis in Memphis , Tennessee . It is not known whether this event was related to the Baskin - Robbins contest . Old Dominion University plays `` Ice Cream and Cake '' at home basketball games at the Ted Constant Convocation Center , and enjoys active crowd dance participation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Peanut Butter Jelly Time '' . peanutbutterjellytime.net. 12 December 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapper made plea during standoff '' . Las Vegas Sun . 14 August 2002 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baskin - Robbins - The Latest Scoop '' . Baskin - Robbins . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BASKIN - ROBBINS `` ICE CREAM AND CAKE '' DANCES ITS WAY TO WORLD RECORD `` . Baskin - Robbins . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records - Largest cheerleading dance '' . 7 November 2009 . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ ODU Students Rev up Excitement for Big Basketball Weekend , February 13 , 2009 This biographical article related to hip hop music in the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckwheat_Boyz&oldid=828830453 '' Categories : Musical groups established in 1997 Musical groups disestablished in 2001 Musical groups from Miami Hip hop DJs Internet memes American hip hop biography stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 00 : 41 . About Wikipedia | when did the peanut butter jelly song come out | [] | [] |
9206009129000455226 | The Keeper of the Stars | The Keeper of the Stars - wikipedia The Keeper of the Stars `` The Keeper of the Stars '' Single by Tracy Byrd from the album No Ordinary Man B - side `` Pink Flamingos '' Released February 2 , 1995 Format CD single Genre Country Length 4 : 06 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Dickey Lee Danny Mayo Karen Staley Producer ( s ) Jerry Crutchfield Tracy Byrd singles chronology `` The First Step '' ( 1994 ) `` The Keeper of the Stars '' ( 1995 ) `` Walking to Jerusalem '' ( 1995 ) `` The First Step '' ( 1994 ) `` The Keeper of the Stars '' ( 1995 ) `` Walking to Jerusalem '' ( 1995 ) `` The Keeper of the Stars '' is a song written by Dickey Lee , Danny Mayo and Karen Staley , and recorded by American country music artist Tracy Byrd . It was released in February 1995 as the fourth and last single from his album No Ordinary Man , it went on to reach a peak of # 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts , behind `` I Can Love You Like That '' by John Michael Montgomery . A year after its release , it was named Song of the Year by the Country Music Association . Contents 1 Content 2 Re-recordings 3 Chart performance 3.1 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) The song is a ballad in which the singer addresses his lover , telling her that a third party must have been responsible for bringing them together . Specifically , that third party is defined as being `` the keeper of the stars '' ( i.e. , God ) . Re-recordings ( edit ) A different recording of the song , one semitone lower than the album version , was released as the radio edit . This re-recording was made because Byrd felt that he sang it better in a lower key , and he sang it in the lower key while performing in concert . The radio edit was also used in the song 's music video , which aired on Country Music Television and The Nashville Network ( now Spike TV ) . Byrd re-recorded the song again in 2001 for his album Ten Rounds , and this re-recording was reprised on his 2005 Greatest Hits package . Chart performance ( edit ) Initially , Byrd 's label ( MCA Records ) had not planned for `` The Keeper of the Stars '' to be a single , until his publicist realized that the song had been receiving positive feedback for it in concert . The fourth single from Byrd 's No Ordinary Man album , `` The Keeper of the Stars '' spent twenty weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts , reaching a peak position of number two . Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 68 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 98 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 53 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 73 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ AOL Music profile for `` Keeper of the Stars '' Jump up ^ `` ACMs - Previous Winners - Song of the Year '' . About.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Mansfield ( April 1995 ) . `` City Lights : Byrd 's Latest ' Keeper ' '' . New Country . 2 ( 5 ) : 16 . ISSN 1074 - 536X . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 8999 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . May 15 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tracy Byrd Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Tracy Byrd Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . December 18 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1995 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Song lyrics at Yahoo ! Music Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Tracy Byrd Studio albums Tracy Byrd No Ordinary Man Love Lessons Big Love I 'm from the Country It 's About Time Ten Rounds The Truth About Men Different Things All American Texan Compilation albums Keepers : Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Holdin ' Heaven '' `` Why Do n't That Telephone Ring '' `` Lifestyles of the Not So Rich and Famous '' `` Watermelon Crawl '' `` The First Step '' `` The Keeper of the Stars '' `` Walking to Jerusalem '' `` Love Lessons '' `` Heaven in My Woman 's Eyes '' `` 4 to 1 in Atlanta '' `` Big Love '' `` Do n't Take Her She 's All I Got '' `` Do n't Love Make a Diamond Shine '' `` I 'm from the Country '' `` I Wanna Feel That Way Again '' `` When Mama Ai n't Happy '' `` Put Your Hand in Mine '' `` Love , You Ai n't Seen the Last of Me '' `` A Good Way to Get on My Bad Side '' ( with Mark Chesnutt ) `` Just Let Me Be in Love '' `` Ten Rounds with Jose Cuervo '' `` The Truth About Men '' `` Drinkin ' Bone '' `` Revenge of a Middle - Aged Woman '' Related articles Discography `` Johnny Cash '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Keeper_of_the_Stars&oldid=814672671 '' Categories : 1995 singles 1994 songs Tracy Byrd songs Songs written by Dickey Lee Songs written by Danny Mayo MCA Records singles Songs written by Karen Staley Song recordings produced by Jerry Crutchfield Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 05 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the song keeper of the stars | [
"\"The Keeper of the Stars\" is a song written by Dickey Lee, Danny Mayo and Karen Staley, and recorded by American country music artist Tracy Byrd. It was released in February 1995 as the fourth and last single from his album No Ordinary Man, it went on to reach a peak of #2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts, behind \"I Can Love You Like That\" by John Michael Montgomery. A year after its release, it was named Song of the Year by the Country Music Association.[3]\n"
] | [
"Tracy Byrd"
] |
1959861363929405590 | Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens | Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens Jump to : navigation , search The front cover of the Lebanese biometric passport Visa requirements for citizens of the Republic of Lebanon are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other sovereign countries and territories placed on citizens of the Republic of Lebanon . As of 8 February 2018 , citizens of the Republic of Lebanon had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 38 sovereign countries and territories , ranking the Lebanese passport 96th in the world according to the Henley Passport Index . Citizens of the Republic of Lebanon do not need a passport when traveling to Jordan and Syria . For these countries , they may use just their domestic national identification cards called ( Arabic : بطاقة الهوية ( bițāqat al - hawiya ) ; French : Carte nationale d'identité ) . Besides visa requirements , most countries specify other requirements which preclude the entry of citizens of the Republic of Lebanon and other citizens into their country , for example the prospective entrant has a criminal history , health issues , evidence of sufficient funds , evidence of ticket for exit or many other factors . Contents 1 Recent changes 2 Visa requirements map 3 Visa requirements 4 Territories 5 Non-visa restrictions 5.1 Passport validity length 5.2 Blank passport pages 5.3 Vaccination 5.4 Israeli stamps 5.5 Armenian ethnicity 5.6 Persona non grata 5.7 Fingerprinting 5.8 Criminal record 6 Fingerprinting 7 Biometric data gathering 8 Consular protection of citizens of the Republic of Lebanon abroad 9 See also 10 References Recent changes ( edit ) Iran lifted visa requirements for citizens of the Republic of Lebanon on July 29 , 2015 . Indonesia lifted visa requirements for citizens of the Republic of Lebanon on October 7 , 2015 . Qatar lifted visa requirements for citizens of the Republic of Lebanon on June 23 , 2017 . Antigua and Barbuda , Tajikistan , Lesotho , and Kyrgyzstan introduced an Electronic Visa facility for citizens of the Republic of Lebanon on 3 July 2016 , 3 June 2016 , 1 May 2017 , and August 9 respectively. . Visa requirements map ( edit ) Fully internationally recognized countries and territories with visa - free or visa - on - arrival regime for holders of regular Lebanese passports Type ( P ) Lebanon Visa is not required for tourism and business purposes Visa is granted on arrival Electronic Visa ( eVisa ) Visa can be obtained both on arrival and online Pre-arranged visa is required and should be obtained from a diplomatic mission Visa requirements ( edit ) General visa requirements of fully internationally recognized sovereign countries and territories towards citizens of the Republic of Lebanon : Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Visa not required for passengers who were born in Afghanistan Visa not required for children born to citizens of Afghanistan Passengers arriving on a military air need to legalize their stay if they wish to leave on a commercial airline . All visitors are fingerprinted upon entry Women passengers should cover their body with clothing , except for the face , hands , and feet . Albania Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for passengers being of Albanian origin Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states and the United States Algeria Visa required Passengers must hold proof of sufficient funds to cover their stay and documents required for their next destination Andorra Visa required The Andorran government imposes no visa requirements on passengers and only requires a passport or European Union national identity card for entrance . However , since the country is only accessible through the Schengen countries Spain or France , entrance is not possible without entering the Schengen area first and the Schengen visa rules can therefore be regarded to apply de facto . Because Andorra is not part of the Schengen area , a multiple - entry visa is required to re-enter the Schengen area when leaving Andorra Angola Visa required Visa not required for personnel of oil companies established in Angola , provided holding a photocopy of their passport , 4 photos , and a copy of a visa application which should be submitted by the oil company at least 2 weeks prior to arrival Visa on arrival for holders of a confirmation that a visa has been approved before departure International Certificate of Vaccination is required Antigua and Barbuda Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Visa not required for a maximum stay of 30 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states and the United States Visa waiver fee applies for valid visa holders or residents of the United States Departure tax applies Argentina Visa required Visa is issued free of charge Visa not required for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports All visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival 120 days Valid for 120 days Obtainable at Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan , Gyumri Airport , Ayrum railway station , Bagratashen , Bavra , Gogavan and Megri land borders . ( Extensions of stay is possible for additional 60 days for a fee ) Obtainable online . Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Visa not required for a maximum stay of 180 days for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Australia Visa required May apply online ( Online Visitor e600 visa ) Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Passengers traveling on domestic sectors of international flights within Australia must hold passports , or passport replacing documents accepted by Australia Valid Australian visas in a full or expired Lebanese passports are accepted if accompanied by a new Lebanese passport . Verification by airlines using Australia 's Advanced Passenger Processing ( APP ) System will require the details of the travel document that contains the Australian visa Austria Visa required Transit Visa is not required Azerbaijan Visa required Visa on arrival for residents of GCC member states . They must travel with a national of the said GCC country Visa on arrival for holders of an official invitation letter issued by the State Migration Service of Azerbaijan or other Azerbaijan government authority Visa on arrival for staff of the Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) and their dependants , provided holding an official invitation letter issued by the Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) Visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 30 days for holders of an official invitation letter issued by the Operating Committee of Baku Chess Olympiad or an accreditation card issued by the International Chess Federation ( FIDE ) The visa application form may be filled online and submitted to the diplomatic mission Obtainable online through approved travel agencies . Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Applicants of Armenian ancestry or with Armenian visas in their passport may not obtain a visa Registration with the local police upon arrival is mandatory Bahamas Visa required The visa can be obtained through British diplomatic missions Bahrain Visa required Visa on arrival for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Multiple - entry Visa is granted on arrival for residents of GCC member states valid for 3 months within 6 months for a maximum stay of 2 weeks per visit Passengers must hold proof of sufficient funds and provide an address or place of stay in Bahrain Bangladesh Visa required Visa not required for holders of passports or other travel documents endorsed with a `` No Visa Required '' stamp Visa on arrival for passengers being of Bangladeshi origin Visa on arrival for spouses and children of passengers being of Bangladeshi origin provided holding return / onward tickets for a maximum stay of 30 days Visa on arrival for holders of a confirmation letter issued by the Bangladesh Board of Investment ( BOI ) containing a BOI registration number and traveling on business provided holding return / onward tickets . The accredited inviting organization must notify the Immigration authorities prior to arrival Extensions of stay is possible for a fee Departure tax applies Barbados Visa required Belarus Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 5 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states . Must arrive at Minsk International Airport . Visa not required for passengers visiting to Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park for up to 3 days Visa on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 ( for short - term visas ) or 5 working days ( for long - term visas ) the expected date of arrival Visa on arrival at the Minsk International Airport for holders holders of an invitation letter issued by a Belarusian tourist company or a medical or health organization . The letter must be written on afficial headed paper with the passenger 's name , passport details , purpose , and duration of stay . The letter must also have the original signature and official seal of the head of the inviting organization Passengers are required to have a health insurance which can be purchased on arrival at the Minsk International Airport Transiting without a visa is not allowed under any circumstance Registration with the local police within 7 days of arrival is mandatory Belgium Visa required Transit Visa is not required Belize Visa required Visa not required for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states or the United States Passengers must hold at least 50 US Dollars a day and documents required for their next destination Departure tax applies Benin eVisa Visa not required for holders of an Authorisation Speciale d'Entree au Benin traveling to join mercy ships International Certificate of Vaccination is required Bhutan Visa required Visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 15 days for passengers who sent their application by a tour operator to the department of tourism at least two and a half months in advance , provided holding 2 passport photos Bolivia Visa on arrival 90 days within 180 days Valid for 90 days within 180 days Extensions of stay is possible for a maximum stay of 5 months for a fee Departure tax applies Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 7 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory Botswana Visa required Brazil Visa required Eligible to apply for three - year visas valid for tourism and business trips and may use them whenever they visit Brazil within that period Visa is not required for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Visa is not required for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months for holders of a VIPER visa issued by Brazil Brunei Visa required Immigration offences , such as visa overstaying , are punishable by jail , fines , and caning Bulgaria Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states Transit Visa is not required Burkina Faso Visa required Visa on arrival for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Visa on arrival for holders of an Interpol passport traveling on duty provided holding one passport photo . BCN INTERPOL in Burkina Faso must be informed before arrival International Certificate of Vaccination is required Burundi Visa required Visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 1 month for holders of an `` Entry Authorization '' letter issued by the authorities of Burundi before departure All visitors are fingerprinted upon entry Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Visa not required for passengers who were born in Cambodia Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 12 months for a fee All visitors are fingerprinted upon entry Passengers not permitted to make day trips arriving and departing on the same day except when arriving and departing in Phnom Penh ( PNH ) airport or are holdering a multiple - entry business visas Cameroon Visa required Visa on arrival to holders of a confirmation that a visa has been approved before departure and issued by `` Le Delegue General de la Surete '' International Certificate of Vaccination is required Canada Visa required Visa not required for holders of a Green Card issued by the United States unless deemed inadmissible . In addition and as of September 30 , 2016 , an eTA is required for holders of a Green Card issued by the United States Transit Visa is required except for holders of a B or C visa issued by Switzerland when traveling to the United States flying with Air Canada Visa not required for holders of a valid student or employment authorization and / or holders of a Parapan Identity and Accreditation Card ( PIAC ) Obtainable online for visitor , study , work , medical , and permanent residence visas . Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Cape Verde Visa on arrival 90 days within 180 days Valid for 90 days within 180 days Obtainable at Nelson Mandela International Airport , Cesária Évora Airport , Amílcar Cabral International Airport and Aristides Pereira International Airport Visa not required for former citizens of Cape Verde , alongside their spouse and children Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports International Certificate of Vaccination is required Central African Republic Visa required Passengers over the age of 15 not holding return or onward tickets must pay a deposit to a bank or the transporting airlines between 15,000 XAF AND 250,000 XAF depending on the country of commencement of the journey International Certificate of Vaccination is required Chad Visa required Visa on arrival for holders of an Entry Authorization Letter issued by Chad before departure International Certificate of Vaccination is required Registration with the local police within 72 hours of arrival is mandatory Chile Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports China Visa required Visa is not required for a maximum stay of 6 days for passengers traveling for tourism purposes in a group organized by a Chinese international tour operator or registered travel agency provided they are arriving from Hong Kong or Macao to take a trip to the Zhujiang Delta in Guangdong province or arriving or departing at or to Dongguan ( DGM ) , Guangzhou ( CAN ) , Huizhou ( HUZ ) , Shantou ( SWA ) , Shenzhen ( SZX ) or Zhuhai ( ZUH ) Visa on arrival at Beijing ( PEK ) for a maximum stay of 3 months for holders of a confirmation that a visa has been approved before departure . The airlines must fax all documents to the station managed prior to arrival and the passenger must have a confirmation from the Immigration authorities that the visa will be issued on arrival , 2 passport photos , a passport that contains at least 1 blank visa page , and an invitation letter issued by the Chinese Authorities or by a sponsor approved by the Chinese authorities who must meat the passenger on arrival Visa on arrival at Chendgu ( CTU ) , Fuzhou ( FOC ) , Shanghai ( ( Hongqiao ( SHA ) Pudong ( PVG ) , or Xiamen ( XMN ) for a maximum stay of 1 month holders of a confirmation that a visa has been approved before departure provided holding a letter of invitation issued by the immigration authorities that the visa will be issued on arrival , 2 passport photos , a confirmed return or onward ticket , a passport that contains at least one blank visa page , and a sponsor approved by the Chinese authorities is there to meet the passenger on arrival Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory Colombia Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Visa not required for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Departure tax applies Comoros Visa on arrival 2 weeks Valid for 2 weeks Extensions of stay is possible for a fee Republic of the Congo Visa required Visa not required for holders of a V.I.P invitation letter Passengers must hold an invitation letter or hotel reservation in addition to the visa International Certificate of Vaccination is required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 7 days for holders of a letter ( Visa Volant ) issued by the Ministry of Interior and Security Passengers not holding visas issued in the country of residence or visa issue will be refused entry . Visas issued in another country will only be accepted when there is no embassy of Congo ( Democratic Republic ) in the country of residence Registration with the local police upon arrival is mandatory Departure tax applies International Certificate of Vaccination is required Costa Rica Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 30 days for valid visa holders or residents of Canada or the European Union member states Visa not required for a maximum stay of 30 days for valid multiple - entry visa holders or residents of Japan or the United States used at least once and valid for at least 6 months beyond the period of intended stay Costa Rican visas should be issued within 60 days after the date of issuance Departure tax applies Côte d'Ivoire Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Electronic Visa holders must arrive at Port Bouet Airport Visa on arrival for holders of an approved pre-enrolment and a registration receipt before departure Visa on arrival for holders of an invitation letter issued by the authorities of Côte d'Ivoire International Certificate of Vaccination is required Croatia Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory Transit Visa is not required Cuba Tourist card required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Tourist Cards ( Tarjeta del Turista ) must be obtained prior to arrival from diplomatic missions of Cuba , authorized airlines , or travel agencies a Valid for a maximum stay of 30 days Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 60 days for a fee Passengers who are former nationals of Cuba who left Cuba before 1971 must hold passports endorsed `` Habilitado '' for HE - 11 Passengers must cover the length of their stay by 50 US Dollars per day or equivalent in other convertible currencies in cash or traveler 's cheques unless they have previously contracted touristic activities with MINTUR in Cuba Passengers are required to have a travel insurance to cover their medical expenses while in Cuba and should be purchased before departure Cyprus Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Transit Visa is not required Czech Republic Visa required Transit Visa is required Denmark Visa required Transit Visa is not required Djibouti Visa on arrival 1 month Valid for 1 month Obtainable at Djibouti -- Ambouli International Airport Extensions of stay is possible for a fee Dominica Visa not required 21 days Valid for 21 days Visa not required for a maximum stay of 6 months for valid visa holders or residents of Canada , the European Union member states , the United Kingdom , or the United States Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 3 months within 6 months for a fee All visitors are fingerprinted upon entry Departure tax applies Dominican Republic Visa required Visa not required for passengers who were born in the Dominican Republic Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of Canada , the European Union member states , or the United States Ecuador Visa not required 90 days within 180 days Valid for 90 days within 180 days Extensions of stay is possible for a fee Egypt Visa required Visa not required for spouses and children of male citizens of Egypt Visa not required for children of female citizens of Egypt provided they were born after 25 July 2004 Visa not required if traveling as a part of a tourist group that consists of at least 10 persons , provided holding a return or circle trip ticket , a hotel reservation , and a signed guarantee letter from a travel agency Visa not required for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months if aged 50 years and above or 16 years and below El Salvador Visa required Equatorial Guinea Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination is required Eritrea Visa required Visa not required for minors under 18 years of age accompanied by parents , provided holding an Eritrean National ID Card Visa on arrival for holders of a printed confirmation that a visa has been approved before departure provided the sponsor in Eritrea submits the request to the Eritrean Immigration Authority 48 hours before arrival and the passenger holds 1 passport photo Departure tax applies Estonia Visa required Transit Visa is not required Ethiopia Visa required Visa on arrival for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Visa on arrival at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport if attending meetings , seminars , or workshops organized by the African Union , provided holding an invitation letter stating the purpose of travel Visa on arrival at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport , provided holding an invitation letter issued to participants of the UNECA ( United Nations Economic Commission for Africa ) conferences and meetings held at the U.N conference Center in Addis Ababa All visitors are fingerprinted upon entry Fiji Visa required Finland Visa required Transit Visa is not required France Visa required Transit Visa is not required Gabon Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Passengers must hold an `` Authorization d'entree au Gabon '' in addition to the visa Electronic Visa holders must arrive at Leon Mba International Airport in Libreville Visa on arrival for holders of an entry authorization issued by the Immigration in Gabon before departure International Certificate of Vaccination is required Gambia Visa required Visa not required for if traveling for tourism purposes on a charter flight International Certificate of Vaccination is required Georgia Visa not required Valid for 1 year Germany Visa required Transit Visa is required Ghana Visa required Visa not required for holders of a dual Nationality Card issued by Ghana Visa on arrival for passengers being of Ghanaian origin and not holding a `` Dual Nationality Card '' and entering Ghana on a Lebanese passport provided they have a confirmation that a visa has been approved before departure and a copy of the visa - on - arrival approval issued at least 48 hours prior to traveling to Ghana by the Ghana Immigration Service . The approval must contain both traveler 's passport and visa numbers and a copy of the bio-data and photo page of the applicant 's passport International Certificate of Vaccination is required Greece Visa required Transit Visa is not required Grenada Visa required Visa on arrival for holders of an Acceptance Letter or a Letter of Good Standing issued to new or returning students of St George 's University Guatemala Visa required Departure tax applies Guinea Visa required Visa on arrival for holders of an approval letter issued by the Directeur Central de la Police de l'Air et des Frontieres International Certificate of Vaccination is required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival Valid for 90 days within 180 days Obtainable online . Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Guyana Visa required Visa not required for passengers who are under 17 years of age and were born in Guyana Visa not required for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 30 days for holders of a letter of invitation from a sponsor or host , contact details of sponsor / host / hotel , and 2 passport photos Visa on arrival for holders of a confirmation , issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs , or a pre-arranged business , employment , or student visa Haiti Visa not required 3 months within 6 months Valid for 3 months within 6 months Extensions of stay is possible for a fee Honduras Visa required Departure tax applies Hungary Visa required Visa not required for 90 days within 180 days inside Schengen Area for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Transit visa not required Iceland Visa required Transit Visa is not required India Visa required Visa not required for holders of a Person of Indian Origin ( PIO ) Card Visa not required for holders of an Overseas Citizen of India '' card or booklet Passengers arriving from Guinea , Liberia , Mali and Sierra Leone at Bangalore ( BLR ) , Chennai ( MAA ) , Cochin ( COK ) , Delhi ( DEL ) , Hyderabad ( HYD ) , Kolkata ( CCU ) or Mumbai ( BOM ) are subject to enhanced passenger screening and medical checks Passengers being of Pakistani origin ( those born in Pakistan or whose parents or grandparents were born in Pakistan ) holding multiple entry Tourist Visas ( type T ) , with a validity ranging from above 3 months and up to 10 years , are required to have at least 60 days between visits . Those wishing to re-enter before the 60 days have expired must contact an Indian mission abroad to obtain permission. Travelers intending to make side - trips to neighbouring countries as part of the same journey , should submit details of their complete itinerary , with supporting documentation , such as reservations , to an Indian mission or to the immigration officer upon initial entry into India , to obtain permission for multiple entries as part of that journey Holders of visas that specifically state the city orairport of entry must enter India at that specified city or airport Registration with the Foreigner 's Regional Registration Office within 14 days of arrival is mandatory Indonesia Visa not required Valid for 30 days The visa - free facility is not applicable for journalists thus should obtain a visa beforehand Extensions of stay is not possible Iran Visa not required Valid for 30 days Extensions of stay is possible for a fee Registration with the local police within 8 days of arrival is mandatory Iraq Visa required Visa not required for holders of a signed and stamped letter issued by the Ministry of Interior of Iraq if arriving at Baghdad ( BGW ) , Basra ( BSR ) , or Najaf ( NJF ) airports . The letter must be forwarded to the airline 's station manager at Baghdad ( BGW ) , Basra ( BSR ) or Najaf ( NJF ) in order to receive an OK TO BOARD from the immigration Visa not required for holders of a signed and stamped letter issued by the Ministry of Interior of the Kurdistan Regional Government if arriving at Erbil ( EBL ) or Sulaymaniyah ( ISU ) airports . The letter must be forwarded to the airline 's station manager at Erbil ( EBL ) or Sulaymaniyah ( ISU ) in order to receive an OK TO BOARD from the immigration Visa not required for those born in Iraq at Baghdad ( BGW ) , Basra ( BSR ) or Najaf ( NJF ) for a maximum stay of 3 months , provided having an original and official Iraqi document with the same name as on the passport . Visa not required for spouses of citizens of Iraq at Najaf ( NJF ) , provided holding an original Iraqi marriage certificate or an approved marriage certificate issued by an Iraqi diplomatic mission Visa on arrival for passengers being of Iraqi origin provided holding an original and official Iraqi document with the same name as on the Lebanese passport Visa on arrival at Baghdad ( BGW ) or Basra ( BSR ) for passengers under 18 years of age , provided they are traveling with their parents and at least one holds an Iraqi passport Visa on arrival for Business managers , investors , international experts , oil company managers or representatives traveling on business if arriving at Basra ( BSR ) , provided holding return / onward tickets and passports valid at least 6 months Holders of passports containing an Israeli stamp or visa seal will be refused entry in Iraq except at Erbil ( EBL ) Holders of passports without 2 blank visa pages may be refused entry Ireland Visa required Strict application of immigration rules apply regarding providing proof of the trip purpose , sufficient funds , return ticket and accommodation even , provided holding a valid visa Israel Visa required Visa on arrival for passengers with a confirmation issyed by the Israeli Ministry of Interior provided they are traveling in a group of 10 or more A confirmation from the Israeli Government is required before a visa is issued . Italy Visa required Transit Visa is not required Jamaica Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 30 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states Visa not required for holders of passports or other travel documents endorsed with an `` Unconditional Landing '' stamp Departure tax applies Japan Visa required All visitors are fingerprinted upon entry Jordan Visa not required 3 months within 6 months Valid for 3 months within 6 months May use their ID cards The visa - free facility is not applicable for holders of emergency or temporary passports thus they should obtain a visa beforehand Iris scan taken upon entry and departure Kazakhstan Visa required Visa on arrival at Aktau ( SCO ) , Almaty ( ALA ) , Astana ( TSE ) , Atyrau ( GUW ) and Uralsk for a maximum stay of 1 month for holders of a confirmation from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that a visa has been approved before departure Visa on arrival at Aktau ( SCO ) , Almaty ( ALA ) , Astana ( TSE ) , Atyrau ( GUW ) and Uralsk for a maximum stay of 1 month for passengers arriving from a country without a Kazakh representation and provided holding an invitation letter Kenya Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination is required All visitors are fingerprinted upon entry Can obtain T12 East Africa Tourist Visa which permits entry to Kenya , Rwanda , and Uganda in a signle visa . Obtainable online for a fee of 100 USD . The first country to be entered should be the one which has issued the visa Passengers are required to hold at least 500 US dollars as proof of sufficient funds to cover their stay Kiribati Visa required Departure tax applies North Korea Visa required Passengers traveling for tourism purposes must hold an authoriation to travel issued by a travel company in North Korea South Korea Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization and an Electronic Visa Issuance Confirmation issued by the Ministry of Justice must be presented at the time of travel Visa not required for a maximum stay of 30 days for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Visa not required if arriving at and departing from Jeju ( CJU ) Airport Visa not required for passengers who have previously entered Korea ( Rep . ) at least 4 times within the last 2 years or at least 10 visits in total All visitors are fingerprinted upon entry Kuwait Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 1 month for holders of a confirmation that a visa has been approved before departure provided they are traveling for tourism purposes and having a sponsor in Kuwait who must hold the original visa Visa on arrival for residents of GCC member states for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months Visa on arrival for holders of confirmation from the transporting carrier and are traveling for tourism purposes for a maximum stay of 1 month Holders of a resident visa or a work permit traveling to Kuwait for the first time are required to hold an original Criminal Clearance Certificate authenticated by a Kuwait diplomatic mission in their country of residence Kyrgyzstan Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Electronic Visa holders must arrive at Manas International Airport , Osh Airport , or the Kyrgyzstan - Kazakhstan border Laos Visa on arrival Valid for 30 days Obtainable at international airports Wattay Vientiane , Pakse Savannakhet and Luang Prabang , and at land borders Friendship Bridge , Vientiane and Savannakhet ; Nam Heuang Friendship Bridge , Sayabouly Province ; and border crossings at Boten - Mohan , Dansavan - Lao Bao , Houaysay - Chiang Khong , Thakhek - Nakhon Phanom , Nong Haet - Nam Kan , Nam Phao - Kao Cheo , Veun Kham - Dong Calor , and Vangtao - Chong Mek as well as Tha Naleng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkhai , Thailand provided holding a confirmed hotel reservation , documents for the next destination , 1 passport photo , and valid passport with 2 unused visa pages . Entry points Napao - Chalo , Taichang - Sophoun , Pakxan - Bungkan , and Xiengkok are open only to visa holders Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 90 days for a fee Latvia Visa required Transit Visa is not required Lesotho Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Liberia Visa required Visa on arrival if arriving from a country without a diplomatic mission of Liberia and a visa is pre-arranged and paid for by a local sponsor in Liberia International Certificate of Vaccination is required Libya Visa required Visa not required for holders of a copy of a letter issued by the Libyan immigration authorities confirming that a visa will be granted on arrival at the airport Passengers must hold a non-objection form issued by the Libyan Immigration Authorities in addition to the visa Liechtenstein Visa required Transit Visa is not required Lithuania Visa required The form may be filled online and submitted to the diplomatic mission Medical insurance of a minimum coverage of 30,000 Euros which covers the entire Schengen region for the full duration of the intended stay is mandatory Transit Visa is not required Luxembourg Visa required Transit Visa is not required Macedonia Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 15 days for valid visa holders or residents of Canada , the European Union member states , the United Kingdom , or the United States . The visa must be valid for at least 5 days beyond the period of intended stay in Macedonia Passengers must hold an approval issued by the Ministry of Interior in addition to the visa Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory Madagascar Visa on arrival 90 days within 180 days provided they hold a passport with 1 unused visa page Extensions of stay for a maximum stay of 4 months is possible for a fee Malawi Visa required Extensions of stay is not possible , but those exceeding the period of 90 days within 180 days should obtain a residence permit from the immigration police and must be presented to airport officials upon departure Malaysia Visa not required Valid for 90 days within 180 days Extensions of stay is possible twice , 30 days each , for a fee Passengers are required to hold at least 100 US Dollars per day as proof of sufficient funds to cover their stay Visa on arrival for students attending a university or college in Malaysia for the duration of their study period provided they hold all documentation confirming placement and met by a representative All visitors are fingerprinted upon entry and departure Maldives Visa on arrival Valid for 30 days Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 90 days for a fee Mali Visa required Visa on arrival for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Letter of invitation is required International Certificate of Vaccination is required Malta Visa required Visa not required except for 90 days within 180 days inside Schengen Area for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Transit Visa is not required Marshall Islands Visa required Departure tax applies Mauritania Visa on arrival Obtainable at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport valid for 3 days , 15 days , 30 days , 90 days , or 360 days , fees may vary accordingly International Certificate of Vaccination is required Mauritius Visa on arrival Valid for 60 days per 180 days for tourism purposes and 60 days per 120 days for business purposes Extensions of stay is possible for a fee Passengers are required to hold a confirmed hotel reservation and at least 100 US Dollars per day as proof of sufficient funds to cover their stay An Entry permit or Residence Permit is required for those holding Work permits . Mexico Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 180 days within 1 year for valid visa holders or residents of Canada , the European Union member states , Japan , or the United States Micronesia Visa not required Valid for 30 days Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 60 days for a fee Departure tax applies Moldova Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Registration with the local police upon is mandatory Monaco Visa required Transit Visa is not required Mongolia Visa required Visa on arrival at Ulaanbaatar ( ULN ) Airport for holders of a confirmation that a visa has been approved before departure provided that their passport is valid for at least one year , are holing 2 passport photos , are arriving from a country with no Mongolian Immigration Authority , and that a sponsor in Mongolia submits a request to the Mongolian Immigration Authority Registration with the local police within 30 days of arrival is mandatory Montenegro Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 30 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states or the United States Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory Morocco Visa required Visa not required for children under 17 years of age having a Moroccan parent ( s ) and being registered in the parent 's passport Mozambique Visa on arrival Valid for 30 days Obtainablee at Beira ( BEW ) , Nampula ( APL ) , Maputo ( MPM ) , Pemba ( POL ) , Tete ( TET ) , and Vilankulo ( VNX ) Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 90 days for a fee Myanmar Visa required Visa on arrival for holders of a letter of approval issued by the Ministry of Hotels and Tourism , provided they are traveling on a tour arranged through a travel agency and have a confirmation that a tourist visa has been approved before departure Overstaying is punishable by a fine of 3 US Dollars per day which is pain upon departure Namibia Visa required Nauru Visa required Visa not required for holders of an entry permit letter ( visa letter ) issued by Nauru Nepal Visa on arrival Valid for 90 days within 180 days Obtainable at Tribhuvan International Airport and certain land borders Extensions of stay is possible for a fee The visa - on - arrival ( VoA ) facility is not applicable for holders of temporary passports thus they should obtain a visa beforehand Netherlands Visa required Transit Visa is not required New Zealand Visa required Obtainable online for Student , Work , or Visitor visas . Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Transit Visa is required Passengers are required to hold at least 1000 NZD or 400 NZD if accommodation has been prepaid . as proof of sufficient funds to cover their stay . Evidence of funds may be in the form of cash , traveler 's cheques , bank drafts , letters of credit or the following credit cards : Diners Club , American Express , Bankcard , Mastercard and Visa . If Visa label contains `` Funds Waived '' , evidence of sufficient funds is not required Nicaragua Visa required Visa on arrival for valid visa holders or residents of Canada , the European Union member states , or the United States for a maximum stay of 30 days Passengers must obtain a tourist card which can be purchased on arrival for 2 US Dollars Niger Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination is required Nigeria Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Visa not required for former citizens of Nigeria , provided holding a valid passport issued by the Republic of Lebanon together with an expired Nigerian passport Visa not required for holders of a confirmation from the Immigration Authority Headquarters in Abuja that a visa has been approved before departure Niue Visa not required Valid for 30 days Extensions of stay is possible for a fee Norway Visa required The form may be filled online and submitted to the diplomatic mission Transit Visa is not required Oman eVisa / Visa on arrival Valid for 1 month Obtainable at any port of entry in Oman for a fee which is paid in local currency ( Omani Riyal ) Obtainable Online . Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 2 months for a fee Visa not required for a maximum stay of 21 days for valid visa holders or residents of the Emirate of Dubai or Qatar if arriving directly from the Emirate of Dubai or Qatar respectively Iris scan taken upon entry Pakistan Visa required Visa not required for holders of a Pakistan Origin Card ( POC ) Visa not required for holders of a National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistani ( NICOP ) Visa not required for holders of passports issued by the Republic of Lebanon containing a `` Visa exempt '' stamp issued by Pakistan Visa not required for passengers being of Pakistani origin for a maximum stay of 72 hours provided they are traveling due to an emergency and holding a dual nationality with a Pakistani passports with notation Palau Visa on arrival Valid for 30 days Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 90 days for a fee Passengers are required to hold at least 200 US Dollars per week as proof of sufficient funds to cover their stay Panama Visa required Visa not required for those who were born in Panama Visa not required for a maximum stay of 30 days for valid visa holders or residents of Australia , Canada , the United Kingdom , or the United States Passengers are required to hold at least 500 US Dollars as proof of sufficient funds to cover their stay Papua New Guinea Visa required Paraguay Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Visa on arrival at Asuncion ( ASU ) for holders of an invitation letter to participate in the LXVI Board of Directors and XXVII General meeting of the Organization of Latin American Caribbean Supreme Audit Institutions ( LXVI Reunion del Consejo Directivo y la XXVII Asamblea general de la Organizacion Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Entidades Fiscalizadoras Superiores ) ( OLACEFS ) provided they hold a passport valid for 6 months Peru Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Philippines Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of one year for former citizens of the Philippines ( Balikbayans ) Departure tax applies Poland Visa is required Dual citizens of Poland and Republic of Lebanon must use their Polish passport for admission Transit Visa is not required Portugal Visa required Transit Visa is not required Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival Valid for 30 days Visa is issued free for charge Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 1 month Visa on arrival for infants younger than 2 years born to residents of Qatar provided they hold a certified birth certificate and are traveling with their ow passports and their parents are traveling with their residence permits and one parent must be the sponsor of the other parent Romania Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states Transit Visa is not required Russia Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 72 hours when entering Russia through the ports of Anadyr , Kaliningrad , Korsakov , Novorossiysk , Sevastopol , Sochi , St. Petersburg , Vladivostok , and Vyborg by ferry Registration with the local police within 7 working days of arrival is mandatory The visa application form may be filled online and submitted to the diplomatic mission Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival Valid for 30 days Extensions of stay is possible for a fee International Certificate of Vaccination is required All visitors are fingerprinted upon entry Saint Kitts and Nevis Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Saint Lucia Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 1 day for cruise ship passengers Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa required Visa not required for passengers being of Vincentian origin provided they hold a copy of their parent 's birth certificates accompanied by their own birth certificate Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit arrival Valid for 60 days Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 1 month for a fee Departure tax applies San Marino Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states São Tomé and Príncipe Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Visa not required for a maximum stay of 15 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states and the United States Visa not required for spouses and children of former citizens of São Tomé and Príncipe who is born in São Tomé and Príncipe International Certificate of Vaccination is required Saudi Arabia Visa required No tourist visas available Muslim female passengers arriving to perform Umrah or Hajj must be accompanied by one of her immediate family members such as father , brother , husband or son , who must be aged 18 years or older ; or over 45 years of age and traveling within a group of female passengers of the same age , who are accompanied by a group leader until their departure All visitors are fingerprinted upon entry Senegal Visa required Visa not required for holders of an official invitation letter International Certificate of Vaccination is required Serbia Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states and the United States Visa not required for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit is granted on arrival Valid for 3 months within 6 months Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 3 months within 6 months for a fee Passengers are required to hold a confirmed hotel reservation and at least 150 US Dollars per day as proof of sufficient funds to cover their stay Sierra Leone Visa required Visa on arrival for holders holders of a confirmation from the immigration that a visa has been approved before departure International Certificate of Vaccination is required Singapore Visa required Expectant mothers who do not hold residence permits or Re-entry permits visiting Singapore for the purpose of delivering their child in Sindapose must apply for a visit pass prior to their visit at www. ica. goc. sq in which applications take 4 - 6 weeks to process Slovakia Visa required Registration with the local police within 3 working days of arrival is mandatory Transit Visa is not required Slovenia Visa required Registration with the local police within 72 hours of arrival is mandatory Transit Visa is not required Solomon Islands Visa required Visa on arrival for holders of a confirmation that a visa has been approved before departure Somalia Visa on arrival Valid for 30 days Obtainable at Bosaso ( BSA ) , Galcaio ( GLK ) , and Mogadishu ( MGQ ) Visa on arrival at at Berbera ( BBO ) , Borama ( BXX ) , Burao ( BUO ) , Erigavo ( ERA ) and Hargeisa ( HGA ) for holders of an invitation letter issued by the government of Somaliland Visa on arrival for passengers being of Somali origin provided they were born in Somalia Passengers must exchange 100 US Dollars or equivalent of other freely convertible foreign currency upon arrival South Africa Visa required Holders of passports without 2 blank visa pages may be refused entry South Sudan Visa required Visa on arrival for passengers being of Sudanese origin Visa on arrival for holders of an identity card copy issued by the United Nations with a clearance from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in South Sudan Visa on arrival for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Spain Visa required Transit Visa is not required Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival Valid for 30 days Electronic Travel Authorization is obtainable online , at Sri Lanka diplomatic missions overseas , or on arrival at any port of entry in Sri Lanka Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 150 days for a fee Sudan Visa required Visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 60 days for holders of an `` Entry Permit '' issued by the Sudanese Ministry of interior Visa on arrival for passengers being of Sudanese origin from the father 's side provided they hold a national ID number , a national ID card , or an old Sudanese passport or birth certificate Registration with the local police within 3 days of arrival is mandatory Suriname Visa required Visa not required for holders of a Persons of Surinamese Origin ( PSA ) document or a proof of being of Surinamese origin Visa not required for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Visa on arrival for spouses and children ( who are under 18 years ) of Persons of Surinamese Origin or passengers being of Surinamese origin , at Paramaribo International Airport ( PBM ) for a maximum stay of 90 days Visa on arrival if arriving from a country without a Surinamese diplomatic mission for a maximum stay of 2 months Swaziland Visa required Sweden Visa required Transit Visa is not required Switzerland Visa required The form may be filled online and submitted to the diplomatic mission Transit Visa is not required Syria Visa not required Valid for 6 months within 1 year Visa not required only if arriving through Syrian borders by car from March 12 , 2014 ID Card valid Tajikistan Visa on arrival Valid for 45 days within 90 days Obtainable at Dushanbe International Airport Obtainable online . Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 60 days for a fee Tajikistan plans to completely abolish visa requirements soon Tanzania Visa required Thailand Visa required Passengers over 12 years of age with a visa are required to hold at least 20,000 THB per person or 40,000 THB per family as proof of sufficient funds to cover their stay . Proof of funds includes letters of credit vouchers , MCO 's or well - known credit cards which are honored in Thailand Timor - Leste Visa on arrival Valid for 30 days Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 90 days for a 75 US Dollars Passengers are required to hold at least 100 US Dollars per entry and 50 US Dollars per day as proof of sufficient funds to cover their stay Togo Visa on arrival Valid for 7 days Passengers must hold 3 passport photos Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 90 days for a fee Tonga Visa required Trinidad and Tobago Visa required Visa on arrival for holders of a confirmation from the immigration that a visa has been approved before departure Tunisia Visa required Visa not required for residents of GCC member states for a maximum stay of 15 days . The residence permits must be valid for a minimum of 6 months from the arrival date Visa not required for passengers traveling on an organized tour Passengers are required to hold a confirmed hotel reservation and a proof sufficient funds to cover their stay Turkey Visa not required Valid for 90 days within 180 days Extensions of stay is not possible , but passengers exceeding the period of 90 days within 180 days should obtain a residence permit ( `` Ikamet Vesikasi '' ) from the immigration police and must be presented to airport officials upon departure Turkmenistan Visa required Visa not required for holders of an accreditation certificate for the 5th Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games Visa on arrival for maximum stay of 10 days extendable for another 10 days for holders of a letter of invitation issued by a company registered in Turkmenistan and approved by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Special permits from the MInistry of Foreign Affairs are required prior to arrival if visiting Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serhas , and Serhetabat Departure tax applies Tuvalu Visa on arrival Valid for 1 month Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 3 months within 6 months for a fee Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Valid for 3 or 6 months , fees may vary accordingly Obtainable at Entebbe Airport in Kampala Obtainable online . Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Extensions of stay is possible for a fee International Certificate of Vaccination is required Ukraine Visa required Visa not required for passengers under 18 year of age provided their name is mentioned in parent / guardian 's visa United Arab Emirates Visa required Visa on arrival for residents of GCC member states for a maximum stay of 1 month Visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 96 hours , 30 days , or 90 days for holders of a confirmation that a visa has been approved before departure provided they hold a passport valid for 6 months and their sponsor have deposited that visa before departure to Airport Immigration Authorities 96 - hour transit visa is granted on arrival at Dubai International Airport ( DXB ) provided the transit time is at least 8 hours , provided holding onward tickets to a third country , and holding a passport valid for at least 6 months Obtainable online if arriving on Air Arabia , Emirates , Etihad , Air Baltic , Air Berlin , Air Serbia , and flydubai . Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Obtainable online pn www.ednrd.ae if residing in one of the 5 other GCC countries . Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 3 months within 6 months for a fee Iris scan taken upon entry United Kingdom Visa required Transit Visa is required United States Visa required Visa not required for holders of a Form I - 512 ( Authorization for Parole of an Alien into the United States `` ) Visa not required for passengers who are admitted to the USA on a visa and are returning to the USA after a visit for a maximum stay of 30 days to Canada , Mexico , or adjacent islands except Cuba Obtainable online for non-immigrant visas ( DS - 160 ) . However , the applicant must attend a scheduled interview at the nearest United States diplomatic mission Holders of F or J visas must present an endorsed SEVIS Form I - 20MN . Form SEVIS I - 20AB for M visa holders , and Form SEVIS DS - 2019 for F or J visa holders All visitors are fingerprinted upon entry Uruguay Visa required Visa not required for passengers who were born in Uruguay Visa not required for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Uzbekistan Visa required The visa application form may be filled online and submitted to the diplomatic mission Visa on arrival at Tashkent ( TAS ) for holders of a Visa Confirmation stamp issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uzbekistan provided they hold 2 passport photos Registration with the local police within 3 days of arrival is mandatory Vanuatu Visa required Vatican City Visa required Transit Visa is not required Venezuela Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports All visa applications must be submitted in person , and all applicants will be interviewed at the diplomatic mission Vietnam Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 30 days at Phu Quoc ( PQC ) Airport Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for holders a Certificate of Visa Exemption issued to former citizens of Vietnam residing abroad Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for citizens of Vietnam , provided not holding a Vietnamese passport but only holding a foreign permanent residence permit Visa on arrival at Hanoi ( HAN ) for holders of a confirmation from the Vietnamese Immigration ( Ministry of Public Security ) that a visa has been approved before departure Visa on arrival at Hanoi ( HAN ) , Ho Chi Minh City ( SGN ) , or Da Nang ( DAD ) airports for a maximum stay of 3 months for holders of a confirmation from the Consular Department ( Ministry of Foreign Affairs ) that a visa has been approved before departure Obtainable online through travel agencies available at Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City , Phu Quoc or Da Nang airports . Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Yemen Visa required Visa not required for passengers being of Yemeni origin Visa not required for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Registration with the local police is mandatory Zambia Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Visa not required for minors if they are mentioned in the passport of one of their parents Holders of passports without 2 blank pages may be refused entry Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel International Certificate of Vaccination is required Zimbabwe Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel For tourism purposes only , passengers citizens holding a valid visa or an Electronic Visa ( eVisa ) are strictly prohibited from engaging in business activities and should obtain a business visa should they intend to do so Visa on arrival for holders of Diplomatic , Service , and Official passports Territories ( edit ) Visa requirements for citizens of the Republic of Lebanon for visits to various territories , disputed areas , partially recognized countries and restricted zones : Territory Visa requirement Notes Abkhazia Visa required Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required Valid for 4 days for 25 euros for Orthodox visitors , 35 euros for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euros for students ) There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park Visa not required Valid for 3 days Electronic pass must be obtained first . Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Crimea Visa required Russian visa required Donetsk People 's Republic Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit Passengers who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required Valid for 90 days within 180 days UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit required for traveling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas Faroe Islands Visa is required Gibraltar Visa required Visa not required for valid multiple - entry visa holders or residents of the United Kingdom Guernsey Visa required Isle of Man Visa required Jan Mayen Permit required Permit should be obtained from the local police for stays less than 24 hours or from the Norwegian police for stays beyond 24 hours Jersey Visa required Kosovo Visa required Lugansk People 's Republic Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit Passengers who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine Nagorno - Karabakh Republic Visa on arrival As a result of the Nagorno - Karabakh War between Azerbaijan and Armenia , Azerbaijan refuses entry to citizens of the Republic of Lebanon whose passport shows evidence of entry into the self - proclaimed Nagorno - Karabakh Republic . Such persons are immediately declared permanent personae non gratae . Upon request , the Nagorno - Karabakh Republic authorities may attach the visa to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country Russia Special authorisation required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorisation Principality of Sealand Visa required South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple - entry Russian visa and a three - day prior notification are required Svalbard Visa not required Citizens of the Republic of Lebanon do not need a visa or a work or residence permit from Norwegian authorities in order to settle in Svalbard . However , they need a valid Schengen visa if they travel through Norway on their way to or from Svalbard as all regular flights run from and to mainland Norway Transnistria Visa not required Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory Africa Visitor to Visa requirement Notes British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit is required Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required Travel permit is required to travel to the rest of the country ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) Mayotte Visa required Réunion Visa required Ascension Island Entry Permit required Entry permit must be obtained at least 28 days in advance ( 3 months within 6 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) Saint Helena Visitor 's Pass required Visitor 's pass on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Unknown Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory Somaliland Visa on arrival Valid for 30 days for 30 US dollars The visa 's fee is payable on arrival Sudan outside Khartoum Travel permit required Travel permit is required if traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit required Asia Visitor to Visa requirement Notes Baikonur & Gvardeyskiy Special permission required Special permission required for visiting the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year Iraqi Kurdistan Visa required Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission is required for visiting the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty Kish Island Visa not required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 14 days Maldives outside Malé Permission required Permission required for visiting non-resort islands ( excluding the capital Malé ) North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) City of Mecca Special access required Non-Muslims and citizens of the Republic of Lebanon following the Ahmadiyya religious movement are prohibited from entry India North Sentinel Island Restricted zone Palestine Visa required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the Malaysian visa policy applies Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another free of charge special permit is required for visiting Lake Sarez Closed cities of Turkmenistan Special permit required Special permit is required prior to arrival for visiting Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs , and Serhetabat . Qeshm Visa not required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 14 days Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone Phú Quốc Visa not required Valid for 30 days Yemen outside Sana'a or Aden Special permission required Special permission is required for travel outside Sana'a or Aden Caribbean and North Atlantic Visitor to Visa requirement Notes Closed city of Mercury , Nevada , United States Special permission required Special authorization required for entry into Mercury Caribbean and North Atlantic Visitor to Visa requirement Notes Anguilla Visa required Visa is not required for valid visa holders or residents of the United Kingdom Aruba Visa required Visa is not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states Bermuda Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 3 months within 6 months for valid multiple - entry visa holders or residents of Canada , the United Kingdom , or the United States Visas and residence permits should be valid for at least 45 days beyond the period of intended stay Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states British Virgin Islands Visa required Cayman Islands Visa required San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival Tourist card must be obtained on arrival at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport or Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport Curacao Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states French Guiana Visa required French West Indies Visa required French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy Greenland Visa required Margarita Island Visa required All visitors are fingerprinted upon entry Montserrat Electronic Visa Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel Valid for 1 year Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of Canada , the European Union member states , or the United States Puerto Rico Visa required Visa not required for holders of a form I - 512 ( Authorization for Parole of an Alien into the United States ) Visa not required if admitted to the United States on a visa Visa not required if returning to the United States after a visit of a maximum 30 days to Canada , Mexico , or adjacent islands ( except for Cuba ) Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa required Sint Maarten Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states Turks and Caicos Islands Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of Canada , the United Kingdom , or the United States U.S. Virgin Islands Visa required Visa not required for holders of a form I - 512 ( Authorization for Parole of an Alien into the United States ) Visa not required if admitted to the United States on a visa Visa not required if returning to the United States after a visit of a maximum 30 days to Canada , Mexico , or adjacent islands ( except for Cuba ) Oceania Visitor to Visa requirement Notes American Samoa Visa required Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation is required Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit is required Cook Islands Visa not required Valid for 31 days Visa not required for Cook Islanders or being a descendent of Cook Islanders Extensions of stay is possible up to a maximum of 6 months for a fee Lau Province Special permission required Special permission is required French Polynesia Visa required Guam Visa required Visa is not required for if arriving directly from the United States , Alaska , Hawaii , Northern Mariana Isl. , Puerto Rico , Samoa ( American ) , Swain Isl. or the U.S. Virgin Islands New Caledonia Visa required Niue Visa not required Valid for 30 days Extensions of stay is possible for a fee Northern Mariana Islands Visa required Pitcairn Islands Visa not required Valid for 14 days Landing fee of 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore applies Tokelau Entry permit required United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits are required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island Wallis and Futuna Visa required South America Visitor to Visa requirement Notes Galápagos Pre-registration is required Online pre-registration is required Transit Control Card must be obtained at the airport prior to departure South Atlantic and Antarctica Visitor to Visa requirement Notes Falkland Islands Visa required South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner is required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) Antarctica Special Permits Required Special permits required for Bouvet Island , British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Greater China Visitor to Visa requirement Notes China Visa required Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory Hainan Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 15 days for those traveling as part of a tourist group consisting of 2 or more people Hong Kong Visa required Macau Visa not required Valid for 90 days within 180 days Valid for 1 year for holders of a Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card Extensions of stay is possible for a fee Tibet Autonomous Region TTP is required Tibet Travel Permit is required ( 10 US Dollars ) Taiwan Visa required Visa not required for a maximum stay of 30 days for holders of an ROC ( Taiwan ) Business and Academic Travel Card issued by Chinese Taipei Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Passport validity length ( edit ) Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens . Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and except for EU / EEA / Swiss citizens ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Vaccination ( edit ) Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Iran : Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa / stamp in the last 12 months Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories , will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons . Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . Persona non grata ( edit ) The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea and the United States demand all passengers , or all foreign passengers , to be fingerprinted on arrival . Criminal record ( edit ) Some countries ( for example , Canada and the United States ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Afghanistan , Argentina , Burundi , Cambodia , Ethiopia , Japan , Kenya , Malaysia , Rwanda , Saudi Arabia , South Korea and the United States demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival . Biometric data gathering ( edit ) Countries capturing other biometric data such as iris patterns include Jordan , Oman , and the United Arab Emirates . Consular Protection of citizens of the Republic of Lebanon abroad ( edit ) Diplomatic missions of the Republic of Lebanon There are currently over 100 Lebanese diplomatic missions overseas . See also List of diplomatic missions of Lebanon . See also ( edit ) Lebanon portal Visa policy of Lebanon Lebanese passport Constitution of Lebanon Driving license in Lebanon Foreign relations of Lebanon History of Lebanon Lebanese diaspora Lebanese identity card Lebanese nationality law Politics of Lebanon Vehicle registration plates of Lebanon References ( edit ) ^ `` Global Ranking - Passport Index 2018 '' ( PDF ) . ^ al - Shamahi , Abubakr . `` Iran waives visa requirements for Egypt , Lebanon , Syria nationals '' . ^ `` President Jokowi signs decree for visa - free facility for 75 countries '' . ^ http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/231859 ^ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2017/Jun-22/410592-lebanese-nationals-travel-visa-free-to-qatar.ashx ^ https://www.annahar.com/article/606237 ^ `` Immigration Antigua and Barbuda - Department of Immigration for the Government of Antigua and Barbuda '' . ^ `` Tajikistan e-Visa '' . ^ http://evisalesotho.com/ ^ http://evisa.e-gov.kg/ ^ Visa information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan . ^ `` How to enter Afghanistan . The Entry Requirements for Afghanistan - CountryReports '' . ^ Nordland , Rod ( 19 November 2011 ) . `` In Afghanistan , Big Plans to Gather Biometric Data '' -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . ^ `` Identity documents '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Institutional Relations - Government of Andorra . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_client.cgi?ExpertMode=TIDFT/AO/VI/IS/ID165&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ Countries exempt from visa , Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda . ^ `` Immigration Antigua and Barbuda - Department of Immigration for the Government of Antigua and Barbuda '' . ^ `` Antigua and Barbuda : Useful Information '' . ^ Visa regime , National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina ( in Spanish ) . ^ `` beArgentina strengthens migratory control '' . ^ Visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia . ^ `` Visa to Armenia '' . ^ LLC , Helix Consulting . `` Visa - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia '' . ^ `` ARMENIA VISA INFORMATION - Armenian Visa Support - Letter of Invitation Armenia - Visa Application Service - Armenia Apply Online Visa Invitations - Travel Voucher - Tourist Visas - Business Visa - Single Entry Entry Visa - Multiple Entry Visum '' . ^ http://www.armeniainfo.am/about/?section=visas ^ http://www.mfa.am/Electronic Visa / watis. htm ^ `` Armenia , Lebanon lift visa requirement for diplomatic passport holders '' . ^ Visitor visa options , Department of Home Affairs of Australia . ^ `` Visitor e600 Visa Online Applications '' . Department of Immigration and Border Protection . ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . ^ https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/annex_7b_atv-national_lists_en.pdf ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . ^ `` eApplication '' . ^ FS . `` Embassy of The Republic of Azerbaijan to the United Kingdoom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' . ^ http://mfa.gov.az/files/file/elektron-viza__shirkatlar.pdf ^ Visa requirements for foreigners travelling to the Bahamas , Government of the Bahamas , 18 February 2014 . ^ Bahrain eVisas , Ministry of Interior of Bahrain . ^ `` Emirates '' . ^ `` Visa Information '' . ^ `` Bahrain Begins Issuing Multiple Entry Visas For GCC Residents - Gulf Business '' . 1 April 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visitbangladesh '' . 15 November 2014 . ^ `` Bangladesh Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . 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Retrieved 7 March 2016 . ^ Visa requirements for foreign nationals entering Barbados , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados , 3 June 2009 . ^ Visa - free travel , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus . ^ `` Национальный правовой Интернет - портал Республики Беларусь '' . ^ `` Regulations on visiting Belovezhskaya Pushcha by foreign tourists approved in Belarus '' . ^ `` Particulars of issuance of entry visas at the `` National Airport Minsk '' - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus `` . ^ Visa for Belgium , Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium . ^ https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/annex_7b_atv-national_lists_en.pdf ^ Countries not requiring an entry visa , Department of Immigration and Nationality Services of Belize , September 2016 . ^ `` Information for Travelers Belmopan , Belize - Embassy of the United States '' . ^ ( 1 ) ^ Visa , Emigration and Immigration Directorate of Benin . ^ `` Benin Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . 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Retrieved 7 March 2016 . ^ Visa , Tourism Council of Bhutan . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_client.cgi?ExpertMode=TIDFT/BT/VI/IS/ID1440&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ Requirements to enter Bolivia , General Directorate of Migration of Bolivia ( in Spanish ) . ^ `` Extending your Bolivian Tourist Visa in Sucre - Sucre Bolivia '' . ^ `` IATA - Bolivia Customs , Currency & Airport Tax regulations details '' . ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina . ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana . ^ Visas to travel to Brazil , Ministry of External Relations of Brazil ( in Portuguese and English ) . ^ `` Brazil to issue three - year visa to Lebanese citizens '' . ^ ( www.mofat.gov.bn/Pages/Visa-Information.aspx Country category for visa application ) , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei . ^ https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/annex_7b_atv-national_lists_en.pdf ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ https://www.evisa.gov.kh/ ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` All about Cambodia visas and how to get a visa to Cambodia '' . ^ `` Cambodia Foreign Entry Requirements '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Government of Canada , Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada . `` Visas and Immigration '' . ^ Branch , Government of Canada , Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship Canada , Communications . `` I am a lawful permanent resident of the U.S. ( Green Card holder ) . Do I need an eTA ? '' . ^ Branch , Government of Canada , Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship Canada , Communications . `` Create an account or sign in '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Cabo Verde Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Central African Republic Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ https://tramitesmre.cancilleria.gov.co/tramites/enlinea/solicitarVisa.xhtml ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2015/Feb-27/288977-lebanon-colombia-sign-visa-exemption-agreement.ashx Lebanon , Colombia sign visa exemption agreement ^ `` Entry and Exit Requirements for Colombia - Discover Colombia '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` IATA - Congo ( Dem . Rep . ) Customs , Currency & Airport Tax regulations details '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Liberia , Costa Rica Airport Exit Tax and Entrance Requirements '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia . ^ https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/annex_7b_atv-national_lists_en.pdf ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Lebanon , Cuba Sign Visa Exemption Agreement . '' Prensa Latina - Agencia Latinoamericana de Noticias . N.p. , n.d. Web . < http://www.plenglish.com/index.php?o=rn&id=12759&SEO=lebanon-cuba-sign-visa-exemption-agreement > . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_client.cgi?ExpertMode=TIDFT/CU/VI/AI/ID57506&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_client.cgi?ExpertMode=TIDFT/CU/VI/AI/ID57508&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus . ^ https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/annex_7b_atv-national_lists_en.pdf ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic , 13 July 2017 . ^ https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/annex_7b_atv-national_lists_en.pdf ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa - free countries , Danish Immigration Service , 8 December 2017 . ^ https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/annex_7b_atv-national_lists_en.pdf ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://www.dominica.gov.dm/services/how-do-i-apply-for-an-extension-of-stay ^ `` Our top Dominica vacation tips for your Dominica vacation '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` How to Extend Your Tourist Visa and Stay Longer in Ecuador - Roamaholic '' . 25 July 2014 . ^ `` Visas & Fees for Ecuador '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` IATA - Eritrea Customs , Currency & Airport Tax regulations details '' . ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia , 2 November 2017 . ^ https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/annex_7b_atv-national_lists_en.pdf ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=LB&AR=00&PASSTYPES=PASS&DE=ET&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ `` Äthiopien : Reise - und Sicherheitshinweise '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland , Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . ^ https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/annex_7b_atv-national_lists_en.pdf ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France , January 2016 . ^ https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/annex_7b_atv-national_lists_en.pdf ^ `` Gabon e-Visa '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Georgia , Civil . `` Civil.Ge - Georgia Restores One - Year Visa - Free Rules '' . ^ Overview of visa requirements / exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Foreign Office of Germany . ^ https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/annex_7b_atv-national_lists_en.pdf ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece , 13 June 2017 . ^ https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/annex_7b_atv-national_lists_en.pdf ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Orbitz Online Customer Support Options '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ https://www.rgb-visa.com/ ^ `` Condiţii de călătorie - Ministry of Foreign Affairs '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://www.haiti.org/index.php/consular-section/consular-services/26-the-embassy/content/138-visas ^ `` Haiti Visa and Passport Requirements '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Honduras Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . 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Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Travel Advice for Lebanon - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . and Lebanese Ministry of Tourism Archived 2009 - 03 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` Travel Advice for Libya - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Michael Freund , Canada defends Saudi policy of shunning tourists who visited Israel , 2008 - 12 - 07 , Jerusalem Post ^ `` Travel Advice for Sudan - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Travel Advice for Syria - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . and Syrian Ministry of Tourism ^ `` Travel Advice for Yemen - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ `` Israel travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . ^ Azerbaijan Country Page . NCSJ : Advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia , Ukraine , the Baltic States & Eurasia . Accessed 23 May 2010 . ^ Azerbaijan does n't allow Armenians in the country - Panarmenian.net ^ Azerbaijan Country Page of the NCSJ ( advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia , Ukraine , the Baltic States & Eurasia ) accessed 23 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine ( archived 8 March 2009 ) ^ `` Warning for the foreign nationals wishing to travel to the occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . ^ `` List of foreign citizens illegally visited occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . ^ http://www.planetdata.net/worldnews/travel.php?region=117&story=299 ^ ( 5 ) ^ `` Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move '' . 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 -- via Reuters . ^ F_161 . `` S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors - People 's Daily Online '' . peopledaily.com.cn . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ ( 6 ) ^ ( 7 ) ^ `` Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews '' . secureidnews.com . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ `` Office of Biometric Identity Management - Homeland Security '' . dhs.gov . 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3352763764284838482 | Empire State Building | Empire State Building - Wikipedia Empire State Building Jump to : navigation , search Empire State Building Seen from the air , 2012 Record height Tallest in the world from 1931 to 1970 Preceded by Chrysler Building Surpassed by World Trade Center ( North Tower ) General information Status Complete Type Office building ; observation deck Architectural style Art Deco Location 350 Fifth Avenue Manhattan , New York 10118 Construction started March 17 , 1930 ; 87 years ago ( 1930 - 03 - 17 ) Completed April 11 , 1931 ; 86 years ago ( April 11 , 1931 ) Opening May 1 , 1931 ; 86 years ago ( May 1 , 1931 ) Cost $ 40,948,900 ( $534 million in 2016 dollars ) Owner Empire State Realty Trust Height Architectural 1,250 ft ( 381.0 m ) Tip 1,454 ft ( 443.2 m ) Roof 1,250 ft ( 381.0 m ) Top floor 1,224 ft ( 373.1 m ) Observatory 1,224 ft ( 373.1 m ) ( 102nd floor ) 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) ( 86th floor ) Other dimensions 424 ft ( 129.2 m ) east -- west by 187 ft ( 57.0 m ) north -- south Technical details Floor count 102 Floor area 2,248,355 sq ft ( 208,879 m ) Lifts / elevators 73 Design and construction Architect Shreve , Lamb and Harmon Developer Empire State Inc. , including John J. Raskob and Al Smith Structural engineer Homer Gage Balcom Main contractor Starrett Brothers and Eken Empire State Building U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark NYC Landmark Location in New York City Empire State Building ( New York City ) Empire State Building ( New York ) Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show all Coordinates 40 ° 44 ′ 54.36 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 08.36 '' W / 40.7484333 ° N 73.9856556 ° W / 40.7484333 ; - 73.9856556 Coordinates : 40 ° 44 ′ 54.36 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 08.36 '' W / 40.7484333 ° N 73.9856556 ° W / 40.7484333 ; - 73.9856556 NRHP reference # 82001192 Significant dates Added to NRHP November 17 , 1982 Designated NHL June 24 , 1986 Designated NYCL May 19 , 1981 References I. ^ Empire State Building at Emporis The Empire State Building is a 102 - story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Designed by Shreve , Lamb & Harmon and completed in 1931 , the building has a roof height of 1,250 feet ( 380 m ) and stands a total of 1,454 feet ( 443.2 m ) tall , including its antenna . Its name is derived from `` Empire State '' , the nickname of New York . As of 2017 the building is the 5th - tallest completed skyscraper in the United States and the 28th - tallest in the world . It is also the 6th - tallest freestanding structure in the Americas . The site of the Empire State Building , located on the west side of Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets , was originally part of an early 18th century farm . In the late 1820s , it came into the possession of the prominent Astor family , with John Jacob Astor 's descendants building the Waldorf -- Astoria Hotel on the site in the 1890s . By the 1920s , the family had sold the outdated hotel and the site indirectly ended up under the ownership of Empire State Inc. , a business venture that included businessman John J. Raskob and former New York governor Al Smith . The original design of the Empire State Building was a for a 50 - story office building . However , after fifteen revisions , the final design was for a 86 - story 1,250 - foot building , with an airship mast on top . This ensured it would be the world 's tallest building , beating the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street , two other Manhattan skyscrapers under construction at the time that were also vying for that distinction . Demolition of the Waldorf -- Astoria began in October 1929 , and the foundation of the Empire State Building was excavated before demolition was even complete . Construction on the building itself started on March 17 , 1930 , with an average construction rate of one floor per day . A well - coordinated schedule meant that the 86 stories were topped out on September 19 , six months after construction started , and the mast was completed by November 21 . From that point , interior work proceeded at a quick pace , and it was opened on May 1 , 1931 , thirteen and a half months after the first steel beam was erected . Despite the publicity surrounding the building 's construction , its owners failed to make a profit until the early 1950s . However , it has been a popular tourist attraction since opening , with around 4 million visitors to the building 's 86th and 102nd floor observatories every year . The Empire State Building stood as the world 's tallest building for nearly 40 years until the completion of the World Trade Center 's North Tower in Lower Manhattan in late 1970 . Following the September 11 attacks in 2001 , it was again the tallest building in New York until the new One World Trade Center was completed in April 2012 . The Empire State Building is an American cultural icon and has been featured in more than 250 TV shows and movies since the film King Kong was released in 1933 . A symbol of New York City , the tower has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers . The Empire State Building and its ground - floor interior have been designated as a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , and were confirmed as such by the New York City Board of Estimate . It was also designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986 , and was ranked number one on the American Institute of Architects ' List of America 's Favorite Architecture in 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 History 2.1 Site 2.2 Planning process 2.3 Construction 2.4 Opening and early years 2.5 Profitability 2.6 Loss of `` tallest building '' title 2.7 After 9 / 11 3 Architecture 3.1 Exterior 3.2 Interior 3.2. 1 Lobby 3.2. 2 Major renovations 3.3 Features 3.3. 1 Above the 102nd floor 3.3. 2 Broadcast stations 3.3. 3 Observation decks 3.3. 4 New York Skyride 3.3. 5 Lights 3.4 Height records 4 Notable tenants 5 Incidents 5.1 1945 plane crash 5.2 2000 elevator plunge 5.3 Suicide attempts 5.4 Shootings 6 Importance 6.1 Iconic status 6.2 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Bibliography 8.4 Further reading 9 External links Location The Empire State Building is located on the west side of 350 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan , between 33rd and 34th Streets . Although physically located in South Midtown , a mixed residential and commercial area , the building is so large that it was assigned its own ZIP code , 10118 ; it is one of 43 buildings in New York City that has its own zip code . The area to the south and west features other major Manhattan landmarks as well , including Macy 's at Herald Square on Sixth Avenue and 34th Street , Koreatown on 32nd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues , Penn Station and Madison Square Garden on Seventh Avenue between 32nd and 34th Streets , and the Flower District on 28th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues . The nearest New York City Subway stations are 34th Street -- Herald Square at Sixth Avenue and Broadway , one block west , and 33rd Street at Park Avenue , two blocks east . There is also a PATH station at 33rd Street and Sixth Avenue . To the east of the Empire State Building is Murray Hill , a neighborhood with a mix of residential , commercial , and entertainment . One block east of the Empire State Building , on Madison Avenue at 34th Street , is the New York Public Library 's Science , Industry and Business Library , which is located on the same block as the City University of New York 's Graduate Center . History Site The tract was originally part of Mary and John Murray 's farm on Murray Hill . The earliest recorded major action on the site was during the American Revolutionary War , when General George Washington 's troops were retreating from the British following the Battle of Kip 's Bay . In 1799 , John Thompson ( or Thomson ; accounts vary ) bought a 20 - acre ( 8 ha ) tract of land roughly bounded by Madison Avenue , 36th Street , Sixth Avenue , and 33rd Street , immediately north of the Caspar Samler farm , for 482 British pounds ( roughly US $2400 at the time ) . Thompson was said to have sold the farm to Charles Lawton for $10,000 on September 24 , 1825 , although details of this sale are unclear , as details of the deed that certified the sale were later lost . In 1826 , John Jacob Astor of the prominent Astor family bought the land from Lawton for $20,500 . The Astors also purchased a parcel from the Murrays . John Jacob 's son William Backhouse Astor Sr. bought a half interest on July 28 , 1827 , for $20,500 , for a tract of land on Fifth Avenue from 32nd to 35th streets . On March 13 , 1893 , John Jacob Astor Sr 's grandson William Waldorf Astor opened the Waldorf Hotel on the site with the help of hotelier George Boldt . On November 1 , 1897 , Waldorf 's cousin , John Jacob Astor IV , opened the 16 - story Astoria Hotel on an adjacent site . The combined hotel had 1,300 bedrooms making it the largest hotel in the world at the time . After Boldt died , in early 1918 , the hotel lease was purchased by Coleman du Pont . By the 1920s , the hotel was becoming dated and the elegant social life of New York had moved much farther north than 34th Street . The Astor family decided to build a replacement hotel further uptown , and sold the hotel to Bethlehem Engineering Corporation in 1928 for $14 -- 16 million . They closed the hotel on May 3 , 1929 . Planning process Bethlehem Engineering Corporation originally intended to build a 25 - story office building on the Waldorf -- Astoria site . The company 's president , Floyd De L. Brown , paid $100,000 of the $1 million down payment required to start construction on the tower , with the promise that the difference would be paid later . Brown borrowed $900,000 from a bank , but then defaulted on the loan . The building plans went through fifteen versions before the current plan was approved . The land was then resold to Empire State Inc. , a group of wealthy investors that included Louis G. Kaufman , Ellis P. Earle , John J. Raskob , Coleman du Pont , and Pierre S. du Pont . The name came from the state nickname for New York . Alfred E. Smith , a former Governor of New York and U.S. presidential candidate whose 1928 campaign had been managed by Raskob , was appointed head of the company . The group also purchased nearby land so they would have the 2 acres ( 1 ha ) needed for the tower 's base , with the combined plot measuring 425 feet ( 130 m ) wide by 200 feet ( 61 m ) long . The Empire State Inc. consortium was announced to the public in August 1929 . Empire State Inc. contracted William F. Lamb , of architectural firm Shreve , Lamb and Harmon , to create the building design . Lamb produced the building drawings in just two weeks using the firm 's earlier designs for the Reynolds Building in Winston - Salem , North Carolina as the basis . Concurrently , Lamb 's partner Richmond Shreve created `` bug diagrams '' of the project requirements . The 1916 Zoning Act forced Lamb to design a structure that incorporated setbacks resulting in the lower floors being larger than the upper floors . Consequently , the tower was designed from the top down , giving it a `` pencil '' - like shape . The original plan of the building was 50 stories , but was later increased to 60 and then 80 stories . Height restrictions were placed on nearby buildings to ensure that the top fifty floors of the planned 80 - story , 1,000 - foot - tall ( 300 m ) building would have unobstructed views of the city . The New York Times lauded the site 's proximity to transportation , with the Brooklyn -- Manhattan Transit 's 34th Street station and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad 's 33rd Street terminal one block away , as well as Penn Station two blocks away and the Grand Central Terminal nine blocks away at its closest . It also praised the 3,000,000 square feet ( 280,000 m ) of proposed floor space near `` one of the busiest sections in the world '' . While plans for the Empire State Building were being finalized , an intense competition in New York for the title of `` world 's tallest building '' was underway. 40 Wall Street ( then the Bank of Manhattan Building ) and the Chrysler Building in Manhattan both vied for this distinction and were already under construction when work began on the Empire State Building . The `` Race into the Sky '' , as popular media called it at the time , was representative of the country 's optimism in the 1920s , fueled by the building boom in major cities . The 40 Wall Street tower was revised , in April 1929 , from 840 feet ( 260 m ) to 925 feet ( 282 m ) making it the world 's tallest . The Chrysler Building added its 185 - foot ( 56 m ) steel tip to its roof in October 1929 , thus bringing it to a height of 1,046 feet ( 319 m ) and greatly exceeding the height of 40 Wall Street . The Chrysler Building 's developer , Walter Chrysler , realized that his tower 's height would exceed the Empire State Building 's as well , having instructed his architect , William Van Alen , to change the Chrysler 's original roof from a stubby Romanesque dome to a narrow steel spire . Raskob , wishing to have the Empire State Building be the world 's tallest , reviewed the plans and had five floors added as well as a spire ; however , the new floors would need to be set back because of projected wind pressure on the extension . On November 18 , 1929 , Smith acquired a lot at 27 -- 31 West 33rd Street , adding 75 feet ( 23 m ) to the width of the proposed office building 's site . Two days later , Smith announced the updated plans for the skyscraper that included an observation deck on the 86th - floor roof at a height of 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) , higher than the Chrysler 's 71st - floor observation deck . The 1,050 - foot Empire State Building would only be 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) taller than the Chrysler Building , and Raskob was afraid that Chrysler might try to `` pull a trick like hiding a rod in the spire and then sticking it up at the last minute . '' The plans were revised one last time in December 1929 , with a 16 - story , 200 - foot ( 61 m ) metal `` crown '' and an additional 222 - foot ( 68 m ) dirigible mooring mast . The roof height was now 1,250 feet ( 380 m ) , making it the tallest building in the world by far , even without the antenna . The addition of the dirigible station meant that another floor , the now - enclosed 86th floor , would have to be built below the crown ; however , unlike the Chrysler 's spire , the Empire State 's mast would serve a practical purpose . The final plan was announced to the public on January 8 , 1930 , just before the start of construction . The New York Times reported that the spire was facing some `` technical problems '' , but they were `` no greater than might be expected under such a novel plan . '' By this time the blueprints for the building had gone through up to fifteen versions before they were approved . Lamb described the other specifications he was given for the final , approved plan : The program was short enough -- a fixed budget , no space more than 28 feet from window to corridor , as many stories of such space as possible , an exterior of limestone , and completion date of ( May 1 ) , 1931 , which meant a year and six months from the beginning of sketches . The contractors were Starrett Brothers and Eken , Paul and William A. Starrett and Andrew J. Eken , who had also constructed other New York City buildings such as the original Stuyvesant Town , Starrett City and Trump Tower . The project was financed primarily by Raskob and Pierre du Pont , while James Farley 's General Builders Supply Corporation supplied the building materials . John W. Bowser was the construction superintendent of the proejct , and the structural engineer of the building was Homer G. Balcom . The tight completion schedule necessitated the commencement of construction even though the design had yet to be finalized . Construction Demolition of the old Waldorf -- Astoria began on October 1 , 1929 . Stripping the building down was an arduous process , as the hotel had been constructed using more rigid material than earlier buildings had been . Furthermore , the old hotel 's granite , wood chips , and `` ' precious ' metals such as lead , brass , and zinc '' were not in high demand resulting in issues with disposal . Most of the wood was deposited into a woodpile on nearby 30th Street or was burned in a swamp elsewhere . Much of the other materials that made up the old hotel , including the granite and bronze , were dumped into the Atlantic Ocean near Sandy Hook , New Jersey . By the time the hotel 's demolition started , Raskob had secured the required funding for the construction of the building . The plan was to start construction later that year but , on October 24 , the New York Stock Exchange suffered a sudden crash marking the beginning of the decade - long Great Depression . Despite the economic downturn , Raskob refused to cancel the project because of the progress that had been made up to that point . Neither Raskob , who had ceased speculation in the stock market the previous year , nor Smith , who had no stock investments , suffered financially in the crash . However , most of the investors were affected and as a result , in December 1929 , Empire State Inc. obtained a $27.5 million loan from Metropolitan Life Insurance Company so construction could begin . The stock market crash resulted in no demand in new office space , Raskob and Smith nonetheless started construction , as canceling the project would have resulted in greater losses for the investors . A worker bolts beams during construction ; the Chrysler Building can be seen in the background . A structural steel contract was awarded on January 12 , 1930 , with excavation of the site beginning ten days later on January 22 , before the old hotel had been completely demolished . Two twelve - hour shifts , consisting of 300 men each , worked continuously to dig the 55 - foot ( 17 m ) foundation . Small pier holes were sunk into the ground to house the concrete footings that would support the steelwork . Excavation was nearly complete by early March , and construction on the building itself started on March 17 , with the builders placing the first steel columns on the completed footings before the rest of the footings had been finished . Around this time , Lamb held a press conference on the building plans . He described the reflective steel panels parallel to the windows , the large - block Indiana Limestone facade that was slightly more expensive than smaller bricks , and the tower 's lines and rise . Four colossal columns , intended for installation in the center of the building site , were delivered ; they would support a combined 10,000,000 pounds ( 4,500,000 kg ) when the building was finished . The structural steel was pre-ordered and pre-fabricated in anticipation of a revision to the city 's building code that would have allowed the Empire State Building 's structural steel to carry 18,000 pounds per square inch ( 124,106 kPa ) , up from 16,000 pounds per square inch ( 110,316 kPa ) , thus reducing the amount of steel needed for the building . Although the 18,000 - psi regulation had been safely enacted in other cities , Mayor Jimmy Walker did not sign the new codes into law until March 26 , 1930 , just before construction was due to commence . The first steel framework was installed on April 1 , 1930 . From there , construction proceeded at a rapid pace ; during one stretch of 10 working days , the builders erected fourteen floors . This was made possible through precise coordination of the building 's planning , as well as the mass production of common materials such as windows and spandrels . On one occasion , when a supplier could not provide timely delivery of dark Hauteville marble , Starrett switched to using Rose Famosa marble from a German quarry that was purchased specifically to provide the project with sufficient marble . The scale of the project was massive , with trucks carrying `` 16,000 partition tiles , 5,000 bags of cement , 450 cubic yards ( 340 m ) of sand and 300 bags of lime '' arriving at the construction site every day . There were also cafes and concession stands on five of the incomplete floors so workers did not have to descend to the ground level to eat lunch . Temporary water taps were also built so workers did not waste time buying water bottles from the ground level . Additionally , carts running on a small railway system transported materials from the basement storage to elevators that brought the carts to the desired floors where they would then be distributed throughout that level using another set of tracks . The 57,480 short tons ( 51,320 long tons ) of steel ordered for the project was the largest - ever single order of steel at the time , comprising more steel than was ordered for the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street combined . According to historian John Tauranac , building materials were sourced from numerous , and distant , sources with `` limestone from Indiana , steel girders from Pittsburgh , cement and mortar from upper New York State , marble from Italy , France , and England , wood from northern and Pacific Coast forests , ( and ) hardware from New England . '' The facade , too , used a variety of material , most prominently Indiana limestone but also Swedish black granite , terracotta , and brick . By June 20 , the skyscraper 's supporting steel structure had risen to the 26th floor , and by July 27 , half of the steel structure had been completed . Starrett Bros. and Eken endeavored to build one floor a day in order to speed up construction , a goal that they almost reached with their pace of 4 ⁄ stories per week ; prior to this , the fastest pace of construction for a building of similar height had been 3 ⁄ stories per week . While construction progressed , the final designs for the floors were being designed from the ground up ( as opposed to the general design , which had been from the roof down ) . Some of the levels were still undergoing final approval , with several orders placed within an hour of a plan being finalized . On September 10 , as steelwork was nearing completion , Smith laid the building 's cornerstone during a ceremony attended by thousands . The stone contained a box with contemporary artifacts including the previous day 's New York Times , a U.S. currency set containing all denominations of notes and coins minted in 1930 , a history of the site and building , and photographs of the people involved in construction . The steel structure was topped out at 1,048 feet ( 319 m ) on September 19 , twelve days ahead of schedule and 23 weeks after the start of construction . Workers raised a flag atop the 86th floor to signify this milestone . Afterward , work on the building 's interior and crowning mast commenced . The mooring mast topped out on November 21 , two months after the steelwork had been completed . Meanwhile , work on the walls and interior was progressing at a quick pace , with exterior walls built up to the 75th floor by the time steelwork had been built to the 95th floor . The majority of the facade was already finished by the middle of November . Because of the building 's height , it was deemed infeasible to have many elevators or large elevator cabins , so the builders contracted with the Otis Elevator Company to make 66 cars that could speed at 1,200 feet per minute ( 366 m / min ) , which represented the largest - ever elevator order at the time . In addition to the time constraint builders had , there were also space limitations because construction materials had to be delivered quickly , and trucks needed to drop off these materials without congesting traffic . This was solved by creating a temporary driveway for the trucks between 33rd and 34th Streets , and then storing the materials in the building 's first floor and basements . Concrete mixers , brick hoppers , and stone hoists inside the building ensured that materials would be able to ascend quickly and without endangering or inconveniencing the public . At one point , over 200 trucks made material deliveries at the building site every day . A series of relay and erection derricks , placed on platforms erected near the building , lifted the steel from the trucks below and installed the beams at the appropriate locations . The Empire State Building was structurally completed on April 11 , 1931 , twelve days ahead of schedule and 410 days after construction commenced . Al Smith shot the final rivet , which was made of solid gold . Photograph of a cable worker taken by Lewis Hine The project involved more than 3,500 workers at its peak , including 3,439 on a single day , August 14 , 1930 . Many of the workers were Irish and Italian immigrants , with a sizable minority of Mohawk ironworkers from the Kahnawake reserve near Montreal . According to official accounts , five workers died during the construction , although the New York Daily News gave reports of 14 deaths and a headline in the socialist magazine The New Masses spread unfounded rumors of up to 42 deaths . The Empire State Building cost $40,948,900 to build , including demolition of the Waldorf -- Astoria ( equivalent to $533,628,800 in 2016 ) . This was lower than the $60 million budgeted for construction . Lewis Hine captured many photographs of the construction , documenting not only the work itself but also providing insight into the daily life of workers in that era . Hine 's images were used extensively by the media to publish daily press releases . According to the writer Jim Rasenberger , Hine `` climbed out onto the steel with the ironworkers and dangled from a derrick cable hundreds of feet above the city to capture , as no one ever had before ( or has since ) , the dizzy work of building skyscrapers '' . In Rasenberger 's words , Hine turned what might have been an assignment of `` corporate flak '' into `` exhilarating art '' . These images were later organized into their own collection . Onlookers were enraptured by the sheer height at which the steelworkers operated . New York magazine wrote of the steelworkers : `` Like little spiders they toiled , spinning a fabric of steel against the sky '' . Opening and early years The Empire State Building was officially opened on May 1 , 1931 , forty five days ahead of its projected opening date , by United States President Herbert Hoover , who turned on the building 's lights with the ceremonial button push from Washington , D.C. . Over 350 guests attended the opening ceremony , and following luncheon , at the 86th floor including Jimmy Walker , Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Al Smith . An account from that day stated that the view from the luncheon was obscured by a fog , with other landmarks such as the Statue of Liberty being `` lost in the mist '' . The building officially opened the next day . Advertisements for the observatories were placed in local newspapers , while nearby hotels also released advertisements that lauded their proximity to the newly opened tower . According to The New York Times , builders and real estate speculators predicted that the 1,250 - foot - tall ( 380 m ) Empire State Building would be the world 's tallest building `` for many years '' , thus ending the great New York City skyscraper rivalry . At the time , most engineers agreed that it would be difficult to build a building taller than 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) , even with the hardy Manhattan bedrock as a foundation . ( Technically , it was believed possible to build a tower of up to 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) , but it was deemed uneconomical to do so , especially during the Great Depression . ) As the tallest building in the world , at that time , and the first one to exceed 100 floors , the Empire State Building became an icon of the city and , ultimately , of the nation . View of the building from the north The Empire State Building 's opening coincided with the Great Depression in the United States , and as a result much of its office space was vacant from its opening . In the first year , only 23 % of the available space was rented , as compared to the early 1920s , where the average building would have occupancy of 52 % upon opening and 90 % rented within five years . The lack of renters led New Yorkers to deride the building as the `` Empty State Building '' . Jack Brod , one of the building 's longest resident tenants , co-established the Empire Diamond Corporation with his father in the building in mid-1931 and rented space in the building until he died in 2008 . Brod recalled that there were only about 20 tenants at the time of opening , including him , and that Al Smith was the only real tenant in the space above his seventh - floor offices . Generally , during the early 1930s , it was rare for more than a single office space to be rented in the building , despite Smith 's and Raskob 's aggressive marketing efforts in the newspapers and to anyone they knew . The building 's lights were continuously left on , even in the unrented spaces , to give the impression of occupancy . This was exacerbated by competition from Rockefeller Center as well as from buildings on 42nd Street , which , when combined with the Empire State Building , resulted in surplus of office space in a slow market . Aggressive marketing efforts served to reinforce the Empire State Building 's status as the world 's tallest . The observatory was advertised in local newspapers as well as on railroad tickets . The building became a popular tourist attraction , with one million people each paying one dollar to ride elevators to the observation decks in 1931 . In its first year of operation , the observation deck made approximately $2 million in revenue , as much as its owners made in rent that year . By 1936 , the observation deck was crowded on a daily basis , with food and drink available for purchase at the top , and by 1944 the tower had received its 5 millionth visitor . In 1931 , NBC took up tenancy , leasing space on the 85th floor for radio broadcasts . From the outset the building was in debt , losing $1 million per year by 1935 . Real estate developer Seymour Durst recalled that the building was so underused in 1936 that there was no elevator service above the 45th floor , as the building above the 41st floor was empty except for the NBC offices and the Raskob / Du Pont offices on the 81st floor . Per the original plans , the Empire State Building 's spire was intended to be an airship docking station . Raskob and Smith had proposed dirigible ticketing offices and passenger waiting rooms on the 86th floor , while the airships themselves would be tied to the spire at the equivalent of the building 's 106th floor . An elevator would ferry passengers from the 86th to the 101st floor after they had checked in on the 86th floor , after which passengers would have climbed steep ladders to the board the airship . The idea , however , was impractical and dangerous due to powerful updrafts caused by the building itself , the wind currents across Manhattan , and the spires of nearby skyscrapers . Furthermore , even if the airship were to successfully navigate all these obstacles , its crew would have to jettison some ballast by releasing water onto the streets below in order to maintain stability , and then tie the craft 's nose to the spire with no mooring lines securing the tail end of the craft . On September 15 , 1931 , in the first and only instance of an airship using the building 's mast , a small commercial United States Navy airship circled 25 times in 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) winds . The airship then attempted to dock at the mast , but its ballast spilled and the craft was rocked by unpredictable eddies . The near - disaster scuttled plans to turn the building 's spire into an airship terminal , although one blimp did manage to make a single newspaper delivery afterward . In 1932 , the Fifth Avenue Association gave the tower its 1931 `` gold medal '' for architectural excellence , signifying that the Empire State had been the best - designed building on Fifth Avenue to open in 1931 . A year later , on March 2 , 1933 , the movie King Kong was released . The movie , which depicted a large stop motion ape named Kong climbing the Empire State Building , made the still - new building into a cinematic icon . On July 28 , 1945 , a B - 25 Mitchell bomber crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building , between the 79th and 80th floors . One engine completely penetrated the building and landed in a neighboring block , while the other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft . Fourteen people were killed in the incident , but the building escaped severe damage and was reopened two days later . Profitability View from Macy 's Night view from the same street - corner The Empire State Building only started becoming profitable in the 1950s , when it was finally able to break even for the first time . Despite the lack of nearby transportation centers , the Empire State Building started to attract renters due to its reputation . A 222 - foot ( 68 m ) radio antenna was erected on top of the tower starting in 1950 , allowing the area 's television stations to broadcast from the building . However , despite the turnaround in the building 's fortunes , Raskob put the tower up for sale in 1951 , with a minimum asking price of $50 million . The property was purchased by business partners Roger L. Stevens , Henry Crown , Alfred R. Glancy and Ben Tobin . The sale was brokered by the Charles F. Noyes Company , a prominent real estate firm in upper Manhattan , for $51 million , the highest price paid for a single structure at the time . By this time , the Empire State had been fully leased for several years with a waiting list of parties looking to lease space in the building , according to the Cortland Standard . That year , six news companies formed a partnership to pay a combined annual fee of $600,000 to use the tower 's antenna , which was completed in 1953 . Crown bought out his partners ' ownership stakes in 1954 , becoming the sole owner . The following year , the American Society of Civil Engineers named the building one of the `` Seven Modern Civil Engineering Wonders '' . In 1961 , a group headed by Harry B. Helmsley , Lawrence A. Wien , and Wien 's son - in - law Peter L. Malkin gained control of the building for $65 million , which became the new highest price for a single structure . Over 3,000 people paid $10,000 for one share each in a company called Empire State Building Associates . The company in turn subleased the building to another company headed by Helmsley and Wein , raising $33 million of the funds needed to pay the purchase price . In a separate transaction , the land underneath the building was sold to Prudential Insurance for $29 million . Helmsley , Wein , and Malkin quickly started a program of minor improvement projects , including the first - ever full - building facade refurbishment and window - washing in 1962 , the installation of new flood lights on the 72nd floor in 1964 , and replacement of the manually operated elevators with automatic units in 1966 . The little - used western end of the second floor was used as a storage space until 1964 , at which point it received escalators to the first floor as part of its conversion into a highly - sought retail area . Loss of `` tallest Building '' title In 1961 , the same year that Helmsley , Wien , and Malkin had purchased the Empire State Building , the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey formally backed plans for a new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan . The plan originally included 66 - story twin towers with column - free open spaces . The Empire State 's owners and real estate speculators were worried that the twin towers ' 7,600,000 square feet ( 710,000 m ) of office space would create a glut of rentable space in Manhattan as well as take away the Empire State Building 's profits from lessees . A revision in the World Trade Center 's plan brought the twin towers to 1,370 feet ( 420 m ) each or 110 stories , taller than the Empire State . Opponents of the new project included prominent real - estate developer Robert Tishman , as well as Wien 's Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center . In response to Wein 's opposition , Port Authority executive director Austin J. Tobin said that Wein was only opposing the project because it would overshadow his Empire State Building as the world 's tallest building . The World Trade Center 's Twin Towers surpassed the Empire State Building in height by 1970 . The World Trade Center 's twin towers started construction in 1966 . The following year , the Ostankino Tower succeeded the Empire State Building as the tallest freestanding structure in the world . In 1970 , the Empire State surrendered its position as the world 's tallest building , when the still under construction North Tower of the World Trade Center surpassed it , on October 19 ; the North Tower was topped out , on December 23 , 1970 . In December 1975 , the observation deck was opened on the 110th floor of the Twin Towers , significantly higher than the 86th floor observatory on the Empire state . The Empire State Building was also losing revenue during this period , particularly as a number of broadcast stations had moved to the World Trade Center in 1971 ; although the Port Authority continued to pay the broadcasting leases for the Empire State until 1984 . By 1980 , there were nearly two million annual visitors , although a building official had previously estimated between 1.5 million and 1.75 million annual visitors . The building received its own ZIP code in May 1980 in a roll out of 63 new postal codes in Manhattan . At the time , the tenants of tower collectively received 35,000 pieces of mail daily . The Empire State Building celebrated its 50th anniversary on May 1 , 1981 , with a much - publicized , but poorly received , laser light show , as well as an `` Empire State Building Week '' that ran through to May 8 . The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission voted to make the lobby a city landmark on May 19 , 1981 , citing the historic nature of the first and second floors , as well as `` the fixtures and interior components '' of the upper floors . The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1986 in close alignment to the New York City Landmarks report . That year , the Plaza Hotel and Metropolitan Museum of Art further uptown were also designated as National Historic Landmarks . The Empire State Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places the following year due to its architectural significance . From the early to mid 1990s , the building underwent a $55 million series of upgrades with the alarm systems , elevators , windows , and air conditioning being replaced , the 86th floor observation deck made accessible to disabled visitors , and the facade again refurbished . Prudential sold the land under the building in 1991 for $42 million to a buyer representing hotelier Hideki Yokoi , who was imprisoned at the time in connection with a deadly fire at the Hotel New Japan hotel in Tokyo . The land was bought jointly by Donald Trump and Hideki Yokoi in 1994 . Having secured a half - ownership of the land , Trump devised plans to take ownership of the building itself so he could renovate it , even though Helmsley and Malkin had already started their refurbishment project . He sued Empire State Building Associates in February 1995 , claiming that the latter had caused the building to become a `` high - rise slum '' and a `` second - rate , rodent - infested '' office tower . Trump had intended to have Empire State Building Associates evicted for violating the terms of their lease , but was denied . this led to Helmsley 's companies coutersuing Trump in May . This sparked a series of lawsuits and countersuits that lasted several years , partly arising from Trump 's desire to obtain the building 's master lease by taking it from Empire State Building Associates . Upon Harry Helmsley 's death in 1997 , the Malkins sued Helmsley 's widow , Leona Helmsley , for ownership of the building . After 9 / 11 A night view from the observatory , looking south With the destruction of World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks in 2001 , the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City , but was only the second - tallest building in the Americas after the Willis Tower in Chicago . As a result of the attacks , transmissions from nearly all of the city 's commercial television and FM radio stations were again broadcast from the Empire State Building . The attacks also led to an increase in security due to persistent terror threats against New York City landmarks . In 2002 , Trump and Yokoi sold their land claim to the Empire State Building Associates , now headed by Malkin , in a $57.5 million sale . This action merged the building 's title and lease for the first time in half a century . Despite the lingering threat posed by the 9 / 11 attacks , the Empire State Building remained popular with 3.5 million visitors to the observatories in 2004 , compared to about 2.8 million in 2003 . Leona Helmsley 's remaining share in the building was bought by Peter Malkin 's company in 2006 . In 2008 the building was temporarily `` stolen '' by the New York Daily News to show how easy it was to transfer the deed on a property , since city clerks were not required to validate the submitted information , as well as to help demonstrate how fraudulent deeds could be used to obtain large mortgages and then have individuals disappear with the money . The paperwork submitted to the city included the names of Fay Wray , the famous star of King Kong , and Willie Sutton , a notorious New York bank robber . The newspaper then transferred the deed back over to the legitimate owners , who at that time were Empire State Land Associates . The building 's public areas received a $550 million renovation in 2009 ( see § Major renovations ) . The building received new air conditioning , waterproofing , a renovated observation deck and lobby , and a relocated 80th - floor gift shop . This included $120 million of energy efficient upgrades , which allowed the building to receive a gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) rating in September 2011 . The new One World Trade Center surpassed the Empire State Building as the tallest LEED - certified building when it opened in 2014 . As of 2014 the building is owned by the Empire State Realty Trust with Anthony Malkin as Chairman , CEO , and President . Details on the trust 's profits are scarce , but it is known that significantly more revenue was earned from tourism than from leasing the office space in 2011 . In August 2016 , the Qatar Investment Authority ( QIA ) obtained a 10 % share in the Empire State Building through a $622 million investment in the Empire State Realty Trust . The trust 's president John Kessler called it an `` endorsement of the company 's irreplaceable assets '' . The investment has been described by the real - estate magazine The Real Deal as `` an unusual move for a sovereign wealth fund '' , as these funds typically buy direct stakes in buildings rather than real estate companies . Other foreign entities that have a stake in the Empire State Building include investors from Norway , Japan , and Australia . Architecture The Empire State Building as seen across the East River , from Brooklyn The height of the Empire State Building , to its 102nd floor , is 1,250 ft ( 381 m ) , 1,453 feet 8 ⁄ inches ( 443.092 m ) including its 203 ft ( 61.9 m ) pinnacle . The building has 85 stories of commercial and office space representing a total of 2,158,000 sq ft ( 200,500 m ) of rentable space . It has an indoor and outdoor observation deck on the 86th floor , the highest floor within the actual tower . The remaining 16 stories are part of the Art Deco spire , which is capped by an observatory on the 102nd - floor . The spire is hollow with no floors between levels 86 and 102 . Atop the tower is the 203 ft ( 61.9 m ) pinnacle , much of which is covered by broadcast antennas , and surmounted with a lightning rod . According to the official fact sheets the building rises 1,860 steps from the first to the 102nd floor , weighs 365,000 short tons ( 331,122 t ) , has an internal volume of 37,000,000 cubic feet ( 1,000,000 m ) , and an exterior with 200,000 cubic feet ( 5,700 m ) of limestone and granite . Construction of the tower required ten million bricks , 370 short tons ( 330 long tons ) of steel , as well as 1,172 miles ( 1,886 km ) of elevator cable and 2,000,000 feet ( 609,600 m ) of electrical wires . The building has a capacity for 20,000 tenants and 15,000 visitors . The building has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers . The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , and confirmed by the New York City Board of Estimate . It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986 . In 2007 , it was ranked number one on the AIA 's List of America 's Favorite Architecture . Exterior A series of setbacks causes the building to taper with height . The Empire State Building 's art deco design is typical of pre -- World War II architecture in New York . The modernistic , stainless steel canopies of the entrances on 33rd and 34th Streets lead to two - story - high corridors around the elevator core , crossed by stainless steel and glass - enclosed bridges at the second - floor level . The riveted steel frame of the building was originally designed to handle all of the building 's gravitational stresses and wind loads . The exterior of the building is clad in Indiana limestone panels sourced from the Empire Mill in Sanders , Indiana , which give the building its signature blonde color . The limestone facade , which is lined with vertical steel mullions parallel to each window , also helps to increase the stiffness of the steel frame against high winds . The amount of material used in the building 's construction resulted in a very stiff structure when compared to other skyscrapers , with a structural stiffness of 42 pounds per square foot ( 2.0 kPa ) versus the Willis Tower 's 33 pounds per square foot ( 1.6 kPa ) and the John Hancock Center 's 26 pounds per square foot ( 1.2 kPa ) . A December 1930 feature in Popular Mechanics estimated that a building with the Empire State 's dimensions would still stand even if hit with an impact of 50 short tons ( 45 long tons ) . The Empire State Building design featured one major setback and several smaller ones that reduce the level dimensions as the height increases , thus making upper 81 floors much smaller than the lower five floors . However , this design allows sunlight to illuminate the interiors of the top floors and , in addition , positions these floors away from the noisy streets below . This design was mandated as per the 1916 Zoning Resolution , which was intended to allow sunlight to reach the streets as well . Normally , a building of the Empire State 's dimensions would be permitted to build up to 12 stories on the Fifth Avenue side , and up to 17 stories on the 33rd / 34th Streets side , before it would have to utilize setbacks . However , the setbacks were arranged such that the largest setback was on the sixth floor , above the five - floor `` base '' , so the rest of the building above the sixth floor would have a facade of uniform shape . Interior The Empire State Building was the first building to have more than 100 floors . It has 6,500 windows ; 73 elevators ; a total floor area of 2,768,591 sq ft ( 257,211 m ) ; and a base covering 2 acres ( 8,094 m ) . Its original 64 elevators , built by the Otis Elevator Company , are located in a central core and are of varying heights , with the longest of these elevators reaching from the lobby to the 80th floor . As originally built , there were four `` express '' elevators that connected the lobby , 80th floor , and several landings in between ; the other 60 `` local '' elevators connected the landings with the floors above these intermediate landings . Of the 64 total elevators , 58 were for passenger use ( comprising the four express elevators and 54 local elevators ) , and eight were for freight deliveries . The elevators were designed to move at 1,200 feet per minute ( 366 m / min ) . At the time of the skyscraper 's construction , their practical speed was limited to 700 feet per minute ( 213 m / min ) as per city law , but this limit was removed shortly after the building opened . Additional elevators connect the 80th floor to the six floors above it , as the six extra floors were built after the original 80 stories were approved . The elevators were mechanically operated until 2011 , when they were replaced with digital elevators during the $550 million renovation of the building . The Empire State Building has 73 elevators in all , including service elevators . Utilities are grouped in a central shaft . On each floor between levels 6 and 86 , the central shaft is surrounded by a main corridor on all four sides . As per the final specifications of the building , the corridor is surrounded in turn by office space 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) deep . Each of the floors has 210 structural columns that pass through it , which provide structural stability , but limits the amount open space on these floors . However , the relative dearth of stone in the building allows for more space overall , with a 1 : 200 stone - to - building ratio in the Empire State compared to a 1 : 50 ratio in similar buildings . Lobby Aluminum relief of the building The main lobby is accessed from Fifth Avenue , on the building 's east side , and contains an entrance with one set of double doors between a pair of revolving doors . At the top of each doorway is a bronze motif depicting one of three `` crafts or industries '' used in the building 's construction -- Electricity , Masonry , and Heating . The lobby contains two tiers of marble , a lighter marble on the top , above the storefronts , and a darker marble on the bottom , flush with the storefronts . There is a pattern of zigzagging terrazzo tiles on the lobby floor , which leads from the entrance on the east to the aluminum relief on the west . The chapel - like three - story - high lobby , which runs parallel to 33rd and 34th Streets , contains storefronts on both its northern and southern sides . These storefronts are framed on each side by tubes of dark `` modernistically rounded marble '' , according to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , and above by a vertical band of grooves set into the marble . Immediately inside the lobby is an airport - style security checkpoint . The walls on both the northern and southern sides of the lobby house storefronts and escalators to a mezzanine level . At the west end of the lobby is an aluminum relief of the skyscraper as it was originally built ( i.e. without the antenna ) . The relief , which was intended to provide a welcoming effect , contains an embossing of the building 's outline , accompanied by what the Landmarks Preservation Commission describes as `` the rays of an aluminum sun shining out behind ( the tower ) and mingling with aluminum rays emanating from the spire of the Empire State Building '' . In the background is a state map of New York with the building 's location marked by a `` medallion '' in the very southeast portion of the outline . A compass is located in the bottom right and a plaque to the tower 's major developers is on the bottom left . The plaque at the western end of the lobby is located on the eastern interior wall of a one - story tall rectangular - shaped corridor that surrounds the banks of escalators , with a similar design to the lobby . The rectangular shaped corridor actually consists of two long hallways on the northern and southern sides of the rectangle , as well as a shorter hallway on the eastern side and another long hallway on the western side . At both ends of the northern and southern corridors , there is a bank of four low - rise elevators in between the corridors . The western side of the rectangular elevator - bank corridor extends north to the 34th Street entrance and south to the 33rd Street entrance . It borders three large storefronts and leads to escalators that go both to the second floor and to the basement . Going from west to east , there are secondary entrances to 34th and 33rd Streets from both the northern and southern corridors , respectively , at approximately the two - thirds point of each corridor . Until the 1960s , an art deco mural , inspired by both the sky and the Machine Age , was installed in the lobby ceilings . Subsequent damage to these murals , designed by artist Leif Neandross , resulted in reproductions being installed . Renovations to the lobby in 2009 , such as replacing the clock over the information desk in the Fifth Avenue lobby with an anemometer and installing two chandeliers intended to be part of the building when it originally opened , revived much of its original grandeur . The north corridor contained eight illuminated panels created in 1963 by Roy Sparkia and Renée Nemorov , in time for the 1964 World 's Fair , depicting the building as the Eighth Wonder of the World alongside the traditional seven . The building 's owners installed a series of paintings by the New York artist Kysa Johnson in the concourse level . Johnson later filed a federal lawsuit , in January 2014 , under the Visual Artists Rights Act alleging the negligent destruction of the paintings and damage to her reputation as an artist . As part of the building 's 2010 renovation , Denise Amses commissioned a work consisting of 15,000 stars and 5,000 circles , superimposed on a 13 - by - 5 - foot ( 4.0 by 1.5 m ) etched - glass installation , in the lobby . Major renovations The Empire State Building in 2005 Capital improvements were made to the Empire State Building during the early to mid-1990s at a cost of $55 million . These improvements entailed replacing alarm systems , elevators , windows , and air conditioning ; making the observation deck compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) ; and refurbishing the limestone facade . The observatory renovation was added after disability rights groups and the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against the building in 1992 , in what was the first lawsuit filed by an organization under the new law . A settlement was reached in 1994 , in which the Empire State Building Associates agreed to add ADA - compliant elements , such as new elevators , ramps , and automatic doors , during its ongoing renovation . The building 's public areas received a $550 million renovation in 2009 with improvements to the air conditioning and waterproofing , renovations to the observation deck and main lobby , and relocation of the gift shop to the 80th floor . $120 million of the budget was spent on improving the energy efficiency of the building with the goal of reducing energy emissions by 38 % within five years . For example , all of the windows were refurbished onsite into film - coated `` superwindows '' which block heat but pass light . Air conditioning operating costs on hot days were reduced , saving $17 million of the project 's capital cost immediately and partially funding some of the other retrofits . The Empire State Building won a gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) rating in September 2011 , as well as the World Federation of Great Towers ' Excellence in Environment Award for 2010 . Features Above the 102nd floor The final stage of the building was the installation of a hollow mast , a 158 - foot ( 48 m ) steel shaft fitted with elevators and utilities , above the 86th floor . At the top would be a conical roof and the 102nd - floor docking station . The elevators would ascend 167 feet ( 51 m ) from the 86th floor ticket offices to a 33 - foot - wide ( 10 m ) 101st - floor waiting room . From there , stairs would lead to the 102nd floor , where passengers would enter the airships . The airships would have been moored to the spire at the equivalent of the building 's 106th floor . On the 102nd floor of the Empire State Building ( formerly the 101st floor ) , there is a door with stairs ascending to the 103rd floor ( formerly the 102nd ) . This was built as a disembarkation floor for airships tethered to the building 's spire , and has a circular balcony outside . It is now an access point to reach the spire for maintenance . The room now contains electrical equipment , but celebrities and dignitaries may also be given permission to take pictures there . Above the 103rd floor , there is a set of stairs and a ladder to reach the spire for maintenance work . The mast 's 480 windows were all replaced in 2015 . Broadcast stations Antennae for broadcast stations are located at the top of the Empire State Building . Broadcasting began at the Empire State Building on December 22 , 1931 , when NBC and RCA began transmitting experimental television broadcasts from a small antenna erected atop the spire , with two separate transmitters for the visual and audio data . They leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there . In 1934 , RCA was joined by Edwin Howard Armstrong in a cooperative venture to test his FM system from the building 's antenna . This setup , which entailed the installation of the world 's first FM transmitter , continued only until October of the next year due to disputes between RCA and Armstrong . Specifically , NBC wanted to install more TV equipment in the room where Armstrong 's transmitter was located . After some time , the 85th floor became home to RCA 's New York television operations initially as experimental station W2XBS channel 1 then , from 1941 , as commercial station WNBT channel 1 ( now WNBC - TV channel 4 ) . NBC 's FM station , W2XDG , began transmitting from the antenna in 1940 . NBC retained exclusive use of the top of the building until 1950 when the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) ordered the exclusive deal be terminated . The FCC directive was based on consumer complaints that a common location was necessary for the seven extant New York - area television stations to transmit from so that receiving antennas would not have to be constantly adjusted . Other television broadcasters would later join RCA at the building on the 81st through 83rd floors , often along with sister FM stations . Construction of a dedicated broadcast tower began on July 27 , 1950 , with TV , and FM , transmissions starting in 1951 . The broadcast tower was completed by 1953 . From 1951 , six broadcasters agreed to pay a combined $600,000 per year for the use of the antenna . In 1965 , a separate set of FM antennae was constructed ringing the 103rd floor observation area to act as a master antenna . The Empire State Building as seen from the Top of the Rock The placement of the stations in the Empire State Building became a major issue with the construction of the World Trade Center Twin Towers in the late 1960s , and early 1970s . The greater height of the Twin Towers would reflect radio waves broadcast from the Empire State Building , eventually resulting in some broadcasters relocating to the newer towers instead of suing the developer , the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . Even though the nine stations who were broadcasting from the Empire State Building were leasing their broadcast space until 1984 , most of these stations moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed in 1971 . The broadcasters obtained a court order stipulating that the Port Authority had to build a mast and transmission equipment in the North Tower , as well as pay the broadcasters ' leases in the Empire State Building until 1984 . Only a few broadcasters renewed their leases in the Empire State Building . The September 11 attacks in 2001 destroyed the World Trade Center and the broadcast centers atop it , leaving most of the city 's stations without a station for ten days until a temporary tower was built in Alpine , New Jersey . By October 2001 , nearly all of the city 's commercial broadcast stations ( both television and FM radio ) were again transmitting from the top of the Empire State Building . In a report that Congress commissioned about the transition from analog television to digital television , it was stated that the placement of broadcast stations in the Empire State Building was considered `` problematic '' due to interference from other nearby towers . In comparison , the Congressional report stated that the former Twin Towers had very few buildings of comparable height nearby thus signals suffered little interference . In 2003 , a few FM stations were relocated to the nearby Condé Nast Building to reduce the number of broadcast stations using the Empire State Building . Eleven television stations and twenty - two FM stations had signed 15 - year leases in the building by May 2003 . It was expected that a taller broadcast tower in Bayonne , New Jersey , or Governors Island , would be built in the meantime with the Empire State Building being used as a `` backup '' since signal transmissions from the building were generally of poorer quality . As of 2017 , the Empire State Building is home to the following stations : Television : WCBS - 2 , WNBC - 4 , WNYW - 5 , WABC - 7 , WWOR - 9 Secaucus , WPIX - 11 , WNET - 13 Newark , WNYE - 25 , WPXN - 31 , WXTV - 41 Paterson , WNJU - 47 Linden and WFUT - 68 Newark FM : WBMP - 92.3 , WPAT - 93.1 Paterson , WNYC - 93.9 , WPLJ - 95.5 , WXNY - 96.3 , WQHT - 97.1 , WSKQ - 97.9 , WEPN - 98.7 , WBAI - 99.5 , WHTZ - 100.3 Newark , WCBS - 101.1 , WFAN - 101.9 , WNEW - FM - 102.7 , WKTU - 103.5 Lake Success , WAXQ - 104.3 , WWPR - 105.1 , WQXR - 105.9 Newark , WLTW - 106.7 and WBLS - 107.5 Observation decks The 86th and 102nd floors contain observatories , which see a combined average of 4 million visitors per year . Since opening , the observatories have been more popular than similar observatories at 30 Rockefeller Plaza , the Chrysler Building , the first One World Trade Center , or the Woolworth Building , despite being more expensive . Tourists must pay to visit the observation deck on the 86th floor and an additional amount for the 102nd floor . The 86th floor observatory contains both an enclosed section and a wide - open section . The 102nd floor observatory is completely enclosed and much smaller . The 102nd floor observatory was closed to the public from the late 1990s to 2005 . The observation decks were redesigned in mid-1979 . According to a 2010 report by Concierge.com , the five lines to enter the observation decks are `` as legendary as the building itself '' . Concierge.com stated that there are five lines : the sidewalk line , the lobby elevator line , the ticket purchase line , the second elevator line , and the line to get off the elevator and onto the observation deck . However , in 2016 , New York City 's official tourism website , NYCgo.com , made note of only three lines : the security check line , the ticket purchase line , and the second elevator line . For an extra fee tourists can skip to the front of the line . The Empire State Building garners significant revenue from ticket sales for its observation decks , making more money from ticket sales than it does from renting office space during some years . A 360 ° panoramic view of New York City from the 86th - floor observation deck of the Empire State Building , spring 2005 . East River is to the left , Hudson River to the right , south is near center . New York skyride In early 1994 , a motion simulator attraction was built on the 2nd floor , as a complement to the observation deck . The cinematic presentation lasts approximately 25 minutes , while the simulation is about eight minutes . The ride has had two incarnations . The original version , which ran from 1994 until around 2002 , featured James Doohan , Star Trek 's Scotty , as the airplane 's pilot who humorously tried to keep the flight under control during a storm . After the World Trade Center terrorist attacks in September 11 , 2001 , the ride was closed . An updated version debuted in mid-2002 , featuring actor Kevin Bacon as the pilot , with the new flight also going haywire . This new version served a more informative goal , as opposed to the old version 's main purpose of entertainment , and contained details about the 9 / 11 attacks . The simulator has received mixed reviews , with assessments of the ride ranging from `` great '' to `` satisfactory '' to `` corny '' . Lights Lighting at the top of the Empire State Building The building was originally equipped with white searchlights atop the tower . They saw their first use in November 1932 when they lit up to signal Roosevelt 's victory over Hoover in the presidential election of that year . These were later swapped for four `` Freedom Lights '' in 1956 . In February 1964 , flood lights were added on the 72nd floor to illuminate the top of the building at night so that the building could be seen from the World Fair later that year . The lights were shut off from November 1973 to July 1974 because of the energy crisis at the time . In 1976 , the businessman Douglas Leigh suggested that Helmsley install 204 metal - halide lights , which were four times as bright as the 1,000 incandescent lights they were to replace . New red , white , and blue metal - halide lights were installed in time for the country 's bicentennial that July . After the bicentennial , Helmsley retained the new lights due to the reduced maintenance cost , about $116 a year . Since 1976 , the spire has been lit in colors chosen to match seasonal events and holidays . Organizations are allowed to make requests through the building 's website . The building is also lit in the colors of New York based sports teams on nights when they hosted games . For example , orange , blue and white for the New York Knicks , red , white and blue for the New York Rangers . It was twice lit in scarlet to support New Jersey 's Rutgers University , once for a football game against the University of Louisville on November 9 , 2006 , and again on April 3 , 2007 when the women 's basketball team played in the national championship game . There have also been special occasions where the lights are modified from the usual schedule . After the eightieth birthday , and subsequent death , of Frank Sinatra in 1998 , for example , the building was bathed in blue light to represent the singer 's nickname `` Ol ' Blue Eyes '' . After actress Fay Wray , who starred in King Kong , died in September 2004 , the building lights were extinguished for 15 minutes . The floodlights bathed the building in red , white , and blue for several months after the destruction of the World Trade Center , then reverted to the standard schedule . On June 4 , 2002 , the Empire State Building donned purple and gold ( the royal colors of Elizabeth II ) , in thanks for the United Kingdom playing the Star Spangled Banner during the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace on September 12 , 2001 ( a show of support after the September 11 attacks ) . On January 13 , 2012 , the building was lit in red , orange , and yellow to honor the 60th anniversary of NBC program The Today Show . From June 1 to 3 , 2012 , the building was lit in blue and white , the colors of the Israeli flag , in honor of the 49th annual Celebrate Israel Parade . During 2012 , the building 's four hundred metal halide lamps and floodlights were replaced with 1,200 LED fixtures , increasing the available colors from nine to over 16 million . The computer - controlled system allows the building to be illuminated in ways that were unable to be done previously with plastic gels . For instance , on November 6 , 2012 , CNN used the top of the Empire State Building as a scoreboard for the 2012 United States presidential election . When incumbent president Barack Obama had reached the 270 electoral votes necessary to win re-election , the lights turned blue , representing the color of Obama 's Democratic Party . Had Republican challenger Mitt Romney won , the building would have been lit red , the color of the Republican Party . Also , on November 26 , 2012 , the building had its first ever synchronized light show , using music from recording artist Alicia Keys . The building 's owners adhere to strict standards in using the lights ; for instance , they do not use the lights to play advertisements . Height Records Height comparison of New York City buildings , with Empire State second from left The longest world record held by the Empire State Building was for the tallest skyscraper ( to structural height ) , which it held for 42 years until it was surpassed by the North Tower of the World Trade Center in October 1970 . The Empire State Building was also the tallest man - made structure in the world before it was surpassed by the Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma ( KWTV Mast ) in 1954 , and the tallest freestanding structure in the world until the completion of the Ostankino Tower in 1967 . An early - 1970s proposal to dismantle the spire and replace it with an additional 11 floors , which would have brought the building 's height to 1,494 feet ( 455 m ) and made it once again the world 's tallest at the time , was considered but ultimately rejected . With the destruction of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks , the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City , and the second - tallest building in the Americas , surpassed only by the Willis Tower in Chicago . The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the new One World Trade Center reached a greater height in April 2012 . As of July 2016 , it is the third - tallest building in New York City after the One World Trade Center and 432 Park Avenue , and the fifth - tallest completed skyscraper in the United States behind the two other tallest buildings in New York City , as well as the Willis Tower and Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago . The Empire State Building is the 28th - tallest in the world as of October 2017 , the tallest being Burj Khalifa in Dubai . It is also the sixth - tallest freestanding structure in the Americas behind the five tallest buildings and the CN Tower . The Empire State Building Run - Up , a foot race from ground level to the 86th - floor observation deck , has been held annually since 1978 . Its participants are referred to both as runners and as climbers , and are often tower running enthusiasts . The race covers a vertical distance of 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) and takes in 1,576 steps . The record time is 9 minutes and 33 seconds , achieved by Australian professional cyclist Paul Crake in 2003 , at a climbing rate of 6,593 ft ( 2,010 m ) per hour . ESRT began trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange on October 2 , 2013 . The Midtown skyline , as viewed from the observation deck at night in January 2006 Notable tenants As of 2013 , the building houses around 1,000 businesses . Current tenants include : Air China Boy Scouts of America , Greater New York Councils Coty Croatian National Tourist Board Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Filipino Reporter Human Rights Foundation Human Rights Watch Kaplan International Center Li & Fung LinkedIn Media General Noven Pharmaceuticals People 's Daily Qatar Airways Turkish Airlines World Monuments Fund Former tenants include : The King 's College ( now located at 56 Broadway ) China National Tourist Office ( now located at 370 Lexington Avenue ) National Film Board of Canada ( now located at 1123 Broadway ) Nathaniel Branden Institute Schenley Incidents 1945 plane crash Aftermath of the B - 25 Empire State Building crash Main article : B - 25 Empire State Building crash At 9 : 40 am on July 28 , 1945 , a B - 25 Mitchell bomber , piloted in thick fog by Lieutenant Colonel William Franklin Smith Jr. , crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building between the 79th and 80th floors where the offices of the National Catholic Welfare Council were located . One engine completely penetrated the building landing on the roof of a nearby building where it started a fire that destroyed a penthouse . The other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft causing a fire , which was extinguished in 40 minutes . Fourteen people were killed in the incident . Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver survived a plunge of 75 stories inside an elevator , which still stands as the Guinness World Record for the longest survived elevator fall recorded . Despite the damage and loss of life , the building was open for business on many floors two days later . The crash helped spur the passage of the long - pending Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946 , as well as the insertion of retroactive provisions into the law , allowing people to sue the government for the incident . Also as a result of the crash , the Civil Aeronautics Administration enacted strict regulations regarding flying over New York City , setting a minimum flying altitude of 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) above sea level regardless of the weather conditions . A year later , on July 24 , 1946 , another aircraft narrowly missed striking the building . The unidentified twin - engine plane scraped past the observation deck , scaring the tourists there . 2000 elevator plunge On January 24 , 2000 , an elevator in the building suddenly descended 40 stories after a cable that controlled the cabin 's maximum speed was severed . The elevator fell from the 44th floor to the fourth floor , where a narrowed elevator shaft provided a second safety system . Despite the 40 - floor fall , both of the passengers in the cabin at the time were only slightly injured . Since that elevator had no fourth - floor doors , the passengers were rescued by an adjacent elevator . After the fall , building inspectors reviewed all of the building 's elevators . Suicide attempts Because of the building 's iconic status , it and other Midtown landmarks are popular locations for suicide attempts . More than 30 people have attempted suicide over the years by jumping from the upper parts of the building , with most attempts being successful . The first suicide from the building occurred on April 7 , 1931 , before the tower was even completed , when a carpenter who had been laid - off went to the 58th floor and jumped . The first suicide after the building 's opening occurred from the 86th floor observatory on February 1935 , when Irma P. Eberhardt fell 1,029 feet ( 314 m ) onto a marquee sign . On December 16 , 1943 , William Lloyd Rambo jumped to his death from the 86th floor , landing amidst Christmas shoppers on the street below . In the early morning of September 27 , 1946 , shell - shocked Marine Douglas W. Brashear Jr. jumped from the 76th - floor window of the Grant Advertising Agency ; police found his shoes 50 feet ( 15 m ) from his body . On May 1 , 1947 , Evelyn McHale leapt to her death from the 86th floor observation deck and landed on a limousine parked at the curb . Photography student Robert Wiles took a photo of McHale 's oddly intact corpse a few minutes after her death . The police found a suicide note among possessions that she left on the observation deck : `` He is much better off without me ... I would n't make a good wife for anybody '' . The photo ran in the edition of May 12 , 1947 of Life magazine and is often referred to as `` The Most Beautiful Suicide '' . It was later used by visual artist Andy Warhol in one of his prints entitled Suicide ( Fallen Body ) . A 7 - foot ( 2.1 m ) mesh fence was put up around the 86th floor terrace in December 1947 after five people tried to jump during a three - week span in October and November of that year . By then , sixteen people had died from suicide jumps . Only one person has jumped from the upper observatory . Frederick Eckert of Astoria ran past a guard in the enclosed 102nd floor gallery on November 3 , 1932 and jumped a gate leading to an outdoor catwalk intended for dirigible passengers . He landed and died on the roof of the 86th floor observation promenade . Two people have survived falls by not falling more than a floor . On December 2 , 1979 , Elvita Adams jumped from the 86th floor , only to be blown back onto a ledge on the 85th floor by a gust of wind and left with a broken hip . On April 25 , 2013 , a man fell from the 86th floor observation deck , but he landed alive with minor injuries on an 85th - floor ledge where security guards brought him inside and paramedics transferred him to a hospital for a psychiatric evaluation . Shootings Two fatal shootings have occurred in the direct vicinity of the Empire State Building . Abu Kamal , a 69 - year - old Palestinian teacher , shot seven people on the 86th floor observation deck during the afternoon of February 23 , 1997 . He killed one person and wounded six others before committing suicide . Kamal reportedly committed the shooting in response to events happening in Palestine and Israel . On the morning of August 24 , 2012 , 58 - year - old Jeffrey T. Johnson shot and killed a former co-worker on the building 's Fifth Avenue sidewalk . He had been laid off from his job in 2011 . Two police officers confronted the gunman , and he aimed his firearm at them . They responded by firing 16 shots , killing him but also wounding nine bystanders . Most of the injured were hit by bullet fragments , although three took direct hits from bullets . Importance Iconic status Souvenir of the building As the tallest building in the world and the first one to exceed 100 floors , the Empire State Building immediately became an icon of the city and of the nation . In 2013 , Time magazine noted that the Empire State Building `` seems to completely embody the city it has become synonymous with '' . The historian John Tauranac calls the tower `` ' the ' twentieth - century New York building '' , despite the existence of taller and more modernist buildings . Early in the building 's history , travel companies such as Short Line Motor Coach Service and New York Central Railroad used the building as an icon to symbolize the city . After the construction of the first World Trade Center , architect Paul Goldberger noted that the Empire State Building `` is famous for being tall , but it is good enough to be famous for being good . '' As an icon of the United States , it is also very popular among Americans . In a 2007 survey , the American Institute of Architects found that the Empire State Building was `` America 's favorite building '' . The building was originally a symbol of hope in a country devastated by the Depression , as well as a work of accomplishment by newer immigrants . The writer Benjamin Flowers states that the Empire State was `` a building intended to celebrate a new America , built by men ( both clients and construction workers ) who were themselves new Americans . '' The architectural critic Jonathan Glancey refers to the building as an `` icon of American design '' . The Empire State Building has been hailed as an example of a `` wonder of the world '' due to the massive effort expended during construction . The Washington Star listed it as part of one of the `` seven wonders of the modern world '' in 1931 , while Holiday magazine wrote in 1958 that the Empire State 's height would be taller than the combined heights of the Eiffel Tower and the Great Pyramid of Giza . The American Society of Civil Engineers also declared the building `` A Modern Civil Engineering Wonder of the United States '' in 1958 , and one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World in 1994 . Ron Miller , in a 2010 book , also described the Empire State Building as one of the `` seven wonders of engineering '' . It has often been called the Eighth Wonder of the World as well , an appellation that it has held since shortly after opening . The panels installed in the lobby in 1963 reflected this , showing the seven original wonders alongside the Empire State Building . In popular Culture Main article : Empire State Building in popular culture As an icon of New York City , the Empire State Building has been featured in various films , books , TV shows , and video games . According to the building 's official website , more than 250 movies contain depictions of the Empire State Building . In his book about the building , John Tauranac writes that the first documented appearance of the tower in popular culture was Swiss Family Manhattan , a 1932 children 's story by Christopher Morley . A year later , the film King Kong depicted Kong , a large stop motion ape that climbs the Empire State Building , bringing the building into the popular imagination . Later movies such as An Affair to Remember ( 1957 ) , Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) , and Independence Day ( 1996 ) also featured the building . The building has also been featured in other works , such as `` Daleks in Manhattan '' , a 2007 episode of the TV series Doctor Who ; and Empire , an eight - hour black - and - white silent film by Andy Warhol , which was later added to the Library of Congress 's National Film Registry . See also New York City portal Architecture portal History of the tallest skyscrapers List of buildings with 100 floors or more List of tallest buildings in the world List of tallest buildings in the United States List of tallest buildings in New York City List of tallest buildings by U.S. state List of tallest freestanding structures in the world References Notes ^ Jump up to : The Empire State Building is located within the 10001 zip code area , but 10118 has been assigned as the building 's own zip code by the United States Postal Service since 1980 . ^ Jump up to : Most sources state that there are 102 floors , but some give a figure of 103 floors due to the presence of a balcony above the 102nd floor . See § Opening and early years and § Above the 102nd floor for a detailed explanation . Jump up ^ Some sources say that this purchase was made for $2,600 . Jump up ^ Some sources say the farm may have been purchased by Charles Lawton for $10,000 in 1825 and by John Jacob Astor 's son William Backhouse Astor Sr. in 1827 , but others say John Jacob bought Thompson 's farm directly in 1826 . This conflates John 's purchase of the entire parcel with William 's subsequent purchase of a half - interest that included the current Empire State Building 's land . ^ Jump up to : The 101st floor was later renamed the 102nd floor and is 101 floors above ground . The former 102nd floor , now the 103rd floor , is now a balcony that is off - limits to the public , and is 102 floors above ground . Jump up ^ As per the 1916 Zoning Act , the wall of any given tower that faces a street could only rise to a certain height , proportionate to the street 's width , at which point the building had to be set back by a given proportion . This system of setbacks would continue until the tower reaches a floor level in which that level 's floor area was 25 % that of the ground level 's area . After that 25 % threshold was reached , the building could rise without restriction . This law was modified in 1961 . ^ Jump up to : See Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , PDF page 26 , for a diagram of the lobby . Citations ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2010 , p. 413 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` EMPIRE STATE TOWER , TALLEST IN WORLD , IS OPENED BY HOOVER ; THE HIGHEST STRUCTURE RAISED BY THE HAND OF MAN '' . The New York Times . May 2 , 1931 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fodor 's ; Sinclair , M. ( 1998 ) . Exploring New York City . Fodor 's Exploring Guides . Fodor 's Travel Publications . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 03559 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building '' The Skyscraper Center Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat website ^ Jump up to : Emporis GmbH . `` Empire State Building , New York City -- 114095 -- EMPORIS '' . emporis.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building '' SkyscraperPage Jump up ^ National Geodetic Survey datasheet KU3602 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . September 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : William Branigin ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Gunman shoots former co-worker near Empire State Building , is shot by police '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . The 103 - floor Empire State Building draws ^ Jump up to : Edward Rothstein ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` A View Inside King Kong 's Perch '' . The Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . The walkway circles around the building 's narrow spire , which , in 1930 , was envisioned as a mooring mast for dirigibles . Jump up ^ Jackson 2010 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Tarquinio , J. Alex ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` South of Midtown Manhattan , Bargain Commercial Rents '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kravitz , Derek ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Midtown South : Living Where the Action Is '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Verrill , Courtney ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` 14 weird facts that you probably did n't know about the Empire State Building '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The plane crash of ' 45 , more Empire State Building secrets '' . am New York . Newsday. April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sederstrom , Jonathan ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` One World Trade Center Wo n't Get an Exclusive Zip Code : USPS Officials '' . Commercial Observer . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Zip Code Map '' . nyc.gov . New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development . ^ Jump up to : `` Manhattan Adding 63 ZIP Codes ; Empire State Gets Own Code '' . The New York Times . May 1 , 1980 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTA Neighborhood Maps : Penn Station / Times Square '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Deborah ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Living In Koreatown Exotic Flavor , Beyond Just the Food '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See : Buckley , Cara ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Midtown 's Lush Passage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . The location is five blocks from the Empire State Building . ^ Jump up to : `` MTA Neighborhood Maps : Herald Square / Murray Hill '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2010 , p. 866 . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , pp. 6 , 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` TOWER SITE PART OF $2,400 FARM ; 20 - Acre Tract in 1799 Was the Scene of Fights With British -- Sold for $10,000 in 1805 '' . The New York Times . May 2 , 1931 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Timeline '' . Empire State Building . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , L.J. ( 2003 ) . Famous Works of Art in Popular Culture : A Reference Guide . Greenwood Press . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31808 - 5 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Craven , Wayne ( 2009 ) . Gilded Mansions : Grand Architecture and High Society . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06754 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lewis , N.P. ( 1916 ) . The Planning of the Modern City : A Review of the Principles Governing City Planning . John Wiley & Sons , Incorporated . p. 400 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Commercial West . Financial Communications . 1911 . p. 15 - PA17 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse 1991 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION : EMPIRE STATE BUILDING '' . nps.gov . United States Department of the Interior ; National Park Service . April 26 , 1985 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 2004 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , pp. 31 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel history '' . Waldorfnewyork.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ The American Architect and Building News Company ( 1898 ) . American Architect and Architecture. 59 -- 62 ( Public domain ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : The American Architect and Building News Company . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ `` Coleman Du Pont Purchases The Waldorf -- Astoria ; Sale of Hotel Announced by George C. Boldt , Who Relinquishes Control Today '' . The New York Times . February 3 , 1918 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 2004 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , pp. 85 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Kodmany 2017 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Langmead 2009 , p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : `` SMITH TO HELP BUILD HIGHEST SKYSCRAPER ; Ex-Governor Heads Group That Will Put 80 - Story Office Building on Waldorf Site . COST PUT AT $60,000,000 He Will Be President and Have Executive Control of Concern Yet to Be Incorporated . Directors of New Company . To Be Nearly 1,000 Feet High . SMITH TO HELP BUILD HIGH SKYSCRAPER '' . The New York Times . August 30 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Bascomb 2004 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Wagner 2003 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , pp. 388 -- 389 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Bascomb 2004 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` ENLARGES SITE FOR 1,000 - FOOT BUILDING ; Empire State Adds 75 Feet in 33d Street to the Waldorf Hotel Plot '' . The New York Times . November 19 , 1929 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman 1980 , pp. 31 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : Bascomb 2004 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Bascomb 2004 , p. 247 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ `` SMITH SKYSCRAPER HAS A NOVEL DESIGN ; Setbacks of the Empire State Building Will Begin With the Sixth Story . LIFTS IN CENTRE CYLINDER Plan Will Save Space and Assure Light , and Air to Neighbors -- Mooring Mast Offers Problems '' . The New York Times . 1930 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dupre , Judith ( 2013 ) . Skyscrapers : A History of the World 's Most Extraordinary Buildings . Hachette Books . pp. 38 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 942 - 2 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , Kay ( March 14 , 1976 ) . `` Empire State Building Challenged '' ( PDF ) . Utica Observer . Utica , New York : Associated Press . p. 9E . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Willis 1995 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Langmead 2009 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2010 , p. 1230 . Jump up ^ Flowers 2001 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Homer G. Balcom , Engineer , Is Dead '' . The New York Times . July 5 , 1938 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Langmead 2009 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` RAZING OF WALDORF STARTED BY SMITH ; Ceremony on Roof Marks the Beginning of Demolition of Historic Hotel . ITS EARLY DAYS RECALLED Former Governor Tells of `` Digging Out '' Fashionable Guests to Serve on Juries `` . The New York Times . October 2 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Douglas 2004 , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ `` APPROVES $27,500,000 FOR SMITH PROJECT ; Metropolitan Life Grants Loan to the Empire State Building Company '' . The New York Times . December 14 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , pp. 394 -- 395 . Jump up ^ `` STEEL CONTRACT LET. ; Empire State Building to Require Total of 50,000 Tons '' . The New York Times . January 12 , 1930 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 203 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` EXCAVATING FINISHED FOR SMITH BUILDING ; Steel Construction on Empire State Structure Here Will Begin on March 15 '' . The New York Times . March 6 , 1930 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Bascomb 2004 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` STANDARDS FOR STEEL EASED IN NEW CITY LAW ; Bill Signed by Walker Allows 18,000 - Pound Stress to the Square Inch '' . The New York Times . March 26 , 1930 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Start Empire State Building Frame '' . The New York Times . April 1 , 1930 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 204 -- 205 . ^ Jump up to : Poore , C.G. ( July 27 , 1930 ) . `` GREATEST SKYSCRAPER RISES ON A CLOCKWORK SCHEDULE ; The Empire State Building Soars Upward , as a Modern Army Daily , Defeats Time , Far Above the Throngs on Fifth Avenue Some Staggering Figures . Preliminary Considerations . The Order of Progress . Design Speeds Erection . The Factors of Success '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Popular Mechanics & December 1930 , p. 922 . Jump up ^ Bascomb 2004 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , p. 396 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` SMITH LAYS STONE FOR TALLEST TOWER ; 5,000 Witness Ceremony as Former Governor Wields Trowel at Empire State Building . RECORDS SEALED IN BLOCK Head of Company Traces History of Site on Which 85 - Story Office Structure is Being Erected '' . The New York Times . September 10 , 1930 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : `` Workers Raise Flag 1,048 Feet Above Fifth Av . As Steel Frame of Smith Building Is Finished '' . The New York Times . September 20 , 1930 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Tower Mast Up ; Steel Workers Raise Flag '' . The New York Times . November 22 , 1930 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 213 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Willis & Friedman 1998 , pp. 130 -- 133 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , pp. 390 -- 391 . Jump up ^ Weitzman , D. ( 2014 ) . Skywalkers : Mohawk Ironworkers Build the City . Roaring Brook Press . pp. 85 , 87 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4668 - 6981 - 3 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , p. 398 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Flowers 2001 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis Wickes Hine : The Construction of the Empire State Building , 1930 -- 31 ( New York Public Library Photography Collection ) '' . New York Public Library . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 283 -- 284 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , pp. 398 -- 399 . ^ Jump up to : Young , William H. ; Young , Nancy K. ( 2007 ) . The Great Depression in America : A Cultural Encyclopedia . The Great Depression in America : A Cultural Encyclopedia . Greenwood Press . pp. 144 -- 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33522 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Langmead 2009 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 227 -- 228 . ^ Jump up to : `` EMPIRE STATE BUILDING OPEN '' ( PDF ) . Cortland Standard . Cortland , New York . May 2 , 1931 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ `` RIVALRY FOR HEIGHT IS SEEN AS ENDED '' . The New York Times . May 2 , 1931 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 75 - STORY BUILDINGS FOUND ECONOMICAL ; Advisable Where Land is $400 a Foot , Says W.C. Clark , S.W. Straus Economist . TESTS MADE BY ENGINEERS Skyscrapers of 150 Stories , 2,000 Feet in Height , Are Held to Be Structurally Possible . '' The New York Times . September 22 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ `` NYT Travel : Empire State Building '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Smith , Adam ( August 18 , 2008 ) . `` A Renters ' Market in London '' . Time . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Winters , Patricia ( July 17 , 1994 ) . `` To Oldest Tenant , Empire State A Jewel '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 -- via Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Ramirez , Anthony ( June 30 , 1996 ) . `` NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT : MIDTOWN ; A Fixture at the Empire State '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Douglas ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Jack Brod , Early Tenant of Skyscraper , Dies at 98 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 273 -- 274 , 276 , 279 -- 280 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 286 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 290 -- 291 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2010 , p. 1326 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ `` British Flier , on Wedding Trip , Gets Bond As 5,000,000 th Empire State Tower Visitor '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1944 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 294 -- 295 . ^ Jump up to : Haskett , Thomas R. ( August 1967 ) . `` BROADCAST ANTENNAS ON THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING '' . Broadcast Engineering magazine : 24 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 295 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2010 , pp. 1344 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Hearst Magazines ( May 1931 ) . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines . p. 812 . Jump up ^ Goldman 1980 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Reingold , Lester A. ( July 2000 ) . `` Airships and the Empire State Building -- Fact and Fiction '' . Air and Space Smithsonian . Jump up ^ `` Throng Strains Necks as Blimp Tries to Kiss Empire State Mast '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . September 15 , 1931 . p. 3 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Blimp Moored to Tower of Empire State Building '' ( PDF ) . Daily Sentinel . Rome , New York : Associated Press . September 15 , 1931 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` MOORS TO EMPIRE STATE. ; Small Dirigible Makes Brief Contact While Traffic Is Jammed Below '' . The New York Times . September 16 , 1931 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EMPIRE TOWER WINS 1931 FIFTH AV . PRIZE ; Association Gives Its Medal and Diploma for Building 's Architectural Excellence . SMITH PRAISES BACKERS Calls Structure Their Expression of Confidence in the Continued Growth of the City '' . The New York Times . February 24 , 1932 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2010 , pp. 413 -- 414 . ^ Jump up to : Berman & Museum of New York City 2003 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` Army Pushes Bomber Crash Investigation '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . July 30 , 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2010 , pp. 1188 . ^ Jump up to : `` O'Dwyer Starts TV Tower Work '' ( PDF ) . Buffalo Courier - Express . Associated Press . July 28 , 1950 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Harrison ; Gill , Brendan ( April 1 , 1953 ) . `` The Talk of the Town '' . The New Yorker : 19 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Tower Reported Near Sale '' . The New York Times . December 18 , 1951 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appraiser 's ' Inside ' Helped Sell Empire State Building '' ( PDF ) . Jamestown Journal . Jamestown , New York : Associated Press . June 22 , 1951 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Bagli , Charles V. ( April 28 , 2013 ) . `` Empire State Building Has a Tangled History '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Ben Tobin , 92 , Investor in Hotels And in Real Estate '' by Wolfgang Saxon June 16 , 1996 Jump up ^ Sun Sentinel : `` Ben Tobin , Bought Or Built Notable Broward Buildings -- Russian Immigrant Created A Real - estate Empire During Depression '' by David Nitkin June 9 , 1996 Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ `` EMPIRE STATE BUILDING WILL CHANGE HANDS '' ( PDF ) . Cortland Standard . Cortland , New York : Associated Press . May 26 , 1951 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` DEAL IS CLOSED ON EMPIRE STATE ; Col. Henry Crown Increases His Ownership to 100 % in Famed Office Structure '' . The New York Times . October 15 , 1954 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building Given Special Award '' . Chicago Tribune . December 29 , 1955 . p. 28 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building '' . ASCE Metropolitan Section . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Sold ; Price Is 65 Million ; Empire State Building Bought By Syndicate for $65,000,000 '' . The New York Times . August 23 , 1961 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Buyer to Sell Empire State To Prudential in Leaseback Deal '' . The New York Times . August 24 , 1961 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 351 . Jump up ^ `` Tower at Empire State Getting First Cleaning '' . The New York Times . August 3 , 1962 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top of the Empire State To Get New Floodlights '' . The New York Times . January 21 , 1964 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Lelyveld , Joseph ( February 23 , 1964 ) . `` The Empire State to Glow at Night '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 352 -- 353 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 352 . Jump up ^ `` THE EMPIRE STATE GETS ESCALATORS '' . The New York Times . December 24 , 1964 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 355 Million World Trade Center Backed by Port Authority Study ; 355 Million World Trade Center Backed by Port Authority Study '' . The New York Times . March 12 , 1961 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 353 -- 354 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Thomas W. ( February 15 , 1964 ) . `` CRITICS IMPUGNED ON TRADE CENTER '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Trade Center Becomes World 's Highest Building By 4 Feet '' . The New York Times . October 20 , 1970 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trade Center ' Topped Out ' With Steel Column 1,370 Feet Above Street '' . The New York Times . December 24 , 1970 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jackhammers Bite Pavement to Start Trade Center Job '' . The New York Times . August 6 , 1966 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Trade Center tower surpasses Empire State '' . CBS News . April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman & Museum of New York City 2003 , pp. 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : World Trade Center chronology '' . PBS -- American Experience . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , pp. 356 -- 357 . ^ Jump up to : Mouat , Lucia ( November 28 , 1979 ) . `` No Longer The Tallest , ' Most Famous ' Building In World '' ( PDF ) . Olean Times - Herald . Monitor News Service . p. 14 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ Phelps , Timothy M. ( May 1 , 1981 ) . `` LIGHT SHOW MORE LIKE A FLICKER '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State celebrates 50th year '' ( PDF ) . Auburn Citizen - Advertiser . United Press International . April 30 , 1981 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. i . ^ Jump up to : Pitts , Carolyn ( April 26 , 1985 ) . `` Empire State Building '' ( PDF ) . National Historic Landmark Nomination . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Heller Anderson , Susan ; Dunlap , David W. ( July 1 , 1986 ) . `` NEW YORK DAY BY DAY ; 3 New U.S. Landmarks '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . See also : `` Asset Detail -- Empire State Building '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( July 8 , 1994 ) . `` Trump Plans Revitalization Of Empire State Building '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Oser , Alan S. ( July 21 , 1996 ) . `` PERSPECTIVES ; The Empire State Building 's Two - Front Campaign '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COMPANY NEWS ; Empire State Buyer Found '' . The New York Times . November 1 , 1991 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Owns Half of Empire State Building '' . Los Angeles Times . July 8 , 1994 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilpin , Kenneth N. ( February 17 , 1995 ) . `` COMPANY NEWS ; Trump Sues Empire State Building Management Company '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Loses Round in Empire State Suit '' . The New York Times . March 22 , 1995 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David Cay ( May 31 , 1995 ) . `` Helmsley , in a Countersuit Against Trump , Alleges a Conspiracy as Big as the Empire State '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( 1997 ) . `` With Helmsley Death , Wife Faces Battle for Empire '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` 1 World Trade Center Will Reclaim the Sky in Lower Manhattan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's official : 1 WTC is New York 's new tallest building '' . NY Daily News . April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Guerrero et al. 2002 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Rashbaum , William K. ( July 15 , 2002 ) . `` Terror Makes All the World A Beat for New York Police '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bagli , Charles V. ( March 19 , 2002 ) . `` Partnership in Deal for Empire State Building '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( August 14 , 2004 ) . `` Making Sense of New York , From 86 Stories Up ; Views From the Empire State Building , Mapped Out in Steel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HELMSLEY CAVES IN -- EMPIRE STATE BLDG . WAR ENDS '' . New York Post . August 30 , 2006 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It took 90 minutes to ' steal ' the Empire State Building '' . NY Daily News . December 2 , 2008 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cortese , Amy ( October 5 , 2008 ) . `` The Empire State Building Gets a Makeover '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 ULI Fall Meeting & Urban Land Expo -- Green Retrofit : What Is Making This the Wave of the Future ? '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Navarro , Mireya ( April 7 , 2009 ) . `` Empire State Building Plans Environmental Retrofit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 368 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building Achieves LEED Gold Certification Inhabitat New York City '' . Inhabitat.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bloomfield , Craig ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Empire State Building Achieves LEED Gold '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Green Building Council . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Realty Trust '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bagli , Charles V. ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` Empire State Building Observation Decks Generate Startling Profits '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Egan , Matt ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Qatar buys chunk of Empire State Building '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Putzier , Konrad ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Qatar 's Empire State Building investment is rare move for foreign fund '' . The Real Deal New York . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Empire State Realty . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Nash , Eric ( August 1999 ) . Manhattan Skyscrapers . Princeton Architectural Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9781568981819 . ^ Jump up to : Popular Mechanics & December 1930 , p. 920 . Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . Asce.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : White , Norval & Willensky , Elliot ( 2000 ) , AIA Guide to New York City ( 4th ed . ) , New York : Three Rivers Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 3107 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building -- Accompanying 7 photos , exterior and interior , from 1978 '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places Inventory . National Park Service . April 26 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` America 's FavoriteArchitecture '' ( PDF ) . NPR . The American Institute of Architects ; Harris Interactive . 2007 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Taranath 2016 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Iver ( November 10 , 1981 ) . `` LIMESTONE CENTER TURNS TO TOURISM '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Taranath 2016 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Kayden & Municipal Art Society 2000 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Kayden & Municipal Art Society 2000 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Willis 1995 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Kayden & Municipal Art Society 2000 , pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` SMITH SKYSCRAPER HAS A NOVEL DESIGN ; Setbacks of the Empire State Building Will Begin With the Sixth Story . LIFTS IN CENTRE CYLINDER Plan Will Save Space and Assure Light , and Air to Neighbors -- Mooring Mast Offers Problems '' . The New York Times . January 8 , 1930 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Willis 1995 , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Bonnier Corporation ( April 1931 ) . Popular Science . Bonnier Corporation . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Popular Mechanics & December 1930 , p. 921 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building To Get Modernized Elevators '' . CBS . June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , pp. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Fodor 's 2010 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Lepik , Andres ( 2008 ) . Skyscrapers . Prestel . pp. 53 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7913 - 3992 - 4 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , pp. 12 , 15 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , James ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Overhead , a Lobby Is Restored to Old Glory '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bosworth , Patricia ( 1984 ) . Diane Arbus : A Biography . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 215 . ISBN 9780393326611 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Files Suit Over Missing Empire State Building Paintings '' . New York Times . January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( February 13 , 2011 ) . `` Restored Lobby 's Crowning Touch '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ( January 28 , 1992 ) . `` Advocates of Disabled File Complaint About the Empire State Building '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US v. Empire State Building of NYC '' ( TXT file ) ( Press release ) . United States Department of Justice . March 3 , 1994 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lovins , Amory ( March -- April 2012 ) . `` A Farewell to Fossil Fuels '' . Foreign Affairs . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inaccessible New York : Up To The 103rd Floor Of The Empire State Building '' . CBS New York . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Jen ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's The View From The Private 103rd Balcony Of The Empire State Building '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Keiko ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Raising the Glass at the Empire State Building '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zarkin , K. ; Zarkin , M.J. ( 2006 ) . The Federal Communications Commission : Front Line in the Culture and Regulation Wars . Understanding our government . Greenwood Press . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33416 - 0 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lessing , L. ( 1956 ) . Man of High Fidelity : Edwin Howard Armstrong : A Biography . Lippincott . p. 20 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Radio Corporation of America ( 1943 ) . Radio Age . Radio Corporation of America . p. 6 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Guerrero et al. 2002 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Cianci , P.J. ( 2013 ) . High Definition Television : The Creation , Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology . McFarland , Incorporated , Publishers . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8797 - 4 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( May 12 , 2003 ) . `` Broadcasters Put Antennas In Midtown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio stations in New York , NY '' . World Radio Map . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Al - Kodmany 2017 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` 3.3 Million Were Expected at Trade Center Attraction ; a Million Have n't Shown Up '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . the Empire State Building , whose two observatories are a veritable cash machine , drawing more than 4 million tourists annually ^ Jump up to : `` ESB Tickets '' . Empire State Building . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fodor 's 2010 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Things Not to Do in New York '' . Concierge.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building Tickets -- Observatory and Optional Skip the Line Tickets '' . The Official Guide to New York City . May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Robertson ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` No threat from large gorillas '' . The Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . According to details prepared for the proposed initial public offering of Empire State Realty Trust , the skyscraper earned $62.9 million from its observation deck in nine months last year , compared with $62.6 million from the rental of office space . Jump up ^ Trucco , Terry ( January 1 , 1995 ) . `` TRAVEL ADVISORY : EMPIRE STATE BUILDING ; New York on One Floor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Curious Flight Path '' . The New Yorker . November 5 , 2001 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , A. ; Dunford , M. ( 2011 ) . The Rough Guide to New York . Rough Guides . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84836 - 590 - 2 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ VR World . Mecklermedia. 1994 . p. 32 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michelin Tire Corporation ( 2002 ) . New York City . Michelin green guides . Michelin Tire Corporation . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 06 - 100408 - 1 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fodor 's New York City . Fodor 's Travel Guides . Fodor 's Travel . 2016 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8041 - 4370 - 7 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Quay , Sara E. ; Damico , Amy M. ( 2010 ) . September 11 in Popular Culture : A Guide . Greenwood . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35505 - 9 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kleinfield , N.R. ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Feud Over Views From the Empire State Building '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Melina , Remy ( August 24 , 2010 ) . `` What Do the Empire State Building 's Lights Mean ? '' . Live Science . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : City Lights . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . May 22 , 1989 . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Berman & Museum of New York City 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Lights '' . Empire State Building . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See , for example : `` ESB to light up with NYCFC , Red Bulls colors '' . am New York . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Peters , Chris ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` LOOK : Empire State Building lights up blue and orange for Islanders win '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schlabach , Mark ( November 10 , 2006 ) . `` Rutgers finds new level of success with win '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building turns blue as silent tribute '' . BBC News . May 15 , 1998 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tallmer , Jerry ( September 29 , 2004 ) . `` Whatever Happened to Fay Wray ? '' . The Villager . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lighting Schedule '' . Empire State Building . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2001 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Tallest Buildings in the World '' . The Washington Post . January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TODAY celebrates 60 years ! '' . NBC News . January 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benhorin , Yitzhak ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` NYC celebrates Israel with annual parade '' . Ynetnews . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Taub , Eric A. ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Bathed in New Lights , Empire State Building Will Star in More Vivid Show '' . City Room . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Santora , Marc ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` The Empire State Building , Now in 16 Million Colors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wells , Charlie ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Empire State Building lights up to broadcast election results '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building Light Show : LED Display Synchronized To Two Alicia Keys Songs Over Manhattan '' . Huffington Post . November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ History of the Twin Towers , archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 , retrieved January 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ McWhirter , N. ; McWhirter , R. ( 1994 ) . The Guinness Book of Records . Guinness Superlatives . p. 101 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carmody , Deirdre ( October 11 , 1972 ) . `` 11 Floors May Be Added to the Empire State '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 12 tallest skyscrapers in New York City '' . am New York . July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Tallest Buildings in the United States '' . The Skyscraper Center . April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Tallest Completed Buildings in the World '' . The Skyscraper Center . April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Tallest Towers in the World '' . The Skyscraper Center . April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYRR Empire State Building Run - Up Crowns Dold and Walsham as Champions '' . New York Road Runners . February 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Race Winners '' . Empire State Building . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yousuf , Hibah ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Empire State Building IPO disappoints '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Glancey , Jonathan ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Empire State Building : American icon '' . BBC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Americas Archived October 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Air China . Retrieved on October 15 , 2012 . `` New York AIR CHINA Ltd. ( New York ) Empire State Building 350 Fifth Avenue , Suite 6905 New York , NY 10118 '' Jump up ^ Pincus , Adam ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Boy Scouts move store out of Empire State Building '' . The Real Deal New York . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 2 - Coty expands in Empire State Building '' . Reuters. April 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foreigners flocking to 350 Fifth Avenue Archived October 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Real Estate Weekly . June 30 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Rubenstein , Dana ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` FDIC Signs Lease for Empire State Building '' . Observer . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Us - HRF.org '' . HRF.org . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contact '' . Archived September 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Empire State '' . Kaplan International . January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Lois ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Empire expansion '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David M. Levitt ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` The Tangled Tale Behind the Empire State Building 's IPO '' . Businessweek . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Media General takes lease at Empire State Building '' . The Real Deal . January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pharma Firm Bolts Chrysler Building for Empire State '' . Observer . May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reds Go Green : Chinese Communist Party Newspaper Signs Empire State Building Lease . Archived December 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 25,000 Square Feet Of Pre-Builts Leased At The Empire State Building '' ( Press release ) . Empire State Realty Trust . May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Airlines moves into Empire State Bldg '' . The Real Deal New York . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dedicated to saving the world 's most treasured places '' . World Monuments Fund . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Cara ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` An Evangelical College in Manhattan , Where the Sin Is '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us Archived September 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' China National Tourist Office . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Contact us . '' National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gladstein , M.R. ( 1999 ) . The New Ayn Rand Companion . ABC - Clio ebook . Greenwood Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30321 - 0 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ `` 750th Squadron 457th Bombardment Group : Officers -- 1943 to 1945 '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CRASH FIRE RUINS SCULPTOR 'S STUDIO ; PHOTO - DIAGRAM OF THE PLANE CRASH '' . The New York Times . July 29 , 1945 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Fall Survived In An Elevator '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2006 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Day A Bomber Hit The Empire State Building '' . NPR . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Eight months after the crash , the U.S. government offered money to families of the victims . Some accepted , but others initiated a lawsuit that resulted in landmark legislation . The Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946 , for the first time , gave American citizens the right to sue the federal government . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ `` EMPIRE STATE PLANE STILL NOT IDENTIFIED '' . The New York Times . July 26 , 1946 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chivers , C.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Elevator Cable Failed at Empire State Building , City Finds '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Elevator Plummets 40 Floors '' . The New York Times . 2000 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Adam ( January 25 , 2000 ) . `` 2 SURVIVE EMPIRE ST . ELEVATOR PLUNGE '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Charles ; Piper , Tinka Markham ; Bucciarelli , Angela ; Tardiff , Kenneth ; Vlahov , David ; Galea , Sandro ( November 2007 ) . `` Suicide Tourism in Manhattan , New York City , 1990 -- 2004 '' . Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine . 84 ( 6 ) : 755 -- 765 . doi : 10.1007 / s11524 - 007 - 9224 - 0 . ISSN 1099 - 3460 . PMC 2232032 . PMID 17885807 . Jump up ^ `` Lawyer dies in Empire suicide horror '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ VanDam , Jeff ( April 26 , 2006 ) . `` An urban icon where they used to go fishing '' . The Herald Tribune . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` KILLED IN 57 - STORY FALL. ; Carpenter 's Death at Empire State Building Believed to Be Suicide '' . The New York Times . April 7 , 1931 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Dives from Empire State Bldg '' . The Schenectady Gazette . December 17 , 1943 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leaps to Death from 76th Floor '' . Tuscaloosa News . September 27 , 1946 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of the Week '' . Life : 42 -- 43 . May 12 , 1947 . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dillenberger , Jane D. ( February 1 , 2001 ) . The Religious Art of Andy Warhol . A&C Black . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1334 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAFETY GUARD COMPLETED ON THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING '' . The New York Times . December 5 , 1947 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reavill , Gil ; Zimmerman , Jean ( 2003 ) . Manhattan . Compass American Guides ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Compass American Guides . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 90495 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Leaps to His Death Off Empire Tower '' . The New York Times . November 4 , 1932 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Douglas , George H. ( 2004 ) . Skyscrapers : A Social History of the Very Tall Building in America . London : McFarland . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2030 - 8 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Broughton , Geoffrey ( 1987 ) . Expressions . London : Collins ELT . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 370641 - 9 . Jump up ^ Goldman 1980 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Stepansky , Joseph ; Kemp , Joe ; Calcano , Bryan ; Beekman , Daniel ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Man tumbles off Empire State Building '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jack ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Empire State Building Fall : Man Survives Plunge on 86th Floor '' . The Epoch Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman shoots 7 , kills self at Empire State Building '' . CNN . February 24 , 1997 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kleinfield , N.R. ( February 25 , 1997 ) . `` From Teacher to Gunman : U.S. Visit Ends in Fatal Rage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Police : All Empire State shooting victims were wounded by officers '' . CNN . August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Empire State Building : A City Icon Turns 82 Amid Battle to Go Public '' . TIME . May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building is America 's Favorite '' . Bloomberg . February 9 , 2007 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ron ( 2010 ) . Seven Wonders of Engineering . Seven Wonders . Ebsco Publishing . pp. 7 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 5989 - 0 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Judith ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Empire State Building : The 8th World Wonder -- A History in Photos '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV & Movies '' . Empire State Building . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Complete National Film Registry Listing '' . National Film Preservation Board . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Bibliography Al - Kodmany , Kheir ( 2017 ) . Understanding Tall Buildings : A Theory of Placemaking . Understanding Tall Buildings : A Theory of Placemaking . Taylor & Francis . pp. 71 -- 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 60866 - 0 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Bascomb , Neal ( 2004 ) . Higher : A Historic Race to the Sky and the Making of a City . Broadway Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 1268 - 6 . Berman , J.S. ; Museum of the City of New York ( 2003 ) . The Empire State Building . Portraits of America . Barnes and Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3889 - 4 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . `` Designation List 143 LP - 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Landmarks Preservation Commission . May 19 , 1981 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Douglas , George H. ( 2004 ) . Skyscrapers : A Social History of the Very Tall Building in America . McFarland . pp. 107 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2030 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Flowers , Benjamin ( 2001 ) . Skyscraper : The Politics and Power of Building New York City in the Twentieth Century . EBL - Schweitzer . University of Pennsylvania Press , Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 0260 - 1 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Fodor 's Travel Publications ( 2010 ) . Fodor 's See It New York City , 4th Edition . Fodor 's See It New York City . Fodor 's Travel Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 0498 - 0 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Goldman , Jonathan ( 1980 ) . The Empire State Building Book . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 24455 - 2 . Guerrero , P.F. ; Abramowitz , A.D. ; Morrison , F. ( 2002 ) . Telecommunications : Many Broadcasters Will Not Meet May 2002 Digital Television Dtv Deadline . Diane Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7567 - 2547 - 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 2010 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2nd ed . ) , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11465 - 2 Kayden , Jerold S. ; The Municipal Art Society of New York ( 2000 ) . Privately Owned Public Space : The New York City Experience . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 36257 - 9 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Langmead , Donald ( 2009 ) . Icons of American Architecture : From the Alamo to the World Trade Center . Greenwood icons . Greenwood . pp. 71 -- 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34207 - 3 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . `` Man 's Mightiest Monument '' . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines : 920 -- 924 . December 1930 . McCarthy , James Remington ; Rutherford , John ( 1931 ) . Peacock alley : the romance of the Waldorf -- Astoria. Harper . Morehouse , W. ( 1991 ) . The Waldorf -- Astoria : America 's Gilded Dream . M. Evans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87131 - 663 - 9 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Rasenberger , Jim ( 2009 ) . High Steel : The Daring Men Who Built the World 's Greatest Skyline , 1881 to the Present . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 174675 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Taranath , B.S. ( 2016 ) . Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings : Steel and Composite Construction . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 5090 - 9 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Tauranac , John ( 2014 ) . The Empire State Building : The Making of a Landmark . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 19678 - 7 . Wagner , Geraldine B. ( 2003 ) . Thirteen Months to Go : The Creation of the Empire State Building . San Diego , CA : Thunder Bay Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59223 - 105 - 8 . Willis , Carol ( 1995 ) . Form Follows Finance : Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago . Princeton Architectural Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56898 - 044 - 7 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Willis , Carol ; Friedman , Donald ( 1998 ) . Building the Empire State . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 73030 - 2 . Further reading Aaseng , Nathan ( 1998 ) . Construction : Building the Impossible . Minneapolis , MN : The Oliver Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 881508 - 59 - 5 . James , Theodore Jr. ( 1975 ) . The Empire State Building . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 012172 - 3 . Kingwell , Mark ( 2006 ) . Nearest Thing to Heaven : The Empire State Building and American Dreams . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10622 - 0 . Pacelle , Mitchell ( 2001 ) . Empire : A Tale of Obsession , Betrayal , and the Battle for an American Icon . New York : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 40394 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Empire State Building . Look up Empire State Building in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Empire State Building . Official website Empire State Building on CTBUH Skyscraper Center Empire State Building under construction ( 1930 -- 1931 ) at the New York Public Library Empire State Building at Viva 2 -- archive of over 500 construction photographs at The Skyscraper Museum Empire State Building archive , circa 1930 -- 1969 . Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives , Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library , Columbia University . Records Preceded by Chrysler Building World 's tallest structure 1931 -- 1954 Succeeded by KWTV Mast World 's tallest freestanding structure on land 1931 -- 1967 Succeeded by Ostankino Tower Tallest building in the world 1931 -- 1970 Succeeded by World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( North Tower ) Tallest building in the United States 1931 -- 1970 Tallest building in New York City 1931 -- 1972 Preceded by World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( North Tower ) Tallest building in New York City 2001 -- 2013 Succeeded by One World Trade Center ( current ) Timeline of tallest buildings in New York City Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church ( c. 1643 ) Trinity Church ( 85 m ) ( 1846 ) New York World Building ( 94 m ) ( 1890 ) Manhattan Life Insurance Building ( 100 m ) ( 1894 ) Park Row Building ( 119 m ) ( 1899 ) Singer Building ( 187 m ) ( 1908 ) Metropolitan Life Tower ( 213 m ) ( 1909 ) Woolworth Building ( 241 m ) ( 1913 ) 40 Wall Street ( 283 m ) ( 1930 ) Chrysler Building ( 320 m ) ( 1930 ) Empire State Building ( 443 m ) ( 1931 ) World Trade Center ( 526 m ) ( 1973 ) Empire State Building ( 443 m ) ( 2001 ) One World Trade Center ( 541 m ) ( 2014 ) Supertall skyscrapers ( hide ) Current North America 432 Park Avenue 875 North Michigan Avenue Aon Center Bank of America Plaza Bank of America Tower Chrysler Building Empire State Building Franklin Center JPMorgan Chase Tower One World Trade Center One57 Salesforce Tower The New York Times Building Trump International Hotel and Tower Two Prudential Plaza U.S. Bank Tower Wells Fargo Plaza Willis Tower Wilshire Grand Center South America Gran Torre Santiago Asia 23 Marina 85 Sky Tower Abenobashi Terminal Building Skyscraper ( Abeno Harukas ) Abraj Al Bait The Address Downtown Dubai ADNOC Headquarters Al Hamra Tower Almas Tower Arraya Tower Aspire Tower Baiyoke Tower II Bank of China Tower Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Cayan Tower The Center Central Plaza Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower China World Trade Center Tower III Chongqing IFS T1 Chongqing World Financial Center CITIC Plaza Diwang International Fortune Center East Pacific Center Elite Residence Emirates Office Tower Etihad Towers Eton Place Dalian Fortune Center Gate to the East Grand Hyatt Manila Greenland Puli Center Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou International Finance Center Haeundae Doosan We 've the Zenith HHHR Tower The Index International Commerce Centre International Finance Centre Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza Jin Mao Tower Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower Kingdom Centre KK100 The Landmark Leatop Plaza Longxi International Hotel Lotte World Tower MahaNakhon The Marina Torch Minsheng Bank Building Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1 Nina Tower Northeast Asia Trade Tower Ocean Heights Pearl River Tower Petronas Towers Ping An Finance Centre The Pinnacle Princess Tower Rose Tower Shanghai Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Shimao International Plaza Shun Hing Square Suning Plaza 1 , Wuxi Taipei 101 Telekom Tower Tianjin World Financial Center Wanda Plaza Wenzhou World Trade Center The Wharf Times Square White Magnolia Plaza World Trade Center Abu Dhabi Wuxi Maoye City - Marriott Hotel Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower Zifeng Tower Europe City of Capitals Eurasia Federation Tower Mercury City Tower OKO Tower The Shard Australia Q1 Under construction North America 3 Hudson Boulevard 3 World Trade Center 9 DeKalb Avenue 30 Hudson Yards 35 Hudson Yards 45 Broad Street 50 Hudson Yards 53W53 125 Greenwich Street Central Park Tower Comcast Technology Center Manhattan West Tower 1 One Vanderbilt The Steinway Tower Vista Tower Asia China Baoneng Center Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center Changsha A9 Financial District Changsha IFS Tower T1 Chengdu Greenland Tower China Resources Centre Block A China Resources Headquarters Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1 Concord International Centre Dalian Greenland Center Dalian International Trade Center Deji Plaza Dongguan International Trade Center 1 Eye of Spring Trade Center Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1 Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B Goldin Finance 117 Greenland Group Suzhou Center Guangxi Finance Plaza Haikou Tower Hanking Center Heartland 66 Office Tower Hon Kwok City Center Huaguoyuan Tower 1 Huaguoyuan Tower 2 Jin Wan Plaza 1 Jinan Center Financial City Logan Century Center 1 Mandarin Oriental Chengdu Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1 Ningbo Center One Shenzhen Bay Phoenix Towers Rose Rock International Finance Center Runhua Global Center 1 Shenglong Global Center Shimao Hunan Center Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 South Asian Gate Spring City 66 Suning Plaza Tower 1 , Zhenjiang Suzhou IFS Suzhou Zhongnan Center Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center Tianjin Modern City Office Tower Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower Wuhan Center Wuhan Greenland Center Xiamen International Centre Yantai Shimao No. 1 The Harbour Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1 Zhujiang New City Tower India DB Crown Lokhandwala Minerva Namaste Tower Palais Royale Three Sixty West World One Saudi Arabia Capital Market Authority Headquarters Diamond Tower Jeddah Tower Lamar Towers South Korea LCT Landmark Tower LCT Residential Tower A LCT Residential Tower B Parc1 Tower UAE Address Boulevard Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower DAMAC Residenze Dubai Pearl Marina 101 Marina 106 The Skyscraper other Abu Dhabi Plaza The Exchange 106 Gate of Kuwait Gate of Taipei Iconic Towers Merdeka PNB 118 Pertamina Energy Tower Ryugyong Hotel The Stratford Residences VietinBank Business Center Office Tower Vincom Landmark 81 Europe Lakhta Center Australia Australia 108 Construction delayed or suspended Al Quds Endowment Tower Barwa Tower Burj Al Alam Busan Lotte Town Tower Doha Tower and Convention Center Dubai Towers Doha Forum 66 India Tower JW Marriott International Finance Centre Lighthouse Tower Millennium Tower Orchid Heights Pentominium The Pinnacle Plaza Rakyat Qatar National Bank Tower Signature Tower Jakarta Sino - Steel Tower Skycity Square Capital Tower Tameer Commercial Tower Tour Financial Hub Center Two World Trade Center Former World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) See also Proposed supertall skyscrapers List of architects of supertall buildings Popular visitor attractions in New York City Times Square ( 35M ) Central Park ( 20M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 5.2 M ) High Line ( 5M ) Statue of Liberty ( 4.24 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 4M ) Empire State Building ( 4M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.67 M ) See also : Tourism in New York City VIAF : 230439460 LCCN : sh85042848 GND : 4284884 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_State_Building&oldid=826252941 '' Categories : 1930s architecture in the United States 1931 establishments in New York ( state ) Art Deco architecture in New York City Art Deco skyscrapers Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Empire State Building Fifth Avenue Former world 's tallest buildings Midtown Manhattan National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan Office buildings completed in 1931 Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan Symbols of New York City Radio masts and towers in the United States Tourist attractions in Manhattan Tourist attractions in New York City Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages containing links to subscription - 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8922458706544706542 | Toucan Sam | Toucan Sam - wikipedia Toucan Sam Jump to : navigation , search Toucan Sam , appearing on Froot Loops cereal box Toucan Sam is the cartoon toucan mascot for Froot Loops breakfast cereal . The character has been featured in advertising since the 1960s . He exhibits the ability to smell Froot Loops from great distances and invariably locates a concealed bowl of the cereal while intoning , `` Follow your nose ! It always knows ! '' , sometimes followed by `` The flavor of fruit ! Wherever it grows ! '' Another version of this phrase in a string of commercials in the late - 2000s presents the character at the end of the commercials saying `` Just follow your nose ! '' , followed by a group of children retorting , `` For the fruity taste that shows ! '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In popular culture 3 Maya Archaeology Initiative 4 Recent commercials 5 Other characters 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Toucan Sam became the mascot for Froot Loops cereal in 1963 . The cartoon character was created by Manuel R. Vega and originally voiced by Mel Blanc , using an ordinary American accent . Blanc 's original commercials were noted for their use of Pig Latin ( referring to the cereal as OOT - fray OOPS - lay ) . The ad agency later decided to switch to the English accent more commonly associated with the character . They then employed Paul Frees to do what is , in effect , an imitation of Ronald Colman . In the most recent cartoon advertisements for Froot Loops , Toucan Sam 's voice is now performed by voice actor Maurice LaMarche after Paul Frees 's death . Toucan Sam had a cousin named Arty Artin that was featured in a few commercials . Animation of the commercials were created by several animation companies including Thumbnail Spots ; this impacted the character growth among the years . Although his beak originally had two pink stripes , during the 1970s it became a tradition that each stripe on his beak represented one of the flavors of the pieces in the cereal : ( red = cherry , yellow = lemon , orange = orange ) . The additions of new colors have made this color scheme no longer accurate . There are now eight colors of this cereal . The first new color was green , which was introduced in 1991 , then purple in 1994 , blue in 1996 , pink in 2002 , and gold in 2006 . The colors , perhaps , represent different flavors present in the cereal , but each color has the same flavor . In popular culture ( edit ) A parody of Toucan Sam can be briefly seen on an episode of T.U.F.F. Puppy as one of the many things the Chameleon can turn into . Another parody was found on Family Guy where Brian auditioned for the mascot 's role . Maya Archaeology Initiative ( edit ) The Maya Archaeology Initiative ( MAI ) is a project of the World Free Press Institute ( WFPI ) . On June 2010 , WFPI submitted a trademark application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for the MAI logo , a profile of a toucan with a Mayan temple in the background , both encircled by yellow / green light . It was published on 15 March 2011 . Kellogg 's ( owner of the Toucan Sam logo ) objected on the grounds that the two logos are too similar . That caused a long argument , which ended on 15 November 2011 with an announcement that Kelloggs and the MAI are forming a charitable partnership . Recent commercials ( edit ) Since 1994 , Toucan Sam has been joined onscreen by Puey , Susey , and Louis . The nephews are voiced by two notable voiceover artists : Frank Welker and Jim Cummings . In recent commercials , Toucan Sam 's 3 nephews have joined him in opposition to many practical Froot Loop - loving enemies through a series of integrated commercials ( each of them as well appropriately advertise the cereal itself ) . In recent recordings , Mike Leboff will be voicing yet another one of Sam 's foes . The first of these enemies were Dr. Peacock , a peacock modeled after a stereotypical mad scientist who stole Toucan Sam 's color with a giant laser called a color ray , thus rendering him black and white . Toucan Sam and his nephews find Dr. Peacock 's lair and use the color ray to return his colors , and add Rainbow Loops to the cereal as voted by kids everywhere . Another enemy , an alien called the Nasty Alien Froot Monster , lands on Earth in search of the ultimate fruit taste of Froot Loops . He captures Toucan Sam , but thanks to online voting , Toucan Sam 's nephews gave the Froot Monster what he wanted , allowing Toucan Sam to escape . The Froot Monster , however , wanted more and stole Toucan Sam 's cereal box . When Toucan Sam and his nephews found him , the Froot Monster devoured the entire box , and turned from bad to good by changing from green to yellow and creating Alien Berry Froot Loops , which he shared with everyone . Then after , the smell of Froot Loops travels through the mirror to the land of Froot Scents , where the Froot Queen owns all fruity aromas . When she smells the Froot Loops , she declares it the best fruit scent and orders her guards ( humans with fruit for heads ) to capture the Froot Loops . The guards successfully steal the Froot Loops and break the mirror in the process . Toucan Sam and his nephews fix the mirror , and Toucan Sam follows them inside , commenting on the land 's wonderful and strange fruit , and takes back the Froot Loops from the Froot Queen . The Froot Queen orders her guards to capture Toucan Sam , but the confusion allows Toucan Sam to take some of the land 's fruit , where kids decided through online voting that the new loop should be Cherry - Cherry . Toucan Sam then escaped and added the Cherry - Cherry to the cereal . He even gave the new Froot Loops to the Froot Queen , whom after taking a bite , turned into a pretty good queen and rewarded her guards with Cherry - Cherry loops . A series of commercials for Froot Loops followed the adventures of Toucan Sam and his nephews finding a treasure map and following it to a treasure that once belonged to a toucan pirate , Blackbeak ( the name is a pun on Blackbeard ) . In each exploit , they reach a new destination that holds a new variety of Froot Loops , the most recent being `` Golden Bars '' ( in reality , just three yellow Froot Loops stuck in a line ) . They encountered him and three other pirates later on . However , the pirates were beaten by a laser Sam made out of the loops and Blackbeak was helpless . Blackbeak looks very similar to Toucan Sam . Villain # 5 is the Greedy Froot Pharaoh in Egypt . A bandage was loose . A nephew stomped on that and beat him . Villain # 6 is the Selfish Froot Master in Japan . This karate koi ate some loops thrown by Sam and was trapped by 2 nephews in a fish bowl . Sam set off to Mexico to get some Froot Loops . But he had to get through the Greedy Witch Doctor first . The Witch doctor was tickled and fell off his temple . He let go of his magic sprinkles on the way down and Sam used those to top the Froot Loops , creating Froot Loops with Sprinkles . In 2013 , a new villain called Carl the King Crab was released . Toucan Sam 's age is not known . The Toucan Sam campaign was produced by Pepper Films , Inc. until 2013 , when Kellogg 's transitioned the Froot Loops brand to CGI with animation company Nathan Love . Toucan Sam is currently voiced by Maurice LaMarche . Other characters ( edit ) The Nephews Lil ' Doggie Ostrich Sisters voiced by Gail Matthius The Hippo Bear Golf The Seal Turtle Cab Driver voiced by Mel Blanc Penguin voiced by Don Messick Rhino Rapper voiced by Jim Cummings Madame Gypsy voiced by June Foray Fruit Bat voiced by Frank Welker Surfer Cat voiced by Townsend Coleman Scientist voiced by Maurice LaMarche See also ( edit ) List of breakfast cereal advertising characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Character of the Week : Kellogg 's Toucan Sam '' . 2008 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ All About Toucan Sam and Kellogg 's Fruit Loops Jump up ^ Are the different colors of Froot Loops different flavors ? Jump up ^ Tirado , Michelle ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Mayan Message to Kellogg : Toucan Play This Game '' . Indian Country Today Media Network . Jump up ^ Gallagher , John ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Kellogg 's Toucan Sam trademark dispute ends with charitable partnership '' . Detroit Free Press . Gannett . Jump up ^ http://motionographer.com/2013/04/30/nathan-love-kelloggs-froot-loops-carl-the-king-crab/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toucan_Sam&oldid=799784870 '' Categories : Bird mascots Cartoon mascots Cereal advertising characters Fictional anthropomorphic characters Computer - animated television series Fictional characters introduced in 1963 Kellogg Company Toucans Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 20 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | whats the name of the bird from fruit loops | [
"Toucan Sam is the cartoon toucan mascot for Froot Loops breakfast cereal. The character has been featured in advertising since the 1960s. He exhibits the ability to smell Froot Loops from great distances and invariably locates a concealed bowl of the cereal while intoning, \"Follow your nose! It always knows!\", sometimes followed by \"The flavor of fruit! Wherever it grows!\" Another version of this phrase in a string of commercials in the late-2000s presents the character at the end of the commercials saying \"Just follow your nose!\", followed by a group of children retorting, \"For the fruity taste that shows!\""
] | [
"Toucan Sam"
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-8567847777469800066 | Great Fire of London | Great fire of London - wikipedia Great fire of London This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 August 2018 . This article is about the 1666 fire of London . For other `` Great Fires '' , see List of historic fires . For other notable fires in London , see Early fires of London and Second Great Fire of London . For the novel by Peter Ackroyd , see The Great Fire of London ( novel ) . The Great Fire of London , depicted by an unknown painter , as it would have appeared from a boat in the vicinity of Tower Wharf on the evening of Tuesday , 4 September 1666 . To the left is London Bridge ; to the right , the Tower of London . St. Paul 's Cathedral is in the distance , surrounded by the tallest flames . The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London from Sunday , 2 September to Thursday , 6 September 1666 . The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall . It threatened but did not reach the aristocratic district of Westminster , Charles II 's Palace of Whitehall , and most of the suburban slums . It consumed 13,200 houses , 87 parish churches , St Paul 's Cathedral , and most of the buildings of the City authorities . It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City 's 80,000 inhabitants . The death toll is unknown but was traditionally thought to have been small , as only six verified deaths were recorded . This reasoning has recently been challenged on the grounds that the deaths of poor and middle - class people were not recorded ; moreover , the heat of the fire may have cremated many victims , leaving no recognisable remains . A melted piece of pottery on display at the Museum of London found by archaeologists in Pudding Lane , where the fire started , shows that the temperature reached 1,250 ° C ( 2,280 ° F ; 1,520 K ) . Contents 1 Origin and consequences of the fire 2 London in the 1660s 2.1 Fire hazards in the city 2.2 17th - century firefighting 3 Failures in fighting the fire 4 Development of the fire 4.1 Sunday morning 4.2 Sunday afternoon 4.3 Monday 4.3. 1 Suspicion and fear 4.4 Tuesday 4.5 Wednesday 5 Deaths and destruction 6 Aftermath 7 In culture 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 References 10 External links Origin and consequences of the fire ( edit ) The Great Fire started at the bakery ( or baker 's house ) of Thomas Farriner ( or Farynor ) on Pudding Lane shortly after midnight on Sunday , 2 September and spread rapidly west across the City of London . The major firefighting technique of the time was to create firebreaks by means of demolition ; this , however , was critically delayed owing to the indecisiveness of Lord Mayor of London Sir Thomas Bloodworth . By the time that large - scale demolitions were ordered on Sunday night , the wind had already fanned the bakery fire into a firestorm that defeated such measures . The fire pushed north on Monday into the heart of the City . Order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious foreigners setting fires . The fears of the homeless focused on the French and Dutch , England 's enemies in the ongoing Second Anglo - Dutch War ; these substantial immigrant groups became victims of lynchings and street violence . On Tuesday , the fire spread over most of the City , destroying St Paul 's Cathedral and leaping the River Fleet to threaten King Charles II 's court at Whitehall , while coordinated firefighting efforts were simultaneously mobilising . The battle to quench the fire is considered to have been won by two factors : the strong east winds died down , and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create effective firebreaks to halt further spread eastward . The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming . Evacuation from London and resettlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II , who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees . Despite numerous radical proposals , London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire . London in the 1660s ( edit ) Central London in 1666 , with the burnt area shown in pink . By the 1660s , London was by far the largest city in Britain , estimated at half a million inhabitants . John Evelyn , comparing London to the Baroque magnificence of Paris , called it a `` wooden , northern , and inartificial congestion of Houses '' , and expressed alarm about the fire hazards posed by the wood and the congestion . By `` inartificial '' , Evelyn meant unplanned and makeshift , the result of organic growth and unregulated urban sprawl . London had been a Roman settlement for four centuries and had become progressively more crowded inside its defensive city wall . It had also pushed outwards beyond the wall into squalid extramural slums such as Shoreditch , Holborn , and Southwark , and had reached far enough to include the independent City of Westminster . By the late 17th century , the City proper -- the area bounded by the City wall and the River Thames -- was only a part of London , covering some 700 acres ( 2.8 km ; 1.1 sq mi ) , and home to about 80,000 people , or one sixth of London 's inhabitants . The City was surrounded by a ring of inner suburbs where most Londoners lived . The City was then , as now , the commercial heart of the capital , and was the largest market and busiest port in England , dominated by the trading and manufacturing classes . The aristocracy shunned the City and lived either in the countryside beyond the slum suburbs , or in the exclusive Westminster district ( the modern West End ) , the site of King Charles II 's court at Whitehall . Wealthy people preferred to live at a convenient distance from the traffic - clogged , polluted , unhealthy City , especially after it was hit by a devastating outbreak of bubonic plague in the Plague Year of 1665 . The relationship was often tense between the City and the Crown . The City of London had been a stronghold of republicanism during the Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) , and the wealthy and economically dynamic capital still had the potential to be a threat to Charles II , as had been demonstrated by several republican uprisings in London in the early 1660s . The City magistrates were of the generation that had fought in the Civil War , and could remember how Charles I 's grab for absolute power had led to that national trauma . They were determined to thwart any similar tendencies in his son , and when the Great Fire threatened the City , they refused the offers that Charles made of soldiers and other resources . Even in such an emergency , the idea of having the unpopular Royal troops ordered into the City was political dynamite . By the time that Charles took over command from the ineffectual Lord Mayor , the fire was already out of control . A Panorama of the City of London in 1616 by Claes Visscher . The tenement housing on London Bridge ( far right ) was a notorious death - trap in case of fire , although much would be destroyed in an earlier fire in 1632 . Fire hazards in the City ( edit ) Charles II . The City was essentially medieval in its street plan , an overcrowded warren of narrow , winding , cobbled alleys . It had experienced several major fires before 1666 , the most recent in 1632 . Building with wood and roofing with thatch had been prohibited for centuries , but these cheap materials continued to be used . The only major stone - built area was the wealthy centre of the City , where the mansions of the merchants and brokers stood on spacious lots , surrounded by an inner ring of overcrowded poorer parishes whose every inch of building space was used to accommodate the rapidly growing population . These parishes contained workplaces , many of which were fire hazards -- foundries , smithies , glaziers -- which were technically illegal in the City but tolerated in practice . The human habitations were crowded to bursting point , intermingled with these sources of heat , sparks , and pollution , and their construction increased the fire risk . The typical six - or seven - storey timbered London tenement houses had `` jetties '' ( projecting upper floors ) . They had a narrow footprint at ground level , but maximised their use of land by `` encroaching '' on the street , as a contemporary observer put it , with the gradually increasing size of their upper storeys . The fire hazard was well perceived when the top jetties all but met across the narrow alleys ; `` as it does facilitate a conflagration , so does it also hinder the remedy '' , wrote one observer -- but `` the covetousness of the citizens and connivancy ( corruption ) of Magistrates '' worked in favour of jetties . In 1661 , Charles II issued a proclamation forbidding overhanging windows and jetties , but this was largely ignored by the local government . Charles 's next , sharper message in 1665 warned of the risk of fire from the narrowness of the streets and authorised both imprisonment of recalcitrant builders and demolition of dangerous buildings . It , too , had little impact . The river front was important in the development of the Great Fire . The Thames offered water for firefighting and the chance of escape by boat , but the poorer districts along the riverfront had stores and cellars of combustibles which increased the fire risk . All along the wharves , the rickety wooden tenements and tar paper shacks of the poor were shoehorned amongst `` old paper buildings and the most combustible matter of tarr , pitch , hemp , rosen , and flax which was all layd up thereabouts . '' London was also full of black powder , especially along the river front . Much of it was left in the homes of private citizens from the days of the English Civil War , as the former members of Oliver Cromwell 's New Model Army still retained their muskets and the powder with which to load them . Five to six hundred tons of powder was stored in the Tower of London . The ship chandlers along the wharves also held large stocks , stored in wooden barrels . 17th - century firefighting ( edit ) `` Firehooks '' used to fight a fire at Tiverton in Devon , England , 1612 . Fires were common in the crowded wood - built city with its open fireplaces , candles , ovens , and stores of combustibles . There was no police or fire brigade to call , but London 's local militia , known as the Trained Bands , was available for general emergencies , at least in principle , and watching for fire was one of the jobs of the watch , a thousand watchmen or `` bellmen '' who patrolled the streets at night . Self - reliant community procedures were in place for dealing with fires , and they were usually effective . Public - spirited citizens would be alerted to a dangerous house fire by muffled peals on the church bells , and would congregate hastily to fight the fire . The methods available for this relied on demolition and water . By law , the tower of every parish church had to hold equipment for these efforts : long ladders , leather buckets , axes , and `` firehooks '' for pulling down buildings ( see illustration right , see also pike pole ) . Sometimes taller buildings were levelled to the ground quickly and effectively by means of controlled gunpowder explosions . This drastic method of creating firebreaks was increasingly used towards the end of the Great Fire , and modern historians believe that it was what finally won the struggle . Failures in fighting the fire ( edit ) An advertisement for a comparatively small and manoeuvrable seventeenth - century fire engine on wheels : `` These Engins , ( which are the best ) to quinch great Fires ; are made by John Keeling in Black Fryers ( after many years ' Experience ) . '' London Bridge was the only physical connection between the City and the south side of the river Thames and was itself covered with houses . It had been noted as a deathtrap in the fire of 1632 and , by dawn on Sunday , these houses were burning . Samuel Pepys observed the conflagration from the Tower of London and recorded great concern for friends living on the bridge . There were fears that the flames would cross London Bridge to threaten the borough of Southwark on the south bank , but this danger was averted by an open space between buildings on the bridge which acted as a firebreak . The 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) high Roman wall enclosing the City put the fleeing homeless at risk of being shut into the inferno . Once the riverfront was on fire and the escape route cut off by boat , the only exits were the eight gates in the wall . During the first couple of days , few people had any notion of fleeing the burning City altogether . They would remove what they could carry of their belongings to the nearest `` safe house '' , in many cases the parish church or the precincts of St Paul 's Cathedral , only to have to move again hours later . Some moved their belongings and themselves `` four and five times '' in a single day . The perception of a need to get beyond the walls took root only late on the Monday , and then there were near - panic scenes at the narrow gates as distraught refugees tried to get out with their bundles , carts , horses , and wagons . The crucial factor which frustrated firefighting efforts was the narrowness of the streets . Even under normal circumstances , the mix of carts , wagons , and pedestrians in the undersized alleys was subject to frequent traffic jams and gridlock . During the fire , the passages were additionally blocked by refugees camping in them amongst their rescued belongings , or escaping outwards , away from the centre of destruction , as demolition teams and fire engine crews struggled in vain to move in towards it . Demolishing the houses downwind of a dangerous fire was often an effective way of containing the destruction by means of firehooks or explosives . This time , however , demolition was fatally delayed for hours by the Lord Mayor 's lack of leadership and failure to give the necessary orders . By the time that orders came directly from the King to `` spare no houses '' , the fire had devoured many more houses , and the demolition workers could no longer get through the crowded streets . The use of water to extinguish the fire was also frustrated . In principle , water was available from a system of elm pipes which supplied 30,000 houses via a high water tower at Cornhill , filled from the river at high tide , and also via a reservoir of Hertfordshire spring water in Islington . It was often possible to open a pipe near a burning building and connect it to a hose to play on a fire or fill buckets . Further , Pudding Lane was close to the river . Theoretically , all the lanes from the river up to the bakery and adjoining buildings should have been manned with double rows of firefighters passing full buckets up to the fire and empty buckets back down to the river . This did not happen , or at least was no longer happening by the time that Pepys viewed the fire from the river at mid-morning on the Sunday . Pepys comments in his diary that nobody was trying to put it out , but instead they fled from it in fear , hurrying `` to remove their goods , and leave all to the fire . '' The flames crept towards the river front with little interference from the overwhelmed community and soon torched the flammable warehouses along the wharves . The resulting conflagration cut off the firefighters from the immediate water supply from the river and set alight the water wheels under London Bridge which pumped water to the Cornhill water tower ; the direct access to the river and the supply of piped water failed together . London possessed advanced fire - fighting technology in the form of fire engines , which had been used in earlier large - scale fires . However , unlike the useful firehooks , these large pumps had rarely proved flexible or functional enough to make much difference . Only some of them had wheels ; others were mounted on wheelless sleds . They had to be brought a long way , tended to arrive too late , and had limited reach , with spouts but no delivery hoses . On this occasion , an unknown number of fire engines were either wheeled or dragged through the streets , some from across the City . The piped water had already failed which they were designed to use , but parts of the river bank could still be reached . Gangs of men tried desperately to manoeuvre the engines right up to the river to fill their reservoirs , and several of the engines toppled into the Thames . The heat from the flames by then was too great for the remaining engines to get within a useful distance ; they could not even get into Pudding Lane . Development of the fire ( edit ) The personal experiences of many Londoners during the fire are glimpsed in letters and memoirs . The two best - known diarists of the Restoration are Samuel Pepys ( 1633 -- 1703 ) and John Evelyn ( 1620 -- 1706 ) , and both recorded the events and their own reactions day by day , and made great efforts to keep themselves informed of what was happening all over the City and beyond . Sunday morning ( edit ) Approximate damage by the evening of Sunday , 2 September `` It made me weep to see it . '' Samuel Pepys ( 1633 -- 1703 ) painted by John Hayls in 1666 , the year of the Great Fire . After two rainy summers in 1664 and 1665 , London had lain under an exceptional drought since November 1665 , and the wooden buildings were tinder - dry after the long hot summer of 1666 . A fire broke out at Thomas Farriner 's bakery in Pudding Lane a little after midnight on Sunday 2 September . The family was trapped upstairs but managed to climb from an upstairs window to the house next door , except for a maidservant who was too frightened to try , who became the first victim . The neighbours tried to help douse the fire ; after an hour , the parish constables arrived and judged that the adjoining houses had better be demolished to prevent further spread . The householders protested , and Lord Mayor Sir Thomas Bloodworth was summoned , who alone had the authority to override their wishes . When Bloodworth arrived , the flames were consuming the adjoining houses and creeping towards the paper warehouses and flammable stores on the river front . The more experienced firemen were clamouring for demolition , but Bloodworth refused on the grounds that most premises were rented and the owners could not be found . Bloodworth is generally thought to have been appointed to the office of Lord Mayor as a yes man , rather than by possessing requisite capabilities for the job . He panicked when faced with a sudden emergency and , when pressed , made the oft - quoted remark , `` Pish ! A woman could piss it out '' , and left . After the City had been destroyed , Samuel Pepys looked back on the events and wrote in his diary on 7 September 1666 : `` People do all the world over cry out of the simplicity ( the stupidity ) of my Lord Mayor in general ; and more particularly in this business of the fire , laying it all upon him . '' Pepys was a senior official in the Navy Office by then , and he ascended the Tower of London on Sunday morning to view the fire from a turret . He recorded in his diary that the eastern gale had turned it into a conflagration . It had burned down several churches and , he estimated , 300 houses and reached the river front . The houses on London Bridge were burning . He took a boat to inspect the destruction around Pudding Lane at close range and describes a `` lamentable '' fire , `` everybody endeavouring to remove their goods , and flinging into the river or bringing them into lighters that lay off ; poor people staying in their houses as long as till the very fire touched them , and then running into boats , or clambering from one pair of stairs by the water - side to another . '' Pepys continued westward on the river to the court at Whitehall , `` where people come about me , and did give them an account dismayed them all , and word was carried in to the King . So I was called for , and did tell the King and Duke of Yorke what I saw , and that unless His Majesty did command houses to be pulled down nothing could stop the fire . They seemed much troubled , and the King commanded me to go to my Lord Mayor from him , and command him to spare no houses , but to pull down before the fire every way . '' Charles ' brother James , Duke of York , offered the use of the Royal Life Guards to help fight the fire . Young schoolboy William Taswell had bolted from the early morning service in Westminster Abbey . He saw some refugees arrive in hired lighter boats near Westminster Stairs , a mile west of Pudding Lane , unclothed and covered only with blankets . The services of the lightermen had suddenly become extremely expensive , and only the luckiest refugees secured a place in a boat . Sunday afternoon ( edit ) The fire spread quickly in the high wind and , by mid-morning on Sunday , people abandoned attempts at extinguishing it and fled . The moving human mass and their bundles and carts made the lanes impassable for firemen and carriages . Pepys took a coach back into the city from Whitehall , but reached only St Paul 's Cathedral before he had to get out and walk . Pedestrians with handcarts and goods were still on the move away from the fire , heavily weighed down . The parish churches not directly threatened were filling up with furniture and valuables , which soon had to be moved further afield . Pepys found Bloodworth trying to co-ordinate the fire - fighting efforts and near to collapse , `` like a fainting woman '' , crying out plaintively in response to the King 's message that he was pulling down houses . `` But the fire overtakes us faster then ( sic ) we can do it . '' Holding on to his civic dignity , he refused James 's offer of soldiers and then went home to bed . King Charles II sailed down from Whitehall in the Royal barge to inspect the scene . He found that houses were still not being pulled down , in spite of Bloodworth 's assurances to Pepys , and daringly overrode the authority of Bloodworth to order wholesale demolitions west of the fire zone . The delay rendered these measures largely futile , as the fire was already out of control . By Sunday afternoon , 18 hours after the alarm was raised in Pudding Lane , the fire had become a raging firestorm that created its own weather . A tremendous uprush of hot air above the flames was driven by the chimney effect wherever constrictions narrowed the air current , such as the constricted space between jettied buildings , and this left a vacuum at ground level . The resulting strong inward winds did not tend to put the fire out , as might be thought ; instead , they supplied fresh oxygen to the flames , and the turbulence created by the uprush made the wind veer erratically both north and south of the main easterly direction of the gale which was still blowing . Pepys went again on the river in the early evening with his wife and some friends , `` and to the fire up and down , it still encreasing '' . They ordered the boatman to go `` so near the fire as we could for smoke ; and all over the Thames , with one 's face in the wind , you were almost burned with a shower of firedrops '' . When the `` firedrops '' became unbearable , the party went on to an alehouse on the South Bank and stayed there till darkness came and they could see the fire on London Bridge and across the river , `` as only one entire arch of fire from this to the other side of the bridge , and in a bow up the hill for an arch of above a mile long : it made me weep to see it '' . Pepys described this arch of fire as `` a bow with God 's arrow in it with a shining point '' . Monday ( edit ) The London Gazette for 3 -- 10 September , facsimile front page with an account of the Great Fire . Click on the image to enlarge and read . The fire was principally expanding north and west by dawn on Monday , 3 September , the turbulence of the fire storm pushing the flames both farther south and farther north than the day before . The spread to the south was mostly halted by the river , but it had torched the houses on London Bridge and was threatening to cross the bridge and endanger the borough of Southwark on the south bank of the river . Southwark was preserved by a pre-existent firebreak on the bridge , a long gap between the buildings which had saved the south side of the Thames in the fire of 1632 and now did so again . Flying embers started a fire in Southwark but it was quickly stopped . The fire 's spread to the north reached the financial heart of the City . The houses of the bankers in Lombard Street began to burn on Monday afternoon , prompting a rush to get their stacks of gold coins to safety before they melted away , so crucial to the wealth of the city and the nation . Several observers emphasise the despair and helplessness which seemed to seize Londoners on this second day , and the lack of efforts to save the wealthy , fashionable districts which were now menaced by the flames , such as the Royal Exchange -- combined bourse and shopping centre -- and the opulent consumer goods shops in Cheapside . The Royal Exchange caught fire in the late afternoon , and was a smoking shell within a few hours . John Evelyn , courtier and diarist , wrote : `` The conflagration was so universal , and the people so astonished , that from the beginning , I know not by what despondency or fate , they hardly stirred to quench it , so that there was nothing heard or seen but crying out and lamentation , running about like distracted creatures without at all attempting to save even their goods , such a strange consternation there was upon them . '' Evelyn lived in Deptford , four miles ( 6 km ) outside the City , and so he did not see the early stages of the disaster . He went by coach to Southwark on Monday , joining many other upper - class people , to see the view which Pepys had seen the day before of the burning City across the river . The conflagration was much larger now : `` the whole City in dreadful flames near the water - side ; all the houses from the Bridge , all Thames - street , and upwards towards Cheapside , down to the Three Cranes , were now consumed '' . In the evening , Evelyn reported that the river was covered with barges and boats making their escape piled with goods . He observed a great exodus of carts and pedestrians through the bottleneck City gates , making for the open fields to the north and east , `` which for many miles were strewed with moveables of all sorts , and tents erecting to shelter both people and what goods they could get away . Oh , the miserable and calamitous spectacle ! '' Approximate damage by the evening of Monday , 3 September John Evelyn ( 1620 -- 1706 ) in 1651 . Suspicion and fear ( edit ) Suspicion soon arose in the threatened city that the fire was no accident . The swirling winds carried sparks and burning flakes long distances to lodge on thatched roofs and in wooden gutters , causing seemingly unrelated house fires to break out far from their source and giving rise to rumours that fresh fires were being set on purpose . Foreigners were immediately suspects because of the current Second Anglo - Dutch War . Fear and suspicion hardened into certainty on Monday , as reports circulated of imminent invasion and of foreign undercover agents seen casting `` fireballs '' into houses , or caught with hand grenades or matches . There was a wave of street violence . William Taswell saw a mob loot the shop of a French painter and level it to the ground , and watched in horror as a blacksmith walked up to a Frenchman in the street and hit him over the head with an iron bar . The fears of terrorism received an extra boost from the disruption of communications and news as facilities were devoured by the fire . The General Letter Office in Threadneedle Street burned down early on Monday morning , through which post passed for the entire country . The London Gazette just managed to put out its Monday issue before the printer 's premises went up in flames . The whole nation depended on these communications , and the void which they left filled up with rumours . There were also religious alarms of renewed Gunpowder Plots . Suspicions rose to panic and collective paranoia on Monday , and both the Trained Bands and the Coldstream Guards focused less on fire fighting and more on rounding up foreigners , Catholics , and any odd - looking people , arresting them or rescuing them from mobs , or both together . The inhabitants were growing desperate to remove their belongings from the City , especially the upper class . This provided a source of income for the able - bodied poor , who hired out as porters ( sometimes simply making off with the goods ) , and it was especially profitable for the owners of carts and boats . Hiring a cart had cost a couple of shillings on the Saturday before the fire ; on Monday , it rose to as much as £ 40 , a fortune equivalent to more than £ 4,000 in 2005 . Seemingly every cart and boat owner within reach of London made their way towards the City to share in these opportunities , the carts jostling at the narrow gates with the panicked inhabitants trying to get out . The chaos at the gates was such that the magistrates ordered the gates shut on Monday afternoon , in the hope of turning the inhabitants ' attention from safeguarding their own possessions to fighting the fire : `` that , no hopes of saving any things left , they might have more desperately endeavoured the quenching of the fire . '' This headlong and unsuccessful measure was rescinded the next day . Monday marked the beginning of organised action , even as order broke down in the streets , especially at the gates , and the fire raged unchecked . Bloodworth was responsible as Lord Mayor for co-ordinating the fire - fighting , but he had apparently left the City ; his name is not mentioned in any contemporaneous accounts of the Monday 's events . In this state of emergency , the King again overrode the City authorities and put his brother James , Duke of York , in charge of operations . James set up command posts round the perimeter of the fire , press - ganging into teams of well - paid and well - fed firemen any men of the lower classes found in the streets . Three courtiers were put in charge of each post , with authority from Charles himself to order demolitions . This visible gesture of solidarity from the Crown was intended to cut through the citizens ' misgivings about being held financially responsible for pulling down houses . James and his life guards rode up and down the streets all Monday , rescuing foreigners from the mob and attempting to keep order . `` The Duke of York hath won the hearts of the people with his continual and indefatigable pains day and night in helping to quench the Fire , '' wrote a witness in a letter on 8 September . On Monday evening , hopes were dashed that the massive stone walls of Baynard 's Castle , Blackfriars would stay the course of the flames , the western counterpart of the Tower of London . This historic royal palace was completely consumed , burning all night . A contemporary account said that King Charles in person worked manually , that day or later , to help throw water on flames and to help demolish buildings to make a firebreak . Tuesday ( edit ) Tuesday , 4 September was the day of greatest destruction . The Duke of York 's command post at Temple Bar , where Strand meets Fleet Street , was supposed to stop the fire 's westward advance towards the Palace of Whitehall . He hoped that the River Fleet would form a natural firebreak , making a stand with his firemen from the Fleet Bridge and down to the Thames . However , early on Tuesday morning , the flames jumped over the Fleet and outflanked them , driven by the unabated easterly gale , forcing them to run for it . There was consternation at the palace as the fire continued implacably westward ; `` Oh , the confusion there was then at that court ! '' wrote Evelyn . Ludgate in flames , with St Paul 's Cathedral in the distance ( square tower without the spire ) now catching flames . Oil painting by anonymous artist , ca . 1670 . Working to a plan at last , James 's firefighters had also created a large firebreak to the north of the conflagration . It contained the fire until late afternoon , when the flames leapt across and began to destroy the wide , affluent luxury shopping street of Cheapside . Everybody had thought St. Paul 's Cathedral a safe refuge , with its thick stone walls and natural firebreak in the form of a wide , empty surrounding plaza . It had been crammed full of rescued goods and its crypt filled with the tightly packed stocks of the printers and booksellers in adjoining Paternoster Row . However , an enormous stroke of bad luck meant that the building was covered in wooden scaffolding , undergoing piecemeal restoration by a relatively unknown Christopher Wren . The scaffolding caught fire on Tuesday night . Leaving school , young William Taswell stood on Westminster Stairs a mile away and watched as the flames crept round the cathedral and the burning scaffolding ignited the timbered roof beams . Within half an hour , the lead roof was melting , and the books and papers in the crypt caught with a roar . `` The stones of Paul 's flew like grenados , '' reported Evelyn in his diary , `` the melting lead running down the streets in a stream , and the very pavements glowing with fiery redness , so as no horse , nor man , was able to tread on them . '' The cathedral was quickly a ruin . During the day , the flames began to move eastward from the neighbourhood of Pudding Lane , straight against the prevailing east wind and towards Pepys 's home on Seething Lane and the Tower of London with its gunpowder stores . The garrison at the Tower took matters into their own hands after waiting all day for requested help from James 's official firemen who were busy in the west . They created firebreaks by blowing up houses on a large scale in the vicinity , halting the advance of the fire . In a letter to William Coventry , Pepys wrote that he `` saw how horribly the sky looks , all on a fire in the night , was ( sic ) enough to put us out of our wits ; and , indeed , it was extremely dreadful , for it looks just as if it was at us , and the whole heaven on fire . '' Wednesday ( edit ) Approximate damage by the evening of Tuesday , 4 September . The fire did not spread significantly on Wednesday , 5 September . James , Duke of York , later James II . The wind dropped on Tuesday evening , and the firebreaks created by the garrison finally began to take effect on Wednesday 5 September . Stopping the fire caused much fire and demolition damage in the lawyers ' area called the Temple . Pepys walked all over the smouldering city , getting his feet hot , and climbed the steeple of Barking Church , from which he viewed the destroyed City , `` the saddest sight of desolation that I ever saw . '' There were many separate fires still burning themselves out , but the Great Fire was over . Pepys visited Moorfields , a large public park immediately north of the City , and saw a great encampment of homeless refugees , `` poor wretches carrying their good there , and every body keeping his goods together by themselves '' . He noted that the price of bread had doubled in the environs of the park . Evelyn also went out to Moorfields , which was turning into the main point of assembly for the homeless , and was horrified at the numbers of distressed people filling it , some under tents , others in makeshift shacks : `` Many ( were ) without a rag or any necessary utensils , bed or board ... reduced to extremest misery and poverty . '' Evelyn was impressed by the pride of these distressed Londoners , `` tho ' ready to perish for hunger and destitution , yet not asking one pennie for relief . '' Fears were as high as ever among the traumatised fire victims , fear of foreign arsonists and of a French and Dutch invasion . There was an outbreak of general panic on Wednesday night in the encampments at Parliament Hill , Moorfields , and Islington . A light in the sky over Fleet Street started a story that 50,000 French and Dutch immigrants had risen , widely rumoured to have started the fire , and were marching towards Moorfields to finish what the fire had begun : to cut the men 's throats , rape the women , and steal their few possessions . Surging into the streets , the frightened mob fell on any foreigners whom they happened to encounter , and were appeased , according to Evelyn , only `` with infinite pains and great difficulty '' and pushed back into the fields by the Trained Bands , troops of Life Guards , and members of the court . The mood was now so volatile that Charles feared a full - scale London rebellion against the monarchy . Food production and distribution had been disrupted to the point of non-existence ; Charles announced that supplies of bread would be brought into the City every day , and safe markets set up round the perimeter . These markets were for buying and selling ; there was no question of distributing emergency aid . Deaths and destruction ( edit ) James Shirley The LONDONERS Lamentation , a broadside ballad published in 1666 giving an account of the fire , and of the limits of its destruction . Click on the image to enlarge and read . Only a few deaths from the fire are officially recorded , and deaths are traditionally believed to have been few . Porter gives the figure as eight and Tinniswood as `` in single figures '' , although he adds that some deaths must have gone unrecorded and that , besides direct deaths from burning and smoke inhalation , refugees also perished in the impromptu camps . Hanson takes issue with the idea that there were only a few deaths , enumerating known deaths from hunger and exposure among survivors of the fire , `` huddled in shacks or living among the ruins that had once been their homes '' in the cold winter that followed , including , for instance , dramatist James Shirley and his wife . Hanson also maintains that `` it stretches credulity to believe that the only papists or foreigners being beaten to death or lynched were the ones rescued by the Duke of York '' , that official figures say very little about the fate of the undocumented poor , and that the heat at the heart of the firestorms was far greater than an ordinary house fire , and was enough to consume bodies fully or leave only a few skeletal fragments . The fire was fed not merely by wood , fabrics , and thatch , Hanson points out , but also by the oil , pitch , coal , tallow , fats , sugar , alcohol , turpentine , and gunpowder stored in the riverside district . It melted the imported steel lying along the wharves ( melting point between 1,250 and 1,480 ° C ( 2,300 and 2,700 ° F ) ) and the great iron chains and locks on the City gates ( melting point between 1,100 and 1,650 ° C ( 2,000 and 3000 ° F ) ) . Nor would anonymous bone fragments have been of much interest to the hungry people sifting through the tens of thousands of tons of rubble and debris after the fire , looking for valuables , or to the workmen clearing away the rubble later during the rebuilding . Hanson appeals to common sense and `` the experience of every other major urban fire down the centuries '' , emphasising that the fire attacked the rotting tenements of the poor with furious speed , surely trapping at the very least `` the old , the very young , the halt and the lame '' and burying the dust and ashes of their bones under the rubble of cellars , producing a death toll not of four or eight , but of `` several hundred and quite possibly several thousand . '' The material destruction has been computed at 13,500 houses , 87 parish churches , 44 Company Halls , the Royal Exchange , the Custom House , St Paul 's Cathedral , the Bridewell Palace and other City prisons , the General Letter Office , and the three western city gates -- Ludgate , Newgate , and Aldersgate . The monetary value of the loss , first estimated at £ 100,000,000 in the currency of the time , was later reduced to an uncertain £ 10,000,000 ( equivalent to £ 1.55 billion in 2016 ) . Evelyn believed that he saw as many as `` 200,000 people of all ranks and stations dispersed , and lying along their heaps of what they could save '' in the fields towards Islington and Highgate . Aftermath ( edit ) John Evelyn 's plan , never carried out , for rebuilding a radically different City of London . An example of the urge to identify scapegoats for the fire is the acceptance of the confession of a simple - minded French watchmaker named Robert Hubert , who claimed that he was an agent of the Pope and had started the Great Fire in Westminster . He later changed his story to say that he had started the fire at the bakery in Pudding Lane . Hubert was convicted , despite some misgivings about his fitness to plead , and hanged at Tyburn on 28 September 1666 . After his death , it became apparent that he had been on board a ship in the North Sea , and had not arrived in London until two days after the fire started . These allegations that Catholics had started the fire were exploited as powerful political propaganda by opponents of pro-Catholic Charles II 's court , mostly during the Popish Plot and the exclusion crisis later in his reign . Abroad in the Netherlands , the Great Fire of London was seen as a divine retribution for Holmes 's Bonfire , the burning by the English of a Dutch town during the Second Anglo - Dutch War . On 5 October , Marc Antonio Giustinian , Venetian Ambassador in France , reported to the Doge of Venice and the Senate , that Louis XIV announced that he would not `` have any rejoicings about it , being such a deplorable accident involving injury to so many unhappy people '' . Louis had made an offer to his aunt , the British Queen Henrietta Maria , to send food and whatever goods might be of aid in alleviating the plight of Londoners , yet he made no secret that he regarded `` the fire of London as a stroke of good fortune for him '' as it reduced the risk of French ships crossing the Channel and the North Sea being taken or sunk by the English fleet . Louis tried to take advantage but an attempt by a Franco - Dutch fleet to combine with a larger Dutch fleet ended in failure on 17 September when they encountered a larger English fleet led by Thomas Allin off Dungeness . Christopher Wren 's rejected plan for the rebuilding of London . In the chaos and unrest after the fire , Charles II feared another London rebellion . He encouraged the homeless to move away from London and settle elsewhere , immediately issuing a proclamation that `` all Cities and Towns whatsoever shall without any contradiction receive the said distressed persons and permit them the free exercise of their manual trades . '' A special Fire Court was set up to deal with disputes between tenants and landlords and decide who should rebuild , based on ability to pay . The Court was in session from February 1667 to September 1672 . Cases were heard and a verdict usually given within a day ; without the Fire Court , lengthy legal wrangles would have seriously delayed the rebuilding which was so necessary if London was to recover . Radical rebuilding schemes poured in for the gutted City and were encouraged by Charles . If it had been rebuilt under some of these plans , London would have rivalled Paris in Baroque magnificence ( see Evelyn 's plan on the right ) . The Crown and the City authorities attempted to establish `` to whom all the houses and ground did in truth belong '' to negotiate with their owners about compensation for the large - scale remodelling that these plans entailed , but that unrealistic idea had to be abandoned . Exhortations to bring workmen and measure the plots on which the houses had stood were mostly ignored by people worried about day - to - day survival , as well as by those who had left the capital ; for one thing , with the shortage of labour following the fire , it was impossible to secure workmen for the purpose . Apart from Wren and Evelyn , it is known that Robert Hooke , Valentine Knight , and Richard Newcourt proposed rebuilding plans . With the complexities of ownership unresolved , none of the grand Baroque schemes could be realised for a City of piazzas and avenues ; there was nobody to negotiate with , and no means of calculating how much compensation should be paid . Instead , much of the old street plan was recreated in the new City , with improvements in hygiene and fire safety : wider streets , open and accessible wharves along the length of the Thames , with no houses obstructing access to the river , and , most importantly , buildings constructed of brick and stone , not wood . New public buildings were created on their predecessors ' sites ; perhaps the most famous is St Paul 's Cathedral and its smaller cousins , Christopher Wren 's 50 new churches . Sir Christopher Wren The Monument to the Great Fire of London designed by Sir Christopher Wren On Charles ' initiative , a Monument to the Great Fire of London was erected near Pudding Lane , designed by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke , standing 61 metres ( 200 ft ) tall and known simply as `` The Monument '' . It is a familiar London landmark which has since given its name to a tube station . In 1668 , accusations against the Catholics were added to the inscription on the Monument which read , in part : `` Here by permission of heaven , hell broke loose upon this Protestant city ... the most dreadful Burning of this City ; begun and carried on by the treachery and malice of the Popish faction ... Popish frenzy which wrought such horrors , is not yet quenched ... '' The inscription remained in place until 1830 after the passage of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 , aside from the four years of James II 's rule from 1685 to 1689 . Another monument marks the spot where the fire stopped : the Golden Boy of Pye Corner in Smithfield . According to the inscription , it was evidence of God 's wrath on the City of London for the sin of gluttony that the fire started at Pudding Lane and stopped at Pye Corner . The Great Plague epidemic of 1665 is believed to have killed a sixth of London 's inhabitants , or 80,000 people , and it is sometimes suggested that the fire saved lives in the long run by burning down so much unsanitary housing with their rats and their fleas which transmitted the plague , as plague epidemics did not recur in London after the fire . Historians disagree as to whether the fire played a part in preventing subsequent major outbreaks . The Museum of London website claims that there was a connection , while historian Roy Porter points out that the fire left the most insalubrious parts of London , the slum suburbs , untouched . Following the Fire , the thoroughfares of Queen Street and King Street were newly laid out , cutting across more ancient thoroughfares in the City , creating a new route up from the Thames to the Guildhall ; they were the only notable new streets following the fire 's destruction of much of the City . In culture ( edit ) `` London 's Burning '' Play ( help info ) William Harrison Ainsworth 's novel Old St Paul 's is set during the events of the fire . The Great Fire was released on ITV television in 2014 . It was shown in four episodes . It constructs a fictional scenario involving the Pudding Lane baker 's family in an alleged popish plot . The round `` London 's Burning '' is said to be about the Great Fire . However , the first notation of a song in this theme dates from 1580 as `` Scotland 's Burning '' . See also ( edit ) List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London Notes ( edit ) See Category : Former buildings and structures in the City of London . Jump up ^ All dates are given according to the Julian calendar . Note that , when recording British history , it is usual to use the dates recorded at the time of the event . Any dates between 1 January and 25 March have their year adjusted to start on 1 January according to the New Style . Jump up ^ Porter , 69 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 4 , 101 . Jump up ^ `` Pottery '' . Museum of London . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Reddaway , 27 . Jump up ^ John Evelyn in 1659 , quoted in Tinniswood , 3 . The section `` London in the 1660s '' is based on Tinniswood , 1 -- 11 , unless otherwise indicated . ^ Jump up to : Porter , 80 . Jump up ^ 330 acres is the size of the area within the Roman wall , according to standard reference works ( see , for instance , Sheppard , 37 ) , although Tinniswood gives that area as a square mile ( 667 acres ) . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 80 . Jump up ^ See Hanson ( 2001 ) , 85 -- 88 , for the Republican temper of London . Jump up ^ Neil Wallington ( 2005 ) . In Case of Fire . Jeremy Mills Publishing . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9546484 - 6 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 77 -- 80 . The section `` Fire hazards in the City '' is based on Hanson ( 2001 ) , 77 -- 101 unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Rege Sincera ( pseudonym ) , Observations both Historical and Moral upon the Burning of London , September 1666 , quoted by Hanson ( 2001 ) , 80 . Jump up ^ Letter from an unknown correspondent to Lord Conway , September 1666 , quoted by Tinniswood , 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Neil Hanson ( 2011 ) . The Dreadful Judgement . Transworld . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4464 - 2193 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 82 . The section `` 17th - century firefighting '' is based on Tinniswood , 46 -- 52 , and Hanson ( 2001 ) , 75 -- 78 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ A firehook was a heavy pole perhaps 30 feet ( 9 m ) long with a strong hook and ring at one end , which would be attached to the roof trees of a threatened house and operated by means of ropes and pulleys to pull down the building ( Tinniswood , 49 ) . Jump up ^ Reddaway , 25 . Jump up ^ All quotes from and details involving Samuel Pepys come from his diary entry for the day referred to . Jump up ^ Robinson , Bruce , `` London 's Burning : The Great Fire '' Jump up ^ Gough MSS London14 , the Bodleian Library , quoted by Hanson ( 2001 ) , 123 . Jump up ^ `` Bludworth 's failure of nerve was crucial '' ( Tinniswood , 52 ) . Jump up ^ See Robinson , London : Brighter Lights , Bigger City '' and Tinniswood , 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Compare Hanson ( 2001 ) , who claims that they had wheels ( 76 ) , and Tinniswood , who states that they did not ( 50 ) . Jump up ^ A patent had been granted in 1625 for the fire engines ; they were single - acting force pumps worked by long handles at the front and back ( Tinniswood , 50 ) . Jump up ^ `` Samuel Pepys Diary 1666 - Great Fire '' . www.pepys.info . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Evelyn '' . spartacus-educational.com . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ The information in the day - by - day maps comes from Tinniswood , 58 , 77 , 97 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 44 : `` He did n't have the experience , the leadership skills or the natural authority to take charge of the situation . '' Jump up ^ Pepys ' diary , 2 September 1666 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 93 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 53 . Jump up ^ London Gazette , 3 September 1666 . Jump up ^ See firestorm and Hanson ( 2001 ) , 102 -- 105 . Jump up ^ The section `` Monday '' is based on Tinniswood , 58 -- 74 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Robinson , `` London 's Burning : The Great Fire '' . Jump up ^ All quotes from and details involving John Evelyn come from his Diary . ^ Jump up to : Evelyn , 10 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 139 . Jump up ^ Reddaway , 22 , 25 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Quoted by Hanson ( 2001 ) , 158 . Jump up ^ Tinnisworth , 71 . Jump up ^ Spelling modernised for clarity ; quoted by Tinniswood , 80 . Jump up ^ Walter George Bell ( 1929 ) The Story of London 's Great Fire : 109 - 11 . John Lane : London . Jump up ^ The section `` Tuesday '' is based on Tinniswood , 77 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1996 ) . The Great Fire of London . London : Phoenix Paperback . p. 15 . ISBN 9781857995213 Jump up ^ The section `` Wednesday '' is based on Tinniswood , 101 -- 10 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Quoted Tinniswood , 104 . Jump up ^ Evelyn ( 1854 ) , 15 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2002 ) , 166 . Jump up ^ Porter , 87 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 131 -- 35 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson ( 2001 ) , 326 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Porter , 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Reddaway , 26 . Jump up ^ The section `` Aftermath '' is based on Reddaway , 27 ff. and Tinniswood , 213 -- 37 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 163 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Porter , Stephen ( October 2006 ) . `` The great fire of London '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` England and the Netherlands : the ties between two nations '' . Memory of the Netherlands . Koninklijke Bibliotheek . Retrieved 8 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Hinds , Allen B , ed. ( 1935 ) . `` Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice Volume 35 , 1666 - 1668 '' . British History Online . pp. 80 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Jones , J.R ( 2013 ) . The Anglo - Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century Modern Wars In Perspective . Routledge . p. 173 . ISBN 9781317899488 . Jump up ^ Wilde , Robert . `` The Great Fire of London -- 1666 '' . About.com . Retrieved 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Porter , 84 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Ask the experts , Museum of London . Retrieved 27 October 2006 . Archived 27 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The plague - ravaged parts -- extramural settlements like Holborn , Shoreditch , Finsbury , Whitechapel and Southwark that housed the most squalid slums -- were , sadly , little touched by the Fire ( burning down was what they needed ) '' ( Porter , 80 ) . Jump up ^ London : The Biography , Peter Ackroyd , 2000 , p 115 ^ Jump up to : Margaret Read MacDonald & Winifred Jaeger ( 2006 ) . The Round Book : Rounds Kids Love to Sing , p. 73 . August House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87483 - 786 - 5 . Jump up ^ Colligan , Mimi ( 2002 ) . `` Pompeii in Australia '' . Canvas Documentaries : Panoramic Entertainments in Nineteenth - century Australia and New Zealand . Melbourne University Press . p. 151 . Retrieved 13 December 2014 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rahim , Sameer ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` The Great Fire review , ITV : ' historical hokum ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Lindahl , Greg . `` Scotland , It Burneth '' , Ravenscroft Songbook . Cites Vlasto , Jill . `` An Elizabethan Anthology of Rounds '' , Musical Quarterly XL ( 1954 ) 222 -- 234 . Accessed August 25 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Evelyn , John ( 1854 ) . Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn , F.R.S. London : Hurst and Blackett . Retrieved 5 November 2006 . Hanson , Neil ( 2001 ) . The Dreadful Judgement : The True Story of the Great Fire of London . New York : Doubleday . For a review of Hanson 's work , see Lauzanne , Alain . `` Revue pluridisciplinaire du monde anglophone '' . Cercles . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Hanson , Neil ( 2002 ) . The Great Fire of London : In That Apocalyptic Year , 1666 . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons . A `` substantially different '' version of Hanson 's The Dreadful Judgement ( front matter ) . Leasor , James ( 2011 ) ( 1961 ) . The Plague and the Fire . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908291 - 22 - 6 . `` London : the city as a phoenix -- The Great Fire of London '' . Richmond upon Thames Library Services . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Morgan , Kenneth O. ( 2000 ) . Oxford Illustrated History of Britain . Oxford : Oxford . Pepys , Samuel ( 1995 ) . Robert Latham and William Matthews ( eds . ) , ed . The Diary of Samuel Pepys , Vol. 7 . London : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 499027 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) First published between 1970 and 1983 , by Bell & Hyman , London . Quotations from and details involving Pepys are taken from this standard , and copyright , edition . All web versions of the diaries are based on public domain 19th century editions and unfortunately contain many errors , as the shorthand in which Pepys ' diaries were originally written was not accurately transcribed until the pioneering work of Latham and Matthews . Porter , Roy ( 1994 ) . London : A Social History . Cambridge : Harvard . Reddaway , T.F. ( 1940 ) . The Rebuilding of London after the Great Fire . London : Jonathan Cape . Robinson , Bruce . London : Brighter Lights , Bigger City . BBC . Retrieved 12 August 2006 . Sheppard , Francis ( 1998 ) . London : A History . Oxford : Oxford . Tinniswood , Adrian ( 2003 ) . By Permission of Heaven : The Story of the Great Fire of London . London : Jonathan Cape . Old St Paul 's , A Tale of the Plague and the Fire , novel by Harrison Ainsworth External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Fire of London . Great Fire of London on In Our Time at the BBC Channel 4 animation of the spread of the fire Fire of London website produced by the Museum of London , The National Archives , the National Portrait Gallery , London Fire Brigade Museum and London Metropolitan Archives for Key Stage 1 pupils ( ages 5 -- 7 ) and teachers History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final Hyde Park and Regent 's Park bombings Funeral of Princess Diana Anti-war protests 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground London Metropolitan Archives City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 57 '' N 0 ° 05 ′ 32 '' W / 51.5157 ° N 0.0921 ° W / 51.5157 ; - 0.0921 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Fire_of_London&oldid=856276792 '' Categories : 1666 fires 1666 in England 17th century in London Disasters in England Disasters in London Fires in England Fires in London Great Fire of London History of the City of London Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from July 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2015 Featured articles Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 02 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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8654858473541648002 | School bus traffic stop laws | School bus traffic stop laws - wikipedia School bus traffic stop laws This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some jurisdictions , mostly all in North America , require all surrounding vehicles to stop when a school bus is stopped with its red lights flashing . School bus stop laws are laws dictating what a motorist must do in the vicinity of a bus stop being used by a school bus or other bus , coach or minibus providing school transport . Contents 1 United States and Canada 1.1 Exceptions 1.2 Enforcement 2 Other countries outside North America 3 References 4 External links United States and Canada ( edit ) Jurisdictions in the United States ( including overseas territories ) and Canada have adopted various school bus stop laws that require drivers to stop and wait for a stopped school bus loading or unloading , so as to protect school children boarding or alighting . Generally , if a stopped school bus is displaying a flashing , alternating red lamp , a driver of a vehicle meeting or overtaking the stopped bus from either direction ( front or back ) must stop and wait until the bus moves again or the red light is off . Police officers , school crossing guards , and even school bus drivers themselves may have the power to wave traffic on , even when a red light is flashing . On divided highways , most American and Canadian jurisdictions do not require vehicular drivers to stop when on the opposite side of the road from a stopped school bus . Those that do require vehicles to stop are : West Virginia upon a non-controlled - access highway ( § 17C - 12 - 7 ) Arkansas in case a divider has less than 20 feet ( 6 m ) in width ( narrow divider ) . New York State American Samoa Guam British Columbia Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Northwest Territories Nunavut American and Canadian jurisdictions have sought to deter illegal passing stopped school buses by increased enforcement and heavy penalties , including fines , application of demerit points against a driver 's license or even license suspension . Nevertheless , violations are common . An officer must witness the violation , and even when citations issued , getting convictions is often difficult ; sometimes traffic courts consider the evidence insufficient , or reduce the charge because the penalty for a first offense seems excessive . There are , however , exceptions . Missouri has Jessica 's Law , which grants the right of a school bus driver to report the offense , in which case the driver is automatically cited . Cobb County , an urban county in Metro Atlanta , has added bus cameras , as a deterrent , which can detect and automatically report vehicles passing a bus . Exceptions ( edit ) Drivers in Washington state are not required to stop for a school bus on any highway ( Under Washington law , any public road is defined as a highway ) with three or more lanes when traveling in the opposite direction . This has been interpreted to mean that when approaching a bus from the opposite direction on a normal road with a turn lane , or a road with two lanes in each direction , etc. , a driver is not required to stop their vehicle . This is an unusual law , but arguably leads to a higher safety level for children , as they are then required to be dropped on the same side of the road as the bus exit on anything greater than a two - lane road as provided by RCW 46.61. 370 . Ohio has a similar exception for roads with four or more lanes . Drivers in Idaho and Kentucky are not required to stop for a school bus on any highway with four or more lanes when traveling in the opposite direction . Drivers in California do not have to stop on any highway that is divided or is multi-lane ( 2 or more lanes of travel in each direction ) when traveling in the opposite direction . In Pennsylvania , the only vehicle that may pass a stopped school bus with the red lights flashing is an emergency vehicle with its flashing lights and siren activated , but only after the emergency vehicle has come to a complete stop and proceeds with due caution for any students embarking or disembarking . Enforcement ( edit ) In New York State , an official estimate is that 50,000 vehicles pass stopped school buses illegally every day . However , as New York State requires traffic to stop for a school bus stopped on the opposing roadway of a divided highway , the estimate may include `` New York violations '' that would be legal in other states . The New York State Department of Transportation once recommended that the State Legislature exempt traffic from stopping for a school bus stopped on the opposing roadway of a divided highway , but this has not been done . On a national basis , school bus drivers in the United States have reported a decrease in passing violators in recent years with improved warning devices . Despite an increase in traffic and school bus ridership , annual fatalities and injuries to children struck by other vehicles has decreased as well . However , it is unclear whether having reported a decrease in passing violators is due to difficulty to report or better compliance by motorists . When and where enforcement against violators becomes too hard , some residential streets may prohibit entry of vehicles other than school buses at certain times to effectively eliminate passing stopped school buses illegally . Bus drivers are prohibited to turn around at intersections with students on the bus . If laws are broken , the bus driver may be charged with including but not limited to : child endangerment and disobeying laws . This section may not include all laws or bylaws . Other countries outside North America ( edit ) Traffic laws in other countries do not require vehicles to stop The speed limit is 40 km / h ( 24.9 mph ) in Australia and 20 km / h ( 12.4 mph ) in New Zealand when passing a stopped school bus . In New Zealand , the New Zealand Transport Agency decided that the speed limit passing a stopped school bus should not be raised based on probabilities of pedestrian deaths if hit at different speeds , nor has it supported requiring fully stopping and waiting for school buses loading and unloading children as in the United States and Canada . In Belgium and Germany , traffic is required to pass stopped school buses at very slow speeds that allow for quick stopping . While in South Korea , Japan , Taiwan , and the United Kingdom , drivers are directed to drive carefully passed stopped school buses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TIP # 10 : SCHOOL BUS STOPS Archived May 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas Driver License Test Study Guide - Volume 1 '' ( pdf ) ( 4 ed . ) . Arkansas State Police . August 2007 . p. 22 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Drivers are not required to stop if the school bus is approaching along an opposite lane of travel separated by a median twenty feet or more in width Jump up ^ http://www.dmv.ny.gov/dmanual/chapter06-manual.htm , NYS Driver 's Manual Chapter 6 - School Buses Jump up ^ `` Learn to Drive Smart - your guide to driving safely '' ( pdf ) . Insurance Corporation of British Columbia . 2012 . p. 92 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . when you see a school bus with alternating flashing red lights at the top , you must stop whether you are approaching it from the front or the rear . Vehicles in all lanes must stop . Jump up ^ `` Best Practices Guide : Reducing the Illegal Passing of School Buses '' . Nhtsa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Revised Statues , Section 304 - 050 '' . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Watch Out for School Bus Cameras '' . Jump up ^ `` RCW 46.61. 370 : Overtaking or meeting school bus -- Duties of bus driver '' . Apps.leg.wa.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Overtaking or meeting school bus -- Duties of bus driver '' . Apps.leg.wa.gov . RCW 46.61. 370 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ORC 4511.75 ( C ) '' . Jump up ^ http://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title49/T49CH14SECT49-1422.htm Jump up ^ Kentucky Revised Statutes § 189.370 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Vehicles , California Department of Motor . `` Home '' . www.dmv.ca.gov . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Law section '' . leginfo.legislature.ca.gov . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Error '' . www.justdrivepa.org . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Safe Stop '' . Nysgtsc.state.ny.us. 2009 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` English Teacher Needed '' . Jump up ^ New Zealand speed limit passing a school bus External links ( edit ) U.S , Bureau of Transportation Statistics STN 100 Years of the School Bus National Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances School Bus Stop Laws in the United States , Canada and Other Countries Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured clear distance ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Left - and right - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Parking enforcement Impaired driving Breathalyzer Field sobriety testing Highway patrol / State police Pretextual stop Road traffic control Terry stop Textalyzer Camera Enforcement Red light Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured clear distance ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Impaired driving Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_bus_traffic_stop_laws&oldid=856330429 '' Categories : School buses Traffic law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 13 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3316565656790318916 | Greenhouse gas | Greenhouse gas - wikipedia Greenhouse gas This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 May 2018 . Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space , the atmosphere , and Earth 's surface . Energy influx and emittance are expressed in watts per square meter ( W / m ) . A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range . This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect . The primary greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Without greenhouse gases , the average temperature of Earth 's surface would be about − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) , rather than the present average of 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) . In the Solar System , the atmospheres of Venus , Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect . Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution ( around 1750 ) have produced a 40 % increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ( CO ) , from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017 . This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural `` sinks '' involved in the carbon cycle . The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions ( i.e. , emissions produced by human activities ) come from combustion of fossil fuels , principally coal , oil , and natural gas , with comparatively modest additional contributions coming from deforestation , changes in land use , soil erosion , and agriculture . It has been estimated that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at their present rate , Earth 's surface temperature could exceed historical values as early as 2047 , with potentially harmful effects on ecosystems , biodiversity and the livelihoods of people worldwide . Recent estimates also suggest that at current emission rates the Earth could pass a threshold of 2 ° C global warming , which the United Nations ' IPCC designated as the upper limit to avoid `` dangerous '' global warming , by 2036 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gases in Earth 's atmosphere 1.1 Greenhouse gases 1.2 Non-greenhouse gases 1.3 Indirect radiative effects 1.4 Contribution of clouds to Earth 's greenhouse effect 2 Impacts on the overall greenhouse effect 2.1 Proportion of direct effects at a given moment 2.2 Atmospheric lifetime 2.3 Radiative forcing 2.4 Global warming potential 3 Natural and anthropogenic sources 3.1 Ice cores 3.2 Changes since the Industrial Revolution 4 Anthropogenic greenhouse gases 4.1 Sectors 4.1. 1 Tourism 4.1. 2 Road Haulage 5 Role of water vapor 6 Direct greenhouse gas emissions 6.1 Regional and national attribution of emissions 6.2 From land - use change 6.3 Greenhouse gas intensity 6.4 Cumulative and historical emissions 6.5 Changes since a particular base year 6.6 Annual emissions 6.7 Top emitter countries 6.7. 1 Annual 6.7. 2 Cumulative 6.8 Embedded emissions 6.9 Effect of policy 6.10 Projections 6.11 Relative CO emission from various fuels 7 Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources 8 Removal from the atmosphere ( `` sinks '' ) 8.1 Natural processes 8.2 Negative emissions 9 History of scientific research 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links 13.1 Carbon dioxide emissions Gases in Earth 's atmosphere ( edit ) Main articles : Greenhouse effect and Atmosphere of Earth See also : Global warming and Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere Atmospheric absorption and scattering at different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves . The largest absorption band of carbon dioxide is not far from the maximum in the thermal emission from ground , and it partly closes the window of transparency of water ; hence its major effect . Greenhouse gases ( edit ) Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth . In order , the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are : Water vapor ( H O ) Carbon dioxide ( CO ) Methane ( CH ) Nitrous oxide ( N O ) Ozone ( O ) Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) Hydrofluorocarbons ( incl . HCFCs and HFCs ) Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are determined by the balance between sources ( emissions of the gas from human activities and natural systems ) and sinks ( the removal of the gas from the atmosphere by conversion to a different chemical compound ) . The proportion of an emission remaining in the atmosphere after a specified time is the `` airborne fraction '' ( AF ) . The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that year 's total emissions . As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO was about 0.45 . The annual airborne fraction increased at a rate of 0.25 ± 0.21 % per year over the period 1959 -- 2006 . Non-greenhouse gases ( edit ) The major atmospheric constituents , nitrogen ( N ) , oxygen ( O ) , and argon ( Ar ) , are not greenhouse gases because molecules containing two atoms of the same element such as N and O and monatomic molecules such as argon ( Ar ) have no net change in the distribution of their electrical charges when they vibrate . Hence they are almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation . Although molecules containing two atoms of different elements such as carbon monoxide ( CO ) or hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) absorb infrared radiation , these molecules are short - lived in the atmosphere owing to their reactivity and solubility . Therefore , they do not contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and often are omitted when discussing greenhouse gases . Indirect radiative effects ( edit ) The false colors in this image represent concentrations of carbon monoxide in the lower atmosphere , ranging from about 390 parts per billion ( dark brown pixels ) , to 220 parts per billion ( red pixels ) , to 50 parts per billion ( blue pixels ) . Some gases have indirect radiative effects ( whether or not they are greenhouse gases themselves ) . This happens in two main ways . One way is that when they break down in the atmosphere they produce another greenhouse gas . For example , methane and carbon monoxide ( CO ) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide ( and methane oxidation also produces water vapor , as discussed later ) . Oxidation of CO to CO directly produces an unambiguous increase in radiative forcing although the reason is subtle . The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth 's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO ( 15 microns , or 667 cm ) . On the other hand , the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths ( 4.7 microns , or 2145 cm ) , where the emission of radiant energy from Earth 's surface is at least a factor of ten lower . Oxidation of methane to CO , which requires reactions with the OH radical , produces an instantaneous reduction in radiative absorption and emission since CO is a weaker greenhouse gas than methane , although CO has a longer lifetime . As described below this is not the whole story , since the oxidations of CO and CH are intertwined by both consuming OH radicals . In any case , the calculation of the total radiative effect needs to include both the direct and indirect forcing . A second type of indirect effect happens when chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving these gases change the concentrations of greenhouse gases . For example , the destruction of non-methane volatile organic compounds ( NMVOCs ) in the atmosphere can produce ozone . The size of the indirect effect can depend strongly on where and when the gas is emitted . Methane has a number of indirect effects in addition to forming CO . First , the main chemical that reacts with methane in the atmosphere is the hydroxyl radical ( OH ) , thus more methane means that the concentration of OH goes down . Effectively , methane increases its own atmospheric lifetime and therefore its overall radiative effect . The second effect is that the oxidation of methane can produce ozone . Third , as well as making CO , the oxidation of methane produces water ; this is a major source of water vapor in the stratosphere , which is otherwise very dry . CO and NMVOCs also produce CO when they are oxidized . They remove OH from the atmosphere , and this leads to higher concentrations of methane . The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO . The same process that converts NMVOCs to carbon dioxide can also lead to the formation of tropospheric ozone . Halocarbons have an indirect effect because they destroy stratospheric ozone . Finally , hydrogen can lead to ozone production and CH increases as well as producing water vapor in the stratosphere . Contribution of clouds to Earth 's greenhouse effect ( edit ) The major non-gas contributor to Earth 's greenhouse effect , clouds , also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have an effect on radiative properties of the greenhouse gases . Clouds are water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere . Impacts on the overall greenhouse effect ( edit ) Schmidt et al. ( 2010 ) analysed how individual components of the atmosphere contribute to the total greenhouse effect . They estimated that water vapor accounts for about 50 % of Earth 's greenhouse effect , with clouds contributing 25 % , carbon dioxide 20 % , and the minor greenhouse gases and aerosols accounting for the remaining 5 % . In the study , the reference model atmosphere is for 1980 conditions . Image credit : NASA . The contribution of each gas to the greenhouse effect is determined by the characteristics of that gas , its abundance , and any indirect effects it may cause . For example , the direct radiative effect of a mass of methane is about 84 times stronger than the same mass of carbon dioxide over a 20 - year time frame but it is present in much smaller concentrations so that its total direct radiative effect is smaller , in part due to its shorter atmospheric lifetime . On the other hand , in addition to its direct radiative impact , methane has a large , indirect radiative effect because it contributes to ozone formation . Shindell et al. ( 2005 ) argue that the contribution to climate change from methane is at least double previous estimates as a result of this effect . When ranked by their direct contribution to the greenhouse effect , the most important are : Compound Formula Concentration in atmosphere ( ppm ) Contribution ( % ) Water vapor and clouds O 10 -- 50,000 36 -- 72 % Carbon dioxide CO ~ 400 9 -- 26 % Methane CH ~ 1.8 4 -- 9 % Ozone O 2 -- 8 3 -- 7 % notes : Water vapor strongly varies locally The concentration in stratosphere . About 90 % of the ozone in Earth 's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere . In addition to the main greenhouse gases listed above , other greenhouse gases include sulfur hexafluoride , hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons ( see IPCC list of greenhouse gases ) . Some greenhouse gases are not often listed . For example , nitrogen trifluoride has a high global warming potential ( GWP ) but is only present in very small quantities . Proportion of direct effects at a given moment ( edit ) It is not possible to state that a certain gas causes an exact percentage of the greenhouse effect . This is because some of the gases absorb and emit radiation at the same frequencies as others , so that the total greenhouse effect is not simply the sum of the influence of each gas . The higher ends of the ranges quoted are for each gas alone ; the lower ends account for overlaps with the other gases . In addition , some gases such as methane are known to have large indirect effects that are still being quantified . Atmospheric lifetime ( edit ) Aside from water vapor , which has a residence time of about nine days , major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere . Although it is not easy to know with precision how long it takes greenhouse gases to leave the atmosphere , there are estimates for the principal greenhouse gases . Jacob ( 1999 ) defines the lifetime τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) of an atmospheric species X in a one - box model as the average time that a molecule of X remains in the box . Mathematically τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) can be defined as the ratio of the mass m ( \ displaystyle m ) ( in kg ) of X in the box to its removal rate , which is the sum of the flow of X out of the box ( F o u t ( \ displaystyle F_ ( out ) ) ) , chemical loss of X ( L ( \ displaystyle L ) ) , and deposition of X ( D ( \ displaystyle D ) ) ( all in kg / s ) : τ = m F o u t + L + D ( \ displaystyle \ tau = ( \ frac ( m ) ( F_ ( out ) + L + D ) ) ) . If one stopped pouring any of this gas into the box , then after a time τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) , its concentration would be about halved . The atmospheric lifetime of a species therefore measures the time required to restore equilibrium following a sudden increase or decrease in its concentration in the atmosphere . Individual atoms or molecules may be lost or deposited to sinks such as the soil , the oceans and other waters , or vegetation and other biological systems , reducing the excess to background concentrations . The average time taken to achieve this is the mean lifetime . Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime , and can not be specified precisely . The atmospheric lifetime of CO is estimated of the order of 30 -- 95 years . This figure accounts for CO molecules being removed from the atmosphere by mixing into the ocean , photosynthesis , and other processes . However , this excludes the balancing fluxes of CO into the atmosphere from the geological reservoirs , which have slower characteristic rates . Although more than half of the CO emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century , some fraction ( about 20 % ) of emitted CO remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years . Similar issues apply to other greenhouse gases , many of which have longer mean lifetimes than CO . E.g. , N O has a mean atmospheric lifetime of 121 years . Radiative forcing ( edit ) Earth absorbs some of the radiant energy received from the sun , reflects some of it as light and reflects or radiates the rest back to space as heat . Earth 's surface temperature depends on this balance between incoming and outgoing energy . If this energy balance is shifted , Earth 's surface becomes warmer or cooler , leading to a variety of changes in global climate . A number of natural and man - made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth 's climate . Greenhouse gases are one such mechanism . Greenhouse gases absorb and emit some of the outgoing energy radiated from Earth 's surface , causing that heat to be retained in the lower atmosphere . As explained above , some greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for decades or even centuries , and therefore can affect Earth 's energy balance over a long period . Radiative forcing quantifies the effect of factors that influence Earth 's energy balance , including changes in the concentrations of greenhouse gases . Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy , whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling . Global warming potential ( edit ) The global warming potential ( GWP ) depends on both the efficiency of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and its atmospheric lifetime . GWP is measured relative to the same mass of CO and evaluated for a specific timescale . Thus , if a gas has a high ( positive ) radiative forcing but also a short lifetime , it will have a large GWP on a 20 - year scale but a small one on a 100 - year scale . Conversely , if a molecule has a longer atmospheric lifetime than CO its GWP will increase with the timescale considered . Carbon dioxide is defined to have a GWP of 1 over all time periods . Methane has an atmospheric lifetime of 12 ± 3 years . The 2007 IPCC report lists the GWP as 72 over a time scale of 20 years , 25 over 100 years and 7.6 over 500 years . A 2014 analysis , however , states that although methane 's initial impact is about 100 times greater than that of CO , because of the shorter atmospheric lifetime , after six or seven decades , the impact of the two gases is about equal , and from then on methane 's relative role continues to decline . The decrease in GWP at longer times is because methane is degraded to water and CO through chemical reactions in the atmosphere . Examples of the atmospheric lifetime and GWP relative to CO for several greenhouse gases are given in the following table : Atmospheric lifetime and GWP relative to CO at different time horizon for various greenhouse gases Gas name Chemical formula Lifetime ( years ) Global warming potential ( GWP ) for given time horizon 20 - yr 100 - yr 500 - yr Carbon dioxide CO 30 -- 95 Methane CH 12 84 28 7.6 Nitrous oxide O 121 264 265 153 CFC - 12 CCl 100 10 800 10 200 5 200 HCFC - 22 CHClF 12 5 280 1 760 549 Tetrafluoromethane CF 50 000 4 880 6 630 11 200 Hexafluoroethane 10 000 8 210 11 100 18 200 Sulfur hexafluoride SF 3 200 17 500 23 500 32 600 Nitrogen trifluoride NF 500 12 800 16 100 20 700 The use of CFC - 12 ( except some essential uses ) has been phased out due to its ozone depleting properties . The phasing - out of less active HCFC - compounds will be completed in 2030 . Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere if half of global - warming emissions are not absorbed . ( NASA simulation ; 9 November 2015 ) Nitrogen dioxide 2014 -- global air quality levels ( released 14 December 2015 ) . Natural and anthropogenic sources ( edit ) Top : Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels as measured in the atmosphere and reflected in ice cores . Bottom : The amount of net carbon increase in the atmosphere , compared to carbon emissions from burning fossil fuel . This diagram shows a simplified representation of the contemporary global carbon cycle . Changes are measured in gigatons of carbon per year ( GtC / y ) . Canadell et al. ( 2007 ) estimated the growth rate of global average atmospheric CO for 2000 -- 2006 as 1.93 parts - per - million per year ( 4.1 petagrams of carbon per year ) . Aside from purely human - produced synthetic halocarbons , most greenhouse gases have both natural and human - caused sources . During the pre-industrial Holocene , concentrations of existing gases were roughly constant , because the large natural sources and sinks roughly balance . In the industrial era , human activities have added greenhouse gases to the atmosphere , mainly through the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests . The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC ( AR4 ) noted that `` changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols , land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system '' , and concluded that `` increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century '' . In AR4 , `` most of '' is defined as more than 50 % . Abbreviations used in the two tables below : ppm = parts - per - million ; ppb = parts - per - billion ; ppt = parts - per - trillion ; W / m = watts per square metre Current greenhouse gas concentrations Gas Pre-1750 tropospheric concentration Recent tropospheric concentration Absolute increase since 1750 Percentage increase since 1750 Increased radiative forcing ( W / m ) Carbon dioxide ( CO ) 280 ppm 395.4 ppm 115.4 ppm 41.2 % 1.88 Methane ( CH ) 700 ppb 1893 ppb / 1762 ppb 1193 ppb / 1062 ppb 170.4 % / 151.7 % 0.49 Nitrous oxide ( N O ) 270 ppb 326 ppb / 324 ppb 56 ppb / 54 ppb 20.7 % / 20.0 % 0.17 Tropospheric ozone ( O ) 237 ppb 337 ppb 100 ppb 42 % 0.4 Relevant to radiative forcing and / or ozone depletion ; all of the following have no natural sources and hence zero amounts pre-industrial Gas Recent tropospheric concentration Increased radiative forcing ( W / m ) CFC - 11 ( trichlorofluoromethane ) ( CCl F ) 236 ppt / 234 ppt 0.061 CFC - 12 ( CCl ) 527 ppt / 527 ppt 0.169 CFC - 113 ( Cl FC - CClF ) 74 ppt / 74 ppt 0.022 HCFC - 22 ( CHClF ) 231 ppt / 210 ppt 0.046 HCFC - 141b ( CH CCl F ) 24 ppt / 21 ppt 0.0036 HCFC - 142b ( CH CClF ) 23 ppt / 21 ppt 0.0042 Halon 1211 ( CBrClF ) 4.1 ppt / 4.0 ppt 0.0012 Halon 1301 ( CBrClF ) 3.3 ppt / 3.3 ppt 0.001 HFC - 134a ( CH FCF ) 75 ppt / 64 ppt 0.0108 Carbon tetrachloride ( CCl ) 85 ppt / 83 ppt 0.0143 Sulfur hexafluoride ( SF ) 7.79 ppt / 7.39 ppt 0.0043 Other halocarbons Varies by substance collectively 0.02 Halocarbons in total 0.3574 400,000 years of ice core data Ice cores provide evidence for greenhouse gas concentration variations over the past 800,000 years ( see the following section ) . Both CO and CH vary between glacial and interglacial phases , and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature . Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record , a record that indicates CO mole fractions stayed within a range of 180 ppm to 280 ppm throughout the last 800,000 years , until the increase of the last 250 years . However , various proxies and modeling suggests larger variations in past epochs ; 500 million years ago CO levels were likely 10 times higher than now . Indeed , higher CO concentrations are thought to have prevailed throughout most of the Phanerozoic eon , with concentrations four to six times current concentrations during the Mesozoic era , and ten to fifteen times current concentrations during the early Palaeozoic era until the middle of the Devonian period , about 400 Ma . The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced CO concentrations during the late Devonian , and plant activities as both sources and sinks of CO have since been important in providing stabilising feedbacks . Earlier still , a 200 - million year period of intermittent , widespread glaciation extending close to the equator ( Snowball Earth ) appears to have been ended suddenly , about 550 Ma , by a colossal volcanic outgassing that raised the CO concentration of the atmosphere abruptly to 12 % , about 350 times modern levels , causing extreme greenhouse conditions and carbonate deposition as limestone at the rate of about 1 mm per day . This episode marked the close of the Precambrian eon , and was succeeded by the generally warmer conditions of the Phanerozoic , during which multicellular animal and plant life evolved . No volcanic carbon dioxide emission of comparable scale has occurred since . In the modern era , emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are only about 1 % of emissions from human sources . Ice cores ( edit ) Measurements from Antarctic ice cores show that before industrial emissions started atmospheric CO mole fractions were about 280 parts per million ( ppm ) , and stayed between 260 and 280 during the preceding ten thousand years . Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s , rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009 . One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability , with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago , though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO variability . Because of the way air is trapped in ice ( pores in the ice close off slowly to form bubbles deep within the firn ) and the time period represented in each ice sample analyzed , these figures represent averages of atmospheric concentrations of up to a few centuries rather than annual or decadal levels . Changes since the industrial Revolution ( edit ) Recent year - to - year increase of atmospheric CO . Major greenhouse gas trends . Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , the concentrations of most of the greenhouse gases have increased . For example , the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 400 ppm , or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels . The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years , from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958 ; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years , from 1958 to 2014 . Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate . In the 1960s , the average annual increase was only 37 % of what it was in 2000 through 2007 . Today , the stock of carbon in the atmosphere increases by more than 3 million tonnes per annum ( 0.04 % ) compared with the existing stock . This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels , deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions . The other greenhouse gases produced from human activity show similar increases in both amount and rate of increase . Many observations are available online in a variety of Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases . Anthropogenic greenhouse gases ( edit ) This graph shows changes in the annual greenhouse gas index ( AGGI ) between 1979 and 2011 . The AGGI measures the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere based on their ability to cause changes in Earth 's climate . This bar graph shows global greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2005 , measured in carbon dioxide equivalents . Modern global CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels . Since about 1750 human activity has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases . Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels . Natural sources of carbon dioxide are more than 20 times greater than sources due to human activity , but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks , mainly photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton . As a result of this balance , the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era . It is likely that anthropogenic ( i.e. , human - induced ) warming , such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels , has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems . Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts , including sea level rise , increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events , loss of biodiversity , and regional changes in agricultural productivity . The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are : burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air . Land use change ( mainly deforestation in the tropics ) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO emissions . livestock enteric fermentation and manure management , paddy rice farming , land use and wetland changes , man - made lakes , pipeline losses , and covered vented landfill emissions leading to higher methane atmospheric concentrations . Many of the newer style fully vented septic systems that enhance and target the fermentation process also are sources of atmospheric methane . use of chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) in refrigeration systems , and use of CFCs and halons in fire suppression systems and manufacturing processes . agricultural activities , including the use of fertilizers , that lead to higher nitrous oxide ( N O ) concentrations . The seven sources of CO from fossil fuel combustion are ( with percentage contributions for 2000 -- 2004 ) : Seven main fossil fuel combustion sources Contribution ( % ) Liquid fuels ( e.g. , gasoline , fuel oil ) 36 % Solid fuels ( e.g. , coal ) 35 % Gaseous fuels ( e.g. , natural gas ) 20 % Cement production 3 % Flaring gas industrially and at wells < 1 % Non-fuel hydrocarbons < 1 % `` International bunker fuels '' of transport not included in national inventories 4 % Carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide ( N O ) and three groups of fluorinated gases ( sulfur hexafluoride ( SF ) , hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) , and perfluorocarbons ( PFCs ) ) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases , and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty , which came into force in 2005 . Emissions limitations specified in the Kyoto Protocol expired in 2012 . The Cancún agreement , agreed in 2010 , includes voluntary pledges made by 76 countries to control emissions . At the time of the agreement , these 76 countries were collectively responsible for 85 % of annual global emissions . Although CFCs are greenhouse gases , they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol , which was motivated by CFCs ' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming . Note that ozone depletion has only a minor role in greenhouse warming though the two processes often are confused in the media . On 15 October 2016 , negotiators from over 170 nations meeting at the summit of the United Nations Environment Programme reached a legally binding accord to phase out hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) in an amendment to the Montreal Protocol . Sectors ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Information on emissions from other sectors . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) This figure shows the relative fraction of anthropogenic greenhouse gases coming from each of eight categories of sources , as estimated by the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research version 3.2 , fast track 2000 project ( 1 ) . These values are intended to provide a snapshot of global annual greenhouse gas emissions in the year 2000 . The top panel shows the sum over all anthropogenic greenhouse gases , weighted by their global warming potential over the next 100 years . This consists of 72 % carbon dioxide , 18 % methane , 8 % nitrous oxide and 1 % other gases . Lower panels show the comparable information for each of these three primary greenhouse gases , with the same coloring of sectors as used in the top chart . Segments with less than 1 % fraction are not labeled . Tourism ( edit ) According to UNEP global tourism is closely linked to climate change . Tourism is a significant contributor to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere . Tourism accounts for about 50 % of traffic movements . Rapidly expanding air traffic contributes about 2.5 % of the production of CO . The number of international travelers is expected to increase from 594 million in 1996 to 1.6 billion by 2020 , adding greatly to the problem unless steps are taken to reduce emissions . Road haulage ( edit ) The road haulage industry plays a part in production of CO , contributing around 20 % of the UK 's total carbon emissions a year , with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39 % . Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling -- in the thirty - year period from 1977 to 2007 , the carbon emissions associated with a 200 - mile journey fell by 21 percent ; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent , whereas journey times have fallen by around a third . Due to their size , HGVs often receive criticism regarding their CO2 emissions ; however , rapid development in engine technology and fuel management is having a largely positive effect . Role of water vapor ( edit ) Increasing water vapor in the stratosphere at Boulder , Colorado . Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect , between 36 % and 66 % for clear sky conditions and between 66 % and 85 % when including clouds . Water vapor concentrations fluctuate regionally , but human activity does not directly affect water vapor concentrations except at local scales , such as near irrigated fields . Indirectly , human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations , a process known as water vapor feedback . The atmospheric concentration of vapor is highly variable and depends largely on temperature , from less than 0.01 % in extremely cold regions up to 3 % by mass in saturated air at about 32 ° C. ( See Relative humidity # other important facts . ) The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days , compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH and CO . Thus , water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases . The Clausius -- Clapeyron relation establishes that more water vapor will be present per unit volume at elevated temperatures . This and other basic principles indicate that warming associated with increased concentrations of the other greenhouse gases also will increase the concentration of water vapor ( assuming that the relative humidity remains approximately constant ; modeling and observational studies find that this is indeed so ) . Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas , this results in further warming and so is a `` positive feedback '' that amplifies the original warming . Eventually other earth processes offset these positive feedbacks , stabilizing the global temperature at a new equilibrium and preventing the loss of Earth 's water through a Venus - like runaway greenhouse effect . Direct greenhouse gas emissions ( edit ) Between the period 1970 to 2004 , greenhouse gas emissions ( measured in CO-equivalent ) increased at an average rate of 1.6 % per year , with CO emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9 % per year . Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO-equivalent . These emissions include CO from fossil fuel use and from land use , as well as emissions of methane , nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol . At present , the primary source of CO emissions is the burning of coal , natural gas , and petroleum for electricity and heat . Regional and national attribution of emissions ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol and government action According to the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , GHG emissions in the United States can be traced from different sectors . There are several different ways of measuring greenhouse gas emissions , for example , see World Bank ( 2010 ) for tables of national emissions data . Some variables that have been reported include : Definition of measurement boundaries : Emissions can be attributed geographically , to the area where they were emitted ( the territory principle ) or by the activity principle to the territory produced the emissions . These two principles result in different totals when measuring , for example , electricity importation from one country to another , or emissions at an international airport . Time horizon of different gases : Contribution of a given greenhouse gas is reported as a CO equivalent . The calculation to determine this takes into account how long that gas remains in the atmosphere . This is not always known accurately and calculations must be regularly updated to reflect new information . What sectors are included in the calculation ( e.g. , energy industries , industrial processes , agriculture etc . ) : There is often a conflict between transparency and availability of data . The measurement protocol itself : This may be via direct measurement or estimation . The four main methods are the emission factor - based method , mass balance method , predictive emissions monitoring systems , and continuous emissions monitoring systems . These methods differ in accuracy , cost , and usability . These different measures are sometimes used by different countries to assert various policy / ethical positions on climate change ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 94 ) . This use of different measures leads to a lack of comparability , which is problematic when monitoring progress towards targets . There are arguments for the adoption of a common measurement tool , or at least the development of communication between different tools . Emissions may be measured over long time periods . This measurement type is called historical or cumulative emissions . Cumulative emissions give some indication of who is responsible for the build - up in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases ( IEA , 2007 , p. 199 ) . The national accounts balance would be positively related to carbon emissions . The national accounts balance shows the difference between exports and imports . For many richer nations , such as the United States , the accounts balance is negative because more goods are imported than they are exported . This is mostly due to the fact that it is cheaper to produce goods outside of developed countries , leading the economies of developed countries to become increasingly dependent on services and not goods . We believed that a positive accounts balance would means that more production was occurring in a country , so more factories working would increase carbon emission levels . Emissions may also be measured across shorter time periods . Emissions changes may , for example , be measured against a base year of 1990 . 1990 was used in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) as the base year for emissions , and is also used in the Kyoto Protocol ( some gases are also measured from the year 1995 ) . A country 's emissions may also be reported as a proportion of global emissions for a particular year . Another measurement is of per capita emissions . This divides a country 's total annual emissions by its mid-year population . Per capita emissions may be based on historical or annual emissions ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 106 -- 107 ) . From land - use Change ( edit ) Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture , forestry and other land use , 1970 -- 2010 . Land - use change , e.g. , the clearing of forests for agricultural use , can affect the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by altering how much carbon flows out of the atmosphere into carbon sinks . Accounting for land - use change can be understood as an attempt to measure `` net '' emissions , i.e. , gross emissions from all sources minus the removal of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 92 -- 93 ) . There are substantial uncertainties in the measurement of net carbon emissions . Additionally , there is controversy over how carbon sinks should be allocated between different regions and over time ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 93 ) . For instance , concentrating on more recent changes in carbon sinks is likely to favour those regions that have deforested earlier , e.g. , Europe . Greenhouse gas intensity ( edit ) See also : List of countries by carbon intensity Greenhouse gas intensity in the year 2000 , including land - use change . Carbon intensity of GDP ( using PPP ) for different regions , 1982 -- 2011 . Carbon intensity of GDP ( using MER ) for different regions , 1982 -- 2011 . Greenhouse gas intensity is a ratio between greenhouse gas emissions and another metric , e.g. , gross domestic product ( GDP ) or energy use . The terms `` carbon intensity '' and `` emissions intensity '' are also sometimes used . Emission intensities may be calculated using market exchange rates ( MER ) or purchasing power parity ( PPP ) ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 96 ) . Calculations based on MER show large differences in intensities between developed and developing countries , whereas calculations based on PPP show smaller differences . Cumulative and historical emissions ( edit ) Cumulative energy - related CO emissions between the years 1850 -- 2005 grouped into low - income , middle - income , high - income , the EU - 15 , and the OECD countries . Cumulative energy - related CO emissions between the years 1850 -- 2005 for individual countries . Map of cumulative per capita anthropogenic atmospheric CO emissions by country . Cumulative emissions include land use change , and are measured between the years 1950 and 2000 . Regional trends in annual CO emissions from fuel combustion between 1971 and 2009 . Regional trends in annual per capita CO emissions from fuel combustion between 1971 and 2009 . Cumulative anthropogenic ( i.e. , human - emitted ) emissions of CO from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming , and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human - induced climate change . Top - 5 historic CO contributors by region over the years 1800 to 1988 ( in % ) Region Industrial CO Total CO OECD North America 33.2 29.7 OECD Europe 26.1 16.6 Former USSR 14.1 12.5 China 5.5 6.0 Eastern Europe 5.5 4.8 The table above to the left is based on Banuri et al. ( 1996 , p. 94 ) . Overall , developed countries accounted for 83.8 % of industrial CO emissions over this time period , and 67.8 % of total CO emissions . Developing countries accounted for industrial CO emissions of 16.2 % over this time period , and 32.2 % of total CO emissions . The estimate of total CO emissions includes biotic carbon emissions , mainly from deforestation . Banuri et al. ( 1996 , p. 94 ) calculated per capita cumulative emissions based on then - current population . The ratio in per capita emissions between industrialized countries and developing countries was estimated at more than 10 to 1 . Including biotic emissions brings about the same controversy mentioned earlier regarding carbon sinks and land - use change ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 93 -- 94 ) . The actual calculation of net emissions is very complex , and is affected by how carbon sinks are allocated between regions and the dynamics of the climate system . Non-OECD countries accounted for 42 % of cumulative energy - related CO emissions between 1890 and 2007 . Over this time period , the US accounted for 28 % of emissions ; the EU , 23 % ; Russia , 11 % ; China , 9 % ; other OECD countries , 5 % ; Japan , 4 % ; India , 3 % ; and the rest of the world , 18 % . Changes since a particular base year ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol § Government action and emissions Between 1970 and 2004 , global growth in annual CO emissions was driven by North America , Asia , and the Middle East . The sharp acceleration in CO emissions since 2000 to more than a 3 % increase per year ( more than 2 ppm per year ) from 1.1 % per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations . China was responsible for most of global growth in emissions during this period . Localised plummeting emissions associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union have been followed by slow emissions growth in this region due to more efficient energy use , made necessary by the increasing proportion of it that is exported . In comparison , methane has not increased appreciably , and N O by 0.25 % y . Using different base years for measuring emissions has an effect on estimates of national contributions to global warming . This can be calculated by dividing a country 's highest contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year , by that country 's minimum contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year . Choosing between different base years of 1750 , 1900 , 1950 , and 1990 has a significant effect for most countries . Within the G8 group of countries , it is most significant for the UK , France and Germany . These countries have a long history of CO emissions ( see the section on Cumulative and historical emissions ) . Annual emissions ( edit ) Per capita anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by country for the year 2000 including land - use change . Annual per capita emissions in the industrialized countries are typically as much as ten times the average in developing countries . Due to China 's fast economic development , its annual per capita emissions are quickly approaching the levels of those in the Annex I group of the Kyoto Protocol ( i.e. , the developed countries excluding the USA ) . Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea , Iran , and Australia ( which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states , now has the highest percapita emission rate in the world ) . On the other hand , annual per capita emissions of the EU - 15 and the USA are gradually decreasing over time . Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries . Energy statistics for fast growing economies are less accurate than those for the industrialized countries . For China 's annual emissions in 2008 , the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency estimated an uncertainty range of about 10 % . The greenhouse gas footprint refers to the emissions resulting from the creation of products or services . It is more comprehensive than the commonly used carbon footprint , which measures only carbon dioxide , one of many greenhouse gases . 2015 was the first year to see both total global economic growth and a reduction of carbon emissions . Top emitter countries ( edit ) Global carbon dioxide emissions by country . The top 40 countries emitting all greenhouse gases , showing both that derived from all sources including land clearance and forestry and also the CO2 component excluding those sources . Per capita figures are included . Data taken from World Resources Institute , Washington . Note that Indonesia and Brazil show very much higher than on graphs simply showing fossil fuel use . See also : List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions , List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita , List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions , and List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita Annual ( edit ) In 2009 , the annual top ten emitting countries accounted for about two - thirds of the world 's annual energy - related CO emissions . Top - 10 annual energy - related CO emitters for the year 2009 Country % of global total annual emissions Tonnes of GHG per capita People 's Rep. of China 23.6 5.1 United States 17.9 16.9 India 5.5 1.4 Russian Federation 5.3 10.8 Japan 3.8 8.6 Germany 2.6 9.2 Islamic Rep. of Iran 1.8 7.3 Canada 1.8 15.4 South Korea 1.8 10.6 United Kingdom 1.6 7.5 Cumulative ( edit ) Play media The C - Story of Human Civilization by PIK Top - 10 cumulative energy - related CO emitters between 1850 and 2008 Country % of world total Metric tonnes CO per person United States 28.5 1,132.7 China 9.36 85.4 Russian Federation 7.95 677.2 Germany 6.78 998.9 United Kingdom 5.73 1,127.8 Japan 3.88 367 France 2.73 514.9 India 2.52 26.7 Canada 2.17 789.2 Ukraine 2.13 556.4 Embedded emissions ( edit ) One way of attributing greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions is to measure the embedded emissions ( also referred to as `` embodied emissions '' ) of goods that are being consumed . Emissions are usually measured according to production , rather than consumption . For example , in the main international treaty on climate change ( the UNFCCC ) , countries report on emissions produced within their borders , e.g. , the emissions produced from burning fossil fuels . Under a production - based accounting of emissions , embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the exporting , rather than the importing , country . Under a consumption - based accounting of emissions , embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the importing country , rather than the exporting , country . Davis and Caldeira ( 2010 ) found that a substantial proportion of CO emissions are traded internationally . The net effect of trade was to export emissions from China and other emerging markets to consumers in the US , Japan , and Western Europe . Based on annual emissions data from the year 2004 , and on a per - capita consumption basis , the top - 5 emitting countries were found to be ( in tCO per person , per year ) : Luxembourg ( 34.7 ) , the US ( 22.0 ) , Singapore ( 20.2 ) , Australia ( 16.7 ) , and Canada ( 16.6 ) . Carbon Trust research revealed that approximately 25 % of all CO emissions from human activities ' flow ' ( i.e. , are imported or exported ) from one country to another . Major developed economies were found to be typically net importers of embodied carbon emissions -- with UK consumption emissions 34 % higher than production emissions , and Germany ( 29 % ) , Japan ( 19 % ) and the USA ( 13 % ) also significant net importers of embodied emissions . Effect of Policy ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol and government action Governments have taken action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions ( climate change mitigation ) . Assessments of policy effectiveness have included work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , International Energy Agency , and United Nations Environment Programme . Policies implemented by governments have included national and regional targets to reduce emissions , promoting energy efficiency , and support for renewable energy such as Solar energy as an effective use of renewable energy because solar uses energy from the sun and does not release pollutants into the air . Countries and regions listed in Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ( i.e. , the OECD and former planned economies of the Soviet Union ) are required to submit periodic assessments to the UNFCCC of actions they are taking to address climate change . Analysis by the UNFCCC ( 2011 ) suggested that policies and measures undertaken by Annex I Parties may have produced emission savings of 1.5 thousand Tg CO-eq in the year 2010 , with most savings made in the energy sector . The projected emissions saving of 1.5 thousand Tg CO-eq is measured against a hypothetical `` baseline '' of Annex I emissions , i.e. , projected Annex I emissions in the absence of policies and measures . The total projected Annex I saving of 1.5 thousand CO-eq does not include emissions savings in seven of the Annex I Parties . Projections ( edit ) Further information : climate change scenario § Quantitative emissions projections See also : Global climate model § Projections of future climate change A wide range of projections of future emissions have been produced . Rogner et al. ( 2007 ) assessed the scientific literature on greenhouse gas projections . Rogner et al. ( 2007 ) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially , the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025 -- 2030 . Projections suggest that more than 80 % of the world 's energy will come from fossil fuels . This conclusion was based on `` much evidence '' and `` high agreement '' in the literature . Projected annual energy - related CO emissions in 2030 were 40 -- 110 % higher than in 2000 , with two - thirds of the increase originating in developing countries . Projected annual per capita emissions in developed country regions remained substantially lower ( 2.8 -- 5.1 tonnes CO ) than those in developed country regions ( 9.6 -- 15.1 tonnes CO ) . Projections consistently showed increase in annual world emissions of `` Kyoto '' gases , measured in CO-equivalent ) of 25 -- 90 % by 2030 , compared to 2000 . Relative CO emission from various fuels ( edit ) One liter of gasoline , when used as a fuel , produces 2.32 kg ( about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters ) of carbon dioxide , a greenhouse gas . One US gallon produces 19.4 lb ( 1,291.5 gallons or 172.65 cubic feet ) Mass of carbon dioxide emitted per quantity of energy for various fuels Fuel name CO emitted ( lbs / 10 Btu ) CO emitted ( g / MJ ) CO emitted ( g / kWh ) Natural gas 117 50.30 181.08 Liquefied petroleum gas 139 59.76 215.14 Propane 139 59.76 215.14 Aviation gasoline 153 65.78 236.81 Automobile gasoline 156 67.07 241.45 Kerosene 159 68.36 246.10 Fuel oil 161 69.22 249.19 Tires / tire derived fuel 189 81.26 292.54 Wood and wood waste 195 83.83 301.79 Coal ( bituminous ) 205 88.13 317.27 Coal ( sub-bituminous ) 213 91.57 329.65 Coal ( lignite ) 215 92.43 332.75 Petroleum coke 225 96.73 348.23 Tar - sand Bitumen Coal ( anthracite ) 227 97.59 351.32 Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources ( edit ) Main article : Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources A literature review of numerous energy sources CO emissions by the IPCC in 2011 , found that , the CO emission value that fell within the 50th percentile of all total life cycle emissions studies conducted was as follows . Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions by electricity source . Technology Description 50th percentile ( g CO / kWh ) Hydroelectric reservoir Ocean Energy wave and tidal 8 Wind onshore 12 Nuclear various generation II reactor types 16 Biomass various 18 Solar thermal parabolic trough 22 Geothermal hot dry rock 45 Solar PV Polycrystalline silicon 46 Natural gas various combined cycle turbines without scrubbing 469 Coal various generator types without scrubbing 1001 Removal from the atmosphere ( `` sinks '' ) ( edit ) Natural processes ( edit ) Greenhouse gases can be removed from the atmosphere by various processes , as a consequence of : a physical change ( condensation and precipitation remove water vapor from the atmosphere ) . a chemical reaction within the atmosphere . For example , methane is oxidized by reaction with naturally occurring hydroxyl radical , OH and degraded to CO and water vapor ( CO from the oxidation of methane is not included in the methane Global warming potential ) . Other chemical reactions include solution and solid phase chemistry occurring in atmospheric aerosols . a physical exchange between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet . An example is the mixing of atmospheric gases into the oceans . a chemical change at the interface between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet . This is the case for CO , which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants , and which , after dissolving in the oceans , reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions ( see ocean acidification ) . a photochemical change . Halocarbons are dissociated by UV light releasing Cl and F as free radicals in the stratosphere with harmful effects on ozone ( halocarbons are generally too stable to disappear by chemical reaction in the atmosphere ) . Negative emissions ( edit ) Main article : Negative carbon dioxide emission A number of technologies remove greenhouse gases emissions from the atmosphere . Most widely analysed are those that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , either to geologic formations such as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage and carbon dioxide air capture , or to the soil as in the case with biochar . The IPCC has pointed out that many long - term climate scenario models require large - scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change . History of scientific Research ( edit ) In the late 19th century scientists experimentally discovered that N and O do not absorb infrared radiation ( called , at that time , `` dark radiation '' ) , while water ( both as true vapor and condensed in the form of microscopic droplets suspended in clouds ) and CO and other poly - atomic gaseous molecules do absorb infrared radiation . In the early 20th century researchers realized that greenhouse gases in the atmosphere made Earth 's overall temperature higher than it would be without them . During the late 20th century , a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system , with consequences for the environment and for human health . See also ( edit ) Attribution of recent climate change Carbon accounting Carbon credit Carbon emissions reporting Carbon neutrality Carbon offset Cap and Trade Deforestation and climate change Effects of global warming Emission standard Environmental impact of aviation Greenhouse debt Hydrogen economy Integrated Carbon Observation System List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources List of international environmental agreements Low - carbon economy Methane Mobile source air pollution Paris Agreement Perfluorotributylamine Physical properties of greenhouse gases Sustainability measurement World energy consumption Zero - emissions vehicle References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IPCC AR4 SYR Appendix Glossary '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NASA GISS : Science Briefs : Greenhouse Gases : Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide '' . www.giss.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Karl TR , Trenberth KE ( 2003 ) . `` Modern global climate change '' . Science . 302 ( 5651 ) : 1719 -- 23 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 302.1719 K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1090228 . PMID 14657489 . Jump up ^ Le Treut H. ; Somerville R. ; Cubasch U. ; Ding Y. ; Mauritzen C. ; Mokssit A. ; Peterson T. ; Prather M. ( 2007 ) . Historical overview of climate change science . In : Climate change 2007 : The physical science basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( Solomon S. , Qin D. , Manning M. , Chen Z. , Marquis M. , Averyt K.B. , Tignor M. and Miller H.L. , editors ) ( PDF ) . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 14 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Science Mission Directorate article on the water cycle '' . Nasascience.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide '' . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked global change questions '' . Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center . Jump up ^ ESRL Web Team ( 14 January 2008 ) . `` Trends in carbon dioxide '' . Esrl.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data Jump up ^ `` AR4 SYR Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers -- 2 Causes of change '' . ipcc.ch . Jump up ^ Mora , C ( 2013 ) . `` The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability '' . Nature . 502 ( 7470 ) : 183 -- 187 . Bibcode : 2013Natur. 502 ... 183M . doi : 10.1038 / nature12540 . PMID 24108050 . Jump up ^ Mann , Michael E. ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Earth Will Cross the Climate Danger Threshold by 2036 '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 7 : Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry '' ( PDF ) . IPCC WG1 AR4 Report . IPCC. 2007 . p . FAQ 7.1 ; report page 512 ; pdf page 14 . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Canadell , J.G. ; Le Quere , C. ; Raupach , M.R. ; Field , C.B. ; Buitenhuis , E.T. ; Ciais , P. ; Conway , T.J. ; Gillett , N.P. ; Houghton , R.A. ; Marland , G. ( 2007 ) . `` Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO growth from economic activity , carbon intensity , and efficiency of natural sinks '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 ( 47 ) : 18866 -- 70 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10418866C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0702737104 . PMC 2141868 . PMID 17962418 . Jump up ^ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/RemoteSensingAtmosphere/remote_sensing6.html Archived 20 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Forster , P. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` 2.10. 3 Indirect GWPs '' . Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ MacCarty , N. `` Laboratory Comparison of the Global - Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves '' ( PDF ) . Approvecho Research Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kiehl , J.T. ; Kevin E. Trenberth ( 1997 ) . `` Earth 's annual global mean energy budget '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 78 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 208 . Bibcode : 1997BAMS ... 78 ... 197K . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0477 ( 1997 ) 078 < 0197 : EAGMEB > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 March 2006 . Retrieved 1 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water vapour : feedback or forcing ? '' . RealClimate. 6 April 2005 . Retrieved 1 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , G.A. ; R. Ruedy ; R.L. Miller ; A.A. Lacis ( 2010 ) , `` The attribution of the present - day total greenhouse effect '' ( PDF ) , J. Geophys . Res. , 115 , Bibcode : 2010JGRD ... 11520106S , doi : 10.1029 / 2010JD014287 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 October 2011 , D20106 . Web page for paper . Jump up ^ Lacis , A. ( October 2010 ) , NASA GISS : CO : The Thermostat that Controls Earth 's Temperature , New York : NASA GISS ^ Jump up to : IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , Appendix 8. A , Chap. 8 , p. 731 Jump up ^ Shindell , Drew T. ( 2005 ) . `` An emissions - based view of climate forcing by methane and tropospheric ozone '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 32 ( 4 ) : L04803 . Bibcode : 2005GeoRL ... 3204803S . doi : 10.1029 / 2004GL021900 . Jump up ^ `` Methane 's Impacts on Climate Change May Be Twice Previous Estimates '' . Nasa.gov. 30 November 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change Indicators : Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases '' . Climate Change Indicators . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wallace , John M. and Peter V. Hobbs . Atmospheric Science ; An Introductory Survey . Elsevier . Second Edition , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 732951 - 2 . Chapter 1 Jump up ^ Prather , Michael J. ; J Hsu ( 2008 ) . `` NF , the greenhouse gas missing from Kyoto `` . Geophysical Research Letters. 35 ( 12 ) : L12810 . Bibcode : 2008GeoRL ... 3512810P . doi : 10.1029 / 2008GL034542 . Jump up ^ Isaksen , Ivar S.A. ; Michael Gauss ; Gunnar Myhre ; Katey M. Walter Anthony ; Carolyn Ruppel ( 20 April 2011 ) . `` Strong atmospheric chemistry feedback to climate warming from Arctic methane emissions '' ( PDF ) . Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 25 ( 2 ) . Bibcode : 2011GBioC ... 25B2002I . doi : 10.1029 / 2010GB003845 . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System '' . Eso.org. 27 April 1995 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Betts ( 2001 ) . `` 6.3 Well - mixed Greenhouse Gases '' . Chapter 6 Radiative Forcing of Climate Change . Working Group I : The Scientific Basis IPCC Third Assessment Report -- Climate Change 2001 . UNEP / GRID - Arendal -- Publications . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jacob , Daniel ( 1999 ) . Introduction to atmospheric chemistry . Princeton University Press . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00185 - 5 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How long will global warming last ? '' . RealClimate . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , MZ ( 2005 ) . `` Correction to `` Control of fossil - fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter , possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming . '' `` . J. Geophys . Res. 110 . pp. D14105 . doi : 10.1029 / 2005JD005888 . Jump up ^ Archer , David ( 2009 ) . `` Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 37 . pp. 117 -- 134 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. earth. 031208.100206 . Jump up ^ Meehl , G.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Frequently Asked Question 10.3 : If emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced , how quickly do their concentrations in the atmosphere decrease ? '' . In S. Solomon ; et al. Chapter 10 : Global Climate Projections . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press ( CUP ) , Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA. : Print version : CUP . This version : IPCC website . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ See also : Archer , David ( 2005 ) . `` Fate of fossil fuel CO in geologic time '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 110 ( C9 ) : C09S05. 1 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2005JGRC ... 11009S05A . doi : 10.1029 / 2004JC002625 . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . Jump up ^ See also : Caldeira , Ken ; Wickett , Michael E. ( 2005 ) . `` Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 110 ( C9 ) : C09S04. 1 -- 12 . Bibcode : 2005JGRC ... 11009S04C . doi : 10.1029 / 2004JC002671 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edited quote from public - domain source : `` Climate Change Indicators in the United States '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 2010 . Greenhouse Gases : Figure 1 . The Annual Greenhouse Gas Index , 1979 -- 2008 : Background ... This publication is also available as a PDF ( page 18 ) . ^ Jump up to : IPCC Fourth Assessment Report , Table 2.14 , Chap. 2 , p. 212 Jump up ^ David L. Chandler , How to count methane emissions , MIT News , April 25 , 2014 ( Accessed Jan. 15 , 2015 ) . Referenced paper is Jessika Trancik and Morgan Edwards , Climate impacts of energy technologies depend on emissions timing Archived 16 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , Nature Climate Change , Volume 4 , April 25 , 2014 , p. 347 ( Accessed Jan. 15 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Vaara , Miska ( 1 January 2003 ) , Use of ozone depleting substances in laboratories , TemaNord , p. 170 , ISBN 92 - 893 - 0884 - 2 , Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Montreal Protocol Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Levels Hit Record , Report Says '' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritter , Karl ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` UK : In 1st , global temps average could be 1 degree C higher '' . AP News . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cole , Steve ; Gray , Ellen ( 14 December 2015 ) . `` New NASA Satellite Maps Show Human Fingerprint on Global Air Quality '' . NASA . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Canadell , J.G. ; et al. ( 20 November 2007 ) , `` Contributions to Accelerating Atmospheric CO2 Growth from Economic Activity , Carbon Intensity , and Efficiency of Natural Sinks ( Results and Discussion : Growth in Atmospheric CO ) '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 104 ( 47 ) : 18866 -- 18870 , Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10418866C , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0702737104 , PMC 2141868 , PMID 17962418 Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 Historical Overview of Climate Change Science -- FAQ 1.3 Figure 1 description page 116 '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 5 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 , IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios , 2000 '' . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 2000 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( November 17 , 2007 ) . `` Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 5 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : From non-copyrighted source : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . Details on copyright status : Frequently Asked Global Change Questions , Q34 : I would like to use a diagram , image , graph , table , or other materials from the CDIAC Web site . How can I obtain permission ? Are there copyright restrictions ? , retrieved 2012 - 09 - 26 , on CDIAC 2013 . `` All of the reports , graphics , data , and other information on the CDIAC Web site are freely and publicly available without copyright restrictions . However as a professional courtesy , we ask that the original data source be acknowledged . '' ^ Jump up to : Ehhalt , D. ; et al. , `` Ch 4 . Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases '' , Table 4.1 , archived from the original on 3 January 2013 , in IPCC TAR WG1 2001 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . Based on Blasing et al. ( 2013 ) : Pre-1750 concentrations of CH4 , N2O and current concentrations of O3 , are taken from Table 4.1 ( a ) of the IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) , 2001 . Following the convention of IPCC ( 2001 ) , inferred global - scale trace - gas concentrations from prior to 1750 are assumed to be practically uninfluenced by human activities such as increasingly specialized agriculture , land clearing , and combustion of fossil fuels . Preindustrial concentrations of industrially manufactured compounds are given as zero . The short atmospheric lifetime of ozone ( hours - days ) together with the spatial variability of its sources precludes a globally or vertically homogeneous distribution , so that a fractional unit such as parts per billion would not apply over a range of altitudes or geographical locations . Therefore a different unit is used to integrate the varying concentrations of ozone in the vertical dimension over a unit area , and the results can then be averaged globally . This unit is called a Dobson Unit ( D.U. ) , after G.M.B. Dobson , one of the first investigators of atmospheric ozone . A Dobson unit is the amount of ozone in a column that , unmixed with the rest of the atmosphere , would be 10 micrometers thick at standard temperature and pressure . Jump up ^ Because atmospheric concentrations of most gases tend to vary systematically over the course of a year , figures given represent averages over a 12 - month period for all gases except ozone ( O3 ) , for which a current global value has been estimated ( IPCC , 2001 , Table 4.1 a ) . CO averages for year 2012 are taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Earth System Research Laboratory , web site : www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends maintained by Dr. Pieter Tans . For other chemical species , the values given are averages for 2011 . These data are found on the CDIAC AGAGE web site : http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html or the AGAGE home page : http://agage.eas.gatech.edu . ^ Jump up to : Forster , P. ; et al. , `` Ch 2 : Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing '' , Table 2.1 , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 141 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . For the latest updates , see the NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index at : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Prentice , I.C. ; et al. , `` Ch 3 . The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide '' , Executive summary , archived from the original on 7 December 2009 , in IPCC TAR WG1 2001 , p. 185 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 Jump up ^ Recent CO concentration ( 395.4 ppm ) is the 2013 average taken from globally averaged marine surface data given by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory , website : http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/index.html#global . Please read the material on that web page and reference Dr. Pieter Tans when citing this average ( Dr. Pieter Tans , NOAA / ESRL http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends ) . The oft - cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm , which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above . Refer to http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends for records back to the late 1950s . Jump up ^ ppb = parts - per - billion ^ Jump up to : The first value in a cell represents Mace Head , Ireland , a mid-latitude Northern - Hemisphere site , and the second value represents Cape Grim , Tasmania , a mid-latitude Southern - Hemisphere site . `` Current '' values given for these gases are annual arithmetic averages based on monthly background concentrations for year 2011 . The SF values are from the AGAGE gas chromatography -- mass spectrometer ( gc - ms ) Medusa measuring system . Source : Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment ( AGAGE ) data posted on CDIAC web site at : http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ . These data are compiled from data on finer time scales in the ALE / GAGE / AGAGE database ( 2 ) ( Prinn et al. , 2000 ) . These data represent the work of several investigators at various institutions ; guidelines on citing the various parts of the AGAGE database are found within the ALE / GAGE / AGAGE database , see : ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ The pre-1750 value for N O is consistent with ice - core records from 10,000 B.C.E. through 1750 C.E. : `` Summary for policymakers '' , Figure SPM. 1 , IPCC , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 3 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 Jump up ^ Changes in stratospheric ozone have resulted in a decrease in radiative forcing of 0.05 W / m : Forster , P. ; et al. , `` Ch 2 : Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing '' , Table 2.12 , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 204 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 ^ Jump up to : For SF data from January 2004 onward see : ( 4 ) . For data from 1995 through 2004 , see the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , Halogenated and other Atmospheric Trace Species ( HATS ) site at : ( 5 ) . Concentrations of SF from 1970 through 1999 , obtained from Antarctic firn ( consolidated deep snow ) air samples , can be found in W.T. Sturges et al . Jump up ^ File : Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide. png Jump up ^ Berner , Robert A. ( January 1994 ) . `` GEOCARB II : a revised model of atmospheric CO over Phanerozoic time '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Science . 294 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 91 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. 294.1. 56 . Jump up ^ Royer , D.L. ; R.A. Berner ; D.J. Beerling ( 2001 ) . `` Phanerozoic atmospheric CO change : evaluating geochemical and paleobiological approaches '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 54 ( 4 ) : 349 -- 92 . Bibcode : 2001ESRv ... 54 ... 349R . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 00 ) 00042 - 8 . Jump up ^ Berner , Robert A. ; Kothavala , Zavareth ( 2001 ) . `` GEOCARB III : a revised model of atmospheric CO over Phanerozoic time '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Science . 301 ( 2 ) : 182 -- 204 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. 301.2. 182 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 August 2004 . Jump up ^ Beerling , D.J. ; Berner , R.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Feedbacks and the co-evolution of plants and atmospheric CO '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 ( 5 ) : 1302 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2005PNAS ... 102.1302 B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0408724102 . PMC 547859 . PMID 15668402 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffmann , PF ; AJ Kaufman ; GP Halverson ; DP Schrag ( 1998 ) . `` A neoproterozoic snowball earth '' . Science . 281 ( 5381 ) : 1342 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 281.1342 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 281.5381. 1342 . PMID 9721097 . Jump up ^ Gerlach , TM ( 1991 ) . `` Present - day CO emissions from volcanoes '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Climate Change Indicators in the United States '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 2010 . Figure 2 . Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector , 1990 -- 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2001 : Working Group I : The Scientific Basis : figure 6 - 6 '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 . Retrieved 1 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The present carbon cycle -- Climate Change '' . Grida.no . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , S. ; D. Qin ; M. Manning ; Z . Chen ; M. Marquis ; K.B. Averyt ; M. Tignor ; H.L. Miller , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 7 . Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88009 - 1 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ IPCC ( 2007d ) . `` 6.1 Observed changes in climate and their effects , and their causes '' . 6 Robust findings , key uncertainties . Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report . A Contribution of Working Groups I , II , and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : IPCC . ^ Jump up to : `` 6.2 Drivers and projections of future climate changes and their impacts '' . 6 Robust findings , key uncertainties . Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report . A Contribution of Working Groups I , II , and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : IPCC . 2007d . ^ Jump up to : `` 3.3. 1 Impacts on systems and sectors '' . 3 Climate change and its impacts in the near and long term under different scenarios . Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report . A Contribution of Working Groups I , II , and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : IPCC . 2007d . Jump up ^ H. Steinfeld , P. Gerber , T. Wassenaar , V. Castel , M. Rosales , C. de Haan ( 2006 ) Livestock 's long shadow . Environmental issues and options . FAO Livestock , Environment and Development ( LEAD ) Initiative . Jump up ^ Ciais , Phillipe ; Sabine , Christopher . `` Climate Change 2013 : The Physical Science Basis : Chapter 6 : Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles '' . IPCC . Chapter 6 : IPCC . p. 473 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Raupach , M.R. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO emissions '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 ( 24 ) : 10288 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10410288R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0700609104 . PMC 1876160 . PMID 17519334 . Jump up ^ Schrooten , L ; De Vlieger , Ina ; Int Panis , Luc ; Styns , R. Torfs , K ; Torfs , R ( 2008 ) . `` Inventory and forecasting of maritime emissions in the Belgian sea territory , an activity based emission model '' . Atmospheric Environment. 42 ( 4 ) : 667 -- 676 . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2007.09. 071 . ^ Jump up to : Grubb , M. ( July -- September 2003 ) . `` The economics of the Kyoto protocol '' ( PDF ) . World Economics . 4 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Lerner & K. Lee Lerner , Brenda Wilmoth ( 2006 ) . `` Environmental issues : essential primary sources '' . Thomson Gale . Retrieved 11 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyoto Protocol '' . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . Home > Kyoto Protocol . ^ Jump up to : King , D. ; et al. ( July 2011 ) , `` Copenhagen and Cancún '' , International climate change negotiations : Key lessons and next steps , Oxford , UK : Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment , University of Oxford , p. 12 , doi : 10.4210 / ssee. pbs. 2011.0003 , archived from the original on 1 August 2013 PDF version is also available Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chris Johnston , Oliver Milman , John Vidal and agencies , `` Climate change : global deal reached to limit use of hydrofluorocarbons '' , The Guardian , Saturday 15 October 2016 ( page visited on 15 October 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Climate change : ' Monumental ' deal to cut HFCs , fastest growing greenhouse gases '' . BBC News . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nations , Fighting Powerful Refrigerant That Warms Planet , Reach Landmark Deal '' . New York Times . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Environmental Impacts of Tourism -- Global Level UNEP Jump up ^ `` A Cheaper and More Efficient Freight Industry In and Out of the UK '' . freightbestpractice.org.uk . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbold , Richard ( May 19 , 2014 ) , A practical guide for fleet operators , returnloads.net , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Held , I.M. and Soden , B.J. , 2000 . Water vapor feedback and global warming . Annual review of energy and the environment , 25 ( 1 ) , pp. 441 -- 475 . Jump up ^ Evans , Kimberly Masters ( 2005 ) . `` The greenhouse effect and climate change '' . The environment : a revolution in attitudes . Detroit : Thomson Gale . ISBN 0 - 7876 - 9082 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks : 1990 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 15 April 2012 . p. 1.4 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Held , I.M. ; Soden , B.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Water Vapor Feedback and Global Warming1 '' . Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 25 : 441 -- 475 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. energy. 25.1. 441 . Jump up ^ Includes the Kyoto `` basket '' of GHGs ^ Jump up to : Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` Executive Summary '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` 1.3. 1 Review of the last three decades '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) This citation clarifies the time period ( 1970 -- 2004 ) for the observed emissions trends Jump up ^ Bridging the Emissions Gap : A UNEP Synthesis Report ( PDF ) , Nairobi , Kenya : United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , November 2011 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 807 - 3229 - 0 UNEP Stock Number : DEW / 1470 / NA Jump up ^ `` Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data '' . EPA . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . The burning of coal , natural gas , and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions . Jump up ^ `` What is GHG ? '' . ADEC Innovations ESG Solutions . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selected Development Indicators '' ( PDF ) . World Development Report 2010 : Development and Climate Change ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. , USA : The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank . 2010 . Tables A1 and A2 . doi : 10.1596 / 978 - 0 - 8213 - 7987 - 5 . ISBN 9780821379875 . ^ Jump up to : Bader , N. ; Bleichwitz , R. ( 2009 ) . `` Measuring urban greenhouse gas emissions : The challenge of comparability . S.A.P.I. EN. S. 2 ( 3 ) '' . Sapiens.revues.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Banuri , T. ( 1996 ) . Equity and social considerations . In : Climate change 1995 : Economic and social dimensions of climate change . Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( J.P. Bruce et al. Eds . ) ( PDF ) . This version : Printed by Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK , and New York , USA . PDF version : IPCC website . doi : 10.2277 / 0521568544 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56854 - 8 . Jump up ^ World energy outlook 2007 edition -- China and India insights . International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , Head of Communication and Information Office , 9 rue de la Fédération , 75739 Paris Cedex 15 , France . 2007 . p. 600 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 02730 - 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Holtz - Eakin , D. ( 1995 ) . `` Stoking the fires ? CO emissions and economic growth '' . Journal of Public Economics . 57 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 101 . doi : 10.1016 / 0047 - 2727 ( 94 ) 01449 - X . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Annex I : Glossary J-P '' . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Print version : Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA . This version : IPCC website . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Markandya , A. ( 2001 ) . `` 7.3. 5 Cost Implications of Alternative GHG Emission Reduction Options and Carbon Sinks '' . In B. Metz ; et al. Costing Methodologies . Climate Change 2001 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Print version : Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , U.K. , and New York , N.Y. This version : GRID - Arendal website . doi : 10.2277 / 0521015022 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01502 - 8 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Herzog , T. ( November 2006 ) . Yamashita , M.B. , ed . Target : intensity -- an analysis of greenhouse gas intensity targets ( PDF ) . World Resources Institute . ISBN 1 - 56973 - 638 - 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Botzen , W.J.W. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Cumulative CO emissions : shifting international responsibilities for climate debt '' . 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Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The cited paper uses the term `` start date '' instead of `` base year . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Global CO emissions : annual increase halves in 2008 '' . Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency ( PBL ) website . 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Global Carbon Mechanisms : Emerging lessons and implications ( CTC748 ) '' . Carbon Trust . March 2009 . p. 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Adam ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Global emissions to fall for first time during a period of economic growth '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . 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In : Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( B. Metz , O.R. Davidson , P.R. Bosch , R. Dave , L.A. Meyer ( eds ) ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521880114 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Agency -- Energy Policy '' . Paris , France : International Energy Agency ( IEA ) . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IEA Publications Bookshop : IEA Publications on ' Energy Policy ' '' . Paris , France : Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) / International Energy Agency ( IEA ) . 2012 . Jump up ^ Bridging the Emissions Gap : A UNEP Synthesis Report ( PDF ) , Nairobi , Kenya : United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , November 2011 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 807 - 3229 - 0 UNEP Stock Number : DEW / 1470 / NA Jump up ^ `` 4 . Energizing development without compromising the climate '' ( PDF ) . World Development Report 2010 : Development and Climate Change ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. , USA : The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank . 2010 . p 192 , Box 4.2 : Efficient and clean energy can be good for development . doi : 10.1596 / 978 - 0 - 8213 - 7987 - 5 . ISBN 9780821379875 . Jump up ^ Sixth compilation and synthesis of initial national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention . Note by the secretariat . Executive summary ( PDF ) . Geneva , Switzerland : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . 2005 . pp. 10 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Compilation and synthesis of fifth national communications . Executive summary . Note by the secretariat ( PDF ) . Geneva ( Switzerland ) : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . 2011 . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Fisher , B. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` 3.1 Emissions scenarios '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Chapter 3 : Issues related to mitigation in the long - term context . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` 1.3. 2 Future outlook '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` 1.3. 2.4 Total GHG emissions '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , sulfur hexafluoride Jump up ^ `` Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle , US Environment Protection Agency '' ( PDF ) . Epa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Engber , Daniel ( 1 November 2006 ) . `` How gasoline becomes CO , Slate Magazine '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Volume calculation for carbon dioxide '' . Icbe.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program '' . Energy Information Administration . Archived from the original on 1 November 2004 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Moomaw , W. , P. Burgherr , G. Heath , M. Lenzen , J. Nyboer , A. Verbruggen ( 2011 ) . `` Annex II : Methodology '' ( PDF ) . IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation : 10 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Obersteiner M ; Azar C ; Kauppi P ; et al. ( October 2001 ) . `` Managing climate risk '' . Science . 294 ( 5543 ) : 786 -- 7 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 294.5543. 786b . PMID 11681318 . Jump up ^ Azar , C. , Lindgren , K. , Larson , E.D. and Möllersten , K. ( 2006 ) . `` Carbon capture and storage from fossil fuels and biomass -- Costs and potential role in stabilising the atmosphere '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . 74 : 47 -- 79 . doi : 10.1007 / s10584 - 005 - 3484 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Geoengineering the climate : science , governance and uncertainty '' . The Royal Society . 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Fischer , B.S. , N. Nakicenovic , K. Alfsen , J. Corfee Morlot , F. de la Chesnaye , J. - Ch . Hourcade , K. Jiang , M. Kainuma , E. La Rovere , A. Matysek , A. Rana , K. Riahi , R. Richels , S. Rose , D. van Vuuren , R. Warren , ( 2007 ) `` Issues related to mitigation in the long term context '' , In Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change ( B. Metz , O.R. Davidson , P.R. Bosch , R. Dave , L.A. Meyer ( eds ) ) , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . Jump up ^ Cook , J. ; Nuccitelli , D. ; Green , S.A. ; Richardson , M. ; Winkler , B.R. ; Painting , R. ; Way , R. ; Jacobs , P. ; Skuce , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature '' . Environmental Research Letters. 8 ( 2 ) : 024024 . doi : 10.1088 / 1748 - 9326 / 8 / 2 / 024024 . Bibliography ( edit ) Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) , Oak Ridge , Tennessee , 2012 IPCC TAR WG1 ( 2001 ) , Houghton , J.T. ; Ding , Y. ; Griggs , D.J. ; Noguer , M. ; van der Linden , P.J. ; Dai , X. ; Maskell , K. ; Johnson , C.A. , eds. , Climate Change 2001 : The Scientific Basis , Contribution of Working Group I ( WG1 ) to the Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 80767 - 0 , archived from the original on 30 March 2016 ( pb : 0 - 521 - 01495 - 6 ) IPCC AR4 WG1 ( 2007 ) , Solomon , S. ; Qin , D. ; Manning , M. ; Chen , Z. ; Marquis , M. ; Averyt , K.B. ; Tignor , M. ; Miller , H.L. , eds. , Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis , Contribution of Working Group I ( WG1 ) to the Fourth Assessment Report ( AR4 ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88009 - 1 ( pb : 978 - 0 - 521 - 70596 - 7 ) Van Dijk , P. ; Zhang , J. ; Jun , W. ; Kuenzer , C. ; WOLF , K.H. ( 2011 ) . `` Assessment of the contribution of in - situ combustion of coal to greenhouse gas emission ; based on a comparison of Chinese mining information to previous remote sensing estimates '' . International Journal of Coal Geology. 86 ( 1 Special Issue RS / GIS ) : 108 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coal. 2011.01. 009 . Zhou , Yiqin ( 2011 ) . Compar ( ison of ) Fresh or Ensiled Fodders ( e.g. , Grass , Legume , Corn ) on the Production of Greenhouse Gases Following Enteric Fermentation in Beef Cattle . Rouyn - Noranda , Qué. : Université du Québec en Abitibi - Témiscamingue . N.B. : Research report . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greenhouse gases . The official greenhouse gas emissions data of developed countries from the UNFCCC Greenhouse gas at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Annual Greenhouse Gas Index ( AGGI ) from NOAA Atmospheric spectra of GHGs and other trace gases How Much Greenhouse Gas Does the United States Emit ? Carbon dioxide emissions ( edit ) International Energy Annual : Reserves Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide at NOAA NOAA CMDL CCGG -- Interactive Atmospheric Data Visualization NOAA CO data Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) Little Green Data Book 2007 , World Bank . Lists CO statistics by country , including per capita and by country income class . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | most greenhouse gas emissions (44 ) are coming from which type of fossil fuel | [
"\n\nSeven main fossil fuel\ncombustion sources\nContribution\n(%)\n\n\nLiquid fuels (e.g., gasoline, fuel oil)\n36%\n\n\nSolid fuels (e.g., coal)\n35%\n\n\nGaseous fuels (e.g., natural gas)\n20%\n\n\nCement production\n 3 %\n\n\nFlaring gas industrially and at wells\n\n\n\nNon-fuel hydrocarbons\n\n\n\n\"International bunker fuels\" of transport\nnot included in national inventories[88]\n 4 %\n\n"
] | [
"Liquid fuels (e.g., gasoline, fuel oil)"
] |
-738415919884806674 | Adobe | Adobe - wikipedia Adobe This article is about the building material . For the software company , see Adobe Systems . Not to be confused with abode or adobo . Adobe wall ( detail ) in Bahillo , Palencia , Spain . Renewal of the surface coating of an adobe wall in Chamisal , New Mexico Shiraz , Iran . Its urban gardens are separated by adobe walls . Adobe ( US : / əˈdoʊb / ( listen ) , UK : / əˈdoʊb / ; Spanish : ( aˈðoβe ) ) is a building material made from earth and other organic materials . Adobe means mudbrick in Spanish , but in some English - speaking regions of Spanish heritage , the term is used to refer to any kind of earth construction . Most adobe buildings are similar in appearance to cob and rammed earth buildings . Adobe is among the earliest building materials , and is used throughout the world . Contents 1 Description 2 Strength 3 Distribution 4 Etymology 5 Composition 6 Material properties 7 Uses 7.1 Poured and puddled adobe walls 7.2 Adobe bricks 7.3 Adobe wall construction 7.4 Adobe roof 8 Adobe around the world 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Description ( edit ) Adobe bricks are rectangular prisms small enough that they can quickly air dry individually without cracking . They can be subsequently assembled , with the application of adobe mud to bond the individual bricks into a structure . There is no standard size , with substantial variations over the years and in different regions . In some areas a popular size measured 8 '' inches x 4 '' inches x 12 '' inches weighing about 25 pounds ; in other contexts the size is 10 '' x 4 '' x 14 '' weighing about 35 pounds . The maximum sizes can reach up to 100 pound ; above this weight it becomes difficult to move the pieces , and it is preferably to ram the mud in situ , resulting in a different typology known as rammed earth . Strength ( edit ) In dry climates , adobe structures are extremely durable , and account for some of the oldest existing buildings in the world . Adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to their greater thermal mass , but they are known to be particularly susceptible to earthquake damage if they are not somehow reinforced . Cases where adobe structures were widely damaged during earthquakes include the 1976 Guatemala earthquake , the 2003 Bam earthquake , and the 2010 Chile earthquake . Distribution ( edit ) Buildings made of sun - dried earth are common throughout the world ( Middle East , Western Asia , North Africa , West Africa , South America , southwestern North America , Spain , and Eastern Europe . ) Adobe had been in use by indigenous peoples of the Americas in the Southwestern United States , Mesoamerica , and the Andes for several thousand years . Puebloan peoples built their adobe structures with handsful or basketsful of adobe , until the Spanish introduced them to making bricks . Adobe bricks were used in Spain from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages ( eighth century BCE onwards ) . Its wide use can be attributed to its simplicity of design and manufacture , and economics . A distinction is sometimes made between the smaller adobes , which are about the size of ordinary baked bricks , and the larger adobines , some of which may be one to two yards ( 1 -- 2 m ) long . Etymology ( edit ) Church at San Pedro de Atacama , Chile The word adobe / əˈdoʊbiː / has existed for around 4000 years with relatively little change in either pronunciation or meaning . The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian ( c. 2000 BC ) word ɟbt `` mudbrick . '' Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian , Demotic or `` pre-Coptic '' , and finally to Coptic ( c. 600 BC ) , where it appeared as τωωβε tōʾpə . This was adopted into Arabic as الطوب aṭ - ṭawbu or aṭ - ṭūbu , with the definite article al - attached . tuba , This was assimilated into the Old Spanish language as adobe ( aˈdobe ) , probably via Mozarabic . English borrowed the word from Spanish in the early 18th century , still referring to mudbrick construction . Adobe style in Santa Fe , New Mexico In more modern English usage , the term `` adobe '' has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North America , especially in New Mexico. , regardless of the construction method . Composition ( edit ) An adobe brick is a composite material made of earth mixed with water and an organic material such as straw or dung . The soil composition typically contains sand , silt and clay . Straw is useful in binding the brick together and allowing the brick to dry evenly , thereby preventing cracking due to uneven shrinkage rates through the brick . Dung offers the same advantage . The most desirable soil texture for producing the mud of adobe is 15 % clay , 10 -- 30 % silt , and 55 -- 75 % fine sand . Another source quotes 15 -- 25 % clay and the remainder sand and coarser particles up to cobbles 50 to 250 mm ( 2 to 10 in ) , with no deleterious effect . Modern adobe is stabilized with either emulsified asphalt or Portland cement up to 10 % by weight . No more than half the clay content should be expansive clays , with the remainder non-expansive illite or kaolinite . Too much expansive clay results in uneven drying through the brick , resulting in cracking , while too much kaolinite will make a weak brick . Typically the soils of the Southwest United States , where such construction has been widely used , are an adequate composition . Material properties ( edit ) The Great Mosque of Djenné , Mali , is built in adobe . The struts projecting from the wall serve as decoration , as well as supports for scaffolding during maintenance Adobe walls are load bearing , i.e. they carry their own weight into the foundation rather than by another structure , hence the adobe must have sufficient compressive strength . In the United States , most building codes call for a minimum compressive strength of 300 lbf / in ( 2.07 newton / mm ) for the adobe block . Adobe construction should be designed so as to avoid lateral structural loads that would cause bending loads . The building codes require the building sustain a 1 g lateral acceleration earthquake load . Such an acceleration will cause lateral loads on the walls , resulting in shear and bending and inducing tensile stresses . To withstand such loads , the codes typically call for a tensile modulus of rupture strength of at least 50 lbf / in ( 0.345 newton / mm ) for the finished block . In addition to being an inexpensive material with a small resource cost , adobe can serve as a significant heat reservoir due to the thermal properties inherent in the massive walls typical in adobe construction . In climates typified by hot days and cool nights , the high thermal mass of adobe mediates the high and low temperatures of the day , moderating the temperature of the living space . The massive walls require a large and relatively long input of heat from the sun ( radiation ) and from the surrounding air ( convection ) before they warm through to the interior . After the sun sets and the temperature drops , the warm wall will continue to transfer heat to the interior for several hours due to the time - lag effect . Thus , a well - planned adobe wall of the appropriate thickness is very effective at controlling inside temperature through the wide daily fluctuations typical of desert climates , a factor which has contributed to its longevity as a building material . Thermodynamic material properties are sparsely quoted . The thermal resistance of adobe is quoted as having an R - value of R = 0.41 h ft ° F / ( Btu in ) and a conductivity of 0.57 W / ( m K ) quoted from another source . A third source provides the following properties : conductivity = 0.30 Btu / ( h ft ° F ) ; heat capacity = 0.24 Btu / ( lb ° F ) ; density = 106 lb / ft ( 1700 kg / m ) . To determine the total R - value of a wall for example , multiply R by the thickness of the wall . From knowledge of the adobe density , heat capacity and a diffusivity value , the conductivity is found to be k = 0.20 Btu / ( h ft ° F ) or 0.35 W / ( m K ) . The heat capacity is commonly quoted as c = 0.20 Btu / ( lb F ) or 840 joules / ( kg K ) . The density is 95 lb / ft or 1520 kg / m . The thermal diffusivity is calculated to be 0.0105 ft / h or 2.72 x10 m / s . Uses ( edit ) Poured and puddled adobe walls ( edit ) Cliff dwellings of poured or puddled adobe ( cob ) at Cuarenta Casas in Mexico . Poured and puddled adobe ( puddled clay , piled earth ) , today called cob , is made by placing soft adobe in layers , rather than by making individual dried bricks or using a form . `` Puddle '' is a general term for a clay or clay and sand - based material worked into a dense , plastic state . These are the oldest methods of building with adobe in the Americas until holes in the ground were used as forms , and later wooden forms used to make individual bricks were introduced by the Spanish . Adobe bricks ( edit ) Adobe bricks near a construction site in Milyanfan , Kyrgyzstan Bricks made from adobe are usually made by pressing the mud mixture into an open timber frame . In North America , the brick is typically about 25 by 36 cm ( 10 by 14 in ) in size . The mixture is molded into the frame , which is removed after initial setting . After drying for a few hours , the bricks are turned on edge to finish drying . Slow drying in shade reduces cracking . The same mixture , without straw , is used to make mortar and often plaster on interior and exterior walls . Some cultures used lime - based cement for the plaster to protect against rain damage . Depending on the form into which the mixture is pressed , adobe can encompass nearly any shape or size , provided drying is even and the mixture includes reinforcement for larger bricks . Reinforcement can include manure , straw , cement , rebar or wooden posts . Experience has shown straw , cement , or manure added to a standard adobe mixture can all produce a stronger , more crack - resistant brick . A test is done on the soil content first . To do so , a sample of the soil is mixed into a clear container with some water , creating an almost completely saturated liquid . The container is shaken vigorously for one minute . It is then allowed to settle for a day until the soil has settled into layers . Heavier particles settle out first , sand above , silt above that and very fine clay and organic matter will stay in suspension for days . After the water has cleared , percentages of the various particles can be determined . Fifty to 60 percent sand and 35 to 40 percent clay will yield strong bricks . The Cooperative State Research , Education , and Extension Service at New Mexico State University recommends a mix of not more than 1 / 3 clay , not less than 1 / 2 sand , and never more than 1 / 3 silt . Adobe wall construction ( edit ) The earthen plaster removed exposing the adobe bricks at Fort St. Sebastian in France The ground supporting an adobe structure should be compressed , as the weight of adobe wall is significant and foundation settling may cause cracking of the wall . Footing depth is to below the ground frost level . The footing and stem wall are commonly 24 and 14 inches thick , respectively . Modern construction codes call for the use of reinforcing steel in the footing and stem wall . Adobe bricks are laid by course . Adobe walls usually never rise above two stories as they are load bearing and adobe has low structural strength . When creating window and door openings , a lintel is placed on top of the opening to support the bricks above . Atop the last courses of brick , bond beams made of heavy wood beams or modern reinforced concrete are laid to provide a horizontal bearing plate for the roof beams and to redistribute lateral earthquake loads to shear walls more able to carry the forces . To protect the interior and exterior adobe walls , finishes such as mud plaster , whitewash or stucco can be applied . These protect the adobe wall from water damage , but need to be reapplied periodically . Alternatively , the walls can be finished with other nontraditional plasters that provide longer protection . Bricks made with stabilized adobe generally do not need protection of plasters . Adobe roof ( edit ) The traditional adobe roof has been constructed using a mixture of soil / clay , water , sand and organic materials . The mixture was then formed and pressed into wood forms , producing rows of dried earth bricks that would then be laid across a support structure of wood and plastered into place with more adobe . Depending on the materials available , a roof may be assembled using wood or metal beams to create a framework to begin layering adobe bricks . Depending on the thickness of the adobe bricks , the framework has been preformed using a steel framing and a layering of a metal fencing or wiring over the framework to allow an even load as masses of adobe are spread across the metal fencing like cob and allowed to air dry accordingly . This method was demonstrated with an adobe blend heavily impregnated with cement to allow even drying and prevent cracking . The more traditional flat adobe roofs are functional only in dry climates that are not exposed to snow loads . The heaviest wooden beams , called vigas , lie atop the wall . Across the vigas lie smaller members called latillas and upon those brush is then laid . Finally , the adobe layer is applied . To construct a flat adobe roof , beams of wood were laid to span the building , the ends of which were attached to the tops of the walls . Once the vigas , latillas and brush are laid , adobe bricks are placed . An adobe roof is often laid with bricks slightly larger in width to ensure a greater expanse is covered when placing the bricks onto the roof . Following each individual brick should be a layer of adobe mortar , recommended to be at least 25 mm ( 1 in ) thick to make certain there is ample strength between the brick 's edges and also to provide a relative moisture barrier during rain . Roof design evolved around 1850 in the American Southwest . Three inches of adobe mud was applied on top of the latillas , then 18 inches of dry adobe dirt applied to the roof . The dirt was contoured into a low slope to a downspout aka a ' canal ' . When moisture was applied to the roof the clay particles expanded to create a waterproof membrane . Once a year it was necessary to pull the weeds from the roof and reslope the dirt as needed . Depending on the materials , adobe roofs can be inherently fire - proof . The construction of a chimney can greatly influence the construction of the roof supports , creating an extra need for care in choosing the materials . The builders can make an adobe chimney by stacking simple adobe bricks in a similar fashion as the surrounding walls . Adobe around the world ( edit ) The largest structure ever made from adobe is the Arg - é Bam built by the Achaemenid Empire . Other large adobe structures are the Huaca del Sol in Peru , with 100 million signed bricks and the ciudellas of Chan Chan and Tambo Colorado , both in Peru . The citadel of Bam , Iran , or Arg - é Bam , in Kerman Province , Iran : The world 's largest adobe structure , dating to at least 500 BC Still in production today , Romania 's Danube Delta Mixing mud and straw in brick frames Community effort Adobe brick house under construction in Kyrgyzstan House in Sa'dah , Yemen Adobe brick house under construction in Romania An adobe wall in Linxia City , Gansu , China Poeh Museum tower , the tallest adobe structure in New Mexico , USA San Miguel Mission in Santa Fe , New Mexico Great Mosque of Djenné , famous building made from banco , a type of adobe Adobe house in Middle America See also ( edit ) Alker Cob ( building ) Compressed earth block Earth structure Hassan Fathy Mudbrick Qadad ( waterproofing plaster ) Qalat ( fortress ) Rammed earth San Xavier del Bac Sod house Super Adobe Wattle and daub Cas di torto Monterey Colonial architecture used adobe walls Ctesiphon Arch in Iraq is the largest mud brick arch in the world built beginning in 540 AD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ definition of adobe from Oxford Dictionaries Online . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Short documentary about adobe preparation and 2010 Chile earthquake Livingatlaschile.com , FICh , retrieved 5 March 2014 Jump up ^ Collyns , Dan ( 15 August 2009 ) . `` Peru rebuilds two years on from quake '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original on 15 August 2009 . Retrieved 24 August 2009 . the 1976 Guatemala earthquake the 2003 Bam earthquake Jump up ^ Marchand , Trevor . The Masons of Djenne . Bloomington : University of Indiana Press , 2009 Jump up ^ Museum of Lithuanian life , Rumsiskes , Lithuania ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Linda Black ; Larry S. Krieger ; Phillip C. Naylor ; Dahia Ibo Shabaka ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 87274 - 1 . Jump up ^ de Chazelles - Gazzal , Claire - Anne ( 1997 ) . Les maisons en terre de la Gaule méridionale . Montagnac , France : Éditions Monique Mergoil . pp. 49 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Rose , William I. ; Julian J. Bommer ( 2004 ) . Natural hazards in El Salvador . Geological Society of America . p. 299 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8137 - 2375 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` adobe '' , Oxford English Dictionary , Second Edition , on CD - ROM ( v. 4.0 ) © Oxford University Press , 2009 Jump up ^ Spanish Word Histories and Mysteries : English Words that Come from Spanish , Houghton Mifflin Co. , 2007 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Adobe Moulding '' Auroville Earth Institute Jump up ^ Vargas , J. ; J. Bariola ; M. Blondet ( 1986 ) . `` Seismic Strength of Adobe Masonry '' . Materials and Structures. 9 ( 4 ) : 253 -- 256 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02472107 . Jump up ^ Garrison , James . `` Adobe - The Material , Its Deterioration , Its Coatings '' ( PDF ) . pp. 5 -- 16 . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Austin , George . `` Adobe as a building material '' ( PDF ) . New Mexico Geology , November 1984 . New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources . p. 70 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 14.7. 4 NMAC '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 August 2013 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 New Mexico Energy Conservation Code : Residential Applications Manual '' ( PDF ) . Emnrd.state.nm.us . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Chávez - Galán , Jesus ; Almanza , Rafael ; Rodríguez , Neftali . `` Experimental Measurements of Thermal Properties for Mexican Building Materials to Simulate Thermal Behavior to Save Energy '' . Spriner . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HVAC Systems AE - 390 '' . Drexel University . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mass and insulation with adobe '' . Green Home Building . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` puddle , n . 4 . '' . Oxford English Dictionary 2nd . ed. 2009 . CD - rom . Jump up ^ Keefe , Laurence . Earth Building : Methods and Materials , Repair and Conservation . London : Taylor & Francis , 2005 . 22 . Print . Jump up ^ Technical Information Online . `` Mud Plasters and Renders -- Technical Information Online -- Practical Answers '' ( PDF ) . Practicalaction.org . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Preservation of Historic Adobe Buildings '' . Dawson Lupul . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Adobe Construction Works '' . Add Water , Then Stir - How Adobe Construction Works HowStuffWorks. 2012 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adobe ( building material ) . Look up adobe in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Building With Awareness A detailed how - to DVD video that shows adobe wall construction and their use as thermal mass walls Cal - Earth ( The California Institute of Earth Art and Architecture ) has developed a patented system called Superadobe , in which bags filled with stabilized earth are layered with strands of barbed wire to form a structure strong enough to withstand earthquakes , fire and flood . Earth Architecture -- A website whose focus is contemporary issues in earth architecture . Earth Architecture and Conservation in East Anglia -- British organisation that focuses on the proper maintenance and conservation of earth buildings in a region of the UK that has a long history of building with mud . Kerpic.org -- A website on earthen architecture researches stabilized with gypsum . Kleiwerks -- International organization recognized for their unique contribution to modern earthen and natural building techniques throughout the world , their focus is on education through hands on experience . Very experienced experts are contactable and there are regular demonstrations in the area . Valle de Sensaciones -- Artistic construction with adobe , Experimental ground and theme park for creative living close to nature World Monuments Fund -- Adobe Missions of New Mexico -- Description of a project of the World Monuments Fund for the preservation of adobe churches in New Mexico , in the United States . Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - stone Storage pit Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear - thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared - core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire - saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern - stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Architecture Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit - house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Water well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Arts and culture Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing / textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehist Art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved Stone Balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Severn - Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language trepanning Prehistoric medicine Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adobe&oldid=854240348 '' Categories : Soil - based building materials Masonry Adobe buildings and structures Appropriate technology Vernacular architecture Sustainable building Buildings and structures by construction material Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( US English ) Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Requests for audio pronunciation ( Spanish ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Winaray 粵語 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 22 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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1278131075578863532 | Encapsulation (networking) | Encapsulation ( networking ) - wikipedia Encapsulation ( networking ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Encapsulation of user data in the Unix - style UDP stack , in which each new layer includes the data from the previous layer , but without being able to identify which part of the data is the header or trailer from the previous layer . This effectively hides ( encapsulates ) the information from lower layers . In computer networking , encapsulation is a method of designing modular communication protocols in which logically separate functions in the network are abstracted from their underlying structures by inclusion or information hiding within higher level objects . The physical layer is responsible for physical transmission of the data . Link encapsulation allows local area networking and Internet Protocol ( IP ) provides global addressing of individual computers ; Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) adds application or process selection , i.e. , the port specifies the service such as a Web or TFTP server . During encapsulation , each layer builds a protocol data unit ( PDU ) by adding a header ( and sometimes trailer ) containing control information to the PDU from the layer above . For example , in the Internet protocol suite , the contents of a web page are encapsulated with an HTTP header , then by a TCP header , an IP header , and , finally , by a frame header and trailer . The frame is forwarded to the destination node as a stream of bits , where it is decapsulated ( or de-encapsulated ) into the respective PDUs and interpreted at each layer by the receiving node . The result of encapsulation is that each lower layer provides a service to the layer or layers above it , while at the same time each layer communicates with its corresponding layer on the receiving node . These are known as adjacent - layer interaction and same - layer interaction , respectively . In discussions of encapsulation , the more abstract layer is often called the upper layer protocol while the more specific layer is called the lower layer protocol . Sometimes , however , the terms upper layer protocols and lower layer protocols are used to describe the layers above and below IP , respectively . Encapsulation is a characteristic feature of most networking models , including both the OSI model and TCP / IP suite of protocols . See also ( edit ) Computer networking portal Cross-layer optimization Tunneling protocol References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Forouzan , Behrouz A. ( 2010 ) . TCP / IP protocol suite ( 4th ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill Higher Education . p. 23 . ISBN 0073376043 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Encapsulation Works Within the TCP / IP Model '' . learn-networking.com. 2008 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Odom , Wendell ( 2013 ) . Cisco CCENT / CCNA ICND1 100 - 101 Official Cert Guide . Pearson Education . pp. Ch. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58714 - 385 - 4 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encapsulation_(networking)&oldid=800621180 '' Categories : Network protocols Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Română Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 17 : 44 . About Wikipedia | in fram based devices what is the role of ip encapsulation | [] | [] |
5139168729298929251 | List of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characters | List of Charlie and the Chocolate factory characters - wikipedia List of Charlie and the Chocolate factory characters hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of characters in the Roald Dahl book Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , and the former 's film adaptations , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Contents 1 Willy Wonka 2 Charlie Bucket 3 Grandpa Joe 4 Augustus Gloop 5 Violet Beauregarde 6 Veruca Salt 7 Mike Teavee 8 Arthur Slugworth 9 Mr. Turkentine 10 Prince Pondicherry 11 Oompa - Loompas 12 Vermicious Knids 13 Other characters 13.1 Portrayed in other media 14 References Willy Wonka ( edit ) Main article : Willy Wonka Willy Wonka First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Gene Wilder ( 1971 ) Johnny Depp ( 2005 ) Voiced by James Arnold Taylor ( 2005 video game ) JP Karliak ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male In the novels and films , Willy Wonka is the odd owner of an extremely prosperous factory making candies and chocolates . The inciting action of the story occurs when Wonka holds a contest , hiding five Golden Tickets within the wrappers of chocolate bars , promising their discoverers a tour of his factory and a lifelong supply of his creations . Implications stand in all three versions that he allows four of his five finalists to disgrace themselves , in the hope that one does not . In the book , Wonka is described by Roald Dahl as having a goatee and `` marvelously '' bright eyes , a high and `` flutey '' voice , a face `` alight of fun and laughter '' , and quick little jerky movements `` like a squirrel '' . He is enthusiastic , eccentric , charming , talkative , and friendly , but at times insensitive , and has been given to glossing criticisms of himself . In the 1971 film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory , he is portrayed by Gene Wilder . While his personality remains generally the same as in the original , he is more melancholy here , and frequently quotes books and poems , including William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ( `` Is it my soul that calls upon my name ? '' ) or John Masefield 's `` Sea Fever '' ( `` All I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by '' ) , and the famous `` Candy is dandy , but liquor is quicker '' from `` Reflections on Ice Breaking '' by Ogden Nash , among many others . Toward the end of the film , he tests protagonist Charlie 's conscience by pretending to deny him any reward , but assumes an almost paternal role when Charlie proves honest . And as Charlie places the gobstopper on Wonka 's desk , Wonka declares Charlie the winner and apologies for his anger and tell him to meet his assistant Mr. Wilkinson ( known earlier as `` Slugworth '' ) . He explains they had to test him and Charlie passed . As they go to the Wonkavator , Wonka tells Charlie that the real grand prize is the entire chocolate factory and makes Charlie Bucket the new owner of the Willy Wonka Chocolate factory ( as Willy Wonka retires ) , and the entire family can move in and live there . Wonka also reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly gets everything he ever wanted : he lives happily ever after . In the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , he is portrayed by Johnny Depp . In this version , a back - story was added that Willy Wonka 's father ( being a dentist ) would not let him eat sweets because of the potential risk to his teeth , and that the young Wonka left home to become a chocolatier . The conflict was so bad on young Wonka ( portrayed by Blair Dunlop ) , that he took no interest in the kids when they arrived and could n't even say the word `` parent '' . He later gains a soft spot for Charlie and offers him a spoon from the chocolate river . Toward the end of the film , Charlie reconciles the two . Charlie Bucket ( edit ) Charlie Bucket Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Peter Ostrum ( 1971 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2005 ) Voiced by Freddie Highmore ( 2005 video game ) Lincoln Melcher ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Family Joe Bucket ( grandfather ) Josephine Bucket ( grandmother ) Nathan Bucket ( father ) Hellen Bucket ( mother ) George Barenett ( grandfather ) Georgina Barenett ( grandmother ) Charlie Bucket is a title character and the protagonist of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , its sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , and the film adaptations of these books . He is depicted as a kind - hearted , nice , selfless , sweet , brave , but poor boy that lives with his mother , father and his four grandparents . In 1971 , he has a newspaper route after school . He and his family follow the progress of the hunt for the Golden Tickets in newspapers , in films , and on television . Unlike the first four finalists , Charlie is honest and generous . In the 1971 film , Charlie was portrayed by Peter Ostrum , in his only film appearance . His nationality is never explicitly stated , but in the 1971 film , he speaks with an American accent , and in the 2005 film , he speaks with an English accent . The filmmakers have stated that it was their intention that Charlie 's hometown be kept ambiguous . In the novel , at the end of the tour , Wonka declares Charlie heir to the factory for his refusal of vice , and Charlie 's family are permitted to move into the factory . In the 1971 film , Charlie wins the factory when he returns an Everlasting Gobstopper given to him by Wonka , thereby passing Wonka 's moral test . In the 2005 film , Wonka initially refuses to allow Charlie 's family to join them in the factory , and Charlie rejects Wonka 's offer . When Charlie helps Wonka reconcile with his father , the family move into the factory and Charlie becomes Wonka 's partner . Grandpa Joe ( edit ) Grandpa Joe Bucket Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Jack Albertson ( 1971 ) David Kelly ( 2005 ) Nigel Planer , Barry James ( 2013 ) John Rubinstein ( 2017 ) Voiced by David Kelly ( 2005 video game ) Jess Harnell ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Family Josephine Bucket ( wife ) Nathan Bucket ( son ) Hellen Bucket ( daughter - in - law ) Charlie Bucket ( grandson ) Grandpa Joe is one of Charlie 's four bed - ridden grandparents . He is usually stubborn , senile , and paranoid , but still kind , caring , grandfatherly , excitable , and supportive . He tells Charlie ( and the reader ) the story of Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory and the mystery of the secret workers . When Charlie finds the Golden Ticket , Grandpa Joe leaps out of bed in joy , and later accompanies Charlie on the factory tour . In the sequel book , Grandpa Joe accompanies Charlie , Willy Wonka , and all members of Charlie 's family in the Great Glass Elevator and assists the rescue of the Commuter Capsule from the Vermicious Knids . Grandpa Joe 's age is given as `` ninety - six and a half '' in `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory '' , making him the eldest of Charlie 's grandparents , but in the musical , it is stated he is almost ninety and a half . The character was played by Jack Albertson in the 1971 film adaptation Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . In this film , he is often excitable , paranoid , stubborn and appears anxious that Charlie won the contest , and becomes angry when Charlie is dismissed without reward , despite the fact that they both violated the rules by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks and not following the tour , which indicated that Charlie violated the contract , unaware that Wonka had found out what they had done . He tells Charlie that he expects him to find all five Golden Tickets and most certainly expects Charlie to find one when he receives a Wonka Bar for his birthday . The character was played by David Kelly in the 2005 film adaptation , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Veteran actor Gregory Peck was originally selected to play the role , but he died in 2003 before filming began . This version of the character is written as more calm than the 1971 version . An original backstory to Grandpa Joe 's past was added to Tim Burton 's film , wherein it is said that Joe worked for Wonka until the latter fired all his workers from his factory due to constant corporate espionage by rival confectionery manufacturers . When he returns to the factory with Charlie for the tour , Wonka asks if he was a spy working for a competing factory before he humbly welcomes him back . Augustus Gloop ( edit ) Augustus Gloop Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Michael Bollner ( 1971 ) Philip Wiegratz ( 2005 ) Voiced by Philip Wiegratz ( 2005 video game ) Rachel Butera ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Family Claire Gloop ( mother ) Harold Gloop ( father ) Nationality German Augustus Gloop is an obese , greedy , gluttonous boy , the first person to find a Golden Ticket and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . He hails from fictitious Dusselheim , Germany in the 1971 film , and Düsseldorf , Germany in the 2005 film . His mother takes great pride in his gluttonous eating and seems to enjoy the attention of the media . In the novel and both films , he is portrayed as `` enormously fat '' . Augustus is the first to be removed from the tour : while drinking from the Chocolate Room 's Chocolate River , he accidentally falls into the river and is drawn through a pipe to the factory 's Fudge Room . His parents are summoned to retrieve him from the mixing - machine . In the book , he is depicted leaving the factory , having lost most of his weight , and covered in melted chocolate . In the 1971 film , despite eating constantly , he has decent table manners , is not as obese as he is in the book , and is polite to Charlie and the other finalists . He is portrayed by Michael Bollner in this film . Since Bollner could not speak fluent English at the time of the film 's production , the 1971 Augustus has fewer lines and less screen time . In the 2005 film , Augustus is always shown consuming chocolate . He has a binge eating disorder and often has food smeared on his face . He is a bully towards Charlie in the one instance when they interact , as Augustus offers Charlie a bite of his Wonka Bar and then retracts it , saying Charlie should have brought some himself . As in the book , he is shown leaving the factory toward the end of the story ; but in this version , he is his normal size , licking his fingers to remove the adherent chocolate he is still coated in . The actor , Philip Wiegratz , wore a fat suit for the production . In the book , both of Augustus 's parents accompany him to the factory . Both film versions contradict this , however , and have only his mother go with him . In the 2013 London musical , Augustus Gloop is known as `` the Bavarian Beefcake '' in his Alpine community . His mother and father indulge his eating habits with sweets and pieces of sausage of which they ( and sometimes Augustus ) butcher themselves . In his number , `` More of Him to Love '' , Frau Gloop reveals that she had vital organs removed to retrieve Augustus from the womb . They arrive at the factory wearing traditional Eastern European clothing , with Augustus in a red , argyle sweater and green shorts . When Augustus falls into the chocolate river Wonka summons the diversionary pumping system to divert the flow , while Oompa Loompas dressed in red boiler suits sing , `` Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop '' , as they prepare the chocolate , while Augustus travels through the main industrial pipe , occasionally getting stuck . Violet Beauregarde ( edit ) Violet Beauregarde Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Denise Nickerson ( 1971 ) AnnaSophia Robb ( 2005 ) Voiced by AnnaSophia Robb ( 2005 video game ) Dallas Lovato ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Female Family Ginger Beauregarde ( mother ) Sam Beauregarde ( father ) Nationality American Violet Beauregarde is the third person to find a Golden Ticket , and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . She is the vain , self - centered , snobby , and gum - obsessed child . Violet chews gum obsessively and boasts that she has been chewing the same piece `` for three months solid '' , a world record which Violet proclaims was previously held by her best friend Cornelia Prinzmetel . She is also aggressively competitive , prideful and has won trophies for gum chewing . In the 1971 film , she is shown to be from Miles City , Montana , while in the 2005 film , she is from Atlanta , Georgia . When Wonka shows the group around the Inventing Room , he stops to display a new type of gum he is working on . The gum doubles as a three - course meal which is composed of tomato soup , roast beef and baked potato , and blueberry pie and ice cream . Violet is intrigued and , despite Wonka 's protests , snatches and chews the gum . She is delighted by its effects but , when she reaches the dessert , blueberry pie , her skin starts turning a somewhat blue color and her body begins to swell up , filling with juice . Eventually , Violet 's head , legs , and arms get sucked into her gigantic body , but she is still mobile and is able to waddle . When her swelling stops , she resembles a round blueberry , causing Wonka to have the Oompa - Loompas roll her to the Juicing Room to have the juice squeezed out of her in fear she may explode . She is last seen leaving the factory with the other children , restored to her normal size but with indigo skin like of a blueberry . Wonka says there is nothing that can be done to change Violet 's skin back to its original pigment . In the 1971 film , Violet is impatient , arrogant , self - centered , vain , and impulsive . She is accompanied by her father , Sam Beauregarde , a fast - talking car salesman who tries to advertise his business during Violet 's television interview . She demeans Cornelia Prinzmetel more than she did in the book . She was polite to everyone , except for Veruca . She has a notable rivalry with Veruca Salt , with whom she persistently argues . Her blueberry form is relatively small , and her hair color remains unchanged . Violet is informed that she must be juiced immediately before she explodes and is last seen en route to the Juicing Room , with her father following her . In the 2005 film , Violet has a rude , impatient and competitive personality . Aside from gum - chewing , she also has many other interests that reflect her obsession with always winning , such as karate . She is accompanied by her single mother , Scarlett Beauregarde ( a former baton champion herself ) whose own competitive personality appears to have had an influence on her daughter , as Scarlett expresses pride over Violet 's 263 trophies and medals . Cornelia Prinzmetel was not mentioned in this film . Violet is also shown to be anti-social and bullying when she briefly insults Charlie , snatching a piece of confectionery from his hand and calling him a loser when he tries to interact with her . She turns blue , although her lips remain red , and swells up into a 10 - foot blueberry before being rolled off to the Juicing Room by the Oompa Loompas to prevent her from bursting . Violet is shown leaving the factory gymnastically cartwheeling as a consequence of her increased flexibility , which she is actually happy about , although her mother is less than pleased with her daughter 's permanently indigo color . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Violet Beauregarde is portrayed as an African - American , Californian fame - hungry wan na - be , with her agent / father Eugene Beauregarde parlaying her mundane talent of gum chewing into celebrity status , with multitude of endorsements including her own TV show , line of perfume , and a clothing boutique franchise . Her theme is called `` The Double - Bubble Duchess '' . It is revealed that Violet 's chewing `` skill '' was picked up when she was a baby and her mom tried to get her to stop talking all the time . Violet and her father are escorted by an entourage to the factory entrance . Violet comes dressed in a sparkly purple and pink disco jumper and a pink backpack . Upon swelling in the influence of the experimental gum ( which consisted of tomato soup , roast chicken , potatoes and gravy , Fizzy Orange , cheese and crackers and blueberry pie ) , she panics and runs away as the Oompa Loompas break into a disco number , `` Juicy '' , and roller skate along the stage as Violet lifts into the air , resembling a giant purple disco - ball . Mr. Beauregarde phones his lawyer excitedly , with intent to profit from Violet 's new size , until Violet explodes . Wonka 's only reassurance of her survival is the prospect of rescuing the pieces and de-juicing them . In the Broadway version , the song `` Juicy '' is cut out ( the only child - exit song to be cut from the London version ) , and Violet instead becomes a blueberry and explodes in the background while Wonka explains how he met the Ooompa - Loompas to the group . Veruca Salt ( edit ) Veruca Salt Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Julie Dawn Cole ( 1971 ) Julia Winter ( 2005 ) Voiced by Julia Winter ( 2005 video game ) Emily O'Brien ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Female Family Diane Salt ( mother ) Robert Salt ( father ) Nationality British Veruca Salt is a greedy , demanding , manipulative and stingy brat and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . She demands every single thing she wants ( and more ) , the second person to find a Golden Ticket , the third eliminated from the tour . A selfish , rotten brat who shows her wealthy family no mercy and has absolutely no regard for other people 's property , Veruca frequently pesters her parents to purchase a variety of different objects for her . In the 2005 film , it is revealed that she owns a pony , two dogs , four cats , six rabbits , two parakeets , three canaries , a parrot , a turtle , and a hamster , totalling up to 21 pets . But when she interferes with the trained squirrels used by Willy Wonka to select the best nuts to bake into chocolate bars , she is judged as a `` bad nut '' by the squirrels and discarded into the adjacent ' garbage chute ' and her dad being with her follows suit . Both are later seen leaving the factory `` covered in garbage '' . When she sees the Glass Elevator , she asks her dad to buy her one which causes him to retort that the only thing she 'll be getting is a bath . When she demands one again , her dad simply glares at her causing her to remain silent but sulk . Her nationality was never specified in Dahl 's novel , but she hails from an upper - class family in the United Kingdom in both films . In the 1971 film adaptation , Veruca has a fiery temper , rudely demands various desires nonstop , brags about her wealth , and chastises anyone who questions her . In this film it is not squirrels but geese that lay special golden chocolate - filled eggs for Easter , one of which she demands as a new pet . She and Violet , in this film , bicker on two occasions . Veruca is eliminated at the end of her musical number in the film ( `` I Want it Now '' ) after climbing a machine designed to tell whether or not the geese 's eggs are `` good '' or `` bad '' eggs , and it judges her as a bad one . Her father then follows and is also deemed bad . In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film , Veruca and her father manage to escape the furnace right before it ignites while trapping Tom inside . Veruca demands to be taken home and have her father make her a different chocolate factory , but Mr. Salt , having had enough of Veruca 's spoiled and selfish behavior , finally decides to discipline her as the near - death experience seems to have finally gotten to him . In the 2005 film adaptation , Veruca 's elimination remains virtually the same as in the book , with only a few changes made . Her demeanor is less vehement , but more obnoxious , compared to the 1971 version . When she leaves the factory ( covered in trash ) , she demands a facsimile of the Great Glass Elevator . However , her father , having learned a good parenting lesson from the Oompa - Loompas and finally realizing how much he has spoiled her , sternly tells her that she will only be getting a bath that day instead , and shoots her a fierce glare for trying to argue any further . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Veruca Salt is a British billionaire 's daughter , dressed in a pink ballerina tutu and baby seal fur coat - `` clubbed and tickled pink '' . Her father , Sir Robert Salt , is portrayed as a spineless dolt for giving his daughter her wishes . In the Nut Sorting Room , Veruca runs foul of the nut - testing squirrels who deem her a ' bad nut ' when she tries to steal one . This summons oversized squirrels with Oompa Loompas riding on their backs . They sing a nightmarish ballet `` Veruca 's Nutcracker Sweet '' that concludes with Veruca and her father sent down the garbage chute . In the Broadway version , Veruca 's nationality is changed to Russian , and the squirrels tear her apart limb by limb , but Wonka assures the group that the Ooompa - Loompas will be able to put her back together . Mike Teavee ( edit ) Mike Teavee Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Paris Themmen ( 1971 ) Jordan Fry ( 2005 ) Voiced by Jordan Fry ( 2005 video game ) Lauren Weisman ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Family Amanda Teavee ( mother ) Norman Teavee ( father ) Nationality American Mike Teavee , a boy that does nothing but watch television , the fourth Golden Ticket finder , and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . He was described as adorned with eighteen toy pistols that he ' fires ' while watching gangsters on TV . He is bad - tempered , slothful but also intelligent . How he found his Golden Ticket is never explained in the book or 1971 film as he is too absorbed in his television viewing to talk to the press about it . In the 2005 film , he does have an explanation on how he found the Golden Ticket : he used an algorithm to find it as an intellectual exercise . In the book , both of Mike 's parents tour the factory with him . During a display of miniaturization technology , used to transport chocolate , Mike shrinks himself to a tiny size , Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take the Teavee family to the Gum - Stretcher Room to get Mike stretched back to normal . Mike is last seen exiting the factory , now 10 ft ( 3 m ) tall because the Oompa - Loompas overstretched him . After he got shrunk when his parents lament that he wo n't be able to attend school , Mike happily says he can continue watching TV . His angry father then blames the TV for Mike 's poor behavior and decides to unplug it and throw it out the window when they get home , much to Mike 's displeasure . In the 1971 film , Mike is played by Paris Themmen and his surname is spelled `` Teevee '' in the credits . Mike is nine years old and accompanied to the factory by his high - strung mother . He is from Arizona , enjoys Western films and wears cowboy attire . He makes constant references to television shows throughout the factory tour and comes across as somewhat of a know - it - all . Although easily annoyed , he does not have any major anger issues and gets along relatively well with the other kids . In the 2005 film , 13 - year - old Mike is ( portrayed by Jordan Fry ) interests are updated to the Internet and video games ( especially gory first - person shooters ) , in addition to television viewing . In this version , he is from Denver , Colorado , and is portrayed as more disrespectful . Whenever he says something critical of Wonka 's company , or his ideas , Wonka reacts as if Mike is mumbling , even though he does not . He is able to find the Golden Ticket by using math and logic , though he admits he does not even like chocolate . When Mike demands to know why candy is pointless , Charlie tries to reason with him , saying candy does n't have to have a point . When they arrive in the Television Chocolate Room , Mike points that Wonka could use his teleportation device to revolutionize mankind , as opposed to distributing his products . When Mr. Teavee tries to reason with Mike , the boy insults Wonka . After the incident in the Television Chocolate room , Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take Mr. Teavee and Mike to the Taffy - Puller Room to have Mike stretched back to normal . When Mike and his father are later seen leaving the factory , Mike is 10 ft ( 3 m ) tall as well as incredibly thin and flat . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Mike Teavee ( now age 10 ) lives in a suburban neighborhood with his disinterested father Norman Teavee and neurotic , alcoholic mother , Doris Teavee . Their opening number , `` It 's Teavee Time ! '' has Mrs. Teavee presenting her family as a normal , functioning household , downplaying Mike 's violent tendencies like setting a cat on fire , chloroforming a nurse , and stealing a German tank . In the Department of the Future , where Wonka transmits chocolate by television , Mike anxiously jumps into the machine and transmits himself , much to his mother 's horror . Wonka summons the monitors to see on which channel Mike has ended , as the Oompa Loompas rave around the room , singing , ' Vidiots ' . Near the end , Mrs. Teavee joins the rave , as they conclude that Mike still has a future on ' Mike.com ' . When Mike is shrunk as a result of the transporter , Mrs. Teavee happily takes him home as he can no longer cause trouble and she can take care of him like when he was a baby . In the Broadway version of the musical , lyrics in Mike 's song and some of Mike 's mannerisms reference Donald Trump . Arthur Slugworth ( edit ) Arthur Slugworth Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Günter Meisner ( 1971 ) Phil Philmar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Walker Edmiston ( 1971 , uncredited ) , Mick Wingert ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male In the book , Arthur Slugworth is one of Willy Wonka 's rival chocolatiers . Slugworth , along with Wonka 's other rivals Mr. Fickelgruber and Mr. Prodnose , sent in spies to steal the secret recipes to Wonka 's treats , which he plagiarized , nearly ruining Wonka 's factory . After Wonka re-opens his factory ( operated exclusively by Oompa - Loompas ) , Slugworth is never heard from again , but it is stated that Fickelgruber would give each of his front teeth to enter Wonka 's inventing room ( laboratory / chocolate room in the book ) for three minutes . In the 1971 movie , Willy Wonka states that Slugworth would give his false teeth to get in for just five minutes . Slugworth has a much larger role as an enigmatic villain in the 1971 film . Inside Bill 's Candy Shop , Wonka 's products and signs are the most visible ; but Slugworth 's Sizzlers are also prominent , and one is even sold to a child . Also seen are signs for Fickelgruber 's candy . Grandpa Joe describes Slugworth as the worst of Wonka 's rivals . As each Golden Ticket is found , a sinister man approaches the finder and whispers something into his or her ear . After Charlie finds the last ticket , the same man approaches Charlie as well , introduces himself as Arthur Slugworth , and bribes the child to bring him one piece of the newly invented ' Everlasting Gobstopper ' , allowing him to plagiarize the formula and prevent the future invention from ruining his business . Two of the children ( Veruca and Mike ) respond to Slugworth 's bribe ; but Charlie , when tempted , returns the Everlasting Gobstopper to Wonka . Wonka eventually reveals that the tempter is not Slugworth , but his own employee Mr. Wilkinson , and that his offer was a moral test of character . Slugworth / Wilkinson was played by Günter Meisner , a West German actor , while his speaking voice is provided by an uncredited Walker Edmiston . Slugworth only makes a split - second appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory where he alongside Mr. Ficklegruber and Mr. Prodnose are sending spies to steal ingredients from Wonka 's factory . He is here played by Philip Philmar . In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film , Slugworth is the main antagonist , instead of an enigmatic villain . When he first meets Charlie , he sings a cover of Veruca 's song , `` I Want it Now ! '' and also sings it as a duet with Veruca during her downfall . He teams up with Spike to steal a Gobstopper from the factory , but the two are thwarted by Charlie , Tom , and Jerry . Despite being more emphasized as a villain , he is still revealed to be Wonka 's employee Mr. Wilkinson much to Tom & Jerry 's dismay . Nevertheless , the cat and mouse get the last word on Slugworth / Wilkinson ( and Spike ) by shrinking them with the Wonkavision tech . Mr. Turkentine ( edit ) Mr. Turkentine is Charlie Bucket 's school teacher and appears in the first film in 1971 , but not in the book or the 2005 film . He has an odd sense of humor , which he uses to express knowledge . He asks Charlie to assist him in making a medicine using several scientific elements for the class but the project is interrupted due to the frantic golden ticket search for Willy Wonka . Mr. Turkentine when hearing the news about the golden tickets during the project dismisses the class and runs out . Later when it is revealed that all the tickets have supposedly been found ending with a Paraguayan millionaire he decides to use Wonka bars as an example to teach his class about percentages . He uses a few students as examples for the class , including Charlie . Charlie however reveals that he only opened two Wonka bars during the search and so to help make it easier for his class , he decides to pretend Charlie opened 200 . Mr. Turkentine is played by British actor David Battley . Prince Pondicherry ( edit ) Prince Pondicherry Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Nitin Ganatra ( 2005 ) Information Gender Male Prince Pondicherry is a prince who lives in India . He appears in the third chapter of the novel when Grandpa Joe is telling Charlie a story . In the story , Willy Wonka makes him a chocolate palace in India , that melts in the hot weather , as he had rejected Willy Wonka 's advice to eat it before it melted in the heat . His name derives from the city of Pondicherry ( officially spelled Puducherry since 2006 ) in southeastern India . He is absent from the 1971 film version , but makes a brief appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , where he is played by Nitin Ganatra . His story here matches that in the book , except in depicting his wife ( Shelley Conn ) and stating that the Prince demanded a second palace , but was refused due to Wonka dealing with problems of his own at the time that involved spies sent by his rivals . Oompa - Loompas ( edit ) Oompa - Loompas are small humans who would end up being preyed upon by the various predators that also reside in Loompaland before Wonka invited them to work at his factory . They are paid in their favorite food , cocoa beans , which were extremely rare on their island . The Oompa - Loompas are also mischievous , loving practical jokes and singing songs which , according to Wonka , they are very good at improvising . They sing at the end of each child 's demise . In early editions of the novel , the Oompa - Loompas ( originally called `` Whipple - Scrumpets '' before publication ) are shown as African pygmies before Dahl rewrote them to be white - skinned and golden haired . In both editions , despite working in the factory , Oompa - Loompas insist on maintaining their native clothing : men wear skins , women wear leaves , and children wear nothing . In the 1971 film , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , they were written to be played by actors with dwarfism and are portrayed as orange - skinned , green - haired men in striped shirts and baggy lederhosen - like pants . Prominent portrayers included Angelo Muscat , Rusty Goffe , George Claydon , Rudy Borgstaller , Jo Kilkenny , Andy Wilday , Malcolm Dixon , Ismed Hassan , Norman Mcglen , Pepe Poupee , Marcus Powell , and Albert Wilkinson . In the 2005 film , the Oompa - Loompas are all played by Deep Roy and are virtually identical . They wear their tribal clothing during their time in Loompaland , and typical factory worker uniforms in Wonka 's Factory . Some of the female Oompa - Loompas , like Doris , work in the administration offices . Vermicious Knids ( edit ) Vermicious Knids are a fictional species of amorphous aliens that invade the Space Hotel `` U.S.A. '' in Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator . They are also mentioned in the 1971 feature film adaptation , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , but here are mentioned only as predators of the Oompa - Loompas . In the book , Vermicious Knids are huge , dark , egg - shaped predators who swallow their victims whole , and are capable of surviving , operating , and traveling faster than light , in the vacuum of space . Although normally oviform , they can assume any shape at will , while retaining their native texture and features . They originate ( according to Mr. Wonka ) on the planet Vermes , a fictional planet located ( in dialogue ) 184,270,000,000 miles ( 2.9655 × 10 kilometres ) from Earth ( 52 times Pluto 's distance ) . In the presence of victims , they can not resist shaping themselves to spell the word `` SCRAM '' ( the only word they know ) before they attack . In Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , a swarm of Knids take possession of the new Space Hotel `` U.S.A. '' . When the transport capsule brings the staff to the Space Hotel , the Knids consume some of the staff , and the survivors retreat to the capsule . There , the Knids bludgeon the capsule with their own bodies , until its retro - rockets are useless ; whereupon Wonka , Charlie , and Grandpa Joe connect the capsule to the Elevator , in hope of towing it to Earth , and one Knid wraps itself around the Elevator while the others form a chain , intending to draw the Elevator and capsule to their home planet . The Elevator then returns to Earth , and the Knids are incinerated in Earth 's atmosphere . When Nestlé created its interpretation of Wonka 's world to sell chocolate bars under the name `` Wonka '' , they released a number of downloadable flash games , wherein Knids seemed to have entered the factory and had the appearance of flying green blobs with single red eyes . The etymology of the name was not provided by Dahl . Pronunciation of Knid is said in the book to approximate adding a schwa between the `` K '' and `` nid '' , or in Dahl 's words , `` K'nid '' . Cnidaria is the name of the taxonomic phylum containing stinging aquatic invertebrates such as jellyfish and coral , itself derived from the classical Greek word for nettle , κνίδη . Vermicious is a real word , meaning `` worm like '' . The Vermicious Knids are also mentioned in other Dahl stories , including James and the Giant Peach ( where the New York Police Department misidentify Miss Spider as one ) and The Minpins . Other characters ( edit ) Portrayed in other media ( edit ) Name 1971 film 2005 film Mrs. Bucket Diana Sowle Helena Bonham Carter Mr. Bucket Deceased Noah Taylor Mrs. Gloop Ursula Reit Franziska Troegner Mr. Gloop Kurt Großkurth ( uncredited ) Harry Taylor Mrs. Teavee Nora Denney credited as Dodo Denney Cameo ( uncredited ) Mr. Teavee Michael Goodliffe ( uncredited ) Adam Godley Mrs. Beauregarde Cameo ( uncredited ) Missi Pyle Sam Beauregarde Leonard Stone Absent Mrs. ( Henrietta ) Salt Pat Coombs ( uncredited ) Francesca Hunt Mr. ( Henry ) Salt Roy Kinnear James Fox Grandma Josephine Franziska Liebing ( uncredited ) Eileen Essell Grandma Georgina Dora Altmann ( uncredited ) Liz Smith Grandpa George Ernst Ziegler ( uncredited ) David Morris ( Bill ) the Candy Store owner Aubrey Woods Oscar James Dr. Wilbur Wonka Absent Christopher Lee Winkelmann Peter Stuart Absent Newscaster Steve Dunne ( uncredited ) Todd Boyce Tinker Peter Capell Absent Mr. Joepack Werner Heyking Absent Computer Scientist Tim Brooke - Taylor ( uncredited ) Absent Auctioneer Frank Delfino ( uncredited ) Absent Prodnose Absent Criss Cresswell Ficklegruber Absent Tony Kirwood Young Willy Wonka Absent Blair Dunlop Princess Pondicherry Absent Shelley Conn Narrator Absent Geoffrey Holder References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon ( 13 September 2017 ) . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory hero ' was originally black ' '' . Theguardian.com . Jump up ^ Kelly , Helen ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` You wo n't believe what Charlie and the Chocolate Factory 's Mike Teavee looks like now ... '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Chryl Corbin . `` Deconstructing Willy Wonka 's Chocolate Factory : Race , Labor , and the Changing Depictions of the Oompa - Loompas '' ( PDF ) . Ourenvironment , berkely.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Hephzibah . `` The dark side of Roald Dahl '' . Bbc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Slate , Jeff . `` CHARLIE AND THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY 50 YEARS LATER '' . Esquire . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Goffe , Rusty ( 27 July 2005 ) . `` My life as an Oompa Loompa : ' Willy Wonka was my first and favourite film ' '' . Theguardian.com . hide Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_characters&oldid=866053734 '' Categories : Willy Wonka characters Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from September 2016 All articles needing rewrite Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 23 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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-1107550218309111644 | Poppin' My Collar | Poppin ' My Collar - Wikipedia Poppin ' My Collar `` Poppin ' My Collar '' Single by Three 6 Mafia from the album Most Known Unknown Released January 18 , 2006 Format CD single , digital download Genre Crunk , gangsta rap , Southern hip hop Length 2 : 54 Label Sony BMG , Columbia Records Songwriter ( s ) Paul Beauregard , Darnell Carlton , Jordan Houston , Willie M. Hutchinson , Donald Pears Producer ( s ) DJ Paul , Juicy J Three 6 Mafia singles chronology `` Stay Fly '' ( 2005 ) `` Poppin ' My Collar '' ( 2006 ) `` '' Side 2 Side '' ( 2006 ) `` Poppin ' My Collar '' is the second single from Most Known Unknown , an album by hip hop group Three 6 Mafia . The song peaked at # 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming their second Top 40 hit . The track achieved RIAA platinum certification status on September 6 , 2006 . The song contains a sample of `` Theme of the Mack '' by Willie Hutch . The version in its music video is the remix featuring Project Pat . Kanye West makes a cameo appearance in the music video for the remix . Other versions ( edit ) Poppin ' My Collar ( Instrumentals ) Poppin ' My Collar ( Screwed And Chopped ) Poppin ' My Collar ( Video Version ) ( featuring Project Pat ) Poppin ' My Collar ( Cracktracks Remix ) ( featuring Project Pat , DMX ) Poppin ' My Collar ( Swizz Beatz Remix ) ( featuring Project Pat , DMX , Swizz Beatz ) Poppin ' My Collar ( Cracktrack Remix Instrumentals ) Poppin ' My Collar ( The Last Mr. Bigg solo version ) Poppin ' My Collar ( Remix ) ( featuring Project Pat , DMX , Lil Flip ) Poppin ' My Collar ( Swizz Cracktracks Remix ) ( featuring Project Pat , DMX , Lil Flip , Swizz Beatz ) Covered by the Mars Volta during `` Cygnus ... Vismund Cygnus '' on 1 / 30 / 08 in Irvine , Ca . Poppin ' My Collar ( Swizz Cracktracks Remix ) ( featuring Project Pat & B.G. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CD liner notes : Now That 's What I Call Music ! 22 , Sony BMG , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 26 . Three 6 Mafia Crunchy Black DJ Paul Gangsta Boo Juicy J Koopsta Knicca Lord Infamous Albums Mystic Stylez Chapter 1 : The End Chapter 2 : World Domination When the Smoke Clears : Sixty 6 , Sixty 1 Choices : The Album Da Unbreakables Choices II : The Setup Most Known Unknown Last 2 Walk Collaboration Albums Body Parts Hypnotize Camp Posse Dat 's How It Happen to 'M Subgroup Albums CrazyNDaLazDayz Watch What U Wish ... EPs Live by Yo Rep Compilation Albums Underground Vol. 1 : ( 1991 - 1994 ) Underground Vol. 2 : Club Memphis Underground Vol. 3 : Kings of Memphis Most Known Hits Smoked Out Music : Greatest Hits Prophet 's Greatest Hits Singles `` Who Run It '' `` Sippin ' on Some Syrup '' `` Stay Fly '' `` Poppin ' My Collar '' `` Side 2 Side '' `` Doe Boy Fresh '' `` Lolli Lolli ( Pop That Body ) '' `` That 's Right '' `` Shake My '' `` Feel It '' Films Choices : The Movie Choices II : The Setup Clean Up Men Television Shows Adventures in Hollyhood Famous Food Related articles Discography Hypnotize Minds Prophet Posse Project Pat La Chat Lil Wyte Frayser Boy Adventures in Hollyhood Columbia Records Sony Records Goliath Management `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' This 2000s hip hop single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poppin%27_My_Collar&oldid=865232261 '' Categories : 2006 singles Three 6 Mafia songs Songs written by Juicy J Songs written by DJ Paul 2005 songs Gangsta rap songs Sony BMG singles Columbia Records singles Songs written by Willie Hutch 2000s hip hop single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 16 : 28 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | ever since i can remember i been poppin my collar | [] | [] |
7617590072965016514 | British and American keyboards | British and American keyboards - wikipedia British and American keyboards Jump to : navigation , search Comparison of American and British English American English British English Computing Keyboards Grammar Orthography Spelling Speech Accent Pronunciation Vocabulary Glossary of American terms not widely used in the United Kingdom Glossary of British terms not widely used in the United States Lists of words having different meanings in American and British English : ( A -- L M -- Z ) Works Works with different titles in the UK and US There are two major English language computer keyboard layouts , the United States layout and the United Kingdom layout defined in BS 4822 ( 48 - key version ) . Both are QWERTY layouts . Users in the United States do not frequently need to make use of the £ ( pound ) and € ( euro ) currency symbols , which are common needs in the United Kingdom and Ireland , although the $ ( dollar sign ) symbol is also provided as standard on UK and Irish keyboards . In New Zealand the US keyboard layout is the de facto standard . In Australia , Canada , the Netherlands , Pakistan , Poland and India , the US keyboard might also be used . Contents ( hide ) 1 Windows keyboards 2 Apple Macintosh keyboards 3 Other keyboard layouts 4 Dvorak Layouts 5 Typewriters 6 See also 7 References Windows keyboards ( edit ) The UK variant of the IBM Enhanced keyboard commonly used with personal computers designed for Microsoft Windows differs from the US layout as follows : The UK keyboard has 1 more key than the U.S. keyboard ( UK = 62 , US = 61 , on the typewriter keys ) The Alt key to the right of the space bar is replaced by an AltGr key The # symbol is replaced by the £ symbol and a 102nd key is added next to the Enter key to accommodate the displaced # € is produced by AltGr + 4 @ and `` are swapped the ~ is moved to the # key , and is replaced by a ¬ symbol on the backquote ( ` ) key ; AltGr + backquote produces ¦ the key labelled `` '' usually produces the `` ¦ '' symbol whilst the one labelled `` ¦ '' usually produces the `` '' symbol the \ key is moved to the left of the Z key the Enter key spans two rows , and is narrower to accommodate the # key Some UK keyboards do not label Backspace , Enter , Tab and Shift in words On laptop computers , the and \ key is often placed next to the space bar . United Kingdom keyboard layout for a computer running Windows United States keyboard layout Early versions of Windows handled both the differences between the two keyboards and the differences between American English and British English by having two English language options -- a UK setting and a US setting . While adequate for users in the United States , United Kingdom , and Ireland , this solution caused difficulty in other English - speaking countries . In many Commonwealth countries and other English - speaking jurisdictions ( e.g. , Canada , Australia , the Caribbean nations , Hong Kong , Malaysia , India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Singapore , New Zealand , and South Africa ) , local spelling conformed more closely to British English usage , while the supplied keyboard was printed with the United States layout on the keys . People in these countries were forced to choose between a keyboard layout incompatible with their hardware , or having their spell checker software flag the British English spelling of words such as `` colour '' , `` centre '' , etc . However , in more recent editions , the number of options was increased , allowing users to select the correct keyboard and dialect independently . For example , one is given a number of default options for locality that will usually correctly match dialect and keyboard . Further , even if the hardware keyboard layout does not match the device driver software layout that was pre-selected , it can be changed without changing the regional setting . US International keyboard layout United Kingdom Extended keyboard layout Since the standard US keyboard layout in Microsoft Windows offers no way of inputting any sort of diacritic or accent , this makes it unsuitable for all but a handful of languages unless the US International layout is used . The US International layout changes the ` , ~ , ^ , `` ( for _̈ ) , and ' ( for _́ ) keys into dead keys for producing accented characters . The US International layout also uses the right alt ( AltGr ) as a modifier to enter special characters . Although there is no UK International layout on Windows , XP SP2 and above provide a UK Extended layout which , if activated , will allow the user to enter a wide variety of diacritics ( such as grave accents ) which are not accommodated by the standard UK layout . Apple Macintosh keyboards ( edit ) Main article : Apple keyboard United Kingdom version of Apple keyboard The non-standard default U.S. layout on Apple Macintosh computers allows input of diacritical characters , whereby the entire MacRoman character set is directly available , . Apple supplies a `` British '' keyboard layout with the following differences : The # symbol is replaced by the £ symbol ( as on PC keyboards ) ; the # is available by pressing ⌥ Option + 3 More recent Apple British keyboards move the backquote / ~ key to the left of the Z key and replace it with a section sign ( § ) and a plus - minus sign ( ± ) respectively . The Enter key spans two rows and is shaped similarly to the Enter key of many ISO PC keyboards . Other keyboard layouts ( edit ) UK International keyboard layout ( Linux ) United Kingdom Extended Keyboard Layout for Linux US keyboard layout ( Linux ) Other operating systems can optionally re-map the keyboard layout or have different modifier keys ( for example the Amiga keyboard has `` A '' modifier keys and BBC Micro or Acorn keyboards often had a `` Shift Lock '' as well as a `` Caps Lock '' ) Under Unix / Linux the `` Windows '' key is often called the `` Super '' key and can be re-mapped by users for specific functionality but in most programs by default does nothing . Some older Unix / Linux software such as Emacs use the left Alt key as a `` Meta '' key which harks back to older MIT or LISP computers : Dvorak Layouts ( edit ) The modern Dvorak Simplified Keyboard ( UK layout ) The modern Dvorak Simplified Keyboard ( US layout ) There are also Dvorak Layouts for each region . Typewriters ( edit ) British typewriter keyboard layout , variant 1 ( full ) British typewriter keyboard layout , variant 2 ( portable ) American typewriter keyboard layout IBM Selectric American keyboard layout ( the predecessor of the modern US layout ) See also ( edit ) Keyboard layout Technical standards in Hong Kong References ( edit ) Jump up ^ British Standard BS 4822 : Keyboard allocation of graphic characters for data processing . British Standards Institution , 1994 . Jump up ^ Meta key ( hide ) Keyboard layouts Latin - script ( list ) QWERTY British and American Icelandic Portuguese Romanian QWERTY - like QWERTZ German Albanian AZERTY QZERTY not QWERTY - like Dvorak ( Svorak ) Colemak Maltron Neo Turkish F HCESAR SKY BÉPO Non-Latin script Arabic Bengali Chinese Dzongkha ( Tibetan ) Georgian Hebrew InScript ( Indian languages Hindi , Telugu etc ) Sinhala Tamil ( 99 ) Urdu Russian ( pre-reform ) Russian ( post-reform ) For mobile devices Physical SureType Telephone ( 9 - key ) E. 161 iTap LetterWise Multi-tap T9 WordWise XT9 2 - touch input ( ja ) Nico Touch ( ja ) Virtual 5 - Tiles FITALY Flick input KALQ MessagEase Swype Chorded keyboards CyKey FrogPad Stenotype Velotype Microwriter BAT Palantype Standards ISO / IEC 9995 Historical Blickensderfer ( DHIATENSOR ) HCESAR Printing Telegraph PLUM Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_and_American_keyboards&oldid=843614815 '' Categories : Latin - script keyboard layouts American and British English differences Computer keyboard types Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 08 : 53 . 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-2506585093396806132 | List of airlines of the United States | List of Airlines of the United States - wikipedia List of Airlines of the United States This is a list of airlines which have an air operator 's certificate issued by the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States . Note : Destinations in bold indicate primary hubs , those in italic indicate secondary hubs , while those with regular font indicate focus cities . Contents : Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also Contents 1 Passenger airlines 1.1 Mainline 1.2 Regional 1.3 Commuter 1.4 Charter 2 Cargo airlines 3 Air ambulances 4 State - run airlines 5 See also 6 References Passenger Airlines ( edit ) Mainline ( edit ) Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Hubs , Secondary hubs and Focus cities Founded Notes Alaska Airlines AS ASA ALASKA Seattle / Tacoma Anchorage Los Angeles Portland ( OR ) San Francisco San Diego San Jose ( CA ) 1932 Founded as McGee Airways and commenced operations in 1944 as Alaska Airlines . Allegiant Air G4 AAY ALLEGIANT Las Vegas Bellingham Cincinnati Fort Lauderdale Fort Walton Beach Knoxville Los Angeles Myrtle Beach Oakland Orlando / Sanford Phoenix / Mesa Pittsburgh Punta Gorda ( FL ) St. Petersburg / Clearwater 1997 Founded as WestJet Express and commenced operations in 1998 as Allegiant Air . American Airlines AA AAL AMERICAN Dallas / Fort Worth Charlotte Chicago - O'Hare Los Angeles Miami New York - JFK New York - LaGuardia Philadelphia Phoenix - Sky Harbor Washington - National 1926 Founded as American Airways and commenced operations in 1936 as American Air Lines ; largest airline in the world based on airline company revenue , scheduled passenger miles flown ( per year ) , and fleet size . Delta Air Lines DL DAL DELTA Atlanta Detroit Los Angeles Minneapolis / St. Paul New York - JFK New York - LaGuardia Salt Lake City Seattle / Tacoma Boston Cincinnati Raleigh / Durham 1924 Founded as Huff Daland Dusters and commenced operations in 1929 as Delta Air Service ; largest airline in the world based on number of passengers served per year . Frontier Airlines F9 FFT FRONTIER FLIGHT Denver Atlanta Austin Chicago - O'Hare Cincinnati Cleveland Las Vegas Miami Orlando Philadelphia Raleigh / Durham San Antonio Trenton 1994 Hawaiian Airlines HA HAL HAWAIIAN Honolulu Kahului Kailua - Kona Lihue 1929 Founded as Inter-Island Airways in early 1929 and commenced operations in late 1929 as Hawaiian Airlines JetBlue Airways B6 JBU JETBLUE New York - JFK Boston Fort Lauderdale Long Beach Orlando San Juan 1998 Founded as New Air and commenced operations in 2000 as JetBlue Airways . Southwest Airlines WN SWA SOUTHWEST Dallas - Love Atlanta Baltimore Chicago - Midway Denver Houston - Hobby Las Vegas Oakland Orlando Phoenix - Sky Harbor Austin Fort Lauderdale Los Angeles Nashville Sacramento San Diego San Jose ( CA ) St. Louis Tampa 1967 Founded as Air Southwest and commenced operations in 1971 as Southwest Airlines . Spirit Airlines NK NKS SPIRIT WINGS Fort Lauderdale Detroit Las Vegas Atlantic City Chicago - O'Hare Dallas / Fort Worth 1980 Founded as Charter One . Sun Country Airlines SY SCX SUN COUNTRY Minneapolis / St. Paul Dallas / Fort Worth 1982 Commenced operations in 1983 . United Airlines UA UAL UNITED Chicago - O'Hare Denver Guam Houston - Intercontinental Los Angeles Newark San Francisco Washington - Dulles Cleveland 1926 Founded as Varney Air Lines and commenced operations in 1931 as United Air Lines . Regional ( edit ) Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Hubs and focus cities Founded Notes Air Wisconsin ZW AWI WISCONSIN Appleton Chicago - O'Hare Milwaukee Washington - Dulles 1965 Operates as United Express Cape Air 9K KAP CAIR Hyannis Billings Boston Nantucket St. Louis San Juan Albany Martha 's Vineyard 1988 CommutAir C5 UCA COMMUTAIR Newark Washington - Dulles Operates as United Express . Compass Airlines CP CPZ COMPASS ROSE As Delta Connection : Minneapolis / St. Paul Los Angeles Seattle / Tacoma As American Eagle : Los Angeles 2006 Commenced operations in 2007 . Operates as Delta Connection and American Eagle . Contour Aviation LF VTE VOLUNTEER Smyrna ( TN ) 1982 Elite Airways 7Q MNU MAINER Orlando / Melbourne Newark Portland ( ME ) 2006 Commenced operations in 2014 . Endeavor Air 9E EDV ENDEAVOR Minneapolis / St. Paul Atlanta Detroit New York - JFK New York - LaGuardia 1985 Founded as Express Airlines I. Operates as Delta Connection . Envoy Air MQ ENY ENVOY Dallas / Fort Worth Chicago - O'Hare New York - LaGuardia Miami New York - JFK 1984 Founded as American Eagle Airlines . Operates as American Eagle . ExpressJet EV ASQ ACEY As United Express : Houston Chicago - O'Hare Newark As Delta Connection : Atlanta Detroit As American Eagle : Dallas / Fort Worth 1986 Commenced operations in 1987 . Operates as United Express , Delta Connection and American Eagle . GoJet Airlines G7 GJS LINDBERGH As United Express : Chicago - O'Hare Denver As Delta Connection : Cincinnati Detroit Commenced operations in 2005 . Operates as United Express and Delta Connection . Great Lakes Airlines ZK GLA LAKES AIR Denver 1977 Horizon Air QX QXE HORIZON Seattle / Tacoma Portland ( OR ) 1981 Operates as Alaska Airlines . Mesa Airlines YV ASH AIR SHUTTLE As American Eagle : Phoenix - Sky Harbor Dallas / Fort Worth As United Express : Houston - Intercontinental Washington - Dulles 1980 Founded as Mesa Air Shuttle . All but one aircraft operated as American Eagle and United Express . PenAir KS PEN PENINSULA Anchorage Boston Portland ( OR ) 1955 Founded as Peninsula Airways . Operates as Alaska Airlines . Piedmont Airlines PT PDT PIEDMONT Charlotte Philadelphia Washington - National 1961 Founded as Henson Aviation and commenced operations in 1962 . Operates as American Eagle . PSA Airlines JS JIA BLUE STREAK Charlotte Philadelphia Washington - National 1979 Founded as Vee Neal Airlines . Operates as American Eagle . Ravn Alaska 7H RVF RAVEN FLIGHT Anchorage Aniak Barrow Bethel Deadhorse Fairbanks Kotzebue Nome Unalakleet Galena St. Mary 's ( AK ) 1948 Founded as Economy Helicopters . Republic Airline YX RPA BRICKYARD As American Eagle : Indianapolis Columbus ( OH ) Kansas City Miami New York - LaGuardia Philadelphia Pittsburgh Washington - National As United Express : Indianapolis Chicago - O'Hare Columbus ( OH ) Kansas City Newark New York - LaGuardia Pittsburgh Washington - National As Delta Connection : Indianapolis Chicago - O'Hare Columbus ( OH ) New York - LaGuardia 1998 Commenced operations in 2005 . Operates as American Eagle , United Express and Delta Connection . Silver Airways 3M SIL SILVER WINGS Fort Lauderdale Orlando Tampa 2011 SkyWest Airlines OO SKW SKYWEST As Delta Connection : Atlanta Cincinnati Detroit Los Angeles Minneapolis / St. Paul Salt Lake City Seattle / Tacoma As United Express : Chicago - O'Hare Denver Houston - Intercontinental Los Angeles San Francisco As American Eagle : Chicago - O'Hare Los Angeles Phoenix - Sky Harbor As Alaska Airlines : Portland ( OR ) Seattle / Tacoma 1972 Operates as Delta Connection , United Express , American Eagle and Alaska Airlines . Trans States Airlines AX LOF WATERSKI As United Express : Chicago - O'Hare Denver Washington - Dulles As American Eagle : New York - JFK New York - LaGuardia 1982 Founded as Resort Air . Operates as United Express and American Eagle . ViaAir VC SRY STINGRAY Orlando Austin Charlotte 1997 Commuter ( edit ) Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Hubs and focus cities Founded Notes Advanced Air LLC . Hawthorne Municipal Airport ( California ) Has applied for the EAS contract to serve Grant County Airport ( New Mexico ) , currently held by Boutique Air . Aerodynamics Inc . DYN AERODYNAMICS Denver 1959 Operates as Great Lakes Jet Express . Air Choice One 3E WBR WEBER St. Louis Chicago - O'Hare Minneapolis / St. Paul 1979 Founded as Multi-Aero Corporation . Air Sunshine YI RSI AIR SUNSHINE San Juan 1982 Bering Air 8E BRG BERING AIR Nome Kotzebue Unalakleet 1979 Boutique Air 4B BTQ BOUTIQUE Dallas / Fort Worth Denver Phoenix - Sky Harbor 2007 Everts Air 5V VTS EVERTS Fairbanks Anchorage 1978 Founded as Tatonduk Flying Service . Frontier Flying Service 2F FTA FRONTIER - AIR Fairbanks Anchorage Barrow Kotzubue 1950 Operates as Ravn Connect . Gem Air Salmon 2014 Grand Canyon Airlines YR CVU CANYON VIEW Boulder City Grand Canyon Page 1927 Founded as Scenic Airways . Grand Canyon Scenic Airlines YR SCE SCENIC Grand Canyon 1967 Grant Aviation GV GUN HOOT Anchorage Bethel Cold Bay Dillingham Emmonak Kenai King Salmon Unalaska / Dutch Harbor 1971 Founded as Delta Air Services . Griffing Flying Service Port Clinton 1937 Hageland Aviation Services H6 HAG HAGELAND Anchorage Aniak Barrow Bethel Emmonak Kotzubue Nome St. Mary 's ( AK ) Unalakleet 1981 Operates as Ravn Connect . Island Airways Charlevoix 1945 Founded as McPhillips Flying Service . JetSuiteX XE JSX BIGSTRIPE Burbank 2016 Kenmore Air M5 KEN KENMORE Kenmore Seattle - Lake Union Seattle - Boeing 1946 Founded as Mines Collins Munro . Key Lime Air KG LYM KEY LIME Denver - Centennial Denver Denver - Rocky Mountain Grand Junction 1997 Operates as Denver Air Connection . Makani Kai Air Honolulu 1998 Mokulele Airlines MW MO MAHALO Kailua - Kona Kahului 1994 Founded as Mokulele Flight Service . New England Airlines EJ NEA NEW ENGLAND Westerly 1970 Penobscot Island Air Rockland Reliant Air RLI RELIANT Danbury 1988 San Juan Airlines SKYFERRY Bellingham 2002 Servant Air 8D Kodiak 2003 Southern Airways Express 9X FDY FRIENDLY Memphis Destin Pittsburgh Washington - Dulles 2013 Surf Air UF SURFAIR 2012 Taquan Air K3 TQN TAQUAN Ketchikan Harbor 1977 Tradewind Aviation TJ GPD GOODSPEED Oxford ( CT ) San Juan White Plains Ultimate Air Shuttle UE UJC ULTIMATE Cincinnati - Lunken 2009 Utah Airways Ogden 2015 Warbelow 's Air Ventures 4W WAV WARBELOW Fairbanks 1958 Wright Air Service 8V WRF WRIGHT FLYER Fairbanks 1966 Charter ( edit ) Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Hubs and focus cities Founded Notes Air Charter Bahamas Berry Aviation BYA BERRY San Marcos Bighorn Airways BHR BIGHORN AIR Sheridan 1947 Charter Air Transport VC SRY STINGRAY Cleveland - Lakefront 1997 Choice Airways CSX CHOICE AIR Fort Lauderdale - Executive 2009 Delta Private Jets DPJ JET CARD Cincinnati 1984 Eastern Airlines , LLC 2D DYA DYNAMIC AIR ExcelAire XLS EXCELAIRE Long Island / Islip 1993 Great Lakes Air St. Ignace Gryphon Airlines Y3 VOS IBC Airways II CSQ CHASQUI Fort Lauderdale 1991 JetSuite RSP REDSTRIPE 2006 L - 3 Flight International Aviation RTD RIPTIDE Newport News Liberty Jet Management LRT LIBERTY JET Long Island / Islip 2006 Miami Air International LL BSK BISCAYNE Miami 1990 Commenced operations in 1991 . NetJets 1I EJA EXECJET 1964 Founded as Executive Jets Aviation . Omni Air International X9 OAE OMNI - EXPRESS Tulsa 1993 Orange Air ORN ORANGE JET Orlando / Sanford 2011 Commenced operations in 2014 . Pacific Coast Jet PXT PACK COAST 2006 Pentastar Aviation DCX TANGO Waterford 1964 Founded as Chrysler Air Transportation . Phoenix Air PHA GRAY BIRD Cartersville 1978 PlaneSense CNS CHRONOS Portsmouth ( NH ) 1992 Presidential Airways Orlando / Melbourne Rediske Air Soldotna 1991 Sierra Pacific Airlines SI SPA SIERRA PACIFIC Tucson 1970 Commenced operations in 1971 . Skymax SMX SKYMAX Fort Lauderdale 1997 Commenced operations in 2013 . Songbird Airways SK SGB SONGBIRD Miami 1990 Stampede Aviation Healy / Denali NP 2011 Superior Aviation SO HKA SPEND AIR Lansing 1979 Swift Air WQ SWQ SWIFTFLIGHT Phoenix - Sky Harbor 1997 Talkeetna Air Taxi Talkeetna 1947 Founded as Talkeetna Flying Service . Tropic Ocean Airways Fort Lauderdale 2009 Twin Cities Air Service TCY TWIN CITY Auburn / Lewiston Portland ( ME ) 1992 World Atlantic Airlines K8 WAL WORLD ATLANTIC Miami 2002 Founded as Caribbean Sun Airlines and commenced operations in 2003 . XOJET XOJ EXOJET Sacramento - McClellan 2006 Xtra Airways XP CXP CASINO EXPRESS Miami San Antonio Founded as Casino Express Airlines and commenced operations in 1989 . Cargo Airlines ( edit ) Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Hubs and focus cities Founded Notes ABX Air GB ABX ABEX Wilmington ( OH ) Cincinnati Miami 1980 Founded as Airborne Express . Air Cargo Carriers 2Q SNC NIGHT CARGO Milwaukee Cincinnati 1986 Commenced operations in 1980 . AirNet Express USC STAR CHECK Columbus - Rickenbacker Founded as Financial Air Express . Air Transport International 8C ATN AIR TRANSPORT Wilmington ( OH ) Cincinnati 1978 Founded as US Airways and commenced operations in 1980 . Alaska Central Express KO AER ACE AIR Anchorage Aloha Air Cargo KH AAH ALOHA Honolulu 1946 Founded as Trans - Pacific Airlines and separated from now - defunct Aloha Airlines in 2008 . Alpine Air Express 5A AIP ALPINE AIR Provo Billings Sioux Falls 1971 Amazon Air Cincinnati / Northern Kentucky 2016 Flights operated by Air Transport International , ABX Air , and Atlas Air . Ameriflight A8 AMF AMFLIGHT Dallas / Fort Worth 1968 Founded as California Air Charter . Amerijet International M6 AJT AMERIJET Miami Port of Spain Ameristar Jet Charter 7Z AJI AMERISTAR Dallas - Addison El Paso Willow Run 2000 Asia Pacific Airlines P9 MGE MAGELLAN Guam Honolulu 1998 Atlas Air 5Y GTI GIANT New York - JFK Anchorage Cincinnati Houston Huntsville Los Angeles Miami 1992 Commenced operations in 1993 . Bemidji Airlines CH BMJ BEMIDJI Bemidji Minneapolis / St. Paul 1946 Commenced operations in 1947 . Castle Aviation CSJ CASTLE Akron / Canton 1986 Centurion Air Cargo WE CWC CHALLENGE CARGO Miami 1985 Corporate Air CPT AIRSPUR Billings 1981 CSA Air IRO IRON AIR Iron Mountain 1998 Empire Airlines EM CFS EMPIRE Coeur d ' Alene Spokane 1977 Everts Air Cargo 5V VTS EVERTS Fairbanks Anchorage 1995 Express One International EO LHN LONGHORN Orlando / Sanford Founded as Jet East International . FedEx Express FX FDX FEDEX Memphis Anchorage Cologne / Bonn Dubai Fort Worth Greensboro Guangzhou Indianapolis Miami Milan - Malpensa Newark Oakland Osaka - Kansai Paris - Charles de Gaulle Seoul - Incheon Toronto - Pearson 1971 Founded as Federal Express and commenced operations in 1973 . Flight Express FLX FLIGHT EXPRESS Addison 1978 Founded as Chapman Air . Freight Runners Express FRG FREIGHT RUNNERS Milwaukee 1985 IFL Group IF IFL EIFFEL Waterford Founded as Air Contract Cargo . Kalitta Air K4 CKS CONNIE Ypsilanti Anchorage Bahrain Cincinnati Hong Kong New York - JFK 1967 Founded as American International Airways . Kalitta Charters CB KFS KALITTA Ypsilanti Lynden Air Cargo L2 LYC LYNDEN Anchorage 1995 Martinaire MRA MARTEX Addison 1978 Merlin Airways MEI AVALON Billings Miami San Juan Mid-Atlantic Freight MDC NIGHT SHIP Greensboro 1990 Mountain Air Cargo C2 MTN MOUNTAIN Kinston National Airlines N8 NCR NATIONAL CARGO Orlando / Sanford 1985 Commenced opeartions in 1986 . Northern Air Cargo NC NAC YUKON Anchorage Fairbanks 1956 Polar Air Cargo PO PAC POLAR Anchorage Cincinnati Hong Kong Honolulu Los Angeles Leipzig / Halle Seoul - Incheon Shanghai - Pudong Sharjah Sydney 1993 Royal Air Freight RAX AIR ROYAL Waterford 1961 Ryan Air Services 7S RYA RYAN AIR Anchorage Aniak Bethel Emmonak Kotzebue Nome St. Mary 's Unalakleet 1953 Founded as Unalakleet Air Taxi . Sky Lease Cargo GG KYE SKY CUBE Miami 1969 Founded as Wrangler Aviation and commenced operations in 1973 . Skyway Enterprises KI SKZ SKYWAY - INC 1981 Commenced operations in 1983 . Southern Air 9S SOO SOUTHERN AIR Cincinnati Anchorage Leipzig / Halle 1999 Tepper Aviation Crestview Transair KH MUI MAUI Honolulu 1982 UPS Airlines 5X UPS UPS Louisville Chicago / Rockford Cologne / Bonn Columbia ( SC ) Dallas / Fort Worth Hamilton Hong Kong Kuala Lumpur Miami Ontario Philadelphia Shanghai - Pudong Shenzhen 1988 USA Jet Airlines UJ JUS JET USA Ypsilanti Laredo 1994 West Air PCM PAC VALLEY Las Vegas Oakland Ontario Sacramento San Diego 1988 Western Global Airlines KD WGN WESTERN GLOBAL Miami , Florida ; Liege , Belgium ; Anchorage , Alaska ; Ft . Myers , Florida 2013 Wiggins Airways WG WIG WIGGINS AIRWAYS Manchester 1929 Air ambulances ( edit ) Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Hubs and focus cities Founded Notes AirMed International Founded as MEDjet International . Air Methods Denver - Centennial 1980 Critical Air Medicine 1984 LIFESTAR Life Lion State - run airlines ( edit ) Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Hubs and focus cities Founded Notes Comco 2002 Janet WWW JANET Las Vegas 1972 Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System JUD JUSTICE Oklahoma City 1980 Commenced operations in 1995 . See also ( edit ) Lists of airlines List of airlines of Puerto Rico List of airports in the United States List of defunct airlines of the United States Proposed airlines of the United States References ( edit ) Lists of airlines By airline codes All 0 - 9 J O Q U V X Y Z By continent Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania By country Expand for full list Abkhazia Afghanistan Akrotiri and Dhekelia Åland Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Artsakh Aruba Ascension Island Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas , The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo , Democratic Republic Congo , Republic Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dhekelia Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia , The Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy J Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea , North Korea , South Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Macedonia , Republic of Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norfolk Island Northern Cyprus Northern Mariana Islands Norway O Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Islands Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Q Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Saint Barthélemy Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia Somaliland South Africa South Ossetia South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tokelau Tonga Transnistria Trinidad and Tobago Tristan da Cunha Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu U Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan V Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Virgin Islands , British Virgin Islands , United States Wallis and Futuna Y Yemen Z Zambia Zimbabwe See also List of airline holding companies List of airline mergers and acquisitions List of airlines by foundation date List of charter airlines List of defunct airlines List of government - owned airlines List of low - cost airlines List of passenger airlines List of regional airlines Airlines of the United States Mainline Alaska Airlines Allegiant Air American Airlines Delta Air Lines Frontier Airlines Hawaiian Airlines JetBlue Southwest Airlines Spirit Airlines Sun Country Airlines United Airlines Regional Aerodynamics Inc . 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-7836019488561821884 | Michael Johns (singer) | Michael Johns ( singer ) - Wikipedia Michael Johns ( singer ) Jump to : navigation , search Michael Johns Michael Johns at the American Idol , Season 7 , Top 12 party on 6 March 2008 . Background information Birth name Michael John Lee 20 October 1978 Perth , Australia 1 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) ( aged 35 ) Tustin , California , U.S. Genres Pop , pop rock , soul , soft rock , rock Occupation ( s ) Singer , songwriter Years active 2000 -- 2014 Labels Beverly Martel Music Maverick Records TRP records Downtown Records Associated acts Brooke White , The Rising Michael Johns ( born Michael John Lee ; 20 October 1978 -- 1 August 2014 ) was an Australian singer who finished in eighth place on the seventh season of American Idol , in 2008 . In 2009 , he released a music album , Hold Back My Heart , which sold 20,000 copies . Johns died on 1 August 2014 , at the age of 35 of dilated cardiomyopathy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 American Idol 2.2. 1 Overview 2.2. 2 Performances 3 Post-Idol 4 Personal life 5 Death 6 Discography 6.1 Albums 6.1. 1 Downtown Records 6.2 Singles 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) John Lee was born in Perth , Western Australia on 20 October 1978 . As a teenager , he appeared as The Coachman in Pinocchio at the Regal Theatre and was a choir singer in Anything Goes at His Majesty 's Theatre . He attended Newman College in Perth . In 1997 , John Lee moved to the United States on a tennis scholarship and majored in drama at Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College in Tifton , Georgia , before dropping out after two quarters . He also briefly played Australian rules football for the United States Australian Football League ( USAFL ) club Atlanta Kookaburras from 2001 to 2002 . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) John Lee moved from Tifton to Atlanta to pursue a music career , playing cover engagements . He then joined a band called Film for 18 months . After traveling to Los Angeles to showcase for a number of labels , he was signed to Maverick Records in 2002 as a solo artist under his birth name Michael Lee . He recorded an album , and then formed a rock band called The Rising . A song from the album `` Cradle '' received some airplay , and the album titled Future Unknown was released in 2003 . It was also released on iTunes in 2008 after he appeared on American Idol . After Maverick , he was signed to Columbia , but was later dropped . He started using the name Michael Johns in 2006 as an homage to his stepfather whose name , like his middle name , is John , hence `` Johns '' because there are two of them in the family . American Idol ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) He auditioned for the seventh season of American Idol at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium in July 2007 . He finished in eighth place in the competition . Performances ( edit ) Week # Theme Song choice Original artist Order # Result Top 24 ( 12 Men ) 1960s `` Light My Fire '' The Doors 12 Safe Top 20 ( 10 Men ) 1970s `` Go Your Own Way '' Fleetwood Mac Safe Top 16 ( 8 Men ) 1980s `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' Simple Minds 5 Safe Top 12 Lennon -- McCartney `` Across the Universe '' The Beatles 10 Safe Top 11 The Beatles `` A Day in the Life '' The Beatles Safe Top 10 Year They Were Born `` We Will Rock You '' / `` We Are the Champions '' Queen 6 Safe Top 9 Dolly Parton `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' Dolly Parton 9 Safe Top 8 Inspirational Music `` Dream On '' Aerosmith Eliminated Post-idol ( edit ) As one of the seventh season finalists , Johns joined the 2008 American Idol Live ! tour after the show . While he was on the Idol tour , he worked on a soundtrack for Olympic snowboarder Shaun White 's documentary DVD Do n't Look Down . The soundtrack was released by Three Rings Projects on 20 January 2009 . Johns sang on all but one of the vocal tracks . In December 2008 , he released a song he wrote in 2006 , `` Another Christmas . '' Half the proceeds from the song were advertised as being donated to the Red Cross and half to fight amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . In April 2009 , he released `` Heart on My Sleeve , '' the lead single from Hold Back My Heart . The song debuted on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary chart at number 27 . The album was released on 23 June 2009 , and debuted at number 97 on the Billboard 200 with 5,000 copies sold . It sold 20,000 copies as of January 2010 . In 2012 , he released Love and Sex , a three - song EP . He also appeared briefly in a 2012 episode of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills . Personal life ( edit ) John Lee married his wife , Stacey Vuduris , in 2007 . Death ( edit ) Johns died in Tustin , California on 1 August 2014 . On 18 November 2014 , the coroner reported that Johns had died of dilated cardiomyopathy , which inhibited the flow of blood to his body and also caused his heart to enlarge . A fatty liver also contributed to his death . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Release date Artist Album Label Number of tracks Film Rolling Projector Records 6 tracks 16 September 2003 The Rising Future Unknown Maverick 11 tracks 26 August 2003 Live at the Apple Store 5 tracks ( EP ) 2007 Michael Johns Michael Johns - 12 tracks 2008 Another Christmas TRP records 1 track 2009 Do n't Look Down -- The Height of Competition 17 tracks Downtown Records ( edit ) Year Album details Peak Sales US US Indie 2009 Hold Back My Heart Release date : 23 June 2009 Label : Downtown Records Format : CD 97 12 US : 20,000 2012 Love & Sex ( EP ) Release date : 11 June 2012 Label : BUTR Records Format : Digital Download -- -- Singles ( edit ) Year Title Chart Positions Album US AC 2009 `` Heart on My Sleeve '' 22 Hold Back My Heart References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ho , Rodney ( 15 February 2008 ) . `` Michael Johns interview ( updated ) '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Access Atlanta . Jump up ^ `` American Idol contestant Michael Johns dreamed of fame '' . www.news.com.au , PerthNow. 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Daile Pepper ( 3 October 2008 ) . `` Idol comes back to earth in Perth '' . WA Today . Jump up ^ `` '' Idol '' Johns Ditched College , Last Name `` . TMZ. 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Could a former USAFL player be the next American Idol ? '' . 18 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mike goes his own way '' . Atlanta Kookaburras Australian Rules Football Club . 27 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Fred Bronson ( 15 May 2008 ) . `` The Billboard Q&A : Michael Johns From ' American Idol ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` melodic.net : The Film '' . www.melodic.net . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Morsels : Crossroads : Michael Lee Of The Rising '' . www.serge.org . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Andrew Leahey . `` Michael John : Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Idol 's Michael Johns Explains His Personal Name Change '' . People . 2008 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Shocking elimination leaves ' Idol ' crowd booing - today > entertainment - Reality TV - TODAY.com '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Elimination Shocker : Michael Johns ' Dreams Dashed , As Carly Smithson And Syesha Mercado Squeak By '' . MTV . 2008 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' Idol ' Tracker : Live from Arizona , the tour begins '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Tania Hussain ( 21 January 2009 ) . `` Album Review : Do n't Look Down -- The Height of Competition '' . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Tragedy : Season 7 Finalist Michael Johns Dies At 35 '' . RadarOnline. 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Rye Randa Discusses Shaun White 's Do n't Look Down '' . Blogcritics. 6 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Blumm , K.C. ( 2 August 2014 ) . `` American Idol Finalist Michael Johns Dies at 35 '' . people.com . People . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Johns To Release Christmas Song In Aid of ALS & Red Cross '' . Access Hollywood . 2008 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Shirley Halperin and Fred Bronson ( 2 August 2014 ) . `` American Idol ' Alum Michael Johns Dies at 35 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 14 May 2009 ) . `` Chart Beat : Paula Abdul , ' Epiphany ' , Frank Sinatra and more ! '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ The Billboard 200 . Billboard. 11 Jul 2009 . Jump up ^ Gil Kaufman ( 1 July 2009 ) . `` Black Eyed Peas Top Non-Jackson Album Sales On Billboard '' . MTV . ^ Jump up to : `` The best - selling Idol albums from 2009 '' . Content.usatoday.com. 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Tania Hussain ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Love and Sex According to Michael Johns : `` Follow your heart and try and be the best person you can '' `` . Newsvine . Jump up ^ `` Michael Johns Appreciates Wife 's Humor '' . OK . 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coroner Press Releases '' . Orange County Sheriff 's Department . 2014 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Alum Michael Johns ' Cause of Death Revealed '' . Billboard. 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrick Gomez ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` American Idol Finalist Michael Johns 's Cause of Death Revealed '' . People Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Rolling by Film '' . CDbaby . Jump up ^ `` The Rising : Future Unknown '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` The Rising : Live at the Apple Store '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Michael Johns - Michael Johns Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Johns - Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - August 15 , 2009 '' . Billboard . Log in required External links ( edit ) Michael Johns on IMDb Michael Johns at American Idol ( hide ) American Idol season 7 Finalists David Cook David Archuleta Syesha Mercado Jason Castro Brooke White Carly Smithson Kristy Lee Cook Michael Johns Ramiele Malubay Chikezie Amanda Overmyer David Hernandez Other Sources Episode List Tour `` The Time of My Life '' MusicBrainz : 91b9a119 - bfc2 - 4706 - b870 - d5f97f1cb244 VIAF : 86333240 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Johns_(singer)&oldid=840428019 '' Categories : 1978 births 2014 deaths American Idol participants Australian expatriates in the United States Australian male singers Musicians from Perth , Western Australia 21st - century Australian singers 20th - century Australian musicians 20th - century American musicians Deaths from thrombosis Deaths from cardiomyopathy Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from October 2011 Use Australian English from October 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Pages using Template : Infobox musical artist with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Português Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 20 : 39 . About Wikipedia | who is the american idol contestant that died | [
"Michael Johns (born Michael John Lee; 20 October 1978 – 1 August 2014) was an Australian singer who finished in eighth place on the seventh season of American Idol, in 2008. In 2009, he released a music album, Hold Back My Heart, which sold 20,000 copies. Johns died on 1 August 2014, at the age of 35 of dilated cardiomyopathy."
] | [
"Michael Johns"
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7195783841155291828 | National Open University of Nigeria | National Open University of Nigeria - wikipedia National Open University of Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search National Open University of Nigeria Motto Work and Learn Type Public Established 2002 ( 1983 ) Vice-Chancellor Prof. Abdalla Uba Adamu Students 150,000 ( 2011 ) Location Abuja , Abuja - Nigeria , Nigeria Campus several across Nigeria Nickname NOUN Affiliations AAU , NUC Website www.nou.edu.ng The National Open University of Nigeria is a Federal Open and Distance Learning ( ODL ) institution , the first of its kind in the West African sub-region . It is Nigeria 's largest tertiary institution in terms of student numbers and is popularly referred to as ' NOUN ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Organisation 3 Faculties and courses 3.1 Faculties of Science and Technology 3.2 Faculties of Health Science 3.3 Faculties of Arts and Social Sciences 3.4 Faculties of Education 3.5 Faculty of Management Sciences 3.6 Centre for Life - Long Learning and Workplace Training 3.7 Academic Certificate Programmes 4 Students 4.1 Requirements 4.2 Undergraduates 4.3 Immunity to strikes 5 Rankings and achievements 5.1 Convocated prison inmates 6 Technological platforms 6.1 NOUNiLearn 7 Examination 7.1 Assessment 7.2 Final examination and grading 8 Facilities 8.1 E-library 8.2 Radio station 8.3 E-courseware 9 Scholarships 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) National Open University Of Nigeria Headquarters in Lagos National Open University of Nigeria Heaquarters The National Open University was initially established on 22 July 1983 as springboard for open and distance learning in Nigeria . It was suspended by the government on 25 April 1984 . However , its resuscitation was begun on the 12th of April 2001 by the former President of Nigeria , Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo . At take off of the university , pioneer student enrollment stood at 32,400 . Organisation ( edit ) In 2011 , NOUN had about 57,759 students . The Vice Chancellor is Prof. Vincent Tenebe . The National Open University of Nigeria operates from its Administrative Headquarters in Victoria Island , Lagos , with Study Centres throughout the country . It offers over 50 programmes and 750 courses . NOUN does not provide lectures to students in normal classrooms except some certain study centres , primarily due to constraints known to the University alone and the challenges usually faced by a developing tertiary institution . The study centre in Lagos for instance provides lectures to all its Law undergraduates and supplies necessary course materials to all students after the payment of tuition fees . All courses offered have been accredited by the National Universities Commission ( NUC ) . The Registrar serves as the Secretary to Council and Senate bodies . The Registry Department 's primary responsibility is to provide support services in the General Administration of the University with emphasis on Council affairs , Senate matters , recruitment of Staff , Students ' admission / welfare , Staff welfare and other related activities . The registrar is in person Mrs. Josephine Olasumbo Akinyemi . Faculties and courses ( edit ) Faculties of Science and Technology ( edit ) Postgraduate Programmes - Information Technology - Digital Communication - Mobile ( Wireless ) Communication Technology - HIV / AIDS - Agriculture and Extension Undergraduate Programs - Mathematics - Computer and Mathematics ( Combined Hons ) - Computer Science - Data Management - Communications Technology - Agricultural Extension and Management - Nursing Science - Community Health - Environmental Science and Resource Management ( ESM ) - Financial Mathematics - Physics - Chemistry - Biology Faculties of Health Science ( edit ) - Nursing - Public Health Faculties of Arts and Social Sciences ( edit ) - French And International Studies - Mass Communication - Peace , Conflict and Resolution - English Language - Economics - Political Science - Criminology and security studies Faculties of Education ( edit ) Undergraduate programmes : - Agriculture Science - Biology - Chemistry - Computer Science - Physics - Integrated Science - Mathematics - Business Education - Primary Education - Early Childhood Education - English - French Masters Programmes - Admin and Planning - Science Education - Education Technology Faculty of Management Sciences ( edit ) Undergraduate Courses - Entrepreneurial and Business Management - Accounting in collaboration with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria Postgraduate courses - Financial Management - Business Administration - Public Administration - Master of Business Administration - Public Administration - Public Sector Management Centre for Life - Long Learning and Workplace Training ( edit ) Diploma Programmes Business Communication Medical Office Practice Entrepreneurship Financial Management Marketing Academic Certificate Programmes ( edit ) Dental Office Practice Computer Literacy Returning Students Medical Office Practice Financial Management Entrepreneurship Marketing Students ( edit ) Requirements ( edit ) A diverse range of students from all walks of life are attracted to the National Open University of Nigeria just like other prominent Open Universities such as the Open University of United Kingdom ( OU ) ; for most courses there are no stringent entry requirements other than the ability to study at an appropriate level such as the West African Examination , and other National Diplomas to qualify for a Direct entry admission . Though most postgraduate courses require evidence of previous study and / or equivalent life experience . This fundamental open admissions policy makes undergraduate university study accessible to all . Undergraduates ( edit ) While most of those studying are mature students , an increasingly large proportion of new undergraduates are aged between 17 and 25 , the reduction in financial support for those attending traditional universities , coupled with the use of technologies such as and YouTube that appeal to this demographic , is believed to be behind this growth . Immunity to strikes ( edit ) Another reason is the Act of Parliament which established the University prohibiting any form of union either within staff or students . This has made the NOUN to be unaffected by strikes such as the ASUU strikes ( which lasted for eight months ) in Nigeria which ultimately extends students course duration in school unnecessarily . NOUN students have always and will continue to be immune to any form of strike . National Youths Service Corps Stand . The NOUN made efforts to ensure its graduates below age 30 ( the maximum age limit ) participate in the National Youth Service Corps and Law graduates proceed to the Nigerian Law School . However , efforts have of recent , materialized . The University released a statement where it affirmed that students of NOUN can now enroll and be part of the NYSC program . Rankings and achievements ( edit ) Latest results of University Rankings released by Ranking Web of Universities ( popularly known as Webometrics ) revealed another list of 100 Best Universities in Nigeria for 2015 . Just as done in every other web ranking , webometrics ranking 2015 adopted search queries from search engines to rank the top universities which the National Open University ranked 23rd . See : List of Nigerian Universities Convocated prison inmates ( edit ) The decision of the management and senate of National Open University Nigeria ( NOUN ) to establish study centres in some of the nation 's prisons has started yielding fruits as three inmates were among the over 7,000 that recently graduated from the 13 - year - old institute . At its 4th convocation held in the Main Exhibition Hall of the National Theatre , Iganmu , Lagos , and witnessed by the representative of President , Goodluck Jonathan many Vice Chancellors governing council and Senates members and key stakeholders , the two inmates from the Kirikiri Maximum Prisons ended up as star attraction aside the two First - Class graduates produced by the institute for the first time . But attempts by Education Review to speak with them ( inmates ) were strongly resisted by a female prison official . However , the Deputy Controller in charge of Kirikiri Maximum told Education Review that one of the inmates , is serving life imprisonment while the second inmate whom he could not give his name was released two weeks ago after serving his jail term . Oladapo and the other inmates just discharged were awarded BSc in Peace and Conflict Resolution , the same course the best overall student , Mrs. Anthonia Okoye ( a 43 - year - old mother who is one of the first two graduates to graduate with a First - Class degree at the institution ) studied . Technological platforms ( edit ) Nounilearn ( edit ) The National Open University of Nigeria in its effort to take education to the doorstep of the Nigerian populace irrespective of their social status and the developing Economy of Nigeria has deployed and implemented iLearn portal technology to enhance student 's learning experience . The NOUN iLearn platform has been created to ease access to excellent quality education . The platform provides amongst many , the following : Online class discussions organized by NOUN facilitators thereby creating a virtual classroom environment . Facility for students to get answers to any questions or areas of difficulty pertaining to their course of study . Networking and collaboration tools to help in community of interaction among students , facilitators , academic staff and faculty members . Better study tools such as the Smart e-Book Digitized lecture video and audio materials for an enhanced student ' learning experience available on the platform . Access to assignments , quizzes and self - study assessment tools . Examination ( edit ) The university administers the Computer - Based - Test ( CBT ) form of examination to its students in their first and second years . However , Law undergraduates participate in the standard Pen - On - Paper examinations ( POP ) beginning from their first year of admission , with LAW111 - Legal Methods in First Semester of the first year . Other undergraduates also participate in the CBT system of examination in their first and second years and commence the POP examinations from their third year till the end of their respective course durations . The POP examination system applies to Post Graduate students also . The CBT system of examination has however been criticised by some of the students . The CBT examination is in two categories ; the multiple choice questions and fill in the gap - which is the most dreaded examination type by students all around the world . The CBT system requires students to most times , memorize their textbooks in accordance with the programmed answers stored on the school 's server in order to obtain full marks as computers will reject answers that do not match its programmed content . Assessment ( edit ) Tutor - Marked Assignments ( TMAs ) are continuous assessments in form of Tutor Marked Assignment and it accounts for 30 % of student 's total score . Students are expected to answer at least four TMAs , three of which must be answered and submitted before students sit for the end of course examination Final examination and grading ( edit ) With examinations written successfully , The ' end of course examinations ' would earn students 70 % which would be added to their TMA score ( 30 % ) . The time for this examination is always communicated to students . Facilities ( edit ) E-library ( edit ) The NOUN operates an e-library at the headquarters situated at Victoria Island , Lagos , Nigeria which all students have access to after providing a valid student 's identity card . Students have access to both Internet facilities , books , journals , projects , thesis of past students and other educational materials . Radio station ( edit ) The radio station broadcasts at the frequency 105.9 NOUN FM . Mass Communication students also have the opportunity to intern at the studio which broadcasts on all working days . E-Courseware ( edit ) The NOUN also provides a platform for students that needs to access its database of educational materials NOUN e-Courseware Free Download strictly for educational purposes rather than financial or commercial purposes . Books can be downloaded in PDF formats at no cost . Scholarships ( edit ) In May 2014 , Ini Edo , one of the stars in the Nigerian movie industry , Nollywood made headlines when she was offered a scholarship to study Law at the National Open University . More Nollywood actresses and actors including Desmond Elliot have also been offered scholarships . Chioma Chukwuka - Akpotha , Francis Duru , Doris Simeon and Sani Danja were announced as ambassadors for the NOUN . All four were presented by the Vice Chancellor Prof. Vincent A. Tenebe , with scholarships to study their courses of choice . is for Candidates who are looking to apply for admission into the Institution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Open University of Nigeria - WHED - IAU 's World Higher Education Database '' . www.whed.net . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Principal Officers - National Open University of Nigeria '' . www.nou.edu.ng . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : COMMITTEE ON NEEDS ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES Presentation to the Council Chamber State House , Abuja Thursday 1st November 2012 Jump up ^ Members ( Nigeria ) Association of African Universities ^ Jump up to : `` National Open University of Nigeria - WHED - IAU 's World Higher Education Database '' . www.whed.net . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.nou.edu.ng/CMS/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.nou.edu.ng/announcements/registrablecs.html Jump up ^ http://www.noun.edu.ng/FAQs.html Jump up ^ http://thenationonlineng.net/noun-vc-strikes-will-soon-go-extinct/ Jump up ^ NOUN Law Course to Be Approved Soon Jump up ^ http://portal.noun.edu.ng Jump up ^ http://www.students.com.ng/100-best-universities-nigeria-2015-webometrics Jump up ^ sunnewsonline.com/new/ ? p = 103011 Jump up ^ http://www.nou.edu.ng/ilearn.htm Jump up ^ nounfm.caster.fm/ Jump up ^ thenationonlineng.net/new/ini-edo-desmond-elliot-admitted-for-law-at-noun/ Jump up ^ http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/25/chioma-chukwuka-akpotha-doris-simeon-get-scholarships-to-study-at-national-open-university/ External links ( edit ) National Open University of Nigeria Official Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Open_University_of_Nigeria&oldid=802775995 '' Categories : Universities and colleges in Lagos Distance education institutions based in Nigeria Uyo 1983 establishments in Nigeria Educational institutions established in 1983 Universities and colleges in Nigeria Open universities Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox university with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 11 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | official website of national open university of nigeria | [] | [] |
550457529789351200 | Sclera | Sclera - wikipedia Sclera Sclera The sclera , as separated from the cornea by the corneal limbus . Details Part of Eye System Visual system Artery anterior ciliary arteries , long posterior ciliary arteries , short posterior ciliary arteries Identifiers Latin Sclera MeSH D012590 TA A15. 2.02. 002 FMA 58269 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The sclera , also known as the white of the eye , is the opaque , fibrous , protective , outer layer of the human eye containing mainly collagen and some elastic fiber . In humans , the whole sclera is white , contrasting with the coloured iris , but in other mammals the visible part of the sclera matches the colour of the iris , so the white part does not normally show . In the development of the embryo , the sclera is derived from the neural crest . In children , it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment , appearing slightly blue . In the elderly , fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow . Many people with dark skin have naturally darkened sclerae , the result of melanin pigmentation . The human eye is relatively rare for having an iris that is small enough for its position to be plainly visible against the sclera . This makes it easier for one individual to infer where another individual is looking , and the cooperative eye hypothesis suggests this has evolved as a method of nonverbal communication . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Histology 2 Function 3 Injury 3.1 Trauma 3.2 Thermal trauma 3.3 Chemical injury 4 Clinical significance 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Goat eye with relatively dark sclera and horizontal pupil Cow eye with dark sclera The sclera forms the posterior five - sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe . It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea , and maintains the shape of the globe , offering resistance to internal and external forces , and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions . The sclera is perforated by many nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen , the hole that is formed by the optic nerve . At the optic disc the outer two - thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater ( outer coat of the brain ) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve . The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate ( lamina cribrosa ) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers ( fasciculi ) pass . The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions . The sclera 's blood vessels are mainly on the surface . Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva ( which is a thin layer covering the sclera ) , those in the episclera render the inflamed eye bright red . In many vertebrates , the sclera is reinforced with plates of cartilage or bone , together forming a circular structure called the sclerotic ring . In primitive fish , this ring consists of four plates , but the number is lower in many living ray - finned fishes , and much higher in lobe - finned fishes , various reptiles , and birds . The ring has disappeared in many groups , including living amphibians , some reptiles and fish , and all mammals . The eyes of all non-human primates are dark with small , barely visible sclera . Histology ( edit ) The collagen of the sclera is continuous with the cornea . From outer to innermost , the four layers of the sclera are : episclera stroma lamina fusca endothelium The sclera is opaque due to the irregularity of the Type I collagen fibers , as opposed to the near - uniform thickness and parallel arrangement of the corneal collagen . Moreover , the cornea bears more mucopolysaccharide ( a carbohydrate that has among its repeating units a nitrogenous sugar , hexosamine ) to embed the fibrils . The cornea , unlike the sclera , has five layers . The middle , thickest layer is also called the stroma . The sclera , like the cornea , contains a basal endothelium , above which there is the lamina fusca , containing a high count of pigment cells . Sometimes , very small gray - blue spots can appear on the sclera , a harmless condition called scleral melanocytosis . Function ( edit ) Human eyes are somewhat distinctive in the animal kingdom in that the sclera is very plainly visible whenever the eye is open . This is not just due to the white color of the human sclera , which many other species share , but also to the fact that the human iris is relatively small and comprises a significantly smaller portion of the exposed eye surface compared to other animals . It is theorized that this adaptation evolved because of our social nature as the eye became a useful communication tool in addition to a sensory organ . It is believed that the conspicuous sclera of the human eye makes it easier for one individual to infer where another individual is looking , increasing the efficacy of this particular form of nonverbal communication . Animal researchers have also found that , in the course of their domestication , dogs have also developed the ability to pick up visual cues from the eyes of humans . Dogs do not seem to use this form of communication with one another and only look for visual information from the eyes of humans . Injury ( edit ) Trauma ( edit ) The bony area that makes up the human eye socket provides exceptional protection to the sclera . However , if the sclera is ruptured by a blunt force or is penetrated by a sharp object , the recovery of full former vision is usually rare . If pressure is applied slowly , the eye is actually very elastic . However , most ruptures involve objects moving at some velocity . The cushion of orbital fat protects the sclera from head - on blunt forces , but damage from oblique forces striking the eye from the side is not prevented by this cushion . Hemorrhaging and a dramatic drop in intraocular pressure are common , along with a reduction in visual perception to only broad hand movements and the presence or absence of light . However , low - velocity injury which does not puncture and penetrate the sclera requires only superficial treatment and the removal of the object . Sufficiently small objects which become embedded and which are subsequently left untreated may eventually become surrounded by a benign cyst , causing no other damage or discomfort . Thermal trauma ( edit ) The sclera is rarely damaged by brief exposure to heat : the eyelids provide exceptional protection , and the fact that the sclera is covered in layers of moist tissue means that these tissues are able to cause much of the offending heat to become dissipated as steam before the sclera itself is damaged . Even relatively low - temperature molten metals when splashed against an open eye have been shown to cause very little damage to the sclera , even while creating detailed casts of the surrounding eyelashes . Prolonged exposure , however -- on the order of 30 seconds -- at temperatures above 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) will begin to cause scarring , and above 55 ° C ( 131 ° F ) will cause extreme changes in the sclera and surrounding tissue . Such long exposures even in industrial settings are virtually nonexistent . Chemical injury ( edit ) The sclera is highly resistant to injury from brief exposure to toxic chemicals . The reflexive production of tears at the onset of chemical exposure tends to quickly wash away such irritants , preventing further harm . Acids with a pH below 2.5 are the source of greatest acidic burn risk , with sulfuric acid , the kind present in car batteries and therefore commonly available , being among the most dangerous in this regard . However , acid burns , even severe ones , seldom result in loss of the eye . Alkali burns , on the other hand , such as those resulting from exposure to ammonium hydroxide or ammonium chloride or other chemicals with a pH above 11.5 , will cause cellular tissue in the sclera to saponify and should be considered medical emergencies requiring immediate treatment . Clinical significance ( edit ) Yellowing of the sclera is a visual symptom of jaundice . In very rare but severe cases of kidney failure and liver failure , the sclera may turn black . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The word sclera ( / ˈsklɛərə / or / ˈsklɪərə / ; both are common ) , plural sclerae ( / ˈsklɛəri / or / ˈsklɪəri / ) or scleras , is from the Greek skleros , meaning hard . See also ( edit ) Extraocular implant Scleral tattooing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mosby 's Medical , Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary , Fourth Edition , Mosby - Year Book Inc. , 1994 , p. 1402 Jump up ^ Cassin , B. and Solomon , S. Dictionary of Eye Terminology . Gainesville , Florida : Triad Publishing Company , 1990 . Jump up ^ Hermann D. Schubert . Anatomy of the Orbit `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` eye , human . '' Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009 Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . p. 461 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Keeley , FW ; Morin , JD ; Vesely , S ( November 1984 ) . `` Characterization of collagen from normal human sclera '' . Experimental Eye Research . 39 ( 5 ) : 533 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4835 ( 84 ) 90053 - 8 . PMID 6519194 . Jump up ^ Michael Tomasello , Brian Hare , Hagen Lehmann , Josep Call . `` Reliance on head versus eyes in the gaze following of great apes and human infants : the cooperative eye hypothesis '' http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/eyes-cooperation.pdf Jump up ^ Director and Producer : Dan Child , Executive Producer : Andrew Kohen ( 2010 - 01 - 06 ) . `` The Secret Life of the Dog '' . Horizon . BBC . BBC2 . ^ Jump up to : Peter G Watson ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Chapter 9 '' . The Sclera and Systemic Disorders . JP Medical Ltd. p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907816 - 07 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sclera . Histology image : 08008loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Atlas image : eye_1 at the University of Michigan Health System -- `` Sagittal Section Through the Eyeball '' MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002295 Anatomy of the globe of the human eye Fibrous tunic ( outer ) Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm 's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman 's Stroma Dua 's layer Descemet 's Endothelium Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch 's membrane Sattler 's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle Retina ( inner ) Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata Anatomical regions of the eye Anterior segment Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid Other Keratocytes Ocular immune system Optical coherence tomography Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception Optical illusions List of optical illusions Afterimage Barberpole Bezold Blivet Café wall Cornsweet Delboeuf Ebbinghaus Ehrenstein Flash lag Fraser spiral Grid Hering Jastrow Mach McCollough Müller - Lyer Necker Orbison Penrose stairs triangle Peripheral drift Poggendorff Ponzo Rubin Sander Schroeder Ternus Vertical -- horizontal White 's Wundt Zöllner Related Auditory Tactile Temporal Op art Ascending and Descending Waterfall The orbit of the eye Bones Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Palatine bone Lacrimal bone Muscles Superior rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Lateral rectus muscle Medial rectus muscle Superior oblique muscle Trochlea of superior oblique Inferior oblique muscle Eyelid Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Tarsus Medial palpebral ligament Epicanthic fold Meibomian gland Ciliary glands Eyelash Palpebral fissure Canthus Gland of Zeis Lacrimal apparatus Krause 's glands Lacrimal canaliculi Lacrimal caruncle Lacrimal gland Lacrimal lake Lacrimal papilla Lacrimal punctum Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct Other Eyebrow Conjunctiva Plica semilunaris Orbital septum Periorbita Suspensory ligament of eyeball Tenon 's capsule Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sclera&oldid=846550976 '' Categories : Eye Human eye anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська اردو 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 13 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where is the sclera located in the eye | [
"The sclera,[help 1] also known as the white of the eye, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the human eye containing mainly collagen and some elastic fiber.[2] In humans, the whole sclera is white, contrasting with the coloured iris, but in other mammals the visible part of the sclera matches the colour of the iris, so the white part does not normally show. In the development of the embryo, the sclera is derived from the neural crest.[3] In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. Many people with dark skin have naturally darkened sclerae, the result of melanin pigmentation.\n"
] | [
"also known as the white of the eye, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer"
] |
-1623414235926901799 | British colonization of the Americas | British colonization of the Americas - wikipedia British colonization of the Americas Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal The British colonization of the Americas ( including colonization by both the English and the Scots ) began in 1607 in Jamestown , Virginia , and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas . The English , and later the British , were among the most important colonizers of the Americas , and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might . Three types of colonies were established in the English overseas possessions in America of the 17th century and continued into the British Empire at the height of its power in the 18th century . These were charter colonies , proprietary colonies , and royal colonies . A group of 13 British American colonies collectively broke from the British Empire in the 1770s through a successful revolution , establishing the modern United States . After the end of the Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 -- 15 ) , the remaining British territories in North America were slowly granted more responsible government . In 1838 the Durham Report recommended full responsible government for Canada , but this was not fully implemented for another decade . Eventually , with the Confederation of Canada , the Canadian colonies were granted significant autonomy and became a self - governing Dominion in 1867 . Other colonies in the Americas followed at a much slower pace . In this way , two countries in North America , ten in the Caribbean , and one in South America have received their independence from Great Britain or the later United Kingdom . All of these , except the United States , are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and nine are Commonwealth realms . The eight current British overseas territories in the Americas have varying degrees of self - government . Great Britain in the Americas Contents ( hide ) 1 North America 1.1 Pre-British colonization of North America 1.1. 1 English colonies in North America 1.1. 2 Scottish colonies in North America 1.2 British colonies in North America 1.2. 1 List of English and British colonies in North America ( in rough chronological order ) 1.2. 2 Non-colonial British territories in North America 2 Central and South America , Caribbean 2.1 English and later British Caribbean colonies 2.2 English and later British Central and South American colonies 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 5.1 Historiography 6 External links North America ( edit ) Main articles : Colonial history of the United States and History of Canada Pre-british colonization of North America ( edit ) English colonies in North America ( edit ) Main articles : English overseas possessions and English colonial grants in North America ( 1621 -- 1639 ) Plaque in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , commemorating Gilbert 's founding of the British overseas Empire A number of English colonies were established under a system of Proprietary Governors , who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements . Between 1584 and 1589 , the English attempt to establish Roanoke Colony failed , and in 1590 the colony was found abandoned . In 1607 , Jamestown , Virginia was founded by the London Company ( also known as the Virginia Company ) . In Newfoundland , a chartered company known as the Society of Merchant Venturers established a permanent settlement at Cuper 's Cove , from 1610 . St. George 's , Bermuda was founded by the Virginia Company , in 1612 . In 1664 , England took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland ( including its capital of New Amsterdam ) which England renamed the Province of New York . With New Netherland , the English also came to control the former New Sweden ( in what is now Delaware ) , which the Dutch had conquered earlier . This later became part of Pennsylvania after that was established in 1680 . Scottish colonies in North America ( edit ) Main article : Scottish colonization of the Americas The Kingdom of Scotland tried unsuccessfully to establish a colony at Darién , and the Scottish colonization of Nova Scotia ( New Scotland ) lasted from 1629 to 1632 . Thousands of Scotsmen also participated in English colonization before the two countries were united in 1707 . British colonies in North America ( edit ) See also : British America , British North America , and Thirteen Colonies The Kingdom of Great Britain acquired the French colony of Acadia in 1713 and then Canada and the Spanish colony of Florida in 1763 . After being renamed the Province of Quebec , the former French Canada was divided into two Provinces , the Canadas , consisting of the old settled country of Lower Canada ( today Quebec ) and the newly settled Upper Canada ( today Ontario ) . In the north , the Hudson 's Bay Company actively traded for fur with the indigenous peoples , and had competed with French , Aboriginal , and Métis fur traders . The company came to control the entire drainage basin of Hudson Bay , called Rupert 's Land . The small part of the Hudson Bay drainage south of the 49th parallel went to the United States in the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . Thirteen of Great Britain 's colonies rebelled in the American Revolutionary War , beginning in 1775 , primarily over representation , local laws and tax issues , and established the United States of America , which was recognised internationally with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 3 September 1783 . Great Britain also colonised the west coast of North America , indirectly via the Hudson 's Bay Company licenses west of the Rocky Mountains : the Columbia District and New Caledonia fur district . Most of these were jointly claimed as the Oregon Country by the United States from 1818 until the 49th parallel was established as the international boundary west of the Rockies by the Oregon Treaty of 1846 . The Colony of Vancouver Island , founded in 1849 , and the Colony of British Columbia , founded in 1858 , were combined in 1866 under the name Colony of British Columbia , and joined the Confederation in 1871 . British Columbia was expanded with the inclusion of the Stikine Territory in 1863 ; and upon joining Confederation the Peace River Block , formerly part of Rupert 's Land , was added . In 1867 , the colonies of New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and the Province of Canada ( the southern portion of modern - day Ontario and Quebec ) combined to form a self - governing dominion , named Canada , within the British Empire ( the term `` kingdom '' was avoided so as to not provoke the United States ) . Quebec ( including what is now the southern portion of Ontario ) and Nova Scotia ( including what is now New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island ) had been ceded to Britain by the French . The colonies of Prince Edward Island and British Columbia joined over the next six years , and Newfoundland joined in 1949 . Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory were ceded to Canada in 1870 . This area now consists of the provinces of Manitoba ( admitted after negotiation between Canada and a Métis provisional government in 1870 ) , Saskatchewan , and Alberta ( both created in 1905 ) , as well as the Northwest Territories , the Yukon Territory ( created 1898 , following the start of the Klondike Gold Rush ) , and Nunavut ( created in 1999 ) . List of English and British colonies in North America ( in rough chronological order ) ( edit ) The British Colonies in North America , 1763 -- 1775 Roanoke Colony , founded 1586 , abandoned the next year . Second attempt in 1587 disappeared ( also called the Lost Colony ) . Cuttyhunk Island , established as a small fort and trading post by Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602 , abandoned after one month . Virginia Company , chartered 1606 and became the Virginia Colony in 1624 London Company Jamestown , Virginia , founded 1607 ( briefly abandoned in 1610 ) Bermuda , islands located in the North Atlantic , first settled in 1609 by the London Virginia Company ; administration passed in 1615 to the Somers Isles Company , formed by the same shareholders . Known officially as the Somers Isles , they remain today a British overseas territory . Citie of Henricopolis , founded in 1611 as an alternative to the swampy Jamestown site and destroyed in the Indian massacre of 1622 . Plymouth Company Popham Colony , founded 1607 , abandoned 1608 Society of Merchant Venturers ( Newfoundland ) Cuper 's Cove , founded 1610 , abandoned in the 1620s Bristol 's Hope , founded 1618 , abandoned in the 1630s London and Bristol Company ( Newfoundland ) The massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622 . Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies . New Cambriol , founded 1617 , abandoned before 1637 Renews , founded 1615 , abandoned in 1619 St. John 's , Newfoundland , chartered by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583 ; seasonal settlements ca . 1520 ; informal year - round settlers before 1620 . Plymouth Council for New England Plymouth Colony , founded 1620 , merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691 Ferryland , Newfoundland , granted to George Calvert , 1st Baron Baltimore in 1620 , first settlers in August 1621 Province of Maine , granted 1622 , sold to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1677 South Falkland , Newfoundland , founded 1623 by Henry Cary , 1st Viscount Falkland Province of New Hampshire , later New Hampshire settled in 1623 , see also New Hampshire Grants Dorchester Company Colony , ( Dorchester Company planted an unsuccessful fishing colony on Cape Ann at modern Gloucester , Massachusetts in 1624 ) Salem Colony , later Salem , Massachusetts , settled in 1628 , merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony the next year Massachusetts Bay Colony , later part of Massachusetts , founded 1629 New Scotland , in present Nova Scotia , 1629 -- 1632 Connecticut Colony , later part of Connecticut founded 1633 Province of Maryland , later Maryland , founded in 1634 The Treaty of William Penn with the Indians . Penn 's Treaty was never violated . New Albion , chartered in 1634 , failed by 1649 -- 50 , not to be confused with Nova Albion on the Pacific coast ( see next section ) Saybrook Colony , founded 1635 , merged with Connecticut in 1644 Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , first settled in 1636 New Haven Colony , founded 1638 , merged with Connecticut in 1665 Gardiners Island , founded 1639 , now part of East Hampton , New York Province of New York , captured 1664 Province of New Jersey , captured in 1664 divided into West Jersey and East Jersey after 1674 , each held by its own company of Proprietors . Province of Pennsylvania , later Pennsylvania , founded 1681 as an English colony , although first settled by Dutch and Swedes Delaware Colony , later Delaware , separated from Pennsylvania in 1704 Province of Carolina Province of North Carolina , first permanent English settlements in the late 1600s ( nearly a century after the failed Roanoke Colony ; see Albemarle Settlements ) , became a separate colony in 1710 -- 12 . Province of South Carolina , first permanent English settlement in 1670 , became a separate colony in 1710 -- 12 . Province of Georgia , later Georgia ; first settled in about 1670 , formal colony in 1732 Nova Scotia , site of abortive Scottish colony in 1629 ; British colony 1713 , but this did not permanently include Cape Breton Island until 1758 . Province of Quebec , which had been called Canada under French rule . Canada was by far the most settled portion of New France . Britain gained complete control of French Canada in 1759 -- 1761 , from the events within the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War ; France ceded title with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . Became Canada East in the Province of Canada , which also included Ontario ( Upper Canada ) as Canada West , from 1841 to 1867 . East Florida and West Florida , acquired from Spain in 1763 in exchange for returning Cuba , taken from Spain in 1761 ; the Floridas were recovered by Spain in 1783 . Backwoods areas almost unaffected by the Stamp Act Crisis of 1765 , which unified the thirteen colonies that formed the United States , not much for abstract principles , and grateful to the crown , they declined to send representatives to the Continental Congress or to participate in any way in the independence movement . After the Second Spanish period , they were acquired by the United States in 1821 . Island of St. John , separated from Nova Scotia 1769 , renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798 New Brunswick , separated from Nova Scotia in 1784 Fur traders in Canada , trading with Indians , 1777 Ontario , separated from Quebec in 1791 as the Province of Upper Canada until 1841 , when it became Canada West in the Province of Canada . Province of Canada combined the colonies of Quebec ( Lower Canada ) and Ontario ( Upper Canada ) from 1841 to 1867 . Colony of Vancouver Island , founded by the Hudson 's Bay Company at Fort Victoria in 1843 . Received royal charter for the Island as a colony in 1849 , and merged with the colony of British Columbia in 1866 . Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands , founded in 1852 , merged with the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1863 . Colony of British Columbia , also called the Mainland Colony or the Gold Colony , founded in 1858 from the New Caledonia fur district and the remnant of the Columbia fur district north of the 49th parallel ( see below ) . The colony was expanded with the addition of most of the Stikine Territory ( also called Stickeen Territory ) and the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands in 1863 . Colony of British Columbia , formed in 1866 from a merger of the Vancouver Island and Mainland Colonies . The name British Columbia was chosen for the newly merged colony despite the opposition from Vancouver Island colonists . Non-colonial British territories in North America ( edit ) Rupert 's Land , territory of the Hudson 's Bay Company , founded in 1670 and transferred to the new Dominion of Canada in 1867 as the Northwest Territories Columbia District , the trading district of the Columbia Department of the Hudson 's Bay Company from 1821 to the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , by which most of the Columbia District was formally annexed to the United States . HBC lands south of the 49th parallel were guaranteed by the Oregon Treaty but ownership and compensation issues were not fully resolved until 1861 . New Caledonia , fur district . First created in 1805 as part of North West Company for operations , administered by Hudson 's Bay Company following the two companies ' forced merger in 1821 , until incorporated as the part of the Colony of British Columbia in 1858 , by which time the term `` New Caledonia '' had come to refer to the whole of the British Columbia mainland , not just the original fur district in what is now its Central Interior . Stikine Territory , also called Stickeen Territories , founded in 1862 in response to the Stikine Gold Rush to prevent an American takeover . North - Western Territory , a Hudson 's Bay Company trading area covering lands north and northwest of Rupert 's Land and , after 1863 , north of the Stikine Territory 's original boundary at the 62nd parallel . Its remnant was incorporated at the Yukon Territory after the part of it south of the 60th parallel was amalgamated to British Columbia . Nova Albion , never incorporated or settled , exact location unknown , claimed by Sir Francis Drake and one of the precedents for the British claims to the Pacific Northwest during the Oregon boundary dispute . the southeastern Alaska Panhandle was leased from the Russian Empire , from 1839 to 1867 , until the lease was ignored by both the Russians and Americans and , subsequently , by the Canadian and the British imperial governments , despite British Columbia 's protests . Central and South America , Caribbean ( edit ) English and later British Caribbean colonies ( edit ) Main articles : History of the British West Indies and History of the Caribbean Planter and his wife , with a servant , circa 1780 In order of settlement or founding : Saint Kitts -- The island was settled by Sir Thomas Warner in 1623 . The following year the French also settled part of St Kitts . After they massacred the Caribs , the British and French turned on each other and St Kitts changed hands between the two several times before the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) gave the island to Britain . It became independent as part of Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983 . Barbados -- The island was claimed for the British Empire in 1625 , and later settled in 1627 as a proprietary colony of Anglo - Dutchman William Courten . It became an independent nation in 1966 . Nevis -- The island was permanently settled in 1628 . It became independent as part of Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983 . Providencia Island -- part of an archipelago off the coast of Nicaragua , this island was settled in 1630 by English Puritans . The colony was conquered by the Spanish and became extinct in 1641 . The island is today administered by Colombia . Providence Island colony was a sister colony to the more well known Massachusetts Bay Colony . Antigua -- The island was settled in 1632 . It became independent as part of Antigua and Barbuda in 1981 . Barbuda -- The island was settled about 1632 . It became independent as part of Antigua and Barbuda in 1981 . Montserrat -- The island was settled in 1632 . It was occupied by the French in 1664 -- 68 and 1782 -- 84 . It remains a British territory . Bahamas -- The islands were settled from 1647 . They became independent in 1973 . Anguilla -- The island was settled in 1650 . Its government was united with St Christopher ( St Kitts ) from 1882 until 1967 , when it declared its separation . It was brought back under British administration in 1969 . It remains a British territory . Jamaica -- The island was conquered from Spain in 1655 . It became independent in 1962 . British Virgin Islands -- The islands were settled from 1666 . They remain a British territory . Cayman Islands -- The islands were acquired from Spain in 1670 . They remain a British territory . Turks and Caicos Islands -- The islands were first permanently settled in the 1750s . They remain a British territory . A linen market in the West Indies , circa 1780 Dominica -- The island was captured from the French in 1761 . The French occupied it again from 1778 to 1783 . Dominica became independent in 1978 . Trinidad and Tobago -- The island of Tobago was captured in 1762 . The island of Trinidad was captured from the Spanish in 1797 . The two governments were joined in 1888 . They became independent in 1962 . Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- Saint Vincent was colonised in 1762 . France captured it in 1779 but returned it to Britain in 1783 . The islands were part of the British colony of the British Windward Islands from 1871 to 1958 . The nation gained full independence in 1979 . Grenada -- The island was conquered from France in 1762 . The French reoccupied it from 1779 to 1783 . It became independent in 1974 . Saint Lucia -- The island was captured from the French in 1778 , but returned in 1783 . In 1796 and in 1803 it was captured again , but permanently annexed by Britain in 1814 . Saint Lucia became independent in 1979 . English and later British Central and South American colonies ( edit ) Belize -- from 1638 English adventurers used Belize as a source of logwood , a tree used to make a wool dye . The area was claimed by Spain but they had not settled it or been able to control the natives . The Spanish destroyed the British colony in 1717 , 1730 , 1754 and 1779 . The Spanish attacked a final time in 1798 , but were defeated . The colony was known as British Honduras from the 19th century until 1973 , when its name changed to Belize . Guatemalan claims to Belize delayed independence , but full independence was granted in 1981 . Mosquito Coast ( Nicaragua 's Caribbean coast ) -- This area was first settled by the English in 1630 . It was briefly assigned to Honduras in 1859 , along with the Bay Islands north of the country , then ceded to Nicaragua in 1860 ; the area was disputed until a treaty of 1965 divided the Mosquito Coast for each country . British Guiana -- The English began colonies in the Guiana area in the early 17th century . In the Treaty of Breda , the Dutch gained control of these colonies . Britain later controlled various colonies in the area . Britain ceded Suriname in exchange for New Amsterdam . The Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) awarded the settlements of Berbice , Demerara , and Essequibo in the Guiana region to Great Britain ; they were united as British Guiana in 1831 . It became independent as Guyana in 1966 . Currently , Venezuela claims sovereignty over half of Guyana 's territory . Falkland Islands -- The British first established a presence on the Falkland Islands in 1765 but were compelled to withdraw for economic reasons related to the American War of Independence in 1774 . The islands continued to be used by British sealers and whalers , although the settlement of Port Egmont was destroyed by the Spanish in 1780 . Argentina attempted to establish a colony in the ruins of the former Spanish settlement of Puerto Soledad , which ended with the British return in 1833 . The islands have been under British control ever since , save for a brief Argentine occupation during the Falklands War of 1982 . See also ( edit ) Book : British colonization in north America ( from the reign of King James ) Atlantic World British West Indies Colonial South and the Chesapeake First Nations Historiography of the British Empire Imperialism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` William Vaughan and New Cambriol '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project . Memorial University of Newfoundland . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Canny , The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume I : The Origins of Empire : British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924676 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Early Settlement Schemes '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project . Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul O'Neill , The Oldest City : The Story of St. John 's , Newfoundland , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 9730271 - 2 - 6 . Jump up ^ Colony of Avalon , ( 1 ) , Colony of Avalon Foundation , Revised March 2002 , accessed 27 August 2006 Jump up ^ `` The Belize Position '' . Government of Belize . Archived from the original on 15 May 2006 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Gibran , Daniel ( 1998 ) . The Falklands War : Britain Versus the Past in the South Atlantic . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0406 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Elliott , John H. Empires of the Atlantic world : Great Britain and Spain in America , 1492 - 1830 ( Yale UP , 2007 ) . Louis , William Roger ( general editor ) , The Oxford History of the British Empire vol 1 The Origins of Empire ed. by Nicholas Canny vol 2 The Eighteenth Century ed. by P.J. Marshall excerpt and text search Lloyd ; T.O. The British Empire , 1558 - 1995 Oxford University Press , 1996 online edition Marshall , P.J. ( ed . ) The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire ( 1996 ) . excerpt and text search Robinson , Howard . The Development of the British Empire ( 1922 ) , 465pp edition Rose , J. Holland , A.P. Newton and E.A. Benians ( gen . eds . ) , The Cambridge History of the British Empire , 9 vols. ( 1929 -- 61 ) ; vol 1 : `` The Old Empire from the Beginnings to 1783 '' 934pp online edition Volume I Sobecki , Sebastian . `` New World Discovery '' . Oxford Handbooks Online ( 2015 ) . DOI : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199935338.013. 141 Taylor , Alan . American Colonies : The Settling of North America ( Penguin , 2002 ) . Historiography ( edit ) Canny , Nicholas . `` Writing Atlantic History ; or , Reconfiguring the History of Colonial British America . '' Journal of American History 86.3 ( 1999 ) : 1093 - 1114 . in JSTOR Hinderaker , Eric ; Horn , Rebecca . `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp 395 -- 432 in JSTOR External links ( edit ) The Modern History Sourcebook has the account of the Gilbert 's trip to North America hide Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named Territories Vinland Markland Helluland Sites L'Anse aux Meadows Point Rosee French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of Forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory ( districts ) Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada Portal WikiProject hide History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Oldest churches Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=845560373 '' Categories : British colonization of the Americas Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 15 : 44 . 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6990325109002598303 | Separation of church and state in the United States | Separation of church and state in the United States - Wikipedia Separation of church and state in the United States `` Separation of church and state '' is paraphrased from Thomas Jefferson and used by others in expressing an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which reads : `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... '' The phrase `` separation between church & state '' is generally traced to a January 1 , 1802 , letter by Thomas Jefferson , addressed to the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut , and published in a Massachusetts newspaper . Jefferson wrote , Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , & not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , '' thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . '' Some argue that Jefferson echoes the language of the founder of the first Baptist church in America , Roger Williams who , in 1644 , wrote of ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world . However , when considered in context , the relationship appears questionable . When they ( the Church ) have opened a gap in the hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world , God hath ever broke down the wall itself , removed the Candlestick , etc. , and made His Garden a wilderness as it is this day . And that therefore if He will ever please to restore His garden and Paradise again , it must of necessity be walled in peculiarly unto Himself from the world , and all that be saved out of the world are to be transplanted out of the wilderness of the World . Article Six of the United States Constitution also specifies that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' Jefferson 's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) the Court wrote that Jefferson 's comments `` may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the ( First ) Amendment . '' In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , Justice Hugo Black wrote : `` In the words of Thomas Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state . '' In contrast to separationism , the Supreme Court in Zorach v. Clauson upheld accommodationism , holding that the nation 's `` institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution 's authors intended to prohibit . As such , the Court has not always interpreted the constitutional principle as absolute , and the proper extent of separation between government and religion in the U.S. remains an ongoing subject of impassioned debate . Contents 1 Early history 1.1 Former state churches in British North America 1.1. 1 Catholic colonies 1.1. 2 Protestant colonies 1.1. 3 Colonies with no established church 1.1. 4 Tabular summary 1.2 Colonial support for separation 1.3 Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' 1.4 Patrick Henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut 1.5 Test acts 2 The U.S. Constitution 2.1 Article 6 2.2 The First Amendment 2.3 The 14th Amendment 2.4 The `` Separation '' principle and the Supreme Court 3 The Treaty of Tripoli 4 Interpretive controversies 4.1 Politics and religion in the United States 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links 8.1 American court battles over separation 8.2 Other Early history ( edit ) Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely , particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany . They included nonconformists like the Puritans , who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England . Despite a common background , the groups ' views on religious toleration were mixed . While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies , others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches . The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship , though enforcement was sparse . Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons : the established Church was responsible for poor relief , putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage . < -- - This , along with many other statements should be footnoted , as it seems more like an opinion than a fact. -- - > Former state churches in British North America ( edit ) Catholic colonies ( edit ) When New France was transferred to Great Britain in 1763 , the Catholic Church remained under toleration , but Huguenots were allowed entrance where they had formerly been banned from settlement by French authorities . The Colony of Maryland was founded by a charter granted in 1632 to George Calvert , secretary of state to Charles I , and his son Cecil , both recent converts to Catholicism . Under their leadership many English Catholic gentry families settled in Maryland . However , the colonial government was officially neutral in religious affairs , granting toleration to all Christian groups and enjoining them to avoid actions which antagonized the others . On several occasions `` low - church '' dissenters led insurrections which temporarily overthrew the Calvert rule . In 1689 , when William and Mary came to the English throne , they acceded to demands to revoke the original royal charter . In 1701 the Church of England was `` established '' in Maryland , and in the course of the eighteenth century Maryland Catholics were first barred from public office , and then disenfranchised . Not all of the laws passed against Catholic ( notably laws restricting property rights and imposing penalties for sending children to be educated in foreign Catholic institutions ) were enforced , and some Catholics even continued to hold public office . Spanish Florida was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 . The British divided Florida into two colonies . Both East and West Florida had a policy of toleration for Catholic residents . Protestant colonies ( edit ) Plymouth Colony was founded by Pilgrims , English Dissenters or Separatists , Calvinists . Massachusetts Bay Colony , New Haven Colony , and the New Hampshire were founded by Puritan , Calvinist , Protestants . New Netherland was founded by Dutch Reformed Calvinists . The colonies of New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia were officially Church of England . Colonies with no established church ( edit ) The Province of Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers , but the colony never had an established church . West Jersey , also founded by Quakers , prohibited any establishment . Delaware Colony . The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , founded by religious dissenters , is widely regarded as the first polity to grant religious freedom to all its citizens . Tabular summary ( edit ) Colony Denomination Disestablished Connecticut Congregational 1818 Georgia Church of England 1789 Maryland Catholic / Church of England 1701 / 1776 Massachusetts Congregational 1780 ( in 1833 state funding suspended ) New Brunswick Church of England New Hampshire Congregational 1790 Newfoundland Church of England North Carolina Church of England 1776 Nova Scotia Church of England 1850 Prince Edward Island Church of England South Carolina Church of England 1790 Canada West Church of England 1854 West Florida Church of England N / A East Florida Church of England N / A Virginia Church of England 1786 West Indies Church of England 1868 ^ Note 1 : In several colonies , the establishment ceased to exist in practice at the Revolution , about 1776 ; this is the date of permanent legal abolition . ^ Note 2 : in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows : `` Article IV . Section 10 . No person within this state shall , upon any pretense , be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience , nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment ; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes , taxes , or any other rate , for the building or repairing any place of worship , or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry , contrary to what he believes to be right , or hath voluntarily engaged to do . No one religious society shall ever be established in this state , in preference to another ; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles . '' ^ Note 3 : From 1780 Massachusetts had a system which required every man to belong to a church , and permitted each church to tax its members , but forbade any law requiring that it be of any particular denomination . This was objected to , as in practice establishing the Congregational Church , the majority denomination , and was abolished in 1833 . ^ Note 4 : Until 1877 the New Hampshire Constitution required members of the State legislature to be of the Protestant religion . ^ Note 5 : The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church , but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office . From 1835 to 1876 it allowed only Christians ( including Catholics ) to hold public office . Article VI , Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office . Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins , when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections . ^ Note 6 : Religious tolerance for Catholics with an established Church of England was policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule . ^ Note 7 : In Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which ended the American Revolutionary War , the British ceded both East and West Florida back to Spain ( see Spanish Florida ) . ^ Note 8 : Tithes for the support of the Anglican Church in Virginia were suspended in 1776 , and never restored . 1786 is the date of the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom , which prohibited any coercion to support any religious body . Colonial support for separation ( edit ) The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century , stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort : `` The law of love , peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews , Turks and Egyptians , as they are considered sons of Adam , which is the glory of the outward state of Holland , so love , peace and liberty , extending to all in Christ Jesus , condemns hatred , war and bondage . '' The document was signed December 27 , 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland , Peter Stuyvesant . Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony , in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic . The signers indicated their `` desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged , neither to condemn least we be condemned , but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master . '' Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted . However , John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home . Bowne was arrested , jailed , and sent to the Netherlands for trial ; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne . New York Historical Society President and Columbia University Professor of History Kenneth T. Jackson describes the Flushing Remonstrance as `` the first thing that we have in writing in the United States where a group of citizens attests on paper and over their signature the right of the people to follow their own conscience with regard to God - and the inability of government , or the illegality of government , to interfere with that . '' Given the wide diversity of opinion on Christian theological matters in the newly independent American States , the Constitutional Convention believed a government sanctioned ( established ) religion would disrupt rather than bind the newly formed union together . George Washington wrote a letter in 1790 to the country 's first Jewish congregation , the Touro Synagogue in Newport , Rhode Island to state : Allowing rights and immunities of citizenship . It is now no more that toleration is spoken of , as if it were by the indulgence of one class of people , that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights . For happily the Government of the United States , which gives to bigotry no sanction , to persecution no assistance requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens , in giving it on all occasions their effectual support . There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level . In 1773 , Isaac Backus , a prominent Baptist minister in New England , wrote against a state sanctioned religion , saying : `` Now who can hear Christ declare , that his kingdom is , not of this world , and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him ? '' He also observed that when `` church and state are separate , the effects are happy , and they do not at all interfere with each other : but where they have been confounded together , no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued . '' Thomas Jefferson 's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786 , five years before the Bill of Rights . Most Anglican ministers , and many Anglicans , were Loyalists . The Anglican establishment , where it had existed , largely ceased to function during the American Revolution , though the new States did not formally abolish and replace it until some years after the Revolution . Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' ( edit ) The phrase `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world '' was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams , the founder of the colony of Rhode Island , in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution . The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government , in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut ) : Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his god , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , and not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their `` legislature '' should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , '' thus building a wall of separation between church and State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . Jefferson 's letter was in reply to a letter from the Danbury Baptist Association dated October 7 , 1801 . In an 1808 letter to Virginia Baptists , Jefferson used the same theme : We have solved , by fair experiment , the great and interesting question whether freedom of religion is compatible with order in government and obedience to the laws . And we have experienced the quiet as well as the comfort which results from leaving every one to profess freely and openly those principles of religion which are the inductions of his own reason and the serious convictions of his own inquiries . Jefferson and James Madison 's conceptions of separation have long been debated . Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency , though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia . Madison issued four religious proclamations while President , but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment . On the other hand , both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol . Years before the ratification of the Constitution , Madison contended `` Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large , still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body . '' After retiring from the presidency , Madison wrote of `` total separation of the church from the state . '' `` `` Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States , '' Madison wrote , and he declared , `` practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both , and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States . '' In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded , `` We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts . do better without Kings & Nobles than with them . The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity , without than with the aid of Govt . '' Madison 's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States , as well as the Federal Government , from an establishment of religion , but the House did not pass them . Jefferson 's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity , but this was a caricature . In setting up the University of Virginia , Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own , though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity , arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom . Some have argued that this arrangement was `` fully compatible with Jefferson 's views on the separation of church and state ; '' however , others point to Jefferson 's support for a scheme in which students at the university would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation . Still other scholars , such as Mark David Hall , attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history Jefferson 's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S. , in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison , seeking a legal definition for the word religion . Writing for the majority , Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson 's `` Letter to the Danbury Baptists '' to state that `` Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion , but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Considering this , the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional . Patrick Henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut ( edit ) Jefferson and Madison 's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century . Jefferson 's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill , chiefly supported by Patrick Henry , which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination , but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it . Similarly , the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that `` no subject shall be hurt , molested , or restrained , in his person , liberty , or estate , for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ... provided he doth not disturb the public peace , or obstruct others in their religious worship '' ( Article II ) , but also that : the people of this commonwealth have a right to invest their legislature with power to authorize and require , and the legislature shall , from time to time , authorize and require , the several towns , parishes , precincts , and other bodies politic , or religious societies , to make suitable provision , at their own expense , for the institution of the public worship of God , and for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety , religion , and morality , in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily . And the people of this commonwealth have also a right to , and do , invest their legislature with authority to enjoin upon all the subjects an attendance upon the instructions of the public teachers aforesaid , at stated times and seasons , if there be any on whose instructions they can conscientiously and conveniently attend . ( Article III ) Since , in practice , this meant that the decision of who was taxable for a particular religion rested in the hands of the selectmen , usually Congregationalists , this system was open to abuse . It was abolished in 1833 . The intervening period is sometimes referred to as an `` establishment of religion '' in Massachusetts . The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church , but this was more often Dutch Reformed , Quaker , or Presbyterian , than Anglican . Some chose to support more than one church . He also ordained that the tax - payers were free , having paid his local tax , to choose their own church . The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience , and the Duke , as an openly divine - right Catholic , was no friend of Anglicanism . The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698 , though Anglicanism was more popular in New York . Connecticut had a real establishment of religion . Its citizens did not adopt a constitution at the Revolution , but rather amended their Charter to remove all references to the British Government . As a result , the Congregational Church continued to be established , and Yale College , at that time a Congregational institution , received grants from the State until Connecticut adopted a constitution in 1818 partly because of this issue . Test acts ( edit ) The absence of an establishment of religion did not necessarily imply that all men were free to hold office . Most colonies had a Test Act , and several states retained them for a short time . This stood in contrast to the Federal Constitution , which explicitly prohibits the employment of any religious test for Federal office , and which through the Fourteenth Amendment later extended this prohibition to the States . For example , the New Jersey Constitution of 1776 provides liberty of conscience in much the same language as Massachusetts ( similarly forbidding payment of `` taxes , tithes or other payments '' contrary to conscience ) . It then provides : That there shall be no establishment of any one religious sect in this Province , in preference to another ; and that no Protestant inhabitant of this Colony shall be denied the enjoyment of any civil right , merely on account of his religious principles ; but that all persons , professing a belief in the faith of any Protestant sect , who shall demean themselves peaceably under the government , as hereby established , shall be capable of being elected into any office of profit or trust , or being a member of either branch of the Legislature , and shall fully and freely enjoy every privilege and immunity , enjoyed by others their fellow subjects . This would permit a Test Act , but did not require one . The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians ; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic , and the proprietors of Perth Amboy , New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers . The Province of West Jersey had declared , in 1681 , that there should be no religious test for office . An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope , which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution . That law was replaced by 1799 . The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 provided : And each member , before he takes his seat , shall make and subscribe the following declaration , viz : I do believe in one God , the creator and governor of the universe , the rewarder of the good and the punisher of the wicked . And I do acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by Divine inspiration . And no further or other religious test shall ever hereafter be required of any civil officer or magistrate in this State . Again , it provided in general that all tax - paying freemen and their sons shall be able to vote , and that no `` man , who acknowledges the being of a God , be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right as a citizen , on account of his religious sentiments or peculiar mode of religious worship . '' The U.S. Constitution ( edit ) Article 6 ( edit ) Article Six of the United States Constitution provides that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States '' . Prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights , this was the only mention of religion in the Constitution . The First Amendment ( edit ) The first amendment to the US Constitution states `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' The two parts , known as the `` establishment clause '' and the `` free exercise clause '' respectively , form the textual basis for the Supreme Court 's interpretations of the `` separation of church and state '' doctrine . Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America 's doctrine for church - state separation : no coercion in religious matters , no expectation to support a religion against one 's will , and religious liberty encompasses all religions . In sum , citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith , any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary , and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism . The First Congress ' deliberations show that its understanding of the separation of church and state differed sharply from that of their contemporaries in Europe . As 19th century Union Theological Seminary historian Philip Schaff observed : The American separation of church and state rests upon respect for the church ; the ( European anticlerical ) separation , on indifference and hatred of the church , and of religion itself ... The constitution did not create a nation , nor its religion and institutions . It found them already existing , and was framed for the purpose of protecting them under a republican form of government , in a rule of the people , by the people , and for the people . An August 15 , 1789 entry in Madison 's papers indicates he intended for the establishment clause to prevent the government imposition of religious beliefs on individuals . The entry says : `` Mr. Madison said he apprehended the meaning of the words to be , that Congress should not establish a religion , and enforce the legal observation of it by law , nor compel men to worship God in any manner contrary to their conscience ... '' Some legal scholars , such as John Baker of LSU , theorize that Madison 's initial proposed language -- that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a `` national religion '' -- was rejected by the House , in favor of the more general `` religion '' in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists . To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists , the very word `` national '' was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown . During the debate over the establishment clause , Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison 's language regarding whether the government was a national government , or a federal government ) ) ( in which the states retained their individual sovereignty ) , which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate . Following the argument between Madison and Gerry , Rep. Samuel Livermore of New Hampshire proposed language stating that , `` Congress shall make no laws touching religion or the rights of conscience . '' This raised an uproar from members , such as Rep. Benjamin Huntingdon of Connecticut and Rep. Peter Sylvester of New York , who worried the language could be used to harm religious practice . Others , such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut , believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers , which did not include establishing a national religion . Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions . However , the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment . The Senate went through several more narrowly targeted versions before reaching the contemporary language . One version read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one religious sect or society in preference to others , nor shall freedom of conscience be infringed , '' while another read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one particular religious denomination in preference to others . '' Ultimately , the Senate rejected the more narrowly targeted language . At the time of the passage of the Bill of Rights , many states acted in ways that would now be held unconstitutional . All of the early official state churches were disestablished by 1833 ( Massachusetts ) , including the Congregationalist establishment in Connecticut . It is commonly accepted that , under the doctrine of Incorporation -- which uses the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to hold the Bill of Rights applicable to the states -- these state churches could not be reestablished today . Yet the provisions of state constitutions protected religious liberty , particularly the so - called freedom of conscience . During the nineteenth century ( and before the incorporation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution through the Fourteenth Amendment ) , litigants turned to these provisions to challenge Sunday laws ( blue laws ) , bible - reading in schools , and other ostensibly religious regulations . The 14th Amendment ( edit ) See also : Cantwell v. Connecticut The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( Amendment XIV ) is one of the post-Civil War amendments , intended to secure rights for former slaves . It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others . The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states . While it has not been fully implemented , the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure , through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause , the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states . The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has affected the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments . Although upholding the state law in that case , which provided for public busing to private religious schools , the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments . A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) . The `` separation '' principle and the Supreme Court ( edit ) Jefferson 's concept of `` separation of church and state '' first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) . In that case , the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US , determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom , `` The word ' religion ' is not defined in the Constitution . We must go elsewhere , therefore , to ascertain its meaning , and nowhere more appropriately , we think , than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted . '' The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson . Quoting the `` separation '' paragraph from Jefferson 's letter to the Danbury Baptists , the court concluded that , `` coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure , it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . '' The centrality of the `` separation '' concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) , a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools . This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state , having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature . Citing Jefferson , the court concluded that `` The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state . That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . '' While the decision ( with four dissents ) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools , the majority opinion ( by Justice Hugo Black ) and the dissenting opinions ( by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson ) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a `` wall between church and state '' or a `` separation of Church from State '' : their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall . Rutledge , on behalf of the four dissenting justices , took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case : `` Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia 's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment , now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth . '' Writing separately , Justice Jackson argued that `` ( T ) here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation . In fact , the undertones of the opinion , advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State , seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters . '' In 1962 , the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools . In Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) , the Court , by a vote of 6 - 1 , determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools , even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation . ( The prayer required by the New York State Board of Regents prior to the Court 's decision consisted of : `` Almighty God , we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee , and we beg Thy blessings upon us , our parents , our teachers , and our country . Amen . '' ) As the Court stated : The petitioners contend , among other things , that the state laws requiring or permitting use of the Regents ' prayer must be struck down as a violation of the Establishment Clause because that prayer was composed by governmental officials as a part of a governmental program to further religious beliefs . For this reason , petitioners argue , the State 's use of the Regents ' prayer in its public school system breaches the constitutional wall of separation between Church and State . We agree with that contention , since we think that the constitutional prohibition against laws respecting an establishment of religion must at least mean that , in this country , it is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government . The court noted that it `` is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America . '' The lone dissenter , Justice Potter Stewart , objected to the court 's embrace of the `` wall of separation '' metaphor : `` I think that the Court 's task , in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication , is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the `` wall of separation , '' a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution . '' In Epperson v. Arkansas , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) , the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime `` to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals , '' or `` to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches '' this theory in any school or university that received public funds . The court 's opinion , written by Justice Abe Fortas , ruled that the Arkansas law violated `` the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . The overriding fact is that Arkansas ' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine ; that is , with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group . '' The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion , and that `` ( T ) he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them . '' Justice Sandra Day O'Connor Those who would renegotiate the boundaries between church and state must therefore answer a difficult question : Why would we trade a system that has served us so well for one that has served others so poorly ? ' -- Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her opinion on the 2005 Ten Commandments ruling . In Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) , the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause . The court 's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable , '' the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a ' wall ' , is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . '' Subsequent to this decision , the Supreme Court has applied a three - pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause , known as the `` Lemon Test '' . First , the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose . Second , the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion . Third , the statute or policy must not result in an `` excessive entanglement '' of government with religion . ( The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools , and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church 's religious mission , thus the policy involved the state in an `` excessive entanglement '' with religion . ) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause . In 2002 , a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional , even when students were not compelled to recite it , due to the inclusion of the phrase `` under God . '' In reaction to the case , Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , both houses of Congress passed measures reaffirming their support for the pledge , and condemning the panel 's ruling . The case was appealed to the Supreme Court , where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004 , solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue . Rather , a five - justice majority held that Newdow , a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter , lacked standing to sue . When the Louisiana state legislature passed a law requiring public school biology teachers to give Creationism and Evolution equal time in the classroom , the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it was intended to advance a particular religion , and did not serve the secular purpose of improved scientific education . ( See also : Creation and evolution in public education ) The display of the Ten Commandments as part of courthouse displays was considered in a group of cases decided in summer of 2005 , including McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky and Van Orden v. Perry . While parties on both sides hoped for a reformulation or clarification of the Lemon test , the two rulings ended with narrow 5 -- 4 and opposing decisions , with Justice Stephen Breyer the swing vote . On December 20 , 2005 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed , because the purpose of the display ( educating the public on American legal traditions ) was secular in nature . In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3 , 2006 , however , a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed . In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway , 12 - 696 , the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings , which are allowed , must allow various faiths to lead prayer , or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian . On May 5 , 2014 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 - 4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings , but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers . Madalyn Murray O'Hair's 1963 lawsuit led to an end of mandatory prayer in public schools after the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional . The treaty of Tripoli ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Tripoli In 1797 , the United States Senate ratified a treaty with Tripoli that stated in Article 11 : As the Government of the United States of America is not , in any sense , founded on the Christian religion ; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws , religion , or tranquillity , of Mussulmen ; and , as the said States never entered into any war , or act of hostility against any Mahometan nation , it is declared by the parties , that no pretext arising from religious opinions , shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries . Interpretive controversies ( edit ) Main article : Accommodationism Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of `` separation of church and state '' , or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment . Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution , while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified . These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers . Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts , and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence , which references the idea of a `` Creator '' and `` Nature 's God '' , though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a `` Creator '' or `` Nature 's God . '' These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification , to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent . The issue is complex , however , as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868 , at which point the first amendment 's application to the state government was recognized . Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern , progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution . Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution 's Supremacy Clause , but also by legal precedence , making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era , and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution . Ten commandments monument at a Minnesota courthouse . The `` religious test '' clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones , career civil servants as well as political appointees . Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution . Seven states , however , have language included in their Bill of Rights or Declaration of Rights , or in the body of their constitutions that require state office - holders to have particular religious beliefs , though some of these have been successfully challenged in court . These states are Texas , Massachusetts , Maryland , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , and Tennessee . The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments . ( Tennessee Constitution Article IX , Section 2 is one such example . ) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words `` so help me God . '' In some cases these beliefs ( or oaths ) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court . At one time , such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states ' rights ; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment , as applied to the states via the 14th amendment , and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable . While sometimes questioned as possible violations of separation , the appointment of official chaplains for government functions , voluntary prayer meetings at the Department of Justice outside of duty hours , voluntary prayer at meals in U.S. armed forces , inclusion of the ( optional ) phrase `` so help me God '' in the oaths for many elected offices , FBI agents , etc. , have been held not to violate the First Amendment , since they fall within the realm of free exercise of religion . Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches , the tax - free status of church property , the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday , etc. , have also been questioned , but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society . The national motto `` In God We Trust '' has been challenged as a violation , but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature . A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio 's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible , `` With God , all things are possible '' , because it displayed no preference for a particular religion . Jeffries and Ryan ( 2001 ) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court . The central point , they argue , was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools , followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education . Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions -- that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious -- make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause . Jeffries and Ryan argue that no - aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion . Most important was `` the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life , '' which sought to confine religion to a private sphere . Further , the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants ( and most Jews ) , who opposed aid to religious schools , which were mostly Catholic at the time . After 1980 , however , anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants , and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed . While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state , much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position . As a consequence , strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths , even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics . Critics of the modern concept of the `` separation of church and state '' argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it . Philip Hamburger , Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept , maintains that the modern concept , which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence , is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism . Briefs before the Supreme Court , including by the U.S. government , have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state ( Blaine Amendments ) were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism . J. Brent Walker , Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee , responded to Hamburger 's claims noting ; `` The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle . Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture . Of course , separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on - campus released time in the public schools . But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry '' Steven Waldman notes that ; `` The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson , not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart . '' Frank Lambert wrote `` Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners . New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state . '' Politics and religion in the United States ( edit ) Robert N. Bellah has written that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States , this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States . He used the term `` Civil Religion '' to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States . His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy : `` Considering the separation of church and state , how is a president justified in using the word ' God ' at all ? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension . '' Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state -- no state - run or state - established church -- is good for both the church and the state , allowing a variety of religions to flourish . Speaking at the Toronto - based Center for New Religions , Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a `` remarkable religiosity '' in the United States that is n't present in other industrialized nations . Wood believes that the U.S. operates on `` a sort of civic religion , '' which includes a generally shared belief in a creator who `` expects better of us . '' Beyond that , individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience . He calls this approach the `` genius of religious sentiment in the United States . '' See also ( edit ) Americans United for Separation of Church and State American Civil Liberties Union American Humanist Association Anti-clericalism Ban on Sharia law Ceremonial deism Christian amendment Christian Left Christian Right Freedom From Religion Foundation Freedom of religion in the United States Interfaith Alliance Johnson Amendment Mount Soledad cross controversy Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance Public menorah Separation of church and state Sharia State religion United States religious history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists : The Final Letter , as Sent . The Library of Congress Information Bulletin : June 1998 . Lib. of Cong. , June 1998 . Web . Aug 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Church State Council ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jefferson 's Danbury letter has been cited favorably by the Supreme Court several times . Jump up ^ Wald , Kenneth D. ; Calhoun - Brown , Allison ( 16 August 2010 ) . Religion and Politics in the United States . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 80 -- 85 . ISBN 9781442201538 . Investigation of potential copyright issue Please note this is about the text of this Wikipedia article ; it should not be taken to reflect on the subject of this article . Do not restore or edit the blanked content on this page until the issue is resolved by an administrator , copyright clerk or OTRS agent . If you have just labeled this page as a potential copyright issue , please follow the instructions for filing at the bottom of the box . 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Instructions for filing If you have tagged the article for investigation , please complete the following steps : Add the following to the bottom of Wikipedia : Copyright_problems / 2018 October 1 * ( ( subst : article - cv : Separation of church and state in the United States ) ) from Excessive quote . ~ ~ ~ ~ Place this notice on the talk page of the contributor of the copyrighted material : ( ( subst : Nothanks - web pg = Separation of church and state in the United States url = Excessive quote ) ) ~ ~ ~ ~ To blank a section instead of an entire article , add the template to the beginning of the section and ( ( Copyviocore bottom ) ) at the end of the portion you intend to blank . The clarion call for accommodation was sounded by Justice William O. Douglas in 1952 : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being ... The accommodationist perspective emphasizes rather that the First Amendment was clearly not intended to be antireligious -- indeed , as already suggested , it was drafted precisely to protect the various religious practices of the states , including preferential establishments in some of them . Accomodationists therefore reinterpret the First Amendment to make of religious liberty a positive right , the exercise of which is to be encouraged by the government . By the same token , they believe that the First Amendment excludes only the direct establishment of , or preferential treatment for , a particular religion . Indeed , government should facilitate the practice of religion by both individuals and collectivities as essential to the common good . This position is very different from that of the separationists and leads to markedly different contemporary policies and practices . In addition , as the point of departure for historical interpretation , it focuses attention upon the residual religious quality of this founding period , which was hardly secularist . The same Congress that proposed the First Amendment was opened with prayer and named a chaplain . Indeed , most of the early presidents declared occasional days of thanksgiving -- and even of humiliation . Provision was made for support of religion in western lands . And , in time , the resources of religious groups were utilized in making government policy for relations with Native Americans . In sum , accommodationists consider that the operative ideal of the early republic was a nonpreferentialist posture of support for religion on the part of the government . In turn , that seems to point toward a modern ideal of accommodation of government to religin in ways that secure the greater common civil good as well as serve the spiritual ends of numbers of citizens . line feed character in quote = at position 203 ( help ) Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962 . Much more recently , in 1952 , speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 313 , the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments , saying : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being . Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case , supra , mentioned many of these evidences of religion , and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... ( P ) rayers in our legislative halls ; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive ; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday ; `` So help me God '' in our courtroom oaths -- these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws , our public rituals , our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session : `` God save the United States and this Honorable Court '' ( 312 -- 313 ) . To this list may be added tax exemption of churches , chaplaincies in the armed forces , the `` Pray for Peace '' postmark , the widespread observance of Christmas holidays , and , in classrooms , singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God , and the words `` in God is our trust '' as found in the National Anthem , and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , modified by an Act of Congress of June 14 , 1954 , to include the words `` under God '' . Jump up ^ See Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 , 673 ( 1984 ) ( `` The concept of a ' wall ' of separation is a useful figure of speech probably deriving from views of Thomas Jefferson ... ( b ) ut the metaphor itself is not a wholly accurate description of the practical aspects of the relationship that in fact exists between church and state . '' ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist , 413 U.S. 756 , 760 ( 1973 ) ( `` Yet , despite Madison 's admonition and the ' sweep of the absolute prohibitions ' of the Clauses , this Nation 's history has not been one of entirely sanitized separation between Church and State . It has never been thought either possible or desirable to enforce a regime of total separation . '' ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 312 ( U.S. 1952 ) ( `` The First Amendment , however , does not say that in every and all respects there shall be a separation of Church and State . '' ) . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) ( `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . '' ) Jump up ^ The Cousins ' Wars , Kevin Phillips , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Rights of the People : Individual freedom and the Bill of Rights '' . US State Department . December 2003 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2004 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Article VI of the North Carolina state constitution Jump up ^ `` Remonstrance of the Inhabitants of the Town of Flushing to Governor Stuyvesant '' , Dec 27 , 1657 . Jump up ^ `` Drawing the Line Between Church and State '' , CBS News , Dec 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . `` To Bigotry No Sanction '' . American Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Cotton 's Letter Lately Printed , Examined and Answered , '' The Complete Writings of Roger Williams , Volume 1 , page 108 ( 1644 ) . Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ( 2005 ) . Divided by God . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , p. 24 ( `` Williams 's metaphor was rediscovered by Isaac Backus , a New England Baptist of Jefferson 's generation , who believed , like Williams , that an established church -- which he considered to exist in the Massachusetts of his day -- would never protect religious dissenters like himself and must be opposed in order to keep religion pure . '' ) Jump up ^ To Messrs. Nehemiah Dodge and Others , a Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association , in the State of Connecticut . January 1 , 1802 . Full text available online . Jump up ^ Danbury Baptist Association 's letter to Thomas Jefferson , October 7 , 1801 . Full text available online . Jump up ^ Official Letters of the Governors of the State of Virginia ( Virginia State Library , 1928 ) , Vol. II , pp. 64 -- 66 , November 11 , 1779 . Jump up ^ Lee v. Weisman , 505 U.S. 577 ( 1992 ) ( Souter , J. , concurring ) ( `` President Jefferson , for example , steadfastly refused to issue Thanksgiving proclamations of any kind , in part because he thought they violated the Religion Clauses . '' ) Jump up ^ James D. Richardson , A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents ( Washington : Bureau of National Literature , 1897 ) , Vol. II , pp. 498 , 517 -- 518 , 543 , 545 -- 546 . Jump up ^ James Madison 's veto messages Archived February 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Religion and the Founding of the American Republic ; Library of Congress exhibit website . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 Jump up ^ James Madison , Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments Jump up ^ ( March 2 , 1819 letter to Robert Walsh ) , Lambert , Frank ( 2003 ) . The founding fathers and the place of religion in America . Princeton University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 08829 - 7 . Jump up ^ James Madison . `` Monopolies Perpetuities Corporations -- Ecclesiastical Endowments '' . constitution.org . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( 1811 letter to Baptist Churches ) Jump up ^ Madison 's letter to Edward Livingston , July 10 , 1822 Jump up ^ See Morison and Commager , vol I Jump up ^ Jefferson 's letter to Thomas Cooper , November 2 , 1822 Jump up ^ Dumas Malone , Jefferson and His Times , 6 , 393 Jump up ^ Ashley M. Bell , `` God Save this Honorable Court '' : How Current Establishment Clause Jurisprudence can be Reconciled with the Secularization of Historical Religious Expressions , 50 Am. U.L. Rev. 1273 , 1282 n. 49 ( 2001 ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Hall , Mark David . `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases . '' Oregon Law Review 85 ( 2006 ) , 563 -- 614 Jump up ^ Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) Jump up ^ The Story of New Jersey ; ed. , William Starr Myers ( 1945 ) Vol. II , chapter 4 Jump up ^ Article XIX , italics added . Jump up ^ Paschal , George ( 2007 - 03 - 23 ) ( 1868 ) . The Constitution of the United States Defined and Carefully Annotated . W.H. & O.H. Morrison Law Booksellers . p. 254 . Jump up ^ Boston , Rob ( 2012 ) . `` A Delicate Balance '' . Conscience. 33 ( 2 ) : 12 -- 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip ( 1888 ) . Church and State in The United States : The American Idea of Religious Liberty and its Practical Effects ( Reprint 2017 ed . ) . Wipf and Stock Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55635 - 707 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Founders ' Constitution Volume 5 , Amendment I ( Religion ) , Document 53 . The University of Chicago Press . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Glenn , Gary D. ( 1987 ) . `` Forgotten Purposes of the First Amendment Religion Clauses '' . The Review of Politics . 49 ( 3 ) : 340 -- 367 . JSTOR 1407840 . Jump up ^ Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) . Jump up ^ REYNOLDS v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) 98 U.S. 145 Jump up ^ Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ EPPERSON v. ARKANSAS , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Sandra Day O'Connor ( June 27 , 2005 ) . `` McCreary County vs. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell university Law Department . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 , 612 -- 613 , 91 S. Ct. 2105 , 2111 , 29 L. Ed. 2d 745 ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Senate Pledges Allegiance Under God . Fox News , Thursday , June 27 , 2002 Jump up ^ 482 U.S. 578 ( Text of opinion in Edwards v. Aguillard from Findlaw.com ) Jump up ^ `` US federal court rejects separation of church and state '' . Catholic World News . 2005 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Onell R. Soto , City has 90 days to remove Mt . Soledad cross , The San Diego Union - Tribune , May 4 , 2006 , p . A1 . Jump up ^ June , Daniel , `` Supreme Court to Hear Case About Public Prayers '' Jump up ^ Lauren Markoe And Cathy Lynn Grossman ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Supreme Court approves sectarian prayer at public meetings '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ed Whelan , This Week in Liberal Judicial Activism -- Week of February 5 , National Review Online . February 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Thomas White ( 2007 ) . First Freedom : The Baptist Perspective on Religious Liberty . B&H Publishing Group . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 4387 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Religious discrimination in state constitutions '' . ReligiousTolerance.org . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio and The Rev. Matthew Peterson v. Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board , 243 F. 3d 289 ( 6th Cir. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ LOCKE V. DAVEY 540 U.S. 712 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Book Review : Separation of Church and State Jump up ^ Frank Lambert , The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . Jump up ^ Steven Waldman The Framers and the Faithful : How modern evangelicals are ignoring their own history . Washington Monthly , June 2006 Jump up ^ Bellah , Robert Neelly ( Winter 1967 ) . `` Civil Religion in America '' . Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . 96 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 06 . From the issue entitled Religion in America . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Molly ( June 15 , 2009 ) , `` U.S. is a model of how variety of religions can flourish '' , Deseret News Bibliography ( edit ) Barry McGowan , How to Separate Church & State : A Manual from the Trenches Hufton Mueller , LLC , 2012 ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 63802 - 7 Philip Hamburger , Separation of Church and State Harvard University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00734 - 4 OCLC : 48958015 Marci A. Hamilton , God vs. the Gavel : Religion and the Rule of Law , Cambridge University Press , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 85304 - 4 Mark DeWolfe Howe . The Garden and the Wilderness : Religion and Government in American Constitutional History ( U. of Chicago Press , 1965 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach . Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State ( New York University Press , 2003 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall . The Sacred Rights of Conscience : Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church - State Relations in the American Founding ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund Press , 2009 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach , Mark David Hall , and Jeffry Morrison . The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life ( Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , 2009 ) John C. Jeffries Jr. and James E. Ryan , `` A Political History of the Establishment Clause , '' 100 Michigan Law Rev. ( 2001 ) online version Mark David Hall , `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases , '' 85 Oregon Law Review ( 2006 ) , 563 - 614 . http://www.law.uoregon.edu/org/olr/archives/85/852hall.pdf Isaac Kramnick and R. Laurence Moore , The Godless Constitution : The Case Against Religious Correctness ( Norton , 1996 ) Philip B. Kurland , ed. , Church and State : The Supreme Court and the First Amendment ( U. of Chicago Press , 1975 ) Adam M. Samaha ; `` Separation of Church and State . '' Constitutional Commentary. 19 # 3 2002 . pp 713 +. online version Anson P. Stokes and Leo Pfeffer , Church and State in the United States ( reprint , 1964 ) Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Separation of church and state in the United States American Court battles over separation ( edit ) 1947 , first case concerning separation of church and state ; supporting bussing for children to private religious schools and declaring that states were required to provide the same guarantees of religious freedom as the federal government 1948 , banning religious instruction in public schools 1952 , allowing religious instruction off school property during regular school hours 1962 , banning teacher - led prayer from public schools 1963 , banning Bible - reading and the recital of the Lord 's Prayer in public schools 1973 , allowing state funding for textbooks and teachers ' salaries in religious schools ; creating the Lemon test 1987 , declared the Creation Act invalid , which had mandated the teaching of Creation if Evolution was taught 1989 , banning religious displays depicting only one religion 1992 , banning prayers given by clergy as a part of an official public school graduation ceremony . Other ( edit ) `` Rights of the People - The Roots of Religious Liberty '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2004 . Retrieved April 7 , 2007 . `` Rights of the People - Religious liberty in the Modern era '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . Christian Science Monitor analysis of George Washington 's letter and its implications `` The Intellectual Origins of the Establishment Clause '' by Noah Feldman , Asst . Professor of Law , New York University , 2002 . Royal C. Gilkey , `` The Problem of Church and State in Terms of the Nonestablishment and Free Exercise of Religion '' , William & Mary Law Review , Vol. 9 , Issue I , 1967 , 149 - 165 Robert Struble Jr. , Treatise on Twelve Lights : To Restore America the Beautiful under God and the Written Constitution , 2007 -- 08 edition . Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty Separation of Church and State Misunderstanding Jefferson 's `` wall of separation '' metaphor ' A Wall of Separation ' : FBI Helps Restore Jefferson 's Obliterated Draft , Library of Congress information Bulletin , June 1998 -- Vol. 57 , No. 6 , by James H. Hutson , Chief , Manuscript Division , Library of Congress . 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6016380564235383739 | Bennett (name) | Bennett ( name ) - wikipedia Bennett ( name ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the surname and given name Bennett . For other uses , see Bennett . Bennett Family name Pronunciation / ˈbɛnɪt / Meaning `` blessed '' Region of origin England Language ( s ) of origin Anglo - Norman , Old French Related names Benedict , Benoît , Bénet Bennett ( also spelled ' Bennet ' ) is an English and Irish language surname ( and , less commonly , given name ) ; related to the medieval name Benedict , both ultimately from Latin Benedictus `` blessed '' . Bennett is the English spelling of the Anglo - Norman name Ben ( n ) et ( Modern French first name Benoît , surname Bénet ) . The oldest public record of the surname is dated 1208 in County Durham . § Contents ( hide ) 1 People 1.1 Given name 1.2 Surname 2 Fictional characters 3 References People ( edit ) Given name ( edit ) People with the given name include : Bennett Carter ( Benny Carter ) , Jazz Saxophonist , Arranger and Composer Bennett Cerf , publisher Bennett Jackson , American football player Bennett Miller , American film director Bennet Omalu ( born 1968 ) , Nigeria - born American pathologist Bennett ( Ben ) Savage ( Ben Savage ) , American television actor Surname ( edit ) People with the surname include : Bennett ( London cricketer ) ( `` Little Bennett '' and `` Tall Bennett '' ) , two London Club cricketers in the 1740s and 1750s Abram Bennett ( 1898 -- 1985 ) , American psychiatrist A.L. Bennett ( 1924 -- 2008 ) , American basketball player Alan Bennett ( disambiguation ) Alfred Bennett ( disambiguation ) Arnold Bennett , English novelist Anthony Bennett ( disambiguation ) ( also Tony Bennett ) Ben Bennett ( singer ) , Australian singer Bert Bennett , English footballer Beverly Lynn Bennett , American chef Bob Bennett ( baseball ) , American college baseball coach Bob Bennett ( politician ) , former United States Senator from Utah Bobby Bennett ( disambiguation ) Brea Bennett ( born 1987 ) , American pornographic actress Brian Bennett ( musician ) , English musician Brooke Bennett , American swimmer Bruce Bennett ( Arkansas politician ) , Arkansas politician Carl Bennett ( 1915 -- 2013 ) , American basketball general manager and coach Charles Bennett ( disambiguation ) Clay Bennett ( businessman ) ( born 1959 ) , American businessman Clay Bennett ( cartoonist ) ( born 1958 ) , American editorial cartoonist Colin Bennett ( disambiguation ) Constance Bennett , American actress Cornelius Bennett , former American football player D.M. Bennett ( DeRobigne Mortimer Bennett , 1818 -- 1882 ) , former Shaker and freethinker Darren Bennett ( footballer ) ( born 1965 ) , Australian player of multiple football codes David Bennett ( American football ) , American football coach DeAnna Bennett , American mixed martial artist Dick Bennett ( born 1943 ) , American basketball coach Don Bennett , leader of the Pathfinder force , RAF , World War II Drew Bennett , NFL wide receiver Dwight Henry Bennett ( 1917 -- 2002 ) Edwin Keppel Bennett , English academic Edward Turner Bennett ( Francis Bennett ) , zoologist Emerson Bennett , American author Eric Bennett , rugby league footballer Estelle Bennett , American singer Fleur Bennett , English television actress Frank Bennett ( disambiguation ) Fred Bennett ( footballer ) , English footballer Gabriel Bennett ( 1817 -- 1895 ) , Australian auctioneer , founder of the stock and station agents Bennett & Fisher Gareth Bennett , Anglican clergyman and academic Gary Bennett ( disambiguation ) George Bennett ( disambiguation ) Gordon Bennett ( disambiguation ) Granville G. Bennett , American lawyer and politician Haley Bennett an American singer and actress Harry Bennett , Ford Motor Company executive Harry Bennett , ( 1895 -- 1990 ) Author / editor of `` The Chemical Formulary '' Lt. Henry Boswell Bennett of the 45th Regiment of Foot , the first officer to die in the service of Queen Victoria ( May 31 , 1838 ) H.H. Bennett ( Henry Hamilton Bennett , 1843 -- 1908 ) , photographer of the Wisconsin Dells Henry Stanley Bennett ( 1889 -- 1972 ) , English literary historian Holly Bennett , author of the Bonemender series Hugh Hammond Bennett , founder of the Soil Conservation Service Hywel Bennett , Welsh actor J.A.W. Bennett ( Jack Arthur Walter Bennett , 1911 -- 1981 ) , scholar of Middle English literature James Bennett ( disambiguation ) , also Jim Bennett Jeff Bennett ( voice actor ) , American voice actor Jill Bennett ( British actress ) Jill Bennett ( American actress ) Joan Bennett , American actress John Bennett ( disambiguation ) Jonathan Bennett ( disambiguation ) Joseph Bennett ( disambiguation ) Ken Bennett , American politician Kirt Bennett ( 1967 -- 2010 ) , Louisiana businessman , educator , and politician Lawrence E. Bennett ( 1923 - 2016 ) , American politician Linda L.M. Bennett , administrator and political scientist at the University of Southern Indiana Lorna Bennett ( born 1977 ) , Actor Louis Bennett ( disambiguation ) Manu Bennett , Australian actor Mark Bennett ( disambiguation ) Matt Bennett ( born 1991 ) , American actor Matthew Bennett ( disambiguation ) Meg Bennett , American TV writer Michèle Bennett ( born 1950 ) , former wife of former Haitian president Jean - Claude Duvalier Naftali Bennett ( born 1972 ) , Israeli politician and entrepreneur Natalie Bennett ( born 1966 , Sydney ) Politician Leader of the Greens Party England and Wales Nathan Bennett , Australian Rugby League Player Nicholas Bennett ( born 1949 ) , British politician Nicholas Bennett ( historian ) ( 1823 - 1899 ) , Welsh historian Nigel Bennett , English actor Nigel Harvie Bennett ( born 1912 ) , English cricketer , captained Surrey Paul Bennett ( disambiguation ) Paris Bennett , American singer Percy Bennett , Wales international rugby union player Pete Bennett , winner of series 7 of Big Brother UK Phillip R. Bennett , former CEO of Refco R.B. Bennett ( Richard Bedford Bennett , 1st Viscount Bennett , 1870 -- 1947 ) , Prime Minister of Canada Richard Bennett ( Governor ) , Colonial Governor of Virginia Richard Rodney Bennett , ( 1936 - 2012 ) English composer Robert Russell Bennett , ( 1894 -- 1981 ) American composer Roger Bennett ( disambiguation ) Roy Bennett ( disambiguation ) Samm Bennett , American musician Sacha Bennett , English film director , writer , producer Stu Bennett ( born 1980 ) , English professional wrestler better known as Wade Barrett Taco Bennett , member of alternative hip hop collective Odd Future Ted Bennett ( born 1940 ) , American politician Thomas Bennett , Jr. , Governor of South Carolina 1820 - 1822 . Born SC ( August 14 , 1781 -- January 30 , 1865 ) Todd Bennett ( 1962 -- 2013 ) , English sprinter Tony Bennett ( born 1926 ) , American singer Tony Bennett ( basketball ) ( born 1969 ) , American basketball player and coach W.A.C. Bennett ( William Andrew Cecil Bennett , 1900 -- 1979 ) , Premier of British Columbia , Canada Wayne Bennett ( disambiguation ) William Bennett ( disambiguation ) Fictional characters ( edit ) Bonnie Sheila Bennett ( of the family line of Bennett witches ) , a character in The Vampire Diaries Capt . Bennett , a character portrayed by Vernon Wells in the Arnold Schwarzenegger movie Commando ( 1985 ) Cybil Bennett , a character in the Silent Hill series Emily Bennett , a character in The Vampire Diaries John Bennett , a character in Orange Is the New Black Sheila Bennett , a character in The Vampire Diaries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Albert Dauzat , Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de famille et prénoms de France , Librairie Larousse 1980 , édition revue et augmentée par Marie - Thérèse Morlet , p. 36b . Jump up ^ `` Surname : Bennett '' . surnamedb.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bennett_(name)&oldid=808313347 '' Categories : Given names Surnames English - language surnames Surnames of Norman origin Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español עברית Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 03 : 15 . About Wikipedia | where did the last name bennett come from | [
"Bennett (also spelled 'Bennet') is an English and Irish language surname (and, less commonly, given name); related to the medieval name Benedict, both ultimately from Latin Benedictus \"blessed\". Bennett is the English spelling of the Anglo-Norman name Ben[n]et (Modern French first name Benoît, surname Bénet[1]). The oldest public record of the surname is dated 1208 in County Durham.[2] §"
] | [
"the medieval name Benedict, both ultimately from Latin Benedictus \"blessed\""
] |
-1014732860344672517 | It Don't Come Easy | It Do n't Come Easy - wikipedia It Do n't Come Easy Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Do n't Come Easy . `` It Do n't Come Easy '' UK picture sleeve Single by Ringo Starr B - side `` Early 1970 '' Released 9 April 1971 ( UK ) 16 April 1971 ( US ) Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 8 and 11 March , October 1970 , Trident Studios , London Genre Rock Length 3 : 00 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Richard Starkey Producer ( s ) George Harrison Ringo Starr singles chronology `` Beaucoups of Blues '' ( 1970 ) `` It Do n't Come Easy '' ( 1971 ) `` Back Off Boogaloo '' ( 1972 ) `` Beaucoups of Blues '' ( 1970 ) `` It Do n't Come Easy '' ( 1971 ) `` Back Off Boogaloo '' ( 1972 ) `` It Do n't Come Easy '' is a song by English musician Ringo Starr that was released as a non-album single in April 1971 . Apart from in North America , where `` Beaucoups of Blues '' had been a single in October 1970 , it was Starr 's first single release since the break - up of the Beatles . The song was a commercial success , peaking at number 1 in Canada and number 4 in both the US and UK singles charts . The recording was produced by Starr 's former bandmate George Harrison , who also made an uncredited contribution as a composer . Starr performed the song with Harrison at the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 and it has remained one of his most popular hits as a solo artist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording history 2.1 Early takes 2.2 Official version 3 Release and reception 4 Covers and appearances 5 Personnel 6 Chart performance 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) Although Ringo Starr received sole writing credit for `` It Do n't Come Easy '' , author Bruce Spizer writes that he had `` substantial , but uncredited , assistance from Harrison '' . Starr subsequently acknowledged that Harrison had helped write it . In an episode of VH1 Storytellers ( Season 3 , Episode 4 ) in 1998 , right before performing the song , Starr said : `` I wrote this song with the one and only George Harrison . '' He went on to say that Harrison suggested the last verse be about God . When Starr protested , Harrison suggested Hare Krishna . Starr protested again , and Harrison suggested `` peace '' as a topic , and they settled on that . Recording History ( edit ) Early takes ( edit ) Recording of the new composition was begun at a late - night session on 18 February 1970 at Abbey Road 's Studio 2 , during the Sentimental Journey album sessions . At this stage , the song was known as `` You Gotta Pay Your Dues '' . On this first session , George Martin was producing , with Harrison playing acoustic guitar and directing the other musicians -- namely , Starr ( on drums ) , Klaus Voormann ( bass ) and Stephen Stills ( piano ) . Twenty basic track takes were made , with take 20 being labelled `` best '' . Starr then added a lead vocal and Harrison added two electric guitar parts , finishing at 4 am , with the song being mixed into stereo . On 19 February , after overdubs onto `` Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing '' , recording resumed on `` You Gotta Pay Your Dues '' , with Starr overdubbing another lead vocal . Harrison was not present at the session that evening , although Eric Clapton may have been involved . During the session , Starr decided to remake the song ; a new basic track was then taped between 7 and 11 pm . Take 30 was labelled `` best '' and onto this take , two bass parts were added . This version was also discarded , however , since Starr again decided to remake the song . Official version ( edit ) Recording for the third version of `` It Do n't Come Easy '' began at Trident Studios on 8 March 1970 . Harrison produced the sessions and played guitar . Voormann and Stills contributed as before , while the other participants included Mal Evans ( on tambourine ) and Ron Cattermole ( saxophone , trumpet ) . Overdubs were added to the new basic track on 11 March , again at Trident . The song was then left until October 1970 , at which point further overdubs were made , including a new piano part , performed by Gary Wright . According to his recollection in a 2002 interview , Jim Keltner added maracas to the finished recording , at Trident , having arrived in London in February 1971 to escape the Los Angeles earthquake . When news of the sessions reached the press in March 1970 , Apple had told the music press there were `` absolutely no plans for the record to be released as a single at the present time '' , and the song remained unissued until early 1971 . An early mix from the sessions has appeared on bootlegs , featuring Harrison on lead vocal . While the instrumentation is almost identical to the released version ( the horns had not been added yet ) , during the guitar break , the backing vocalists , Pete Ham and Tom Evans from Badfinger , add the line `` Hare Krishna . '' This can be heard on the final Starr release , although buried in the mix . Following the guitar solo , rather than there being another verse , there is a repeat of the song 's opening guitar phrase from Harrison , again with the backing vocalists singing ' it do n't come , oh no , you know it do n't come easy '' twice , with Harrison adding a few shouted lines behind them before returning to the verse . Subsequently , there are some additional backing vocal lines . Release and reception ( edit ) `` It Do n't Come Easy '' , backed with `` Early 1970 '' , was released on 9 April 1971 in the UK , and a week later , on 16 April in the US . In a contemporary review , in the NME , Alan Smith described the song as `` undoubtedly one of the best , thumpin'est things the Starr man has ever done '' and added : `` That 's a very strong hook he 's got there , and George Harrison has given the record a fat , pumping backing full of guts and stuff . '' Smith criticised Starr 's vocal on the track , however , before concluding : `` But on the credit side we have an inventive mind and a dry wit coming more and more into play with better songs . One day he may even write a masterpiece . '' Billboard 's reviewer admired the single as Starr 's `` most commercial solo effort '' yet and predicted : `` Potent Top 40 rock material and vocal workout has it to take him all the way . '' The single peaked at number 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also reached the fourth spot on the UK singles chart . The single beat the sales of Starr 's fellow former - Beatles ' singles at the time : John Lennon 's `` Power to the People '' , Paul McCartney 's `` Another Day '' and Harrison 's `` Bangla Desh '' . The 22 April 1971 edition of the BBC TV show Top of the Pops showed the promotional video for the song . On 27 April , Starr was in Norway to shoot another music video for `` It Do n't Come Easy '' , that was broadcast on another edition of Top of the Pops , on 29 April . Starr was filmed performing the song live at Scandinavia , on 24 June 1971 , backed by an orchestra , for the BBC TV show Cilla , which aired on 27 November 1971 . Backed by Harrison , Voormann and Keltner , among others , Starr performed `` It Do n't Come Easy '' at the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 , forgetting some of the words . While this live recording was included on the Concert for Bangladesh triple album , the studio version remained unavailable on an LP until the release of Starr 's 1975 Apple greatest hits compilation , Blast from Your Past . The song was also heard in the 1978 NBC - TV special Ringo . Although Starr recorded new versions of several songs for the special , the released recording of `` It Do n't Come Easy '' was used . Starr 's re-recording of his 1972 hit `` Back Off Boogaloo '' for the Stop and Smell the Roses 1981 album alludes to several Beatles songs , among them `` It Do n't Come Easy '' . On 12 March 1984 , EMI released a single of `` It Do n't Come Easy '' / `` Back Off Boogaloo '' in the UK as part of their Golden 45s series . Starr has frequently performed `` It Do n't Come Easy '' in concert with his All - Starr Band . Starr included the song on the set list for his July -- September 1989 American tour , and a performance of this song opened the 1990 album Ringo Starr and His All - Starr Band . It was also included on a bonus 5 '' CD single released with the US limited edition deluxe CD version of Ringo Starr and His All - Starr Band . In 1991 , `` It Do n't Come Easy '' was added as a bonus track to the CD version of Ringo , along with `` Down and Out '' and `` Early 1970 '' . Starr 's song `` Do n't Go Where the Road Do n't Go '' from his 1992 album Time Takes Time features a homage to the song during the bridge with the line `` Well I said it do n't come easy , well I sure know how it feels '' . Starr 's song `` Eye to Eye '' from his 2003 album Ringo Rama starts with the lines `` Remember when I said it do n't come easy , that seems so long ago '' . Covers and appearances ( edit ) In 1987 , a cover version of `` It Do n't Come Easy '' was used in a commercial for 7 - Eleven using the slogan `` Where the good things come easy '' . Along with a guest appearance by Starr , the song was featured in The Simpsons episode `` Brush with Greatness '' . The song is used as inspirational background music for a montage of Marge Simpson painting a portrait of Mr. Burns . The song was covered by the American band the Smithereens on their album of rarities , Attack of the Smithereens . A cover is featured in the 2014 movie The Identical . The song was the opening theme of the 1973 - 1975 ABC late night talk show Good Night , America hosted by Geraldo Rivera . Personnel ( edit ) The following musicians played on the released version of `` It Do n't Come Easy '' : Ringo Starr -- vocals , drums George Harrison -- guitars Gary Wright -- piano Klaus Voormann -- bass Uncredited musicians -- horns Unknown -- organ , tambourine Pete Ham , Tom Evans -- backing vocals Ken Scott -- recording engineer Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australian Go - Set National Top 60 Australian Kent Music Report Austria Belgian Ultratop Singles 9 Canadian RPM 100 Dutch MegaChart Singles 7 Irish Singles Chart Japanese Oricon Singles 30 New Zealand NZ Listener Chart 7 Norwegian VG - lista Singles 5 Swedish Kvällstoppen Chart 14 Swiss Singles Chart 5 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening 24 US Cash Box Top 100 Singles US Record World Singles Chart West German Media Control Singles 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Australia 35 Canadian RPM Singles 9 UK 42 US Billboard 43 US Cash Box 25 References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ UK Apple R5898 Jump up ^ US Apple 1831 Jump up ^ This version would later be repeated on 2 August 1993 , as part of Top of the Pops re-showings . Citations Jump up ^ Spizer , Bruce ( 2005 ) . The Beatles Solo on Apple Records . New Orleans , LA : 498 Productions . p. 293 . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 5 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Robert ( 2010 ) . Fab Four FAQ 2.0 : The Beatles ' Solo Years , 1970 -- 1980 . Milwaukee , WI : Backbeat Books . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Barry ( 1998 ) . The Beatles a Diary : An Intimate Day by Day History . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 6315 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stannard , Neville . Working Class Heroes . p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Madinger , Chip ; Easter , Mark ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions . p. 498 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kubernik , Harvey ( July 2011 ) . `` With a Little Help from His Friends : George Harrison and the Concert for Bangla Desh '' . Rock 's Backpages . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Barry ; Badman , Keith , eds. ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary After the Break - Up : 1970 -- 2001 ( reprint ed . ) . London : Music Sales Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . pp. 182 , 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alan ( 24 April 1971 ) . `` Singles Reviews '' . NME . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Chris ( ed . ) ( 2005 ) . NME Originals : Beatles -- The Solo Years 1970 -- 1980 . London : IPC Ignite ! . p. 33 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Billboard Review Panel ( 17 April 1971 ) . `` Spotlight Singles '' . Billboard . p. 54 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1977 ) . The Beatles Forever . Cameron House . p. 149 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Robert ( 2010 ) . Fab Four FAQ 2.0 : The Beatles ' Solo Years , 1970 -- 1980 ( illustrated ed . ) . New York : Backbeat Books . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 968 - 8 . Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . Jump up ^ Calkin , Graham . `` Ringo Starr - It Do n't Come Easy '' . Jpgr.co.uk . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Ingham , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Good Night America . IMDB . Jump up ^ Spizer , Bruce ( 2005 ) . The Beatles Solo on Apple Records . New Orleans , LA : 498 Productions . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 5 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts -- 10 July 1971 '' . poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr -- It Do n't Come Easy '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles , July 4 , 1971 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr -- It Do n't Come Easy '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Search by Artist > Ringo Starr '' Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , irishcharts.ie ( retrieved 23 March 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr Chart Trajectories on the Oricon Singles ( 1968 -- 2005 ) '' . Archived from the original on 24 September 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Listener chart statistics for Ringo Starr ( search by artist ) '' . Flavour of New Zealand . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ringo Starr -- It Do n't Come Easy '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Charts 1969 -- 1972 / Kvällstoppen -- Listresultaten vecka för vecka '' > `` Oktober 1971 ( in Swedish ) '' ( PDF ) . hitsallertijden.nl . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr -- It Do n't Come Easy '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2015 ) . The Comparison Book . Menonomee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 481 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 213 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Easy Listening '' . Billboard. 19 June 1971 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop 100 Singles '' Billboard December 25 , 1971 : TA - 36 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Further reading ( edit ) Ingham , Chris ( 2006 ) . The Rough Guide to the Beatles ( 2nd edn ) . London : Rough Guides / Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84836 - 525 - 4 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1992 ) . Complete Beatles Chronicle . Harmony . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 58100 - 1 . Whitburn , Joel ( 2000 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 7th Rev ed . ) . Watson - Guptill Publications . p. 598 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7690 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Ringo Starr Studio albums Sentimental Journey Beaucoups of Blues Ringo Goodnight Vienna Ringo 's Rotogravure Ringo the 4th Bad Boy Stop and Smell the Roses Old Wave Time Takes Time Vertical Man I Wanna Be Santa Claus Ringo Rama Choose Love Liverpool 8 Y Not Ringo 2012 Postcards from Paradise Give More Love Live albums Ringo Starr and His All - Starr Band Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2 : Live from Montreux 4 - Starr Collection Ringo Starr and His Third All - Starr Band - Volume 1 VH1 Storytellers King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Ringo & His New All - Starr Band Extended Versions Tour 2003 Ringo Starr and Friends Ringo Starr : Live at Soundstage Ringo Starr & His All Starr Band Live 2006 Live at the Greek Theatre 2008 Compilations Blast from Your Past Starr Struck : Best of Ringo Starr , Vol. 2 The Anthology ... So Far Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr Icon Singles `` Beaucoups of Blues '' `` It Do n't Come Easy '' / `` Early 1970 '' `` Back Off Boogaloo '' `` Photograph '' `` You 're Sixteen '' `` Oh My My '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` No No Song '' / `` Snookeroo '' `` ( It 's All Down to ) Goodnight Vienna '' `` Oh My My '' / `` No No Song '' `` A Dose of Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Wings '' `` Lipstick Traces ( On a Cigarette ) '' `` In My Car '' `` I Keep Forgettin ' '' `` Act Naturally '' `` Weight of the World '' `` Never Without You '' `` Liverpool 8 '' `` Walk with You '' Books Postcards From the Boys Octopus 's Garden Photograph Related Articles Discography Song list Filmography The Concert for Bangladesh Ring O ' Records Scouse the Mouse Ringo 's Yellow Submarine Ringo ( 1978 film ) The Hollywood Vampires Bands Rory Storm and the Hurricanes The Beatles Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band People / Artists Maureen Starkey ( first wife ) Zak Starkey ( son ) Barbara Bach ( second wife ) Francesca Gregorini ( stepdaughter ) George Harrison Mark Hudson Harry Nilsson Vini Poncia Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Don%27t_Come_Easy&oldid=822865816 '' Categories : Ringo Starr songs 1971 singles Apple Records singles Songs written by Ringo Starr Songs written by George Harrison Song recordings produced by George Harrison Music published by Startling Music Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 23 : 30 . 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2259830972074459215 | Neolithic Revolution | Neolithic Revolution - wikipedia Neolithic Revolution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the introduction of agriculture during the Stone Age . For later historical breakthroughs in agriculture , see Agricultural revolution ( disambiguation ) . A Sumerian harvester 's sickle - dated to 3,000 BC The Neolithic Revolution , Neolithic Demographic Transition , or Agricultural Revolution , was the wide - scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement , making possible an increasingly larger population . These settled communities permitted humans to observe and experiment with plants to learn how they grew and developed . This new knowledge led to the domestication of plants . Archaeological data indicates that the domestication of various types of plants and animals happened in separate locations worldwide , starting in the geological epoch of the Holocene around 12,500 years ago . It was the world 's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture . The Neolithic Revolution greatly narrowed the diversity of foods available , with a switch to agriculture which led to a downturn in human nutrition . The Neolithic Revolution involved far more than the adoption of a limited set of food - producing techniques . During the next millennia it would transform the small and mobile groups of hunter - gatherers that had hitherto dominated human pre-history into sedentary ( non-nomadic ) societies based in built - up villages and towns . These societies radically modified their natural environment by means of specialized food - crop cultivation , with activities such as irrigation and deforestation which allowed the production of surplus food . These developments provided the basis for densely populated settlements , specialization and division of labour , more trade , the development of non-portable art and architecture , centralized administrations and political structures , hierarchical ideologies , depersonalized systems of knowledge ( e.g. writing ) , and property ownership . The earliest known civilization developed in Sumer in southern Mesopotamia ( c . 5,500 BP ) ; its emergence also heralded the beginning of the Bronze Age . The relationship of the above - mentioned Neolithic characteristics to the onset of agriculture , their sequence of emergence , and empirical relation to each other at various Neolithic sites remains the subject of academic debate , and varies from place to place , rather than being the outcome of universal laws of social evolution . The Levant saw the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC , followed by sites in the wider Fertile Crescent . The Neolithic Revolution `` inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel , the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of cursive script , mathematics , astronomy and agriculture . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Agricultural transition 2 Domestication of plants 2.1 In the Fertile Crescent 2.2 In China 2.3 In Europe 2.4 In Africa 2.5 In the Americas 2.6 In New Guinea 3 Domestication of animals 3.1 Domestication of animals in the Middle East 4 Consequences 4.1 Social change 4.2 Subsequent revolutions 4.3 Disease 4.4 Technology 5 Archaeogenetics 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Agricultural transition ( edit ) See also : Ancient grains Map of the world showing approximate centers of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory : the Fertile Crescent ( 11,000 BP ) , the Yangtze and Yellow River basins ( 9,000 BP ) and the New Guinea Highlands ( 9,000 -- 6,000 BP ) , Central Mexico ( 5,000 -- 4,000 BP ) , Northern South America ( 5,000 -- 4,000 BP ) , sub-Saharan Africa ( 5,000 -- 4,000 BP , exact location unknown ) , eastern North America ( 4,000 -- 3,000 BP ) . Knap of Howar farmstead on a site occupied from 3,700 BC to 2,800 BC The term Neolithic Revolution was coined in 1923 by V. Gordon Childe to describe the first in a series of agricultural revolutions in Middle Eastern history . The period is described as a `` revolution '' to denote its importance , and the great significance and degree of change affecting the communities in which new agricultural practices were gradually adopted and refined . The beginning of this process in different regions has been dated from 10,000 to 8,000 BC in the Fertile Crescent and perhaps 8000 BC in the Kuk Early Agricultural Site of Melanesia . This transition everywhere seems associated with a change from a largely nomadic hunter - gatherer way of life to a more settled , agrarian - based one , with the inception of the domestication of various plant and animal species -- depending on the species locally available , and probably also influenced by local culture . Recent archaeological research suggests that in some regions such as the Southeast Asian peninsula , the transition from hunter - gatherer to agriculturalist was not linear , but region - specific . There are several competing ( but not mutually exclusive ) theories as to the factors that drove populations to take up agriculture . The most prominent of these are : The Oasis Theory , originally proposed by Raphael Pumpelly in 1908 , popularized by V. Gordon Childe in 1928 and summarised in Childe 's book Man Makes Himself . This theory maintains that as the climate got drier due to the Atlantic depressions shifting northward , communities contracted to oases where they were forced into close association with animals , which were then domesticated together with planting of seeds . However , today this theory has little support amongst archaeologists because subsequent climate data suggests that the region was getting wetter rather than drier . The Hilly Flanks hypothesis , proposed by Robert Braidwood in 1948 , suggests that agriculture began in the hilly flanks of the Taurus and Zagros mountains , where the climate was not drier as Childe had believed , and fertile land supported a variety of plants and animals amenable to domestication . The Feasting model by Brian Hayden suggests that agriculture was driven by ostentatious displays of power , such as giving feasts , to exert dominance . This required assembling large quantities of food , which drove agricultural technology . The Demographic theories proposed by Carl Sauer and adapted by Lewis Binford and Kent Flannery posit an increasingly sedentary population that expanded up to the carrying capacity of the local environment and required more food than could be gathered . Various social and economic factors helped drive the need for food . The evolutionary / intentionality theory , developed by David Rindos and others , views agriculture as an evolutionary adaptation of plants and humans . Starting with domestication by protection of wild plants , it led to specialization of location and then full - fledged domestication . Peter Richerson , Robert Boyd , and Robert Bettinger make a case for the development of agriculture coinciding with an increasingly stable climate at the beginning of the Holocene . Ronald Wright 's book and Massey Lecture Series A Short History of Progress popularized this hypothesis . The postulated Younger Dryas impact event , claimed to be in part responsible for megafauna extinction and ending the last glacial period , could have provided circumstances that required the evolution of agricultural societies for humanity to survive . The agrarian revolution itself is a reflection of typical overpopulation by certain species following initial events during extinction eras ; this overpopulation itself ultimately propagates the extinction event . Leonid Grinin argues that whatever plants were cultivated , the independent invention of agriculture always took place in special natural environments ( e.g. , South - East Asia ) . It is supposed that the cultivation of cereals started somewhere in the Near East : in the hills of Palestine or Egypt . So Grinin dates the beginning of the agricultural revolution within the interval 12,000 to 9,000 BP , though in some cases the first cultivated plants or domesticated animals ' bones are even of a more ancient age of 14 -- 15 thousand years ago . Andrew Moore suggested that the Neolithic Revolution originated over long periods of development in the Levant , possibly beginning during the Epipaleolithic . In `` A Reassessment of the Neolithic Revolution '' , Frank Hole further expanded the relationship between plant and animal domestication . He suggested the events could have occurred independently over different periods of time , in as yet unexplored locations . He noted that no transition site had been found documenting the shift from what he termed immediate and delayed return social systems . He noted that the full range of domesticated animals ( goats , sheep , cattle and pigs ) were not found until the sixth millennium at Tell Ramad . Hole concluded that `` close attention should be paid in future investigations to the western margins of the Euphrates basin , perhaps as far south as the Arabian Peninsula , especially where wadis carrying Pleistocene rainfall runoff flowed . '' Domestication of plants ( edit ) Neolithic grindstone or quern for processing grain Once agriculture started gaining momentum , around 9000 BC , human activity resulted in the selective breeding of cereal grasses ( beginning with emmer , einkorn and barley ) , and not simply of those that would favour greater caloric returns through larger seeds . Plants with traits such as small seeds or bitter taste would have been seen as undesirable . Plants that rapidly shed their seeds on maturity tended not to be gathered at harvest , therefore not stored and not seeded the following season ; years of harvesting selected for strains that retained their edible seeds longer . Several plant species , the `` pioneer crops '' or Neolithic founder crops , were identified by Daniel Zohary , who highlighted the importance of the three cereals , and suggested that domestication of flax , peas , chickpeas , bitter vetch and lentils came a little later . Based on analysis of the genes of domesticated plants , he preferred theories of a single , or at most a very small number of domestication events for each taxon that spread in an arc from the Levantine corridor around the Fertile Crescent and later into Europe . Gordon Hillman and Stuart Davies carried out experiments with wild wheat varieties to show that the process of domestication would have occurred over a relatively short period of between 20 and 200 years . Some of these pioneering attempts failed at first and crops were abandoned , sometimes to be taken up again and successfully domesticated thousands of years later : rye , tried and abandoned in Neolithic Anatolia , made its way to Europe as weed seeds and was successfully domesticated in Europe , thousands of years after the earliest agriculture . Wild lentils presented a different problem : most of the wild seeds do not germinate in the first year ; the first evidence of lentil domestication , breaking dormancy in their first year , was found in the early Neolithic at Jerf el Ahmar ( in modern Syria ) , and quickly spread south to the Netiv HaGdud site in the Jordan Valley . This process of domestication allowed the founder crops to adapt and eventually become larger , more easily harvested , more dependable in storage and more useful to the human population . An `` Orange slice '' sickle blade element with inverse , discontinuous retouch on each side , not denticulated . Found in large quantities at Qaraoun II and often with Heavy Neolithic tools in the flint workshops of the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon . Suggested by James Mellaart to be older than the Pottery Neolithic of Byblos ( around 8,400 cal . BP ) . Selectively propagated figs , wild barley and wild oats were cultivated at the early Neolithic site of Gilgal I , where in 2006 archaeologists found caches of seeds of each in quantities too large to be accounted for even by intensive gathering , at strata datable to c. 11,000 years ago . Some of the plants tried and then abandoned during the Neolithic period in the Ancient Near East , at sites like Gilgal , were later successfully domesticated in other parts of the world . Once early farmers perfected their agricultural techniques like irrigation , their crops would yield surpluses that needed storage . Most hunter gatherers could not easily store food for long due to their migratory lifestyle , whereas those with a sedentary dwelling could store their surplus grain . Eventually granaries were developed that allowed villages to store their seeds longer . So with more food , the population expanded and communities developed specialized workers and more advanced tools . The process was not as linear as was once thought , but a more complicated effort , which was undertaken by different human populations in different regions in many different ways . In the Fertile Crescent ( edit ) Clay human figurine ( Fertility goddess ) Tappeh Sarab , Kermanshah ca . 7000 -- 6100 BCE Early agriculture is believed to have originated and become widespread in Southwest Asia around 10,000 -- 9,000 BP , though earlier individual sites have been identified . The Fertile Crescent region of Southwest Asia is the centre of domestication for three cereals ( einkorn wheat , emmer wheat and barley ) , four legumes ( lentil , pea , bitter vetch and chickpea ) and flax . The Mediterranean climate consists of a long dry season with a short period of rain , which may have favored small plants with large seeds , like wheat and barley . The Fertile Crescent also had a large area of varied geographical settings and altitudes and this variety may have made agriculture more profitable for former hunter - gatherers in this region in comparison with other areas with a similar climate . Finds of large quantities of seeds and a grinding stone at the paleolithic site of Ohalo II in the vicinity of the Sea of Galilee , dated to around 19,400 BP has shown some of the earliest evidence for advanced planning of plant food consumption and suggests that humans at Ohalo II processed the grain before consumption . Tell Aswad is oldest site of agriculture with domesticated emmer wheat dated to 8800 BC . Soon after came hulled , two - row barley found domesticated earliest at Jericho in the Jordan valley and Iraq ed - Dubb in Jordan . Other sites in the Levantine corridor that show the first evidence of agriculture include Wadi Faynan 16 and Netiv Hagdud . Jacques Cauvin noted that the settlers of Aswad did not domesticate on site , but `` arrived , perhaps from the neighbouring Anti-Lebanon , already equipped with the seed for planting '' . The Heavy Neolithic Qaraoun culture has been identified at around fifty sites in Lebanon around the source springs of the River Jordan , however the dating of the culture has never been reliably determined . In China ( edit ) Northern China appears to have been the domestication center for foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ) and broomcorn millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) with evidence of domestication of these species approximately 8,000 years ago . These species were subsequently widely cultivated in the Yellow River basin ( 7,500 years ago ) . Rice was domesticated in southern China later on . Soybean was domesticated in northern China 4,500 years ago . Orange and peach also originated in China . They were cultivated around 2500 BC . In Europe ( edit ) Szentgyörgyvölgy cow -- 4500 BC Tilling with Hungarian Grey cattle The fertile Carpathian Basin was the place where Europeans survived the Ice Age . The territory between the Danube and the Tisza rivers was a powerhouse of agricultural knowledge . In Africa ( edit ) Play media Nile River Valley , Egypt On the African continent , three areas have been identified as independently developing agriculture : the Ethiopian highlands , the Sahel and West Africa . By contrast , Agriculture in the Nile River Valley is thought to have developed from the original Neolithic Revolution in the Fertile Crescent . Many grinding stones are found with the early Egyptian Sebilian and Mechian cultures and evidence has been found of a neolithic domesticated crop - based economy dating around 7,000 BP . Unlike the Middle East , this evidence appears as a `` false dawn '' to agriculture , as the sites were later abandoned , and permanent farming then was delayed until 6,500 BP with the Tasian and Badarian cultures and the arrival of crops and animals from the Near East . Bananas and plantains , which were first domesticated in Southeast Asia , most likely Papua New Guinea , were re-domesticated in Africa possibly as early as 5,000 years ago . Asian yams and taro were also cultivated in Africa . The most famous crop domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands is coffee . In addition , khat , ensete , noog , teff and finger millet were also domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands . Crops domesticated in the Sahel region include sorghum and pearl millet . The kola nut was first domesticated in West Africa . Other crops domesticated in West Africa include African rice , yams and the oil palm . Agriculture spread to Central and Southern Africa in the Bantu expansion during the 1st millennium BC to 1st millennium AD . In the Americas ( edit ) Further information : New World Crops , Ancient Pueblo Peoples , Oasisamerica , and Proto - Uto - Aztecan Maize ( corn ) , beans and squash were among the earliest crops domesticated in Mesoamerica , with maize beginning about 7500 BC , squash , as early as 8000 to 6000 BC and beans by no later than 4000 BC . Potatoes and manioc were domesticated in South America . In what is now the eastern United States , Native Americans domesticated sunflower , sumpweed and goosefoot around 2500 BC . At Guilá Naquitz cave in the Mexican highlands , fragments of maize pollen , bottle gourd and pepo squash were recovered and variously dated between 8000 and 7000 BC . In this area of the world people relied on hunting and gathering for several millennia to come . Sedentary village life based on farming did not develop until the second millennium BC , referred to as the formative period . In New Guinea ( edit ) Evidence of drainage ditches at Kuk Swamp on the borders of the Western and Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea shows evidence of the cultivation of taro and a variety of other crops , dating back to 11,000 BP . Two potentially significant economic species , taro ( Colocasia esculenta ) and yam ( Dioscorea sp . ) , have been identified dating at least to 10,200 calibrated years before present ( cal BP ) . Further evidence of bananas and sugarcane dates to 6,950 to 6,440 BP . This was at the altitudinal limits of these crops , and it has been suggested that cultivation in more favourable ranges in the lowlands may have been even earlier . CSIRO has found evidence that taro was introduced into the Solomon Islands for human use , from 28,000 years ago , making taro cultivation the earliest crop in the world . It seems to have resulted in the spread of the Trans -- New Guinea languages from New Guinea east into the Solomon Islands and west into Timor and adjacent areas of Indonesia . This seems to confirm the theories of Carl Sauer who , in `` Agricultural Origins and Dispersals '' , suggested as early as 1952 that this region was a centre of early agriculture . Domestication of animals ( edit ) Further information : Domestication When hunter - gathering began to be replaced by sedentary food production it became more profitable to keep animals close at hand . Therefore , it became necessary to bring animals permanently to their settlements , although in many cases there was a distinction between relatively sedentary farmers and nomadic herders . The animals ' size , temperament , diet , mating patterns , and life span were factors in the desire and success in domesticating animals . Animals that provided milk , such as cows and goats , offered a source of protein that was renewable and therefore quite valuable . The animal 's ability as a worker ( for example ploughing or towing ) , as well as a food source , also had to be taken into account . Besides being a direct source of food , certain animals could provide leather , wool , hides , and fertilizer . Some of the earliest domesticated animals included dogs ( East Asia , about 15,000 years ago ) , sheep , goats , cows , and pigs . Domestication of animals in the Middle East ( edit ) Dromedary caravan in Algeria The Middle East served as the source for many animals that could be domesticated , such as sheep , goats and pigs . This area was also the first region to domesticate the dromedary . Henri Fleisch discovered and termed the Shepherd Neolithic flint industry from the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon and suggested that it could have been used by the earliest nomadic shepherds . He dated this industry to the Epipaleolithic or Pre-Pottery Neolithic as it is evidently not Paleolithic , Mesolithic or even Pottery Neolithic . The presence of these animals gave the region a large advantage in cultural and economic development . As the climate in the Middle East changed and became drier , many of the farmers were forced to leave , taking their domesticated animals with them . It was this massive emigration from the Middle East that would later help distribute these animals to the rest of Afroeurasia . This emigration was mainly on an east - west axis of similar climates , as crops usually have a narrow optimal climatic range outside of which they can not grow for reasons of light or rain changes . For instance , wheat does not normally grow in tropical climates , just like tropical crops such as bananas do not grow in colder climates . Some authors , like Jared Diamond , have postulated that this East - West axis is the main reason why plant and animal domestication spread so quickly from the Fertile Crescent to the rest of Eurasia and North Africa , while it did not reach through the North - South axis of Africa to reach the Mediterranean climates of South Africa , where temperate crops were successfully imported by ships in the last 500 years . Similarly , the African Zebu of central Africa and the domesticated bovines of the fertile - crescent -- separated by the dry sahara desert -- were not introduced into each other 's region . Consequences ( edit ) Social change ( edit ) Despite the significant technological advance , the Neolithic revolution did not lead immediately to a rapid growth of population . Its benefits appear to have been offset by various adverse effects , mostly diseases and warfare . World population ( estimated ) did not rise for a few millennia after the Neolithic revolution . It has long been taken for granted that the introduction of agriculture had been an unequivocal progress . This is now questioned in view of findings by archaeologists and paleopathologists showing that nutritional standards of Neolithic populations were generally inferior to that of hunter - gatherers , and that their life expectancy may well have been shorter too , in part due to diseases and harder work . Hunter - gatherers must have covered their food needs with about 20 hours work a week , while agriculture required much more and was at least as uncertain . The hunter - gatherers ' diet was more varied and balanced than what agriculture later allowed . Average height went down from 5'10 '' ( 178 cm ) for men and 5'6 '' ( 168 cm ) for women to 5'5 '' ( 165 cm ) and 5'1 '' ( 155 cm ) , respectively , and it took until the twentieth century for average human height to come back to the pre-Neolithic Revolution levels . Agriculturalists had more anaemias and vitamin deficiencies , more spinal deformations and more dental pathologies . However , the decrease in individual nutrition was accompanied by an increase in population . The traditional view is that agricultural food production supported a denser population , which in turn supported larger sedentary communities , the accumulation of goods and tools , and specialization in diverse forms of new labor . The development of larger societies led to the development of different means of decision making and to governmental organization . Food surpluses made possible the development of a social elite who were not otherwise engaged in agriculture , industry or commerce , but dominated their communities by other means and monopolized decision - making . Jared Diamond ( in The World Until Yesterday ) identifies the availability of milk and / or cereal grains as permitting mothers to raise both an older ( e.g. 3 or 4 year old ) child and a younger child concurrently , whereas this was not possible previously . The result is that a population can significantly more - rapidly increase its size than would otherwise be the case , resources permitting . Recent analyses point out that agriculture also brought about deep social divisions and in particular encouraged inequality between the sexes . Subsequent revolutions ( edit ) Domesticated cow being milked in Ancient Egypt Andrew Sherratt has argued that following upon the Neolithic Revolution was a second phase of discovery that he refers to as the secondary products revolution . Animals , it appears , were first domesticated purely as a source of meat . The Secondary Products Revolution occurred when it was recognised that animals also provided a number of other useful products . These included : hides and skins ( from undomesticated animals ) manure for soil conditioning ( from all domesticated animals ) wool ( from sheep , llamas , alpacas , and Angora goats ) milk ( from goats , cattle , yaks , sheep , horses and camels ) traction ( from oxen , onagers , donkeys , horses , camels and dogs ) guarding and herding assistance ( dogs ) Sherratt argued that this phase in agricultural development enabled humans to make use of the energy possibilities of their animals in new ways , and permitted permanent intensive subsistence farming and crop production , and the opening up of heavier soils for farming . It also made possible nomadic pastoralism in semi arid areas , along the margins of deserts , and eventually led to the domestication of both the dromedary and Bactrian camel . Overgrazing of these areas , particularly by herds of goats , greatly extended the areal extent of deserts . Living in one spot would have more easily permitted the accrual of personal possessions and an attachment to certain areas of land . From such a position , it is argued , prehistoric people were able to stockpile food to survive lean times and trade unwanted surpluses with others . Once trade and a secure food supply were established , populations could grow , and society would have diversified into food producers and artisans , who could afford to develop their trade by virtue of the free time they enjoyed because of a surplus of food . The artisans , in turn , were able to develop technology such as metal weapons . Such relative complexity would have required some form of social organisation to work efficiently , so it is likely that populations that had such organisation , perhaps such as that provided by religion , were better prepared and more successful . In addition , the denser populations could form and support legions of professional soldiers . Also , during this time property ownership became increasingly important to all people . Ultimately , Childe argued that this growing social complexity , all rooted in the original decision to settle , led to a second Urban Revolution in which the first cities were built . Disease ( edit ) Throughout the development of sedentary societies , disease spread more rapidly than it had during the time in which hunter - gatherer societies existed . Inadequate sanitary practices and the domestication of animals may explain the rise in deaths and sickness following the Neolithic Revolution , as diseases jumped from the animal to the human population . Some examples of infectious diseases spread from animals to humans are influenza , smallpox , and measles . In concordance with a process of natural selection , the humans who first domesticated the big mammals quickly built up immunities to the diseases as within each generation the individuals with better immunities had better chances of survival . In their approximately 10,000 years of shared proximity with animals , such as cows , Eurasians and Africans became more resistant to those diseases compared with the indigenous populations encountered outside Eurasia and Africa . For instance , the population of most Caribbean and several Pacific Islands have been completely wiped out by diseases . 90 % or more of many populations of the Americas were wiped out by European and African diseases before recorded contact with European explorers or colonists . Some cultures like the Inca Empire did have a large domestic mammal , the llama , but llama milk was not drunk , nor did llamas live in a closed space with humans , so the risk of contagion was limited . According to bioarchaeological research , the effects of agriculture on physical and dental health in Southeast Asian rice farming societies from 4000 to 1500 B.P. was not detrimental to the same extent as in other world regions . Technology ( edit ) In his book Guns , Germs , and Steel , Jared Diamond argues that Europeans and East Asians benefited from an advantageous geographical location that afforded them a head start in the Neolithic Revolution . Both shared the temperate climate ideal for the first agricultural settings , both were near a number of easily domesticable plant and animal species , and both were safer from attacks of other people than civilizations in the middle part of the Eurasian continent . Being among the first to adopt agriculture and sedentary lifestyles , and neighboring other early agricultural societies with whom they could compete and trade , both Europeans and East Asians were also among the first to benefit from technologies such as firearms and steel swords . Archaeogenetics ( edit ) The dispersal of Neolithic culture from the Middle East has recently been associated with the distribution of human genetic markers . In Europe , the spread of the Neolithic culture has been associated with distribution of the E1b1b lineages and Haplogroup J that are thought to have arrived in Europe from North Africa and the Near East respectively . In Africa , the spread of farming , and notably the Bantu expansion , is associated with the dispersal of Y - chromosome haplogroup E1b1a from West Africa . See also ( edit ) Anthropocene Aşıklı Höyük , in Anatolia Natufians , a settled culture preceding agriculture Behavioral modernity Original affluent society Haplogroup G ( Y - DNA ) Haplogroup J2 ( Y - DNA ) Haplogroup K ( mtDNA ) Neolithic tomb Surplus product Göbekli Tepe Mehrgarh , a Neolithic site in Balochistan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Bocquet - Appel ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` When the World 's Population Took Off : The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition '' . Science . 333 ( 6042 ) : 560 -- 561 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 333 ... 560B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1208880 . PMID 21798934 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pollard , Rosenberg , and Tigor ( 2015 ) . Worlds together , worlds apart concise edition vol. 1 . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 23 . ISBN 9780393250930 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Compare : Lewin , Roger ( 2009 ) ( 1984 ) . `` 35 : The origin of agriculture and the first villagers '' . Human Evolution : An Illustrated Introduction ( 5 ed . ) . Malden , Massachusetts : John Wiley & Sons . p. 250 . ISBN 9781405156141 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . ( ... ) the Neolithic transition involved increasing sedentism and social complexity , which was usually followed by the gradual adoption of plant and animal domestication . In some cases , however , plant domestication preceded sedentism , particularly in the New World . Jump up ^ `` International Stratigraphic Chart '' . International Commission on Stratigraphy . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Graeme Barker ( 2009 ) . The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory : Why did Foragers become Farmers ? . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955995 - 4 . Jump up ^ Armelagos , George J. ( 2014 ) . `` Brain Evolution , the Determinates of Food Choice , and the Omnivore 's Dilemma '' . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 54 ( 10 ) : 1330 -- 1341 . doi : 10.1080 / 10408398.2011. 635817 . ISSN 1040 - 8398 . PMID 24564590 . Jump up ^ `` Neolithic '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Slow Birth of Agriculture '' Archived 2011 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , Heather Pringle Jump up ^ `` Wizard Chemi Shanidar '' , EMuseum , Minnesota State University Jump up ^ Milton - Edwards , Beverley ( May 2003 ) . `` Iraq , past , present and future : a thoroughly - modern mandate ? '' . History & Policy . United Kingdom : History & Policy . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.ancientobjectsformoderndilemmas.com/current-projects.html Jump up ^ Diamond , J. ; Bellwood , P. ( 2003 ) . `` Farmers and Their Languages : The First Expansions '' . Science . 300 ( 5619 ) : 597 -- 603 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 300 ... 597D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1078208 . PMID 12714734 . Jump up ^ Thissen , L. `` Appendix I , The CANeW 14C databases , Anatolia 10,000 - 5000 cal. BC . '' in : F. Gérard and L. Thissen ( eds . ) , The Neolithic of Central Anatolia . Internal developments and external relations during the 9th -- 6th millennia cal BC , Proc. Int . CANeW Round Table , Istanbul 23 -- 24 November 2001 , ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Denham , Tim P. ; Haberle , S.G. ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea '' . Science . 301 ( 5630 ) : 189 -- 193 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1085255 . PMID 12817084 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ The Kuk Early Agricultural Site Jump up ^ Kealhofer , Lisa ( 2003 ) . `` Looking into the gap : land use and the tropical forests of southern Thailand '' . Asian Perspectives. 42 ( 1 ) : 72 -- 95 . doi : 10.1353 / asi. 2003.0022 . Jump up ^ Gordon Childe ( 1936 ) . Man Makes Himself . Oxford university press . Jump up ^ Scarre , Chris ( 2005 ) . `` The World Transformed : From Foragers and Farmers to States and Empires '' in The Human Past : World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies ( Ed : Chris Scarre ) . London : Thames and Hudson . Page 188 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 28531 - 4 Jump up ^ Charles E. Redman ( 1978 ) . Rise of Civilization : From Early Hunters to Urban Society in the Ancient Near East . San Francisco : Freeman . Jump up ^ Hayden , Brian ( 1992 ) . `` Models of Domestication '' . In Anne Birgitte Gebauer and T. Douglas Price . Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory . Madison : Prehistory Press . pp. 11 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Sauer , Carl O. ( 1952 ) . Agricultural origins and dispersals . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . Jump up ^ Binford , Lewis R. ( 1968 ) . `` Post-Pleistocene Adaptations '' . In Sally R. Binford and Lewis R. Binford . New Perspectives in Archaeology . Chicago : Aldine Publishing Company . pp. 313 -- 342 . 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Monographie du CRA 6 , Éditions Centre Nationale Recherches Scientifiques : Paris , 1992 ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Ehud ; Kislev , Mordechai E. ; Hartmann , Anat ( 2006 ) . `` Autonomous Cultivation Before Domestication '' . Science . 312 ( 5780 ) : 1608 -- 1610 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1127235 . PMID 16778044 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tamed 11,400 Years Ago , Figs Were Likely First Domesticated Crop '' . Jump up ^ Brown , T.A. ; Jones , M.K. ; Powell , W. ; Allaby , R.G. ( 2009 ) . `` The complex origins of domesticated crops in the Fertile Crescent '' . Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 ( 2 ) : 103 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2008.09. 008 . Jump up ^ Mithen , Steven ( 2006 ) . After the ice : a global human history , 20.000 - 5.000 BC ( 1 . paperback ed . ) . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard Univ . Press . p. 517 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01570 - 3 . Jump up ^ Compiled largely with reference to : Weiss , E. , Mordechai , E. , Simchoni , O. , Nadel , D. , & Tschauner , H. ( 2008 ) . Plant - food preparation area on an Upper Paleolithic brush hut floor at Ohalo II , Israel . Journal of Archaeological Science , 35 ( 8 ) , 2400 - 2414 . Jump up ^ Ozkan , H ; Brandolini , A ; Schäfer - Pregl , R ; Salamini , F ( October 2002 ) . `` AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 ( 10 ) : 1797 -- 801 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a004002 . PMID 12270906 . Jump up ^ van Zeist , W. Bakker - Heeres , J.A.H. , Archaeobotanical Studies in the Levant 1 . Neolithic Sites in the Damascus Basin : Aswad , Ghoraifé , Ramad. , Palaeohistoria , 24 , 165 - 256 , 1982 . Jump up ^ Hopf , Maria. , `` Jericho plant remains '' in Kathleen M. Kenyon and T.A. Holland ( eds . ) Excavations at Jericho 5 , pp. 576 - 621 , British School of Archaeology at Jerusalem , London , 1983 . Jump up ^ Jacques Cauvin ( 27 July 2000 ) . The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture , p. 53 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 65135 - 6 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ E.J. Peltenburg ; Alexander Wasse ; Council for British Research in the Levant ( 2004 ) . Maya Haïdar Boustani , Flint workshops of the Southern Beqa ' valley ( Lebanon ) : preliminary results from Qar'oun * in Neolithic revolution : new perspectives on southwest Asia in light of recent discoveries on Cyprus . Oxbow Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 132 - 5 . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : L. Copeland ; P. Wescombe ( 1966 ) . Inventory of Stone - Age Sites in Lebanon : North , South and East - Central Lebanon , p. 89 . Impr . Catholique . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fuller , D.Q. ( 2007 ) . `` Contrasting Patterns in Crop Domestication and Domestication Rates : Recent Archaeobotanical Insights from the Old World '' . Annals of Botany. 100 ( 5 ) : 903 -- 924 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcm048 . PMC 2759199 . PMID 17495986 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi , Mohammad Rafiq . Tylenchida : Parasites of Plants and Insects . New York : CABI Pub. 389 . p. ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Thacker , Christopher ( 1985 ) . The history of gardens . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05629 - 9 . Jump up ^ Webber , Herbert John ( 1967 -- 1989 ) . Chapter I. History and Development of the Citrus Industry Archived 2016 - 05 - 23 at the Portuguese Web Archive in ORIGIN OF CITRUS , Vol. 1 . University of California ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Jared ( 1999 ) . Guns , Germs , and Steel . New York : Norton Press . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31755 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of Africa Jump up ^ Smith , Philip E.L. , Stone Age Man on the Nile , Scientific American Vol. 235 No. 2 , August 1976 : `` With the benefit of hindsight we can now see that many Late Paleolithic peoples in the Old World were poised on the brink of plant cultivation and animal husbandry as an alternative to the hunter - gatherer 's way of life '' . Jump up ^ Graeme Barker ( 25 March 2009 ) . The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory : Why Did Foragers Become Farmers ? , p. 252 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955995 - 4 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Denham , Tim et al. ( received July 2005 ) `` Early and mid Holocene tool - use and processing of taro ( Colocasia esculenta ) , yam ( Dioscorea sp . ) and other plants at Kuk Swamp in the highlands of Papua New Guinea '' ( Journal of Archaeological Science , Volume 33 , Issue 5 , May 2006 ) Jump up ^ Hoy , Thomas & Matthew Springs ( 1992 ) , `` Direct evidence for human use of plants 28,000 years ago : starch residues on stone artefacts from the northern Solomon Islands '' ( Antiquity Volume : 66 Number : 253 Page : 898 -- 912 ) Jump up ^ `` The Development of Agriculture '' . Genographic Project . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ McGourty , Christine ( 2002 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Origin of dogs traced '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Fleisch , Henri. , Notes de Préhistoire Libanaise : 1 ) Ard es Saoude. 2 ) La Bekaa Nord. 3 ) Un polissoir en plein air . BSPF , vol. 63 . Jump up ^ Guns , Germs , and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies . Jared Diamond ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ James C. Scott , Against the Grain : a Deep History of the Earliest States , NJ : Yale UP , ( 2017 ) , `` The world 's population in 10 000 BC , according to a careful estimate was roughly 4 million . A full five thousand years later it has risen only to 5 million ... One likely explanation for this apparent human progress in subsistance techniques together with a long period of demographic stagnation is that epidemologically this was perhaps the most lethal period in human history '' . Jump up ^ Hermanussen , Michael ; Poustka , Fritz ( July -- September 2003 ) . `` Stature of early Europeans '' . Hormones ( Athens ) . 2 ( 3 ) : 175 -- 8 . doi : 10.1159 / 000079404 . PMID 17003019 . Jump up ^ Shermer , Michael ( 2001 ) The Borderlands of Science , Oxford University Press p. 250 Jump up ^ Eagly , Alice H. & Wood , Wendy ( June 1999 ) . `` The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior : Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles '' . American Psychologist. 54 ( 6 ) : 408 -- 423 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 54.6. 408 . Jump up ^ Jared Diamond : `` The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race , '' Discover Magazine , May 1987 , pp. 64 - 66 . ^ Jump up to : Sherratt 1981 Jump up ^ Furuse , Y. ; Suzuki , A. ; Oshitani , H. ( 2010 ) . `` Origin of measles virus : Divergence from rinderpest virus between the 11th and 12th centuries '' . Virology Journal . 7 : 52 . doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 422X - 7 - 52 . PMC 2838858 . PMID 20202190 . Jump up ^ Guns , Germs , and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies - Jared Diamond , 1997 Jump up ^ Halcrow , S. ; E. , Harris , N.J. , Tayles , N. , Ikehara ‐ Quebral , R. , & Pietrusewsky , M. ( 2013 ) . `` From the mouths of babes : Dental caries in infants and children and the intensification of agriculture in mainland Southeast Asia '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 150 ( 3 ) : 409 -- 420 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 22215 . PMID 23359102 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` BBC - History - Ancient History in depth : Overview : From Neolithic to Bronze Age , 8000 - 800 BC '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Semino , O ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Origin , Diffusion , and Differentiation of Y - Chromosome Haplogroups E and J : Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 74 ( 5 ) : 1023 -- 34 . doi : 10.1086 / 386295 . PMC 1181965 . PMID 15069642 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , Andrew ( 2009 ) . `` Y Haplogroups , Archaeological Cultures and Language Families : a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 5 ( 1 ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Bailey , Douglass. ( 2001 ) . Balkan Prehistory : Exclusions , Incorporation and Identity . Routledge Publishers . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21598 - 6 . Bailey , Douglass. ( 2005 ) . Prehistoric Figurines : Representation and Corporeality in the Neolithic . Routledge Publishers . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33152 - 8 . Balter , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Goddess and the Bull : Catalhoyuk , An Archaeological Journey to the Dawn of Civilization . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4360 - 9 . Bellwood , Peter . ( 2004 ) . First Farmers : The Origins of Agricultural Societies . Blackwell Publishers . ISBN 0 - 631 - 20566 - 7 Bocquet - Appel , Jean - Pierre , editor and Ofer Bar - Yosef , editor , The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences , Springer ( October 21 , 2008 ) , hardcover , 544 pages , ISBN 978 - 1402085383 , trade paperback and Kindle editions are also available . Cohen , Mark Nathan ( 1977 ) The Food Crisis in Prehistory : Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02016 - 3 . Diamond , Jared ( 1997 ) . Guns , germs and steel . A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years . Diamond , Jared ( 2002 ) . `` Evolution , Consequences and Future of Plant and Animal Domestication '' . Nature , Vol 418 . Harlan , Jack R. ( 1992 ) . Crops & Man : Views on Agricultural Origins ASA , CSA , Madison , WI . http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture03/r_3-1.html Wright , Gary A. ( 1971 ) . `` Origins of Food Production in Southwestern Asia : A Survey of Ideas '' Current Anthropology , Vol. 12 , No. 4 / 5 ( Oct. -- Dec. , 1971 ) , pp. 447 -- 477 Kuijt , Ian ; Finlayson , Bill . ( 2009 ) . `` Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley '' . PNAS , Vol. 106 , No. 27 , pp. 10966 -- 10970 . 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6036695732129595419 | Meet Me in St. Louis | Meet Me in St. Louis - wikipedia Meet Me in St. Louis Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1944 film . For other uses , see Meet Me in St. Louis ( disambiguation ) . Meet Me in St. Louis Theatrical poster Directed by Vincente Minnelli Produced by Arthur Freed Screenplay by Irving Brecher Fred F. Finklehoffe Based on Meet Me in St. Louis by Sally Benson Starring Judy Garland Margaret O'Brien Mary Astor Lucille Bremer Tom Drake Marjorie Main Cinematography George J. Folsey Edited by Albert Akst Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew 's , Inc . Release date November 22 , 1944 ( 1944 - 11 - 22 ) ( St. Louis ) November 28 , 1944 ( 1944 - 11 - 28 ) ( New York ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1,885,000 Box office $6,566,000 ( original release ) $12,800,000 Meet Me in St. Louis is a musical film made by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and released in 1944 . Divided into a series of seasonal vignettes , starting with Summer 1903 , it relates the story of a year in the life of the Smith family in St. Louis , leading up to the opening of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( more commonly referred to as the World 's Fair ) in the spring of 1904 . The picture stars Judy Garland , Margaret O'Brien , Mary Astor , Lucille Bremer , Tom Drake , Leon Ames , Marjorie Main , June Lockhart , and Joan Carroll . The film was adapted by Irving Brecher and Fred F. Finklehoffe from a series of short stories by Sally Benson , originally published in The New Yorker magazine under the title `` 5135 Kensington '' , and later in novel form as Meet Me in St. Louis . The film was directed by Vincente Minnelli , who met Garland on the set and later married her . It was the second - highest grossing picture of the year , only behind Going My Way.In 1994 , the film has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . Garland debuted the standards `` The Trolley Song '' , `` The Boy Next Door '' , and `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' , all of which became hits after the film was released . Arthur Freed , the producer of the film , also wrote and performed one of the songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 3.1 Deleted song 4 Reception 5 Accolades 6 Adaptations 7 Movie references 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Margaret O'Brien and Judy Garland perform the song `` Under the Bamboo Tree '' in Meet Me in St. Louis Margaret O'Brien and Judy Garland in Meet Me in St. Louis The backdrop for Meet Me in St. Louis is St. Louis , Missouri in the year leading up to the 1904 World 's Fair . It is summer 1903 . The Smith family leads a comfortable upper - middle class life . Alonzo Smith ( Leon Ames ) and his wife Anna ( Mary Astor ) have four daughters : Rose ( Lucille Bremer ) , Esther ( Judy Garland ) , Agnes ( Joan Carroll ) , and Tootie ( Margaret O'Brien ) ; and a son , Lon Jr . ( Henry H. Daniels , Jr . ) . Esther , the second eldest daughter , is in love with the boy next door , John Truett ( Tom Drake ) , although he does not notice her at first . Rose is expecting a phone call in which she hopes to be proposed to by Warren Sheffield ( Robert Sully ) . Esther finally gets to meet John properly when he is a guest at the Smiths ' house party , although her chances of romancing him do n't go to plan when , after all the guests are gone and he is helping her turn off the gas lamps throughout the house , he tells her she uses the same perfume as his grandmother and that she has `` a mighty strong grip for a girl '' . Esther hopes to meet John again the following Friday on a trolley ride from the city to the construction site of the World Fair . Esther is sad when the trolley sets off without any sign of him , but cheers up when she sees him running to catch the trolley mid journey . On Halloween , Tootie returns home injured , claiming that John Truett attacked her . Without bothering to investigate , Esther confronts John , physically attacking him and scolding him for being a `` bully '' . When Esther returns home , Tootie confesses that what really happened was that John was trying to protect Tootie and Agnes from the police after a dangerous prank they pulled went wrong . Upon learning the truth , Esther immediately dashes to John 's house next door to apologize , and they share their first kiss . Mr. Smith announces to the family that he is to be sent to New York City on business and eventually they will all move . The family is devastated and upset at the news of the move , especially Rose and Esther whose romances , friendships , and educational plans are threatened . Esther is also aghast because they will miss the World 's Fair . An elegant ball takes place on Christmas Eve . Esther is devastated when John can not take her as his date , due to his leaving his tuxedo at the tailor 's and being unable to get it back . But she is relieved when her grandfather ( Harry Davenport ) offers to take her instead . At the ball , Esther fills up a visiting girl 's ( Lucille Ballard , played by June Lockhart ) dance card with losers because she thinks Lucille is a rival of Rose 's . But when Lucille turns out to be interested in Lon , Esther switches her dance card with Lucille 's and instead dances herself with the clumsy and awkward partners . After being rescued by Grandpa , she is overwhelmed when John unexpectedly turns up after somehow managing to obtain a tuxedo , and the pair dance together for the rest of the evening . Later on , John proposes to Esther and she accepts . Esther returns home to an upset Tootie . She is soothed by the poignant `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' . Tootie , however , becomes more upset at the prospect of the family 's move and runs downstairs , out into the cold to destroy the snowmen they have made . Mr. Smith sees his daughter 's upsetting outburst from an upstairs window . Mr. Smith later announces that the family will not leave St. Louis after all when he realizes how much the move will affect his family . Warren boldly declares his love for Rose , stating that they will marry at the first possible opportunity . On or after April 30 , 1904 , the family take two horse drawn buggies to the World 's Fair . The film ends that night with the entire family ( including boyfriends - to - turn - into - presumed - husbands and Lon 's new love interest ) overlooking the Grand Lagoon at the center of the World 's Fair just as thousands of lights illuminate the grand pavilions . Cast ( edit ) Margaret O'Brien and Judy Garland Judy Garland as Esther Smith Margaret O'Brien as `` Tootie '' Smith Mary Astor as Mrs. Anna Smith Leon Ames as Mr. Alonzo Smith Lucille Bremer as Rose Smith Tom Drake as John Truett Marjorie Main as Katie the maid Harry Davenport as Grandpa Henry H. Daniels Jr. as Alonzo `` Lon '' Smith Jr . Joan Carroll as Agnes Smith June Lockhart as Lucille Ballard Robert Sully as Warren Sheffield Hugh Marlowe as Colonel Darly Chill Wills as Mr. Neely the iceman Music ( edit ) The musical score for the film was adapted by Roger Edens , who also served as an uncredited associate producer . Georgie Stoll conducted the orchestrations of Conrad Salinger . Some of the songs in the film are from around the time of the St Louis Exposition . Others were written for the movie . `` Meet Me in St. Louis , Louis '' Kerry Mills and Andrew B. Sterling , 1904 `` The Boy Next Door '' , Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , 1944 , performed by Judy Garland . `` Skip to My Lou '' , Traditional , with section sung to the tunes of `` Kingdom Coming '' and `` Yankee Doodle '' arranged by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , 1944 `` I Was Drunk Last Night , '' performed by Margaret O'Brien . `` Under the Bamboo Tree , '' Words and music by Robert Cole and The Johnson Bros. , 1902 , performed by Judy Garland and Margaret O'Brien . `` Over the Banister , '' 19th - century melody adapted by Conrad Salinger , lyrics from the 1888 poem `` Over the Banisters '' by Ella Wheeler Wilcox , adapted by Roger Edens ( 1944 ) , performed by Judy Garland . `` The Trolley Song '' , Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , 1944 , performed by Chorus and Judy Garland . `` You and I , '' Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed , sung by Arthur Freed and D. Markas , dubbing for Leon Ames and Mary Astor . `` Goodbye , My Lady Love '' , ( Instrumental ) , Joseph E. Howard , 1904 . `` Little Brown Jug '' , ( Instrumental ) , Joseph Winner , 1869 . `` Down at the Old Bull and Bush , '' ( Instrumental ) , Harry von Tilzer , 1903 . `` Home ! Sweet Home ! '' , ( Instrumental ) , Henry Bishop , 1823 / 1852 . `` Auld Lang Syne '' , ( Instrumental ) `` The First Noel '' , ( Instrumental ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' , Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , 1944 , performed by Judy Garland . The lyrics for `` Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' were originally different . The lyricist , Hugh Martin , wrote opening lyrics which were deemed too depressing by Judy Garland , Tom Drake , and Vincente Minnelli ( They were : `` Have yourself a merry little Christmas / It may be your last / Next year we may all be living in the past '' ) , so Martin changed the lyrics . ( Years after the movie 's release , additional lyric changes were made for Frank Sinatra , who objected to the song 's generally downbeat tone . The most notable changes included `` Next year '' becoming `` From now on '' , `` Once again , as in olden days / Happy golden days of yore / Faithful friends that were dear to us / Will be near to us once more '' becoming `` Here we are , as in olden days / Happy golden days of yore / Faithful friends that are dear to us / Gather near to us once more '' , and `` Someday soon we all will be together / If the fates allow / Until then we 'll just have to muddle through somehow '' becoming `` Through the years we all will be together / If the fates allow / Hang a shining star upon the highest bough '' . This revised version is the one now most commonly performed . ) Deleted Song ( edit ) Judy Garland pre-recording of `` Boys and Girls Like You and Me '' for this film survives today , but the film footage has been lost . Reception ( edit ) Play media Film trailer Upon its 1944 release , Meet Me in St. Louis was a massive critical and commercial success . During its initial theatrical release , it earned a then - massive $5,016,000 in the US and Canada and $1,550,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $2,359,000 . Time called it `` one of the year 's prettiest pictures '' ; `` Technicolor has seldom been more affectionately used than in its registrations of the sober mahoganies and tender muslins and benign gaslights of the period . Now & then , too , the film gets well beyond the charm of mere tableau for short flights in the empyrean of genuine domestic poetry . These triumphs are creditable mainly to the intensity and grace of Margaret O'Brien and to the ability of director Minnelli & Co. to get the best out of her . '' O'Brien drew further praise from Time ; `` ( her ) song and her cakewalk done in a nightgown at a grown - up party , are entrancing acts . Her self - terrified Halloween adventures richly set against firelight , dark streets , and the rusty confabulations of fallen leaves , bring this section of the film very near the first - rate . '' The film is a New York Times Critics ' Pick : after seeing it at the Astor Theatre , Bosley Crowther called it `` a warm and beguiling picturization based on Sally Benson 's memoirs of her folks . '' Crowther concludes : `` As a comparable screen companion to Life With Father , we would confidently predict that Meet Me in St. Louis has a future that is equally bright . In the words of one of the gentlemen , it is a ginger - peachy show . '' Writing in The New Yorker , Wolcott Gibbs praised the film as `` extremely attractive '' and called the dialogue `` funny in a sense rather rare in the movies , '' although he thought it was too long . In 2005 , Richard Schickel included the film on Time. com 's ALL - TIME 100 best films , saying `` It had wonderful songs ( and ) a sweetly unneurotic performance by Judy Garland ... Despite its nostalgic charm , Minnelli infused the piece with a dreamy , occasionally surreal , darkness and it remains , for some of us , the greatest of American movie musicals . '' Arthur Freed : `` Meet Me in St. Louis is my personal favourite . I got along wonderfully with Judy , but the only time we were ever on the outs was when we did this film . She did n't want to do the picture . Even her mother came to me about it . We bumped into some trouble with some opinions -- Eddie Mannix , the studio manager , thought the Halloween sequence was wrong , but it was left in . There was a song that Rodgers and Hammerstein had written , called Boys and Girls Like You and Me , that Judy did wonderfully , but it slowed up the picture and it was cut out . After the preview of the completed film , Judy came over to me and said , `` Arthur remind me not to tell you what kind of pictures to make . '' ( It ) was the biggest grosser Metro had up to that time , except for Gone With the Wind . '' The film currently holds a 100 % `` Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 30 critical reviews with an average score of 8.7 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) The Trolley Song was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song . Margaret O'Brien won an Academy Juvenile Award for her screen work in 1944 . The film was nominated for four Academy Awards : Best Writing , Adapted Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Color , Best Music , Scoring of a Musical Picture , and Best Music , Song ( Ralph Blane and Hugh Martin for `` The Trolley Song '' ) . Margaret O'Brien received an Academy Juvenile Award for her work that year , in which she appeared in several movies along with Meet Me in St. Louis . In 1994 , the film has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . The American Film Institute ranked the film 10th on AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals ; two songs from the film made AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs ( `` The Trolley Song '' at # 26 and `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' at # 76 ) . Gerald Kaufman wrote a study of the film , with the same title , which was published by the British Film Institute in 1994 . Adaptations ( edit ) Meet Me in St. Louis was remade in 1959 for television , starring Jane Powell , Jeanne Crain , Patty Duke , Walter Pidgeon , Ed Wynn , Tab Hunter and Myrna Loy . It was directed by George Schaefer from the original Brecher and Finklehoffe screenplay . Meet Me in St. Louis was remade again for television in 1966 . This was a non-musical version starring Shelley Fabares , Celeste Holm , Larry Merrill , Judy Land , Reta Shaw , Tammy Locke and Morgan Brittany . It was directed by Alan D. Courtney from a script written by Sally Benson herself . This was to be a pilot for a TV series , but no network picked it up . It was later included as a special feature on the 2 disc DVD set released in 2004 . A Broadway musical based on the film was produced in 1989 , with additional songs . The late - 19th century vintage carousel in this movie could be found at Bob - Lo Amusement Park in Amherstburg , Ontario until the park closed in September 1993 . It was dismantled and sold to private collectors . Movie references ( edit ) The Family Stone ( 2005 ) shows two partial scenes from the movie ; one where Esther and John dance , and another where Esther sings `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' to Tootie . Deck the Halls ( 2006 ) shows Steve ( Matthew Broderick ) watching the scene where Esther sings `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' to Tootie and she bashes the snowmen . Steve is depressed that his family left him and watching this scene in the film makes him only more upset . Sex and the City ( 2008 ) shows Carrie 's ( Sarah Jessica Parker ) assistant , Louise from St. Louis , give her a DVD of the film as a Christmas gift , and later shows Carrie watching a bit of `` The Trolley Song '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meet Me in St. Louis '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Meet Me in St. Louis . The Numbers . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Variety film review ; November 1 , 1944 , page 10 . Jump up ^ Harrison 's Reports film review ; November 4 , 1944 , page 178 . Jump up ^ `` Movies : Top 5 Box Office Hits , 1939 to 1988 '' . Ldsfilm.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Judy Garland 's pre-recording of `` Boys and Girls Like You and Me '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The New Pictures '' . TIME . November 27 , 1944 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( November 29 , 1944 ) . `` Meet Me in St. Louis , a Period Film That Has Charm , With Judy Garland and Margaret O'Brien , Opens at the Astor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Wolcott ( December 9 , 1944 ) . `` The Current Cinema '' . The New Yorker . New York : F-R Publishing Corp. : p. 50 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( February 12 , 2005 ) . `` Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) '' . TIME . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Films of Judy Garland , Joe Morella & Edward Epstein Cadillac Publishing , 1969 Jump up ^ Movie Reviews for Meet Me in St. Louis . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMeet Me in St. Louisat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Meet Me in St. Louis on IMDb Meet Me in St. Louis at the TCM Movie Database Meet Me in St. Louis at AllMovie Meet Me in St. Louis at Rotten Tomatoes Meet Me in St. Louis from TheJudyRoom.com Meet Me in St. Louis at Filmsite.org . Meet Me in St. Louis at the Museum of Modern Art . Meet Me in St. Louis on Lux Radio Theater : December 2 , 1946 Films directed by Vincente Minnelli Cabin in the Sky ( 1943 ) I Dood It ( 1943 ) Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) The Clock ( 1945 ) Ziegfeld Follies ( 1945 ) Yolanda and the Thief ( 1945 ) Undercurrent ( 1946 ) The Pirate ( 1948 ) Madame Bovary ( 1949 ) Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Bad and the Beautiful ( 1952 ) The Story of Three Loves ( 1953 ) The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) The Long , Long Trailer ( 1953 ) Brigadoon ( 1954 ) The Cobweb ( 1955 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Lust for Life ( 1956 ) Tea and Sympathy ( 1956 ) Designing Woman ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) The Reluctant Debutante ( 1958 ) Some Came Running ( 1958 ) Home from the Hill ( 1960 ) Bells Are Ringing ( 1960 ) The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse ( 1962 ) Two Weeks in Another Town ( 1962 ) The Courtship of Eddie 's Father ( 1963 ) Goodbye Charlie ( 1964 ) The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) On a Clear Day You Can See Forever ( 1970 ) A Matter of Time ( 1976 ) Arthur Freed musical productions As producer Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1940 ) Little Nellie Kelly ( 1940 ) Lady Be Good ( 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( 1941 ) Panama Hattie ( 1942 ) For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) Cabin in the Sky ( 1943 ) DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1943 ) Best Foot Forward ( 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( 1943 ) Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) Yolanda and the Thief ( 1945 ) The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) Ziegfeld Follies ( 1946 ) Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) Good News ( 1947 ) Summer Holiday ( 1948 ) The Pirate ( 1948 ) Easter Parade ( 1948 ) Words and Music ( 1948 ) Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( 1949 ) The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) On the Town ( 1949 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Pagan Love Song ( 1950 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Show Boat ( 1951 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Belle of New York ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) Brigadoon ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) Silk Stockings ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Bells Are Ringing ( 1960 ) Uncredited as producer The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Meet the People ( 1944 ) Non-musicals The Clock ( 1945 ) Any Number Can Play ( 1949 ) Crisis ( 1950 ) The Subterraneans ( 1960 ) Light in the Piazza ( 1962 ) VIAF : 184098918 GND : 4562209 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meet_Me_in_St._Louis&oldid=826508640 '' Categories : 1944 films English - language films 1940s musical films American films American Christmas films American musical films Films adapted into plays Films based on short fiction Films directed by Vincente Minnelli Films produced by Arthur Freed Films set in 1903 Films set in 1904 Films set in St. Louis Films shot in Los Angeles Jukebox musical films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Screenplays by Irving Brecher St. Louis World 's Fair United States National Film Registry films World 's fairs in fiction Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text Use mdy dates from December 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who starred in meet me in st. louis | [
"Meet Me in St. Louis is a musical film made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and released in 1944. Divided into a series of seasonal vignettes, starting with Summer 1903, it relates the story of a year in the life of the Smith family in St. Louis, leading up to the opening of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (more commonly referred to as the World's Fair) in the spring of 1904.[4][5] The picture stars Judy Garland, Margaret O'Brien, Mary Astor, Lucille Bremer, Tom Drake, Leon Ames, Marjorie Main, June Lockhart, and Joan Carroll."
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"Judy Garland, Margaret O'Brien, Mary Astor, Lucille Bremer, Tom Drake, Leon Ames, Marjorie Main, June Lockhart, and Joan Carroll"
] |
7273009111829535406 | A Star Is Born (soundtrack) | A Star is Born ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia A Star is Born ( soundtrack ) A Star Is Born Soundtrack album by Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson Released November 1976 Recorded 1975 -- 1976 A&M , Los Angeles The Handlebar and Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , Arizona Grady Gammage Auditorium Genre Classic pop Length 41 : 31 Label Columbia Producer Barbra Streisand Phil Ramone Barbra Streisand chronology Classical Barbra ( 1976 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) Superman ( 1977 ) Kris Kristofferson chronology Surreal Thing ( 1976 ) Surreal Thing 1976 A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) A Star Is Born1976 Songs of Kristofferson ( 1977 ) Songs of Kristofferson 1977 Singles from A Star Is Born `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Released : January 1977 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The Village Voice D+ Rolling Stone Unfavorable A Star Is Born is the soundtrack album to the 1976 musical film of the same name , performed by its stars Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson . The album was very successful , holding the number - one spot on the Billboard 200 chart for six weeks and eventually was certified 4 × Platinum by RIAA for more than 4 million copies with a reported 15 million copies worldwide in the liner notes of the Streisand 's album Release Me . According to the liner notes of Barbra 's compilation box set Just for the Record , the album also received a record certification in New Zealand , Brazil , the Netherlands , Italy and Mexico . The import version of the CD adds the Spanish version of Evergreen as a bonus track . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Certifications 4 References Track listing ( edit ) `` Watch Closely Now '' ( Paul Williams , Kenny Ascher ) -- 3 : 49 `` Queen Bee '' ( Rupert Holmes ) -- 3 : 55 `` Everything '' ( Holmes , Williams ) -- 3 : 50 `` Lost Inside of You '' ( Barbra Streisand , Leon Russell ) -- 2 : 54 `` Hellacious Acres '' ( Williams , Ascher ) -- 2 : 58 `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' ( Streisand , Williams ) -- 3 : 04 `` The Woman in the Moon '' ( Williams , Ascher ) -- 4 : 49 `` I Believe in Love '' ( Kenny Loggins , Alan and Marilyn Bergman ) -- 3 : 13 `` Crippled Crow '' ( Donna Weiss ) -- 3 : 30 Finale : `` With One More Look at You '' / `` Watch Closely Now '' ( Williams , Ascher ) -- 7 : 43 Reprise : `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- 1 : 46 `` Evergreen ( Love theme from A Star Is Born ) '' - ( Spanish version ) - 3 : 05 - ( Import version only ) The songs that appear on the soundtrack are in most cases alternate ( live ) and studio recordings that do not appear in the film . The alternate version of `` Lost Inside of You '' that actually appears in the movie , was finally released in 1991 as part of the 4 - CD Barbra Streisand Anthology `` For The Record '' . The only thing missing from the movie version is the final piano melody which is intact in this version . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 - 77 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Canada Top Albums / CDs ( RPM ) Japanease Albums ( Oricon ) 9 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 7 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 10 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 22 UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Position Billboard Year - End US Cash Box 7 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) with Greatest Hits 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 300,000 Hong Kong ( IFPI Hong Kong ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 300,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A Star Is Born -- Review Allmusic Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( February 14 , 1977 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( February 24 , 1977 ) . `` Barbra Streisand -- A Star Is Born '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liner notes , C4K 44111 . Columbia Records , 1991 Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Albums : Issue 5269a '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Oricon Album Chart Book : Complete Edition 1970 - 2005 . Roppongi , Tokyo : Oricon Entertainment . 2006 . ISBN 4 - 87131 - 077 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Barbra Streisand / Kris Kristofferson -- A Star Is Born '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Barbra Streisand / Kris Kristofferson -- A Star Is Born '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Barbra Streisand / Kris Kristofferson -- A Star Is Born '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Barbra Streisand / Kris Kristofferson -- A Star Is Born '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barbra Streisand Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barbra Streisand Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 Albums - Year - end charts '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on 11 December 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1977 '' . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2000 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Barbra Streisand -- A Star is Born '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` IFPIHK Gold Disc Award − 1979 '' . IFPI Hong Kong . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Barbra Streisand -- A Star is Born '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter A Star is Born in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Barbra Streisand -- A Star is Born '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Barbra Streisand Studio albums The Barbra Streisand Album ( 1963 ) The Second Barbra Streisand Album ( 1963 ) The Third Album ( 1964 ) People ( 1964 ) My Name Is Barbra ( 1965 ) My Name Is Barbra , Two ... ( 1965 ) Color Me Barbra ( 1966 ) Je m'appelle Barbra ( 1966 ) Simply Streisand ( 1967 ) A Christmas Album ( 1967 ) What About Today ? ( 1969 ) Stoney End ( 1971 ) Barbra Joan Streisand ( 1971 ) Barbra Streisand ... and Other Musical Instruments ( 1973 ) The Way We Were ( 1974 ) ButterFly ( 1974 ) Lazy Afternoon ( 1975 ) Classical Barbra ( 1976 ) Superman ( 1977 ) Songbird ( 1978 ) Wet ( 1979 ) Guilty ( 1980 ) Emotion ( 1984 ) The Broadway Album ( 1985 ) Till I Loved You ( 1988 ) Back to Broadway ( 1993 ) Higher Ground ( 1997 ) A Love Like Ours ( 1999 ) Christmas Memories ( 2001 ) The Movie Album ( 2003 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2005 ) Love Is the Answer ( 2009 ) What Matters Most ( 2011 ) Partners ( 2014 ) Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway ( 2016 ) Live albums A Happening in Central Park ( 1968 ) Live Concert at the Forum ( 1972 ) One Voice ( 1987 ) Barbra : The Concert ( 1994 ) Timeless : Live in Concert ( 2000 ) Live in Concert 2006 ( 2007 ) Back to Brooklyn ( 2013 ) The Music ... The Mem'ries ... The Magic ! ( 2017 ) Compilations Barbra Streisand 's Greatest Hits ( 1970 ) Barbra Streisand 's Greatest Hits Volume 2 ( 1978 ) Memories ( 1981 ) A Collection : Greatest Hits ... and More ( 1989 ) Just for the Record ... ( 1991 ) The Essential Barbra Streisand ( 2002 ) Duets ( 2002 ) Barbra : The Ultimate Collection ( 2010 ) Release Me ( 2012 ) The Classic Christmas Album ( 2013 ) Cast recordings and soundtracks Funny Girl ( 1964 ) Funny Girl ( 1968 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) The Owl and the Pussycat ( 1970 ) On a Clear Day You Can See Forever ( 1970 ) The Way We Were ( 1974 ) Funny Lady ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Nuts ( 1987 ) Television specials and videos My Name Is Barbra ( 1965 ) Timeless : Live in Concert ( 2001 ) One Night Only : Barbra Streisand and Quartet at The Village Vanguard ( 2010 ) Tours Barbra Streisand in Concert Timeless Streisand Barbra Live Barbra : The Music , The Mem'ries , The Magic Films directed Yentl ( 1983 ) The Prince of Tides ( 1991 ) The Mirror Has Two Faces ( 1996 ) Related articles Discography Streisand effect Elliott Gould ( first husband ) Jason Gould ( son ) James Brolin ( second husband ) Book A Star Is Born Films 1937 1954 1976 2018 Music `` The Man That Got Away '' `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' 1976 soundtrack Related What Price Hollywood ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Star_Is_Born_(soundtrack)&oldid=852153340 '' Categories : 1976 soundtracks Barbra Streisand soundtracks Albums produced by Phil Ramone Columbia Records soundtracks Film soundtracks Albums arranged by Patrick Williams ( composer ) Albums recorded at A&M Studios Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Hong Kong Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 00 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the songs in a star is born 1976 | [] | [] |
1655719647454913397 | Hemolysis | Hemolysis - wikipedia Hemolysis This article is about medical aspects of hemolysis . For hemolysis in the culture of microorganisms , see Hemolysis ( microbiology ) . `` Laking '' redirects here . For other uses , see Laking ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hemolysis Classification and external resources Specialty Pathology ( edit on Wikidata ) Hemolysis or haemolysis ( / hiːˈmɒlɪsɪs / ) , also known by several other names , is the rupturing ( lysis ) of red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) and the release of their contents ( cytoplasm ) into surrounding fluid ( e.g. blood plasma ) . Hemolysis may occur in vivo or in vitro ( inside or outside the body ) . Hemolysins damage the host cytoplasmic membrane , causing cell lysis and death . The activity of these toxins is most easily observed with assays involving the lysis of red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) . Some hemolysins attack the phospholipid of the host cytoplasmic membrane . Because the phospholipid lecithin ( phosphatidylcholine ) is often used as a substrate , these enzymes are called lecithinases or phospholipases . Some hemolysins affects the sterols of the host cytoplasmic membrane . Contents 1 Inside the body 1.1 Streptococcus 1.2 Enterococcus 1.3 Staphylococcus 1.4 Parasitic hemolysis 1.5 HELLP , pre-eclampsia , or eclampsia 1.6 Hemolytic disease of the newborn 1.7 Hemolytic anemia 1.8 Hemolytic crisis 1.9 Toxic agent ingestion or poisoning 2 Outside the body 2.1 From specimen collection 2.2 From mechanical blood processing during surgery 2.3 From bacteria culture 3 Nomenclature 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Inside the body ( edit ) Hemolysis inside the body can be caused by a large number of medical conditions , including many Gram - positive bacteria ( e.g. , Streptococcus , Enterococcus , and Staphylococcus ) , some parasites ( e.g. , Plasmodium ) , some autoimmune disorders ( e.g. , drug - induced hemolytic anemia ) , some genetic disorders ( e.g. , Sickle - cell disease or G6PD deficiency ) , or blood with too low a solute concentration ( hypotonic to cells ) . Hemolysis can lead to hemoglobinemia due to hemoglobin released into the blood plasma . Streptococcus ( edit ) Main article : Streptococcus Many species of the genus Streptococcus cause hemolysis . Streptococcal bacteria species are classified according to their hemolytic properties . Note that these hemolytic properties are not necessarily present in vivo . Alpha - hemolytic species , including S. pneumoniae , Streptococcus mitis , S. mutans , and S. salivarius , oxidize the iron in the hemoglobin ( turning it dark green in culture ) . Beta - hemolytic species , including S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae , completely rupture the red blood cells ( visible as a halo in culture ) . Gamma - hemolytic , or non-hemolytic , species do not cause hemolysis and rarely cause illness . Enterococcus ( edit ) Main article : Enterococcus The genus Enterococcus includes lactic acid bacteria formerly classified as gamma - hemolytic Group D in the genus streptococcus ( see above ) , including E. faecilis ( S. faecalis ) , E. faecium ( S. faecium ) , E. durans ( S. durans ) , and E. avium ( S. avium ) . Staphylococcus ( edit ) Main article : Staphylococcus Staphylococcus is another Gram - positive cocci . S. aureus , the most common cause of `` staph '' infections , is frequently hemolytic on blood agar . Parasitic hemolysis ( edit ) Because the feeding process of the Plasmodium parasites damages red blood cells , malaria is sometimes called `` parasitic hemolysis '' in medical literature . HELLP , pre-eclampsia , or eclampsia ( edit ) See HELLP syndrome , Pre-eclampsia , and Eclampsia Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( edit ) Main article : Hemolytic disease of the newborn Hemolytic disease of the newborn is an autoimmune disease resulting from the mother 's antibodies crossing the placenta to the fetus . Hemolytic anemia ( edit ) Main article : Hemolytic anemia Because in vivo hemolysis destroys the red blood cells , in uncontrolled chronic or severe cases it can lead to hemolytic anemia . Hemolytic crisis ( edit ) A hemolytic crisis , or hyperhemolytic crisis , is characterized by an accelerated rate of red blood cell destruction leading to anemia , jaundice , and reticulocytosis . Hemolytic crises are a major concern with sickle - cell disease and G6PD deficiency . Toxic agent ingestion or poisoning ( edit ) Paxillus Involutus ingestion can cause Hemolysis . Outside the body ( edit ) Hemolysis of blood samples . Red blood cells without ( left and middle ) and with ( right ) hemolysis . If as little as 0.5 % of the red blood cells are hemolyzed , the released hemoglobin will cause the serum or plasma to appear pale red or cherry red in color . Note that the hemolyzed sample appears clearer , because there are significantly fewer cells to scatter light . In vitro hemolysis can be caused by improper technique during collection of blood specimens , by the effects of mechanical processing of blood , or by bacterial action in cultured blood specimens . From specimen collection ( edit ) Most causes of in vitro hemolysis are related to specimen collection . Difficult collections , unsecure line connections , contamination , and incorrect needle size , as well as improper tube mixing and incorrectly filled tubes are all frequent causes of hemolysis . Excessive suction can cause the red blood cells to be smashed on their way through the hypodermic needle owing to turbulence and physical forces . Such hemolysis is more likely to occur when a patient 's veins are difficult to find or when they collapse when blood is removed by a syringe or a modern vacuum tube . Experience and proper technique are key for any phlebotomist or nurse to prevent hemolysis . In vitro hemolysis during specimen collection can cause inaccurate laboratory test results by contaminating the surrounding plasma with the contents of hemolyzed red blood cells . For example , the concentration of potassium inside red blood cells is much higher than in the plasma and so an elevated potassium level is usually found in biochemistry tests of hemolyzed blood . After the blood collection process , in vitro hemolysis can still occur in a sample due to external factors , such as prolonged storage , incorrect storage conditions and excessive physical forces by dropping or vigorously mixing the tube . From mechanical blood processing during surgery ( edit ) In some surgical procedures ( especially some heart operations ) where substantial blood loss is expected , machinery is used for intraoperative blood salvage . A centrifuge process takes blood from the patient , washes the red blood cells with normal saline , and returns them to the patient 's blood circulation . Hemolysis may occur if the centrifuge rotates too quickly ( generally greater than 500 rpm ) -- essentially this is hemolysis occurring outside of the body . Unfortunately , increased hemolysis occurs with massive amounts of sudden blood loss , because the process of returning a patient 's cells must be done at a correspondingly higher speed to prevent hypotension , pH imbalance , and a number of other hemodynamic and blood level factors . From bacteria culture ( edit ) Main article : Hemolysis ( microbiology ) Hemolysis from streptococcus . Examples of the blood culture patterns created by ( from left ) alpha - , beta - and gamma - hemolytic streptococci . Visualizing the physical appearance of hemolysis in cultured blood samples may be used as a tool to determine the species of various Gram - positive bacteria infections ( e.g. , Streptococcus ) . Nomenclature ( edit ) Hemolysis is sometimes called hematolysis , erythrolysis , or erythrocytolysis . The words hemolysis ( / hiːˈmɒlɪsɪs / ) and hematolysis ( / ˌhiːməˈtɒlɪsɪs / ) both use combining forms conveying the idea of `` lysis of blood '' ( hemo - or hemato - + - lysis ) . The words erythrolysis ( / ˌɛrəˈθrɒlɪsɪs / ) and erythrocytolysis ( / əˌrɪθroʊsaɪˈtɒlɪsɪs / ) both use combining forms conveying the idea of `` lysis of erythrocytes '' ( erythro - ± cyto - + - lysis ) . Erythrocytes have a short lifespan ( weeks or months ) , and the body is always reclaiming the ones that are getting older ( that is , the senescent ones ) and replacing them with new ones via erythropoiesis . The breakdown and replacement together ( and the rate of change ) are called erythrocyte turnover . Given that the lysis of erythrocytes is therefore a normal and ongoing physiologic process , one might be prompted to say that erythrolysis or hemolysis is a normal process that happens continually in everyone . However , when these words are used , they usually mean the pathologic type of RBC lysis ; that is , mentions of hemolysis without further specification indicate pathologic hemolysis . See also ( edit ) Hemolysin Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wells , John C. ( 2008 ) . Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 8118 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brock Biology of Microorganisms 13th Edition . 2010 . p. 804 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 64963 - 8 . Jump up ^ MicrobeLibrary.org , American Society for Microbiology Archived December 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Innvista Jump up ^ Capital Health Jump up ^ `` Hematolysis '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` erythrolysis '' . American Heritage Stedman 's Medical Dictionary . Houghton Mifflin . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` erythrocytolysis '' . American Heritage Stedman 's Medical Dictionary . Houghton Mifflin . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Effects of Hemolysis on Clinical Specimens Hemolysis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemolysis&oldid=849346157 '' Categories : Hematology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Infobox medical condition Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 10 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | substance that causes destruction of red blood cells | [
"Hemolysins damage the host cytoplasmic membrane, causing cell lysis and death. The activity of these toxins is most easily observed with assays involving the lysis of red blood cells (erythrocytes). Some hemolysins attack the phospholipid of the host cytoplasmic membrane. Because the phospholipid lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) is often used as a substrate, these enzymes are called lecithinases or phospholipases. Some hemolysins affects the sterols of the host cytoplasmic membrane.[2]\n"
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"Hemolysins"
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-8253562219223077873 | There's Something About Mary | There 's Something About Mary - wikipedia There 's Something About Mary Jump to : navigation , search There 's Something About Mary Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Farrelly Bobby Farrelly Produced by Michael Steinberg Bradley Thomas Charles B. Wessler Frank Beddor Screenplay by Ed Decter John J. Strauss Peter Farrelly Bobby Farrelly Story by Ed Decter John J. Strauss Starring Cameron Diaz Matt Dillon Ben Stiller Lee Evans Chris Elliott Narrated by Jonathan Richman Music by Jonathan Richman Cinematography Mark Irwin Edited by Christopher Greenbury Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 07 - 15 ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $23 million Box office $369.9 million There 's Something About Mary is a 1998 American romantic comedy film directed by Bobby and Peter Farrelly . It stars Cameron Diaz as the title character with Ben Stiller , Lee Evans , Chris Elliott , and Matt Dillon all playing men who are in love with Mary and vying for her affections . The film was placed 27th in the American Film Institute 's 100 Years , 100 Laughs : America 's Funniest Movies , a list of the 100 funniest movies of the 20th century . In 2000 , readers of Total Film magazine voted it the fourth - greatest comedy film of all time . Diaz won a New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress , an MTV Movie Award for Best Performance , an American Comedy Award for Best Actress , a Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best Actress . She also received a Golden Globe nomination for her performance . It was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy . It won 4 out of 8 MTV Movie Awards , including Best Movie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1985 , 16 - year - old high school student Ted Stroehmann ( Ben Stiller ) is about to go on a prom date with his dream girl Mary Jensen ( Cameron Diaz ) when he gets his penis stuck in a zipper . He is hospitalized when it bleeds after being unzipped , which cancels their date . Ted subsequently loses contact with Mary . Thirteen years later , in 1998 , 29 - year - old Ted is still in love with Mary . On the advice of his best friend Dom Woganowski ( Chris Elliott ) , he hires a private detective named Pat Healy ( Matt Dillon ) to track her down . Pat discovers that she is an orthopedic surgeon living in Miami with her friend , Magda , and instantly falls in love with Mary as well . He lies to Ted about her , saying she is overweight with four children and confined to a wheelchair , to discourage him from having any contact with her . Pat resorts to lying , cheating , stalking , and drugging Magda 's dog to win Mary over , but is exposed by Mary 's architect friend , Tucker ( Lee Evans ) , who is heavily reliant on crutches and speaks with an English accent . Pat later feels guilty about lying to Mary and reveals his true self to her . Enraged after overhearing Tucker subsequently slander him as a murderer , Pat tails Tucker and discovers him to be a fraud himself : he is an able - bodied , entirely American pizza delivery boy named Norm Phipps who is also in love with Mary . For years , Norm has been driving away potential rivals through slander , including one oft - mentioned suitor referred to only as `` Brett . '' Meanwhile , Ted decides he still wants to reconnect with Mary and , assisted by Dom , drives down to Florida and discovers the truth about her . Ted seems to have won Mary 's love , until an anonymous letter exposes his connection with Pat , and she breaks contact with him . Ted confronts Pat and Norm , and Mary is accosted by Dom , who is revealed to be her ex-boyfriend `` Woogie '' that she has a restraining order against . When Mary is finally together with all of her deceitful suitors , Ted realizes that the only one who did not resort to lying and manipulation to win Mary was Brett , who he learns is NFL quarterback Brett Favre . After reuniting Brett and Mary , Ted leaves tearfully until Mary catches up to Ted , saying that `` I 'd be happiest with you '' . The film concludes with the two engaging in a kiss while a guitarist ( Jonathan Richman ) , who has periodically narrated the story in song throughout the film , is accidentally shot by Magda 's boyfriend , who was trying to shoot Ted so he could win over Mary . Cast ( edit ) Cameron Diaz as Mary Jensen / Matthews Ben Stiller as Ted Stroehmann Matt Dillon as Patrick `` Pat '' Healy Chris Elliott as Dom `` Woogie '' Woganowski Lee Evans as Tucker / Norm Phipps Lin Shaye as Magda Jeffrey Tambor as Sully Markie Post as Sheila Jensen , Mary 's mother Keith David as Charlie , Mary 's stepfather W. Earl Brown as Warren Jensen , Mary 's mentally disabled brother Sarah Silverman as Brenda , Mary 's sarcastic and obnoxious best friend Khandi Alexander as Joanie Willie Garson as Dr. Zit Face / high school pal Bob Richard Tyson as Detective Krevoy Rob Moran as Detective Stabler Jonathan Richman as the singing narrator Steve Sweeney as Policeman Lenny Clarke as Fireman Harland Williams ( uncredited ) as Hitchhiker Richard Jenkins ( uncredited ) as Psychiatrist Brett Favre plays himself in a cameo that was originally written - for and offered to NFL quarterback Steve Young , but he turned the role down due to the film 's coarse nature and was replaced with Favre . Bill Murray was considered for the role of Pat Healy , but the Farrelly brothers thought he was too old for the part . Production ( edit ) The movie was filmed in Miami , Florida . The makeup effects and animatronic animal effects were the handiwork of Makeup Effects Designer Tony Gardner and Alterian , Inc . Reception ( edit ) This sleeper hit was the highest - grossing comedy of 1998 in North America as well as the fourth - highest - grossing film of the year . It also catapulted Diaz and Stiller into the limelight . The film made $369 million worldwide , including $176 million in the U.S. alone . The film received positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 83 % based on 83 reviews , and an average rating of 7 / 10 , with the consensus : `` There 's Something About Mary proves that unrelentingly , unabashedly puerile humor does n't necessarily come at the expense of a film 's heart . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 69 out of 100 based on reviews from 29 critics . Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars , stating `` What a blessed relief is laughter . It flies in the face of manners , values , political correctness and decorum . It exposes us for what we are , the only animal with a sense of humor . '' Gene Siskel ranked the film No. 9 on his 10 Best films of 1998 ( the final `` best of '' list he did before passing away ) . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 27 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- Nominated 2007 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Romantic Comedy Film Soundtrack ( edit ) `` There 's Something About Mary '' ( Jonathan Richman ) -- 1 : 47 `` How to Survive a Broken Heart '' ( Ben Lee ) -- 2 : 47 `` Every Day Should Be a Holiday '' ( The Dandy Warhols ) -- 4 : 02 `` Everything Shines '' ( The Push Stars ) -- 2 : 27 `` This Is the Day '' ( Ivy ) -- 3 : 33 `` Is She Really Going Out with Him ? '' ( Joe Jackson ) -- 3 : 36 `` True Love Is Not Nice '' ( Jonathan Richman ) -- 2 : 13 `` History Repeating '' ( The Propellerheads feat . Shirley Bassey ) -- 4 : 04 `` If I Could Talk I 'd Tell You '' ( The Lemonheads ) -- 2 : 51 `` Mary 's Prayer '' ( Danny Wilson ) -- 3 : 54 `` Margo 's Waltz '' ( Lloyd Cole ) -- 4 : 01 `` Speed Queen '' ( Zuba ) -- 3 : 44 `` Let Her Go Into the Darkness '' ( Jonathan Richman ) -- 1 : 19 `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' ( The Foundations ) -- 2 : 59 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THERE 'S SOMETHING ABOUT MARY ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1998 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : There 's Something About Mary at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Do n't Forget : ' There 's Something About Mary ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Locke , Greg W. ( 26 August 2011 ) . `` The Top 25 Roles Bill Murray Did n't Take '' . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Bill Murray '' . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` There 's Something About Mary '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` There 's Something About Mary '' . Metacritic . CBS . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert . `` There 's Something About Mary '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` There 's Something about Mary Soundtrack '' . Soundtrackinfo.com. 1998 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Miami portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : There 's Something About Mary There 's Something About Mary on IMDb There 's Something About Mary at the TCM Movie Database There 's Something About Mary at AllMovie There 's Something About Mary at Box Office Mojo There 's Something About Mary at Rotten Tomatoes There 's Something About Mary at Metacritic Films directed by the Farrelly brothers Peter Farrelly Bobby Farrelly Dumb and Dumber ( 1994 ) Kingpin ( 1996 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1998 ) Me , Myself & Irene ( 2000 ) Osmosis Jones ( 2001 ) Shallow Hal ( 2001 ) Stuck on You ( 2003 ) Fever Pitch ( 2005 ) The Heartbreak Kid ( 2007 ) Hall Pass ( 2011 ) The Three Stooges ( 2012 ) Dumb and Dumber To ( 2014 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Comedy There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 2000 ) Miss Congeniality ( 2001 ) American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Sweet Home Alabama ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) Knocked Up ( 2007 ) Juno ( 2008 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Bad Teacher ( 2011 ) 21 Jump Street ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect ( 2013 ) The Other Woman ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There%27s_Something_About_Mary&oldid=802086706 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films 1990s romantic comedy films 1990s sex comedy films American films American romantic comedy films American sex comedy films American slapstick comedy films Films directed by the Farrelly brothers Films set in 1985 Films set in 1998 Films set in Florida Films set in Miami Films set in Rhode Island Films shot in Miami Films shot in Rhode Island 20th Century Fox films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 22 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings in there's something about mary | [
"Jonathan Richman as the singing narrator"
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"Jonathan Richman"
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83746470099419829 | Tristan Lake Leabu | Tristan Lake Leabu - Wikipedia Tristan Lake Leabu This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Tristan Lake Leabu United States Occupation Actor Years active 2006 -- present Tristan Lake Leabu is an American actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Leabu made his debut playing the part of Jason White , Lois Lane 's son , in the 2006 film Superman Returns . For this performance he won a 2007 Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor and was nominated for Best Performance by a Younger Actor at the 2007 Saturn Awards . He appeared in the 2007 Lifetime movie While the Children Sleep . He is currently playing Reed Hellstrom on The Young and the Restless . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Superman Returns Jason White 2007 While the Children Sleep Max Eastman TV Movie 2011 Chester Jacob Short 2012 Least Among Saints Wade Hawaii Five - 0 Ethan Ewana Season 3 , Episode 11 2013 All American Christmas Carol Harley The Christmas Spirit Christopher TV Movie 2016 - present The Young and the Restless Reed Hellstrom Contract role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2007 Saturn Award Best Performance by a Younger Actor Superman Returns Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 28th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards '' . youngartistawards.org . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Young and the Restless ' New Spoilers : Tristan Lake Leabu Cast as Reed , Michael Muhney Responds to Petition '' . CitizenOracle. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R cast Tristan Lake Leabu as Reed Hellstrom '' . soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Tristan Lake Leabu on IMDb This article about an American actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_Lake_Leabu&oldid=800345107 '' Categories : Living people American male child actors 21st - century American male actors American male soap opera actors American actor stubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles with hCards Year of birth missing ( living people ) All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 23 : 49 . About Wikipedia | how old is reed on young and the restless | [] | [] |
3876672729328432781 | Fluid mosaic model | Fluid mosaic model - wikipedia Fluid mosaic model Fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane The fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes . According to this model , there is a lipid bilayer in which the protein molecules are embedded . The lipid bilayer gives fluidity and elasticity to the membrane . Small amounts of carbohydrates are also found in cell membrane . The model , which was devised by SJ Singer and GL Nicolson in 1972 , describes the cell membrane as a two - dimensional liquid that restricts the lateral diffusion of membrane components . Such domains are defined by the existence of regions within the membrane with special lipid and protein composition that promote the formation of lipid rafts or protein and glycoprotein complexes . Another way to define membrane domains is the association of the lipid membrane with the cytoskeleton filaments and the extracellular matrix through membrane proteins . The current model describes important features relevant to many cellular processes , including : cell - cell signaling , apoptosis , cell division , membrane budding , and cell fusion . The fluid mosaic model is the most acceptable model of plasma membrane . Fluid mosaic model is proposed by SJ Singer and G Nicolson in 1972 . It 's main function is to give shape to the cell . Contents 1 Chemical makeup 2 Experimental evidence 3 Subsequent developments 3.1 Membrane asymmetry 3.2 Non-bilayer membranes 3.3 Membrane curvature 3.4 Lipid movement within the membrane 4 Restrictions to bilayer fluidity 4.1 Lipid rafts 4.2 Protein complexes 4.3 Cytoskeletal fences ( corrals ) and binding to the extracellular matrix 5 Historical timeline 6 Notes and references Chemical makeup ( edit ) Chemically a cell membrane is composed of four components : Phospholipids , Proteins , Carbohydrates , and Cholesterol . Experimental evidence ( edit ) The fluid property of functional biological membranes had been determined through labeling experiments , x-ray diffraction , and calorimetry . These studies showed that integral membrane proteins diffuse at rates affected by the viscosity of the lipid bilayer in which they were embedded , and demonstrated that the molecules within the cell membrane are dynamic rather than static . Previous models of biological membranes included the Robertson Unit Membrane Model and the Davidson - Danielli Tri-Layer model . These models had proteins present as sheets neighboring a lipid layer , rather than incorporated into the phospholipid bilayer . Other models described repeating , regular units of protein and lipid . These models were not well supported by microscopy and thermodynamic data , and did not accommodate evidence for dynamic membrane properties . An important experiment that provided evidence supporting fluid and dynamic biological was performed by Frye and Edidin . They used Sendai virus to force human and mouse cells to fuse and form a heterokaryon . Using antibody staining , they were able to show that the mouse and human proteins remained segregated to separate halves of the heterokaryon a short time after cell fusion . However , the proteins eventually diffused and over time the border between the two halves was lost . Lowering the temperature slowed the rate of this diffusion by causing the membrane phospholipids to transition from a fluid to a gel phase . Singer and Nicholson rationalized the results of these experiments using their fluid mosaic model . The fluid mosaic model explains changes in structure and behavior of cell membranes under different temperatures , as well as the association of membrane proteins with the membranes . While Singer and Nicolson had substantial evidence drawn from multiple subfields to support their model , recent advances in fluorescence microscopy and structural biology have validated the fluid mosaic nature of cell membranes . Subsequent developments ( edit ) Membrane asymmetry ( edit ) Additionally , the two leaflets of biological membranes are asymmetric and divided into subdomains composed of specific proteins or lipids , allowing spatial segregation of biological processes associated with membranes . Cholesterol and cholesterol - interacting proteins can concentrate into lipid rafts and constrain cell signaling processes to only these rafts . Another form of asymmetry was shown by the work of Mouritsen and Bloom in 1984 , where they proposed a Mattress Model of lipid - protein interactions to address the biophysical evidence that the membrane can range in thickness and hydrophobicity of proteins . Non-bilayer membranes ( edit ) The existence of non-bilayer lipid formations with important biological functions was confirmed subsequent to publication of the fluid mosaic model . These membrane structures may be useful when the cell needs to propagate a non bilayer form , which occurs during cell division and the formation of a gap junction . Membrane curvature ( edit ) The membrane bilayer is not always flat . Local curvature of the membrane can be caused by the asymmetry and non-bilayer organization of lipids as discussed above . More dramatic and functional curvature is achieved through BAR domains , which bind to phosphatidylinositol on the membrane surface , assisting in vesicle formation , organelle formation and cell division . Curvature development is in constant flux and contributes to the dynamic nature of biological membranes . Lipid movement within the membrane ( edit ) During the decade of 1970 , it was acknowledged that individual lipid molecules undergo free lateral diffusion within each of the layers of the lipid membrane . Diffusion occurs at a high speed , with an average lipid molecule diffusing ~ 2 μm , approximately the length of a large bacterial cell , in about 1 second . It has also been observed that individual lipid molecules rotate rapidly around their own axis . Moreover , phospholipid molecules can , although they seldom do , migrate from one side of the lipid bilayer to the other ( a process known as flip - flop ) . However , flip - flop might be enhanced by flippase enzymes . The processes described above influence the disordered nature of lipid molecules and interacting proteins in the lipid membranes , with consequences to membrane fluidity , signaling , trafficking and function . Restrictions to bilayer fluidity ( edit ) There are restrictions to the lateral mobility of the lipid and protein components in the fluid membrane imposed by the formation of subdomains within the lipid bilayer . These subdomains arise by several processes e.g. binding of membrane components to the extracellular matrix , nanometric membrane regions with a particular biochemical composition that promote the formation of lipid rafts and protein complexes mediated by protein - protein interactions . Furthermore , protein - cytoskeleton associations mediate the formation of `` cytoskeletal fences '' , corrals wherein lipid and membrane proteins can diffuse freely , but that they can seldom leave . Restriction on lateral diffusion rates of membrane components is very important because it allows the functional specialization of particular regions within the cell membranes . Lipid rafts ( edit ) Lipid rafts are membrane nanometric platforms with a particular lipid and protein composition that laterally diffuse , navigating on the liquid bilipid layer . Sphingolipids and cholesterol are important building blocks of the lipid rafts . Protein complexes ( edit ) Cell membrane proteins and glycoproteins do not exist as single elements of the lipid membrane , as first proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972 . Rather , they occur as diffusing complexes within the membrane . The assembly of single molecules into these macromolecular complexes has important functional consequences for the cell ; such as ion and metabolite transport , signaling , cell adhesion , and migration . Cytoskeletal fences ( corrals ) and binding to the extracellular matrix ( edit ) Some proteins embedded in the bilipid layer interact with the extracellular matrix outside the cell , cytoskeleton filaments inside the cell , and septin ring - like structures . These interactions have a strong influence on shape and structure , as well as on compartmentalization . Moreover , they impose physical constraints that restrict the free lateral diffusion of proteins and at least some lipids within the bilipid layer . When integral proteins of the lipid bilayer are tethered to the extracellular matrix , they are unable to diffuse freely . Proteins with a long intracellular domain may collide with a fence formed by cytoskeleton filaments . Both processes restrict the diffusion of proteins and lipids directly involved , as well as of other interacting components of the cell membranes . S. cerevisiae septins Septin ring - like structures ( in green ) can pinch cell membranes and split them into subdomains . Septins are a family of GTP - binding proteins highly conserved among eukaryotes . Prokaryotes have similar proteins called paraseptins . They form compartmentalizing ring - like structures strongly associated with the cell membranes . Septins are involved in the formation of structures such as , cilia and flagella , dendritic spines , and yeast buds . Historical timeline ( edit ) 1895 -- Ernest Overton hypothesized that cell membranes are made out of lipids . 1925 -- Evert Gorter and François Grendel found that red blood cell membranes are formed by a fatty layer two molecules thick , i.e. they described the bilipid nature of the cell membrane . 1935 -- Hugh Davson and James Danielli proposed that lipid membranes are layers composed by proteins and lipids with pore - like structures that allow specific permeability for certain molecules . Then , they suggested a model for the cell membrane , consisting of a lipid layer surrounded by protein layers at both sides of it . 1957 -- J. David Robertson , based on electron microscopy studies , establishes the `` Unit Membrane Hypothesis '' . This , states that all membranes in the cell , i.e. plasma and organelle membranes , have the same structure : a bilayer of phospholipids with monolayers of proteins at both sides of it . 1972 -- SJ Singer and GL Nicolson proposed the fluid mosaic model as an explanation for the data and latest evidence regarding the structure and thermodynamics of cell membranes . Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nicolson GL ( 2014 ) . `` The Fluid -- Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure : Still relevant to understanding the structure , function and dynamics of biological membranes after more than 40 years '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1838 ( 6 ) : 1451 -- 146 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbamem. 2013.10. 019 . PMID 24189436 . ^ Jump up to : Singer SJ , Nicolson GL ( Feb 1972 ) . `` The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes '' . Science . 175 ( 4023 ) : 720 -- 31 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 175.4023. 720 . PMID 4333397 . Jump up ^ Frye LD , Edidin M ( 1970 ) . `` The rapid intermixing of cell surface antigens after formation of mouse - human heterokaryons '' . J Cell Sci. 7 ( 2 ) : 319 -- 35 . PMID 4098863 . Jump up ^ Silvius JR ( 2005 ) . `` Partitioning of membrane molecules between raft and non-raft domains : Insights from model - membrane studies '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1746 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 202 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbamcr. 2005.09. 003 . PMID 16271405 . Jump up ^ Mouritsen OG , Bloom M ( 1984 ) . `` Mattress model of lipid - protein interactions in membranes '' . Biophys J. 46 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 153 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 84 ) 84007 - 2 . PMC 1435039 . PMID 6478029 . Jump up ^ van den Brink - van der Laan E ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Nonbilayer lipids affect peripheral and integral membrane proteins via changes in the lateral pressure profile '' . Biochim Biophys Acta. 1666 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 275 -- 88 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbamem. 2004.06. 010 . PMID 15519321 . Jump up ^ Frost A ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` The BAR domain superfamily : membrane - molding macromolecules '' . Cell. 137 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2009.04. 010 . PMID 19379681 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez - García R ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Bimodal spectrum for the curvature fluctuations of bilayer vesicles : pure bending plus hybrid curvature - dilation modes '' . Phys Rev Lett. 102 ( 12 ) : 128101 . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 102.128101 . PMID 19392326 . ^ Jump up to : Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , et al. ( 2008 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . pp. 621 -- 622 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4105 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lingwood D , Simons K ( 2010 ) . `` Lipid rafts as a membrane - organizing principle '' . Science . 327 ( 5961 ) : 46 -- 50 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1174621 . PMID 20044567 . Jump up ^ G. Vereb ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Dynamic , yet structured : The cell membrane three decades after the Singer -- Nicolson model '' . PNAS. 100 ( 14 ) : 8053 -- 8058 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1332550100 . PMC 166180 . PMID 12832616 . Jump up ^ Juha Saarikangas ; Yves Barral ( 2011 ) . `` The emerging functions of septins in metazoans '' . EMBO Reports . 12 ( 11 ) : 1118 -- 1126 . doi : 10.1038 / embor. 2011.193 . PMC 3207108 . PMID 21997296 . Jump up ^ Overton , E ( 1895 ) . `` Uberdie osmotischen Eigenshafter der Lebenden Pflanzen und tierzelle '' . Vjschr Naturf Ges Zurich . 40 : 159 -- 201 . Jump up ^ E. Gorter ; F. Grendel ( 1925 ) . `` On Biomolecular Layers of Lipoids on the Chromocytes of the Blood '' . Journal of Experimental Medicine . 41 : 439 -- 443 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 41.4. 439 . PMC 2130960 . PMID 19868999 . Jump up ^ James Danielli ; Hugh Davson ( 1935 ) . `` A contribution to the theory of permeability of thin films '' . Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology. 5 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 508 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 1030050409 . Jump up ^ John E. Heuser ( 1995 ) . `` In Memory of J. David Robertson '' ( PDF ) . Newsletter of the American Society of Cell Biology . Structures of the cell / organelles Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicle Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granule Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilament Intermediate filament Microtubule Prokaryotic cytoskeleton Microtubule organizing center Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastid Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal Nucleolus RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Cytosol Inclusions Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Archaellum Cell wall Extracellular matrix Structures of the cell membrane Membrane lipids Lipid bilayer Phospholipids Lipoproteins Sphingolipids Sterols Membrane proteins Membrane glycoproteins Integral membrane proteins / transmembrane protein Peripheral membrane protein / Lipid - anchored protein Other Caveolae / Coated pits Cell junctions Glycocalyx Lipid raft / microdomains Membrane contact sites Membrane nanotubes Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Nuclear envelope Phycobilisomes Porosomes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluid_mosaic_model&oldid=864587312 '' Categories : Membrane biology Organelles Cell anatomy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Galego Italiano Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 05 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | list 5 discoveries in the development of the fluid mosaic model of membranes | [] | [] |
440181687498909553 | DNA polymerase | DNA polymerase - wikipedia DNA polymerase DNA - directed DNA polymerase 3D structure of the DNA - binding helix - turn - helix motifs in human DNA polymerase beta ( based on PDB file 7ICG ) Identifiers EC number 2.7. 7.7 CAS number 9012 - 90 - 2 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum Gene Ontology AmiGO / QuickGO show Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins DNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides , the building blocks of DNA . These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule . During this process , DNA polymerase `` reads '' the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones . These enzymes catalyze the following chemical reaction deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA ⇌ diphosphate + DNA DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the three prime ( 3 ' ) - end of a DNA strand , one nucleotide at a time . Every time a cell divides , DNA polymerases are required to help duplicate the cell 's DNA , so that a copy of the original DNA molecule can be passed to each daughter cell . In this way , genetic information is passed down from generation to generation . Before replication can take place , an enzyme called helicase unwinds the DNA molecule from its tightly woven form , in the process breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide bases . This opens up or `` unzips '' the double - stranded DNA to give two single strands of DNA that can be used as templates for replication . Contents 1 History 2 Function 2.1 Structure 2.2 Processivity 3 Variation across species 3.1 Prokaryotic polymerase 3.1. 1 Pol I 3.1. 2 Pol II 3.1. 3 Pol III 3.1. 4 Pol IV 3.1. 5 Pol V 3.2 Eukaryotic DNA polymerase 3.2. 1 Polymerases β , λ , σ and μ ( beta , lambda , sigma , and mu ) 3.2. 2 Polymerases α , δ and ε ( alpha , delta , and epsilon ) 3.2. 3 Polymerases η , ι and κ ( eta , iota , and kappa ) 3.2. 4 Polymerases Rev1 and ζ ( zeta ) 3.2. 5 Telomerase 3.2. 6 Polymerases γ and θ ( gamma and theta ) 3.2. 7 Polymerase ν ( nu ) 3.2. 8 Reverse transcriptase 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) In 1956 , Arthur Kornberg and colleagues discovered DNA polymerase I ( Pol I ) , in Escherichia coli . They described the DNA replication process by which DNA polymerase copies the base sequence of a template DNA strand . Kornberg was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959 for this work . DNA polymerase II was also discovered by Thomas Kornberg ( the son of Arthur Kornberg ) and Malcolm E. Gefter in 1970 while further elucidating the role of Pol I in E. coli DNA replication . Function ( edit ) DNA polymerase moves along the old strand in the 3 ' -- 5 ' direction , creating a new strand having a 5 ' -- 3 ' direction . DNA polymerase with proofreading ability The main function of DNA polymerase is to synthesize DNA from deoxyribonucleotides , the building blocks of DNA . The DNA copies are created by the pairing of nucleotides to bases present on each strand of the original DNA molecule . This pairing always occurs in specific combinations , with cytosine along with guanine , and thymine along with adenine , forming two separate pairs , respectively . By contrast , RNA polymerases synthesize RNA from ribonucleotides from either RNA or DNA . When synthesizing new DNA , DNA polymerase can add free nucleotides only to the 3 ' end of the newly forming strand . This results in elongation of the newly forming strand in a 5 ' -- 3 ' direction . No known DNA polymerase is able to begin a new chain ( de novo ) ; it can only add a nucleotide onto a pre-existing 3 ' - OH group , and therefore needs a primer at which it can add the first nucleotide . Primers consist of RNA or DNA bases ( or both ) . In DNA replication , the first two bases are always RNA , and are synthesized by another enzyme called primase . Helicase and topoisomerase II are required to unwind DNA from a double - strand structure to a single - strand structure to facilitate replication of each strand consistent with the semiconservative model of DNA replication . It is important to note that the directionality of the newly forming strand ( the daughter strand ) is opposite to the direction in which DNA polymerase moves along the template strand . Since DNA polymerase requires a free 3 ' OH group for initiation of synthesis , it can synthesize in only one direction by extending the 3 ' end of the preexisting nucleotide chain . Hence , DNA polymerase moves along the template strand in a 3 ' -- 5 ' direction , and the daughter strand is formed in a 5 ' -- 3 ' direction . This difference enables the resultant double - strand DNA formed to be composed of two DNA strands that are antiparallel to each other . The function of DNA polymerase is not quite perfect , with the enzyme making about one mistake for every billion base pairs copied . Error correction is a property of some , but not all DNA polymerases . This process corrects mistakes in newly synthesized DNA . When an incorrect base pair is recognized , DNA polymerase moves backwards by one base pair of DNA . The 3 ' -- 5 ' exonuclease activity of the enzyme allows the incorrect base pair to be excised ( this activity is known as proofreading ) . Following base excision , the polymerase can re-insert the correct base and replication can continue forwards . This preserves the integrity of the original DNA strand that is passed onto the daughter cells . Fidelity is very important in DNA replication . Mismatches in DNA base pairing can potentially result in dysfunctional proteins and could lead to cancer . Many DNA polymerase contain an exonuclease domain , which acts in detecting base pair mismatches and further performs in the removal of the incorrect nucleotide to be replaced by the correct one . The shape and the interactions accommodating the Watson and Crick base pair are what primarily contribute to the detection or error . Hydrogen bonds play a key role in base pair binding and interaction . The loss of an interaction , which occurs at a mismatch , is said to trigger a shift in the balance , for the binding of the template - primer , from the polymerase , to the exonuclease domain . In addition , an incorporation of a wrong nucleotide causes a retard in DNA polymerization . This delay gives time for the DNA to be switched from the polymerase site to the exonuclease site . Different conformational changes and loss of interaction occur at different mismatches . In a purine : pyrimidine mismatch there is a displacement of the pyrimidine towards the major groove and the purine towards the minor groove . Relative to the shape of DNA polymerase 's binding pocket , steric clashes occur between the purine and residues in the minor groove , and important van der Waals and electrostatic interactions are lost by the pyrimidine . Pyrimidine : pyrimidine and purine : purine mismatches present less notable changes since the bases are displaced towards the major groove , and less steric hindrance is experienced . However , although the different mismatches result in different steric properties , DNA polymerase is still able to detect and differentiate them so uniformly and maintain fidelity in DNA replication . DNA polymerization is also critical for many mutagenesis processes and is widely employed in biotechnologies . Structure ( edit ) The known DNA polymerases have highly conserved structure , which means that their overall catalytic subunits vary very little from species to species , independent of their domain structures . Conserved structures usually indicate important , irreplaceable functions of the cell , the maintenance of which provides evolutionary advantages . The shape can be described as resembling a right hand with thumb , finger , and palm domains . The palm domain appears to function in catalyzing the transfer of phosphoryl group s in the phosphoryl transfer reaction . DNA is bound to the palm when the enzyme is active . This reaction is believed to be catalyzed by a two - metal - ion mechanism . The finger domain functions to bind the nucleoside triphosphates with the template base . The thumb domain plays a potential role in the processivity , translocation , and positioning of the DNA . Processivity ( edit ) DNA polymerase 's rapid catalysis is due to its processive nature . Processivity is a characteristic of enzymes that function on polymeric substrates . In the case of DNA polymerase , the degree of processivity refers to the average number of nucleotides added each time the enzyme binds a template . The average DNA polymerase requires about one second locating and binding a primer / template junction . Once it is bound , a nonprocessive DNA polymerase adds nucleotide s at a rate of one nucleotide per second . Processive DNA polymerases , however , add multiple nucleotides per second , drastically increasing the rate of DNA synthesis . The degree of processivity is directly proportional to the rate of DNA synthesis . The rate of DNA synthesis in a living cell was first determined as the rate of phage T4 DNA elongation in phage infected E. coli . During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 ° C , the rate was 749 nucleotides per second . DNA polymerase 's ability to slide along the DNA template allows increased processivity . There is a dramatic increase in processivity at the replication fork . This increase is facilitated by the DNA polymerase 's association with proteins known as the sliding DNA clamp . The clamps are multiple protein subunits associated in the shape of a ring . Using the hydrolysis of ATP , a class of proteins known as the sliding clamp loading proteins open up the ring structure of the sliding DNA clamps allowing binding to and release from the DNA strand . Protein - protein interaction with the clamp prevents DNA polymerase from diffusing from the DNA template , thereby ensuring that the enzyme binds the same primer / template junction and continues replication . DNA polymerase changes conformation , increasing affinity to the clamp when associated with it and decreasing affinity when it completes the replication of a stretch of DNA to allow release from the clamp . Variation across species ( edit ) DNA polymerase family A c : o6 - methyl - guanine pair in the polymerase - 2 basepair position Identifiers Symbol DNA_pol_A Pfam PF00476 InterPro IPR001098 SMART - PROSITE PDOC00412 SCOP 1dpi SUPERFAMILY 1dpi show Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary DNA polymerase family B crystal structure of rb69 gp43 in complex with dna containing thymine glycol Identifiers Symbol DNA_pol_B Pfam PF00136 Pfam clan CL0194 InterPro IPR006134 PROSITE PDOC00107 SCOP 1noy SUPERFAMILY 1noy show Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary DNA polymerase type B , organellar and viral phi29 dna polymerase , orthorhombic crystal form , ssdna complex Identifiers Symbol DNA_pol_B_2 Pfam PF03175 Pfam clan CL0194 InterPro IPR004868 show Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary Based on sequence homology , DNA polymerases can be further subdivided into seven different families : A , B , C , D , X , Y , and RT . Some virus es also encode special DNA polymerases , such as Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase . These may selectively replicate viral DNA through a variety of mechanisms . Retroviruses encode an unusual DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase , which is an RNA - dependent DNA polymerase ( RdDp ) . It polymerizes DNA from a template of RNA . Family Types of DNA polymerase Species Examples Replicative and Repair Polymerases Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic T7 DNA polymerase , Pol I , and DNA Polymerase γ Replicative and Repair Polymerases Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Pol II , Pol B , Pol ζ , Pol α , δ , and ε Replicative Polymerases Prokaryotic Pol III Replicative Polymerases Euryarchaeota Not well - characterized X Replicative and Repair Polymerases Eukaryotic Pol β , Pol σ , Pol λ , Pol μ , and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase Y Replicative and Repair Polymerases Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Pol ι ( iota ) , Pol κ ( kappa ) , Pol η ( eta ) , Pol IV , and Pol V RT Replicative and Repair Polymerases Viruses , Retroviruses , and Eukaryotic Telomerase , Hepatitis B virus Prokaryotic Polymerase Prokaryotes only have one RNA polymerase and it exists in two forms : core polymerase and holoenzyme . Core polymerase synthesizes DNA from the DNA template but it can not initiate the synthesis alone or accurately . Holoenzyme accurately initiates synthesis . Prokaryotic polymerase ( edit ) Pol I ( edit ) Prokaryotic family A polymerases include the DNA polymerase I ( Pol I ) enzyme , which is encoded by the polA gene and ubiquitous among prokaryotes . This repair polymerase is involved in excision repair with both 3 ' -- 5 ' and 5 ' -- 3 ' exonuclease activity and processing of Okazaki fragments generated during lagging strand synthesis . Pol I is the most abundant polymerase , accounting for > 95 % of polymerase activity in E. coli ; yet cells lacking Pol I have been found suggesting Pol I activity can be replaced by the other four polymerases . Pol I adds ~ 15 - 20 nucleotides per second , thus showing poor processivity . Instead , Pol I starts adding nucleotides at the RNA primer : template junction known as the origin of replication ( ori ) . Approximately 400 bp downstream from the origin , the Pol III holoenzyme is assembled and takes over replication at a highly processive speed and nature . Pol II ( edit ) DNA polymerase II , a family B polymerase , is a polB gene product also known as DnaA . Pol II has 3 ' -- 5 ' exonuclease activity and participates in DNA repair , replication restart to bypass lesions , and its cell presence can jump from ~ 30 - 50 copies per cell to ~ 200 -- 300 during SOS induction . Pol II is also thought to be a backup to Pol III as it can interact with holoenzyme proteins and assume a high level of processivity . The main role of Pol II is thought to be the ability to direct polymerase activity at the replication fork and helped stalled Pol III bypass terminal mismatches . Pol III ( edit ) DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is the primary enzyme involved in DNA replication in E. coli and belongs to family C polymerases . It consists of three assemblies : the pol III core , the beta sliding clamp processivity factor , and the clamp - loading complex . The core consists of three subunits : α , the polymerase activity hub , ɛ , exonucleolytic proofreader , and θ , which may act as a stabilizer for ɛ . The holoenzyme contains two cores , one for each strand , the lagging and leading . The beta sliding clamp processivity factor is also present in duplicate , one for each core , to create a clamp that encloses DNA allowing for high processivity . The third assembly is a seven - subunit ( τ2γδδ ′ χψ ) clamp loader complex . Recent research has classified Family C polymerases as a subcategory of Family X with no eukaryotic equivalents . Pol IV ( edit ) In E. coli , DNA polymerase IV ( Pol 4 ) is an error - prone DNA polymerase involved in non-targeted mutagenesis . Pol IV is a Family Y polymerase expressed by the dinB gene that is switched on via SOS induction caused by stalled polymerases at the replication fork . During SOS induction , Pol IV production is increased tenfold and one of the functions during this time is to interfere with Pol III holoenzyme processivity . This creates a checkpoint , stops replication , and allows time to repair DNA lesions via the appropriate repair pathway . Another function of Pol IV is to perform translesion synthesis at the stalled replication fork like , for example , bypassing N2 - deoxyguanine adducts at a faster rate than transversing undamaged DNA . Cells lacking dinB gene have a higher rate of mutagenesis caused by DNA damaging agents . Pol V ( edit ) DNA polymerase V ( Pol V ) is a Y - family DNA polymerase that is involved in SOS response and translesion synthesis DNA repair mechanisms . Transcription of Pol V via the umuDC genes is highly regulated to produce only Pol V when damaged DNA is present in the cell generating an SOS response . Stalled polymerases causes RecA to bind to the ssDNA , which causes the LexA protein to autodigest . LexA then loses its ability to repress the transcription of the umuDC operon . The same RecA - ssDNA nucleoprotein posttranslationally modifies the UmuD protein into UmuD ' protein . UmuD and UmuD ' form a heterodimer that interacts with UmuC , which in turn activates umuC 's polymerase catalytic activity on damaged DNA . In E. coli , a polymerase `` tool belt '' model for switching pol III with pol IV at a stalled replication fork , where both polymerases bind simultaneously to the β - clamp , has been proposed . However , the involvement of more than one TLS polymerase working in succession to bypass a lesion has not yet been shown in E. coli . Moreover , Pol IV can catalyze both insertion and extension with high efficiency , whereas pol V is considered the major SOS TLS polymerase . One example is the bypass of intra strand guanine thymine cross-link where it was shown on the basis of the difference in the mutational signatures of the two polymerases , that pol IV and pol V compete for TLS of the intra-strand crosslink . Eukaryotic DNA polymerase ( edit ) Polymerases β , λ , σ and μ ( beta , lambda , sigma , and mu ) ( edit ) Family X polymerases contain the well - known eukaryotic polymerase pol β ( beta ) , as well as other eukaryotic polymerases such as Pol σ ( sigma ) , Pol λ ( lambda ) , Pol μ ( mu ) , and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase ( TdT ) . Family X polymerases are found mainly in vertebrates , and a few are found in plants and fungi . These polymerases have highly conserved regions that include two helix - hairpin - helix motifs that are imperative in the DNA - polymerase interactions . One motif is located in the 8 kDa domain that interacts with downstream DNA and one motif is located in the thumb domain that interacts with the primer strand . Pol β , encoded by POLB gene , is required for short - patch base excision repair , a DNA repair pathway that is essential for repairing alkylated or oxidized bases as well as abasic sites . Pol λ and Pol μ , encoded by the POLL and POLM genes respectively , are involved in non-homologous end - joining , a mechanism for rejoining DNA double - strand breaks due to hydrogen peroxide and ionizing radiation , respectively . TdT is expressed only in lymphoid tissue , and adds `` n nucleotides '' to double - strand breaks formed during V ( D ) J recombination to promote immunological diversity . Polymerases α , δ and ε ( alpha , delta , and epsilon ) ( edit ) Pol α ( alpha ) , Pol δ ( delta ) , and Pol ε ( epsilon ) are members of Family B Polymerases and are the main polymerases involved with nuclear DNA replication . Pol α complex ( pol α - DNA primase complex ) consists of four subunits : the catalytic subunit POLA1 , the regulatory subunit POLA2 , and the small and the large primase subunits PRIM1 and PRIM2 respectively . Once primase has created the RNA primer , Pol α starts replication elongating the primer with ~ 20 nucleotides . Due to its high processivity , Pol δ takes over the leading and lagging strand synthesis from Pol α . Pol δ is expressed by genes POLD1 , creating the catalytic subunit , POLD2 , POLD3 , and POLD4 creating the other subunits that interact with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ( PCNA ) , which is a DNA clamp that allows Pol δ to possess processivity . Pol ε is encoded by the POLE1 , the catalytic subunit , POLE2 , and POLE3 gene . It has been reported that the function of Pol ε is to extend the leading strand during replication , while Pol δ primarily replicates the lagging strand ; however , recent evidence suggested that Pol δ might have a role in replicating the leading strand of DNA as well . Pol ε 's C - terminus region is thought to be essential to cell vitality as well . The C - terminus region is thought to provide a checkpoint before entering anaphase , provide stability to the holoenzyme , and add proteins to the holoenzyme necessary for initiation of replication . Polymerases η , ι and κ ( eta , iota , and kappa ) ( edit ) Pol η ( eta ) , Pol ι ( iota ) , and Pol κ ( kappa ) , are Family Y DNA polymerases involved in the DNA repair by translesion synthesis and encoded by genes POLH , POLI , and POLK respectively . Members of Family Y have five common motifs to aid in binding the substrate and primer terminus and they all include the typical right hand thumb , palm and finger domains with added domains like little finger ( LF ) , polymerase - associated domain ( PAD ) , or wrist . The active site , however , differs between family members due to the different lesions being repaired . Polymerases in Family Y are low - fidelity polymerases , but have been proven to do more good than harm as mutations that affect the polymerase can cause various diseases , such as skin cancer and Xeroderma Pigmentosum Variant ( XPS ) . The importance of these polymerases is evidenced by the fact that gene encoding DNA polymerase η is referred as XPV , because loss of this gene results in the disease Xeroderma Pigmentosum Variant . Pol η is particularly important for allowing accurate translesion synthesis of DNA damage resulting from ultraviolet radiation . The functionality of Pol κ is not completely understood , but researchers have found two probable functions . Pol κ is thought to act as an extender or an inserter of a specific base at certain DNA lesions . All three translesion synthesis polymerases , along with Rev1 , are recruited to damaged lesions via stalled replicative DNA polymerases . There are two pathways of damage repair leading researchers to conclude that the chosen pathway depends on which strand contains the damage , the leading or lagging strand . Polymerases Rev1 and ζ ( zeta ) ( edit ) Pol ζ another B family polymerase , is made of two subunits Rev3 , the catalytic subunit , and Rev7 , which increases the catalytic function of the polymerase , and is involved in translesion synthesis . Pol ζ lacks 3 ' to 5 ' exonuclease activity , is unique in that it can extend primers with terminal mismatches . Rev1 has three regions of interest in the BRCT domain , ubiquitin - binding domain , and C - terminal domain and has dCMP transferase ability , which adds deoxycytidine opposite lesions that would stall replicative polymerases Pol δ and Pol ε . These stalled polymerases activate ubiquitin complexes that in turn disassociate replication polymerases and recruit Pol ζ and Rev1 . Together Pol ζ and Rev1 add deoxycytidine and Pol ζ extends past the lesion . Through a yet undetermined process , Pol ζ disassociates and replication polymerases reassociate and continue replication . Pol ζ and Rev1 are not required for replication , but loss of REV3 gene in budding yeast can cause increased sensitivity to DNA - damaging agents due to collapse of replication forks where replication polymerases have stalled . Telomerase ( edit ) Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein recruited to replicate ends of linear chromosomes because normal DNA polymerase can not replicate the ends , or telomere . The single - strand 3 ' overhang of the double - strand chromosome with the sequence 5 ' - TTAGGG - 3 ' recruits telomerase . Telomerase acts like other DNA polymerases by extending the 3 ' end , but , unlike other DNA polymerases , telomerase does not require a template . The TERT subunit , an example of a reverse transcriptase , uses the RNA subunit to form the primer -- template junction that allows telomerase to extend the 3 ' end of chromosome ends . The gradual decrease in size of telomeres as the result of many replications over a lifetime are thought to be associated with the effects of aging . Polymerases γ and θ ( gamma and theta ) ( edit ) Pol γ ( gamma ) and Pol θ ( theta ) are Family A polymerases . Pol γ , encoded by the POLG gene , is the only mtDNA polymerase and therefore replicates , repairs , and has proofreading 3 ' -- 5 ' exonuclease and 5 ' dRP lyase activities . Any mutation that leads to limited or non-functioning Pol γ has a significant effect on mtDNA and is the most common cause of autosomal inherited mitochondrial disorders . Pol γ contains a C - terminus polymerase domain and an N - terminus 3 ' -- 5 ' exonuclease domain that are connected via the linker region , which binds the accessory subunit . The accessory subunit binds DNA and is required for processivity of Pol γ . Point mutation A467T in the linker region is responsible for more than one - third of all Pol γ - associated mitochondrial disorders . While many homologs of Pol θ , encoded by the POLQ gene , are found in eukaryotes , its function is not clearly understood . The sequence of amino acids in the C - terminus is what classifies Pol θ as Family A polymerase , although the error rate for Pol θ is more closely related to Family Y polymerases . Pol θ extends mismatched primer termini and can bypass abasic sites by adding a nucleotide . It also has Deoxyribophosphodiesterase ( dRPase ) activity in the polymerase domain and can show ATPase activity in close proximity to ssDNA . Polymerase ν ( nu ) ( edit ) Further information : DNA polymerase nu Reverse transcriptase ( edit ) Retroviruses encode an unusual DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase , which is an RNA - dependent DNA polymerase ( RdDp ) that synthesizes DNA from a template of RNA . The reverse transcriptase family contain both DNA polymerase functionality and RNase H functionality , which degrades RNA base - paired to DNA . An example of a retrovirus is HIV . See also ( edit ) Biological machines DNA repair DNA replication DNA sequencing Enzyme catalysis Genetic recombination Molecular cloning Polymerase chain reaction Protein domain dynamics Reverse transcription RNA polymerase Taq DNA polymerase References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bollum FJ ( August 1960 ) . `` Calf thymus polymerase '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 235 : 2399 -- 403 . PMID 13802334 . Jump up ^ Falaschi A , Kornberg A ( April 1966 ) . `` Biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation. II . Deoxy - ribonucleic acid polymerase in spores of Bacillus subtilis '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 241 ( 7 ) : 1478 -- 82 . PMID 4957767 . Jump up ^ Lehman IR , Bessman MJ , Simms ES , Kornberg A ( July 1958 ) . `` Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid . I. Preparation of substrates and partial purification of an enzyme from Escherichia coli '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 233 ( 1 ) : 163 -- 70 . PMID 13563462 . Jump up ^ Richardson CC , Schildkraut CL , Aposhian HV , Kornberg A ( January 1964 ) . `` Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid . XIV . Further purification and properties of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase of Escherichia coli '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 239 : 222 -- 32 . PMID 14114848 . Jump up ^ Schachman HK , Adler J , Radding CM , Lehman IR , Kornberg A ( November 1960 ) . `` Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid . VII . Synthesis of a polymer of deoxyadenylate and deoxythymidylate '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 235 : 3242 -- 9 . PMID 13747134 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman BK ( May 1966 ) . `` Purification and properties of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from Micrococcus lysodeikticus '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 241 ( 9 ) : 2035 -- 41 . PMID 5946628 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DNA polymerase III holoenzyme '' . Wikipedia . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tessman I , Kennedy MA ( February 1994 ) . `` DNA polymerase II of Escherichia coli in the bypass of abasic sites in vivo '' . Genetics . 136 ( 2 ) : 439 -- 48 . PMC 1205799 . PMID 7908652 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Grisham ( 2013 ) . Biochemistry . Mary Finch . Jump up ^ Hunter WN , Brown T , Anand NN , Kennard O ( 1986 ) . `` Structure of an adenine - cytosine base pair in DNA and its implications for mismatch repair '' . Nature . 320 ( 6062 ) : 552 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1986Natur. 320 ... 552H . doi : 10.1038 / 320552a0 . PMID 3960137 . Jump up ^ Swan MK , Johnson RE , Prakash L , Prakash S , Aggarwal AK ( September 2009 ) . `` Structural basis of high - fidelity DNA synthesis by yeast DNA polymerase delta '' . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . 16 ( 9 ) : 979 -- 86 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 1663 . PMC 3055789 . PMID 19718023 . Jump up ^ Steitz TA ( June 1999 ) . `` DNA polymerases : structural diversity and common mechanisms '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 274 ( 25 ) : 17395 -- 8 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 274.25. 17395 . PMID 10364165 . ^ Jump up to : Losick R , Watson JD , Baker TA , Bell S , Gann A , Levine MW ( 2008 ) . Molecular biology of the gene ( 6th ed . ) . San Francisco : Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 9592 - X . Jump up ^ McCarthy D , Minner C , Bernstein H , Bernstein C ( October 1976 ) . `` DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild - type phage T4 and a DNA - delay amber mutant '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 106 ( 4 ) : 963 -- 81 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 76 ) 90346 - 6 . PMID 789903 . Jump up ^ Boehm EM , Powers KT , Kondratick CM , Spies M , Houtman JC , Washington MT ( April 2016 ) . `` The Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ( PCNA ) - interacting Protein ( PIP ) Motif of DNA Polymerase η Mediates Its Interaction with the C - terminal Domain of Rev1 '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 291 ( 16 ) : 8735 -- 44 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M115. 697938 . PMC 4861442 . PMID 26903512 . Jump up ^ Maga G , Hubscher U , Spadari S , Villani G ( 2010 ) . DNA Polymerases : Discovery , Characterization Functions in Cellular DNA Transactions . World Scientific Publishing Company . ISBN 981 - 4299 - 16 - 2 . Jump up ^ Choi CH , Burton ZF , Usheva A ( February 2004 ) . `` Auto - acetylation of transcription factors as a control mechanism in gene expression '' . Cell Cycle. 3 ( 2 ) : 114 -- 5 . doi : 10.4161 / cc. 3.2. 651 . PMID 14712067 . ^ Jump up to : Banach - Orlowska M , Fijalkowska IJ , Schaaper RM , Jonczyk P ( October 2005 ) . `` DNA polymerase II as a fidelity factor in chromosomal DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli '' . Molecular Microbiology. 58 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 70 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2958.2005. 04805. x . PMID 16164549 . Jump up ^ Olson MW , Dallmann HG , McHenry CS ( December 1995 ) . `` DnaX complex of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme . The chi psi complex functions by increasing the affinity of tau and gamma for delta. delta ' to a physiologically relevant range '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 270 ( 49 ) : 29570 -- 7 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 270.49. 29570 . PMID 7494000 . Jump up ^ `` DNA Polymerase Families '' . News-medical.net. 2014 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Goodman MF ( 2002 ) . `` Error - prone repair DNA polymerases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 71 : 17 -- 50 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 71.083101. 124707 . PMID 12045089 . Jump up ^ Mori T , Nakamura T , Okazaki N , Furukohri A , Maki H , Akiyama MT ( 2012 ) . `` Escherichia coli DinB inhibits replication fork progression without significantly inducing the SOS response '' . Genes & Genetic Systems . 87 ( 2 ) : 75 -- 87 . doi : 10.1266 / ggs. 87.75 . PMID 22820381 . Jump up ^ Jarosz DF , Godoy VG , Walker GC ( April 2007 ) . `` Proficient and accurate bypass of persistent DNA lesions by DinB DNA polymerases '' . Cell Cycle. 6 ( 7 ) : 817 -- 22 . doi : 10.4161 / cc. 6.7. 4065 . PMID 17377496 . Jump up ^ Patel M , Jiang Q , Woodgate R , Cox MM , Goodman MF ( June 2010 ) . `` A new model for SOS - induced mutagenesis : how RecA protein activates DNA polymerase V '' . Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 45 ( 3 ) : 171 -- 84 . doi : 10.3109 / 10409238.2010. 480968 . PMC 2874081 . PMID 20441441 . Jump up ^ Sutton MD , Walker GC ( July 2001 ) . `` Managing DNA polymerases : coordinating DNA replication , DNA repair , and DNA recombination '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 98 ( 15 ) : 8342 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 98.8342 S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 111036998 . PMC 37441 . PMID 11459973 . ^ Jump up to : Raychaudhury P , Basu AK ( March 2011 ) . `` Genetic requirement for mutagenesis of the G ( 8 , 5 - Me ) T cross-link in Escherichia coli : DNA polymerases IV and V compete for error - prone bypass '' . Biochemistry . 50 ( 12 ) : 2330 -- 8 . doi : 10.1021 / bi102064z . PMC 3062377 . PMID 21302943 . Jump up ^ Yamtich J , Sweasy JB ( May 2010 ) . `` DNA polymerase family X : function , structure , and cellular roles '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1804 ( 5 ) : 1136 -- 50 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbapap. 2009.07. 008 . PMC 2846199 . PMID 19631767 . Jump up ^ Chansky ML , Marks A , Peet A ( 2012 ) . Marks ' Basic Medical Biochemistry : a clinical approach ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Wolter Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. chapter13 . ISBN 160831572X . Jump up ^ Chung DW , Zhang JA , Tan CK , Davie EW , So AG , Downey KM ( December 1991 ) . `` Primary structure of the catalytic subunit of human DNA polymerase delta and chromosomal location of the gene '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 88 ( 24 ) : 11197 -- 201 . Bibcode : 1991PNAS ... 8811197C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 88.24. 11197 . PMC 53101 . PMID 1722322 . Jump up ^ Johnson RE , Klassen R , Prakash L , Prakash S ( July 2015 ) . `` A Major Role of DNA Polymerase δ in Replication of Both the Leading and Lagging DNA Strands '' . Molecular Cell. 59 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 175 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2015.05. 038 . PMC 4517859 . PMID 26145172 . Jump up ^ Edwards S , Li CM , Levy DL , Brown J , Snow PM , Campbell JL ( April 2003 ) . `` Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase epsilon and polymerase sigma interact physically and functionally , suggesting a role for polymerase epsilon in sister chromatid cohesion '' . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 23 ( 8 ) : 2733 -- 48 . doi : 10.1128 / mcb. 23.8. 2733 - 2748.2003 . PMC 152548 . PMID 12665575 . Jump up ^ Ohmori H , Hanafusa T , Ohashi E , Vaziri C ( 2009 ) . `` Separate roles of structured and unstructured regions of Y - family DNA polymerases '' . Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology . Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology . 78 : 99 -- 146 . doi : 10.1016 / S1876 - 1623 ( 08 ) 78004 - 0 . ISBN 9780123748270 . PMC 3103052 . PMID 20663485 . Jump up ^ Gan GN , Wittschieben JP , Wittschieben BØ , Wood RD ( January 2008 ) . `` DNA polymerase zeta ( pol zeta ) in higher eukaryotes '' . Cell Research . 18 ( 1 ) : 174 -- 83 . doi : 10.1038 / cr. 2007.117 . PMID 18157155 . Jump up ^ Zhang L , Chan SS , Wolff DJ ( July 2011 ) . `` Mitochondrial disorders of DNA polymerase γ dysfunction : from anatomic to molecular pathology diagnosis '' . Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine . 135 ( 7 ) : 925 -- 34 . doi : 10.1043 / 2010 - 0356 - RAR. 1 ( inactive 2018 - 05 - 12 ) . PMC 3158670 . PMID 21732785 . Jump up ^ Stumpf JD , Copeland WC ( January 2011 ) . `` Mitochondrial DNA replication and disease : insights from DNA polymerase γ mutations '' . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . 68 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 33 . doi : 10.1007 / s00018 - 010 - 0530 - 4 . PMC 3046768 . PMID 20927567 . Jump up ^ Hogg M , Sauer - Eriksson AE , Johansson E ( March 2012 ) . `` Promiscuous DNA synthesis by human DNA polymerase θ '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 40 ( 6 ) : 2611 -- 22 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkr1102 . PMC 3315306 . PMID 22135286 . Further reading ( edit ) Burgers PM , Koonin EV , Bruford E , Blanco L , Burtis KC , Christman MF , Copeland WC , Friedberg EC , Hanaoka F , Hinkle DC , Lawrence CW , Nakanishi M , Ohmori H , Prakash L , Prakash S , Reynaud CA , Sugino A , Todo T , Wang Z , Weill JC , Woodgate R ( November 2001 ) . `` Eukaryotic DNA polymerases : proposal for a revised nomenclature '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 276 ( 47 ) : 43487 -- 90 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. R100056200 . PMID 11579108 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to DNA polymerases . DNA + polymerases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) PDB Molecule of the Month DNA polymerase Unusual repair mechanism in DNA polymerase lambda , Ohio State University , July 25 , 2006 . A great animation of DNA Polymerase from WEHI at 1 : 45 minutes in 3D macromolecular structures of DNA polymerase from the EM Data Bank ( EMDB ) DNA replication ( comparing Prokaryotic to Eukaryotic ) Initiation Prokaryotic ( initiation ) Pre-replication complex dnaC Cdc6 Helicase dnaA dnaB T7 Primase dnaG Eukaryotic ( preparation in G1 phase ) Pre-replication complex Origin recognition complex ORC1 ORC2 ORC3 ORC4 ORC5 ORC6 Cdc6 Cdt1 Minichromosome maintenance MCM2 MCM3 MCM4 MCM5 MCM6 MCM7 Licensing factor Autonomously replicating sequence Single - strand binding protein SSBP2 SSBP3 SSBP4 RNase H RNASEH1 RNASEH2A Helicase : HFM1 Primase : PRIM1 PRIM2 Both Origin of replication / Ori / Replicon Replication fork Lagging and leading strands Okazaki fragments Primer Replication Prokaryotic ( elongation ) DNA polymerase III holoenzyme dnaC dnaE dnaH dnaN dnaQ dnaT dnaX holA holB holC holD holE Replisome DNA ligase DNA clamp Topoisomerase DNA gyrase Prokaryotic DNA polymerase : DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment Eukaryotic ( synthesis in S phase ) Replication factor C RFC1 Flap endonuclease FEN1 Topoisomerase Replication protein A RPA1 Eukaryotic DNA polymerase : alpha POLA1 POLA2 PRIM1 PRIM2 delta POLD1 POLD2 POLD3 POLD4 epsilon POLE POLE2 POLE3 POLE4 DNA clamp PCNA Control of chromosome duplication Both Movement : Processivity DNA ligase Termination Telomere : Telomerase TERT TERC DKC1 Transferases : phosphorus - containing groups ( EC 2.7 ) 2.7. 1 - 2.7. 4 : phosphotransferase / kinase ( PO ) 2.7. 1 : OH acceptor Hexo - Gluco - Fructo - Hepatic Galacto - Phosphofructo - Liver Muscle Platelet Riboflavin Shikimate Thymidine ADP - thymidine NAD Glycerol Pantothenate Mevalonate Pyruvate Deoxycytidine PFP Diacylglycerol Phosphoinositide 3 Class I PI 3 Class II PI 3 Sphingosine Glucose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphate synthase 2.7. 2 : COOH acceptor Phosphoglycerate Aspartate kinase 2.7. 3 : N acceptor Creatine 2.7. 4 : PO acceptor Phosphomevalonate Adenylate Nucleoside - diphosphate Uridylate Guanylate Thiamine - diphosphate 2.7. 6 : diphosphotransferase ( P O ) Ribose - phosphate diphosphokinase Thiamine diphosphokinase 2.7. 7 : nucleotidyltransferase ( PO - nucleoside ) Polymerase DNA polymerase DNA - directed DNA polymerase II III IV V RNA - directed DNA polymerase Reverse transcriptase Telomerase DNA nucleotidylexotransferase / Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase RNA nucleotidyltransferase RNA polymerase / DNA - directed RNA polymerase RNA polymerase I II III IV V Primase RNA - dependent RNA polymerase PNPase Phosphorolytic 3 ' to 5 ' exoribonuclease RNase PH PNPase Nucleotidyltransferase UTP -- glucose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase Galactose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase Guanylyltransferase mRNA capping enzyme Other Recombinase ( Integrase ) Transposase 2.7. 8 : miscellaneous Phosphatidyltransferases CDP - diacylglycerol -- glycerol - 3 - phosphate 3 - phosphatidyltransferase CDP - diacylglycerol -- serine O - phosphatidyltransferase CDP - diacylglycerol -- inositol 3 - phosphatidyltransferase CDP - diacylglycerol -- choline O - phosphatidyltransferase Glycosyl - 1 - phosphotransferase N - acetylglucosamine - 1 - phosphate transferase 2.7. 10 - 2.7. 13 : protein kinase ( PO ; protein acceptor ) 2.7. 10 : protein - tyrosine see tyrosine kinases 2.7. 11 : protein - serine / threonine see serine / threonine - specific protein kinases 2.7. 12 : protein - dual - specificity see serine / threonine - specific protein kinases 2.7. 13 : protein - histidine Protein - histidine pros - kinase Protein - histidine tele - kinase Histidine kinase Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_polymerase&oldid=850859458 '' Categories : EC 2.7. 7 DNA replication DNA Enzymes Hidden categories : Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 12 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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-1224626059272222777 | Lightning | Lightning - wikipedia Lightning Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lightning ( disambiguation ) . `` Return stroke '' redirects here . For other uses , see Return stroke ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Lighting . Lightning flashes during a thunderstorm . Play media High - speed , slow - motion lightning video captured at 6,200 frames per second . Lightning is a sudden electrostatic discharge that occurs typically during a thunderstorm . This discharge occurs between electrically charged regions of a cloud ( called intra-cloud lightning or IC ) , between two clouds ( CC lightning ) , or between a cloud and the ground ( CG lightning ) . The charged regions in the atmosphere temporarily equalize themselves through this discharge referred to as a flash . A lightning flash can also be a strike if it involves an object on the ground . Lightning creates light in the form of black body radiation from the very hot plasma created by the electron flow , and sound in the form of thunder . Lightning may be seen and not heard when it occurs at a distance too great for the sound to carry as far as the light from the strike or flash . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lightning electrification 2 General considerations 3 Frequency 4 Necessary conditions 4.1 Electrical field generation 5 Flashes and strikes 5.1 Lightning leaders 5.2 Upward streamers 5.3 Attachment 5.4 Discharge 5.4. 1 Return stroke 5.4. 2 Re-strike 5.4. 3 Transient currents during flash 6 Types 6.1 Cloud to ground ( CG ) 6.1. 1 Positive and negative lightning 6.2 Cloud to cloud ( CC ) and intra-cloud ( IC ) 6.3 Observational variations 7 Effects 7.1 Lightning strike 7.2 Thunder 7.3 High - energy radiation 8 Volcanic 9 Extraterrestrial 10 Human - related phenomena 11 Scientific study 11.1 Properties 11.2 Detection and monitoring 11.3 Artificially triggered 11.4 Physical manifestations 11.4. 1 Magnetism 11.5 Solar wind and cosmic rays 12 In culture and religion 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Lightning Electrification ( edit ) The main charging area in a thunderstorm occurs in the central part of the storm where air is moving upward rapidly ( updraft ) and temperatures range from − 15 to − 25 Celsius The details of the charging process are still being studied by scientists , but there is general agreement on some of the basic concepts of thunderstorm electrification . The main charging area in a thunderstorm occurs in the central part of the storm where air is moving upward rapidly ( updraft ) and temperatures range from − 15 to − 25 Celsius , see figure to the right . At that place , the combination of temperature and rapid upward air movement produces a mixture of super-cooled cloud droplets ( small water droplets below freezing ) , small ice crystals , and graupel ( soft hail ) . The updraft carries the super-cooled cloud droplets and very small ice crystals upward . At the same time , the graupel , which is considerably larger and denser , tends to fall or be suspended in the rising air . When the rising ice crystals collide with graupel , the ice crystals become positively charged and the graupel becomes negatively charged . The differences in the movement of the precipitation cause collisions to occur . When the rising ice crystals collide with graupel , the ice crystals become positively charged and the graupel becomes negatively charged . See figure to the left . The updraft carries the positively charged ice crystals upward toward the top of the storm cloud . The larger and denser graupel is either suspended in the middle of the thunderstorm cloud or falls toward the lower part of the storm . The upper part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes positively charged while the middle to lower part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes negatively charged . The result is that the upper part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes positively charged while the middle to lower part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes negatively charged . The upward motions within the storm and winds at higher levels in the atmosphere tend to cause the small ice crystals ( and positive charge ) in the upper part of the thunderstorm cloud to spread out horizontally some distance from thunderstorm cloud base . This part of the thunderstorm cloud is called the anvil . While this is the main charging process for the thunderstorm cloud , some of these charges can be redistributed by air movements within the storm ( updrafts and downdrafts ) . In addition , there is a small but important positive charge buildup near the bottom of the thunderstorm cloud due to the precipitation and warmer temperatures . General considerations ( edit ) Play media Four - second video of a lightning strike , Island in the Sky , Canyonlands National Park , Utah , United States . On Earth , the lightning frequency is approximately 40 -- 50 times a second or nearly 1.4 billion flashes per year and the average duration is 0.2 seconds made up from a number of much shorter flashes ( strokes ) of around 30 microseconds . Many factors affect the frequency , distribution , strength and physical properties of a typical lightning flash in a particular region of the world . These factors include ground elevation , latitude , prevailing wind currents , relative humidity , proximity to warm and cold bodies of water , etc . To a certain degree , the ratio between IC ( in - cloud or intracloud ) , CC ( cloud - to - cloud ) and CG ( cloud - to - ground ) lightning may also vary by season in middle latitudes . Because human beings are terrestrial and most of their possessions are on the Earth where lightning can damage or destroy them , CG lightning is the most studied and best understood of the three types , even though IC and CC are more common types of lightning . Lightning 's relative unpredictability limits a complete explanation of how or why it occurs , even after hundreds of years of scientific investigation . A typical cloud - to - ground lightning flash culminates in the formation of an electrically conducting plasma channel through the air in excess of 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) tall , from within the cloud to the ground 's surface . The actual discharge is the final stage of a very complex process . At its peak , a typical thunderstorm produces three or more strikes to the Earth per minute . Lightning primarily occurs when warm air is mixed with colder air masses , resulting in atmospheric disturbances necessary for polarizing the atmosphere . However , it can also occur during dust storms , forest fires , tornadoes , volcanic eruptions , and even in the cold of winter , where the lightning is known as thundersnow . Hurricanes typically generate some lightning , mainly in the rainbands as much as 160 km ( 99 mi ) from the center . The science of lightning is called fulminology , and the fear of lightning is called astraphobia . Frequency ( edit ) Main article : Distribution of lightning World map showing frequency of lightning strikes , in flashes per km2 per year ( equal - area projection ) , from combined 1995 -- 2003 data from the Optical Transient Detector and 1998 -- 2003 data from the Lightning Imaging Sensor . Lightning is not distributed evenly around the planet , as shown in the map . About 70 % of lightning occurs over land in the tropics where atmospheric convection is the greatest . This occurs from both the mixture of warmer and colder air masses , as well as differences in moisture concentrations , and it generally happens at the boundaries between them . The flow of warm ocean currents past drier land masses , such as the Gulf Stream , partially explains the elevated frequency of lightning in the Southeast United States . Because the influence of small or absent land masses in the vast stretches of the world 's oceans limits the differences between these variants in the atmosphere , lightning is notably less frequent there than over larger landforms . The North and South Poles are limited in their coverage of thunderstorms and therefore result in areas with the least amount of lightning . In general , cloud - to - ground ( CG ) lightning flashes account for only 25 % of all total lightning flashes worldwide . Since the base of a thunderstorm is usually negatively charged , this is where most CG lightning originates . This region is typically at the elevation where freezing occurs within the cloud . Freezing , combined with collisions between ice and water , appears to be a critical part of the initial charge development and separation process . During wind - driven collisions , ice crystals tend to develop a positive charge , while a heavier , slushy mixture of ice and water ( called graupel ) develops a negative charge . Updrafts within a storm cloud separate the lighter ice crystals from the heavier graupel , causing the top region of the cloud to accumulate a positive space charge while the lower level accumulates a negative space charge . Lightning in Belfort , France Because the concentrated charge within the cloud must exceed the insulating properties of air , and this increases proportionally to the distance between the cloud and the ground , the proportion of CG strikes ( versus cloud - to - cloud ( CC ) or in - cloud ( IC ) discharges ) becomes greater when the cloud is closer to the ground . In the tropics , where the freezing level is generally higher in the atmosphere , only 10 % of lightning flashes are CG . At the latitude of Norway ( around 60 ° North latitude ) , where the freezing elevation is lower , 50 % of lightning is CG . Lightning is usually produced by cumulonimbus clouds , which have bases that are typically 1 -- 2 km ( 0.6 -- 1.25 miles ) above the ground and tops up to 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) in height . Lightning hotspots : The place on Earth where lightning occurs most often is near the small village of Kifuka in the mountains of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo , where the elevation is around 975 m ( 3,200 ft ) . On average , this region receives 158 lightning strikes per 1 square kilometer ( 0.39 sq mi ) per year . Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela averages 297 days per year with lightning activity . Other lightning hotspots include Catatumbo in Venezuela , Singapore , and Lightning Alley in Central Florida . Necessary conditions ( edit ) Main article : Thunderstorm Sound of a thunderstorm In order for an electrostatic discharge to occur , two preconditions are necessary : firstly , a sufficiently high electric potential between two regions of space must exist , and secondly , a high - resistance medium must obstruct the free , unimpeded equalization of the opposite charges . It is well understood that during a thunderstorm there is charge separation and aggregation in certain regions of the cloud ; however the exact processes by which this occurs are not fully understood . The atmosphere provides the electrical insulation , or barrier , that prevents free equalization between charged regions of opposite polarity . This is overcome by `` lightning '' , a complex process referred to as the lightning `` flash '' . Electrical field generation ( edit ) View of lightning from an airplane flying above a system . As a thundercloud moves over the surface of the Earth , an equal electric charge , but of opposite polarity , is induced on the Earth 's surface underneath the cloud . The induced positive surface charge , when measured against a fixed point , will be small as the thundercloud approaches , increasing as the center of the storm arrives and dropping as the thundercloud passes . The referential value of the induced surface charge could be roughly represented as a bell curve . The oppositely charged regions create an electric field within the air between them . This electric field varies in relation to the strength of the surface charge on the base of the thundercloud -- the greater the accumulated charge , the higher the electrical field . Flashes and strikes ( edit ) The best studied and understood form of lightning is cloud to ground ( CG ) . Although more common , intracloud ( IC ) and cloud to cloud ( CC ) flashes are very difficult to study given there are no `` physical '' points to monitor inside the clouds . Also , given the very low probability lightning will strike the same point repeatedly and consistently , scientific inquiry is difficult at best even in the areas of high CG frequency . As such , knowing flash propagation is similar amongst all forms of lightning , the best means to describe the process is through an examination of the most studied form , cloud to ground . A lightning strike from cloud to ground in the California , Mojave Desert An intracloud flash . A lightning flash within the cloud , illuminates the entire blanket . Lightning leaders ( edit ) A downward leader travels towards earth , branching as it goes . Lightning strike caused by the connection of two leaders , positive shown in blue and negative in red In a process not well understood , a bidirectional channel of ionized air , called a `` leader '' , is initiated between oppositely - charged regions in a thundercloud . Leaders are electrically conductive channels of ionized gas that propagate through , or are otherwise attracted to , regions with a charge opposite of that of the leader tip . The negative end of the bidirectional leader fills a positive charge region , also called a well , inside the cloud while the positive end fills a negative charge well . Leaders often split , forming branches in a tree - like pattern . In addition , negative and some positive leaders travel in a discontinuous fashion , in a process called `` stepping '' . The resulting jerky movement of the leaders can be readily observed in slow - motion videos of lightning flashes . It is possible for one end of the leader to fill the oppositely - charged well entirely while the other end is still active . When this happens , the leader end which filled the well may propagate outside of the thundercloud and result in either a cloud - to - air flash or a cloud - to - ground flash . In a typical cloud - to - ground flash , a bidirectional leader initiates between the main negative and lower positive charge regions in a thundercloud . The weaker positive charge region is filled quickly by the negative leader which then propagates toward the inductively - charged ground . The positively and negatively charged leaders proceed in opposite directions , positive upwards within the cloud and negative towards the earth . Both ionic channels proceed , in their respective directions , in a number of successive spurts . Each leader `` pools '' ions at the leading tips , shooting out one or more new leaders , momentarily pooling again to concentrate charged ions , then shooting out another leader . The negative leader continues to propagate and split as it heads downward , often speeding up as it get closer to the Earth 's surface . About 90 % of ionic channel lengths between `` pools '' are approximately 45 m ( 148 ft ) in length . The establishment of the ionic channel takes a comparatively long amount of time ( hundreds of milliseconds ) in comparison to the resulting discharge , which occurs within a few microseconds . The electric current needed to establish the channel , measured in the tens or hundreds of amperes , is dwarfed by subsequent currents during the actual discharge . Initiation of the lightning leaders is not well understood . The electric field strength within the thundercloud is not typically large enough to initiate this process by itself . Many hypotheses have been proposed . One theory postulates that showers of relativistic electrons are created by cosmic rays and are then accelerated to higher velocities via a process called runaway breakdown . As these relativistic electrons collide and ionize neutral air molecules , they initiate leader formation . Another theory invokes locally enhanced electric fields being formed near elongated water droplets or ice crystals . Percolation theory , especially for the case of biased percolation , describes random connectivity phenomena , which produce an evolution of connected structures similar to that of lightning strikes . Upward streamers ( edit ) When a stepped leader approaches the ground , the presence of opposite charges on the ground enhances the strength of the electric field . The electric field is strongest on grounded objects whose tops are closest to the base of the thundercloud , such as trees and tall buildings . If the electric field is strong enough , a positively charged ionic channel , called a positive or upward streamer , can develop from these points . This was first theorized by Heinz Kasemir . As negatively charged leaders approach , increasing the localized electric field strength , grounded objects already experiencing corona discharge exceed a threshold and form upward streamers . Attachment ( edit ) Once a downward leader connects to an available upward leader , a process referred to as attachment , a low - resistance path is formed and discharge may occur . Photographs have been taken in which unattached streamers are clearly visible . The unattached downward leaders are also visible in branched lightning , none of which are connected to the earth , although it may appear they are . Discharge ( edit ) Return stroke ( edit ) High - speed photography showing different parts of a lightning flash during the discharge process as seen in Toulouse , France . Once a conductive channel bridges the air gap between the negative charge excess in the cloud and the positive surface charge excess below , there is a large drop in resistance across the lightning channel . Electrons accelerate rapidly as a result in a zone beginning at the point of attachment , which expands across the entire leader network at a fraction of the speed of light . This is the ' return stroke ' and it is the most luminous and noticeable part of the lightning discharge . A large electric current flows along the plasma channel from the cloud to the ground , neutralising the positive ground charge as electrons flow away from the strike point to the surrounding area . This huge surge of current creates large radial voltage differences along the surface of the ground . Called step potentials , they are responsible for more injuries and deaths than the strike itself . Electricity takes every path available to it . A portion of the return stroke current will often preferentially flow through one leg and out another , electrocuting an unlucky human or animal standing near the point where the lightning strikes . The electric current of the return stroke averages 30 kiloamperes for a typical negative CG flash , often referred to as `` negative CG '' lightning . In some cases , a ground to cloud ( GC ) lightning flash may originate from a positively charged region on the ground below a storm . These discharges normally originate from the tops of very tall structures , such as communications antennas . The rate at which the return stroke current travels has been found to be around 1 × 10 m / s . The massive flow of electric current occurring during the return stroke combined with the rate at which it occurs ( measured in microseconds ) rapidly superheats the completed leader channel , forming a highly electrically conductive plasma channel . The core temperature of the plasma during the return stroke may exceed 50,000 K , causing it to brilliantly radiate with a blue - white color . Once the electric current stops flowing , the channel cools and dissipates over tens or hundreds of milliseconds , often disappearing as fragmented patches of glowing gas . The nearly instantaneous heating during the return stroke causes the air to expand explosively , producing a powerful shock wave which is heard as thunder . Re-strike ( edit ) High - speed videos ( examined frame - by - frame ) show that most negative CG lightning flashes are made up of 3 or 4 individual strokes , though there may be as many as 30 . Each re-strike is separated by a relatively large amount of time , typically 40 to 50 milliseconds , as other charged regions in the cloud are discharged in subsequent strokes . Re-strikes often cause a noticeable `` strobe light '' effect . To understand why multiple return strokes utilize the same lightning channel , one needs to understand the behavior of positive leaders , which a typical ground flash effectively becomes following the negative leader 's connection with the ground . Positive leaders decay more rapidly than negative leaders do . For reasons not well understood , bidirectional leaders tend to initiate on the tips of the decayed positive leaders in which the negative end attempts to re-ionize the leader network . These leaders , also called recoil leaders , usually decay shortly after their formation . When they do manage to make contact with a conductive portion of the main leader network , a return stroke - like process occurs and a dart leader travels across all , or a portion of the length of the original leader . The dart leaders making connections with the ground is what causes a majority of subsequent return strokes . Each successive stroke is preceded by intermediate dart leader strokes that have a faster rise time but lower amplitude than the initial return stroke . Each subsequent stroke usually re-uses the discharge channel taken by the previous one , but the channel may be offset from its previous position as wind displaces the hot channel . Since recoil and dart leader processes do not occur on negative leaders , subsequent return strokes very seldom utilize the same channel on positive ground flashes which are explained later in the article . Transient currents during flash ( edit ) The electric current within a typical negative CG lightning discharge rises very quickly to its peak value in 1 -- 10 microseconds , then decays more slowly over 50 -- 200 microseconds . The transient nature of the current within a lightning flash results in several phenomena that need to be addressed in the effective protection of ground - based structures . Rapidly changing currents tend to travel on the surface of a conductor , in what is called the skin effect , unlike direct currents , which `` flow through '' the entire conductor like water through a hose . Hence , conductors used in the protection of facilities tend to be multi-stranded , with small wires woven together . This increases the total bundle surface area in inverse proportion to the individual strand radius , for a fixed total cross-sectional area . The rapidly changing currents also create electromagnetic pulses ( EMPs ) that radiate outward from the ionic channel . This is a characteristic of all electrical discharges . The radiated pulses rapidly weaken as their distance from the origin increases . However , if they pass over conductive elements such as power lines , communication lines , or metallic pipes , they may induce a current which travels outward to its termination . This is the `` surge '' that , more often than not , results in the destruction of delicate electronics , electrical appliances , or electric motors . Devices known as surge protectors ( SPD ) or transient voltage surge suppressors ( TVSS ) attached in parallel with these lines can detect the lightning flash 's transient irregular current , and , through an alteration of its physical properties , route the spike to an attached earthing ground , thereby protecting the equipment from damage . Types ( edit ) There are three primary types of lightning , defined by what is at the `` ends '' of a flash channel . Intracloud ( IC ) , which occurs within a single thundercloud unit Cloud to cloud ( CC ) or intercloud , which starts and ends between two different `` functional '' thundercloud units Cloud to ground ( CG ) , that primarily originates in the thundercloud and terminates on an Earth surface , but may also occur in the reverse direction , that is ground to cloud There are variations of each type , such as `` positive '' versus `` negative '' CG flashes , that have different physical characteristics common to each which can be measured . Different common names used to describe a particular lightning event may be attributed to the same or different events . Cloud to ground ( CG ) ( edit ) Cloud to ground lightning Cloud - to - ground ( CG ) lightning is a lightning discharge between a thundercloud and the ground . It is initiated by a stepped leader moving down from the cloud , which is met by a streamer moving up from the ground . CG is the least common , but best understood of all types of lightning . It is easier to study scientifically , because it terminates on a physical object , namely the Earth , and lends itself to being measured by instruments on the ground . Of the three primary types of lightning , it poses the greatest threat to life and property since it terminates or `` strikes '' the Earth . The overall discharge , termed a flash , is composed of a number of processes such as preliminary breakdown , stepped leaders , connecting leaders , return strokes , dart leaders and subsequent return strokes . Positive and negative lightning ( edit ) Cloud - to - ground ( CG ) lightning is either positive or negative , as defined by the direction of the conventional electric current from cloud to ground . Most CG lightning is negative , meaning that a negative charge is transferred to ground and electrons travel downward along the lightning channel . The reverse happens in a positive CG flash , where electrons travel upward along the lightning channel and a positive charge is transferred to the ground . Positive lightning is less common than negative lightning , and on average makes up less than 5 % of all lightning strikes . A Bolt from the blue lightning strike which appears to initiate from the clear , but turbulent sky above the anvil cloud and drive a bolt of plasma through the cloud directly to the ground . They are commonly referred to as positive flashes despite the fact that they are usually negative in polarity . There are six different mechanisms theorized to result in the formation of downward positive lightning . Vertical wind shear displacing the upper positive charge region of a thundercloud , exposing it to the ground below . The loss of lower charge regions in the dissipating stage of a thunderstorm , leaving the primary positive charge region . A complex arrangement of charge regions in a thundercloud , effectively resulting in an inverted dipole or inverted tripole in which the main negative charge region is above the main positive charge region instead of beneath it . An unusually large lower positive charge region in the thundercloud . Cutoff of an extended negative leader from its origin which creates a new bidirectional leader in which the positive end strikes the ground , commonly seen in anvil - crawler spider flashes . The initiation of a downward positive branch from an intracloud lightning flash . Contrary to popular belief , positive lightning flashes do not necessarily originate from the anvil or the upper positive charge region and strike a rain - free area outside of the thunderstorm . This belief is based on the outdated idea that lightning leaders are unipolar in nature and originating from their respective charge region . Positive lightning strikes tend to be much more intense than their negative counterparts . An average bolt of negative lightning carries an electric current of 30,000 amperes ( 30 kA ) , and transfers 15 coulombs of electric charge and 500 megajoules of energy . Large bolts of negative lightning can carry up to 120 kA and 350 coulombs . The average positive ground flash has roughly double the peak current of a typical negative flash , and can produce peak currents up to 400,000 amperes ( 400 kA ) and charges of several hundreds coulombs . Furthermore , positive ground flashes with high peak currents are commonly followed by long continuing currents , a correlation not seen in negative ground flashes . As a result of their greater power , as well as lack of warning , positive lightning strikes are considerably more dangerous . Due to the aforementioned tendency for positive ground flashes to produce both high peak currents and long continuing current , they are capable of heating surfaces to much higher levels which increases the likelihood of a fire being ignited . Positive lightning has also been shown to trigger the occurrence of upward lightning flashes from the tops of tall structures and is largely responsible for the initiation of sprites several tens of kilometers above ground level . Positive lightning tends to occur more frequently in winter storms , as with thundersnow , during intense tornadoes and in the dissipation stage of a thunderstorm . Huge quantities of extremely low frequency ( ELF ) and very low frequency ( VLF ) radio waves are also generated . A unique form of cloud - to - ground lightning exists where lightning appears to exit from the cumulonimbus cloud and propagate a considerable distance through clear air before veering towards , and striking , the ground . For this reason , they are known as `` bolts from the blue '' . Despite the popular misconception that these are positive lightning strikes due to them seemingly originating from the positive charge region , observations have shown that these are in fact negative flashes . They begin as intracloud flashes within the cloud , the negative leader then exits the cloud from the positive charge region before propagating through clear air and striking the ground some distance away . Cloud to cloud ( CC ) and intracloud ( IC ) ( edit ) Branching of cloud to cloud lightning , New Delhi , India Multiple paths of cloud - to - cloud lightning , Swifts Creek , Australia . Cloud - to - cloud lightning , Victoria , Australia . Cloud - to - cloud lightning seen in Gresham , Oregon . Lightning discharges may occur between areas of cloud without contacting the ground . When it occurs between two separate clouds it is known as inter-cloud lightning , and when it occurs between areas of differing electric potential within a single cloud it is known as intra-cloud lightning . Intra-cloud lightning is the most frequently occurring type . Intra-cloud lightning most commonly occurs between the upper anvil portion and lower reaches of a given thunderstorm . This lightning can sometimes be observed at great distances at night as so - called `` sheet lightning '' . In such instances , the observer may see only a flash of light without hearing any thunder . Anvil Crawler over Lake Wright Patman south of Redwater , Texas on the backside of a large area of rain associated with a cold - front Another term used for cloud -- cloud or cloud -- cloud -- ground lightning is `` Anvil Crawler '' , due to the habit of charge , typically originating beneath or within the anvil and scrambling through the upper cloud layers of a thunderstorm , often generating dramatic multiple branch strokes . These are usually seen as a thunderstorm passes over the observer or begins to decay . The most vivid crawler behavior occurs in well developed thunderstorms that feature extensive rear anvil shearing . Observational variations ( edit ) Anvil crawler lightning , sometimes called Spider lightning is created when leaders propagate through horizontally - extensive charge regions in mature thunderstorms , usually the stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems . These discharges usually begin as intracloud discharges originating within the convective region ; the negative leader end then propagates well into the aforementioned charge regions in the stratiform area . If the leader becomes too long , it may separate into multiple bidirectional leaders . When this happens , the positive end of the separated leader may strike the ground as a positive CG flash or crawl on the underside of the cloud , creating a spectacular display of lightning crawling across the sky . Ground flashes produced in this manner tend to transfer high amounts of charge , and this can trigger upward lightning flashes and upper - atmospheric lightning . Ball lightning may be an atmospheric electrical phenomenon , the physical nature of which is still controversial . The term refers to reports of luminous , usually spherical objects which vary from pea - sized to several meters in diameter . It is sometimes associated with thunderstorms , but unlike lightning flashes , which last only a fraction of a second , ball lightning reportedly lasts many seconds . Ball lightning has been described by eyewitnesses but rarely recorded by meteorologists . Scientific data on natural ball lightning is scarce owing to its infrequency and unpredictability . The presumption of its existence is based on reported public sightings , and has therefore produced somewhat inconsistent findings . Brett Porter , wildlife ranger , reported having taken a photo at Queensland of Australia in 1987 . Bead lightning is the decaying stage of a lightning channel in which the luminosity of the channel breaks up into segments . Nearly every lightning discharge will exhibit beading as the channel cools immediately after a return stroke , sometimes referred to as the lightning 's ' bead - out ' stage . ' Bead lightning ' is more properly a stage of a normal lightning discharge rather than a type of lightning in itself . Beading of a lightning channel is usually a small - scale feature , and therefore is often only apparent when the observer / camera is close to the lightning . Cloud - to - air lightning is a lightning flash in which one end of a bidirectional leader exits the cloud , but does not result in a ground flash . Such flashes can sometimes be thought of as failed ground flashes . Blue jets and gigantic jets are a form of cloud - to - air or cloud - to - ionosphere lightning where a leader is launched from the top of a thunderstorm . Dry lightning is used in Australia , Canada and the United States for lightning that occurs with no precipitation at the surface . This type of lightning is the most common natural cause of wildfires . Pyrocumulus clouds produce lightning for the same reason that it is produced by cumulonimbus clouds . Forked lightning is cloud - to - ground lightning that exhibits branching of its path . Heat lightning is a lightning flash that appears to produce no discernible thunder because it occurs too far away for the thunder to be heard . The sound waves dissipate before they reach the observer . Ribbon lightning occurs in thunderstorms with high cross winds and multiple return strokes . The wind will blow each successive return stroke slightly to one side of the previous return stroke , causing a ribbon effect . Rocket lightning is a form of cloud discharge , generally horizontal and at cloud base , with a luminous channel appearing to advance through the air with visually resolvable speed , often intermittently . Sheet lightning is cloud - to - cloud lightning that exhibits a diffuse brightening of the surface of a cloud , caused by the actual discharge path being hidden or too far away . The lightning itself can not be seen by the spectator , so it appears as only a flash , or a sheet of light . The lightning may be too far away to discern individual flashes . Smooth channel lightning is an informal term referring to a type of cloud - to - ground lightning strike that has no visible branching and appears like a line with smooth curves as opposed to the jagged appearance of most lightning channels . They are a form of positive lightning generally observed in or near the convective regions of severe thunderstorms in the north central United States . It is theorized that severe thunderstorms in this region obtain an `` inverted tripole '' charge structure in which the main positive charge region is located below the main negative charge region instead of above it , and as a result these thunderstorms generate predominantly positive cloud - to - ground lightning . The term `` smooth channel lightning '' is also sometimes attributed to upward ground - to - cloud lightning flashes , which are generally negative flashes initiated by upward positive leaders from tall structures . Staccato lightning is a cloud - to - ground lightning ( CG ) strike which is a short - duration stroke that ( often but not always ) appears as a single very bright flash and often has considerable branching . These are often found in the visual vault area near the mesocyclone of rotating thunderstorms and coincides with intensification of thunderstorm updrafts . A similar cloud - to - cloud strike consisting of a brief flash over a small area , appearing like a blip , also occurs in a similar area of rotating updrafts . This CG was of very short duration , exhibited highly branched channels and was very bright indicating that it was staccato lightning near New Boston , Texas . Superbolts are bolts of lightning around a hundred times brighter than normal . On Earth , one in a million lightning strikes is a superbolt . Sympathetic lightning is the tendency of lightning to be loosely coordinated across long distances . Discharges can appear in clusters when viewed from space . Upward lightning or ground - to - cloud lightning is a lightning flash which originates from the top of a grounded object and propagates upward from this point . This type of lightning can be triggered by a preceding lightning flash , or it may initiate entirely on its own . The former is generally found in regions where spider lightning occurs , and may involve multiple grounded objects simultaneously . The latter usually occurs during the cold season and may be the dominant lightning type in thundersnow events . Clear - air lightning describes lightning that occurs with no apparent cloud close enough to have produced it . In the U.S. and Canadian Rockies , a thunderstorm can be in an adjacent valley and not observable from the valley where the lightning bolt strikes , either visually or audibly . European and Asian mountainous areas experience similar events . Also in areas such as sounds , large lakes or open plains , when the storm cell is on the near horizon ( within 26 km ( 16 mi ) ) there may be some distant activity , a strike can occur and as the storm is so far away , the strike is referred to as a bolt from the blue . These flashes usually begin as normal intracloud lightning flashes before the negative leader exits the cloud and strikes the ground a considerable distance away . Positive clear - air strikes can occur in highly sheared environments where the upper positive charge region becomes horizontally displaced from the precipitation area . Effects ( edit ) Lightning strike ( edit ) Main article : Lightning strike Objects struck by lightning experience heat and magnetic forces of great magnitude . The heat created by lightning currents traveling through a tree may vaporize its sap , causing a steam explosion that bursts the trunk . As lightning travels through sandy soil , the soil surrounding the plasma channel may melt , forming tubular structures called fulgurites . Even though roughly 90 percent of people struck by lightning survive , humans or animals struck by lightning may suffer severe injury due to internal organ and nervous system damage . Buildings or tall structures hit by lightning may be damaged as the lightning seeks unintended paths to ground . By safely conducting a lightning strike to ground , a lightning protection system can greatly reduce the probability of severe property damage . Lightning also serves an important role in the nitrogen cycle by oxidizing diatomic nitrogen in the air into nitrates which are deposited by rain and can fertilize the growth of plants and other organisms . Thunder ( edit ) Main article : Thunder Because the electrostatic discharge of terrestrial lightning superheats the air to plasma temperatures along the length of the discharge channel in a short duration , kinetic theory dictates gaseous molecules undergo a rapid increase in pressure and thus expand outward from the lightning creating a shock wave audible as thunder . Since the sound waves propagate not from a single point source but along the length of the lightning 's path , the sound origin 's varying distances from the observer can generate a rolling or rumbling effect . Perception of the sonic characteristics is further complicated by factors such as the irregular and possibly branching geometry of the lightning channel , by acoustic echoing from terrain , and by the typically multiple - stroke characteristic of the lightning strike . Light travels at about 300,000,000 m / s , and sound travels through air at about 340 m / s . An observer can approximate the distance to the strike by timing the interval between the visible lightning and the audible thunder it generates . A lightning flash preceding its thunder by one second would be approximately 340 m ( 0.21 mi ) in distance ; a delay of three seconds would indicate a distance of about one kilometer ( 0.62 mi ) ( 3 × 340 m ) . A flash preceding thunder by five seconds would indicate a distance of approximately one mile ( 1.6 km ) ( 5 × 340 m ) . Consequently , a lightning strike observed at a very close distance will be accompanied by a sudden clap of thunder , with almost no perceptible time lapse , possibly accompanied by the smell of ozone ( O ) . High - energy radiation ( edit ) The production of X-rays by a bolt of lightning was theoretically predicted as early as 1925 but no evidence was found until 2001 / 2002 , when researchers at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology detected X-ray emissions from an induced lightning strike along a grounded wire trailed behind a rocket shot into a storm cloud . In the same year University of Florida and Florida Tech researchers used an array of electric field and X-ray detectors at a lightning research facility in North Florida to confirm that natural lightning makes X-rays in large quantities during the propagation of stepped leaders . The cause of the X-ray emissions is still a matter for research , as the temperature of lightning is too low to account for the X-rays observed . A number of observations by space - based telescopes have revealed even higher energy gamma ray emissions , the so - called terrestrial gamma - ray flashes ( TGFs ) . These observations pose a challenge to current theories of lightning , especially with the recent discovery of the clear signatures of antimatter produced in lightning . Recent research has shown that secondary species , produced by these TGFs , such as electrons , positrons , neutrons or protons , can gain energies of up to several tens of MeV . Volcanic ( edit ) Volcanic material thrust high into the atmosphere can trigger lightning . Volcanic activity produces lightning - friendly conditions in multiple ways . The enormous quantity of pulverized material and gases explosively ejected into the atmosphere creates a dense plume of particles . The ash density and constant motion within the volcanic plume produces charge by frictional interactions ( triboelectrification ) , resulting in very powerful and very frequent flashes as the cloud attempts to neutralize itself . Due to the extensive solid material ( ash ) content , unlike the water rich charge generating zones of a normal thundercloud , it is often called a dirty thunderstorm . Powerful and frequent flashes have been witnessed in the volcanic plume as far back as the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius by Pliny The Younger . Likewise , vapors and ash originating from vents on the volcano 's flanks may produce more localized and smaller flashes upwards of 2.9 km long . Small , short duration sparks , recently documented near newly extruded magma , attest to the material being highly charged prior to even entering the atmosphere . Extraterrestrial ( edit ) Lightning has been observed within the atmospheres of other planets , such as Jupiter and Saturn . Although in the minority on Earth , superbolts appear to be common on Jupiter . Lightning on Venus has been a controversial subject after decades of study . During the Soviet Venera and U.S. Pioneer missions of the 1970s and 1980s , signals suggesting lightning may be present in the upper atmosphere were detected . Although the Cassini -- Huygens mission fly - by of Venus in 1999 detected no signs of lightning , the observation window lasted mere hours . Radio pulses recorded by the spacecraft Venus Express ( which began orbiting Venus in April 2006 ) may originate from lightning on Venus . Human - related phenomena ( edit ) Airplane contrails have also been observed to influence lightning to a small degree . The water vapor - dense contrails of airplanes may provide a lower resistance pathway through the atmosphere having some influence upon the establishment of an ionic pathway for a lightning flash to follow . Rocket exhaust plumes provided a pathway for lightning when it was witnessed striking the Apollo 12 rocket shortly after takeoff . Thermonuclear explosions by providing extra material for electrical conduction and a very turbulent localized atmosphere , have been seen triggering lightning flashes within the mushroom cloud . In addition , intense gamma radiation from large nuclear explosions may develop intensely charged regions in the surrounding air through Compton scattering . The intensely charged space charge regions create multiple clear - air lightning discharges shortly after the device detonates . Scientific study ( edit ) Properties ( edit ) Thunder is heard as a rolling , gradually dissipating rumble because the sound from different portions of a long stroke arrives at slightly different times . When the local electric field exceeds the dielectric strength of damp air ( about 3 million volts per meter ) , electrical discharge results in a strike , often followed by commensurate discharges branching from the same path . ( See image , right . ) Mechanisms that cause the charges to build up to lightning are still a matter of scientific investigation . New study confirming dielectric breakdown is involved . Rison 2016 . Lightning may be caused by the circulation of warm moisture - filled air through electric fields . Ice or water particles then accumulate charge as in a Van de Graaff generator . Researchers at the University of Florida found that the final one - dimensional speeds of 10 flashes observed were between 1.0 × 10 and 1.4 × 10 m / s , with an average of 4.4 × 10 m / s . Detection and monitoring ( edit ) Lightning strike counter in a museum Main article : Lightning detection The earliest detector invented to warn of the approach of a thunder storm was the lightning bell . Benjamin Franklin installed one such device in his house . The detector was based on an electrostatic device called the ' electric chimes ' invented by Andrew Gordon in 1742 . Lightning discharges generate a wide range of electromagnetic radiations , including radio - frequency pulses . The times at which a pulse from a given lightning discharge arrives at several receivers can be used to locate the source of the discharge . The United States federal government has constructed a nationwide grid of such lightning detectors , allowing lightning discharges to be tracked in real time throughout the continental U.S. The Earth - ionosphere waveguide traps electromagnetic VLF - and ELF waves . Electromagnetic pulses transmitted by lightning strikes propagate within that waveguide . The waveguide is dispersive , which means that their group velocity depends on frequency . The difference of the group time delay of a lightning pulse at adjacent frequencies is proportional to the distance between transmitter and receiver . Together with direction finding methods , this allows to locate lightning strikes up to distances of 10,000 km from their origin . Moreover , the eigenfrequencies of the Earth - ionospheric waveguide , the Schumann resonances at about 7.5 Hz , are used to determine the global thunderstorm activity . In addition to ground - based lightning detection , several instruments aboard satellites have been constructed to observe lightning distribution . These include the Optical Transient Detector ( OTD ) , aboard the OrbView - 1 satellite launched on April 3 , 1995 , and the subsequent Lightning Imaging Sensor ( LIS ) aboard TRMM launched on November 28 , 1997 . Artificially triggered ( edit ) Rocket - triggered lightning can be `` triggered '' by launching specially designed rockets trailing spools of wire into thunderstorms . The wire unwinds as the rocket ascends , creating an elevated ground that can attract descending leaders . If a leader attaches , the wire provides a low - resistance pathway for a lightning flash to occur . The wire is vaporized by the return current flow , creating a straight lightning plasma channel in its place . This method allows for scientific research of lightning to occur under a more controlled and predictable manner . The International Center for Lightning Research and Testing ( ICLRT ) at Camp Blanding , Florida typically uses rocket triggered lightning in their research studies . Laser - triggered Since the 1970s , researchers have attempted to trigger lightning strikes by means of infrared or ultraviolet lasers , which create a channel of ionized gas through which the lightning would be conducted to ground . Such triggering of lightning is intended to protect rocket launching pads , electric power facilities , and other sensitive targets . In New Mexico , U.S. , scientists tested a new terawatt laser which provoked lightning . Scientists fired ultra-fast pulses from an extremely powerful laser thus sending several terawatts into the clouds to call down electrical discharges in storm clouds over the region . The laser beams sent from the laser make channels of ionized molecules known as `` filaments '' . Before the lightning strikes earth , the filaments lead electricity through the clouds , playing the role of lightning rods . Researchers generated filaments that lived a period too short to trigger a real lightning strike . Nevertheless , a boost in electrical activity within the clouds was registered . According to the French and German scientists who ran the experiment , the fast pulses sent from the laser will be able to provoke lightning strikes on demand . Statistical analysis showed that their laser pulses indeed enhanced the electrical activity in the thundercloud where it was aimed -- in effect they generated small local discharges located at the position of the plasma channels . Physical manifestations ( edit ) Lightning - induced remanent magnetization ( LIRM ) mapped during a magnetic field gradient survey of an archaeological site located in Wyoming , United States . Magnetism ( edit ) The movement of electrical charges produces a magnetic field ( see electromagnetism ) . The intense currents of a lightning discharge create a fleeting but very strong magnetic field . Where the lightning current path passes through rock , soil , or metal these materials can become permanently magnetized . This effect is known as lightning - induced remanent magnetism , or LIRM . These currents follow the least resistive path , often horizontally near the surface but sometimes vertically , where faults , ore bodies , or ground water offers a less resistive path . One theory suggests that lodestones , natural magnets encountered in ancient times , were created in this manner . Lightning - induced magnetic anomalies can be mapped in the ground , and analysis of magnetized materials can confirm lightning was the source of the magnetization and provide an estimate of the peak current of the lightning discharge . Solar wind and cosmic rays ( edit ) Some high energy cosmic rays produced by supernovas as well as solar particles from the solar wind , enter the atmosphere and electrify the air , which may create pathways for lightning bolts . In culture and religion ( edit ) Further information : Lightning in religion Lightning by Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis ( 1909 ) In many cultures , lightning has been viewed as part of a deity or a deity in and of itself . These include the Greek god Zeus , the Aztec god Tlaloc , the Mayan God K , Slavic mythology 's Perun , the Baltic Pērkons / Perkūnas , Thor in Norse mythology , Ukko in Finnish mythology , the Hindu god Indra , and the Shinto god Raijin . In the traditional religion of the African Bantu tribes , lightning is a sign of the ire of the gods . Verses in the Jewish religion and in Islam also ascribe supernatural importance to lightning . In Christianity , the Second Coming of Jesus is compared to lightning . The expression `` Lightning never strikes twice ( in the same place ) '' is similar to `` Opportunity never knocks twice '' in the vein of a `` once in a lifetime '' opportunity , i.e. , something that is generally considered improbable . Lightning occurs frequently and more so in specific areas . Since various factors alter the probability of strikes at any given location , repeat lightning strikes have a very low probability ( but are not impossible ) . Similarly , `` A bolt from the blue '' refers to something totally unexpected . Some political parties use lightning flashes as a symbol of power , such as the People 's Action Party in Singapore , the British Union of Fascists during the 1930s , and the National States ' Rights Party in the United States during the 1950s . The Schutzstaffel , the paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party , used the Sig rune in their logo which symbolizes lightning . The German word Blitzkrieg , which means `` lightning war '' , was a major offensive strategy of the German army during World War II . In French and Italian , the expression for `` Love at first sight '' is coup de foudre and colpo di fulmine , respectively , which literally translated means `` lightning strike '' . Some European languages have a separate word for lightning which strikes the ground ( as opposed to lightning in general ) ; often it is a cognate of the English word `` rays '' . The name of New Zealand 's most celebrated thoroughbred horse , Phar Lap , derives from the shared Zhuang and Thai word for lightning . The bolt of lightning in heraldry is called a thunderbolt and is shown as a zigzag with non-pointed ends . This symbol usually represents power and speed . The lightning bolt is used to represent the instantaneous communication capabilities of electrically powered telegraphs and radios . It was a commonly used motif in Art Deco design , especially the zig - zag Art Deco design of the late 1920s . The lightning bolt is a common insignia for military communications units throughout the world . A lightning bolt is also the NATO symbol for a signal asset . The Unicode symbol for lightning is ☇ U + 2607 See also ( edit ) A lightning bolt at Petrified Forest National Park , USA Environment portal Atmospheric convection Dark lightning Dry thunderstorm Harvesting lightning energy Keraunomedicine -- the medical study of lightning casualties Lichtenberg figure Lightning safety Lightning - prediction system Paleolightning Radio atmospheric St. Elmo 's fire Sprites Upper - atmospheric lightning Vela satellites -- satellites which could record lightning superbolts Whistler ( radio ) Lightning strike Lightning rod References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NWS Lightning Safety : Understanding Lightning : Thunderstorm Electrification '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Oliver , John E. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World Climatology . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning '' . gsu.edu . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Uman ( 1986 ) p. 81 . Jump up ^ Uman ( 1986 ) p. 55 . Jump up ^ Füllekrug , Martin ; Mareev , Eugene A. ; Rycroft , Michael J. ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` Sprites , Elves and Intense Lightning Discharges '' . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 9781402046285 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New Lightning Type Found Over Volcano ? Archived February 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... News.nationalgeographic.com ( February 2010 ) . Retrieved on June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bench collapse sparks lightning , roiling clouds '' . Volcano Watch . United States Geological Survey . June 11 , 1998 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . 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News report based on : Kasparian , J. ; Ackermann , R. ; André , Y.B. ; Méchain , G.G. ; Méjean , G. ; Prade , B. ; Rohwetter , P. ; Salmon , E. ; Stelmaszczyk , K. ; Yu , J. ; Mysyrowicz , A. ; Sauerbrey , R. ; Woeste , L. ; Wolf , J.P. ( 2008 ) . `` Electric events synchronized with laser filaments in thunderclouds '' . Optics Express . 16 ( 8 ) : 5757 -- 63 . Bibcode : 2008OExpr ... 16.5757 K . doi : 10.1364 / OE. 16.005757 . PMID 18542684 . Jump up ^ `` Laser Triggers Electrical Activity in Thunderstorm for the First Time '' . Newswise . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . News report based on Kasparian et al. , pp. 5757 -- 5763 Jump up ^ Graham , K.W.T. ( 1961 ) . `` The Re-magnetization of a Surface Outcrop by Lightning Currents '' . Geophysical Journal International . 6 : 85 . Bibcode : 1961GeoJI ... 6 ... 85G . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1961. tb02963. x . Jump up ^ Cox A. ( 1961 ) . 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Lightning : Physics and effects . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521583276 . Uman , Martin A. ( 1986 ) . All About Lightning . Dover Publications , Inc . pp. 103 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 25237 - 7 . This article incorporates public domain material from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration document `` Understanding Lightning : Thunderstorm Electrification '' . Further reading ( edit ) Alex Larsen ( 1905 ) . `` Photographing Lightning With a Moving Camera '' . Annual Report Smithsonian Institution . 60 ( 1 ) : 119 -- 127 . André Anders ( 2003 ) . `` Tracking Down the Origin of Arc Plasma Science I. Early Pulsed and Oscillating Discharges '' . IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science . 31 ( 4 ) : 1052 -- 1059 . Bibcode : 2003ITPS ... 31.1052 A . doi : 10.1109 / TPS. 2003.815476 . This is also available at `` Energy Citations Database ( ECD ) '' ( PDF ) . Osti.gov . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Anna Gosline ( May 2005 ) . `` Thunderbolts from space '' . New Scientist. 186 ( 2498 ) : 30 -- 34 . Sample , in . PDF form , consisting of the book through page 20 . The Mirror of Literature , Amusement , and Instruction , Vol. 12 , Issue 323 , July 19 , 1828 The Project Gutenberg eBook ( early lightning research ) P.R. Field ; W.H. Hand ; G. Cappelluti ; et al. ( November 2010 ) . `` Hail Threat Standardisation '' ( PDF ) . European Aviation Safety Agency . RP EASA. 2008 / 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2013 . Cooray , Vernon ( 2014 ) . An Introduction to Lightning . Springer Verlag . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 8938 - 7 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 017 - 8937 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lightning Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lightning . Look up lightning in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . How Lightning Works at HowStuffWorks Thunderstorms and Lightning at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) NOAA Lightning research European Cooperation for Lightning Detection WWLLN World Wide Lightning Location Network Bibliography of Fulgurites Image of lightning within a volcanic ash cloud Meteorological data and variables General Adiabatic processes Advection Buoyancy Lapse rate Lightning Surface solar radiation Surface weather analysis Visibility Vorticity Wind Wind shear Condensation Cloud Cloud condensation nuclei ( CCN ) Fog Convective condensation level ( CCL ) Lifted condensation level ( LCL ) Precipitation Water vapor Convection Convective available potential energy ( CAPE ) Convective inhibition ( CIN ) Convective instability Convective momentum transport Convective temperature ( T ) Equilibrium level ( EL ) Free convective layer ( FCL ) Helicity K Index Level of free convection ( LFC ) Lifted index ( LI ) Maximum parcel level ( MPL ) Bulk Richardson number ( BRN ) Temperature Dew point ( T ) Dew point depression Dry - bulb temperature Equivalent temperature ( T ) Forest fire weather index Haines Index Heat index Humidex Humidity Relative humidity ( RH ) Mixing ratio Potential temperature ( θ ) Equivalent potential temperature ( θ ) Sea surface temperature ( SST ) Thermodynamic temperature Vapor pressure Virtual temperature Wet - bulb temperature Wet - bulb potential temperature Wind chill Pressure Atmospheric pressure Baroclinity Barotropicity Pressure gradient Pressure - gradient force ( PGF ) Atmospheric electricity General Geophysics Atmospheric sciences Atmospheric physics Atmospheric dynamics Atmospheric dynamo Atmospheric chemistry Earth 's magnetic field Electromagnetism ELF / VLF emissions Radio atmospherics Whistlers Chorus Hiss Optical emissions Upper - atmospheric lightning Sprites St. Elmo 's fire Ball lightning Sources Solar radiation Lightning Equatorial electrojet Applications Electrodynamic tethers Magnetotellurics People Georg Wilhelm Richmann Egon Schweidler Nikola Tesla GND : 4124914 - 8 NDL : 00564812 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lightning&oldid=821775500 '' Categories : Lightning Electric arcs Electrical phenomena Storm Atmospheric electricity Electrical breakdown Space plasmas Weather hazards Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NOAA Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans አማርኛ ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 15 : 35 . 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-230720602220474645 | Bill Sikes | Bill Sikes - wikipedia Bill Sikes This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( January 2017 ) Bill Sikes Bill Sikes by Fred Barnard Created by Charles Dickens Portrayed by George Siegmann ( 1922 ) , William `` Stage '' Boyd ( 1933 ) , Robert Newton ( 1948 ) , Oliver Reed ( 1968 ) , Tim Curry ( 1982 ) , Michael Attwell ( 1985 ) , Robert Loggia ( voice , 1988 ) , Michael McAnallen ( 1995 ) , David O'Hara ( 1997 ) , Andy Serkis ( 1999 ) , Jamie Foreman ( 2005 ) , Tom Hardy ( 2007 ) , Burn Gorman ( 2009 ) , Steven Hartley ( 2009 ) , Shannon Wise ( 2010 ) , Jake Thomas ( 2011 ) , Anthony Brown ( 2012 ) , Mark Stanley ( 2015 ) Information Gender Male Occupation Criminal Significant other ( s ) Nancy ( lover , deceased ) Bill Sikes is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens . Sikes is a malicious criminal in Fagin 's gang , and a vicious robber and murderer . Role in the novel ( edit ) Dickens describes his first appearance : The man who growled out these words , was a stoutly - built fellow of about five - and - thirty , in a black velveteen coat , very soiled drab breeches , lace - up half boots , and grey cotton stockings which enclosed a bulky pair of legs , with large swelling calves -- the kind of legs , which in such costume , always look in an unfinished and incomplete state without a set of fetters to garnish them . He had a brown hat on his head , and a dirty belcher handkerchief round his neck : with the long frayed ends of which he smeared the beer from his face as he spoke . He disclosed , when he had done so , a broad heavy countenance with a beard of three weeks ' growth , and two scowling eyes ; one of which displayed various parti - coloured symptoms of having been recently damaged by a blow . His prostitute girlfriend Nancy tolerates his violent behaviour , because she loves him . However , when he thinks Nancy has betrayed him , Sikes viciously murders her . The murder is especially gruesome and one of the most graphic , frightening scenes Dickens ever wrote . In the end a mob hounds him through the streets of London until he hangs himself while trying to escape . It is left ambiguous as to whether or not this was intentional . Sikes has almost no redeeming qualities , although Dickens does give him some shading : at the robbery in the countryside , Sikes , rather than leave Oliver at the scene of his botched burglary of Mrs. Maylie 's house , picks him up and runs with him as far as he can , before hiding him in a ditch at the suggestion of an accomplice . After he brutally beats Nancy to death , he apparently is capable of feeling guilt -- although this is essentially suspicion that Fagin lied to him about her betrayal , and fear of the possibility of being caught . Sikes lives in Bethnal Green and later moves to the squalid rookery area of London then called Jacob 's Island , east of present - day Shad Thames . Sikes 's background and early life prior to joining Fagin are not mentioned in the book . Theatrical portrayals ( edit ) Robert Newton first played Sikes on screen in the 1948 British film noir Oliver Twist . Sikes 's death is changed slightly : while attempting to swing to another building to escape the mob , he is shot by a police officer and is hanged from the stomach . Sikes was played by Danny Sewell in the stage musical Oliver ! which won several awards in the early 1960s . Oliver Reed played Sikes in the musical 's 1968 film adaptation which also won several awards , with Reed 's performance often cited as the best portrayal of Sikes - being labelled as `` the sinister core of the film '' . His songs are removed from the film , making his performance of the character closer to that of the novel rather than the stage version . The famous climax of the 1948 film adaptation is retained and Bill Sikes dies in the same manner of being shot then accidentally hanging himself . In Disney 's animated version , Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) , Sikes is renamed Sykes and he is a cold - hearted loan shark who lives and works in a New York shipyard with his Dobermans , Roscoe and DeSoto and is voiced by Robert Loggia . Fagin , here depicted as a dogkeeper , owes him money . In a final confrontation , Sykes chases Fagin and the dogs into the subway tunnels until they reach the Brooklyn Bridge . While Roscoe and DeSoto are killed when they fall onto the electrified railway , Sykes fights with Oliver on the roof of his limousine , and is finally killed when his car collides with a train , sending his body falling into the East River . In Disney 's 1997 live action television production , Oliver Twist , Bill Sikes is played by David O'Hara . Sikes is portrayed by actor Tom Hardy in the BBC One Oliver Twist ( 2007 miniseries ) , later aired in the United States on PBS 's Masterpiece Classic . In the 2015 BBC TV series Dickensian , Sikes is played by Mark Stanley . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dickens , Charles . Oliver Twist . Vol. 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Richard Bentley . pp. 198 -- 9 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Sikes : My favourite Charles Dickens character '' . Telegraph ( 2012 - 02 -- 15 ) . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 11 . Charles Dickens ' Oliver Twist Characters Oliver Twist Bill Sikes Fagin Mr. Brownlow Nancy Rose Maylie Monks The Artful Dodger Charley Bates Mr. Sowerberry Film adaptations Oliver Twist ( 1909 ) Oliver Twist ( 1912 ) Oliver Twist ( 1912 ) Oliver Twist ( 1916 ) Oliver Twist ( 1919 ) Oliver Twist ( 1922 ) Oliver Twist ( 1933 ) Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) Chitti Tammudu ( 1962 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Oliver Twist ( 1982 ) Las Aventuras de Oliver Twist ( 1987 ) Oliver Twist ( 1997 ) Oliver Twist ( 2005 ) Film retellings Manik ( 1961 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) Twisted ( 1997 ) Twist ( 2003 ) Boy Called Twist ( 2004 ) TV adaptations Oliver Twist ( 1982 TV film ) Oliver Twist ( 1985 TV miniseries ) Saban 's Adventures of Oliver Twist ( 1996 TV series ) Oliver Twist ( 1999 miniseries ) Oliver Twist ( 2007 miniseries ) Play Oliver ! ( 1960 ) Songs `` As Long as He Needs Me '' `` Consider Yourself '' D'banj's 2012 song `` Food , Glorious Food '' `` I 'd Do Anything '' `` Oliver ! '' `` Oom - Pah - Pah '' Vaughn De Leath 's 1921 song `` Where Is Love ? '' `` You 've Got to Pick a Pocket or Two '' Related Oliver ! ( soundtrack to the 1968 film ) Escape of the Artful Dodger ( 2001 TV series retelling ) Fagin the Jew ( 2003 graphic novel ) Oliver and the Artful Dodger ( 1972 TV film ) I 'd Do Anything ( 2008 TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Sikes&oldid=861631454 '' Categories : Oliver Twist characters Oliver & Company characters Fictional murderers Musical theatre characters Fictional characters introduced in 1838 Literary villains Fictional child abusers Fictional domestic abusers Fictional British people Fictional English people Fictional thieves Male characters in film Male characters in literature Male characters in television Psychopathy in fiction Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2018 , at 20 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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642388514883036163 | History of the Metropolitan Police Service | History of the Metropolitan Police Service - wikipedia History of the Metropolitan Police Service Jump to : navigation , search The history of the Metropolitan Police Service is long and complex , with many different events taking kplace between its inception in 1829 to the present day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Policing in London before 1829 2 The new police 3 The Metropolitan Police 1829 -- 1900 4 The Metropolitan Police 1900 -- present 5 Medals 6 Female police officers 7 Fallen officers 8 See also 9 References Policing in London before 1829 ( edit ) Carved whale bone whistle dated 1821 . 8 cm long . Belonged to a ' Peeler ' in the Metropolitan Police Service in London . Before the passing of the Metropolitan Police Act in 1829 , law enforcement among the general population in England was carried out by unpaid parish constables who were elected , and later appointed by the local justice of the peace . In certain circumstances , such as serious public disorder , the army would intervene to support the local authorities ; yeomanry were extensively used for this purpose before police forces developed . Because this system of policing was largely unorganised and lacked a criminal investigation capability , the novelist Henry Fielding ( who had been appointed a Magistrate in 1748 ) introduced the first detective force , known as the Bow Street Runners , in 1753 . Fielding 's house at 4 Bow Street had been established as a courtroom by the previous owner , in 1739 . Fielding 's force was made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the volunteer constables and watchmen . Runners were identified by carrying a tipstaff with the Royal Crown on it , which had a compartment inside to store official identification and documents . In 1805 the Bow Street Horse Patrol , the first form of uniformed policing seen in the capital , was established alongside the Runners , later amalgamating into the Metropolitan Police in 1837 . Unofficial `` thief - takers '' operated independently from the Bow Street Runners , being employed by fee - paying members of the public to catch criminals and present them before a magistrate . By 1798 , the year the Marine Police Force was established , salaried constables were being paid by local magistrates . The Marine Police was initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock workers , and was responsible for preventing the theft of cargo in and around the River Thames . The London Marine Police Force is widely regarded as being the first modern police force in the world , in the sense that they were not government controlled and were responsible for the prevention of crime . As such it is the oldest police force in continuous operation . In its first year of operation 2,000 offenders were found guilty of theft from the docks . This success led to the enacting of the Marine Police Bill , which made it the first publicly funded preventive police force in the history of English policing . In 1839 , the Marine Police amalgamated with the Metropolitan Police to form the Thames Division , being recently renamed to the Marine Policing Unit . The new Police ( edit ) See also : Peelian Principles 1850s Peeler Beaument Adams Revolver Webley `` Bulldog '' Revolver The lack of organization and efficiency of early law enforcement was often a source of public controversy . Because of this , a parliamentary committee was appointed to investigate the current system of policing . Upon Sir Robert Peel being appointed as Home Secretary in 1822 , he established a second and more effective committee , and acted upon its findings . Robert Peel , believing that the way to standardise the police was to make it an official paid profession , to organise it in a civilian fashion , and to make it answerable to the public . After he presented his ideas to Parliament , they were approved and made official with the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 . During the early 19th century , the Industrial Revolution witnessed London becoming larger geographically and more significant economically . It became clear that the locally maintained system of volunteer constables and `` watchmen '' was ineffective , both in detecting and preventing crime . Due to this , Royal Assent was given to the Metropolitan Police Act on 19 June 1829 , placing the policing arrangements for the capital directly under the control of Sir Robert Peel . Due to public fears concerning the deployment of the military in domestic matters , Robert Peel organised the force along civilian lines , rather than paramilitary . To appear neutral , the uniform was deliberately manufactured in blue , rather than red which was then a military colour , along with the officers being armed only with a wooden truncheon and a rattle to signal the need for assistance . Along with this , police ranks did not include military titles , with the exception of Sergeant . The force did not routinely carry firearms , although Sir Robert Peel authorised the Commissioner to purchase fifty flintlock pocket pistols for use in exceptional circumstances , such as those which involved the use of firearms . Later , the obsolete flintlocks were decommissioned from service , superseded by early revolvers . At the time , burglary ( or `` house breaking '' as it was then called ) was a common problem for police . `` House breakers '' were usually armed . It was then also legal ( under the Bill of Rights 1689 ) for members of the public who were Protestants , as most were , to own and use firearms . Following the deaths of officers by firearms on the outer districts of the metropolis , and public debate on arming the force , the Commissioner applied to Robert Peel for authorisation to supply officers on the outer districts with revolvers . The authorisation was issued on the condition that revolvers would only be issued if , in the opinion of the senior officer , the officer could be trusted to use it safely and with discretion . From then , officers could be armed . The practice lasted until 1936 , although the vast majority of the system was phased out by the end of the 19th century . During the 1860s , the flintlock pistols that had been purchased in 1829 were decommissioned from service , being superseded by 622 Beaumont -- Adams revolvers firing the . 450 cartridge which were loaned from the army stores at the Tower of London following the Clerkenwell bombing . In 1883 , a ballot was carried out to gather information on officers ' views on whether they wished to be armed , and 4,430 out of 6,325 officers serving on outer divisions requested to be issued with revolvers . The now obsolete Adams revolver was returned to stores for emergencies , and the Bulldog ' Metropolitan Police ' revolver was issued to officers on the outer districts who felt the need to be armed . On the night of 18 February 1887 PC 52206 Henry Owen became the first officer to fire a revolver while on duty , doing so after he was unable to alert the owners of premises on fire . Following the Siege of Sidney Street , one thousand self - loading Webley & Scott pistols were purchased . In 1914 the Bulldogs were withdrawn from service and returned to stores . Lord Trenchard standardised the issue of pistols among divisions with the division size determining the number of firearms ( with thirty - two rounds per pistol ) issued : ten pistols with 320 rounds of ammunition were issued to each divisional station ; six pistols with 192 rounds to each sub-divisional station ; three pistols with 96 rounds to each section station . In 1936 the authorisation to carry revolvers on outer districts was revoked , and at the same time Canadian Ross rifles were purchased in the prelude to the Second World War . In 1952 following the Derek Bentley case , when an officer was shot dead , 15 % of firearms in service with the Metropolitan Police were found to be defective , leading to Special Branch and Royalty Protection Officers being armed with an early version of the Beretta automatic pistol . The original headquarters of the newly formed Metropolitan Police was near Government , at 4 Whitehall Place , with a back entrance on Great Scotland Yard . Scotland Yard soon became established as a name for the force itself . Once formed , the force become the third official non-paramilitary city police force in the world , after the City of Glasgow Police and the Paris Police . Two MPS officers and a Community Support Officer near Buckingham Palace The original standard wage for a Constable was one guinea ( £ 1.05 ) a week . Recruitment criteria required applicants to be under the age of 35 , in good health , and to be at least 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) . Working shifts lasted 12 hours , 6 days a week , with Sunday as a rest day . Until 1897 , Metropolitan Police officers did not receive a boot allowance . From the Metropolitan Police 's foundation , the force had relied on the use of hand rattles for officers to signal the need for assistance . In 1884 the Home Secretary invited competition from many companies to invent a `` police whistle '' to replace the rattle . J. Hudson & Company of Birmingham were awarded the contract for 7,175 whistles at the price of 11d each . At the same time , a competition for the contract to supply the Metropolitan Police with new truncheons was under way . This contract was won by Ross & Company , who supplied the Metropolitan Police with Lignum vitae truncheons . In 1886 , during a riot between warring working parties in Hyde Park , many truncheons were damaged or broken , samples were sent off to be tested by the Royal Army Clothing Department , at a cost of 16 shillings per day . In October 1886 , 900 pounds worth of Lance and Cocuswood were purchased , to use in place of Lignum vitae that was deemed unsuitable after Army testing . Since the MPS 's inception , the force has been headed by a Commissioner , rather than a Chief Constable which is the highest rank in police forces outside London . The first Commissioners to hold the post were Lieutenant - Colonel Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne . When Sir Charles Rowan died , leaving Sir Richard Mayne as the surviving Commissioner , Captain William Hay was drafted in to jointly run the force with Mayne . However , because the two Commissioners did not agree on methods of running the force , since 1855 it was decided that only one Commissioner would run the force . The Metropolitan Police 1829 -- 1900 ( edit ) Metropolitan Police Officers in Soho , London , 2007 Metropolitan Police patrols took to the streets on 29 September 1829 , despite resistance from certain elements of the community who saw them to be a threat to civil liberties . The initial force consisted of two Commissioners , eight Superintendents , 20 Inspectors , 88 Sergeants and 895 Constables . Patrolling the streets within a seven - mile ( 11 km ) radius of Charing Cross , in order to prevent crime and pursue offenders . Between 1829 and 1830 , 17 local divisions each with its own police station were established , each lettered A to V , allocating each London borough with a designated letter . These divisions were : A ( Westminster ) ; B ( Chelsea ) ; C ( Mayfair and Soho ) ; D ( Marylebone ) ; E ( Holborn ) ; F ( Kensington ) ; G ( Kings Cross ) ; H ( Stepney ) ; K ( West Ham ) ; L ( Lambeth ) ; M ( Southwark ) ; N ( Islington ) ; P ( Peckham ) ; R ( Greenwich ) ; S ( Hampstead ) ; T ( Hammersmith ) and V ( Wandsworth ) . In 1865 three more divisions were created , W ( Clapham ) ; X ( Willesden ) and Y ( Tottenham ) ; J Division ( Bethnal Green ) was added in 1886 . On 28 June 1830 , Constable Joseph Grantham became the first member of the force to be killed in the line of duty , an incident described by the Coroner 's Inquest as `` justifiable homicide '' . Other indications of the Constabulary 's unpopularity of the time , were such nicknames as ' Raw Lobsters ' , ' Blue Devils ' and ' Peel 's Bloody Gang ' . Officers were physically assaulted , others impaled , blinded , and on one occasion held down while a vehicle was driven over them . One of the priorities of the Metropolitan Police from the beginning was `` maintaining public order '' , which they were active in doing , against the major Chartist demonstrations ( 1839 -- 48 ) and the Bloody Sunday demonstration of the unemployed in Trafalgar Square in 1887 . In 1839 , the Bow Street Runners , the Foot and Horse Patrol and the Thames River Police were amalgamated with the Metropolitan Police . However , the City of London Police , created in the same year was an independent force . In 1842 taking over a function formerly the responsibility of the Runners , a new investigative force was formed as the `` Detective Branch '' . And first consisted of ; two Inspectors , six Sergeants and a number of Constables . One of the first cases investigated by the newly formed Detective Branch was The Bermondsey Horror of 1849 , in which a married couple , Frederick and Marie Manning , murdered Patrick O'Connor and buried his body under the kitchen floor . After going on the run they were tracked down by Detective Sergeants Thornton and Langley and publicly hanged outside Horsemonger Gaol in Southwark . After Rowan 's death in 1852 , Mayne presided as sole Commissioner . In 1857 he was paid a salary of £ 1,883 ( a fortune , roughly equivalent to £ 1.2 m in 2009 ) , and his two Assistant Commissioners were paid salaries £ 800 each , approximately £ 526,000 in 2009 . It took some time to establish the standards of discipline expected today from a police force . In 1863 , 215 officers were arrested for being intoxicated while on duty , In 1872 there was a police strike , and during 1877 three high ranking detectives were tried for corruption at the Old Bailey . Due to this latter scandal the Detective Branch was re-organised in 1878 by C.E. Howard Vincent , and renamed the Criminal Investigation Department ( CID ) . This was separated from the uniformed branch and its head had direct access to the Home Secretary , by - passing the Commissioner . Special Constables were first introduced by the Special Constables Act 1831 , empowering Magistrates to appoint ordinary citizens as temporary police officers in times of emergency . In 1834 , the Act was extended to allow citizens appointed as Specials to act outside of their Parish area . In 1848 , 150,000 Specials were sworn in , to assist regular officers in preventing Chartists from reaching Kennington , and then marching to Westminster . In 1912 , the Specials were reorganised , scrapping the old system of anyone being liable to be appointed , instead they had to volunteer . In 1934 , it was named the Metropolitan Special Constabulary ( MSC ) , a name which it keeps today in its present form . For a short period of time after the MSC was formed , Specials did not receive uniforms like that of a full - time policeman . Instead , they were issued with armbands which identified them as Special Constables , along with being issued a truncheon and a whistle . The threat of Irish terrorism was combated by the formation of the Special Irish Branch , in March 1883 . The `` Irish '' sobriquet was dropped in 1888 as the department remit was extended to cover other threats , and became known simply as Special Branch . Important criminal investigations of the period included the Whitechapel murders ( 1888 ) and the Cleveland Street scandal ( 1889 ) . The Metropolitan Police 1900 -- present ( edit ) By 1900 , the force had grown to nearly 16,000 officers , organised into 21 divisions , responsible for law enforcement within an area of nearly 700 square miles . Detection of crimes was much improved when Edward Henry , the Commissioner from 1903 -- 18 , set up a Fingerprint Bureau at Scotland Yard in 1901 . A landmark case for the Met in forensic investigation was the Stratton Brothers case of 1905 , concerning a double murder in Deptford , committed by Alfred and Albert Stratton , in which , for the first time , fingerprint evidence secured the conviction . Another important investigation of this period was that into the murderer Hawley Harvey Crippen in 1910 . Along with law enforcement within the Metropolitan Police District , the Metropolitan Police also had responsibility for the policing of the Royal Dockyards and other royal naval bases between 1860 until 1934 , including Portsmouth , Chatham , Devonport , Royal Naval Air Station Pembroke and the Royal Woolwich Arsenal . They also policed Rosyth Dockyard from 1914 until 1926 . Before the 1970s , police forces often called for assistance from the Metropolitan Police because of their detective experience . The last case of this was when the now defunct Buckinghamshire Constabulary called upon the MPS to help in the investigation of the Great Train Robbery . In 1931 , Hugh Trenchard was appointed as Police Commissioner Trenchard served as head of the Metropolitan Police until 1935 and during his tenure he instigated several changes . These included limiting membership of the Police Federation , introducing limited terms of employment and the short - lived creation of separate career paths for the lower and higher ranks akin to the military system of officer and non-commissioned career streams . Perhaps Trenchard 's most well known achievement during his time as Commissioner was the establishment of the Hendon Police College which originally was the institution from which Trenchard 's junior station inspectors graduated before following a career in the higher ranks . When Great Britain went to the War on September 3 , 1939 , the strength of the Metropolitan Police stood at 18,428 , which was 900 officers short of full strength . Due to the increased responsibilities of the police war time , three reserve groups were mobilised . The first consisted of 2,737 ex-police pensioners who were re-engaged , a second of 5,380 Special Constables serving on a full - time basis for the duration of the war , and the third being 18,868 War Reserve Constables employed on the same basis as the Special Constables . On the same day as the Battle of Dunkirk , Scotland Yard issued a memorandum detailing the police use of firearms in wartime . The memorandum detailed the planned training for all officers in the use of pistols and revolvers , as despite the police being a non-combatant force , while the war was in progress they would be responsible for providing armed protection at premises deemed at risk from enemy sabotage and would assist the British Armed Forces in the event of an invasion . Due to these added roles , on 1 June 1940 , 3,500 Canadian Ross Rifles and 72,384 rounds of . 303 ammunition were received from the military and distributed among divisions . Thames Division were allocated the smallest amount of 61 rifles , and `` S '' Division the largest with 190 . Fifty rifles were also issued to the London Fire Brigade and the Port of London Authority Police . After staying stable for decades , crime rates in London soared during and after the Second World War , posing a new challenge to police . The chaotic conditions of the City under aerial attack were followed by crime , such as looting , and theft of goods and foodstuffs for illicit sales as black market rationed goods . This also fuelled the activities of criminal gangs who continued and expanded their activities after the war . By 1948 , the number of recorded crimes in London had risen tenfold from the 1920s , to more than 126,000 . By 1959 they had reached 160,000 . On the night of 2 November 1952 , Derek Bentley and Christopher Craig set out to break into the confectionery manufacturers Barlow & Parker in Croydon . Bentley and Craig were spotted climbing up a drain pipe to gain access to the roof by a member of the public , who called the police . The first officer to arrive on scene was Detective Sergeant Frederick Fairfax ; by this time both Bentley and Craig had hidden behind the lift shaft . DS Fairfax gained entry to the roof and apprehended Bentley , but while doing so was shot in the shoulder by Craig . Upon armed uniformed officers arriving , Constable Sidney Miles was shot dead by Craig . After trial , Bentley was sentenced to death and Craig to be remanded at Her Majesty 's Pleasure . For DS Fairfax 's role in the incident , he received a George Cross , as did Constables Norman Harrison and James McDonald . Constable Robert Jaggs was awarded the British Empire Medal , with Sidney Miles awarded a posthumous Queen 's Police Medal for Gallantry . During the 1950s and 1960s , London was subject to many protests by organisations . On more than one occasion , police clashed with violent protesters , making newspaper headlines . The need for a public order trained police unit was realised , and in 1965 the Special Patrol Group was formed . The Officers attached to the SPG received higher training in public order policing than divisional counterparts . The group often received controversy and accusations of police brutality . The best known of the police brutality cases was the killing of Blair Peach . ( In 1986 , the SPG was succeeded by the Territorial Support Group which did much of the same role , but was a modernised form . ) In 1981 , a report issued by Lord Scarman stated that the Metropolitan Police were having problems regarding racial discrimination . The issue arose again in the 1999 Macpherson Report , which stated that institutional racism existed in the force . The official title was changed from `` Metropolitan Police Force '' to `` Metropolitan Police Service '' as part of the `` PLUS Programme '' in 1989 , under the then Commissioner Sir Peter Imbert , following the presentation of a report entitled `` A Force for Change : Report on the Corporate Identity of the Metropolitan Police '' to the force 's Policy Committee by Wolff Olins corporate identity consultants in August 1988 . The current uniform for MPS officers is largely the same as forces outside London , apart from insignia differences . Officers on patrol are most likely to carry on the duty belt ; extendible / rigid baton , Airwave personal radio , CS / PAVA Incapacitant Spray , Speedcuffs , a very small first aid kit containing a face shield for artificial respiration , protective gloves and sometimes some sticking plasters and a torch at night . The force continued to be controlled directly by the Home Secretary until 2000 , when the newly created Greater London Authority was given responsibility to oversee the force , through the Metropolitan Police Authority . The MPA is made up of members appointed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly , and several independent members . However , the Metropolitan Police Commissioner is still appointed by the Home Secretary . Medals ( edit ) Since the creation of the MPS in 1829 , 2 Albert Medals , 174 King 's Police Medals for Gallantry ( including 33 for entering waters to save life , 41 for stopping runaway horses , and 26 for saving lives by entering burning buildings ) 30 King 's Police and Fire Services Medals , 4 Queen 's Police Medals for gallantry awarded posthumously , 5 George Crosses , 123 George Medals ( including 85 for connection with war activities ) , 81 British Empire Medals for gallantry , and 49 Queen 's Gallantry Medals have been awarded to officers . Officers ( both City and Metropolitan ) on duty during various royal jubilees and coronations were eligible for commemorative medals . Since 1951 , in common with all members of U.K. police forces , officers can receive the Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal after 20 ( formerly 22 ) years of duty . Female Police officers ( edit ) When a male police officer was asked in 1916 whether women would ever be police constables , he burst out laughing , replying : `` No , not even if the war lasts 50 years . '' However , the Women 's Police Service , made up of volunteers , had been founded in 1914 . Female police officers first joined the Metropolitan Police in 1919 , although the then Commissioner , Sir Nevil Macready , insisted he did not want any `` vinegary spinsters '' or `` blighted middle - aged fanatics '' in its ranks . The female police officers were distinguished from their male counterparts , who had wider authority , by the prefix ' woman ' before their rank , such as `` Woman Police Constable '' ( WPC ) and `` Woman Police Sergeant '' ( WPS ) . The first female police officer in the Metropolitan Police was Sofia Stanley in 1919 , and she designed the first women 's police uniform , known as the Stanley uniform . Initial duties of female police officers included patrolling areas frequented by prostitutes , along with care and observation of female and juvenile detainees , deterring prostitution , helping prevent the deceitful practice of fortune telling ( then illegal ) , and looking after women who attempted to commit suicide ( also then illegal ) . Female officers were allowed to go into brothels , nightclubs and betting houses to observe and gather evidence of untoward behaviour , but at the first sign of crime being committed , they had to call in male colleagues . They were not allowed to carry handcuffs unless instructed to by a senior officer , and were not allowed to make arrests until 1923 . Female police officers were initially given six - day , 48 - hour work weeks , and were not allowed to work night shifts apart from when on - call duties until 1973 . Female officers did in fact do a week of nights at least from 1965 . Female officers were usually seconded to the Criminal Investigation Department , but in 1921 Lilian Wyles was appointed the first female Inspector to the Criminal Intelligence Department . A policy in place from 1927 until 1946 forced women to leave the Metropolitan Police if they got married . Female police officers were not authorised to take fingerprints until 1937 . The Police Federation , the rank - and - file staff association , let women join in 1948 . The first women police officers to receive George Medals for courage were Sergeant Ethel Bush and Kathleen Parrott , who had been separately attacked by a sex offender they were on a stakeout in pursuit of in 1955 . In 1968 Sislin Fay Allen became the Metropolitan Police 's first black female officer . On February 1 , 1971 , Karpal Kaur Sandhu , born in Zanzibar but of Indian heritage , joined the Metropolitan Police and thus became the Metropolitan Police 's ( and Britain 's ) first female Asian police officer . This was before India itself had female police officers ( the first female police officer in India was Kiran Bedi in 1972 ) . The first `` Woman Detective Constable '' was appointed in 1973 . 1973 was also the year that the separate `` Women 's Department '' was fully integrated into the Metropolitan Police . Female police officers did not get equal pay with male police officers until 1974 . In 1976 the first `` Woman Chief Superintendent '' was appointed to take charge of a subdivision . In 1977 the first female traffic officer , Dee O'Donoghue , was hired . In 1979 the first female dog handler , Nicola Gray , was hired . Prior to this , women were prohibited from being dog handlers since rules stated that an officer should have a wife who could look after a puppy while the officer went to work . In 1995 Pauline Clare became the first female chief constable , for Lancashire . The prefix `` Woman '' in front of female officers ' ranks has been obsolete since 1999 . In 2017 Cressida Dick became the first female Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Service and therefore the most senior Police Officer in England and Wales . Fallen officers ( edit ) Between 1990 and 2010 , over 50 serving MPS officers died in service , with eight being murdered or fatally injured by an assailant . See also ( edit ) History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Crime and Justice -- Policing in London -- Central Criminal Court '' . Oldbaileyonline.org . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mason , Gary ; Keith Skinner ( 2004 ) . The Official History of The Metropolitan Police . Carlton . pp. 10 , 159 ( ? ) . ISBN 1 - 84442 - 602 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Police Service -- Marine Policing Unit '' . Met.police.uk . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Police Service -- History of the Metropolitan Police Service '' . Met.police.uk . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kathryn Costello . `` Industrial Revolution '' . Nettlesworth.durham.sch.uk . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` The National Archives NDAD Metropolitan Police '' . Ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Taylor , J. `` The Victorian Police Rattle Mystery '' / Archived 2010 - 02 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . The Constabulary ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ ( ( English Bill of Rights 1689 ) ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Police Service -- History of the Metropolitan Police Service '' . Met.police.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Family history Metropolitan Police '' . Nationalarchives.gov.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Friends of the Metropolitan Police Historical Collection -- The Friends of the Metropolitan Police Historical Collection Website '' . Friendsofmethistory.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Martin Fido and Keith Skinner ( 2000 ) `` Division '' in The Official Encyclopedia of Scotland Yard : 121 -- 22 Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Roll 1829 -- 1899 '' . Policememorial.org.uk. 2008 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` London , 13 November 1887 '' . Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Police '' in Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert ( 1983 ) The London Encyclopedia : 605 -- 9 Jump up ^ Paul Begg and Keith Skinner ( 1993 ) The Scotland Yard Files : 40 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Measuring Worth '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metropolitan Police History '' . Met Police . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Stewart Evans and Donald Rumbelow ( 2006 ) Jack the Ripper : Scotland Yard Investigates : 19 -- 20 ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to the home of the Southwark Metropolitan Special Constabulary '' . Southwarkspecials.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stewart Evans and Donald Rumbelow ( 2006 ) Jack the Ripper : Scotland Yard Investigates : 20 -- 7 Jump up ^ Rupert Allason ( 1983 ) The Branch : History of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch . London : Secker & Warburg . ISBN 0 - 436 - 01165 - 4 Jump up ^ Stewart Evans and Donald Rumbelow ( 2006 ) Jack the Ripper : Scotland Yard Investigates ^ Jump up to : Gary Mason ( 2004 ) The Official History of Scotland Yard : 31 Jump up ^ Brian Lane ( ed ) ( 1988 ) The Murder Club Guide to London . London , Harrap : 82 -- 4 Jump up ^ `` Family history Metropolitan Police '' . Nationalarchives.gov.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fido , Martin ; Keith Skinner ( 2000 ) . Official Encyclopedia of Scotland Yard . Virgin . p. 107 . ISBN 1 - 85227 - 712 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` No. 33768 '' . The London Gazette. 3 November 1931 . p. 7071 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Andrew ( 1962 ) . Trenchard Man of Vision . St James 's Place , London : Collins . pp. 630 -- 636 . Jump up ^ Browne , Douglas ( 1956 ) . The Rise of Scotland Yard . London : George G Harrap & Co. Ltd . pp. 346 , 350 , 351 . Jump up ^ Gary Mason ( 2004 ) The Official History of the Metropolitan Police : 34 -- 5 Jump up ^ Paul Lewis `` Blair Peach killed by police at 1979 protest , Met report finds '' , theguardian , 27 April 2010 Jump up ^ `` Q&A The Scarman Report '' . BBC News . 2004 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry '' . TSO. 1999 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Mawby , Rob C. ( 2002 ) . Policing Images . Cullompton : Willan Publishing . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903240 - 71 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Police Authority '' . MPA . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Fido , Martin ; Keith Skinner ( 2000 ) . Official Encyclopedia of Scotland Yard . Virgin . p. 107 . ISBN 1 - 85227 - 712 - 2 . Jump up ^ Medals and Ranks ( City , but largely applies to Metropolitan ) Jump up ^ Camber , Rebecca ( 2009 - 11 - 25 ) . `` 90 years of girls in blue : And in 1919 they were n't even allowed to make any arrests ! '' . Daily Mail . London . ^ Jump up to : O'Neill , Sean ; Weekes , Alicia ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Woman blazing a trail in the police service '' . The Times . London . ^ Jump up to : Camber , Rebecca ( 2009 - 11 - 25 ) . `` 90 years of girls in blue : And in 1919 they were n't even allowed to make any arrests ! '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Camber , Rebecca ( 2009 - 11 - 25 ) . `` 90 years of girls in blue : And in 1919 they were n't even allowed to make any arrests ! '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` British Association for Women in Policing - Home Page '' . Bawp.org . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Juliet Bravo A Television Heaven Review Archived 2011 - 05 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` First female Asian police officer ' should be honoured ' '' . BBC News . 1 February 2011 . Last accessed 13 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Friends of the Metropolitan Police Historical Collection - FAQ : 1946 - 2007 Archived 2011 - 07 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Roll 1946 onwards '' . Police Roll of Honour Trust . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Metropolitan Police Service Cressida Dick ( Commissioner ) Craig Mackey ( Deputy Commissioner ) Specialist Crime & Operations Dog Support Unit Marine Policing Unit Mounted Branch Emergency Preparedness OCU Public Order OCU Specialist Firearms Command Traffic OCU Traffic Criminal Justice Unit Territorial Support Group Covert policing Economic and Specialist Crime Forensic Services Homicide and Serious Crime Command Human Exploitation and Organised Crime Command Operations Trident and Trafalgar Serious and Organised Crime Command ( Flying Squad ) Specialist Operations Counter Terrorism Command Protection & Security Command Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection Royalty and Specialist Protection Aviation Policing Territorial Policing Directorate Central Communications Command Royal Parks Operational Command Unit Safer Transport Command Borough Command Unit Safer Neighbourhood Team History Commissioner Deputy Commissioner Mayor 's Office for Policing and Crime Mayor of London Metropolitan Police District Metropolitan Police F.C. Metropolitan Special Constabulary New Scotland Yard Organisation and structure The Job History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Metropolitan_Police_Service&oldid=818806292 '' Categories : Metropolitan Police History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom Legal history of England History of local government in London History of organisations based in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 18 : 07 . 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4057850672431270188 | Dairy cattle | Dairy cattle - wikipedia Dairy cattle `` Milkcow '' redirects here . For the German submarine , see German Type XIV submarine . A Holstein cow with prominent udder and less muscle than is typical of beef breeds Dairy cattle ( also called dairy cows ) are cattle cows bred for the ability to produce large quantities of milk , from which dairy products are made . Dairy cows generally are of the species Bos taurus . Historically , there was little distinction between dairy cattle and beef cattle , with the same stock often being used for both meat and milk production . Today , the bovine industry is more specialized and most dairy cattle have been bred to produce large volumes of milk . The United States dairy herd produced 84.2 billion kilograms ( 185.7 billion pounds ) of milk in 2007 , up from 52.9 billion kilograms ( 116.6 billion pounds ) in 1950 , yet there were only about 9 million cows on U.S. dairy farms -- about 13 million fewer than there were in 1950 . The top breed of dairy cow within Canada 's national herd category is Holstein , taking up 93 % of the dairy cow population , have an annual production rate of 10,257 kilograms ( 22,613 pounds ) of milk per cow that contains 3.9 % butter fat and 3.2 % protein . Contents 1 Management 2 Calf 3 Bull 4 Milk production levels 4.1 Cow comfort and its effects on milk production 5 By - products and Processing 6 Reproduction 7 Hormone use 8 Nutrition 9 Pesticide use 10 Breeds 11 Animal welfare 12 See also 13 References Management ( edit ) Cows on a dairy farm in Maryland , U.S. Dairy cows may be found either in herds or dairy farms where dairy farmers own , manage , care for , and collect milk from them , or on commercial farms . Herd sizes vary around the world depending on landholding culture and social structure . The United States has 9 million cows in 75,000 dairy herds , with an average herd size of 120 cows . The number of small herds is falling rapidly with the 3,100 herds with over 500 cows producing 51 % of U.S. milk in 2007 . The United Kingdom dairy herd overall has nearly 1.5 million cows , with about 100 head reported on an average farm . In New Zealand , the average herd has more than 375 cows , while in Australia , there are approximately 220 cows in the average herd . Dairy farming , like many other livestock raring , can be split into intensive and extensive management systems . Intensive systems focus towards maximum production per cow in the herd . This involve formulating their diet to provide ideal nutrition and housing the cows in a confinement system such as free stall or tie stall . These cows are housed indoors throughout their lactation and may be put to pasture during their 60 - day dry period before ideally calving again . Free stall style barns involve cattle loosely housed where they can have free access to feed , water , and stalls but are moved to another part of the barn to be milked multiple times a day . In a tie stall system , the milking units are brought to the cows during each milking . These cattle are tethered within their stalls with free access to water and feed are provided . In extensive systems , cattle are mainly outside on pasture for most of their lives . These cattle are generally lower in milk production and are herded multiple times daily to be milked . The systems used greatly depends on the climate and available land of the region of which the farm is situated . To maintain lactation , a dairy cow must be bred and produce calves . Depending on market conditions , the cow may be bred with a `` dairy bull '' or a `` beef bull . '' Female calves ( heifers ) with dairy breeding may be kept as replacement cows for the dairy herd . If a replacement cow turns out to be a substandard producer of milk , she then goes to market and can be slaughtered for beef . Male calves can either be used later as a breeding bull or sold and used for veal or beef . Dairy farmers usually begin breeding or artificially inseminating heifers around 13 months of age . A cow 's gestation period is approximately nine months . Newborn calves are removed from their mothers quickly , usually within three days , as the mother / calf bond intensifies over time and delayed separation can cause extreme stress on both cow and calf . Domestic cows can live to 20 years ; however , those raised for dairy rarely live that long , as the average cow is removed from the dairy herd around age four and marketed for beef . In 2014 , approximately 9.5 % of the cattle slaughtered in the U.S. were culled dairy cows : cows that can no longer be seen as an economic asset to the dairy farm . These animals may be sold due to reproductive problems or common diseases of milk cows such as mastitis and lameness . Calf ( edit ) Most heifers ( female calves ) are kept on farm to be raised as a replacement heifer , a female that will be bred and enter the production cycle . Market calves are generally sold at two weeks of age and bull calves may fetch a premium over heifers due to their size , either current or potential . Calves may be sold for veal , or for one of several types of beef production , depending on available local crops and markets . Such bull calves may be castrated if turnout onto pastures is envisaged , in order to render the animals less aggressive . Purebred bulls from elite cows may be put into progeny testing schemes to find out whether they might become superior sires for breeding . Such animals may become extremely valuable . Most dairy farms separate calves from their mothers within a day of birth to reduce transmission of disease and simplify management of milking cows . Studies have been done allowing calves to remain with their mothers for 1 , 4 , 7 or 14 days after birth . Cows whose calves were removed longer than one day after birth showed increased searching , sniffing and vocalizations . However , calves allowed to remain with their mothers for longer periods showed weight gains at three times the rate of early removals as well as more searching behavior and better social relationships with other calves . After separation , some young dairy calves subsist on commercial milk replacer , a feed based on dried milk powder . Milk replacer is an economical alternative to feeding whole milk because it is cheaper , can be bought at varying fat and protein percentages , and is typically less contaminated than whole milk when handled properly . Some farms pasteurize and feed calves milk from the cows in the herd instead of using replacer . A day - old calf consumes around 5 liters of milk per day . Cattle are social animals ; their ancestors tended to live in matriarchal groups of mothers and offspring . The formation of `` friendships '' between two cows is common and long lasting . Traditionally individual housing systems were used in calf rearing , to reduce the risk of disease spread and provide specific care . However , due to their social behaviour the grouping of offspring may be better for the calves ' overall welfare . Social interaction between the calves can have a positive effect on their growth . It has been seen that calves housed in grouped penning were found to eat more feed than those in single pens , suggesting social facilitation of feeding behaviour in the calves . Play behaviour in pre-weaned dairy calves has also been suggested to help build social skills for later in life . It has been seen that those reared in grouped housing are more likely to become the dominant cattle in a new combination of animals . These dominant animals have a priority choice of feed or lying areas and are generally stronger animals . Due to these reasons , it has become common practice to group or pair calves in their housing . It has become common within Canada to see paired or grouped housing in outdoor hutches or within an indoor pack penning . Bull ( edit ) A bull calf with high genetic potential may be reared for breeding purposes . It may be kept by a dairy farm as a herd bull , to provide natural breeding for the herd of cows . A bull may service up to 50 or 60 cows during a breeding season . Any more and the sperm count will decline , leading to cows `` returning to service '' ( to be bred again ) . A herd bull may only stay for one season , as when most bulls reach over two years old their temperament becomes too unpredictable . Bull calves intended for breeding commonly are bred on specialized dairy breeding farms , not production farms . These farms are the major source of stocks for artificial insemination . See also : Sexing Milk production levels ( edit ) Dairy cattle in Mangskog , Sweden , 1911 . Dairy Cows , Collins Center , New York , 1999 The dairy cow will produce large amounts of milk in its lifetime . Production levels peak at around 40 to 60 days after calving . Production declines steadily afterwards until milking is stopped at about 10 months . The cow is `` dried off '' for about sixty days before calving again . Within a 12 to 14 - month inter-calving cycle , the milking period is about 305 days or 10 months long . Among many variables , certain breeds produce more milk than others within a range of around 6,800 to 17,000 kg ( 15,000 to 37,500 lbs ) of milk per year . The Holstein Friesian is the main breed of dairy cattle in Australia , and said to have the `` world 's highest '' productivity , at 10000L of milk per year . The average for a single dairy cow in the US in 2007 was 9164.4 kg ( 20,204 lbs ) per year , excluding milk consumed by her calves , whereas the same average value for a single cow in Israel was reported in the Philippine press to be 12,240 kg in 2009 . High production cows are more difficult to breed at a two - year interval . Many farms take the view that 24 or even 36 month cycles are more appropriate for this type of cow . Dairy cows may continue to be economically productive for many lactation cycles . In theory a longevity of 10 lactations is possible . The chances of problems arising which may lead to a cow being culled are high , however ; the average herd life of US Holstein is today fewer than 3 lactations . This requires more herd replacements to be reared or purchased . Over 90 % of all cows are slaughtered for 4 main reasons : Infertility -- failure to conceive and reduced milk production . Cows are at their most fertile between 60 and 80 days after calving . Cows remaining `` open '' ( not with calf ) after this period become increasingly difficult to breed , which may be due to poor health . Failure to expel the afterbirth from a previous pregnancy , luteal cysts , or metritis , an infection of the uterus , are common causes of infertility . Mastitis -- a persistent and potentially fatal mammary gland infection , leading to high somatic cell counts and loss of production . Mastitis is recognized by a reddening and swelling of the infected quarter of the udder and the presence of whitish clots or pus in the milk . Treatment is possible with long - acting antibiotics but milk from such cows is not marketable until drug residues have left the cow 's system , also called withdrawal period . Lameness -- persistent foot infection or leg problems causing infertility and loss of production . High feed levels of highly digestible carbohydrate cause acidic conditions in the cow 's rumen . This leads to Laminitis and subsequent lameness , leaving the cow vulnerable to other foot infections and problems which may be exacerbated by standing in faeces or water soaked areas . Production -- some animals fail to produce economic levels of milk to justify their feed costs . Production below 12 to 15 litres of milk per day is not economically viable . Cow longevity is strongly correlated with production levels . Lower production cows live longer than high production cows , but may be less profitable . Cows no longer wanted for milk production are sent to slaughter . Their meat is of relatively low value and is generally used for processed meat . Another factor affecting milk production is the stress the cow is faced with . Psychologists at the University of Leicester , UK , analyzed the musical preference of milk cows and found out that music actually influences the dairy cow 's lactation . Calming music can improve milk yield , probably because it reduces stress and relaxes the cows in much the same way as it relaxes humans . Cow comfort and its Effects on milk production ( edit ) Certain behaviors such as eating , rumination , and lying down can be related to the health of the cow and cow comfort . These behaviors can also be related to the productivity of the cows . Likewise , stress , disease , and discomfort will have a negative effect on the productivity of the dairy cows . Therefore , it can be said that it is in the best interest of the farmer to increase eating , rumination , and lying down and decrease stress , disease , and discomfort to achieve the maximum productivity possible . Also , estrous behaviors such as mounting can be a sign of cow comfort , since if a cow is lame , nutritionally deficient , or are housed in an over crowded barn , the performance of estrous behaviors will be altered . Feeding behaviors are obviously important for the dairy cow , as feeding is how the cow will ingest dry matter , however , the cow must ruminate to fully digest the feed and utilize the nutrients in the feed . Dairy cows with good rumen health will likely be more profitable than cows with poor rumen health , as a healthy rumen will aid in the digestion of nutrients . An increase in the time a cow spends ruminating is associated with the increase in health and an increase in milk production . The productivity of dairy cattle is most efficient when the cattle have a full rumen . Also , the standing action while feeding after milking has been suggested to enhance udder health . The delivery of fresh feed while the cattle are away for milking stimulates the cattle to fed upon return , potentially reducing the prevalence of mastitis as the sphincters have time to close while standing This makes the pattern of feeding directly after being milked an ideal method of increasing the efficiency of the herd . Cows have a high motivation to lie down so farmers should be conscious of this , not only because they have a high motivation to lie down , but also because lying down can increase milk yield . When the lactating dairy cow lies down , blood flow is increased to the mammary gland which in return results in a higher milk yield . To ensure that the dairy cows lie down as much as needed , the stalls must be comfortable . Put very simply , a stall should have a rubber mat , bedding , and be large enough for the cow to lie down and get up comfortably . Signs that the stalls may not be comfortable enough for the cows are the cows are standing , either ruminating or not , instead of lying down , or perching , which is when the cow has its front end in the stall and their back end out of the stall . There are 2 types of housing systems in dairy production , free style housing and tie stall . Free style housing is where the cow is free to walk around and interact with its environment and other members of the herd . Tie stall housing is when the cow is chained to a stantion stall with the milking units and feed coming to them . By - products and processing ( edit ) Pasteurization is the process of heating milk to a high enough temperature for a short period of time to kill the microbes in the milk and increase keep time and decrease spoilage time . By killing the microbes , decrease the transmission of infection , and elimination of enzymes the quality of the milk and the shelf life increases . Pasteurization is either completed at 63 ° C for 30 minutes or a flash pasteurization is completed for 15 seconds at 72 ° C. By - products of milk include butterfat , cream , curds , and whey . Butterfat is the main lipid in milk . The cream contains 18 -- 40 % butterfat . The industry can be divided into 2 market territories ; fluid milk and industrialized milk such as yogurt , cheeses , and ice cream . Whey protein makes up about 20 % of milk 's protein composition and is separated for the casein ( 80 % of milk 's protein make up ) during the process of curdling cheese . This protein is commonly used in protein bars , beverages and concentrated powder , due to its high quality amino acid profile . It contains levels of both essential amino acids as well as branched that are above those of soy , meat , and wheat . `` Diafiltered '' milk is a process of ultrafiltration of the fluid milk to separate lactose and water from the casein and whey proteins . This process allows for more efficiency in cheese making and gives the potential to produce low - carb dairy products . Reproduction ( edit ) Since the 1950s , artificial insemination ( AI ) is used at most dairy farms ; these farms may keep no bull . Artificial insemination uses estrus synchronization to indicate when the cow is going through ovulation and is susceptible to fertilization . Advantages of using AI include its low cost and ease compared to maintaining a bull , ability to select from a large number of bulls , elimination of diseases in the dairy industry , improved genetics and improved animal welfare Rather than a large bull jumping on a smaller heifer or weaker cow , AI allows the farmer to complete the breeding procedure within 5 minutes with minimum stress placed on the individual female 's body . Dairy cattle are polyestrous , meaning they cycle continuously throughout the year . They tend to be on a 21 day estrus cycle , however for management purposes , some operations sync their cows or heifers using synthetic hormones in order to have the ideal time for breeding and later calving . These hormones are short term and are only used when necessary . For example , one common protocol for synchronization involves an injection of GnRH ( gonadotrophin releasing hormone ) . which increases the levels of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in the body . Then , seven days later prostaglandin F2 - alpha is injected , followed by another GnRH injection 48 hours later . This protocol causes the animal to ovulate 24 hours later . Estrus is often called standing heat in cattle and refers to the time in their cycle where the female is receptive towards the male . Estrus behaviour can be detected by an experienced stockman . These behaviours can include standing to be mounted , mounting other cows , restlessness , decreased milk production , and decreased feed intake . More recently , embryo transfer has been used to enable the multiplication of progeny from elite cows . Such cows are given hormone treatments to produce multiple embryos . These are then ' flushed ' from the cow 's uterus. 7 -- 12 embryos are consequently removed from these donor cows and transferred into other cows who serve as surrogate mothers . The result will be between 3 and 6 calves instead of the normal single , or rarely , twins . Hormone use ( edit ) Hormone treatments are sometimes given to dairy cows in some countries to increase reproduction and to increase milk production . The hormones are used to produce multiple embryos have to be administered at specific times to dairy cattle to induce ovulation . Frequently , for economic considerations , these drugs are also used to synchronise a group of cows to ovulate simultaneously . The hormones prostaglandin , gonadotropin - releasing hormone , and progesterone are used for this purpose and sold under the brand names Lutalyse , Cystorelin , Estrumate , Estroplan , Factrel , Prostamate , Fertagyl , Insynch , and Ovacyst . They may be administered by injection . About 17 % of dairy cows in the United States are injected with Bovine somatotropin , also called recombinant bovine somatotropin ( rBST ) , recombinant bovine growth hormone ( rBGH ) , or artificial growth hormone . The use of this hormone increases milk production from 11 % -- 25 % . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) has ruled that rBST is harmless to people . The use of rBST is banned in Canada , parts of the European Union , as well as Australia and New Zealand . In Canada , Canadian Dairy farmers have high screening procedures they have to go through every time the milk is retrieved from the farm ; if the regulations are not met the milk does not get loaded onto the truck for further processing . There is to be no medication or hormones in the milk for safety reasons Nutrition ( edit ) Dairy cattle at feeding time Nutrition plays an important role in keeping cattle healthy and strong . Implementing an adequate nutrition program can also improve milk production and reproductive performance . Nutrient requirements may not be the same depending on the animal 's age and stage of production . Forages , which refer especially to hay or straw , are the most common type of feed used . Cereal grains , as the main contributors of starch to diets , are important in meeting the energy needs of dairy cattle . Barley is one example of grain that is extensively used around the world . Barley is grown in temperate to subarctic climates , and it is transported to those areas lacking the necessary amounts of grain . Although variations may occur , in general , barley is an excellent source of balanced amounts of protein , energy , and fiber . Ensuring adequate body fat reserves is essential for cattle to produce milk and also to keep reproductive efficiency . However , if cattle get excessively fat or too thin , they run the risk of developing metabolic problems and may have problems with calving . Scientists have found that a variety of fat supplements can benefit conception rates of lactating dairy cows . Some of these different fats include oleic acids , found in canola oil , animal tallow , and yellow grease ; palmitic acid found in granular fats and dry fats ; and linolenic acids which are found in cottonseed , safflower , sunflower , and soybean . It is also important to note that proper levels of fat also improve cattle longevity . Using by - products is one way of reducing the normally high feed costs . However , lack of knowledge of their nutritional and economic value limits their use . Although the reduction of costs may be significant , they have to be used carefully because animal may have negative reactions to radical changes in feeds , ( e.g. fog fever ) . Such a change must then be made slowly and with the proper follow up . Pesticide use ( edit ) A survey of the primary dairy producing areas in the US indicated that 13 percent of lactating animals were treated with insecticides permethrin , pyrethrin , coumaphos , and dichlorvos primarily by daily or every - other - day coat sprays . Workers , particularly in stanchion barns , may be exposed to higher than recommended amounts of these pesticides . Breeds ( edit ) See also : List of dairy cattle breeds According to the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association , PDCA , there are 7 major dairy breeds in the United States . These are : Holstein , Brown Swiss , Guernsey , Ayrshire , Jersey , Red and White , and Milking Shorthorn . Holstein cows either have distinct white and black markings , or distinct red and white markings . Holstein cows are the biggest of all U.S. dairy breeds . A full mature Holstein cow usually weighs around 1,500 pounds ( 700 kg ) and is 58 inches ( 147 cm ) tall at the shoulder . They are known for their outstanding milk production among the main breeds of dairy cattle . An average Holstein cow produces around 23,000 pounds ( 10,000 kg ) of milk each lactation . Of the 9 million dairy cows in the U.S. , approximately 90 % of them are of the Holstein descent . The top breed of dairy cow within Canada 's national herd category is Holstein , taking up 93 % of the dairy cow population , have a production rate of 10,257 kilograms ( 22,613 lb ) of milk per cow that contains 3.9 % butter fat and 3.2 % protein Brown Swiss cows are widely accepted as the oldest dairy cattle breed , originally coming from a part of northeastern Switzerland . Some experts think that the modern Brown Swiss skeleton is similar to one found that looks to be from around the year 4000 B.C. Also , there is evidence that monks started breeding these cows about 1000 years ago . The Ayrshire breed first originated in the County of Ayr in Scotland . It became regarded as a well established breed in 1812 . The different breeds that were crossed to form the Ayrshire are not exactly known . However , there is evidence that several breeds were crossed with the native cattle to create the breed . Guernsey cows originated just off the coast of France on the small Isle of Guernsey . The breed was first known as a separate breed around 1700 . Guernseys are known for their ability to produce very high quality milk from grass . Also , the term `` Golden Guernsey '' is very common as Guernsey cattle produce rich , yellow milk rather than the standard white milk other cow breeds produce . The Jersey breed of dairy cow originated on a small island located off the coast of France called Jersey . Despite being one of the oldest breeds of dairy cattle they now only occupy 4 % of the Canadian National Herd . Purebred Jersey cows , according to available data , have been in the UK area since about the year 1741 . When they were first bred in this area , they were not known as Jerseys , but rather as the related Alderneys . The period between 1860 and around 1914 was a popular time for Jerseys . In this time span , many countries other than the United States started importing this breed , including Canada , South Africa , and New Zealand , among others . Among the smallest of the dairy breeds , the average Jersey cow matures at approximately 900 pounds ( 410 kg ) , with a typical weight range between 800 and 1,200 pounds ( 360 -- 540 kg ) . According to North Dakota State University , the fat content of the Jersey cow 's milk is 4.9 percent . It is also the highest in protein , at 3.8 percent . This high fat content means the milk is often used for making ice cream and cheeses . According to the American Jersey Cattle Association , Jerseys are found on 20 percent of all US dairy farms and are the primary breed in about 4 percent of dairies . Amongst the Bos indicus , the most popular dairy breed in the world is Sahiwal of the Indian subcontinent . It does not give as much milk as the Taurine breeds , but it is by far the most suitable breed for warmer climates . Australian Friesian Sahiwal and Australian Milking Zebu have been developed in Australia using Sahiwal genetics . Gir , another of the Bos Indicus breeds , has been improved in Brazil for its milk production and is widely used there for dairy . Animal welfare ( edit ) Animal welfare refers to both the physical and mental state of an animal , and how it is coping with its situation . An animal is considered in a good state of welfare if it is able to express its innate behaviour , comfortable , healthy , safe , well nourished , and is not suffering from negative states such as distress , fear and pain . Good animal welfare requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment , appropriate shelter , management , nutrition , and humane handling . If the animal is slaughtered then it is no longer `` good animal welfare '' . It is the human responsibility of the animals ' wellbeing in all husbandry and management practices including humane euthanasia . Welfare differs greatly compared to animal rights . Welfare approves animal use by humans , wheres animal rights do not believe in the use of animals in any circumstance including companion animals . Proper animal handling , or stockmanship , is crucial to dairy animals ' welfare as well as the safety of their handlers . Improper handling techniques can stress cattle leading to impaired production and health , such as increased slipping injuries . Additionally , the majority of nonfatal worker injuries on a dairy farm are from interactions with cattle . Dairy animals are handled on a daily basis for a wide variety of purposes including health - related management practices and movement from freestalls to the milking parlor . Due to the prevalence of human - animal interactions on dairy farms , researchers , veterinarians , and farmers alike have focused on furthering our understanding of stockmanship and educating agriculture workers . Stockmanship is a complex concept that involves the timing , positioning , speed , direction of movement , and sounds and touch of the handler . A recent survey of Minnesota dairy farms revealed that 42.6 % of workers learned stockmanship techniques from a family members , and 29.9 % had participated in stockmanship training . However , as the growing U.S. dairy industry increasingly relies on an immigrant workforce , stockmanship training and education resources will become more pertinent . Clearly communicating and managing a large culturally diverse workforce brings new challenges such as language barriers and time limitations . Organizations like the Upper Midwest Agriculture Safety and Health Center ( UMASH ) offer resources such as bilingual training videos , fact sheets , and informational posters for dairy worker training . Additionally the Beef Quality Assurance Program offer seminars , live demonstrations , and online resources for stockmanship training . In order for the cows to reach high performance in milk yields and reproduction , they must be in great condition and comfortable in the system of which they are reared . Once an individual 's welfare is reduced , so does her efficiency and production . This creates more cost and time on the operation , therefore most farmers strive to create a healthy , hygienic , atmosphere for their cattle . As well as provide quality nutrition that will keep the cows yield high . The practice of dairy production in a factory farm environment has been criticized by animal rights activists . Some of the ethical reasons regarding dairy production cited include how often the dairy cattle are impregnated , the separation of calves from their mothers , and the fact that the cows are considered `` spent '' and culled at a relatively young age , as well as environmental concerns regarding dairy production . The production of milk requires that the cow be in lactation , which is a result of the cow having given birth to a calf . The cycle of insemination , pregnancy , parturition , and lactation is followed by a `` dry '' period of about two months before calving , which allows udder tissue to regenerate . A dry period that falls outside this time frames can result in decreased milk production in subsequent lactation . Dairy operations therefore include both the production of milk and the production of calves . Bull calves are either castrated and raised as steers for beef production or veal . Animal rights groups such as Mercy for Animals also raise welfare concerns by citing undercover footage showing abusive practices at factory farms . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of Dairy cattle breeds Estrous synchronization Fog fever Dairy cattle showmanship Meat industry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Agriculture , National Agriculture Statistics Service ( March 2009 ) . `` Milk Cows and Production Estimates 2003 -- 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 January 2011 ... ^ Jump up to : Blaney , Don P. ( June 2002 ) . `` The Changing Landscape of U.S. Milk Production '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Bulletin Number 978 , U.S. Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Centre , Government of Canada ; Canadian Dairy Information . `` Dairy Animal Registrations -- Canadian Dairy Information Centre ( CDIC ) '' . www.dairyinfo.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ James M. McDonald et al. , `` Changes in the Size and Location of U.S. Dairy Farms Archived 1 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , '' Profits , Costs and the Changing Structure of Dairy Farming , ERR - 47 Sept. 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Milk and Milk Products , UK Dairy Industry Archived 15 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , '' Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Dairy Statistics 2009 -- 2010 , '' Dairy NZ 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Statistics , '' Dairy Australia . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Passetti ; et al. ( December 2016 ) . `` Intensive dairy farming systems from Holland and Brazil '' ( PDF ) . Acta Scientiarum . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Department of Animal Science , '' Cattle Teaching and Research Center Archived 16 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , '' Michigan State University 4 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dewey , T. and J. Ng. , `` Bos taurus , '' Animal Diversity Web , 2001 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Dale More et al. , `` Calf Housing and Environments Series , '' Veterinary Medicine Extension Dec. 2010 . Archived 1 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Richard L. ( 13 March 2002 ) . `` Market Cows : A Potential Profit Center '' . University of Illinois Extension . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture , National Agriculture Statistics Service ( April 2015 ) . `` Livestock Slaughter Annual Summary '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Flower FC , Weary DM -- Institute of Ecology and Resource Management , School of Agriculture , Edinburgh , UK . `` Effects of early separation on the dairy cow and calf : 2 . Separation at 1 day and 2 weeks after birth '' . Appl Anim Behav Sci. 70 : 275 -- 284 . PMID 11179551 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Stehulova , , I ; Lidfors , L ; Spinka , M ( 2008 ) . `` Response of dairy cows and calves to early separation : effect of calf age and visual and auditory contact after separation '' . Applied Animal Behaviour Science . 110 : 144 -- 165 . doi : 10.1016 / j. applanim. 2007.03. 028 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Overvest , Morgan , & Devries , Trevor. ( 2015 ) . Effect of Feeding Strategy and Social Housing on Behaviour at Weaning in Dairy Calves . Jump up ^ Duve , Weary , Halekoh , & Jensen . ( 2012 ) The effects of social contact and milk allowance on responses to handling , play , and social behavior in young dairy calves . Journal of Dairy Science , 95 ( 11 ) , 6571 -- 6581 . DOI : 10.3168 / jds. 2011 - 5170 Jump up ^ Hutjens , Mike ( 24 February 1999 ) . `` Managing the Transition Cow '' . University of Illinois Extension . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Life Cycle and Lactation Cycle of Dairy Cows : Life Cycle of Typical Milk Producing Dairy Cow '' . VET IN TRAINING -- Veterinary Disease Information Blog . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Moran , John ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` Managing Cow Lactation Cycles '' . The Cattle Site . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Holstein ' ( AUSTREX website ) . Accessed 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ 12,000 liters milk per cow ! , 2009 Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Knaus ( 2009 ) . `` Dairy cows trapped between performance demands and adaptability '' . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture . 89 ( 7 ) : 1107 -- 1114 . doi : 10.1002 / jsfa. 3575 . Jump up ^ Relaxing music stimulates a cow 's lactation http://uselessk.com/knowledge/relaxing-music-stimulates-a-cow-39-s-lactation/42 ^ Jump up to : Vanhoudt , Van Winden , Fishwick , and Bell , 2015 . Monitoring cow comfort and rumen health indices in a cubicle - housed herd with an automatic milking system : A repeated measures approach . Irish Veterinary Journal , 68 ( 1 ) , 368 -- 762 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , 1993 . Heat detection and timing of insemination for cattle . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Arney , and Phillips , 2007 . Two - or four - hour laying deprivation on the behavior of lactating dairy cows . J. Dairy Sci. 90 , 1149 -- 1158 . Jump up ^ Lindström , & Redbo. ( 2000 ) . Effect of feeding duration and rumen fill on behaviour in dairy cows . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 70 ( 2 ) , 83 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Devries , & Von Keyserlingk. ( 2005 ) . Time of Feed Delivery Affects the Feeding and Lying Patterns of Dairy Cows . Journal of Dairy Science , 88 ( 2 ) , 625 -- 631 . ^ Jump up to : Haley ; Rushen ( 2001 ) . `` Assessing cow comfort : Effects of two floor types and two tie stall designs on the behaviour of lactating dairy cows '' . Applied Animal Behaviour Science . 71 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 117 . doi : 10.1016 / s0168 - 1591 ( 00 ) 00175 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , 2014 . Dairy Cow Comfort -- Free - stall Dimensions . Jump up ^ Centre , Government of Canada ; Canadian Dairy Information . `` Types of Dairy Barns -- Canadian Dairy Information Centre ( CDIC ) '' . dairyinfo.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.milkfacts.info/Milk%20Microbiology/Milk%20Microbiology%20Page.htm Jump up ^ Centre , Government of Canada ; Canadian Dairy Information . `` Dairy Facts and Figures -- Canadian Dairy Information Centre ( CDIC ) '' . dairyinfo.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Gangurde , H. , Chordiya , M. , Patil , P. , & Baste , N. ( 2011 ) . Whey protein . Scholars ' Research Journal , 1 ( 2 ) https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2249-5975.99663 Jump up ^ `` FAQs DPAC - ATLC '' . Dairy Processors Association of Canada . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` EBSCO Publishing Service Selection Page '' . web.b.ebscohost.com . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Estrus Syncronization of Dairy Cattle '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat Detection and Timing of Insemination for Cattle '' . Jump up ^ David J. Miller . `` Systematic Breeding Programs for the Dairy Herd '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dairy 2007 Part II : Changes in the U.S. Dairy Cattle Industry , 1991 -- 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service . March 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 January 2010 . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dairy cattle '' . Archived from the original on 7 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Feeding Barley to Dairy Cattle '' . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Feeding Dairy Cattle for Proper Body Condition Score '' . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fats Defined '' . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` By - Products and Regionally Available Alternative Feedstuffs for Dairy Cattle '' . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Dr. David R. Pike -- USDA Office of Pest Management Policy ( January 2004 ) . `` Pest Management Strategic Plan For Lactating ( Dairy ) Cattle '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Purebred Dairy Cattle Association '' . Purebred Dairy Cattle Association . Purebred Dairy Cattle Association . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about Holstein Cattle '' ( PDF ) . Holstein Association USA Inc . Jump up ^ `` Breeds -- Brown Swiss '' . The Cattle Site . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breeds -- Ayrshire '' . The Cattle Site . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breeds -- Guernsey '' . The Cattle Site . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breeds of Livestock -- Jersey Cattle -- Breeds of Livestock , Department of Animal Science '' . www.ansi.okstate.edu . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Centre , Government of Canada ; Canadian Dairy Information . `` Average Milk Production by Breed ( Milk Recording ) -- Canadian Dairy Information Centre ( CDIC ) '' . dairyinfo.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Breeds -- Jersey '' . The Cattle Site . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cows With the Highest Milk Fat Content '' . Jump up ^ Moran , John ; Doyle , Rebecca ( 2015 ) . Cow Talk . CSIRO Publishing . ISBN 9781486301614 . Jump up ^ `` Welfare vs. Rights -- Animal Welfare Council '' . www.animalwelfarecouncil.org . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sorge , US ; Cherry , C ; Bender JB ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Perception of the Importance of Human - Animal Interactions on Cattle Flow and Worker Safety in Minnesota Dairy Farms '' . Journal of Dairy Science . 97 ( 7 ) : 4632 -- 4638 . doi : 10.3168 / jds. 2014 - 7971 . PMID 24835968 . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Fregonesi ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Behaviour , performance and health indicators of welfare for dairy cows housed in strawyard or cubicle systems '' . Livestock Science . 68 : 2 : 205 -- 216 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Invited Review : Bovine Studies on Optimal Lengths of Dry Periods . Bachman & Schairer. 2002 . j Dairy Sci. 86 : 3027 -- 3037. https://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73902-2 Jump up ^ `` Dairy 's Dark Side : The Hidden Truth Behind Milk '' . Mercy for Animals . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . LCCN : sh85035434 NDL : 00568759 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dairy_cattle&oldid=857129324 '' Categories : Dairy farming Cows Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia བོད ་ ཡིག Čeština Dansk Eesti Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Sranantongo Suomi Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 19 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how long does a cow give milk after calving | [
"The dairy cow will produce large amounts of milk in its lifetime. Production levels peak at around 40 to 60 days after calving. Production declines steadily afterwards until milking is stopped at about 10 months. The cow is \"dried off\" for about sixty days before calving again. Within a 12 to 14-month inter-calving cycle, the milking period is about 305 days or 10 months long.[19][20][21] Among many variables, certain breeds produce more milk than others within a range of around 6,800 to 17,000 kg (15,000 to 37,500 lbs) of milk per year.[citation needed] \n"
] | [
"10 months"
] |
-1697891722580714399 | Oligopoly | Oligopoly - Wikipedia Oligopoly An oligopoly ( / ɒlɪˈɡɒpəli / , from Ancient Greek ὀλίγος ( olígos ) `` few '' + πωλεῖν ( polein ) `` to sell '' ) is a market form wherein a market or industry is dominated by a small number of large sellers ( oligopolists ) . Oligopolies can result from various forms of collusion which reduce competition and lead to higher prices for consumers . Oligopoly has its own market structure . With few sellers , each oligopolist is likely to be aware of the actions of the others . According to game theory , the decisions of one firm therefore influence and are influenced by decisions of other firms . Strategic planning by oligopolists needs to take into account the likely responses of the other market . Entry barriers include high investment requirements , strong consumer loyalty for existing brands and economics of scale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Characteristics 3 Oligopolies in countries with competition laws 4 Modeling 4.1 Cournot -- Nash model 4.2 Bertrand model 4.3 Oligopolistic market Kinked demand curve model 5 Examples 5.1 Worldwide 5.1. 1 Aircraft 5.1. 2 Finance 5.1. 3 Food 5.1. 4 Technology 5.2 Australia 5.3 Canada 5.3. 1 Media 5.3. 2 Other 5.4 India 5.5 European Union 5.6 United Kingdom 5.7 United States 5.7. 1 Media 5.7. 2 Other 6 Demand curve 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 References 11 External links Description ( edit ) Oligopoly is a common market form where a number of firms are in competition . As a quantitative description of oligopoly , the four - firm concentration ratio is often utilized . This measure expresses , as a percentage , the market share of the four largest firms in any particular industry . For example , as of fourth quarter 2008 , if we combine total market share of Verizon Wireless , AT&T , Sprint , and T - Mobile , we see that these firms , together , control 97 % of the U.S. cellular telephone market . Oligopolistic competition can give rise to both wide - ranging and diverse outcomes . In some situations , particular companies may employ restrictive trade practices ( collusion , market sharing etc . ) in order to inflate prices and restrict production in much the same way that a monopoly does . Whenever there is a formal agreement for such collusion , between companies that usually compete with one another , this practice is known as a cartel . A prime example of such a cartel is OPEC , which has a profound influence on the international price of oil . Firms often collude in an attempt to stabilize unstable markets , so as to reduce the risks inherent in these markets for investment and product development . There are legal restrictions on such collusion in most countries . There does not have to be a formal agreement for collusion to take place ( although for the act to be illegal there must be actual communication between companies ) -- for example , in some industries there may be an acknowledged market leader which informally sets prices to which other producers respond , known as price leadership . In other situations , competition between sellers in an oligopoly can be fierce , with relatively low prices and high production . This could lead to an efficient outcome approaching perfect competition . The competition in an oligopoly can be greater when there are more firms in an industry than if , for example , the firms were only regionally based and did not compete directly with each other . Thus the welfare analysis of oligopolies is sensitive to the parameter values used to define the market 's structure . In particular , the level of dead weight loss is hard to measure . The study of product differentiation indicates that oligopolies might also create excessive levels of differentiation in order to stifle competition . Oligopoly theory makes heavy use of game theory to model the behavior of oligopolies : Stackelberg 's duopoly . In this model , the firms move sequentially ( see Stackelberg competition ) . Cournot 's duopoly . In this model , the firms simultaneously choose quantities ( see Cournot competition ) . Bertrand 's oligopoly . In this model , the firms simultaneously choose prices ( see Bertrand competition ) . Characteristics ( edit ) Profit maximization conditions An oligopoly maximizes profits . Ability to set price Oligopolies are price setters rather than price takers . Entry and exit Barriers to entry are high . The most important barriers are government licenses , economies of scale , patents , access to expensive and complex technology , and strategic actions by incumbent firms designed to discourage or destroy nascent firms . Additional sources of barriers to entry often result from government regulation favoring existing firms making it difficult for new firms to enter the market . Number of firms `` Few '' -- a `` handful '' of sellers . There are so few firms that the actions of one firm can influence the actions of the other firms . Long run profits Oligopolies can retain long run abnormal profits . High barriers of entry prevent sideline firms from entering market to capture excess profits . Product differentiation Product may be homogeneous ( steel ) or differentiated ( automobiles ) . Perfect knowledge Assumptions about perfect knowledge vary but the knowledge of various economic factors can be generally described as selective . Oligopolies have perfect knowledge of their own cost and demand functions but their inter-firm information may be incomplete . Buyers have only imperfect knowledge as to price , cost and product quality . Interdependence The distinctive feature of an oligopoly is interdependence . Oligopolies are typically composed of a few large firms . Each firm is so large that its actions affect market conditions . Therefore , the competing firms will be aware of a firm 's market actions and will respond appropriately . This means that in contemplating a market action , a firm must take into consideration the possible reactions of all competing firms and the firm 's countermoves . It is very much like a game of chess , in which a player must anticipate a whole sequence of moves and countermoves in order to determine how to achieve his or her objectives ; this is known as game theory . For example , an oligopoly considering a price reduction may wish to estimate the likelihood that competing firms would also lower their prices and possibly trigger a ruinous price war . Or if the firm is considering a price increase , it may want to know whether other firms will also increase prices or hold existing prices constant . This anticipation leads to price rigidity as firms will be only be willing to adjust their prices and quantity of output in accordance with a `` price leader '' in the market . This high degree of interdependence and need to be aware of what other firms are doing or might do is to be contrasted with lack of interdependence in other market structures . In a perfectly competitive ( PC ) market there is zero interdependence because no firm is large enough to affect market price . All firms in a PC market are price takers , as current market selling price can be followed predictably to maximize short - term profits . In a monopoly , there are no competitors to be concerned about . In a monopolistically - competitive market , each firm 's effects on market conditions is so negligible as to be safely ignored by competitors . Non-Price Competition Oligopolies tend to compete on terms other than price . Loyalty schemes , advertisement , and product differentiation are all examples of non-price competition . Oligopolies in countries with competition laws ( edit ) Oligopolies become `` mature '' when they realise they can profit maximise through joint profit maximising . As a result of operating in countries with enforced competition laws , the Oligopolists will operate under tacit collusion , being collusion through an understanding that if all the competitors in the market raise their prices , then collectively all the competitors can achieve economic profits close to a monopolist , with out evidence of breaching government market regulations . Hence , the kinked demand curve for a joint profit maximising Oligopoly industry can model the behaviours of oligopolists pricing decisions other than that of the price leader ( the price leader being the firm that all other firms follow in terms of pricing decisions ) . This is because if a firm unilaterally raises the prices of their good / service , and other competitors do not follow then , the firm that raised their price will then lose a significant market as they face the elastic upper segment of the demand curve . As the joint profit maximising achieves greater economic profits for all the firms , there is an incentive for an individual firm to `` cheat '' by expanding output to gain greater market share and profit . In Oligopolist cheating , and the incumbent firm discovering this breach in collusion , the other firms in the market will retaliate by matching or dropping prices lower than the original drop . Hence , the market share that the firm that dropped the price gained , will have that gain minimised or eliminated . This is why on the kinked demand curve model the lower segment of the demand curve is inelastic . As a result , price rigidity prevails in such markets . Modeling ( edit ) There is no single model describing the operation of an oligopolistic market . The variety and complexity of the models exist because you can have two to 10 firms competing on the basis of price , quantity , technological innovations , marketing , and reputation . Fortunately , there are a series of simplified models that attempt to describe market behavior by considering certain circumstances . Some of the better - known models are the dominant firm model , the Cournot -- Nash model , the Bertrand model and the kinked demand model . Cournot -- Nash model ( edit ) Main article : Cournot competition The Cournot -- Nash model is the simplest oligopoly model . The model assumes that there are two `` equally positioned firms '' ; the firms compete on the basis of quantity rather than price and each firm makes an `` output decision assuming that the other firm 's behavior is fixed . '' The market demand curve is assumed to be linear and marginal costs are constant . To find the Cournot -- Nash equilibrium one determines how each firm reacts to a change in the output of the other firm . The path to equilibrium is a series of actions and reactions . The pattern continues until a point is reached where neither firm desires `` to change what it is doing , given how it believes the other firm will react to any change . '' The equilibrium is the intersection of the two firm 's reaction functions . The reaction function shows how one firm reacts to the quantity choice of the other firm . For example , assume that the firm 1 's demand function is P = ( M − Q ) − Q where Q is the quantity produced by the other firm and Q is the amount produced by firm 1 , and M = 60 is the market . Assume that marginal cost is C = 12 . Firm 1 wants to know its maximizing quantity and price . Firm 1 begins the process by following the profit maximization rule of equating marginal revenue to marginal costs . Firm 1 's total revenue function is R = Q P = Q ( M − Q − Q ) = MQ − Q Q − Q. The marginal revenue function is R M = ∂ R T ∂ Q 1 = M − Q 2 − 2 Q 1 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( M ) = ( \ frac ( \ partial R_ ( T ) ) ( \ partial Q_ ( 1 ) ) ) = M - Q_ ( 2 ) - 2Q_ ( 1 ) ) . R = C M − Q − 2Q = C 2Q = ( M − C ) − Q Q = ( M − C ) / 2 − Q / 2 = 24 − 0.5 Q ( 1.1 ) Q = 2 ( M − C ) − 2Q = 96 − 2 Q ( 1.2 ) Equation 1.1 is the reaction function for firm 1 . Equation 1.2 is the reaction function for firm 2 . To determine the Cournot -- Nash equilibrium you can solve the equations simultaneously . The equilibrium quantities can also be determined graphically . The equilibrium solution would be at the intersection of the two reaction functions . Note that if you graph the functions the axes represent quantities . The reaction functions are not necessarily symmetric . The firms may face differing cost functions in which case the reaction functions would not be identical nor would the equilibrium quantities . Bertrand model ( edit ) Main article : Bertrand competition The Bertrand model is essentially the Cournot -- Nash model except the strategic variable is price rather than quantity . The model assumptions are : There are two firms in the market They produce a homogeneous product They produce at a constant marginal cost Firms choose prices P and P simultaneously Firms outputs are perfect substitutes Sales are split evenly if P = P The only Nash equilibrium is P = P = MC . Neither firm has any reason to change strategy . If the firm raises prices it will lose all its customers . If the firm lowers price P < MC then it will be losing money on every unit sold . The Bertrand equilibrium is the same as the competitive result . Each firm will produce where P = marginal costs and there will be zero profits . A generalization of the Bertrand model is the Bertrand -- Edgeworth model that allows for capacity constraints and more general cost functions . Oligopolistic market kinked demand curve model ( edit ) Main article : Kinked demand According to this model , each firm faces a demand curve kinked at the existing price . The conjectural assumptions of the model are ; if the firm raises its price above the current existing price , competitors will not follow and the acting firm will lose market share and second if a firm lowers prices below the existing price then their competitors will follow to retain their market share and the firm 's output will increase only marginally . If the assumptions hold then : The firm 's marginal revenue curve is discontinuous ( or rather , not differentiable ) , and has a gap at the kink For prices above the prevailing price the curve is relatively elastic For prices below the point the curve is relatively inelastic The gap in the marginal revenue curve means that marginal costs can fluctuate without changing equilibrium price and quantity . Thus prices tend to be rigid . Examples ( edit ) In industrialized economies , barriers to entry have resulted in oligopolies forming in many sectors , with unprecedented levels of competition fueled by increasing globalization . Market shares in an oligopoly are typically determined by product development and advertising . For example , there are now only a small number of manufacturers of civil passenger aircraft , though Brazil ( Embraer ) and Canada ( Bombardier ) have participated in the small passenger aircraft market sector . Oligopolies have also arisen in heavily - regulated markets such as wireless communications : in some areas only two or three providers are licensed to operate . Worldwide ( edit ) Aircraft ( edit ) Boeing and Airbus have a duopoly over the airliner market . General Electric , Pratt and Whitney and Rolls - Royce plc own more than 50 % of the marketshare in the airliner engine market . Aircraft tires is dominated by a four firm oligopoly that controls 85 % of market share . Finance ( edit ) Three credit rating agencies ( Standard & Poor 's , Moody 's , and Fitch Group ) dominate their market and extend their crucial importance into the financial sector . See Big Three ( credit rating agencies ) . The accountancy market is dominated by PriceWaterhouseCoopers , KPMG , Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu , and Ernst & Young ( commonly known as the Big Four ) Credit card processing is dominated by Visa and Mastercard . Food ( edit ) Three leading food processing companies , Kraft Foods , PepsiCo and Nestlé , together achieve a large proportion of global processed food sales . These three companies are often used as an example of `` Rule of three '' , which states that markets often become an oligopoly of three large firms . Nestlé , The Hershey Company and Mars , Incorporated together make most of the confectionery made worldwide . Technology ( edit ) Intel and AMD are the only two major players in desktop CPU market worldwide . Microsoft , Sony , Valve , and Nintendo dominate the video game platform market . Nvidia and AMD together make most of the chips for discrete graphics . Australia ( edit ) Most media outlets are owned either by News Corporation , Time Warner , or by Fairfax Media Grocery retailing is dominated by Coles Group and Woolworths . Banking is dominated by ANZ , Westpac , NAB , and Commonwealth Bank . To an extent this oligopoly is enshrined in law in what is known as the `` Four pillars policy '' , in order to ensure the stability of Australia 's banking system . Fixed line telecommunications products in Australia are primarily delivered by Telstra , Optus , TPG or increasingly NBN Co . Other brands are virtual network operators ( VNO ) . In the mobile market there are three main operators , Telstra , Optus and Vodafone Hutchison Australia . With other mobile virtual network operators ( MVNO ) selling access to those three networks . Canada ( edit ) Media ( edit ) Torstar and Postmedia Network dominate the newspaper industry Bell Media , Rogers Media , and Corus Entertainment dominate English - language television broadcasting Bell Media Radio , Newcap Radio , Rogers Media , and Corus Entertainment dominate the English - language radio industry Loblaw Companies , Metro Inc. , and Sobeys control the majority of the supermarket industry Other ( edit ) Five companies dominate the banking industry : Royal Bank of Canada , Toronto Dominion Bank , Bank of Nova Scotia , Bank of Montreal , and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce As of 2008 Rogers Wireless , Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility control a combined 94 % of Canada 's wireless telecommunications market Rogers Communications , Bell Canada , Telus , and Shaw Communications dominate the internet service provider market : Husky Energy , Imperial Oil , Nexen , Shell Canada , Suncor Energy , Syncrude , and Repsol Oil & Gas Canada dominate the oil and gas sector India ( edit ) The petroleum and gas industry is dominated by Indian Oil , Bharat Petroleum , Hindustan Petroleum , and Reliance Petroleum . Most of the telecommunication in India is dominated by Airtel , Vodafone India , Idea Cellular , Reliance Communications , as well as Tata Teleservices Tata Sky ( BSNL ) and Reliance Jio European Union ( edit ) The VHF Data Link market as air - ground part of aeronautical communications is controlled by ARINC and SITA , commonly known as the organisations providing communication services for the exchange of data between air - ground applications in the Commission Regulation ( EC ) No 29 / 2009 . United kingdom ( edit ) Five banks ( Barclays , Halifax , HSBC , Lloyds TSB and Natwest ) dominate the UK banking sector , they were accused of being an oligopoly by the relative newcomer Virgin Money . Four companies ( Tesco , Sainsbury 's , Asda and Morrisons ) share 74.4 % of the grocery market . The detergent market is dominated by two players , Unilever and Procter & Gamble . Six utilities ( EDF Energy , Centrica , RWE npower , E. on , Scottish Power and Scottish and Southern Energy ) share 95 % of the retail electricity market . Four mobile phone networks . Phantom networks like Tesco Mobile have attempted to free the market , but there are still just four core signal providers in EE , Vodafone , O2 and 3 Mobile . Big Four Accounting Firms - ( KPMG , PWC , Ernst and Young and Deloitte ) These four firms audit 99 % of the companies in the FTSE100 and 96 % of the companies in the FTSE 250 Index . United States ( edit ) Media ( edit ) Six movie studios ( Walt Disney Pictures , Sony Pictures , Universal Pictures , 20th Century Fox , Paramount Pictures , Warner Bros. Entertainment ) receive almost 87 % of American film revenues . The television and high speed internet industry is mostly an oligopoly of seven companies : The Walt Disney Company , CBS Corporation , Viacom , Comcast , Hearst Corporation , Time Warner , and News Corporation ( now 21st Century Fox and News Corp ) . See Concentration of media ownership . In March 2012 , the United States Department of Justice announced that it would sue six major publishers for price fixing in the sale of electronic books . The accused publishers are Apple , Simon & Schuster Inc , Hachette Book Group , Penguin Group , Macmillan , and HarperCollins Publishers . Other ( edit ) Four wireless providers ( AT&T Mobility , Verizon Wireless , T - Mobile , Sprint Corporation ) control 89 % of the cellular telephone service market . This is not to be confused with cellular telephone manufacturing , an integral portion of the cellular telephone market as a whole . Healthcare insurance in the United States consists of very few insurance companies controlling major market share in most states . For example , California 's insured population of 20 million is the most competitive in the nation and 44 % of that market is dominated by two insurance companies , Anthem and Kaiser Permanente . Mergers among airlines have left the industry in the United States dominated by four main entities -- Delta Air Lines , United Airlines , Southwest Airlines and American Airlines -- which purposely do not compete on some air travel routes . Transcontinental freight lines are vastly controlled by two railroads : Union Pacific Railroad and BNSF Railroad . The big box retail industry in the U.S. is dominated by Walmart , Target , and Costco . Walgreens and CVS Pharmacy take up 86 % of the U.S. pharmacy market . Demand curve ( edit ) Above the kink , demand is relatively elastic because all other firms ' prices remain unchanged . Below the kink , demand is relatively inelastic because all other firms will introduce a similar price cut , eventually leading to a price war . Therefore , the best option for the oligopolist is to produce at point E which is the equilibrium point and the kink point . This is a theoretical model proposed in 1947 , which has failed to receive conclusive evidence for support . In an oligopoly , firms operate under imperfect competition . With the fierce price competitiveness created by this sticky - upward demand curve , firms use non-price competition in order to accrue greater revenue and market share . `` Kinked '' demand curves are similar to traditional demand curves , as they are downward - sloping . They are distinguished by a hypothesized convex bend with a discontinuity at the bend -- `` kink '' . Thus the first derivative at that point is undefined and leads to a jump discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve . Classical economic theory assumes that a profit - maximizing producer with some market power ( either due to oligopoly or monopolistic competition ) will set marginal costs equal to marginal revenue . This idea can be envisioned graphically by the intersection of an upward - sloping marginal cost curve and a downward - sloping marginal revenue curve ( because the more one sells , the lower the price must be , so the less a producer earns per unit ) . In classical theory , any change in the marginal cost structure ( how much it costs to make each additional unit ) or the marginal revenue structure ( how much people will pay for each additional unit ) will be immediately reflected in a new price and / or quantity sold of the item . This result does not occur if a `` kink '' exists . Because of this jump discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve , marginal costs could change without necessarily changing the price or quantity . The motivation behind this kink is the idea that in an oligopolistic or monopolistically competitive market , firms will not raise their prices because even a small price increase will lose many customers . This is because competitors will generally ignore price increases , with the hope of gaining a larger market share as a result of now having comparatively lower prices . However , even a large price decrease will gain only a few customers because such an action will begin a price war with other firms . The curve is therefore more price - elastic for price increases and less so for price decreases . Theory predicts that firms will enter the industry in the long run . See also ( edit ) Big business Conjectural variation Market failure Monopoly Monopsony Oligopolistic reaction Oligopsony Perfect competition Prisoner 's dilemma Simulations and games in economics education Swing producer Unfair competition Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ R = M − Q − 2Q . can be restated as R = ( M − Q ) − 2Q . Further reading ( edit ) Bayer , R.C. ( 2010 ) . Intertemporal price discrimination and competition . Journal of economic behavior & organization , 73 ( 2 ) , 273 -- 293 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Competition Counts '' . 11 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J. Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus. page 445 . Pearson 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hirschey , M. Managerial Economics . Rev. Ed , page 451 . Dryden 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Negbennebor , A : Microeconomics , The Freedom to Choose CAT 2001 Jump up ^ Negbennebor , A : Microeconomics , The Freedom to Choose page 291 . CAT 2001 Jump up ^ Melvin & Boyes , Microeconomics 5th ed. page 267 . Houghton Mifflin 2002 ^ Jump up to : Colander , David C. Microeconomics 7th ed . Page 288 McGraw - Hill 2008 . Jump up ^ This statement is the Cournot conjectures . Kreps , D. : A Course in Microeconomic Theory page 326 . Princeton 1990 . Jump up ^ Kreps , D. A Course in Microeconomic Theory. page 326 . Princeton 1990 . Jump up ^ Kreps , D. A Course in Microeconomic Theory . Princeton 1990 . Jump up ^ Samuelson , W & Marks , S. Managerial Economics . 4th ed . Wiley 2003 Jump up ^ Pindyck , R & Rubinfeld , D: Microeconomics 5th ed . Prentice - Hall 2001 Jump up ^ Pindyck , R & Rubinfeld , D: Microeconomics 5th ed . Prentice - Hall 2001 ^ Jump up to : Samuelson , W. & Marks , S. Managerial Economics . 4th ed. page 415 Wiley 2003 . Jump up ^ There is nothing to guarantee an even split . Kreps , D. : A Course in Microeconomic Theory page 331 . Princeton 1990 . Jump up ^ This assumes that there are no capacity restriction . Binger , B & Hoffman , E , 284 -- 85 . Microeconomics with Calculus , 2nd ed . Addison - Wesley , 1998 . Jump up ^ Pindyck , R & Rubinfeld , D: Microeconomics 5th ed. page 438 Prentice - Hall 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Pindyck , R. & Rubinfeld , D. Microeconomics 5th ed. page 446 . Prentice - Hall 2001 . Jump up ^ Simply stated the rule is that competitors will ignore price increases and follow price decreases . Negbennebor , A : Microeconomics , The Freedom to Choose page 299 . CAT 2001 ^ Jump up to : Negbennebor , A. Microeconomics : The Freedom to Choose. page 299 . CAT 2001 Jump up ^ Airlines Industry Profile : United States , Datamonitor , November 2008 , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ `` Manufacturers work on perfecting aircraft tires '' . Rubber News . May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Accountancy Industry Profile : Global , Datamonitor , September 2008 Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ SHETH Jagdish , SISODIA Rajendra , The Rule of Three , New York : Boston Publishing . Jump up ^ Media Industry Profile : Australia , Datamonitor , October 2008 Jump up ^ http://cwta.ca/CWTASite/english/facts_figures_downloads/SubscribersStats_en_2008_Q4.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/reports/policymonitoring/2008/cmr2008.pdf Jump up ^ Big banks running an oligopoly , says Virgin Money chief , January 2011 Jump up ^ Probe says ' too few supermarkets ' , BBC News , 31 October 2007 , retrieved 3 April 2009 Jump up ^ Textile Washing Products Industry Profile : United Kingdom , Datamonitor , November 2008 Jump up ^ ' Big six ' energy firms face competition inquiry , BBC News , 27 March 2014 Jump up ^ `` 2013 Market Share and Box Office Results by Movie Studio '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ Rodman , George . Mass Media in a Changing World . New York ( 2nd ed . ) , McGraw Hill , 2008 Jump up ^ Bartz , Diane ( 8 Mar 2012 ) . `` Justice Department may sue Apple , publishers on e-books '' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 Mar 2012 . Jump up ^ Tim Worstall ( 8 Mar 2012 ) . `` Now the Justice Department Wants to Sue Apple '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 Mar 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas Catan ; Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg ( 9 Mar 2012 ) . `` US Warns Apple , Publishers '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 14 Mar 2012 . Jump up ^ Chetan Sharma . `` Us Wireless Market Q4 2008 And 2008 Update Mar 2009 Chetan Sharma ... '' . slideshare.net . Jump up ^ Contributor , Julie Roginsky , CNBC ( 18 September 2009 ) . `` Roginsky : The Health Insurance Oligopoly '' . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Andrew Ross . `` As Oil Prices Fall , Airfares Still Stay High '' . NYTimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Moskowitz , Dan ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` Costco , Target or Walmart : Which is the Best Bet ? '' . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CVS and Walgreens : A Duopoly That 's Hard to Ignore '' . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oligopoly . Microeconomics by Elmer G. Wiens : Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly , Differentiated Oligopoly , and Monopolistic Competition Vives , X . ( 1999 ) . Oligopoly pricing , MIT Press , Cambridge MA . ( A comprehensive work on oligopoly theory ) Simulations in Managerial / Business Economics Simulations in Principles of Economics Oligoply Theory made Simple , Chapter 6 of Surfing Economics by Huw Dixon . 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-2915330983393234722 | Oceanic crust | Oceanic crust - wikipedia Oceanic crust Jump to : navigation , search Colors indicate the age of oceanic crust , wherein red indicates the youngest age , and blue indicates the oldest age . The lines represent tectonic plate boundaries . Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate . The crust overlies the solidified and uppermost layer of the mantle . The crust and the solid mantle layer together constitute oceanic lithosphere . Oceanic crust is primarily composed of mafic rocks , or sima , which is rich in iron and magnesium . It is thinner than continental crust , or sial , generally less than 10 kilometers thick ; however it is denser , having a mean density of about 2.9 grams per cubic centimeter as opposed to continental crust which has a density of about 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter . The crust is the result of erupted mantle material originating from below the plate , cooled and in most instances , modified chemically by seawater . These eruptions occur mostly at mid-ocean ridges , but also at scattered hotspots , and also in rare but powerful occurrences known as flood basalt eruptions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 1.1 Geochemistry 1.2 Life cycle 2 Magnetic anomalies 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Composition ( edit ) Although a complete section of oceanic crust has not yet been drilled , geologists have several pieces of evidence that help them understand the ocean floor . Estimations of composition are based on analyses of ophiolites ( sections of oceanic crust that are thrust onto and preserved on the continents ) , comparisons of the seismic structure of the oceanic crust with laboratory determinations of seismic velocities in known rock types , and samples recovered from the ocean floor by submersibles , dredging ( especially from ridge crests and fracture zones ) and drilling . Oceanic crust is significantly simpler than continental crust and generally can be divided in three layers . According to mineral physics experiments , at lower mantle pressures , oceanic crust becomes denser than the surrounding mantle . Layer 1 is on an average 0.4 km thick . It consists of unconsolidated or semiconsolidated sediments , usually thin or even not present near the mid-ocean ridges but thickens farther away from the ridge . Near the continental margins sediment is terrigenous , meaning derived from the land , unlike deep sea sediments which are made of tiny shells of marine organisms , usually calcareous and siliceous , or it can be made of volcanic ash and terrigenous sediments transported by turbidity currents . Layer 2 could be divided into two parts : layer 2A -- 0.5 km thick uppermost volcanic layer of glassy to finely crystalline basalt usually in the form of pillow basalt , and layer 2B -- 1.5 km thick layer composed of diabase dikes . Layer 3 is formed by slow cooling of magma beneath the surface and consists of coarse grained gabbros and cumulate ultramafic rocks . It constitutes over two - thirds of oceanic crust volume with almost 5 km thickness . Geochemistry ( edit ) The most voluminous volcanic rocks of the ocean floor are the mid-oceanic ridge basalts , which are derived from low - potassium tholeiitic magmas . These rocks have low concentrations of large ion lithophile elements ( LILE ) , light rare earth elements ( LREE ) , volatile elements and other highly incompatible elements . There can be found basalts enriched with incompatible elements , but they are rare and associated with mid-ocean ridge hot spots such as surroundings of Galapagos Islands , the Azores and Iceland . Life cycle ( edit ) Oceanic crust is continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges . As plates diverge at these ridges , magma rises into the upper mantle and crust . As it moves away from the ridge , the lithosphere becomes cooler and denser , and sediment gradually builds on top of it . The youngest oceanic lithosphere is at the oceanic ridges , and it gets progressively older away from the ridges . As the mantle rises it cools and melts , as the pressure decreases and it crosses the solidus . The amount of melt produced depends only on the temperature of the mantle as it rises . Hence most oceanic crust is the same thickness ( 7 ± 1 km ) . Very slow spreading ridges ( < 1 cm yr half - rate ) produce thinner crust ( 4 -- 5 km thick ) as the mantle has a chance to cool on upwelling and so it crosses the solidus and melts at lesser depth , thereby producing less melt and thinner crust . An example of this is the Gakkel Ridge under the Arctic Ocean . Thicker than average crust is found above plumes as the mantle is hotter and hence it crosses the solidus and melts at a greater depth , creating more melt and a thicker crust . An example of this is Iceland which has crust of thickness ~ 20 km . The age of the oceanic crust can be used to estimate the ( thermal ) thickness of the lithosphere , where young oceanic crust has not had enough time to cool the mantle beneath it , while older oceanic crust has thicker mantle lithosphere beneath it . The oceanic lithosphere subducts at what are known as convergent boundaries . These boundaries can exist between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and oceanic lithosphere on another , or between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and continental lithosphere on another . In the second situation , the oceanic lithosphere always subducts because the continental lithosphere is less dense . The subduction process consumes older oceanic lithosphere , so oceanic crust is seldom more than 200 million years old . The process of super-continent formation and destruction via repeated cycles of creation and destruction of oceanic crust is known as the Wilson cycle . The oldest large scale oceanic crust is in the west Pacific and north - west Atlantic - both are about up to 180 - 200 million years old . However , parts of the eastern Mediterranean Sea are remnants of the much older Tethys ocean , at about 270 and up to 340 million years old . Magnetic anomalies ( edit ) Main article : Seafloor spreading The oceanic crust displays a pattern of magnetic lines , parallel to the ocean ridges , frozen in the basalt . A symmetrical pattern of positive and negative magnetic lines emanates from the mid-ocean ridge . New rock is formed by magma at the mid-ocean ridges , and the ocean floor spreads out from this point . When the magma cools to form rock , its magnetic polarity is aligned with the then - current positions of the magnetic poles of the Earth . New magma then forces the older cooled magma away from the ridge . This process results in parallel sections of oceanic crust of alternating magnetic polarity . See also ( edit ) Mohorovičić discontinuity Plate tectonics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rogers , N. ; Blake , S. ; Burton , K. An introduction to our dynamic planet . Cambridge University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 49424 - 3 . Retrieved January 2008 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cogley 1984 Jump up ^ H. Elderfield ( 2006 ) . The Oceans and Marine Geochemistry . Elsevier . pp. 182 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 045101 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kodaira , S. , Noguchi , N. , Takahashi , N. , Ishizuka , O. , & Kaneda , Y. ( 2010 ) . Evolution from fore ‐ arc oceanic crust to island arc crust : A seismic study along the Izu ‐ Bonin fore arc . Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth , 115 ( B9 ) , N / a . Jump up ^ Li , M. , & McNamara , A. ( 2013 ) . The difficulty for subducted oceanic crust to accumulate at the Earth 's core ‐ mantle boundary . Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth , 118 ( 4 ) , 1807 - 1816 . Jump up ^ Peter Laznicka ( 2 September 2010 ) . Giant Metallic Deposits : Future Sources of Industrial Metals . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 82 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 12405 - 1 . Jump up ^ D.R. Bowes ( 1989 ) The Encyclopedia of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology , Van Nostrand Reinhold ISBN 0 - 442 - 20623 - 2 Jump up ^ Yildirim Dilek ( 1 January 2000 ) . Ophiolites and Oceanic Crust : New Insights from Field Studies and the Ocean Drilling Program . Geological Society of America . pp. 506 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8137 - 2349 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jon Erickson ( 14 May 2014 ) . Plate Tectonics : Unraveling the Mysteries of the Earth . Infobase Publishing . pp. 83 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0968 - 8 . Jump up ^ Clare P. Marshall , Rhodes W. Fairbridge ( 1999 ) Encyclopedia of Geochemistry , Kluwer Academic Publishers ISBN 0 - 412 - 75500 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Understanding plate motions ( This Dynamic Earth , USGS ) '' . pubs.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ C.M.R. Fowler ( 2005 ) The Solid Earth ( 2nd Ed . ) , Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 - 521 - 89307 - 0 Jump up ^ McKenzie , Dan ; Jackson , James ; Priestley , Keith ( May 2005 ) . `` Thermal structure of oceanic and continental lithosphere '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . Elsevier . 233 ( 3 - 4 ) . Jump up ^ Condie , K.C. 1997 . Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution ( 4th Edition ) . 288 page , Butterworth - Heinemann Ltd . Jump up ^ Müller , R. Dietmar ( April 2008 ) . `` Age , spreading rates , and spreading asymmetry of the world 's ocean crust '' . Geochemistry , Geophysics , Geosystems . American Geophysical Union . 9 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Benson , Emily ( 15 August 2016 ) . `` World 's oldest ocean crust dates back to ancient supercontinent '' . www.newscientist.com . New Scientist . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Researcher uncovers 340 million year - old oceanic crust in the Mediterranean Sea using magnetic data '' . www.sciencedaily.com . Science Daily . 15 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pitman , W.C. ; Herron , E.M. ; Heirtzler , J.R. ( 1968 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Magnetic anomalies in the Pacific and sea floor spreading '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 73 ( 6 ) : 2069 -- 2085 . doi : 10.1029 / JB073i006p02069 . ISSN 2156 - 2202 . References ( edit ) Marshak , Stephen ( 2005 ) Earth : Portrait of a Planet ( 41 - 87 ) McDuff , Russell E. ; Heath , G. Ross . `` Ocean 540 : Oceanic Lithosphere ; Plate Tectonics ; Seafloor Topography '' . School of Oceanography , University of Washington . Retrieved August 2009 . 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-7358304014690568313 | Medieval demography | Medieval demography - wikipedia Medieval demography Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The peasants preparing the fields for the winter with a harrow and sowing for the winter grain , from The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry , c. 1410 Medieval demography is the study of human demography in Europe and the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages . It estimates and seeks to explain the number of people who were alive during the Medieval period , population trends , life expectancy , family structure , and related issues . Demography is considered a crucial element of historical change throughout the Middle Ages . The population of Europe remained at a low level in the Early Middle Ages , boomed during the High Middle Ages and reached a peak around 1300 , then a number of calamities caused a steep decline , the nature of which historians have debated . Population levels began to recover around the late 15th century , gaining momentum in the early 16th century . The science of medieval demography relies on various lines of evidence , such as administrative records , wills and other types of records , archaeological field data , economic data , and written histories . Because the data are often incomplete and / or ambiguous , there can be significant disagreement among medieval demographers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Demographic history of Europe 1.1 Late Antiquity 1.2 Early Middle Ages 1.3 High Middle Ages 1.3. 1 England 1.3. 2 France 1.3. 3 Italy 1.4 Late Middle Ages 1.5 Demographic tables 2 Science and art of medieval demography 3 See also 3.1 Major writers on medieval demography 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 Further reading Demographic history of Europe ( edit ) The population levels of Europe during the Middle Ages can be roughly categorized : 200 -- 600 ( Late Antiquity ) : population decline 600 -- 1000 ( Early Middle Ages ) : stable at a low level , with intermittent growth . 1000 -- 1250 ( High Middle Ages ) : population boom and expansion . 1250 -- 1348 ( Late Middle Ages ) : stable or intermittently rising at a high level , with fall in 1315 -- 17 in England . 1348 -- 1420 ( Late Middle Ages ) : steep decline in England and France , growth in East Central Europe . 1420 -- 1470 ( Late Middle Ages ) : stable or intermittently falling to a low level in Western Europe , growth in East Central Europe . 1470 -- onward : slow expansion gaining momentum in the early 16th century . Late Antiquity ( edit ) Late Antiquity saw various indicators of Roman civilization begin to decline , including urbanization , seaborne commerce , and total population . Only 40 % as many Mediterranean shipwrecks have been found for the 3rd century as for the 1st . During the period from 150 to 400 , the population of the Roman Empire is estimated to have fallen from 70 million to 50 million , a decline of almost 30 % . Proximate causes of the population decrease include the Antonine Plague ( 165 -- 180 ) , the Plague of Cyprian ( 250 to c. 270 ) , and the Crisis of the Third Century . European population probably reached a minimum during the extreme weather events of 535 -- 536 and the ensuing Plague of Justinian ( 541 - 542 ) . Some have connected this demographic transition to the Migration Period Pessimum , when a decrease in global temperatures impaired agricultural yields . Early Middle Ages ( edit ) See also : Burghal Hidage A major plague epidemic struck the Mediterranean , and much of Europe , in the 6th century . The Early Middle Ages saw relatively little population growth with urbanization well below its Roman peak , reflecting a low technological level , limited trade and political , social and economic dislocation exacerbated by the impact of Viking expansion in the north , Arab expansion in the south and the movement of Slavs and Magyars in the east . This rural , uncertain life spurred the development of feudalism and the Christianization of Europe . Estimates of the total population of Europe are speculative , but at the time of Charlemagne it is thought to have been between 25 and 30 million , of which perhaps half were in the Carolingian Empire that covered modern France , the Low Countries , western Germany , Austria , Slovenia , northern Italy and part of northern Spain . Most medieval settlements remained small , with agricultural land and large zones of unpopulated and lawless wilderness in between . High Middle Ages ( edit ) See also : Domesday Book In the 10th - 13th centuries , agriculture expanded into the wilderness , in what has been termed the `` great clearances '' . During the High Middle Ages , many forests and marshes were cleared and cultivated . At the same time , during the Ostsiedlung , Germans resettled east of the Elbe and Saale rivers , in regions previously only sparsely populated by Polabian Slavs . Crusaders expanded to the Crusader states , parts of the Iberian Peninsula were reconquered from the Moors , and the Normans colonized England and southern Italy . These movements and conquests are part of a larger pattern of population expansion and resettlement that occurred in Europe at this time . Reasons for this expansion and colonization include an improving climate known as the Medieval warm period , which resulted in longer and more productive growing seasons ; the end of the raids by Vikings , Arabs , and Magyars , resulting in greater political stability ; advancements in medieval technology allowing more land to be farmed ; 11th century reforms of the Church that further increased social stability ; and the rise of Feudalism , which also brought a measure of social stability . Towns and trade revived , and the rise of a money economy began to weaken the bonds of serfdom that tied peasants to the land . Land was at first plentiful while labour to clear and work the land was scarce ; lords who owned the land found new ways to attract and keep labour . Urban centres were able to attract serfs with the promise of freedom . As new regions were settled , both internally and externally , population naturally increased . Overall , the population of Europe is estimated to have reached a peak of as many as 100 million . England ( edit ) The population of England , around 1.5 million or more in 1086 , is estimated to have grown to somewhere between 3.7 million and 5 -- 7 million , although the 14th - century estimates derive from sources after the first plague epidemics , and the estimates for pre-plague population depends on assumed plague mortality , the proportion of children and the rate of omissions in returns of taxable population . France ( edit ) In 1328 , France is believed to have supported between 13.4 million people ( in a smaller geographical area than today 's ) and 18 to 20 million people ( in the present - day area ) , the latter not reached again until the early modern period . Italy ( edit ) Italy 's population around 1300 has been variously estimated at between 10 and 13 million . Late Middle Ages ( edit ) Citizens of Tournai bury plague victims . By the 14th century , the frontiers of settled cultivation had ceased to expand and internal colonization was coming to an end , but population levels remained high . Then a series of events -- sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages -- collectively killed millions . Starting with the Great Famine in 1315 and the Black Death from 1348 , the population of Europe fell abruptly . The period between 1348 and 1420 saw the heaviest loss . In parts of Germany , about 40 % of the named inhabitants disappeared . The population of Provence was reportedly halved and in some parts of Tuscany , 70 % were lost during this period . Historians have struggled to explain why so many died . Some have questioned the long - standing theory that the decline in population was caused only by infectious disease ( see further discussions at Black Death ) and so historians have examined other social factors , as follows . A classic Malthusian argument has been put forward that Europe was overpopulated : even in good times it was barely able to feed its population . Grain yields in the 14th century were between 2 : 1 and 7 : 1 ( 2 : 1 means for every seed planted , 2 are harvested . Modern grain yields are 30 : 1 or more . ) Malnutrition developed gradually over decades , lowering resistance to disease , and competition for resources meant more warfare , and then finally crop yields were pushed down by the Little Ice Age . An alternative theory is that competition for resources exacerbated the imbalance between property - owners and workers . and that the money supply ceased to keep up with fixed increased economic activity ( being commodity money based principally on silver ) so that wages sank while rents rose , leading to demographic stagnation . The economic conditions of the poor also aggravated the calamities of the plague because they had no recourse , such as fleeing to a villa in the country in the manner of the nobles in the Decameron . The poor lived in crowded conditions and could not isolate the sick , and had weaker immunities from a deficient diet , difficult living and working conditions and poor sanitation . After the plague and other exogenous causes of population decline lowered the labor supply , wages increased . This increased the mobility of labour and led to a redistribution of wealth , although property - owners ' attempted to resist change through wage freezes and price controls . contributed to popular uprisings such as the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 . By 1450 , the total population of Europe was substantially below that of 150 years earlier , but all classes overall had a higher standard of living . Regardless of the cause , populations continued to fall into the 15th century and remained low into the 16th . Demographic tables ( edit ) The tables below are estimated by Urlanis 1941 , pp. 91 , 414 . European population dynamics , 1000 -- 1500 Year Total European population , millions Absolute growth per period , millions Average growth per year , thousands Absolute growth per century , % Average growth per year , % 1000 56.4 -- -- -- -- 1100 62.1 5.7 57 10.1 0.10 1200 68.0 5.9 59 9.5 0.09 1250 72.9 4.9 98 15.7 0.14 1300 78.7 5.8 116 0.15 1350 70.7 − 8.0 − 160 − 0.8 − 0.21 1400 78.1 7.4 148 0.20 1450 83.0 4.9 98 16.1 0.12 1500 90.7 7.7 154 0.18 European population by modern country or region , 1000 -- 1500 , in millions Country / region 1000 1100 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 Germany 5.4 6.4 7.3 8 9.1 8.5 9.6 10.2 10.8 France 9 11 13 15 17 15 14 14 15.5 England and Wales 1.6 1.8 2.3 2.6 2.4 3.3 3.6 Scotland 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Ireland 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 Italy 7 7.5 8 9 10 8 10 10.5 11 Spain and Portugal 9 8 7 6.5 6 5 6 7 8.5 Austria - Hungary 5.4 6.2 7.2 8 9 8 9 10 11.5 The Balkans 7 7.5 8 8 8 7 8 8 8 Denmark 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sweden 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.65 Norway 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Switzerland 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.75 Belgium 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 Netherlands 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 North - Eastern Europe 8.5 10 11 11 11 12 13 14 15.1 Georgia 3.5 5.6 7.3 6.4 4.9 4.5 3.1 3.4 2.8 Others < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Total 56.4 62.1 68 72.9 78.7 70.7 78.1 83 90.7 Notes : Jump up ^ As of 1914 ( including the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia - Herzegovina , Galicia - Lodomeria , Vojvodina , Transylvania ) . Jump up ^ Romania , Bulgaria , Greece , Macedonia , Albania , Montenegro , Serbia , Turkish Thrace . Jump up ^ European Russia , Belarus , Ukraine , Moldova , Poland , the Baltics , Finland . Jump up ^ Iceland , Luxembourg , Lichtenstein , Monaco , San - Marino , Andorra , Malta . Science and art of Medieval demography ( edit ) Medieval demography is a fairly new area of study . The sources traditionally used by modern demographers , such as marriage , birth and death records , are generally not available for this period , so scholars rely on other sources , such as archaeological surveys , and written records when available . Examples of field data include the physical size of a settlement , and how it grows over time , and the appearance , or disappearance , of settlements . For example , after the Black Death the archaeological record shows the abandonment of upwards of 25 % of all villages in Spain . However , archaeological data are often difficult to interpret . It is often difficult to assign a precise age to discoveries . Also , some of the largest and most important sites are still occupied and can not be investigated . Available archaeological records may be concentrated on the more peripheral regions , for example early Middle Ages Anglo -- Saxon burials at Sutton Hoo , in East Anglia in England , for which otherwise no records exist . Because of these limitations , much of our knowledge comes from written records : descriptive and administrative accounts . Descriptive accounts include those of chroniclers who wrote about the size of armies , victims of war or famine , participants in an oath . However these can not be relied on as accurate , and are most useful as supporting evidence rather than being taken factually on their own . The most important written accounts are those contained in administrative records . These accounts are more objective and accurate because the motivation for writing them was not to influence others . These records can be divided into two categories : surveys and serial documents . Surveys cover an estate or region on a particular date , rather like a modern inventory . Manorial surveys were very common throughout the Middle Ages , in particular in France and England , but faded as serfdom gave way to a money economy . Fiscal surveys came with the rise of the money economy , the most famous and earliest being the Domesday Book in 1086 . The Book of Hearths from Italy in 1244 is another example . The largest fiscal survey was of France in 1328 . As kings continued to look for new ways to raise money , these fiscal surveys increased in number and scope over time . Surveys have limitations , because they are only a snapshot in time ; they do not show long - term trends , and they tend to exclude elements of society . Serial records come in different forms . The earliest are from the 8th century and are land conveyances , such as sales , exchanges , donations , and leases . Other types of serial records include death records from religious institutions and baptismal registrations . Other helpful records include heriots , court records , food prices and rent prices , from which inferences can be made . See also ( edit ) Historical demography Classical demography Early modern demography Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Dark Ages ( historiography ) Life expectancy List of famines List of disasters Little Ice Age Medieval household Migration Period Mongol Empire Slavery in medieval Europe Carruca Major writers on medieval demography ( edit ) Karl Julius Beloch Michael Postan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The citation combines sources from Herlihy 1989 , and from Russell , Josiah C. ( 1972 ) . `` Population in Europe '' . In Cipolla , Carlo M. The Middle Ages . The Fontana Economic History of Europe . 1 . Collins / Fontana . pp. 25 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Keith ( 1980 ) . `` Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire ( 200 B.C. -- A.D. 400 ) '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 70 : 101 -- 125 . JSTOR 299558 . doi : 10.2307 / 299558 . Jump up ^ Berglund , B.E. ( 2003 ) , `` Human impact and climate changes -- synchronous events and a causal link ? '' ( PDF ) , Quaternary International , 105 : 7 -- 12 , doi : 10.1016 / S1040 - 6182 ( 02 ) 00144 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , Robert ( 1994 ) . The Making of Europe : Conquest , Colonization , and Cultural Change , 950 -- 1350 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03780 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Life in the 11th Century : Population '' . The Domesday Book Online . ^ Jump up to : Russell , Josiah Cox ( 1972 ) . Medieval regions and their cities . Studies in historical geography . Indiana University Press . p. 122 . ISBN 0253337356 . Jump up ^ Russell , J.C. ( 1958 ) . `` Late Ancient and Medieval Population '' . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . 48 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 152 . JSTOR 1005708 . doi : 10.2307 / 1005708 . p. 106 Bibliography ( edit ) Herlihy , David ( 1989 ) , `` Medieval Demography '' , in Strayer , Joseph R. , Dictionary of the Middle Ages , 4 , New York : Scribner , ISBN 0 - 684 - 17024 - 8 . Urlanis , B T︠S︡ ( 1941 ) . Rost naselenii︠a︡ v Evrope : opyt ischislenii︠a︡ ( Population growth in Europe ) ( in Russian ) . Moskva : OGIZ - Gospolitizdat . OCLC 42379320 . Further reading ( edit ) Biller , Peter ( 2001 ) , The Measure of Multitude : Population in Medieval Thought , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 820632 - 1 . Hollingsworth , Thomas ( 1969 ) , Historical Demography , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0497 - 5 . Russell , Josiah ( 1987 ) , Medieval Demography : Essays , AMS Studies in the Middle Ages , 12 , New York : AMS Press , ISBN 0 - 404 - 61442 - 6 . ( hide ) European Middle Ages Architecture Art Cuisine Demography Literature Poetry Medicine Music Philosophy Science Technology Warfare Household Slavery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medieval_demography&oldid=808484409 '' Categories : Medieval society Demographic history Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2013 CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Français Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 03 : 51 . 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-5930663427773699914 | Perfect (Ed Sheeran song) | Perfect ( Ed Sheeran song ) - wikipedia Perfect ( Ed Sheeran song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Perfect '' German physical single cover Single by Ed Sheeran from the album ÷ Released 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) Format CD single digital download Genre Classical crossover ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Length 4 : 23 4 : 19 ( `` Perfect Duet '' ) 4 : 25 ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Label Asylum Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Beyoncé ( `` Perfect Duet '' ) Andrea Bocelli ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Producer ( s ) Ed Sheeran Will Hicks Benny Blanco Ed Sheeran singles chronology `` Galway Girl '' ( 2017 ) Galway Girl 2017 `` Perfect '' ( 2017 ) Perfect2017 `` Boa Me '' ( 2017 ) Boa Me 2017 Beyoncé singles chronology `` Walk on Water '' ( 2017 ) Walk on Water 2017 `` Perfect Duet '' ( 2017 ) Perfect Duet2017 `` Family Feud '' ( 2018 ) String Module Error : Match not found2018 Andrea Bocelli singles chronology `` E Più Ti Penso '' ( 2015 ) E Più Ti Penso 2015 `` Perfect Symphony '' ( 2017 ) Perfect Symphony2017 Alternative cover Duet with Beyoncé Music video `` Perfect '' on YouTube `` Perfect '' is a song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran from his third studio album , ÷ ( 2017 ) . After the album 's release it charted at number four on the UK Singles Chart . On 21 August 2017 , Billboard announced that `` Perfect '' would be the fourth single from the album . The song was serviced to pop radio on 26 September 2017 , as the third single from the album in the United States ( fourth overall ) . The song eventually reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and the Billboard Hot 100 in December 2017 . It also peaked at number one in sixteen other countries , including Australia , Ireland and New Zealand . A version of `` Perfect '' , titled `` Perfect Duet '' , with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017 . Another duet with Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli , titled `` Perfect Symphony '' , was released on 15 December 2017 . `` Perfect '' also became the UK Christmas number - one song for 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and production 2 Commercial performance 3 Music videos 4 Remixes and duets 5 Formats and track listings 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 See also 10 References Composition and production ( edit ) `` Perfect '' was the first track Sheeran wrote for his third studio album ÷ . The song is a romantic ballad written about his girlfriend Cherry Seaborn , whom he knew from school and reconnected with when she was working in New York . Sheeran revealed that the inspiration for the lyrics came after visiting James Blunt 's house in Ibiza , where the two singers had listened to the rapper Future 's music at six in the morning . He said : `` Barefoot on the grass , dancing to our favorite song , which happened to be Future 's `` March Madness '' ... I booked the studio for the day , and I had that and I was like , right , let me just flesh that out . And the song happened and was sort of finished that day . I knew it was special . '' In an interview with Zane Lowe , Sheeran said that he needed to write the best love song of his career with `` Perfect '' . He said : `` I need to do it 100 % me , so everyone will listen to that will be like , `` Ah ! He can actually do it ! '' ... I wanted to beat `` Thinking Out Loud '' , ' cause I know that song was going to define me . '' He also produced the song himself with help from Will Hicks , and strings orchestration from his brother Matthew Sheeran . This is the first time the brothers had collaborated on a song as it was the final wish of their grandmother to see the brothers working together before she died . A fully orchestral version of the song was recorded at Abbey Road Studios although only parts of it were used in the original release of the song . The full orchestral version was used in the duet with Andrea Bocelli . The song is performed in the key of A ♭ major with a tempo of 63 beats per minute in time ( if not using triplets ) or time ( if using triplets ) . `` Perfect '' moves at a chord progression of A ♭ 5 -- Fm 7 -- D ♭ sus2 -- E ♭ . The vocals span from E ♭ to A ♭ in the song . Commercial performance ( edit ) In March 2017 , Sheeran broke the record set by Frankie Laine in 1953 , occupying all of the top five positions in the United Kingdom , and placing nine songs in the top ten of the UK Singles Chart . Also , every single one of the sixteen tracks from his new album ÷ entered the top twenty . `` Perfect '' debuted at number four , selling 62,599 copies . After Sheeran 's performance of `` Perfect '' on The X Factor on 26 November 2017 , the song reached a new peak in the UK , advancing to number three and selling 32,507 units . The Beyoncé version , released on 1 December 2017 , drove consumption of the track to 89,359 sales ( including 45,460 from sales - equivalent streams ) as it became Sheeran 's second number - one song from ÷ , following `` Shape of You '' -- and his fourth number - one single in total . With UK sales of 1,048,313 , `` Perfect '' became Sheeran 's tenth million - selling single . It was the Christmas number - one song for 2017 , and held the summit for six consecutive weeks before being displaced by Eminem 's `` River '' , which features Sheeran as a guest artist . In the United States , ten songs from ÷ debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 2017 , including `` Perfect '' at number thirty - seven . In October , the song ascended to number eighteen and became the third song from ÷ to reach the country 's top twenty . It also lifted 4 -- 3 on Digital Songs ( 50,000 downloads sold ) , 34 -- 30 on Radio Songs ( 45 million ) and 46 -- 35 on Streaming Songs ( 11.5 million ) . On 30 October 2017 , `` Perfect '' soared to the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . The ballad gained in all metrics , holding at number three on Digital Song Sales ( 53,000 , up 7 percent ) and climbing 30 - 22 on Radio Songs ( 53 million , up 16 percent ) and 35 -- 27 on Streaming Songs ( 13.1 million , up 14 percent ) . On 20 November 2017 , `` Perfect '' pushed to a new Billboard Hot 100 high ( 8 -- 7 ) and reached the Radio Songs top ten ( 17 -- 10 ; 73 million , up 16 percent ) . Sheeran scored his seventh Radio Songs top ten and the third from his album ÷ , following `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' . The next week , `` Perfect '' hit top five on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the second - highest - charting hit from his album ÷ , following `` Shape of You '' . `` Perfect '' became Sheeran 's third top five hit overall ; his first , `` Thinking Out Loud '' , rose to number two in 2015 . `` Perfect '' remained at number three on Digital Song Sales ( 60,000 , down 6 percent ) and powered 10 -- 6 on Radio Songs ( 80 million , up 10 percent ) and 38 -- 15 on Streaming Songs ( 18.9 million , up 61 percent ) . On 4 December 2017 , `` Perfect '' pushed to a new number three Billboard Hot 100 high , and became Sheeran 's third number one on Digital Song Sales ( 69,000 , down 1 percent ) . He previously topped the chart for a week in 2015 with `` Thinking Out Loud '' and for ten weeks earlier in 2017 with `` Shape of You '' . `` Perfect '' reached number one on Digital Song Sales , aided by the first few hours of tracking for its duet version , released before the end of the sales ( and streaming ) tracking week at 7 p.m. ET on 30 November . For the full week , the Beyoncé version accounted for 18 percent of the song 's sales . On 11 December 2017 , after a full tracking week , the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Sheeran 's second number - one song in the United States and Beyoncé 's sixth as a solo act . `` Perfect '' remained at number - one on the Digital Songs chart with sales of 181,000 copies ( up 202 percent ) . The duet version accounted for 63 percent of the song 's total sales for the week . `` Perfect '' also rose 11 -- 3 on the Streaming Songs chart with 34.9 million US streams , up 87 percent , while on Radio Songs , it pushed 4 -- 3 ( 102 million in audience , up 14 percent ) . The duet topped the Hot 100 for five weeks . The original version of the song would later take over at the top on the week ending January 20 , 2018 . After six total weeks at number one , the song was dethroned by `` Havana '' by Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug . `` Perfect '' was the seventh best - selling song of 2017 in the US , with 1,340,000 copies sold that year . The original version peaked at number one in Austria , Belgium , France , Luxembourg , Malaysia , Netherlands , Philippines , Poland , Scotland , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Switzerland . After the Beyoncé duet release , `` Perfect '' also reached number one in Australia , Denmark , Germany , Ireland , Italy , New Zealand , Sweden , the United Kingdom , and the United States . The song is Sheeran 's fourth to reach number one in Australia , and held the country 's top spot for eight consecutive weeks before `` God 's Plan '' by Drake displaced it . It went to number one as well in Canada , becoming Sheeran 's second number one there and Beyoncé 's first . Music Videos ( edit ) The video for `` Perfect '' narrates a romantic story that happened in the Hintertux Mountains , Austria On 22 September 2017 , a lyric video for `` Perfect '' was released on Sheeran 's YouTube channel . The music video for `` Perfect '' was released on Sheeran 's YouTube channel on 9 November 2017 . The video stars Zoey Deutch and was directed by Jason Koenig , who also directed the video for `` Shape of You '' . The video was filmed at the Austrian ski resort of Hintertux and shows Sheeran and Deutch going on a ski trip with friends , with the two dancing in the snow and ending up in a cabin together . Ross McNeilage who writes for MTV UK called the video a `` Christmas dream '' for its wintery visual . While praising the simple story and the video 's cinematography , McNeilage noted that Zoey Deutch acts opposite to the superstar as his love interest and we watch as they `` coyly flirt until they realise their love for one another and slow dance in the snow together . '' On 15 December 2017 , a music video for `` Perfect Symphony '' ( duet with Andrea Bocelli ) was also released . Remixes and duets ( edit ) In November 2017 , Sheeran released an acoustic version of `` Perfect '' and two remixes by Mike Perry and Robin Schulz . A version of `` Perfect '' , titled `` Perfect Duet '' , with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017 . The song is a stripped down , acoustic version of the original , with Beyoncé singing the second verse from a female perspective . Sheeran stated the song was Beyoncé 's favorite from the album , and reached out to her to re-record the song . Beyoncé agreed , and the two recorded the song in May 2017 . An operatic version of `` Perfect '' with Andrea Bocelli , titled `` Perfect Symphony '' and sung partly in Italian , was released on 15 December 2017 . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' 4 : 23 Digital download - Acoustic No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 20 Digital download - Mike Perry remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' ( Mike Perry remix ) 3 : 41 Digital download - Robin Schulz remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' ( Robin Schulz remix ) 4 : 09 Digital download - Duet with Beyoncé No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect Duet '' ( with Beyoncé ) 4 : 19 Digital download - Duet with Andrea Bocelli No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect Symphony '' ( with Andrea Bocelli ) 4 : 25 German CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' 4 : 23 2 . `` Perfect '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 20 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original version Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 11 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) 28 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) 5 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 53 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Singapore ( Top 30 Digital Streaming ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 36 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 37 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart entries where Beyoncé duet is credited Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Brazil Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 87 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 5 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 8 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 61 Portugal ( AFP ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 13 South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 18 Chart entries where Andrea Bocelli duet is credited Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 26 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 18 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 62 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 53 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 36 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 8 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 34 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Poland ( ZPAV ) 55 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 180,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 800,000 Ireland ( IRMA ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 300,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Platinum 10,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 1,340,000 Beyoncé remix only Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 5,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . United States 26 September 2017 Contemporary hit radio Original Atlantic 2 October 2017 Hot adult contemporary radio Worldwide 10 November 2017 Digital download Acoustic Mike Perry remix 24 November 2017 Robin Schulz remix Germany CD single Original Warner Music International Italy 1 December 2017 Contemporary hit radio Duet ( with Beyoncé ) Warner Worldwide Digital download Atlantic Italy 15 December 2017 Contemporary hit radio Symphony ( with Andrea Bocelli ) Warner Worldwide Digital download Atlantic See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Austria ) List of Ultratop 50 number - one singles of 2017 List of Ultratop 50 number - one singles of 2018 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one songs of the 2010s ( Czech Republic ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Denmark ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Denmark ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2017 List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one hits of 2017 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Italy ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Italy ) List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Malaysia ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2017 List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Poland ) List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 List of Scottish number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Singapore ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Slovenia ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Slovenia ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2018 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Perfect Symphony ' Featuring Andrea Bocelli : Listen '' . 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Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. 25 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 ARIA Singles Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles Annuel ( physique + téléchargement + streaming ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 -- eladási darabszám alapján -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Enter Ed Sheeran in the field Interpret . Enter Perfect in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran `` Perfect '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Perfect ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Certifications '' . IRMA. 5 September 2017 . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Perfect ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Enter Perfect in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect duet ( with Beyoncé ) '' elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' ( To access , enter the search parameter `` Ed Sheeran '' and select `` Search by Keyword '' ) ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC > Future Releases '' . All Access . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/ed-sheeran-beyonce-perfect-duet-177124-01-12-2017-radiodate/ Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/ed-sheeran-with-andrea-bocelli-perfect-symphony-177187-15-12-2017-radiodate/ Ed Sheeran songs Discography + `` The A Team '' `` Drunk '' `` Small Bump '' `` Lego House '' `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' `` Give Me Love '' `` The Parting Glass '' x `` One '' `` I 'm a Mess '' `` Sing '' `` Do n't '' `` Photograph '' `` Bloodstream '' `` Tenerife Sea '' `` The Man '' `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Afire Love '' ÷ `` Eraser '' `` Castle on the Hill '' `` Dive '' `` Shape of You '' `` Perfect '' `` Galway Girl '' `` Happier '' `` New Man '' `` What Do I Know ? '' `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' `` Supermarket Flowers '' `` Nancy Mulligan '' Featured songs `` All About It '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Dreamers '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Hush Little Baby '' `` If I Could '' `` Lay It All on Me '' `` Old School Love '' `` Reuf '' `` Teardrop '' `` Watchtower '' `` Young Guns '' `` Boa Me '' `` End Game '' `` River '' Other songs `` All of the Stars '' `` Candle in the Wind '' `` I See Fire '' `` Make It Rain '' Category Beyoncé songs Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me , Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am ... Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Mi Gente '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Walk on Water '' `` What More Can I Give '' Other songs `` A Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` In da Club ( Sexy Lil Thug ) '' `` One Night Only '' `` Perfect Duet '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' Book Category Template WikiProject Andrea Bocelli songs Il mare calmo della sera `` Il mare calmo della sera '' Bocelli `` Con te partirò '' / `` Vivere '' `` Macchine da Guerra '' `` Per amore '' `` Vivo per lei '' Romanza `` Vivo por ella '' `` Time to Say Goodbye '' `` Ich lebe für sie '' `` Je vis pour elle '' Sogno `` The Prayer '' `` Canto della Terra '' Sacred Arias `` Ave Maria '' Cieli di Toscana `` Melodramma '' `` Mille Lune Mille Onde '' `` L'abitudine '' Andrea `` Dell'amore non si sa '' `` Un nuovo giorno '' Amore `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` Because We Believe '' `` Ama Credi E Vai '' Vivere `` Dare to Live ( Vivere ) '' `` Vive Ya '' My Christmas `` White Christmas / Bianco Natale '' `` What Child Is This '' Cinema `` E Più Ti Penso '' Other singles `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' Other songs `` The Power of Love '' `` Bésame Mucho '' `` Amapola '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Panis Angelicus '' `` Adeste Fideles '' `` Blue Christmas '' `` Perfect '' Category Media UK Christmas number - one singles in the 2010s `` When We Collide '' ( Matt Cardle , 2010 ) `` Wherever You Are '' ( Military Wives with Gareth Malone , 2011 ) `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( The Justice Collective , 2012 ) `` Skyscraper '' ( Sam Bailey , 2013 ) `` Something I Need '' ( Ben Haenow , 2014 ) `` A Bridge over You '' ( NHS Choir , 2015 ) `` Rockabye '' ( Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul and Anne - Marie , 2016 ) `` Perfect '' ( Ed Sheeran , 2017 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfect_(Ed_Sheeran_song)&oldid=828268128 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom 2010s ballads 2017 songs Ed Sheeran songs Beyoncé songs Andrea Bocelli songs Songs written by Ed Sheeran Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Denmark Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Mega Top 50 number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland 2017 singles Pop ballads UK Singles Chart number - one singles Vocal duets Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from December 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Philippines Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Ireland Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 15 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did ed sheeran song perfect come out | [
"\"Perfect\" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran from his third studio album, ÷ (2017).[3] After the album's release it charted at number four on the UK Singles Chart.[4] On 21 August 2017, Billboard announced that \"Perfect\" would be the fourth single from the album.[5] The song was serviced to pop radio on 26 September 2017, as the third single from the album in the United States (fourth overall).[6] The song eventually reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and the Billboard Hot 100 in December 2017. It also peaked at number one in sixteen other countries, including Australia, Ireland and New Zealand. A version of \"Perfect\", titled \"Perfect Duet\", with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017.[7] Another duet with Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, titled \"Perfect Symphony\", was released on 15 December 2017.[8] \"Perfect\" also became the UK Christmas number-one song for 2017."
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"26 September 2017"
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-2333549082396772842 | BBC Young Musician of the Year | BBC Young Musician of the Year - wikipedia BBC Young Musician of the Year Jump to : navigation , search BBC Young Musician of the Year Former logo / banner used in 2004 Awarded for Exceptional musical talent Country United Kingdom Presented by British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) First awarded 1978 Website BBC Young Musician website The BBC Young Musician , is a televised national music competition , broadcast biennially on BBC Television and BBC Radio 3. . Originally BBC Young Musician of the Year , the name was changed in 2010 . The competition , a former member of the European Union of Music Competitions for Youth ( EMCY ) , is designed for British percussion , keyboard , string , brass and woodwind players , all of whom must be eighteen years of age or under on 1 January in the relevant year . A competitive dance version , BBC Young Dancer , was launched in October 2014 and first awarded in May 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Broadcast 1.2 Hosts 1.3 Co-hosts 2 Winners 3 Past finalists 3.1 1978 3.2 1980 3.3 1982 3.4 1984 3.5 1986 3.6 1988 3.7 1990 3.8 1992 3.9 1994 3.10 1996 3.11 1998 3.12 2000 3.13 2002 3.14 2004 3.15 2006 3.16 2008 3.17 2010 3.18 2012 3.19 2014 3.19. 1 Classical Award 3.19. 2 Jazz Award 3.20 2016 3.20. 1 Classical Award 3.20. 2 Jazz Award 3.21 2018 3.21. 1 Classical Award 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The competition was established in 1978 by Humphrey Burton , Walter Todds and Roy Tipping , former members of the BBC Television Music Department . Michael Hext , a trombonist , was the inaugural winner . In 1994 , the usage of percussion instruments was first permitted , alongside the existing keyboard , string , brass and woodwind categories . The competition has five stages , which consist of regional auditions , category auditions , category finals , semi-finals and the final . The biennial competition is managed and produced by BBC Cymru Wales . To date , there have been 20 winners , the youngest being 12 year old Peter Moore In 2014 , the BBC Young Musician Jazz Award was introduced . Alexander Bone , a saxophonist , was the inaugural winner . As a result of the success of the competition , the Eurovision Young Musicians competition was initiated in 1982 . The first edition was broadcast live from Manchester 's Free Trade Hall . The presenter was Humphrey Burton and the producer was Roy Tipping . The winner of the show often proceeded to represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Young Musicians . Broadcast ( edit ) Regional heats were televised in 1978 ; a round before the category final was aired until 1994 , and again in 2002 and 2004 . From 1978 to 1984 , all programmes were broadcast on BBC One until it was moved to BBC Two in 1986 ; however from 2002 to 2012 , the heats were moved to BBC Four , with only the final aired on BBC Two . In 2010 , highlights of the new semi-final stage were also broadcast on BBC Two . In 2014 , all stages of the competition moved to BBC Four , however the category finals and the grand final were broadcast on BBC Radio 3 . Hosts ( edit ) The following have hosted stages of the competition : Humphrey Burton ( 1978 -- 92 ) Sarah Greene ( 1994 ) Christopher Warren - Green ( 1996 ) Stephanie Hughes ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Howard Goodall ( 2006 ) Gethin Jones ( 2008 ) Clemency Burton - Hill ( 2010 -- 12 , 2014 final , 2016 ) Alison Balsom ( 2014 , 2016 ) Miloš Karadaglić ( 2014 ) Josie D'Arby ( 2016 final ) Co-hosts ( edit ) Ernest Lush ( 1978 ) Jane Glover ( 1986 -- 88 ) Mervyn Williams ( 1990 ) Edward Gregson ( 1990 final ) Paul Daniel ( 1992 final ) Sarah Walker ( 1996 ) Alistair Appleton ( 2004 ) Aled Jones ( 2008 ) Nicola Loud ( 2008 ) Howard Goodall ( 2010 ) Josie D'Arby ( 2012 ; 2014 , 2016 Jazz awards ) Soweto Kinch ( 2014 Jazz award ) Joe Stilgoe ( 2016 Jazz award ) Winners ( edit ) Year Name Instrument Place of study Winning age Notes Finals venue 1978 Hext , Michael Michael Hext Trombone Royal College of Music 17 Orchestra member at The Royal Opera House Covent Garden and occasional solo performances RNCM Concert Hall , Manchester 1980 Daniel , Nicholas Nicholas Daniel Oboe Royal Academy of Music 18 Soloist and principal oboe of the Britten Sinfonia . Founder of the Britten Oboe Quartet and the Haffner Wind Ensemble . Has performed at The Proms . 1982 Markland , Anna Anna Markland Piano Chethams School , Oxford University , Royal Academy of Music 18 Has since developed a reputation as a teacher , adjudicator and singer as Anna Crookes Free Trade Hall , Manchester 1984 Johnson , Emma Emma Johnson Clarinet Sevenoaks School , Cambridge University 18 Solo clarinettist with a repertoire of over 40 concertos 1986 Brind , Alan Alan Brind Violin Royal Academy of Music 17 Has since led the European Union Youth Orchestra and won the Young Musician of the Year award 1988 Pyatt , David David Pyatt Horn Watford Grammar School for Boys 14 Youngest winner of the award at the time . Has performed at numerous BBC Proms . Principal at London Philharmonic Orchestra . 1990 Loud , Nicola Nicola Loud Violin Royal Academy of Music , Juilliard School 15 Has appeared in multiple British orchestras and several abroad St David 's Hall , Cardiff 1992 Kempf , Freddy Freddy Kempf Piano Royal Academy of Music , University of London 14 Became the youngest person at the time to win the award . Has since released numerous recital discs Royal Concert Hall , Glasgow 1994 Clein , Natalie Natalie Clein Cello Royal College of Music , Heinrich Schiff 15 Became the first British winner of the Eurovision Competition for Young Musicians . Has performed with several British orchestras Barbican , London Payne , Rafal Zambrzycki Rafal Zambrzycki Payne Violin Yehudi Menuhin School , Royal Northern College of Music , Herbert von Karajan Centre 18 Won second prize at the Luxemburg International Violin Competition . Performed in orchestras in Europe , the United States , South Africa , The Middle East and Zimbabwe Symphony Hall , Birmingham 1998 Spillett , Adrian Adrian Spillett Percussion Royal Northern College of Music 19 First percussionist to win the award . Has performed with an array of ensembles including the 4 - MALITY Percussion Quartet . Principal Percussionist with the CBSO . Head of Percussion at Royal Birmingham Conservatoire Waterfront Hall , Belfast 2000 Johnston , Guy Guy Johnston Cello Chetham 's School of Music , Eastman School of Music 18 A finalist at the Bridgewater Hall . A performance at the Royal Albert Hall made him the youngest soloist to appear on the first night of The Proms . Bridgewater Hall , Manchester 2002 Pike , Jennifer Jennifer Pike Violin Chetham 's School of Music , Guildhall School of Music & Drama 12 At the time , was the youngest ever winner of the award . Has appeared as a soloist with British orchestras and performed at other BBC events Barbican , London Benedetti , Nicola Nicola Benedetti Violin Yehudi Menuhin School 16 Performed with the BBC concert orchestra and recorded her debut album with Daniel Harding and the London Symphony Orchestra Usher Hall , Edinburgh 2006 Simpson , Mark Mark Simpson Clarinet Royal College of Music , Oxford University , Guildhall School of Music & Drama 17 Was the Principal Clarinet of the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain . Started studies at the Royal College of Music , but dropped out to go to Oxford University . The Sage , Gateshead 2008 Moore , Peter Peter Moore Trombone Chetham 's School of Music 12 Youngest winner of the award . Wales Millennium Centre , Cardiff Bay Omeroglu , Lara Lara Ömeroğlu Piano Purcell School , Royal College Of Music 16 Nowadays known by the name of Lara Melda 2012 Heijden , Laura van der Laura van der Heijden Cello Royal College of Music 15 Has performed with 2014 winner , Bartlett , Martin James Martin James Bartlett The Sage , Gateshead 2014 Bartlett , Martin James Martin James Bartlett Piano Royal College of Music , Purcell School 17 He appeared in 2012 competition , at the age of 15 , as a finalist in the keyboard category Usher Hall , Edinburgh Bone , Alexander Alexander Bone Saxophone Chetham 's School of Music 17 Inaugural winner of the separate Jazz Award competition Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama , Cardiff . 2016 Kanneh - Mason , Sheku Sheku Kanneh - Mason Cello Royal Academy of Music , Trinity Catholic Comprehensive School 17 He holds the ABRSM Junior Scholarship to The Royal Academy of Music . Has played in the Chineke ! Orchestra , as well as the JRAM Symphony Orchestra , and played chamber music with the Kanneh - Mason Piano Trio and the Ash String Trio . Barbican , London Ridout , Alexandra Alexandra Ridout Trumpet Royal Academy of Music , Purcell School 17 Winner of the separate Jazz Award competition , her 21 - year - old brother Tom was also a finalist Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama , Cardiff . Past finalists ( edit ) Key † Person won the competition of that year Bold Performer got through to the final Italics Performer was present at the semi-final stage 1978 ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Atkin , Jeremy Jeremy Atkin Piano Boustany , Wissam Wissam Boustany Flute Brewer , William William Brewer Horn Coker , Paul Paul Coker Piano Collins , Michael Michael Collins Clarinet Dale , Caroline Caroline Dale Cello Douglas , Barry Barry Douglas Piano Hext , Michael Michael Hext † Trombone Hough , Stephen Stephen Hough Piano Martineau , Malcolm Malcolm Martineau Piano Melville , David David Melville Trombone Meszaros , Susie Susie Meszaros Viola Miller , Lindsay Lindsay Miller Oboe Morgan , Kevin Kevin Morgan Tuba Murray , Rona Rona Murray Violin O'Neill , Robin Robin O'Neill Bassoon Rees , Jonathan Jonathan Rees Violin Rhind , Kenneth Kenneth Rhind Tuba Twigg , Colin Colin Twigg Violin Williams , Robin Robin Williams Oboe 1980 ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Brown , Niall Niall Brown Cello Carewe , Anna Anna Carewe Cello Coles , Samuel Samuel Coles Flute Cook , Lorna Lorna Cook Clarinet Daniel , Nicholas Nicholas Daniel † Oboe Galbraith , Paul Paul Galbraith Guitar Henry , John Bryan John Bryan Henry Piano Kowszun , Jonathan Jonathan Kowszun Euphonium Leveridge , Jacqueline Jacqueline Leveridge Piano McClenaghan , David David McClenaghan Horn McFarlane , Clare Clare McFarlane Violin Miller , Bill Bill Miller Euphonium O'Hora , Ronan Ronan O'Hora Piano Pike , Anthony Anthony Pike Clarinet Price , Julie Julie Price Bassoon Punshon , Hilary Hilary Punshon Piano Vanryne , Robert Robert Vanryne Trumpet Wolff , Elaine Elaine Wolff Cornet 1982 ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Allen , Alexander Alexander Allen Clarinet Bland , Michael Michael Bland Clarinet Coles , Sam Sam Coles Flute Craven , Steven Steven Craven Cornet Cross , Anthony Anthony Cross Cornet Galbraith , Paul Paul Galbraith Guitar Henry , Richard Richard Henry Bass Trombone Jones , Karen Karen Jones Flute Kendall , Marie - Noelle Marie - Noelle Kendall Piano Kirby , James James Kirby Piano Little , Tasmin Tasmin Little Violin Markland , Anna Anna Markland † Piano Marta Rodrigues , Carla Carla Marta Rodrigues Viola Mistry , Jagdish Jagdish Mistry Violin Murphy , Jeanette Jeanette Murphy Horn Owen , Jean Jean Owen Bassoon Picton , Wendy Wendy Picton Tuba Richardson , Paul Paul Richardson Piano Smith , Simon Simon Smith Violin Wu , Mary Mary Wu Piano 1984 ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Ashworth , Neyire Neyire Ashworth Clarinet Atherton , Naomi Naomi Atherton Horn Ball , Brendan Brendan Ball Trumpet Bingham , Nicola Nicola Bingham Trumpet Blake , Christopher Christopher Blake Oboe Boyer , Jocelyn Jocelyn Boyer Flute Briggs , Sarah Beth Sarah Beth Briggs Piano Cawdrey , Julian Julian Cawdrey Flute Dyson , Julian Julian Dyson Piano Graham , Janice Janice Graham Violin Harley , Andrew Andrew Harley Piano Johnson , Emma Emma Johnson † Clarinet Marshall , Oren Oren Marshall Tuba Max , Robert Robert Max Cello May , Richard Richard May Cello Parham , Lucy Lucy Parham Piano Roberts , Hannah Hannah Roberts Cello Smith , Ursula Ursula Smith Cello Sperry , Julian Julian Sperry Flute Stopforth , Louise Louise Stopforth Trombone Vidor , Simon Simon Vidor Piano Young , Abigail Abigail Young Violin 1986 ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Brind , Alan Alan Brind † Violin Fraser , Francesca Francesca Fraser Recorder Haywood , Sam Sam Haywood Piano Howes , Fiona Fiona Howes Flute Hughes , Anthony Anthony Hughes Piano Kucharsky , Boris Boris Kucharsky Violin Le Page , David David Le Page Violin Lund , Jacob Jacob Lund Tuba Markham , Robert Robert Markham Piano Meehan , Jeremy Jeremy Meehan Bassoon Miller , Steven Steven Miller Piano Nadin , Rachel Rachel Nadin Piano Neal , Anthony Anthony Neal Trombone Owens , Rhys Rhys Owens Trumpet Plummer , Julian Julian Plummer Horn Pyne , Anna Anna Pyne Flute Sperry , Julian Julian Sperry Flute Stewart , Eva Eva Stewart Flute Stewart , Stephen Stephen Stewart Trumpet Terry , Annelies Annelies Terry Cello Wardman , Victoria Victoria Wardman Viola 1988 ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Agnew , Robert Robert Agnew Piano Beynon , Emily Emily Beynon Flute Burnett , Sarah Sarah Burnett Bassoon Clarke , Rachel Rachel Clarke Horn Horne , David David Horne Piano Kucharsky , Boris Boris Kucharsky Violin Leathwood , Jonathan Jonathan Leathwood Guitar Lees , Ben Ben Lees Trumpet Middleton , Jonathan Jonathan Middleton Piano Nicholson , Andrew Andrew Nicholson Flute Osborne , Steven Steven Osborne Piano Owen , Charles Charles Owen Piano Patterson , Craig Craig Patterson Trumpet Pyatt , David David Pyatt † Horn Spencer , Katherine Katherine Spencer Clarinet Sturgeon , Jennifer Jennifer Sturgeon Flute Wakeford , Lucy Lucy Wakeford Harp Wallington , Heather Heather Wallington Viola Watkins , Paul Paul Watkins Cello Whitehouse , David David Whitehouse Trombone 1990 ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Adès , Thomas Thomas Adès Piano Beynon , Cathy Cathy Beynon Harp Bolister , Ruth Ruth Bolister Oboe Carroll , Thomas Thomas Carroll Cello Chambers , Martyn Martyn Chambers Trumpet Claricoates , Amy Amy Claricoates Cello Cowen , Simon Simon Cowen Trombone Davies , Gareth Gareth Davies Flute Douglas , Martin Martin Douglas Tuba Jellicoe , Laura Laura Jellicoe Flute Jemison , Daniel Daniel Jemison Bassoon Johnson , Simon Simon Johnson Trombone Loud , Nicola Nicola Loud † Violin Mather , Zoe Zoe Mather Piano McCawley , Leon Leon McCawley Piano Ormrod , Richard Richard Ormrod Piano Pooley , Jeremy Jeremy Pooley Horn Rimmer , Jonathan Jonathan Rimmer Flute Staines , Kirsty Kirsty Staines Violin Twitchett , Karen Karen Twitchett Piano 1992 ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Barnes , Rachel Rachel Barnes Bassoon Carroll , Thomas Thomas Carroll Cello Clark , Elaine Elaine Clark Violin Cowen , Simon Simon Cowen Trombone Cuddeford , James James Cuddeford Violin Haggart , Robin Robin Haggart Tuba Harding , Miranda Miranda Harding Cello Horton , Tim Tim Horton Piano Kempf , Freddy Freddy Kempf † Piano Lynn , Michael Michael Lynn Clarinet McMahon , Louise Louise McMahon Flute McNaughton , Heather Heather McNaughton Horn Moody , Helen Helen Moody Oboe Norbury , Kevin Kevin Norbury Tuba Ridgeway , Jason Jason Ridgeway Piano Tong , Daniel Daniel Tong Piano Vollam , Helen Helen Vollam Trombone Walton , Jamie Jamie Walton Cello Willis , Maxine Maxine Willis Flute Wood , Rebecca Rebecca Wood Oboe Zerpa - Falcon , Anthony Anthony Zerpa - Falcon Piano 1994 ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Allen , Claire Claire Allen Trumpet Arnold , James James Arnold Trumpet Brendel , Adrian Adrian Brendel Cello Bullough , Emma Emma Bullough Oboe Cervenka , Edward Edward Cervenka Percussion Clein , Natalie Natalie Clein † Cello Currie , Colin Colin Currie Percussion Edmonds , David David Edmonds Flute Elliott , Sam Sam Elliott Tuba Hallam , Andrea Andrea Hallam Violin King , Stuart Stuart King Clarinet Liebeck , Jack Jack Liebeck Violin Long , Joseph Joseph Long Piano Mackintosh , Katherine Katherine Mackintosh Oboe Madin , Claire Claire Madin Piano McGinley , Ruth Ruth McGinley Piano Moore , Philip Philip Moore Piano Myatt , Matthew Matthew Myatt Piano Payne , Rafal Rafal Payne Violin Perry , Matthew Matthew Perry Percussion Redfern , Tracey Tracey Redfern Trumpet Stewart , Julie Julie Stewart Flute Thornton , David David Thornton Euphonium Vogler , Andrea Andrea Vogler Percussion Whibley , Stephen Stephen Whibley Percussion Name Instrument / Category Bausor , Juliette Juliette Bausor Flute Cervenka , Edward Edward Cervenka Percussion Cheriyan , Julien Julien Cheriyan Piano Elliot , Sam Sam Elliot Tuba Farr , Alison Alison Farr Piano Gunnell , Tim Tim Gunnell Percussion Harpham , Richard Richard Harpham Oboe Hart , James James Hart Percussion Hudson , Ben Ben Hudson Bassoon Law , Mark Mark Law Trumpet Payne , Rafal Zambrzycki Rafal Zambrzycki Payne † Violin Pryce , Katy Katy Pryce Trombone Pryce , Sally Sally Pryce Harp Quigley , David David Quigley Piano Rives , Michael Michael Rives Percussion Roper - Curzon , Peter Peter Roper - Curzon Piano Slade , Keith Keith Slade Clarinet Smith , Daniel Daniel Smith Piano Storey , John John Storey Euphonium Teppich , Miriam Miriam Teppich Violin Walton , Sam Sam Walton Percussion Wilson , Adrian Adrian Wilson Oboe Wood , Helena Helena Wood Violin Wood , Katharine Katharine Wood Cello Wright , Adam Adam Wright Trumpet 1998 ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Abramski , Ron Ron Abramski Piano Almond , Mark Mark Almond French horn Balsom , Alison Alison Balsom Trumpet Barker , John John Barker Saxophone Bausor , Juliette Juliette Bausor Flute Brodie , Emma Emma Brodie Percussion Bryan , Katherine Katherine Bryan Flute Cook , Calum Calum Cook Cello Cottee , Andrew Andrew Cottee Percussion Elliott , Sam Sam Elliott Tuba Errington , Benjamin Benjamin Errington Viola Farr , Alison Alison Farr Piano Gibbs , Tim Tim Gibbs Double bass Green , Charys Charys Green Clarinet Hagon , Nicholas Nicholas Hagon Piano Hilton , David David Hilton Trumpet Johnston , Magnus Magnus Johnston Violin Keatley , Niall Niall Keatley Trumpet Macleod , Marie Marie Macleod Cello Mehta , Magnus Magnus Mehta Percussion Miller , Troy Troy Miller Percussion Reid , Helen Helen Reid Piano Spillett , Adrian Adrian Spillett † Percussion Williamson , Nathan Nathan Williamson Piano Wilsom , Adrian Adrian Wilsom Oboe 2000 ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Barnes , Angela Angela Barnes French horn Bryan , Katherine Katherine Bryan Flute Childs , David David Childs Euphonium Cosgrove , Simon Simon Cosgrove Saxophone Couling , Elizabeth Elizabeth Couling Oboe Forster , Keith Keith Forster Percussion Foster , Scott Scott Foster Percussion Grote , Ashley Ashley Grote Organ Gunnell , Owen Owen Gunnell Percussion Hunter , Tom Tom Hunter Percussion Johnston , Guy Guy Johnston † Cello Jones , Edward Edward Jones Trombone Kerby , Samantha Samantha Kerby Recorder Liebeck , Jack Jack Liebeck Violin Lockhart , Katie Katie Lockhart Clarinet McFall , Leo Leo McFall Piano Osada , Kodo Kodo Osada Piano Parkes , Christopher Christopher Parkes French horn Poster , Tom Tom Poster Piano Rimmer , Nicholas Nicholas Rimmer Piano Sadler , Matthew Matthew Sadler Trumpet Singh , Rakhi Rakhi Singh Violin Sitkovetsky , Alexander Alexander Sitkovetsky Violin Smart , Helena Helena Smart Violin Yates , Oliver Oliver Yates Percussion 2002 ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Baldwin , Henry Henry Baldwin Percussion Barnes , Angela Angela Barnes Horn Bryan , Katherine Katherine Bryan Flute Bryant , Benjamin Benjamin Bryant Percussion Burke , Stephen Stephen Burke Percussion Calvert , Rowena Rowena Calvert Cello Corbett , George George Corbett Cello Cosgrove , Simon Simon Cosgrove Saxophone Davis , Colin Colin Davis Piano Foster , Scott Scott Foster Percussion Gee , Matthew Matthew Gee Trombone Hancock , Emma Emma Hancock Violin Jones , Edward Edward Jones Trombone King , Patrick Patrick King Percussion Lucas , Laura Laura Lucas Flute McHale , Michael Michael McHale Piano Neish , Leslie Leslie Neish Tuba Orpen , Timothy Timothy Orpen Clarinet Osborne , Thomas Thomas Osborne Trumpet Pike , Jennifer Jennifer Pike † Violin Scamardella , Robert Robert Scamardella Piano Shirtliff , Andrew Andrew Shirtliff Piano Tandy , Sarah Sarah Tandy Piano Tunnah , Litsa Litsa Tunnah Violin Williamson , Sarah Sarah Williamson Clarinet Finals for the 2004 competition took place on 2 May at the Usher Hall , Edinburgh and were televised on BBC Two . The trophy used for this year 's competition was designed by John Rocha at Waterford Crystal . Name Instrument / Category Beasley , Otis Otis Beasley Keyboard Beeson , Lucy Lucy Beeson Percussion Benedetti , Nicola Nicola Benedetti † Violin Chell , Elizabeth Elizabeth Chell Horn Chen , Sijie Sijie Chen Violin Clifford , Adam Adam Clifford Percussion Crossley , Andrea Andrea Crossley Percussion Cwizewicz , Michal Michal Cwizewicz Violin Drury , Elizabath Elizabath Drury Saxophone Elsworth , Richard Richard Elsworth Percussion Fripp , Ashley Ashley Fripp Keyboard Gomersall , Christopher Christopher Gomersall Trombone Grosvenor , Benjamin Benjamin Grosvenor Keyboard Gruchy - Lambert , Daniel De Daniel De Gruchy - Lambert Trumpet Hackett , Eddy Eddy Hackett Percussion Hammond , Clare Clare Hammond Keyboard James , Toni Toni James Keyboard Mackinnon , Catriona Catriona Mackinnon Oboe Pannell , Christopher Christopher Pannell Tenor horn Skinner , Paul Paul Skinner Flute Smith , Peter Peter Smith Tuba Thomas , Ellen Hydref Ellen Hydref Thomas Harp Thorn , Suzanne Suzanne Thorn Oboe Waley - Cohen , Tamsin Tamsin Waley - Cohen Violin Walker , Adam Adam Walker Flute 2006 ( edit ) The 2006 finals were held at The Sage Gateshead on 20 May 2006 . The adjudicators for this competition were Marin Alsop , Carlos Bonell , Peter Sadlo , Thea King , Sergei Nakariakov , Angela Hewitt and Kathryn McDowell . The overall number of finalists was significantly smaller for this competition . Name Instrument Performance Notes Kearney , Toby Toby Kearney Percussion Veni , Veni , Emmanuel Now a member of the Royal Northern College of Music , his childhood environment encouraged him to be involved in music Massey , David David Massey Guitar Fantasia para un Gentilhombre Began guitar lesson at eight years old at the Mid Herts Music Centre , with current aspirations for a career involving music ; is currently studying at the Royal Academy of Music , London Morgan , Huw Huw Morgan Trumpet Trumpet Concerto ( Tomasi ) Principal trumpet of the National Youth Orchestra , began learning piano and other instruments at five years of age Simpson , Mark Mark Simpson † Clarinet Clarinet Concerto ( Nielsen ) Winner of the 2006 competition , originally played the keyboard and recorder Williams , Cordelia Cordelia Williams Piano Saint - Saens Piano Concerto No. 2 Studied at Chetham 's school for 7 years , and is currently studying at the Guildhall School in London . 2008 ( edit ) The 2008 finals took place at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff on 10 and 11 May 2008 . In celebration of thirty years of the competition broadcasting , the performances lasted for two days . Name Hometown Instrument Notes Batty , Anke Anke Batty Lyndhurst , Hampshire Clarinet Achieved Grade 8 distinction in Singing , Piano and Saxophone as well as playing the clarinet Day , Daniel Daniel Day Hayfield Percussion Began playing percussion at the age of three after his father , a professional drummer bought him a drum set ; currently studies at the Chetham 's School of Music Duncumb , Jadran Jadran Duncumb Ski , Norway Guitar Two time winner of the Norwegian National Youth competition ; began playing the Guitar at the age of ten Edmundson , Alexander Alexander Edmundson Lytham St Annes French Horn Began playing the French Horn at seven years of age after hearing Mozart 's Horn Concert No 4. ; he studies at Chetham 's School of Music and is a member of the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain Elliott , David David Elliott Bournemouth Percussion Began playing percussion at the age of three , and currently studies at the Trinity College of Music after studying at Chetham 's School of Music for three years ; he held the position of Co Principal in the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain percussion section Foyle , Michael Michael Foyle Troon Piano Began playing piano at the age of six , and is also a violinist , he has led the National Children 's Orchestra of Scotland and the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain ; currently studying at Wellington School Law , Sam Sam Law Ballymena Piano Began playing piano at the age of six , and now studies at the Ballymena Academy and at the Royal Irish Academy of Music in Dublin Lindsay , Henry Henry Lindsay Amersham Tuba Currently studying at The Purcell School of Music , the Junior Department of the Royal Academy of Music and is a member of the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain Maria , Cecilia Sultana De Cecilia Sultana De Maria Warminster Harp Began playing the Harp at the age of ten while also playing the Piano and Violin , currently studies at the Junior Department of the Royal College of Music Misirlioğlu , Erdem Erdem Misirlioğlu Ipswich Piano Studying at the Northgate High School in Ipswich and the Junior Department at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama Molyneux , Jim Jim Molyneux Littleborough , Greater Manchester Percussion Started playing percussion at the age of seven and is studying at the Chetham 's School of Music Moore , Peter Peter Moore † Stalybridge Trombone Started to play the trombone at the age of six . Held the position of Principal Trombone of the National Children 's Band of Great Britain ; he is the youngest musician in this year 's competition Rajeshkumar , Kausikan Kausikan Rajeshkumar Harrow , London Piano Began playing the piano at seven years of age , and currently Studies at The Purcell School of Music ; he has received awards for composing , such as Highly Commended at BBC Proms Composers ' Competition 2006 Robb , Katherine Katherine Robb Bushey Violin Started playing the Violin at eight after being offered free lessons in her school in Essex ; she later became a student at The Purcell School of Music , and was the first violinist in the National Youth Orchestra for 2 years Rothman , Melanie Melanie Rothman Carshalton Oboe Began playing the Oboe at the age of ten , and is studying at The Purcell School of Music , but also studies at the Junior Department of the Royal Academy of Music and is Principal Oboe of the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain after joining just one year previously Sasaki , Jun Jun Sasaki London Cello Began playing the Violin at the age of four , but switched to the Cello at five ; he currently studies at Yehudi Menuhin School Shiner , Joseph Joseph Shiner East Brent , Somerset Clarinet Began playing the Clarinet at eight years of age ; he has since achieved Principal Clarinet of the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain after two years of membership Smith , David David Smith Fife Flute Began playing the Flute in 2004 , his influence being when he heard Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun ; he studied at St Mary 's Music School in Edinburgh until 2008 . He also plays the Saxophone very well Stevens , Delia Delia Stevens Normanton on Soar Percussion Studies at Loughborough High School and was influenced to play percussion after seeing the school orchestra performance White , Matthew Matthew White Bolton Euphonium Studies at Chetham 's School of Music , and was Principal Euphonium with the National Youth Brass Band of Great Britain Name Instrument / Category Bain , Finlay Finlay Bain French Horn Bager , Frederic Frederic Bager Piano Berry , Tom Tom Berry Trombone Dafydd , Glain Glain Dafydd Harp Denholm , Anne Anne Denholm Harp Dee , Sophie Sophie Dee Piano Douglass , Anna Anna Douglass French Horn Greenwood , Chloé Chloé Greenwood Oboe Halnan , Emma Emma Halnan Flute Hamilton , Alex Alex Hamilton French Horn Hewitt - Jones , John John Hewitt - Jones Viola Landymore , Lucy Lucy Landymore Percussion Larter , James James Larter Percussion Moffitt , Sam Sam Moffitt Trumpet Nok , HuiWai HuiWai Nok Percussion Norris , Joe Joe Norris Clarinet Ömeroğlu , Lara Lara Ömeroğlu † Piano Pooley , Oliver Oliver Pooley Percussion Redman , Lavinia Lavinia Redman Oboe Morgan - Rooney , Seán Seán Morgan - Rooney Piano Smith , Katy Katy Smith Violin Smart , Callum Callum Smart Violin Stevens , Delia Delia Stevens Percussion Westlake , Ben Ben Westlake Clarinet Yang , Yuanfan Yuanfan Yang Piano 2012 ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Boeker , Adam Adam Boeker Piano Kelly , Alexander Alexander Kelly Bass Trombone Barbour - Condini , Charlotte Charlotte Barbour - Condini Recorder Cox , Charlotte Charlotte Cox Bassoon Dunn , Christopher Christopher Dunn Tuba Grajner - De-Sa , Cristian Cristian Grajner - De-Sa Violin Degavino , Dominic Dominic Degavino Piano Tocknell , Elizabeth Elizabeth Tocknell French Horn Young , Elzbieta Elzbieta Young Trumpet Lee , Hyun - gi Hyun - gi Lee Percussion Larter , James James Larter Percussion Sandelson , Joel Joel Sandelson Cello Bates , Jonathan Jonathan Bates E flat Tenor Horn Black , Jordan Jordan Black Clarinet Hwang , Julia Julia Hwang Violin Roos , Juliette Juliette Roos Violin Van Der Heijden , Laura Laura Van Der Heijden † Cello Dunne , Lucinda Lucinda Dunne Saxophone O'Toole , Luke Luke O'Toole Flute Martin James Bartlett Piano Lopresti , Molly Molly Lopresti Percussion Rayner , Peter Peter Rayner Percussion Rayner , Richard Richard Rayner Percussion Lim , Victor Victor Lim Piano Yang , Yuanfan Yuanfan Yang Piano 2014 ( edit ) Classical Award ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Daniel Shao Woodwind Dogyung Anna Im Strings Elizaveta Tyun Strings Ellena Newton Brass Elliott Gaston - Ross Percussion Hannah Foster Woodwind Hayley Parkes Keyboard Isata Kanneh - Mason Keyboard Isobel Daws Brass Jess Gillam Woodwind Jess Wood Percussion Julian Trevelyan Keyboard Juliana Myslov Strings Lewis Bettles Brass Martin James Bartlett † Keyboard Matilda Lloyd Brass Matthew Farthing Percussion Nick Seymour Woodwind Ning Hui See Keyboard Roberto Ruisi Strings Sophie Westbrooke Woodwind Stefan Beckett Percussion Tom Highnam Percussion Will Thomas Brass William Dutton Strings Jazz Award ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Alexander Bone † Saxophone Freddie Jensen Double bass Jake Labazzi Trumpet Sean Payne Saxophone Tom Smith Saxophone 2016 ( edit ) Classical Award ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Andrew Woolcock Percussion Ben Goldscheider Brass Charlie Lovell - Jones Strings Gemma Riley Brass Harvey Lin Keyboard Hristiyan Hristov Percussion Jackie Campbell Keyboard Jess Gillam Woodwind Joanne Lee Woodwind Joe Parks Percussion Joe Pritchard Strings Julian Trevelyan Keyboard Louisa Staples Strings Lucy Driver Woodwind Marie Sato Woodwind Matthew Brett Percussion Polly Bartlett Woodwind Sam Dye Brass Sheku Kanneh - Mason † Strings Stephanie Childress Strings Tom Pritchard Percussion Tomoka Kan Keyboard Yuanfan Yang Keyboard Zak Eastop Brass Zoe Perkins Brass Jazz Award ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Alexandra Ridout † Trumpet Tom Ridout Saxophone and Recorder Tom Smith Saxophone Noah Stoneman Piano Elliott Sansom Piano 2018 ( edit ) Classical Award ( edit ) Name Instrument / Category Adam Heron Keyboard Alexander Pullen Percussion Annemarie Federle Brass Elias Ackerley Keyboard Eliza Haskins Woodwind Elodie Chousmer - Howelles Strings Francis Bushell Woodwind Isobel Daws Brass Jeneba Kanneh - Mason Keyboard Lauren Zhang Keyboard Mariam Loladze - Meredith Keyboard Marie Sato Woodwind Matthew Brett Percussion Maxim Calver Strings Meadow Brooks Percussion Michaias Berlouis Brass Robert Burton Woodwind Sam Dye Brass Stephanie Childress Strings Tom Hall Percussion Tom Myles Woodwind Toril Azzalini - Machecler Percussion Torrin Williams Strings Will Duerden Strings Will Thomas Brass Footnotes ( edit ) A. : Extended information used where available . References ( edit ) General `` BBC Young Musician of the Year : Past Finalists '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 22 December 2008 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` History . How it all started '' . British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) . Archived from the original on 7 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Young Musician of the Year '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BBC launches contest to find future dance stars '' . BBC News . 2 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stages of the Competition '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Martin ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Trombonist , 12 , sets BBC Young Musician record '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Young Musician 2014 launches new Jazz Award '' . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First BBC Young Musician jazz award won by saxophonist '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Young Musician of the Year '' . UKGameshows.com . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Artists -- Royal Opera House '' . www.roh.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Michael Hext -- Trombone '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 Nicholas Daniel -- Oboe '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Anna Markland -- Piano '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Emma Johnson -- Clarinet '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Alan Brind -- Violin '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 David Pyatt -- Horn '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 David Pyatt -- Horn '' . LPO . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Nicola Loud -- Violin '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Frederick Kempf -- Piano '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 Natalie Clein -- Cello '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Rafal Zambrzycki Payne -- Violin '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Adrian Spillett -- Percussion '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Guy Johnston -- Cello '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Jennifer Pike -- Violin '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Nicola Benedetti -- Violin '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Peter Moore -- Trombone '' . BBC . 11 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pianist Martin James Bartlett wins BBC Young Musician '' . BBC . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First BBC Young Musician jazz award won by saxophonist '' . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nottingham 's Sheku Kanneh - Mason wins BBC Young Musician 2016 '' . Nottingham Post . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seventeen - year - old Alexandra Ridout wins BBC Young Musician Jazz Award '' . BBC Media Centre . 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Young Musician of the Year '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 16 June 2004 . Retrieved 19 March 2008 . Jump up ^ www.cwizewicz.com ^ Jump up to : `` Stage 5 : Finals. 20 May 2006 : The Sage Gateshead '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Western Mail ( 17 December 2007 ) . `` Wales adds BBC Young Musician of Year contest to its repertoire '' . WalesOnline . Retrieved 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Young Musician of the Year 2008 '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . External links ( edit ) BBC Young Musician of the Year at BBC Programmes European Union of Music Competitions for Youth ( hide ) United Kingdom in the Eurovision Young Musicians Representation 1980s 1982 : Anna Markland 1984 : Emma Johnson 1986 : Alan Brind 1988 : David Pyatt 1990s 1990 : Nicola Loud 1992 : Frederick Kempf 1994 : Natalie Clein 1996 : Rafal Zambrzycki Payne 1998 : Adrian Spillett 2000s 2000 : Guy Johnston 2002 : Sarah Williamson 2004 : Nicola Benedetti 2006 : Jennifer Pike 2008 : Philip Achille 2010s 2010 : Peter Moore 2012 2014 2016 2018 : TBA ( Note : Entries scored out are when United Kingdom did not compete ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BBC_Young_Musician_of_the_Year&oldid=830322781 '' Categories : Music competitions in the United Kingdom BBC Television programmes BBC Cymru Wales television programmes British television specials BBC Radio 3 programmes Educational projects BBC music awards British awards Youth music competitions Awards established in 1978 Early career awards 1978 establishments in the United Kingdom Music television specials Biennial events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from July 2013 Use British English from December 2010 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 02 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won young musician of the year 2017 | [] | [] |
1706642650989132478 | The Lego Ninjago Movie | The Lego Ninjago Movie - wikipedia The Lego Ninjago Movie Jump to : navigation , search The Lego Ninjago Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Charlie Bean Paul Fisher Bob Logan Produced by Dan Lin Phil Lord Christopher Miller Chris McKay Maryann Garger Roy Lee Screenplay by Bob Logan Paul Fisher William Wheeler Tom Wheeler Jared Stern John Whittington Story by Hilary Winston Bob Logan Paul Fisher William Wheeler Tom Wheeler Dan Hageman Kevin Hageman Based on Lego Ninjago by The Lego Group Lego Construction Toys Starring Dave Franco Justin Theroux Fred Armisen Abbi Jacobson Olivia Munn Kumail Nanjiani Michael Peña Zach Woods Jackie Chan Music by Mark Mothersbaugh Edited by David Burrows Garret Elkins Ryan Folsey Julie Rogers John Venzon Production companies Warner Animation Group RatPac - Dune Entertainment Lin Pictures Vertigo Entertainment Animal Logic Lord Miller Productions Lego System A / S Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) ( Denmark ) September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Denmark Language English Budget $70 million Box office $119.3 million The Lego Ninjago Movie is a 2017 3D computer - animated action comedy martial arts film produced by Warner Animation Group . Co-directed by Charlie Bean , Paul Fisher and Bob Logan , the film was co-written by Logan , Fisher , William Wheeler , Tom Wheeler , Jared Stern and John Whittington . The film stars the voices of Dave Franco , Justin Theroux , Fred Armisen , Abbi Jacobson , Olivia Munn , Kumail Nanjiani , Michael Peña , Zach Woods and Jackie Chan . The story within a story focuses on Lloyd Garmadon , a teenage ninja , as he attempts to accept the truth about his villainous father , while a new threat emerges to endanger his homeland . Based on the Lego Ninjago toy line , it is an international co-production of the United States and Denmark , the first theatrical film to be based on an original Lego property , and the third installment of The Lego Movie franchise . It was released in the United States on September 22 , 2017 , in 3D , 2D , Dolby Cinema and IMAX 3D by Warner Bros. Pictures . It received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed $119 million worldwide , against its $70 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 3.1 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A young boy ventures into an old relic shop , where he meets the mysterious owner , Mr. Liu , who begins to tell the boy the legend of Ninjago . Ninjago is a city in the Lego Universe that is frequently attacked by the evil Lord Garmadon , who is the father of Lloyd Garmadon and husband of Koko . Ninjago despises Lloyd for being Lord Garmadon 's son , which puts Lloyd under emotional stress . They do not know that Lloyd is part of the secret ninja force , consisting of Nya , Zane , Jay , Cole , Kai and their master named Master Wu who always stop Garmadon from taking over the city . On Lloyd 's birthday , Garmadon attacks the city once again only to be defeated . He escapes and fires the Shark Army for failing to help him . He then begins to plan a big attack to conquer Ninjago , and decides to build a gigantic mech that is immune to weapons . Meanwhile , Lloyd and his friends see the return of Master Wu , back from his long trip . Master Wu tells them they are n't real ninjas if they use only mechs and machines . He discusses with Lloyd that his element is green , confusing Lloyd . Master Wu tells Lloyd he must not be angry at Garmadon ; he must use his mind to fight . Wu mentions an Ultimate Weapon , giving Lloyd the hope of defeating Garmadon once and for all , despite being forbidden to use the weapon . The next day Garmadon attacks the city with his giant mech and defeats Lloyd . As Garmadon declares his rule over Ninjago , Lloyd returns with the Ultimate Weapon . He fires it , revealing it to be a laser that attracts a real - life cat named Meowthra . Meowthra starts destroying the city while trying to get the laser . Garmadon points the laser to make the cat destroy the other mechs , before Lloyd breaks it . As Garmadon celebrates his victory , Lloyd reveals that he is the Green Ninja , and tells Garmadon that he wishes he was n't his father , leaving Garmadon confused . Lloyd meets up with his friends and Master Wu , who are all upset with him for using the weapon . Wu tells them they must use an Ultimate , Ultimate Weapon to stop Meowthra from destroying the city , which they would reach by crossing the Forest of Dangers , the Canyon of Death , and the Temple of Fragile Foundations . Garmadon overhears Wu talking about the weapon and follows close behind . He meets up with Wu and fights him , only to end up in a cage , defeated . However , Wu loses his balance and falls off a bridge into a river , telling Lloyd he must use inner peace before getting swept away . The ninjas decide to continue on , with Garmadon leading them much to Lloyd 's disappointment . They are caught by the Shark Army , who want revenge . The ninjas try to fight , but are easily defeated . They retreat leaving Lloyd and Garmadon behind to be caught by the Shark Army . The Shark Army begin to fire Lloyd and Garmadon into a volcano . However , the rest of the ninjas save the day using stealth fighting . They all work together with Garmadon to escape the angry Shark Army by building a makeshift helicopter , and Lloyd and Garmadon bond together in the process . They eventually crash down onto the Temple of Fragile Foundations . Garmadon reveals that it is his home , as well as Koko formerly being a ninja warrior herself . He reveals to Lloyd that he wishes he had stayed with him and his mom after deciding to conquer Ninjago , but he could n't change so he had to stay behind . The ninjas find the Ultimate Ultimate Weapon , consisting of a set of trinkets , only to have it stolen by Garmadon who still wants to take over the city . He wants Lloyd to be his general , but Lloyd rejects his offer . Out of fury , Garmadon locks all of them in the temple as it begins to collapse . Lloyd realizes that inner peace means for them to unleash their power within , and they successfully do this , escaping from the collapsing temple . As they fall of a cliff , Wu saves them with his ship , and they head towards Ninjago . Garmadon arrives and tries to control Meowthra with the weapons but Meowthra eats Garmadon instead . Lloyd and the crew arrive and begin fighting Garmadon 's army . As Lloyd approaches Meowthra , he reveals to everyone that he is the green ninja , and realizes that green means life , which brings everything together . He comforts Meowthra and tells Garmadon he forgives him and that he 's sorry . Garmadon cries tears of fire , which causes Meowthra to spit him out . After reconciling , Garmadon moves in with Lloyd and Koko , Meowthra becomes the mascot of Ninjago , and Lloyd is hailed as a hero . As the story concludes , Mr. Liu tells the boy that he will start to train him as a ninja . A mid-credits scene also shows a gag reel of a cup stunt performed by Chan as Liu at the film 's opening . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Lego Movie characters Dave Franco as Lloyd Garmadon , the Green Ninja , leader of the Secret Ninja Force , Lord Garmadon and Misako 's son , and Master Wu 's nephew . Michael Peña as Kai , the hotheaded , red Ninja of Fire and Nya 's brother . Kumail Nanjiani as Jay , the quiet and cautious , blue Ninja of Lightning . Abbi Jacobson as Nya , the strong , silver Ninja of Water , Kai 's sister , and Jay 's crush . Zach Woods as Zane , the robotic , white Ninja of Ice . Fred Armisen as Cole , the laid - back , music - loving black Ninja of Earth . Jackie Chan as Master Wu , the wisecracking leader of the group , Lord Garmadon 's brother and Lloyd 's uncle . He also plays Mr. Liu , an elderly shopkeeper who appears in the live - action part of the film to explain the story of Ninjago to a young boy , played by Kaan Guldur . Justin Theroux as Lord Garmadon , the Dark Ninja , an evil warlord , the father of Lloyd , the ex-husband of Misako and the brother of Master Wu . Olivia Munn as Misako `` Koko '' , Lord Garmadon 's ex-wife and Lloyd 's mother . She was formerly known as the legendary `` Lady Iron Dragon '' . Randall Park as Chen the Cheerleader Retta as Maggie the Cheerleader Constance Wu as the Mayor of Ninjago Charlyne Yi as Terri , an IT Nerd . Vanara Taing as Asimov , an IT Nerd . Chris Hardwick as Radio DJ Robin Roberts as herself , a Lego caricature of the newscaster . In the UK version , she is replaced by Kate Garraway . Michael Strahan as himself , a Lego caricature of the known media personality and former New York Giants member . In the UK version , he is replaced by Ben Shephard . David Burrows as Fuchsia Ninja Alex Kauffman as Ninja Computer Ali Wong as General Olivia , the fish - themed general of Garmadon 's Shark Army . Todd Hansen as General Omar , the shark - themed general of Garmadon 's Shark Army . Doug Nicholas as General Jollty , the general of Garmadon 's Shark Army . Bobby Lee as Pilates Studios Owner Laura Kightlinger as Mrs. Laudita Pearl and Ruby as Meowthra , a live - action cat that terrorizes Ninjago . Development ( edit ) On September 17 , 2013 , Warner Bros. announced that it was developing an animated Ninjago film based on the Lego toy line Lego Ninjago . The Hageman brothers , who wrote Lego Ninjago : Masters of Spinjitzu show and co-wrote the story of The Lego Movie , would write the adaptation . Charlie Bean was announced as director , and The Lego Movie team of Dan Lin , Roy Lee , and Phil Lord and Chris Miller as producers . On June 27 , 2016 , the film 's voice cast was announced , including Dave Franco , Michael Peña , Kumail Nanjiani , Zach Woods , Fred Armisen , Jackie Chan , and Abbi Jacobson . Additional voice cast included Justin Theroux as Lord Garmadon and Olivia Munn as Koko . Filming ( edit ) In order to give the film a more believable father - son atmosphere , Dave Franco and Justin Theroux recorded most of their lines where their characters interact with each other together in a single recording studio . During the process , Franco openly admitted he found himself uncontrollably crying while recording some of his lines . Franco stated `` I found myself getting caught up in the moment and basically crying harder than I have in any live - action movie I 've ever been in '' . Jackie Chan choreographed all of Master Wu 's fight scenes in live action before they were recreated in animation for the film . Chan found the experience new to him as well as interesting . `` Everything the stunt team does , the ninjas do also '' . Chan commented . Soundtrack ( edit ) Mark Mothersbaugh , who composed the score for The Lego Movie , returned to score The Lego Ninjago Movie . The Lego Ninjago Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Mark Mothersbaugh , various artists Released September 15 , 2017 Recorded 2017 Trackdown Studios ( Sydney ) Genre Film soundtrack , film score Length 60 : 09 Label WaterTower Music Producer Mark Mothersbaugh , Shawn Patterson , Bartholomew Mark Mothersbaugh chronology Brad 's Status ( 2017 ) Brad 's Status 2017 The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) Thor : Ragnarok 2017 Singles from The Lego Ninjago Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Heroes '' Released : September 15 , 2017 Release ( edit ) The Lego Ninjago Movie was released by Warner Bros. Pictures on September 22 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . It was originally scheduled for a September 23 , 2016 release . A short film , The Master , that promoted the feature film was shown in front of screenings of Storks , which took the original September 23 release date . On February 8 , 2017 , the first trailer was released . The trailer was shown in front of screenings of The Lego Batman Movie . On July 22 , 2017 , a second trailer for the film was shown as part of San Diego Comic - Con and released on YouTube later in the day . Both trailers feature the song `` Bad Blood '' by Taylor Swift , with the second trailer also featuring `` It Must Have Been Love '' by Roxette , `` Ai n't Gonna Die Tonight '' by Macklemore and `` I Wanna Go Out '' by American Authors . Marketing ( edit ) A video game by TT Fusion based on the film , The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game , was released on September 22 , 2017 , for Windows PC , Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The game is similar to previous Lego games , with some new features such as multiplayer and new techniques . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of November 6 , 2017 , The Lego Ninjago Movie has grossed $57.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $61.7 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $119.3 million . In North America , the film was released alongside Kingsman : The Golden Circle and Friend Request . Various tracking services had the film projected to gross anywhere from $27 -- 44 million from 4,047 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $5.8 million on its first day , weekend projections were lowered to $21 million . It ended up debuting to $21.2 million , finishing third at the box office and ranking as the lowest opening of the Lego franchise by over 50 % . Critical response ( edit ) The Lego Ninjago Movie received mixed reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 53 % based on 112 reviews , with an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Despite ample charm and a few solid gags , The Lego Ninjago Movie suggests this franchise 's formula is n't clicking like it used to . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lego Ninjago Movie ' : Dave Franco , Justin Theroux , Jackie Chan Join Voice Cast '' . Variety . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Mothersbaugh to Score ' The Lego Ninjago Movie ' '' . Film Music Reporter . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Ninjago Movie ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Allesandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Ropes $38 M+ ; ' Ninjago ' Dulls Sword To $21 M ; ' Friend Request ' A Loner With $1.8 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past , present and future releases to Past , Present and Future Releases UK Recent and Upcoming Movie '' . www.launchingfilms.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lego Ninjago Movie cast revealed '' . Brickset . June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.itv.com/goodmorningbritain/entertainment/ben-and-kate-star-in-the-lego-ninjago-movie ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Tron : Uprising ' Director to Helm ' Ninjago ' for Warner Bros. ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1685650/dave-franco-cried-uncontrollably-filming-the-lego-ninjago-movie Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/movies/dave-franco-the-lego-ninjago-movie-is-very-emotional/news-story/f0d1799fa6453715c26957e3f74a2730 Jump up ^ http://people.com/movies/watch-jackie-chan-create-real-life-stunts-for-the-lego-ninjago-movie/ Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Batman Lego Movie , ' Lego ' Sequel Get Release Dates '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ninjago '' Coming to Theaters on September 23 , 2016 `` . Warner Bros. May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` New Lego Short ' The Master ' to Debut Before ' Storks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Opam , Kwame ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Comic - Con trailer for The Lego Ninjago Movie is all about family '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` The LEGO Ninjago Movie Video Game Announced and Dated '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New Details on The LEGO Ninjago Movie Video Game - IGN Video '' . IGN. 2017 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' and ' Lego Ninjago ' will battle ' It ' for box office victory '' . Los Angeles Times . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` September B.O. Booming To Near All - Time $700 M Record As ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' & ' Lego Ninjago ' Enter Fall Fray '' . Deadline.com . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Ninjago Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Lego Ninjago Movie on IMDb The Lego Ninjago Movie on Rotten Tomatoes The Lego Movie Films Main films The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Spin - off films The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Video games The Lego Movie Videogame Lego Dimensions The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game Miscellaneous Characters `` Everything Is Awesome '' The Lego Movie : 4D - A New Adventure The Master Unikitty ! List of Lego films and TV series Category Warner Bros. 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Robofest In popular culture A Lego Brickumentary `` Brick Like Me '' The Brick Testament Related companies Merlin Entertainments TT Games Traveller 's Tales TT Fusion TT Games Publishing Other topics Brickfilm LDraw MLCAD Lego gun Lego House Lego tire LUGNET Minifigure Category Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lego_Ninjago_Movie&oldid=809328699 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s action films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 2010s martial arts films American action comedy films American animated films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American martial arts films American films Danish comedy films Danish films Films based on toys Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Roy Lee Films produced by Dan Lin Film spin - offs The Lego Movie Lego films Lego Ninjago Films produced by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Film scores by Mark Mothersbaugh Martial arts comedy films Ninja films Sentient toys in fiction Warner Bros. animated films Warner Bros. Animation animated films Films with live action and animation Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 13 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the lego ninjago movie take place | [
"Ninjago is a city in the Lego Universe that is frequently attacked by the evil Lord Garmadon, who is the father of Lloyd Garmadon and husband of Koko. Ninjago despises Lloyd for being Lord Garmadon's son, which puts Lloyd under emotional stress. They do not know that Lloyd is part of the secret ninja force, consisting of Nya, Zane, Jay, Cole, Kai and their master named Master Wu who always stop Garmadon from taking over the city. On Lloyd's birthday, Garmadon attacks the city once again only to be defeated. He escapes and fires the Shark Army for failing to help him. He then begins to plan a big attack to conquer Ninjago, and decides to build a gigantic mech that is immune to weapons."
] | [
"Ninjago"
] |
988271751607485679 | The Dark Tower (series) | The Dark Tower ( series ) - wikipedia The Dark Tower ( series ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Dark Tower ( disambiguation ) . The Dark Tower `` The Dark Tower '' painting by Michael Whelan The Little Sisters of Eluria ( 1998 ) The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) Author Stephen King Illustrator Michael Whelan , Phil Hale , Ned Dameron , Dave McKean , Jae Lee , Bernie Wrightson , Darrel Anderson Country United States of America Language English Genre Dark fantasy , science fiction , horror , Western The Dark Tower is a series of eight books written by American author Stephen King that incorporates themes from multiple genres , including dark fantasy , science fantasy , horror , and Western . It describes a `` gunslinger '' and his quest toward a tower , the nature of which is both physical and metaphorical . The series , and its use of the Dark Tower , expands upon Stephen King 's multiverse and in doing so , links together many of his other novels . King has described the series as his magnum opus . In addition to the eight novels of the series proper that comprise 4,250 pages , many of King 's other books relate to the story , introducing concepts and characters that come into play as the series progresses . The series was chiefly inspired by the poem `` Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came '' by Robert Browning , whose full text was included in the final volume 's appendix . In the preface to the revised 2003 edition of The Gunslinger , King also identifies The Lord of the Rings , Arthurian Legend , and The Good , the Bad and the Ugly as inspirations . He identifies Clint Eastwood 's `` Man with No Name '' character as one of the major inspirations for the protagonist , Roland Deschain . King 's style of location names in the series , such as Mid-World , and his development of a unique language abstract to our own ( High Speech ) , are also influenced by J.R.R. Tolkien 's work . A film based on The Gunslinger and also serving as a sequel to the events of The Dark Tower due to the nature of said book 's ending was released in August 2017 . Stephen King saw The Dark Tower series as a first draft , initially planning to rewrite it to eliminate continuity errors , but after revising The Gunslinger , `` he is trying to decide how much he can rewrite . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Plot summary 1.2 Characters 1.3 Language 2 Series 2.1 Continuation 2.2 Illustrations 3 Reception 4 Other media 4.1 Tie - in books 4.2 Prequel comic series 4.3 Further comic adaptations 4.4 Discordia 5 Film continuation 5.1 Potential sequel 6 Audiobooks 7 Connections to King 's other works 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) Plot summary ( edit ) In the story , Roland Deschain is the last living member of a knightly order known as gunslingers and the last of the line of `` Arthur Eld '' , his world 's analogue of King Arthur . Politically organized along the lines of a feudal society , it shares technological and social characteristics with the American Old West but is also magical . Many of the magical aspects have vanished from Mid-World , but traces remain as do relics from a technologically advanced society . Roland 's quest is to find the Dark Tower , a fabled building said to be the nexus of all universes . Roland 's world is said to have `` moved on '' , and it appears to be coming apart at the seams . Mighty nations have been torn apart by war , entire cities and regions vanish without a trace and time does not flow in an orderly fashion . Sometimes , even the sun rises in the north and sets in the east . As the series opens , Roland 's motives , goals and age are unclear , though later installments shed light on these mysteries . For a detailed synopsis of the novels , see the relevant article for each book . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Dark Tower characters Along his journey to the Dark Tower , Roland meets a great number of both friends and enemies . For most of the way he is accompanied by a group of people who together with him form the Ka - tet of the Nineteen and Ninety - nine , consisting of Jake Chambers , Eddie Dean , Susannah Dean , and Oy . Among his many enemies on the way are The Man in Black , Mordred , and The Crimson King . Language ( edit ) King created a language for his characters , known as the High Speech . Examples of this language include the phrases Thankee , Sai ( `` Thank you , Sir / Ma'am . '' ) and Dan - Tete ( `` Little Savior '' ) . In addition , King uses the term Ka , which is the approximate equivalent of destiny , or fate , in the fictional language High Speech ( and similarly , Ka - tet , a group of people bound together by fate / destiny ) . This term originated in Egyptian mythology and storytelling , and has figured in several other novels and screenplays since 1976 . The term also appears in King 's short story , `` Low Men in Yellow Coats '' , in which Ted describes its meaning to Bobby . Series ( edit ) # Title Pages Words Release Awards The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger 224 55,376 1982 The Dark Tower II : The Drawing of the Three 400 125,948 The Dark Tower III : The Waste Lands 512 173,489 1991 The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass 787 254,691 1998 Locus Award nominee 4.5 The Dark Tower : The Wind Through the Keyhole 336 91,857 2012 5 The Dark Tower V : Wolves of the Calla 714 242,776 2003 2004 Locus Award nominee 6 The Dark Tower VI : Song of Susannah 432 118,221 2005 Locus Award nominee 7 The Dark Tower VII : The Dark Tower 845 272,273 2005 British Fantasy Award winner Total 4,250 1,334,631 Continuation ( edit ) While the series was declared finished with the publication of the seventh volume in 2004 , King described in an interview in March 2009 an idea for a new short story he 'd recently had : `` And then I thought , ' Well , why do n't I find three more like this and do a book that would be almost like modern fairy tales ? ' Then this thing started to add on bits and pieces so I guess it will be a novel . '' According to King , the idea was a new Dark Tower novel . King said , regarding The Dark Tower , `` It 's not really done yet . Those seven books are really sections of one long über - novel . '' Stephen King confirmed this during his TimesTalk event at The Times Center in New York City on November 10 , 2009 , and the next day King 's official site posted that King will begin working on this novel in about eight months , with a tentative title being The Wind Through the Keyhole . King noted that this novel should be set between the fourth and the fifth books of the series . The book , titled The Dark Tower : The Wind Through the Keyhole , was announced on Stephen King 's official site on March 10 , 2011 , and was published on April 24 , 2012 . In July 2016 , director Nikolaj Arcel confirmed that the Dark Tower film would be a sequel to the novels as well as a direct adaptation , with Roland in the next cycle of his journey to the Tower . Illustrations ( edit ) Each book in the series was originally published in hardcover format with a number of full - color illustrations spread throughout . Each book contained works by a single illustrator only . Subsequent printings of each book in trade paperback format usually preserve the illustrations in full , except for books I and IV . Pocket - sized paperback reprints contain only black - and - white chapter or section header illustrations . The illustrators who worked on each book are : Michael Whelan ; The Dark Tower is among his early notable works . Phil Hale -- the only Dark Tower illustrator who created a second set of illustrations for a later printing of the book he illustrated . Ned Dameron . Dave McKean -- the only Dark Tower illustrator to work in photocollages . Jae Lee -- an illustrator who had previously worked on the Marvel Comics adaptation of the series , illustrated The Wind Through the Keyhole . Bernie Wrightson -- illustrator for 1960s and 1970s horror comics ; he also provided the illustrations for King 's novella `` Cycle of the Werewolf '' ( 1983 ) . Darrel Anderson -- the only Dark Tower illustrator who used digital illustration techniques . Michael Whelan -- returning more than 20 years later as the only recurring Dark Tower illustrator . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2007 ) Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post called the series `` a humane , visionary epic and a true magnum opus '' that stands as an `` imposing example of pure storytelling , '' `` filled with brilliantly rendered set pieces ... cataclysmic encounters and moments of desolating tragedy . '' Erica Noonan of the Boston Globe said , `` There 's a fascinating world to be discovered in the series '' but noted that its epic nature keeps it from being user - friendly . Allen Johnston of The New York Times was disappointed with how the series progressed ; while he marveled at the `` sheer absurdity of ( the books ' ) existence '' and complimented King 's writing style , he said preparation would have improved the series , stating `` King does n't have the writerly finesse for these sorts of games , and the voices let him down . '' Michael Berry of the San Francisco Chronicle , however , called the series ' early installments `` highfalutin hodgepodge '' but the ending `` a valediction '' that `` more than delivers on what has been promised . '' Other Media ( edit ) Tie - in books ( edit ) The series has prompted related non-fiction books by authors besides King . Robin Furth has published the two - volume Stephen King 's The Dark Tower : A Concordance , an encyclopedia - style companion to the series that she originally wrote for King 's personal use . Bev Vincent has published The Road to The Dark Tower : Exploring Stephen King 's Magnum Opus , a book containing back story , summary and analysis and The Dark Tower Companion , which includes interviews and coverage of the Marvel graphic novels . Stephen King has endorsed these books . Charlie the Choo - Choo is a `` children 's book '' by Stephen King released in 2016 , published under the pseudonym Beryl Evans . It is adapted from a section of King 's previous novel The Dark Tower III : The Waste Lands . It was illustrated by Ned Dameron . Prequel comic series ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Tower ( comics ) A prequel to the Dark Tower series , set around the time of the flashbacks in The Gunslinger and Wizard and Glass , has been released by Marvel Comics . With the project overseen by King , The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger Born is plotted by Robin Furth , scripted by Peter David , and illustrated by Jae Lee and Richard Isanove . The first issue of this first arc was released on February 7 , 2007 . A hardcover volume containing all seven issues was released on November 7 , 2007 . The second arc in the Dark Tower comic series was released by Marvel Comics . Called The Long Road Home , the first issue was published on March 5 , 2008 . A hardcover volume containing all five issues was released on October 15 , 2008 . The third arc in the Dark Tower comic series was released by Marvel Comics , and it is called The Dark Tower : Treachery . The first issue of the six issue arc was published on September 10 , 2008 . A hardcover volume containing all 6 issues was released on April 21 , 2009 . Following the completion of the third arc a one - shot issue titled The Dark Tower : Sorcerer was released April 8 , 2009 . The story focuses on the history of the villainous wizard Marten Broadcloak . The fourth arc in the Dark Tower comic series was released by Marvel Comics , and it is called The Dark Tower : The Fall of Gilead . The first issue of the six issue arc was published on May 13 , 2009 . A hardcover volume containing all 6 issues , as well as the Sorcerer One - Shot was released on February 2 , 2010 . The fifth arc in the Dark Tower comic series was released by Marvel Comics , and it is called The Dark Tower : Battle of Jericho Hill . The first issue of the five issue arc was published on December 3 , 2009 . A hardcover volume containing all 5 issues was released on August 17 , 2010 . Marvel Comics has also published three supplemental books to date that expand upon characters and locations first introduced in the novels . The Dark Tower : Gunslingers ' Guidebook was released in 2007 , The Dark Tower : End - World Almanac was released in 2008 , and The Dark Tower : Guide to Gilead was released in 2009 . All three books were written by Anthony Flamini , with Furth serving as creative consultant . End - World Almanac and Guide to Gilead feature illustrations by David Yardin . Further comic adaptations ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Tower ( comics ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An adaptation of King 's novel The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger , titled The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Journey Begins , was made into a comic series and released by Marvel Comics . The first issue of the five - issue arc was published on May 19 , 2010 . The collected hardback edition was released on January 26 , 2011 . An adaptation of King 's novella The Little Sisters of Eluria , titled The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Little Sisters of Eluria , was made into a comic series and released by Marvel Comics . The first issue of the five - issue arc was published on December 8 , 2010 . The collected hardback edition was released on June 8 , 2011 . A second adaptation of King 's novel The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger , titled The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull , was made into a comic series and released by Marvel Comics . The first issue of the five - issue arc was published on June 1 , 2011 . The collected hardback edition was released on January 25 , 2012 . A third adaptation of King 's novel The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger , titled The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Way Station , was made into a comic series and released by Marvel Comics . The first issue of the five - issue arc was published on December 14 , 2011 . The collected hardback edition was released on June 27 , 2012 . Discordia ( edit ) December 7 , 2009 saw the release of a spin - off online game titled Discordia , available to play free of charge on the official Stephen King website . The game is a continuation of the original Dark Tower story , following the war between the Tet Corporation and Sombra / NCP in New York , and it has been supervised by both Stephen King and Robin Furth . From the website : `` Exploring the behind - the - scenes conflict between the two companies , Discordia introduces long - time Dark Tower fans to new characters and numerous mechanical / magical items developed by Mid-World's Old Ones . Over the course of our adventure we will visit many locations , both those familiar to Dark Tower fans and others which we only glimpsed in the Dark Tower novels . While we may not see Roland and his ka - tet in this adventure , the development team has remembered the faces of its fathers . We have done our best to honor the original Dark Tower series while simultaneously mapping new and exciting Dark Tower territory . '' Film continuation ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Tower ( 2017 film ) Initially , in 2007 , J.J. Abrams was connected to a film adaptation of The Dark Tower series , but later revealed he had removed himself from involvement in the project . On September 8 , 2010 , an official announcement was made that the series would be brought to both the big and the small screens via a trilogy of feature films and two seasons of a television series to bridge gaps between the films . According to a press release from Universal Pictures from October 29 , 2010 , the first Dark Tower film would open on May 17 , 2013 . On July 19 , 2011 , Universal pulled its support from the production of the Dark Tower films and television series . According to reports , the studio was unable to come to terms with producer Ron Howard . Despite this , Stephen King remained confident Howard would see the project through with another studio , and Howard confirmed the adaptation was still on track , noting that HBO would carry the television series portions of the project from then on . On March 13 , 2012 , it was reported that Warner Bros. Pictures was now interested in making at least the first film and that Russell Crowe , tipped to play Roland Deschain , was no longer on board . Reports indicated that filming might have commenced as early as the first quarter of 2013 . However , Warner eventually passed on the film . Later , on April 10 , 2015 , it was reported that Sony Pictures and Media Rights Capital would be going ahead with the first film in the series alongside a television series , using a reworked script by Akiva Goldsman , who worked on the initial 2010 proposal , and Jeff Pinkner . On June 2 , 2015 , Nikolaj Arcel was hired by the studio to direct the film . On March 1 , 2016 , it was announced that Idris Elba and Matthew McConaughey had both joined the film , cast respectively as Roland Deschain and Walter O'Dim . On May 3 , 2017 , the first official trailer was released. The film was released on August 4 . 2017 . Critics panned the film with it receiving a score of 16 % on Rotten Tomatoes . The film combines elements from several novels in The Dark Tower series , serving as a canonical sequel to the novel series , which concluded with the revelation that Roland 's quest was a cyclical time loop ; the presence of the Horn of Eld , which Roland carries in the film , indicates that this is the next cycle ; Stephen King has indicated that The Dark Tower film and television series will follow Roland 's `` last time round '' to the titular Dark Tower . Potential sequel ( edit ) In an interview with Collider , Stephen King expressed hope for a sequel film in addition to the upcoming television series , suggesting that it should be R - rated , with Roland wearing a hat , and that it would include the `` lobstrosities '' from The Drawing of the Three . In an interview with ComingSoon.net , Nikolaj Arcel confirmed that The Drawing of the Three would form the basis for the sequel , and that yet - to - be-cast actors who will play Eddie and Susannah Dean would appear alongside Elba , McConaughey , Taylor , and Haley reprising their roles as Roland , Walter , Jake and Sayre respectively . Audiobooks ( edit ) Currently there exist four audio versions of The Dark Tower series -- in English , in German , in French and in Russian . The audio book in English published by Hodder & Stoughton features voices of George Guidall and Frank Muller and has neither music nor sound effects . The audio book in German published by Deutschland Random House Audio introduces Vittorio Alfieri and David Nathan as the narrators . In French audiobooks published by Éditions Gallimard and narrated by Jacques Frantz . In Russian , The Gunslinger , as narrated by Igor Knyazev , does not have any music or sound effects . Play media Trailer to audiobook by Vargtroms Studio `` The Dark Tower : The Wind Through the Keyhole '' The multi-voiced audio books should necessarily be mentioned . Being created by Roman Volkov and published by Vargtroms Studio , they contain music and sound effects and make extensive use of voices of children , as well as older persons . Over a hundred actors have already been involved in the process of narration . The sound engineer of the project is Victor Pocotiljuk who is well known for his work with the rock band Aria . Thanks to him , this initially amateur project turned out to be a full - size saga with epic music , sound effects and sound - design . The audio books by Vargtroms Studio often include trailers of the upcoming projects , codas and bad takes . Connections to King 's other works ( edit ) The series has become a linchpin that ties together much of King 's body of work . The worlds of The Dark Tower are in part composed of locations , characters , events and other various elements from many of King 's novels and short stories . Some of the books that are tied to this series , or that this series references , are It , The Stand , Salem 's Lot , Insomnia , Hearts in Atlantis , `` The Eyes of the Dragon '' and Cell . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` ' Ted ' Backer MRC In Talks To Finance Stephen King 's ' The Dark Tower ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Popular Writers : A Stephen King interview '' . neilgaiman.com . Jump up ^ `` AR BookFinder US '' . Renaissance Learning , Inc . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` USA WEEKEND Magazine , part of USA Today Your Life '' . Blogs.usaweekend.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Recent News '' . StephenKing.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 2012 ) . The Wind Through the Keyhole : A Dark Tower Novel . New York : Scribner . ISBN 1 - 4516 - 5890 - 7 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Dark Tower : What the film changes ( and keeps ) from Stephen King 's books '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Donald M. Grant '' . grantbooks.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Bill ( 2007 - 09 - 19 ) . `` The Return of the King '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Noonan , Erica ( 2004 - 01 - 15 ) . `` ' Calla ' worth the read , but caters to ' Tower ' fans '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Agger , Michael ( 2004 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Pulp Metafiction '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Berry , Michael ( 2004 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Waiting for the end of their worlds '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Stephenking.com/discordia '' . Stephenking.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Stax ( 2007 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Who is Lost in The Dark Tower ? '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams Not Adapting King 's ' Dark Tower ' Series '' . Cinematical. 2009 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Tower - Film and TV News Tracker '' . Stephenking.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Sets Release Dates Through 2013 '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Dismantles The Dark Tower Movie News Empire '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Tower ' Heading To HBO , Says Brian Grazer '' . Moviesblog.mtv.com. 2011 - 10 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Stephen King ' Dark Tower ' Inside Movies EW.com '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) . `` The Dark Tower film project picked up by Warner Bros '' . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Passes on Ron Howard 's Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' The Dark Tower ' - / Film '' . Slashfilm . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` ' Dark Tower ' Movie : Sony & MRC Partner For Stephen King Adaptation - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Nikolaj Arcel being considered to direct Dark Tower adaptation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Dark Tower rises : Stephen King confirms stars Idris Elba and Matthew McConaughey as production nears start '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The first trailer for Stephen King 's The Dark Tower is here '' . The Verge . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Tower - ComingSoon.net '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Dark Tower , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 Jump up ^ Saavedra , John ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Dark Tower : Stephen King Easter Eggs and Reference Guide '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Yes , The Dark Tower Movie Is A Sequel To The Books '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Dark Tower ' Movie Is Actually a Sequel '' . July 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://collider.com/stephen-king-interview-the-dark-tower/ Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/features/876489-director-nikolaj-arcel-talks-dark-tower-ending-and-sequels-spoilers#/slide/1 Jump up ^ `` StephenKing.com - Audiobooks - A to Z '' . stephenking.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bücher von Vittorio Alfieri '' . Verlagsgruppe Random House ( in German ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Wind '' . Verlagsgruppe Random House ( in German ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` La Tour Sombre - Écoutez lire - GALLIMARD - Site Gallimard '' . www.gallimard.fr ( in French ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Кинг Стивен - Стрелок '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Vargtroms Studio '' Электронная Библиотека `` Аудиокнига '' `` . audiokniga.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Dark Tower ( series ) Official website The Dark Tower series by Stephen King Novels The Gunslinger The Drawing of the Three The Waste Lands Wizard and Glass Wolves of the Calla Song of Susannah The Dark Tower The Wind Through the Keyhole Short stories `` The Gunslinger '' `` The Way Station '' `` The Oracle and the Mountains '' `` The Slow Mutants '' `` The Gunslinger and the Dark Man '' `` The Little Sisters of Eluria '' Comics The Gunslinger Born The Long Road Home Treachery The Sorcerer Fall of Gilead Battle of Jericho Hill The Journey Begins The Little Sisters of Eluria Characters Roland Deschain Father Callahan Randall Flagg Crimson King Related books ' Salem 's Lot The Stand The Talisman Skeleton Crew It The Eyes of the Dragon Insomnia Rose Madder Desperation The Regulators Bag of Bones Hearts in Atlantis Black House Everything 's Eventual From a Buick 8 Charlie the Choo - Choo Other All - World Multiverse Film Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) Elevation ( 2018 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four Past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Flight or Fright ( 2018 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book Stephen King 's ' Salem 's Lot Characters Kurt Barlow Father Callahan Vampires Adaptations Salem 's Lot ( 1979 TV miniseries ) Salem 's Lot ( 1995 radio drama ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 TV miniseries ) Series `` Jerusalem 's Lot '' ( prequel ) `` One for the Road '' ( sequel ) Related A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Jerusalem 's Lot The Song of Roland Source Battle of Roncevaux Pass Films The Song of Roland ( 1978 ) Other versions Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis Historia Caroli Magni Karlamagnús saga The Dark Tower Characters Baligant Blancandrin Bramimonde Charlemagne Ganelon King Marsile Naimon Oliver Roland Turpin Aude Ogier Pinabel BNF : cb145909734 ( data ) GND : 4772151 - 0 LCCN : n84743102 NLA : 35345521 SUDOC : 083046224 VIAF : 184711624 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Tower_(series)&oldid=842437397 '' Categories : The Dark Tower American fantasy novel series American horror novels Artificial mythology The Dark Tower novels Self - reflexive novels High fantasy novels Parallel universes in fiction Novels adapted into comics American novels adapted into films Metafictional works Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles to be expanded from August 2007 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 12 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many books are in stephen king's dark tower | [
"The Dark Tower is a series of eight books written by American author Stephen King that incorporates themes from multiple genres, including dark fantasy, science fantasy, horror, and Western. It describes a \"gunslinger\" and his quest toward a tower, the nature of which is both physical and metaphorical. The series, and its use of the Dark Tower, expands upon Stephen King's multiverse and in doing so, links together many of his other novels. King has described the series as his magnum opus. In addition to the eight novels of the series proper that comprise 4,250 pages, many of King's other books relate to the story, introducing concepts and characters that come into play as the series progresses."
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-6167177098123882096 | Bebop | Bebop - wikipedia Bebop Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Bebop ( disambiguation ) . Bebop Alto sax player Charlie Parker was a leading performer and composer of the bebop era . He is pictured here with Tommy Potter , Max Roach and Miles Davis at the Three Deuces club in New York City . Stylistic origins Swing Kansas City jazz Cultural origins Mid-1940s , United States Typical instruments Clarinet saxophone trumpet trombone piano double bass drums keyboards electric guitars acoustic guitars Derivative forms Avant - garde jazz post-bop Subgenres Hard bop ( Other subgenres ) Regional scenes United States Other topics Progressive music Bebop or bop is a style of jazz developed in the early to mid-1940s in the United States , which features songs characterized by a fast tempo , complex chord progressions with rapid chord changes and numerous changes of key , instrumental virtuosity , and improvisation based on a combination of harmonic structure , the use of scales and occasional references to the melody . Bebop developed as the younger generation of jazz musicians expanded the creative possibilities of jazz beyond the popular , dance - oriented swing style with a new `` musician 's music '' that was not as danceable and demanded close listening . As bebop was not intended for dancing , it enabled the musicians to play at faster tempos . Bebop musicians explored advanced harmonies , complex syncopation , altered chords , extended chords , chord substitutions , asymmetrical phrasing , and intricate melodies . Bebop groups used rhythm sections in a way that expanded their role . Whereas the key ensemble of the swing era was the big band of up to fourteen pieces playing in an ensemble - based style , the classic bebop group was a small combo that consisted of saxophone ( alto or tenor ) , trumpet , piano , double bass , and drums playing music in which the ensemble played a supportive role for soloists . Rather than play heavily arranged music , bebop musicians typically played the melody of a song ( called the `` head '' ) with the accompaniment of the rhythm section , followed by a section in which each of the performers improvised a solo , then returned to the melody at the end of the song . Some of the most influential bebop artists , who were typically composer - performers , are : tenor sax players Dexter Gordon , Sonny Rollins , and James Moody ; alto sax player Charlie Parker ; trumpeters Fats Navarro , Clifford Brown , and Dizzy Gillespie ; pianists Bud Powell , Mary Lou Williams , and Thelonious Monk ; electric guitarist Charlie Christian , and drummers Kenny Clarke , Max Roach , and Art Blakey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Swing era influences 2.2 Going beyond swing in New York 2.3 Early bebop recordings 2.4 The breakout of bebop 2.5 Bebop and beyond 3 Musical style 4 Instrumentation 5 Influence 6 Musicians 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) `` In spite of the explanations of the origins of these words , players actually did sing the words `` bebop '' and `` rebop '' to an early bop phrase as shown in the following example . '' Play ( help info ) The term `` bebop '' is derived from nonsense syllables ( vocables ) used in scat singing ; the first known example of `` bebop '' being used was in McKinney 's Cotton Pickers ' `` Four or Five Times '' , recorded in 1928 . It appears again in a 1936 recording of `` I'se a Muggin ' '' by Jack Teagarden . A variation , `` rebop '' , appears in several 1939 recordings . The first , known print appearance also occurred in 1939 , but the term was little - used subsequently until applied to the music now associated with it in the mid-1940s . Some researchers speculate that it was a term used by Charlie Christian because it sounded like something he hummed along with his playing . Dizzy Gillespie stated that the audiences coined the name after hearing him scat the then - nameless tunes to his players and the press ultimately picked it up , using it as an official term : `` People , when they 'd wan na ask for those numbers and did n't know the name , would ask for bebop . '' Another theory is that it derives from the cry of `` Arriba ! Arriba ! '' used by Latin American bandleaders of the period to encourage their bands . At times , the terms `` bebop '' and `` rebop '' were used interchangeably . By 1945 , the use of `` bebop '' / `` rebop '' as nonsense syllables was widespread in R&B music , for instance Lionel Hampton 's `` Hey ! Ba - Ba - Re-Bop '' ... History ( edit ) Swing era influences ( edit ) Dizzy Gillespie , at the Downbeat Club , NYC , ca 1947 Bebop grew out of the culmination of trends that had been occurring within swing music since the mid-1930s : less explicit timekeeping by the drummer , with the primary rhythmic pulse moving from the bass drum to the high hat cymbal ; a changing role for the piano away from rhythmic density towards accents and fills ; less ornate horn section arrangements , trending towards riffs and more support for the underlying rhythm ; more emphasis on and freedom for soloists ; and increasing harmonic sophistication in arrangements used by some bands . The path towards rhythmically streamlined , solo - oriented swing was blazed by the territory bands of the southwest with Kansas City as their musical capital ; their music was based on blues and other simple chord changes , riff - based in its approach to melodic lines and solo accompaniment , and expressing an approach adding melody and harmony to swing rather than the other way around . Ability to play sustained , high energy , and creative solos was highly valued for this newer style and the basis of intense competition . Swing - era jam sessions and `` cutting contests '' in Kansas City became legendary . The Kansas City approach to swing was epitomized by the Count Basie Orchestra , which came to national prominence in 1937 . `` Bebop was n't developed in any deliberate way . '' -- Thelonious Monk One young admirer of the Basie orchestra in Kansas City was a teenage alto saxophone player named Charlie Parker . He was especially enthralled by their tenor saxophone player Lester Young , who played long flowing melodic lines that wove in and out of the chordal structure of the tune but somehow always made musical sense . Young was equally daring with his rhythm and phrasing as with his approach to harmonic structures in his solos . He would frequently repeat simple two or three note figures , with shifting rhythmic accents expressed by volume , articulation , or tone . His phrasing was far removed from the two or four bar phrases that horn players had used until then . They would often be extended to an odd number of measures , overlapping the musical stanzas suggested by the harmonic structure . He would take a breath in the middle of a phrase , using the pause , or `` free space , '' as a creative device . The overall effect was that his solos were something floating above the rest of the music , rather than something springing from it at intervals suggested by the ensemble sound . When the Basie orchestra burst onto the national scene with its 1937 recordings and nationally - broadcast New York engagements , it gained a national following , with legions of saxophone players striving to imitate Young , drummers striving to imitate Jo Jones , piano players striving to imitate Basie , and trumpet players striving to imitate Buck Clayton . Parker played along with the new Basie recordings on a Victrola until he could play Young 's solos note for note ... In the late 1930s the Duke Ellington Orchestra and the Jimmie Lunceford Orchestra were exposing the music world to harmonically sophisticated musical arrangements by Billy Strayhorn and Sy Oliver , respectively , which implied chords as much as they spelled them out . That understatement of harmonically sophisticated chords would soon be used by young musicians exploring the new musical language of bebop ... One of the divergent trends of the swing era was a resurgence of small ensembles playing `` head '' arrangements . The small band format lent itself to more impromptu experimentation and more extended solos than did the bigger , more highly arranged bands . The 1939 recording of `` Body and Soul '' by Coleman Hawkins with a small band featured an extended saxophone solo with minimal reference to the theme that was unique in recorded jazz , and which would become characteristic of bebop . That solo showed a sophisticated harmonic exploration of the tune , with implied passing chords . Hawkins would eventually go on to lead the first formal recording of the bebop style in early 1944 . Going beyond swing in new York ( edit ) As the 1930s turned to the 1940s , Parker went to New York as a featured player in the Jay McShann Orchestra . In New York he found other musicians who were exploring the harmonic and melodic limits of their music , including Dizzy Gillespie , a Roy Eldridge - influenced trumpet player who , like Parker , was exploring ideas based on upper chord intervals , beyond the sevenths that had traditionally defined jazz harmony . While Gillespie was with Cab Calloway , he practiced with bassist Milt Hinton and developed some of the key harmonic and chordal innovations that would be the cornerstones of the new music ; Parker did the same with bassist Gene Ramey while with McShann 's group . Guitarist Charlie Christian , who had arrived in New York with the Benny Goodman Orchestra in 1939 was , like Parker , an innovator extending a southwestern style . Christian 's major influence was in the realm of rhythmic phrasing . Christian commonly emphasized weak beats and off beats and often ended his phrases on the second half of the fourth beat . Christian experimented with asymmetrical phrasing , which was to become a core element of the new bop style ... Piano players were working with new ideas as well . The brilliant technique and harmonic sophistication of Art Tatum was inspiring young pianists such as Bud Powell to push beyond the limits of the music they knew . Thelonious Monk was adapting the new harmonic ideas to his style that was rooted in Harlem stride piano playing . Drummers such as Kenny Clarke and Max Roach were extending the path set by Jo Jones , adding the ride cymbal to the high hat cymbal as a primary timekeeper and reserving the bass drum for accents . Bass drum accents were colloquially termed `` bombs , '' which referenced events in the world outside of New York as the new music was being developed . The new style of drumming supported and responded to soloists with accents and fills , almost like a shifting call and response . This change increased the importance of the string bass . Now , the bass not only maintained the music 's harmonic foundation , but also became responsible for establishing a metronomic rhythmic foundation by playing a `` walking '' bass line of four quarter notes to the bar . While small swing ensembles commonly functioned without a bassist , the new bop style required a bass in every small ensemble ... The kindred spirits developing the new music gravitated to sessions at Minton 's Playhouse , where Monk and Clarke were in the house band , and Monroe 's Uptown House , where Max Roach was in the house band . Part of the atmosphere created at jams like the ones found at Minton 's Playhouse was an air of exclusivity : the `` regular '' musicians would often reharmonize the standards , add complex rhythmic and phrasing devices into their melodies , or `` heads , '' and play them at breakneck tempos in order to exclude those whom they considered outsiders or simply weaker players . These pioneers of the new music ( which would later be termed bebop or bop , although Parker himself never used the term , feeling it demeaned the music ) began exploring advanced harmonies , complex syncopation , altered chords and chord substitutions . The bop musicians advanced these techniques with a more freewheeling , intricate and often arcane approach . Bop improvisers built upon the phrasing ideas first brought to attention by Lester Young 's soloing style . They would often deploy phrases over an odd number of bars and overlap their phrases across bar lines and across major harmonic cadences . Christian and the other early boppers would also begin stating a harmony in their improvised line before it appeared in the song form being outlined by the rhythm section . This momentary dissonance creates a strong sense of forward motion in the improvisation . The sessions also attracted top musicians in the swing idiom such as Coleman Hawkins , Lester Young , Ben Webster , Roy Eldridge , and Don Byas . Byas became the first tenor saxophone player to fully assimilate the new bebop style in his playing . In 1944 the crew of innovators was joined by Dexter Gordon , a tenor saxophone player from the west coast in New York with the Louis Armstrong band , and a young trumpet player attending the Juilliard School of Music , Miles Davis ... Early bebop recordings ( edit ) Bebop originated as `` musicians ' music '' , played by musicians with other money - making gigs who did not care about the commercial potential of the new music . It did not attract the attention of major record labels nor was it intended to . Some of the early bebop was recorded informally . Some sessions at Minton 's in 1941 were recorded , with Thelonious Monk alongside an assortment of musicians including Joe Guy , Hot Lips Page , Roy Eldridge , Don Byas , and Charlie Christian . Christian is featured in recordings from May 12 , 1941 ( Esoteric ES 548 ) . Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie were both participants at a recorded jam session hosted by Billy Eckstine on February 15 , 1943 , and Parker at another Eckstine jam session on February 28 , 1943 ( Stash ST - 260 ; ST - CD - 535 ) Formal recording of bebop was first performed for small specialty labels , who were less concerned with mass - market appeal than the major labels , in 1944 . On February 16 , 1944 , Coleman Hawkins led a session including Dizzy Gillespie and Don Byas , with a rhythm section consisting of Clyde Hart ( piano ) , Oscar Pettiford ( bass ) and Max Roach ( drums ) that recorded Woody'n You ( Apollo 751 ) , the first formal recording of bebop . Charlie Parker was recorded in a quintet led by guitarist Tiny Grimes for the Savoy label on September 15 , 1944 . Hawkins led another bebop - influenced recording session on October 19 , 1944 , this time with Thelonious Monk on piano , Edward Robinson on bass , and Denzil Best on drums ( `` On the Bean '' , `` Recollections '' , `` Flyin ' Hawk '' , `` Driftin ' on a Reed '' ; reissue , Prestige PRCD - 24124 - 2 ) . Parker , Gillespie , and others working the bebop idiom joined the Earl Hines Orchestra in 1943 , then followed vocalist Billy Eckstine out of the band into the Billy Eckstine Orchestra in 1944 . The Eckstine band was recorded on V - discs , which were broadcast over the Armed Forces Radio Network and gained popularity for the Eckstine band showcasing the new bebop style . The format of the Eckstine band , featuring vocalists and entertaining banter , would later be emulated by Gillespie and others leading bebop - oriented big bands in a style that might be termed `` popular bebop '' . Starting with the Eckstine band 's session for the De Luxe label on December 5 , 1944 , bebop recording sessions grew more frequent . Parker had left the band by that date , but it still included Gillespie along with Dexter Gordon and Gene Ammons on tenor , Leo Parker on baritone , Tommy Potter on bass , Art Blakey on drums , and Sarah Vaughan on vocals . `` Blowing the Blues Away '' featured a tenor saxophone duel between Gordon and Ammons . On January 4 , 1945 , Parker , Gillespie , and Don Byas recorded under Clyde Hart 's All Stars for the Continental label Gillespie recorded his first session as a leader on January 9 , 1945 , for the Manor label , with Don Byas on tenor , Clyde Hart on Piano , Oscar Pettiford on bass , and Irv Kluger on drums . The session recorded `` I Ca n't Get Started '' , `` Good Bait '' , `` Be-bop ( Dizzy 's Fingers ) '' , and `` Salt Peanuts '' ( which Manor wrongly named `` Salted Peanuts '' ) . Thereafter , Gillespie would record bebop prolifically and gain recognition as one of its leading figures . Parker appeared in Gillespie - led sessions dated February 28 and May 11 , 1945 , for the Guild label , and May 25 , 1945 , for the Continental label . Parker and Gillespie appeared in a session under vibraphonist Red Norvo dated June 6 , 1945 , for the Dial label . Parker 's first session as a leader was on November 26 , 1945 , for the Savoy label , with Miles Davis on trumpet , Sadik Hakim ( Argonne Thornton ) on piano , Curley Russell on bass and Max Roach on drums ( `` Warming Up a Riff '' , `` Now 's the Time '' , `` Billie 's Bounce '' , `` Thriving on a Riff '' , `` Ko - Ko '' , `` Meandering '' ) . Dexter Gordon , after appearing as a sideman in bebop sessions led by Gillespie , Eckstine , and Sir Charles Thompson , led his first session for the Savoy label on October 30 , 1945 , with Sadik Hakim on piano , Gene Ramey on bass , and Eddie Nicholson on drums ( `` Blow Mr Dexter '' , `` Dexter 's Deck '' , `` Dexter 's Cuttin ' Out '' , `` Dexter 's Minor Mad '' ) . After appearing as a sideman in the R&B - oriented Cootie Williams Orchestra through 1944 , Bud Powell was in bebop sessions led by Frankie Socolow on May 2 , 1945 , then Dexter Gordon on January 29 , 1946 , for the Savoy label ( `` Long Tall Dexter '' , `` Dexter Rides Again '' , `` I Ca n't Escape From You '' , `` Dexter Digs In '' ) . The breakout of bebop ( edit ) By 1946 bebop was established as a broad - based movement among jazz musicians , drawing musicians including trumpeters Fats Navarro and Kenny Dorham , trombonist J.J. Johnson , tenor saxophonists Lucky Thompson , James Moody and Wardell Gray , vibraphonist Milt Jackson , pianists Erroll Garner , Al Haig , and Dodo Marmarosa , bassist Slam Stewart , and others who would contribute to what would become known as `` modern jazz '' . The new music was gaining radio exposure with broadcasts such as those hosted by `` Symphony Sid '' Torin . As the popularity of bebop spread , fueled in part by the footloose return of servicemen to civilian life , Los Angeles would become another center of the new music , exemplified by the legendary jam sessions featuring tenor saxophone duels between Dexter Gordon and Wardell Gray . Gillespie landed the first recording date for a major label with the new music , with the RCA Bluebird label recording Dizzy Gillespie And his Orchestra on February 22 , 1946 ( 52nd Street Theme , A Night in Tunisia , Ol ' Man Rebop , Anthropology ) . Gillespie , with his extroverted personality and humor , glasses , lip beard and beret , would become the most visible symbol of the new music and new jazz culture in popular consciousness . That of course slighted the contributions of others with whom he had developed the music over the preceding years . His show style , influenced by black vaudeville circuit entertainers , seemed like a throwback to some and offended some purists ( `` too much grinning '' according to Miles Davis ) , but it was laced with a subversive sense of humor that gave a glimpse of attitudes on racial matters that black musicians had previously kept away from the public at large . Before the Civil Rights movement , Gillespie was confronting the racial divide by lampooning it . The intellectual subculture that surrounded bebop made it something of a sociological movement as well as a musical one ... With the imminent demise of the big swing bands , bebop had become the dynamic focus of the jazz world , with a broad - based `` progressive jazz '' movement seeking to emulate and adapt its devices . It was to be the most influential foundation of jazz for a generation of jazz musicians ... Bebop and beyond ( edit ) By 1950 , a second wave of bebop musicians -- such as Clifford Brown and Sonny Stitt -- began to smooth out the rhythmic eccentricities of early bebop . Instead of using jagged phrasing to create rhythmic interest , as the early boppers had , these musicians constructed their improvised lines out of long strings of eighth notes and simply accented certain notes in the line to create rhythmic variety . During the early 1950s bebop remained at the top of awareness of jazz , while its harmonic devices were adapted to the new `` cool '' school of jazz led by Miles Davis and others . It continued to attract young musicians such as Sonny Rollins and John Coltrane . As musicians and composers began to work with expanded music theory during the mid-1950s , its adaptation by musicians who worked it into the basic dynamic approach of bebop would lead to the development of post-bop . Around that same time , a move towards structural simplification of bebop occurred among musicians such as Horace Silver and Art Blakey , leading to the movement known as hard bop . Development of jazz would occur through the interplay of bebop , cool , post-bop , and hard bop styles through the 1950s . Musical style ( edit ) Bebop differed drastically from the straightforward compositions of the swing era and was instead characterized by fast tempos , asymmetrical phrasing , intricate melodies , and rhythm sections that expanded on their role as tempo - keepers . The music itself seemed jarringly different to the ears of the public , who were used to the bouncy , organized , danceable tunes of Benny Goodman and Glenn Miller during the swing era . Instead , bebop appeared to sound racing , nervous , erratic and often fragmented . But to jazz musicians and jazz music lovers , bebop was an exciting and beautiful revolution in the art of jazz ... ' Bebop ' was a label that certain journalists later gave it , but we never labeled the music . It was just modern music , we would call it . We would n't call it anything , really , just music . -- Kenny Clarke While swing music tended to feature orchestrated big band arrangements , bebop music highlighted improvisation . Typically , a theme ( a `` head , '' often the main melody of a pop or jazz standard of the swing era ) would be presented together at the beginning and the end of each piece , with improvisational solos based on the chords of the tune . Thus , the majority of a song in bebop style would be improvisation , the only threads holding the work together being the underlying harmonies played by the rhythm section . Sometimes improvisation included references to the original melody or to other well - known melodic lines ( `` quotes '' , `` licks '' or `` riffs '' ) . Sometimes they were entirely original , spontaneous melodies from start to finish . Chord progressions for bebop tunes were often taken directly from popular swing - era songs and reused with a new and more complex melody , forming new compositions ( see contrafact ) . This practice was already well - established in earlier jazz , but came to be central to the bebop style . The style made use of several relatively common chord progressions , such as blues ( at base , I - IV - V , but infused with II - V motion ) and ' rhythm changes ' ( I - VI - II - V , the chords to the 1930s pop standard `` I Got Rhythm '' ) . Late bop also moved towards extended forms that represented a departure from pop and show tunes . Bebop chord voicings often dispensed with the root and fifth tones , instead basing them on the leading intervals that defined the tonality of the chord . That opened up creative possibilities for harmonic improvisation such as tritone substitutions and use of diminished scale based improvised lines that could resolve to the key center in numerous and surprising ways . Bebop musicians also employed several harmonic devices not typical of previous jazz . Complicated harmonic substitutions for more basic chords became commonplace . These substitutions often emphasized certain dissonant intervals such as the flat ninth , sharp ninth or the sharp eleventh / tritone . This unprecedented harmonic development which took place in bebop is often traced back to a transcendent moment experienced by Charlie Parker while performing `` Cherokee '' at Clark Monroe 's Uptown House , New York , in early 1942 . As described by Parker : I 'd been getting bored with the stereotyped changes that were being used , ... and I kept thinking there 's bound to be something else . I could hear it sometimes . I could n't play it ... I was working over `` Cherokee '' , and , as I did , I found that by using the higher intervals of a chord as a melody line and backing them with appropriately related changes , I could play the thing I 'd been hearing . It came alive . Gerhard Kubik postulates that the harmonic development in bebop sprung from the blues , and other African - related tonal sensibilities , rather than twentieth century Western art music , as some have suggested . Kubik states : `` Auditory inclinations were the African legacy in ( Parker 's ) life , reconfirmed by the experience of the blues tonal system , a sound world at odds with the Western diatonic chord categories . Bebop musicians eliminated Western - style functional harmony in their music while retaining the strong central tonality of the blues as a basis for drawing upon various African matrices . '' Samuel Floyd states that blues were both the bedrock and propelling force of bebop , bringing about three main developments : A new harmonic conception , using extended chord structures that led to unprecedented harmonic and melodic variety . A developed and even more highly syncopated , linear rhythmic complexity and a melodic angularity in which the blue note of the fifth degree was established as an important melodic - harmonic device . The reestablishment of the blues as the music 's primary organizing and functional principle . While for an outside observer the harmonic innovations in bebop would appear to be inspired by experiences in Western `` serious '' music , from Claude Debussy to Arnold Schoenberg , such a scheme can not be sustained by the evidence from a cognitive approach . Claude Debussy did have some influence on jazz , for example , on Bix Beiderbecke 's piano playing , and it is also true that Duke Ellington adopted and reinterpreted some harmonic devices in European contemporary music . West Coast jazz would run into such debts as would several forms of cool jazz . But bebop has hardly any such debts in the sense of direct borrowings . On the contrary , ideologically , bebop was a strong statement of rejection of any kind of eclecticism , propelled by a desire to activate something deeply buried in self . Bebop then revived tonal - harmonic ideas transmitted through the blues and reconstructed and expanded others in a basically non-Western harmonic approach . The ultimate significance of all this is that the experiments in jazz during the 1940s brought back to African - American music several structural principles and techniques rooted in African traditions . An alternate theory would be that Bebop , like much great art , probably evolved drawing on many sources . An insightful YouTube video has Jimmy Raney , a jazz guitarist of the time and friend of Charlie Parker , describing how Parker would show up at Raney 's apartment door in search of refreshment and the music of Béla Bartók , a leading 20th Century Classical Music composer . Raney describes the great knowledge and depth of understanding that Parker had with the music of Bartók and Arnold Schoenberg , in particular Pierrot Lunaire by Schoenberg and the Quartets by Bartók . Raney recounts his comment to Parker that a section from the Scherzo of the Bartók 's Fifth Quartet sounded a lot like some of Parker 's jazz improvisation . Instrumentation ( edit ) Several bebop musicians headlining on 52nd Street , May 1948 The classic bebop combo consisted of saxophone , trumpet , double bass , drums and piano . This was a format used ( and popularized ) by both Parker ( alto sax ) and Gillespie ( trumpet ) in their 1940s groups and recordings , sometimes augmented by an extra saxophonist or guitar ( electric or acoustic ) , occasionally adding other horns ( often a trombone ) or other strings ( usually violin ) or dropping an instrument and leaving only a quartet . Although only one part of a rich jazz tradition , bebop music continues to be played regularly throughout the world . Trends in improvisation since its era have changed from its harmonically - tethered style , but the capacity to improvise over a complex sequence of altered chords is a fundamental part of any jazz education . Influence ( edit ) The musical devices developed with bebop were influential far beyond the bebop movement itself . `` Progressive Jazz '' was a broad category of music that included bebop - influenced `` art music '' arrangements used by big bands such as those led by Boyd Raeburn , Charlie Ventura , Claude Thornhill , and Stan Kenton , and the cerebral harmonic explorations of smaller groups such as those led by pianists Lennie Tristano and Dave Brubeck . Voicing experiments based on bebop harmonic devices were used by Miles Davis and Gil Evans for the groundbreaking `` Birth of the Cool '' sessions in 1949 . Musicians who followed the stylistic doors opened by Davis , Evans , Tristano , and Brubeck would form the core of the cool jazz and `` west coast jazz '' movements of the early 1950s . By the mid-1950s musicians began to be influenced by music theory proposed by George Russell . Those who incorporated Russell 's ideas into the bebop foundation would define the post-bop movement that would later incorporate modal jazz into its musical language . Hard bop was a simplified derivative of bebop introduced by Horace Silver and Art Blakey in the mid-1950s . It became a major influence until the late 1960s when free jazz and fusion jazz gained ascendancy . The neo-bop movement of the 1980s and 1990s revived the influence of bebop , post-bop , and hard bop styles after the free jazz and fusion eras . Bebop style also influenced the Beat Generation whose spoken - word style drew on African - American `` jive '' dialog , jazz rhythms , and whose poets often employed jazz musicians to accompany them . Jack Kerouac would describe his writing in On the Road as a literary translation of the improvisations of Charlie Parker and Lester Young . The `` beatnik '' stereotype borrowed heavily from the dress and mannerisms of bebop musicians and followers , in particular the beret and lip beard of Dizzy Gillespie and the patter and bongo drumming of guitarist Slim Gaillard . The bebop subculture , defined as a non-conformist group expressing its values through musical communion , would echo in the attitude of the psychedelia - era hippies of the 1960s . Fans of bebop were not restricted to the United States ; the music also gained cult status in France and Japan . More recently , hip - hop artists ( A Tribe Called Quest , Guru ) have cited bebop as an influence on their rapping and rhythmic style . As early as 1983 , Shawn Brown rapped the phrase `` Rebop , bebop , Scooby - Doo '' toward the end of the hit `` Rappin ' Duke '' . Bassist Ron Carter collaborated with A Tribe Called Quest on 1991 's The Low End Theory , and vibraphonist Roy Ayers and trumpeter Donald Byrd were featured on Guru 's Jazzmatazz , Vol. 1 in 1993 . Bebop samples , especially bass lines , ride cymbal swing clips , and horn and piano riffs are found throughout the hip - hop compendium . Musicians ( edit ) Main article : List of bebop musicians Notable musicians identified with bebop : Accordion : Frank Marocco Bass : Ray Brown , Paul Chambers , Percy Heath , Milt Hinton , Charles Mingus , Oscar Pettiford , Tommy Potter Clarinet : Buddy DeFranco Drums : Art Blakey , Kenny Clarke , Jimmy Cobb , Roy Haynes , Eric Ineke , Philly Joe Jones , Stan Levey , Max Roach Guitar Kenny Burrell , Charlie Christian , Herb Ellis , Barney Kessel , Pat Martino , Wes Montgomery , Joe Pass , Jimmy Raney , Ronnie Singer , Carlton Kitto Piano : Tadd Dameron , Walter Davis , Jr. , Bill Evans , Al Haig , Sadik Hakim , Barry Harris , Ahmad Jamal , Duke Jordan , Lou Levy , John Lewis , Dodo Marmarosa , Charles Mingus , Thelonious Monk , Oscar Peterson , Bud Powell , Horace Silver , Lennie Tristano , George Wallington Saxophone ( Alto ) : Cannonball Adderley , Lee Konitz , Charles McPherson , Frank Morgan , Charlie Parker , Art Pepper , Sonny Stitt Saxophone ( Baritone ) : Pepper Adams Saxophone ( Tenor ) : Don Byas , John Coltrane , Dexter Gordon , Wardell Gray , Sonny Rollins , Charlie Rouse , Sonny Stitt , Lucky Thompson Trombone : Carl Fontana , Curtis Fuller , J.J. Johnson , Frank Rosolino Trumpet : Chet Baker , Clifford Brown , Miles Davis , Kenny Dorham , Dizzy Gillespie , Howard McGhee , Blue Mitchell , Lee Morgan , Fats Navarro , Red Rodney , Ed Zandy Vibraphone : Milt Jackson Vocals : Betty Carter , Billy Eckstine , Ella Fitzgerald , Sarah Vaughan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lott , Eric . Double V , Double - Time : Bebop 's Politics of Style . Callaloo , No. 36 ( Summer , 1988 ) , pp. 597 -- 605 Jump up ^ Tanner , Paul O.W. and Gerow , Maurice ( 1964 ) . A Study of Jazz , 81 . Second edition . ISBN 0 - 697 - 03557 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gleason , Ralph J. ( 15 February 1959 ) `` Jazz Fan Really Digs the Language -- All the Way Back to Its Origin '' . Toledo Blade . Jump up ^ Jim Dawson and Steve Propes , What Was The First Rock'n'Roll Record ? , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 571 - 12939 - 0 Jump up ^ Nell Irvin Painter ( 2006 ) . Creating Black Americans . Oxford University Press US . pp. 228 -- 229 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513755 - 8 . Retrieved Jul 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peter Gammond , The Oxford Companion to Popular Music , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 311323 - 6 Jump up ^ Miles Davis ( 1989 ) Autobiography , chapter 3 , pp. 43 - 5 , 57 - 8 , 61 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Dizzy Gillespie Discography '' . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Parker Discography '' . Jump up ^ `` Dexter Gordon Discography '' . Jump up ^ Du Noyer , Paul ( 2003 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music ( 1st ed . ) . Fulham , London : Flame Tree Publishing . p. 130 . ISBN 1 - 904041 - 96 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Kubik , Gerhard . `` Bebop : a case in point . The African Matrix in Jazz Harmonic Practices . '' ( Critical essay ) Black Music Research Journal 22 Mar 2005 . Digital . Jump up ^ Floyd , Samuel A. , Jr. ( 1995 ) . The power of black music : Interpreting its history from Africa to the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Raney , Jimmy and Jamey Abersold . `` Jimmy & Jamey Discuss Charlie Parker '' , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10guXUWGGB4 Jump up ^ Gair , Christopher ( 2008 ) . The Beat Generation . Oxford : Oneworld Publications . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 9781851685424 . Jump up ^ Augustyn , Adam , ed. ( 2011 ) . American Literature from 1945 through today . Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 161530133X . Further reading ( edit ) Berendt , Joachim E. The Jazz Book : From Ragtime to Fusion and Beyond . Trans . Bredigkeit , H. and B. with Dan Morgenstern . Westport , CT : Lawrence Hill & Co. , 1975 . Deveaux , Scott ... The Birth of Bebop : A Social and Musical History . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 . Giddins , Gary . Celebrating Bird : The Triumph of Charlie Parker . New York City : Morrow , 1987 . Gioia , Ted . The History of Jazz . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press , 1997 . Baillie , Harold B. Swing to Bop : An Oral History of the Transition of Jazz in the 1940s . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1987 . Rosenthal , David . Hard bop : Jazz and Black Music , 1955 -- 1965 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1992 . Tirro , Frank . `` The Silent Theme Tradition in Jazz '' . The Musical Quarterly 53 , no . 3 ( July 1967 ) : 313 -- 34 . 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-99023112780304256 | Supreme Court of the United States | Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` SCOTUS '' redirects here . For other uses , see SCOTUS ( disambiguation ) . Supreme Court of the United States Established March 4 , 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Country United States Location Washington , D.C. , United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W / 38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W / 38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Composition method Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Authorized by United States Constitution Judge term length Life tenure No. of positions 9 , by statute Website www.supremecourt.gov Chief Justice of the United States Currently John G. Roberts Since September 29 , 2005 This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States . Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789 , it has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases . In the legal system of the United States , the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution , but it may act only within the context of a case , in which it has jurisdiction . The Court does not have power to decide political questions , and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government . According to federal statute , the Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . Once appointed , justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign , retire , or are removed after impeachment ( though no justice has ever been removed ) . In modern discourse , the justices are often categorized as having conservative , moderate , or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation . Each justice has one vote , and it is worth noting while a far greater number of cases in recent history have been decided unanimously , decisions in cases of the highest profile have come down to just one single vote , thereby exposing the justices ' ideological beliefs that track with those philosophical or political categories . The Court meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington , D.C. The Supreme Court is sometimes colloquially referred to as SCOTUS ( Supreme Court of the United States ) similar to and in line with other acronyms such as POTUS ( President of the United States ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Earliest beginnings to Marshall 1.2 From Taney to Taft 1.3 The New Deal era 1.4 Warren and Burger 1.5 Rehnquist and Roberts 2 Composition 2.1 Size of the Court 2.2 Appointment and confirmation 2.2. 1 Recess appointments 2.3 Tenure 3 Membership 3.1 Current justices 3.2 Court demographics 3.3 Retired justices 3.4 Seniority and seating 3.5 Salary 3.6 Judicial leanings 4 Facilities 5 Jurisdiction 5.1 Justices as Circuit Justices 6 Process 6.1 Case selection 6.2 Oral argument 6.3 Supreme Court bar 6.4 Decision 6.5 Published opinions 6.5. 1 Citations to published opinions 7 Institutional powers and constraints 8 Law clerks 8.1 Politicization of the Court 9 Criticism 9.1 Judicial activism 9.2 Failing to protect individual rights 9.3 Supreme Court has too much power 9.4 Courts are poor check on executive power 9.5 Federal versus state power 9.6 Secretive proceedings 9.7 Judicial interference in political disputes 9.8 Not choosing enough cases to review 9.9 Lifetime tenure 9.10 Accepting gifts 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court of the United States The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 . Its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution . The Supreme Court was the only court specifically established by the Constitution while all other federal courts were created by Congress . Congress is also responsible for conferring the title of `` justice '' to its members , who are known to scold lawyers for inaccurately referring to them as `` judge '' , even though it is the term used in the Constitution . The Court first convened on February 2 , 1790 with six judges where only five of its six initial positions were filled . According to historian Fergus Bordewich , in its first session : `` ( T ) he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street , a few steps from Federal Hall . Symbolically , the moment was pregnant with promise for the republic , this birth of a new national institution whose future power , admittedly , still existed only in the eyes and minds of just a few visionary Americans . Impressively bewigged and swathed in their robes of office , Chief Justice John Jay and three associate justices -- William Cushing of Massachusetts , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , and John Blair of Virginia -- sat augustly before a throng of spectators and waited for something to happen . Nothing did . They had no cases to consider . After a week of inactivity , they adjourned until September , and everyone went home . '' The sixth member , James Iredell , was not confirmed until May 12 , 1790 . Because the full Court had only six members , every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two - thirds ( voting four to two ) . However , Congress has always allowed less than the Court 's full membership to make decisions , starting with a quorum of four justices in 1789 . Earliest beginnings to Marshall ( edit ) Main articles : Jay Court , Rutledge Court , Ellsworth Court , and Marshall Court Under Chief Justices Jay , Rutledge , and Ellsworth ( 1789 -- 1801 ) , the Court heard few cases ; its first decision was West v. Barnes ( 1791 ) , a case involving a procedural issue . The Court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige , a situation not helped by the highest - profile case of the era , Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) , which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the Eleventh Amendment . Chief Justice Marshall The Court 's power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 35 ) . Under Marshall , the Court established the power of judicial review over acts of Congress , including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the Constitution ( Marbury v. Madison ) and made several important constitutional rulings giving shape and substance to the balance of power between the federal government and the states ( prominently , Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden ) . The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim , a remnant of British tradition , and instead issuing a single majority opinion . Also during Marshall 's tenure , although beyond the Court 's control , the impeachment and acquittal of Justice Samuel Chase in 1804 -- 05 helped cement the principle of judicial independence . From Taney to Taft ( edit ) Main articles : Taney Court , Chase Court , Waite Court , Fuller Court , White Court , and Taft Court The Taney Court ( 1836 -- 64 ) made several important rulings , such as Sheldon v. Sill , which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear , it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects . Nevertheless , it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which helped precipitate the Civil War . In the Reconstruction era , the Chase , Waite , and Fuller Courts ( 1864 -- 1910 ) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of substantive due process ( Lochner v. New York ; Adair v. United States ) . Under the White and Taft Courts ( 1910 -- 30 ) , the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment had incorporated some guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states ( Gitlow v. New York ) , grappled with the new antitrust statutes ( Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States ) , upheld the constitutionality of military conscription ( Selective Draft Law Cases ) and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee ( Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ) . The New Deal era ( edit ) Main articles : Hughes Court , Stone Court , and Vinson Court During the Hughes , Stone , and Vinson Courts ( 1930 -- 53 ) , the Court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and changed its interpretation of the Constitution , giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal ( most prominently West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish , Wickard v. Filburn , United States v. Darby and United States v. Butler ) . During World War II , the Court continued to favor government power , upholding the internment of Japanese citizens ( Korematsu v. United States ) and the mandatory pledge of allegiance ( Minersville School District v. Gobitis ) . Nevertheless , Gobitis was soon repudiated ( West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ) , and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend . Warren and Burger ( edit ) Main articles : Warren Court and Burger Court The Warren Court ( 1953 -- 69 ) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties . It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection ( Brown v. Board of Education , Bolling v. Sharpe and Green v. County School Bd . ) and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote ( Reynolds v. Sims ) . It created a general right to privacy ( Griswold v. Connecticut ) , limited the role of religion in public school ( most prominently Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , incorporated most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the States -- prominently Mapp v. Ohio ( the exclusionary rule ) and Gideon v. Wainwright ( right to appointed counsel ) , -- and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police ( Miranda v. Arizona ) ; At the same time , however , the Court limited defamation suits by public figures ( New York Times v. Sullivan ) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories . The Burger Court ( 1969 -- 86 ) marked a conservative shift . It also expanded Griswold 's right to privacy to strike down abortion laws ( Roe v. Wade ) , but divided deeply on affirmative action ( Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ) and campaign finance regulation ( Buckley v. Valeo ) , and dithered on the death penalty , ruling first that most applications were defective ( Furman v. Georgia ) , then that the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional ( Gregg v. Georgia ) . Rehnquist and Roberts ( edit ) Main articles : Rehnquist Court and Roberts Court The Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) was noted for its revival of judicial enforcement of federalism , emphasizing the limits of the Constitution 's affirmative grants of power ( United States v. Lopez ) and the force of its restrictions on those powers ( Seminole Tribe v. Florida , City of Boerne v. Flores ) . It struck down single - sex state schools as a violation of equal protection ( United States v. Virginia ) , laws against sodomy as violations of substantive due process ( Lawrence v. Texas ) , and the line item veto ( Clinton v. New York ) , but upheld school vouchers ( Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ) and reaffirmed Roe 's restrictions on abortion laws ( Planned Parenthood v. Casey ) . The Court 's decision in Bush v. Gore , which ended the electoral recount during the presidential election of 2000 , was especially controversial . The Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) is regarded by some as more conservative than the Rehnquist Court . Some of its major rulings have concerned federal preemption ( Wyeth v. Levine ) , civil procedure ( Twombly - Iqbal ) , abortion ( Gonzales v. Carhart ) , climate change ( Massachusetts v. EPA ) , same - sex marriage ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ) and the Bill of Rights , notably in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( First Amendment ) , Heller - McDonald ( Second Amendment ) and Baze v. Rees ( Eighth Amendment ) . Composition ( edit ) Size of the Court ( edit ) Article III of the United States Constitution does not specify the number of justices . The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six `` judges '' . Although an 1801 act would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy , an 1802 act promptly negated the 1801 act , legally restoring the court 's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred . As the nation 's boundaries grew , Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits : seven in 1807 , nine in 1837 , and ten in 1863 . In 1866 , at the behest of Chief Justice Chase , Congress passed an act providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced , which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition . Consequently , one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867 . In 1869 , however , the Circuit Judges Act returned the number of justices to nine , where it has since remained . President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937 . His proposal envisioned appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement , up to a maximum bench of 15 justices . The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the docket on elderly judges , but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to `` pack '' the Court with justices who would support Roosevelt 's New Deal . The plan , usually called the `` court - packing plan '' , failed in Congress . Nevertheless , the Court 's balance began to shift within months when Justice van Devanter retired and was replaced by Senator Hugo Black . By the end of 1941 , Roosevelt had appointed seven justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice . Appointment and confirmation ( edit ) Main article : Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States The Roberts Court ( April 2017 -- present ) . Front row ( left to right ) : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anthony Kennedy , John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Clarence Thomas , and Stephen Breyer . Back row ( left to right ) : Elena Kagan , Samuel A. Alito , Sonia Sotomayor , and Neil Gorsuch . The U.S. Constitution states that the President `` shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint Judges of the Supreme Court . '' Most presidents nominate candidates who broadly share their ideological views , although a justice 's decisions may end up being contrary to a president 's expectations . Because the Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice , a president may nominate anyone to serve , subject to Senate confirmation . In modern times , the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups , which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group 's views . The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive , negative or neutral report . The committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent . The first nominee to appear before the committee was Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 , who sought to quell concerns about his links to Wall Street , and the modern practice of questioning began with John Marshall Harlan II in 1955 . Once the committee reports out the nomination , the full Senate considers it . Rejections are relatively uncommon ; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees , most recently Robert Bork , nominated by President Ronald Reagan in 1987 . Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative vote in committee to block a nomination , prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by filibuster once debate had begun in the full Senate . President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee . It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics . President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second . Unlike the Fortas filibuster , however , only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination , citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy , and the Republican majority 's prior refusal to take up President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy . This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations . Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate . A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs , typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee ; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 . The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination , which expires at the end of the session . For example , President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November , 1954 was not acted on by the Senate ; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955 , and Harlan was confirmed two months later . Most recently , as previously noted , the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland ; the nomination expired in January 2017 , and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch . Once the Senate confirms a nomination , the president must prepare and sign a commission , to which the Seal of the Department of Justice must be affixed , before the new justice can take office . The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date , not the confirmation or swearing - in date . Before 1981 , the approval process of justices was usually rapid . From the Truman through Nixon administrations , justices were typically approved within one month . From the Reagan administration to the present , however , the process has taken much longer . Some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past . According to the Congressional Research Service , the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days ( 2.2 months ) , while the median is 71 days ( or 2.3 months ) . Recess appointments ( edit ) When the Senate is in recess , a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies . Recess appointees hold office only until the end of the next Senate session ( less than two years ) . The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving ; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments , only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed . No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has made a recess appointment to the Court , and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts . In 1960 , after Eisenhower had made three such appointments , the Senate passed a `` sense of the Senate '' resolution that recess appointments to the Court should only be made in `` unusual circumstances . '' Such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress 's views in the hope of guiding executive action . The 2014 Supreme Court ruling in National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning limited the ability of the President to make recess appointments ( including appointments to the Supreme Court ) , ruling that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session ( or in recess ) . Justice Breyer writing for the Court , stated , `` We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . '' This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of pro-forma sessions . Tenure ( edit ) The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior '' ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ) . The term `` good behavior '' is understood to mean justices may serve for the remainder of their lives , unless they are impeached and convicted by Congress , resign , or retire . Only one justice has been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Samuel Chase , March 1804 ) , but he was acquitted in the Senate ( March 1805 ) . Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently ( for example , William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice , in 1953 and again in 1970 ; and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969 ) , but they did not reach a vote in the House . No mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury , but unable ( or unwilling ) to resign . Because justices have indefinite tenure , timing of vacancies can be unpredictable . Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession , as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell , Jr. and William Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II , who retired within a week of each other . Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations , such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor ( though Roberts ' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of Chief Justice after Rehnquist died ) . Despite the variability , all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice . William Henry Harrison died a month after taking office , though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term . Likewise , Zachary Taylor died 16 months after taking office , but his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term . Andrew Johnson , who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the size of the Court . Jimmy Carter is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice . Somewhat similarly , presidents James Monroe , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice , but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office . No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment . Three presidents have appointed justices who together served more than a century . Andrew Jackson , Abraham Lincoln , and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Membership ( edit ) See also : List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Current justices ( edit ) The court is currently filled with nine justices . The most recent justice to join to the court was Neil Gorsuch , who was nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31 , 2017 , and confirmed on April 7 , 2017 , by the Senate . Name Date of birth Appointed by Senate confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day / Length of service Previous positions Succeeded Roberts , John John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) 000000001955 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1955 Buffalo , New York Bush , George W. George W. Bush 78 -- 22 50 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 12 years Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ; Principal Deputy Solicitor General ( 1989 -- 1993 ) ; Associate Counsel to the President ( 1982 -- 1986 ) William Rehnquist Kennedy , Anthony Anthony Kennedy 000000001936 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1936 Sacramento , California Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 97 -- 0 51 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 000000001988 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1988 29 years , 8 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( 1975 -- 1988 ) ; Private practice ( 1963 -- 1975 ) Lewis Powell Thomas , Clarence Clarence Thomas 000000001948 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1948 Pin Point , Georgia Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 52 -- 48 43 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 000000001991 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1991 26 years Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ; Chairman , Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 1982 -- 1990 ) ; Assistant Attorney General in Missouri under State Attorney General John Danforth ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Thurgood Marshall Ginsburg , Ruth Bader Ruth Bader Ginsburg 000000001933 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1933 Brooklyn , New York Clinton , Bill Bill Clinton 96 -- 3 60 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 000000001993 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1993 24 years , 2 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1980 -- 1993 ) ; General Counsel , American Civil Liberties Union ( 1973 -- 1980 ) Byron White Breyer , Stephen Stephen Breyer 000000001938 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1938 San Francisco , California 87 -- 9 55 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1994 23 years , 2 months Chief Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 -- 1994 ) ; Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Harry Blackmun Alito , Samuel Samuel Alito 000000001950 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1950 Trenton , New Jersey George W. Bush 58 -- 42 55 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 11 years , 8 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( 1990 -- 2006 ) ; U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey ( 1987 -- 1990 ) ; Deputy Assistant Attorney General ( 1985 -- 1987 ) ; Assistant to the Solicitor General ( 1981 -- 1985 ) Sandra Day O'Connor Sotomayor , Sonia Sonia Sotomayor 000000001954 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1954 The Bronx , New York Obama , Barack Barack Obama 68 -- 31 55 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 000000002009 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2009 8 years , 2 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1998 -- 2009 ) ; District Judge , District Court for the Southern District of New York ( 1992 -- 1998 ) David Souter Kagan , Elena Elena Kagan 000000001960 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1960 Manhattan , New York 63 -- 37 50 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 7 years , 2 months Solicitor General of the United States ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ; Dean of Harvard Law School ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ; Associate White House Counsel ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; John Paul Stevens Gorsuch , Neil Neil Gorsuch 000000001967 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1967 Denver , Colorado Trump , Donald Donald Trump 54 -- 45 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2017 6 months and 15 days Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( 2006 -- 2017 ) ; Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General and Acting Associate Attorney General ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ; Antonin Scalia Court demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States The Court currently has six men and three women justices . Among the nine justices , there is one African - American ( Justice Thomas ) and one Hispanic ( Justice Sotomayor ) . Two of the justices were born to at least one immigrant parent : Justice Alito 's parents were born in Italy , and Justice Ginsburg 's father was born in Russia . At least five justices are Roman Catholics and three are Jewish ; it is unclear whether Neil Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . The average age is 67 years and 4 months . Every current justice has an Ivy League background . Four justices are from the state of New York , two from California , one from New Jersey , one from Georgia , and one from Colorado . In the 19th century , every justice was a man of European descent ( usually Northern European ) , and almost always Protestant . Concerns about diversity focused on geography , to represent all regions of the country , rather than religious , ethnic , or gender diversity . Most justices have been Protestants , including 36 Episcopalians , 19 Presbyterians , 10 Unitarians , 5 Methodists , and 3 Baptists . The first Catholic justice was Roger Taney in 1836 , and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice , Louis Brandeis . Several Catholic and Jewish justices have since been appointed , and in recent years the situation has reversed . The Court currently has at least five Catholic justices and three Jewish justices . Racial , ethnic , and gender diversity began to increase in the late 20th century . Thurgood Marshall became the first African American justice in 1967 . Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981 . Marshall was succeeded by African - American Clarence Thomas in 1991 . O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993 . After O'Connor's retirement Ginsburg was joined in 2009 by Sonia Sotomayor , the first Latina justice ; and in 2010 by Elena Kagan , for a total of four female justices in the Court 's history . There have been six foreign - born justices in the Court 's history : James Wilson ( 1789 -- 1798 ) , born in Caskardy , Scotland ; James Iredell ( 1790 -- 1799 ) , born in Lewes , England ; William Paterson ( 1793 -- 1806 ) , born in County Antrim , Ireland ; David Brewer ( 1889 -- 1910 ) , born in Smyrna , Turkey ; George Sutherland ( 1922 -- 1939 ) , born in Buckinghamshire , England ; and Felix Frankfurter ( 1939 -- 1962 ) , born in Vienna , Austria . Retired justices ( edit ) There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States : John Paul Stevens , Sandra Day O'Connor and David Souter . As retired justices , they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court , but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal courts , usually the United States Courts of Appeals . Such assignments are formally made by the Chief Justice , on request of the chief judge of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice . In recent years , Justice O'Connor has sat with several Courts of Appeals around the country , and Justice Souter has frequently sat on the First Circuit , the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court . The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken senior status , and eligibility of a supreme court justice to assume retired status ( rather than simply resign from the bench ) is governed by the same age and service criteria . In recent times , justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal , institutional , ideological , partisan and sometimes even political factors playing a role . The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down . The desire to maximize the Court 's strength and legitimacy through one retirement at a time , when the Court is in recess , and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health . Finally , especially in recent decades , many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office , to ensure that a like - minded successor would be appointed . Name Date of birth Appointed by Retired under Confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day Date of retirement Length of service John Paul Stevens 000000001920 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1920 Chicago , Illinois Gerald Ford Barack Obama 98 -- 0 55 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 December 19 , 1975 June 29 , 2010 34 years , 6 months and 10 days Sandra Day O'Connor 000000001930 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1930 El Paso , Texas Ronald Reagan George W. Bush 99 -- 0 51 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 September 25 , 1981 January 31 , 2006 24 years , 4 months and 6 days David Souter 000000001939 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1939 Melrose , Massachusetts George H.W. Bush Barack Obama 90 -- 9 51 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 000000001990 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1990 June 29 , 2009 18 years , 8 months and 20 days Seniority and seating ( edit ) Many of the internal operations of the Court are organized by seniority of justices ; the chief justice is considered the most senior member of the court , regardless of the length of his or her service . The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service . The interior of the United States Supreme Court During Court sessions , the justices sit according to seniority , with the Chief Justice in the center , and the Associate Justices on alternating sides , with the most senior Associate Justice on the Chief Justice 's immediate right , and the most junior Associate Justice seated on the left farthest away from the Chief Justice . Therefore , the current court sits as follows from left to right , from the perspective of those facing the Court : Kagan , Alito , Ginsburg , Kennedy ( most senior Associate Justice ) , Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Thomas , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Gorsuch . In the official yearly Court photograph , justices are arranged similarly , with the five most senior members sitting in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( The most recent photograph includes Ginsburg , Kennedy , Roberts , Thomas , Breyer ) , and the four most junior justices standing behind them , again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( Kagan , Alito , Sotomayor , Gorsuch ) . In the justices ' private conferences , current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority to begin with the chief justice first and end with the most junior associate justice . The most junior associate justice in these conferences charged with any menial tasks the justices may require as they convene alone , such as answering the door of their conference room , serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk . Justice Joseph Story served the longest as junior justice , from February 3 , 1812 , to September 1 , 1823 , for a total of 4,228 days . Justice Stephen Breyer follows very closely behind with less than a month or just 29 days less at 4,199 days when Justice Samuel Alito was confirmed to the court on January 31 , 2006 . Salary ( edit ) Main article : Federal judge salaries in the United States As of 2017 , associate justices are paid $251,800 and the chief justice $263,300 . Article III , Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits Congress from reducing the pay for incumbent justices . Once a justice meets age and service requirements , the justice may retire . Judicial pensions are based on the same formula used for federal employees , but a justice 's pension , as with other federal courts judges , can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement . Judicial leanings ( edit ) See also : Ideological leanings of U.S. Supreme Court justices Although justices are nominated by the president in power , justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties , as is accepted practice in the legislative and executive branches . Jurists are , however , informally categorized in legal and political circles as being judicial conservatives , moderates , or liberals . Such leanings , however , generally refer to legal outlook rather than a political or legislative one . The nominations of justices are endorsed by individual politicians in the legislative branch who vote their approval or disapproval of the nominated justice . Following the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch in 2017 , the Court consists of five justices appointed by Republican presidents and four appointed by Democratic presidents . It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice Roberts and associate justices Thomas and Alito ( appointed by Republican presidents ) comprise the Court 's conservative wing . Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan ( appointed by Democratic presidents ) comprise the Court 's liberal wing . Justice Kennedy ( appointed by President Reagan ) is generally considered `` a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals '' , and up until Justice Scalia 's death , he was often the swing vote that determined the outcome of cases divided between the conservative and liberal wings . Gorsuch had a track record as a reliably conservative judge in the 10th circuit . Tom Goldstein argued in an article in SCOTUSblog in 2010 , that the popular view of the Supreme Court as sharply divided along ideological lines and each side pushing an agenda at every turn is `` in significant part a caricature designed to fit certain preconceptions . '' He pointed out that in the 2009 term , almost half the cases were decided unanimously , and only about 20 % were decided by a 5 - to - 4 vote . Barely one in ten cases involved the narrow liberal / conservative divide ( fewer if the cases where Sotomayor recused herself are not included ) . He also pointed to several cases that defied the popular conception of the ideological lines of the Court . Goldstein further argued that the large number of pro-criminal - defendant summary dismissals ( usually cases where the justices decide that the lower courts significantly misapplied precedent and reverse the case without briefing or argument ) were an illustration that the conservative justices had not been aggressively ideological . Likewise , Goldstein stated that the critique that the liberal justices are more likely to invalidate acts of Congress , show inadequate deference to the political process , and be disrespectful of precedent , also lacked merit : Thomas has most often called for overruling prior precedent ( even if long standing ) that he views as having been wrongly decided , and during the 2009 term Scalia and Thomas voted most often to invalidate legislation . According to statistics compiled by SCOTUSblog , in the twelve terms from 2000 to 2011 , an average of 19 of the opinions on major issues ( 22 % ) were decided by a 5 -- 4 vote , with an average of 70 % of those split opinions decided by a Court divided along the traditionally perceived ideological lines ( about 15 % of all opinions issued ) . Over that period , the conservative bloc has been in the majority about 62 % of the time that the Court has divided along ideological lines , which represents about 44 % of all the 5 -- 4 decisions . In the October 2010 term , the Court decided 86 cases , including 75 signed opinions and 5 summary reversals ( where the Court reverses a lower court without arguments and without issuing an opinion on the case ) . Four were decided with unsigned opinions , two cases affirmed by an equally divided Court , and two cases were dismissed as improvidently granted . Justice Kagan recused herself from 26 of the cases due to her prior role as United States Solicitor General . Of the 80 cases , 38 ( about 48 % , the highest percentage since the October 2005 term ) were decided unanimously ( 9 -- 0 or 8 -- 0 ) , and 16 decisions were made by a 5 -- 4 vote ( about 20 % , compared to 18 % in the October 2009 term , and 29 % in the October 2008 term ) . However , in fourteen of the sixteen 5 -- 4 decisions , the Court divided along the traditional ideological lines ( with Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Kagan on the liberal side , and Roberts , Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on the conservative , and Kennedy providing the `` swing vote '' ) . This represents 87 % of those 16 cases , the highest rate in the past 10 years . The conservative bloc , joined by Kennedy , formed the majority in 63 % of the 5 -- 4 decisions , the highest cohesion rate of that bloc in the Roberts court . In the October 2011 term , the Court decided 75 cases . Of these , 33 ( 44 % ) were decided unanimously , and 15 ( 20 % , the same percentage as in the previous term ) were decided by a vote of 5 -- 4 . Of the latter 15 , the Court divided along the perceived ideological lines 10 times with Justice Kennedy joining the conservative justices ( Roberts , Scalia , Thomas and Alito ) five times and with the liberal justices ( Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan ) five times . In the October 2012 term , the Court decided 78 cases . Five of them were decided in unsigned opinions . 38 out of the 78 decisions ( representing 49 % of the decisions ) were unanimous in judgement , with 24 decisions being completely unanimous ( a single opinion with every justice that participated joining it ) . This was the largest percentage of unanimous decisions that the Court had in ten years , since the October 2002 term ( when 51 % of the decisions handed down were unanimous ) . The Court split 5 -- 4 in 23 cases ( 29 % of the total ) ; of these , 16 broke down along the traditionally perceived ideological lines , with Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on one side , Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan on the other , and Justice Kennedy holding the balance . Of these 16 cases , Justice Kennedy sided with the conservatives on 10 cases , and with the liberals on 6 . Three cases were decided by an interesting alignment of justices , with Chief Justice Roberts joined by Justices Kennedy , Thomas , Breyer and Alito in the majority , with Justices Scalia , Ginsburg , Sotomayor , and Kagan in the minority . The greatest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Kagan , who agreed on 72 of the 75 ( 96 % ) cases , in which both voted ; the lowest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Alito , who agreed only on 45 out of 77 ( 54 % ) cases , in which they both participated . Justice Kennedy was in the majority of 5 -- 4 decisions on 20 out of 24 ( 83 % ) cases , and in 71 of 78 ( 91 % ) cases during the term , in line with his position as the `` swing vote '' of the Court . Facilities ( edit ) The present U.S. Supreme Court building as viewed from the front From the 1860s until the 1930s , the court sat in the Old Senate Chamber of the U.S. Capitol . Main article : United States Supreme Court Building The Supreme Court first met on February 1 , 1790 , at the Merchants ' Exchange Building in New York City . When Philadelphia became the capital , the Court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in Old City Hall from 1791 until 1800 . After the government moved to Washington , D.C. , the Court occupied various spaces in the United States Capitol building until 1935 , when it moved into its own purpose - built home . The four - story building was designed by Cass Gilbert in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and Library of Congress , and is clad in marble . The building includes the courtroom , justices ' chambers , an extensive law library , various meeting spaces , and auxiliary services including a gymnasium . The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Architect of the Capitol , but maintains its own police force separate from the Capitol Police . Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue , the building is open to the public from 9 am to 4 : 30 pm weekdays but closed on weekends and holidays . Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied . There is a cafeteria , a gift shop , exhibits , and a half - hour informational film . When the Court is not in session , lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9 : 30 am to 3 : 30 pm and reservations are not necessary . When the Court is in session the public may attend oral arguments , which are held twice each morning ( and sometimes afternoons ) on Mondays , Tuesdays , and Wednesdays in two - week intervals from October through late April , with breaks during December and February . Visitors are seated on a first - come first - served basis . One estimate is there are about 250 seats available . The number of open seats varies from case to case ; for important cases , some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night . From mid-May until the end of June , the court releases orders and opinions beginning at 10 am , and these 15 to 30 - minute sessions are open to the public on a similar basis . Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions . Jurisdiction ( edit ) Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison , in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court 's appellate jurisdiction . The Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases between two or more states , but may decline to hear such cases . It also possesses original , but not exclusive , jurisdiction to hear `` all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors , other public ministers , consuls , or vice consuls of foreign states are parties ; all controversies between the United States and a State ; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens . '' In 1906 , the Court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for contempt of court in United States v. Shipp . The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the Court 's history . The contempt proceeding arose from the lynching of Ed Johnson in Chattanooga , Tennessee the evening after Justice John Marshall Harlan granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal . Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob -- aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded -- and hung from a bridge , after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson 's body reading : `` To Justice Harlan . Come get your nigger now . '' The local sheriff , John Shipp , cited the Supreme Court 's intervention as the rationale for the lynching . The Court appointed its deputy clerk as special master to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices , who found nine individuals guilty of contempt , sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail . In all other cases , however , the Court has only appellate jurisdiction , including the ability to issue writs of mandamus and writs of prohibition to lower courts . It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely ; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal . In practice , the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the Court are disputes between two or more states . The Court 's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from federal courts of appeal ( through certiorari , certiorari before judgment , and certified questions ) , the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands ( through certiorari ) , the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ( through certiorari ) , and `` final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had '' ( through certiorari ) . In the last case , an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state 's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal . For example , a decision rendered by one of the Florida District Courts of Appeal can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if ( a ) the Supreme Court of Florida declined to grant certiorari , e.g. Florida Star v. B.J.F. , or ( b ) the district court of appeal issued a per curiam decision simply affirming the lower court 's decision without discussing the merits of the case , since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions . The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts , rather than just federal courts , was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the Court 's history , by its rulings in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee ( 1816 ) and Cohens v. Virginia ( 1821 ) . The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions , although there are several devices that permit so - called `` collateral review '' of state cases . It has to be noted that this `` collateral review '' often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system . Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain `` cases '' or `` controversies '' , the Supreme Court can not decide cases that are moot and it does not render advisory opinions , as the supreme courts of some states may do . For example , in DeFunis v. Odegaard , 416 U.S. 312 ( 1974 ) , the Court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit , and a decision from the Court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered . However , the Court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot . If an issue is `` capable of repetition yet evading review '' , the Court will address it even though the party before the Court would not himself be made whole by a favorable result . In Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , and other abortion cases , the Court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court . Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct , in which the Court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff 's need for relief . Justices as circuit justices ( edit ) The United States is divided into thirteen circuit courts of appeals , each of which is assigned a `` circuit justice '' from the Supreme Court . Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic , its meaning has changed through time . Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 , each justice was required to `` ride circuit '' , or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges . This practice encountered opposition from many justices , who cited the difficulty of travel . Moreover , there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the Court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit . Circuit riding was abolished in 1891 . Today , the circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that , under the Court 's rules , may be addressed by a single justice . These include applications for emergency stays ( including stays of execution in death - penalty cases ) and injunctions pursuant to the All Writs Act arising from cases within that circuit , as well as routine requests such as requests for extensions of time . In the past , circuit justices also sometimes ruled on motions for bail in criminal cases , writs of habeas corpus , and applications for writs of error granting permission to appeal . Ordinarily , a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it `` granted '' or `` denied '' or entering a standard form of order . However , the justice may elect to write an opinion -- referred to as an in - chambers opinion -- in such matters if he or she wishes . A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the Court of Appeals of that circuit , but over the past hundred years , this has rarely occurred . A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit . The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit , the Fourth Circuit ( which includes Maryland and Virginia , the states surrounding the District of Columbia ) , and since it was established , the Federal Circuit . Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits . As of June 27 , 2017 , the allotment of the justices among the circuits is : Circuit Justice District of Columbia Circuit Chief Justice Roberts First Circuit Justice Breyer Second Circuit Justice Ginsburg Third Circuit Justice Alito Fourth Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Fifth Circuit Justice Alito Sixth Circuit Justice Kagan Seventh Circuit Justice Kagan Eighth Circuit Justice Gorsuch Ninth Circuit Justice Kennedy Tenth Circuit Justice Sotomayor Eleventh Circuit Justice Thomas Federal Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Four of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges : Chief Justice Roberts ( D.C. Circuit ) , Justice Breyer ( First Circuit ) , Justice Alito ( Third Circuit ) , and Justice Kennedy ( Ninth Circuit ) . Process ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October , and continues until June or early July of the following year . Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as `` sittings '' and `` recesses . '' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings ; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses . Case selection ( edit ) Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of certiorari , commonly referred to as `` cert '' . The Court may review any case in the federal courts of appeals `` by writ of certiorari granted upon the petition of any party to any civil or criminal case . '' The Court may only review `` final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state in which a decision could be had '' if those judgments involve a question of federal statutory or constitutional law . The party that appealed to the Court is the petitioner and the non-mover is the respondent . All case names before the Court are styled petitioner v. respondent , regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court . For example , criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual , as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda . If the defendant is convicted , and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the state supreme court , when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes Miranda v. Arizona . There are situations where the Court has original jurisdiction , such as when two states have a dispute against each other , or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state . In such instances , a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly . Examples of such cases include United States v. Texas , a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas , and Virginia v. Tennessee , a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court , and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval . Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of Georgia v. Brailsford , parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a jury determine issues of fact . Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in New Jersey v. Delaware , and water rights between riparian states upstream of navigable waters in Kansas v. Colorado . A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called a conference . A conference is a private meeting of the nine Justices by themselves ; the public and the Justices ' clerks are excluded . If four Justices vote to grant the petition , the case proceeds to the briefing stage ; otherwise , the case ends . Except in death penalty cases and other cases in which the Court orders briefing from the respondent , the respondent may , but is not required to , file a response to the cert petition . The court grants a petition for cert only for `` compelling reasons '' , spelled out in the court 's Rule 10 . Such reasons include : Resolving a conflict in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings Resolving an important question of federal law , or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the Court . When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals , lawyers call this situation a `` circuit split . '' If the court votes to deny a cert petition , as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it , it does so typically without comment . A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case , and the decision of the lower court stands as the final ruling in the case . To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the Court each year ( of the more than 7,000 petitions the Court receives each year , it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer ) , the Court employs an internal case management tool known as the `` cert pool . '' Currently , all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool . Oral argument ( edit ) When the Court grants a cert petition , the case is set for oral argument . Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case , as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition . With the consent of the parties or approval of the Court , amici curiae , or `` friends of the court '' , may also file briefs . The Court holds two - week oral argument sessions each month from October through April . Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument ( the Court may choose to give more time , though this is rare ) , and during that time , the Justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions . The petitioner gives the first presentation , and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent 's arguments after the respondent has concluded . Amici curiae may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees . The Court advises counsel to assume that the Justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case . Supreme Court Bar ( edit ) In order to plead before the court , an attorney must first be admitted to the court 's bar . Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year . The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members . In reality , pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys . The rest join for a one - time fee of $200 , earning the court about $750,000 annually . Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups . The group admission is held before the current justices of the Supreme Court , wherein the Chief Justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys . Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume . They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument . Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library . Decision ( edit ) At the conclusion of oral argument , the case is submitted for decision . Cases are decided by majority vote of the Justices . It is the Court 's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular Term by the end of that Term . Within that Term , however , the Court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument . At the conclusion of oral argument , the Justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied , and the most senior Justice in the majority assigns the initial draft of the Court 's opinion to a Justice on his or her side . Drafts of the Court 's opinion , as well as any concurring or dissenting opinions , circulate among the Justices until the Court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case . Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the United States Supreme Court Building , the delivery of the decision to the media is done via paper copies and is known as the Running of the Interns . It is possible that , through recusals or vacancies , the Court divides evenly on a case . If that occurs , then the decision of the court below is affirmed , but does not establish binding precedent . In effect , it results in a return to the status quo ante . For a case to be heard , there must be a quorum of at least six justices . If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case can not be heard and determined in the next term , then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been evenly divided . For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court , the Chief Justice may order the case remanded to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there . This has only occurred once in U.S. history , in the case of United States v. Alcoa ( 1945 ) . Published opinions ( edit ) The Court 's opinions are published in three stages . First , a slip opinion is made available on the Court 's web site and through other outlets . Next , several opinions and lists of the court 's orders are bound together in paperback form , called a preliminary print of United States Reports , the official series of books in which the final version of the Court 's opinions appears . About a year after the preliminary prints are issued , a final bound volume of U.S. Reports is issued . The individual volumes of U.S. Reports are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports -- or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations -- to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily . As of the beginning of October Term 2016 , there are : 564 final bound volumes of U.S. Reports , covering cases through the end of October Term 2010 , which ended on September 28 , 2011 . 16 volumes ' worth of opinions available in slip opinion form ( volumes 565 -- 580 ) As of March 2012 , the U.S. Reports have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions , covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012 . This figure does not reflect the number of cases the Court has taken up , as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion ( see , for example , Parents v. Seattle , where Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education was also decided in the same opinion ; by a similar logic , Miranda v. Arizona actually decided not only Miranda but also three other cases : Vignera v. New York , Westover v. United States , and California v. Stewart ) . A more unusual example is The Telephone Cases , which comprise a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the U.S. Reports . Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial , parallel reporters : Supreme Court Reporter , published by West ( now a part of Thomson Reuters ) , and United States Supreme Court Reports , Lawyers ' Edition ( simply known as Lawyers ' Edition ) , published by LexisNexis . In court documents , legal periodicals and other legal media , case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters ; for example , citation to Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission is presented as Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n , 585 U.S. 50 , 130 S. Ct. 876 , 175 L. Ed . 2d 753 ( 2010 ) , with `` S. Ct . '' representing the Supreme Court Reporter , and `` L. Ed . '' representing the Lawyers ' Edition . Citations to published opinions ( edit ) Main article : Case citation § Supreme Court of the United States Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases , in the form `` vol U.S. page , pin ( year ) '' , where vol is the volume number , page is the page number on which the opinion begins , and year is the year in which the case was decided . Optionally , pin is used to `` pinpoint '' to a specific page number within the opinion . For instance , the citation for Roe v. Wade is 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of U.S. Reports . For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print , the volume and page numbers may be replaced with `` ___ '' . Institutional powers and constraints ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The Federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution . The power of judicial review , in fact , is nowhere mentioned in it . Over the ensuing years , the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way . Nevertheless , the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well - established precedent . Many of the Founding Fathers accepted the notion of judicial review ; in Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton wrote : `` A Constitution is , in fact , and must be regarded by the judges , as a fundamental law . It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning , as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body . If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two , that which has the superior obligation and validity ought , of course , to be preferred ; or , in other words , the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute . '' The Supreme Court firmly established its power to declare laws unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) , consummating the American system of checks and balances . In explaining the power of judicial review , Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts , part of the duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . His contention was not that the Court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements , but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary , as well as the other branches of government , to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution . Since the founding of the republic , there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the democratic ideals of egalitarianism , self - government , self - determination and freedom of conscience . At one pole are those who view the Federal Judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being `` the most separated and least checked of all branches of government . '' Indeed , federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure `` during good behavior '' , and their pay may `` not be diminished '' while they hold their position ( Section 1 of Article Three ) . Though subject to the process of impeachment , only one Justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court Justice has been removed from office . At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch , with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government . The Supreme Court , it is noted , can not directly enforce its rulings ; instead , it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments . One notable instance of nonacquiescence came in 1832 , when the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court 's decision in Worcester v. Georgia . President Andrew Jackson , who sided with the Georgia courts , is supposed to have remarked , `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' ; however , this alleged quotation has been disputed . Some state governments in the South also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment Brown v. Board of Education . More recently , many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the Court 's order in United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) to surrender the Watergate tapes . Nixon , however , ultimately complied with the Supreme Court 's ruling . Supreme Court decisions can be ( and have been ) purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment , which has happened on five occasions : Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) -- overturned by the Eleventh Amendment ( 1795 ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) -- overturned by the Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) and the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. ( 1895 ) -- overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) Minor v. Happersett ( 1875 ) -- overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) -- overturned by the Twenty - sixth Amendment ( 1971 ) When the Court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution , simple legislative action can reverse the decisions ( for example , in 2009 Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter act , superseding the limitations given in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. in 2007 ) . Also , the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration : lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations , as do law enforcement officials . In addition , the other two branches can restrain the Court through other mechanisms . Congress can increase the number of justices , giving the President power to influence future decisions by appointments ( as in Roosevelt 's Court Packing Plan discussed above ) . Congress can pass legislation that restricts the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases : this is suggested by language in Section 2 of Article Three , where the appellate jurisdiction is granted `` with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . '' The Court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction case ex parte McCardle ( 1869 ) , though it rejected Congress ' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in United States v. Klein ( 1871 ) . On the other hand , through its power of judicial review , the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government ; for example , in United States v. Curtiss - Wright Export Corp. ( 1936 ) , Dames & Moore v. Regan ( 1981 ) , and notably in Goldwater v. Carter ( 1979 ) , ( where it effectively gave the Presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress or the Senate ) . The Court 's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority , as in Humphrey 's Executor v. United States ( 1935 ) , the Steel Seizure Case ( 1952 ) , and United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) . Law clerks ( edit ) See also : Law clerk and List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Each Supreme Court justice hires several law Clerks to review petitions for writ of certiorari , research them , prepare bench memorandums , and draft opinions . Associate justices are allowed four clerks . The chief justice is allowed five clerks , but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year , and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four . Generally , law clerks serve a term of one to two years . The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice Horace Gray in 1882 . Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. and Louis Brandeis were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent law school graduates as clerks , rather than hiring a `` stenographer - secretary '' . Most law clerks are recent law school graduates . The first female clerk was Lucile Lomen , hired in 1944 by Justice William O. Douglas . The first African - American , William T. Coleman , Jr. , was hired in 1948 by Justice Felix Frankfurter . A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools , especially Harvard , Yale , the University of Chicago , Columbia , and Stanford . From 1882 to 1940 , 62 % of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School . Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the law review or a member of the moot court board . By the mid-1970s , clerking previously for a judge in a federal court of appeals had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice . Seven Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices : Byron White for Frederick M. Vinson , John Paul Stevens for Wiley Rutledge , William H. Rehnquist for Robert H. Jackson , Stephen Breyer for Arthur Goldberg , John G. Roberts , Jr. for William H. Rehnquist , Elena Kagan for Thurgood Marshall and Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and Anthony Kennedy . Gorsuch is the first justice to serve alongside a justice for whom he or she clerked . Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals : John G. Roberts , Jr. for Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , Justice Samuel Alito for Judge Leonard I. Garth of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , Elena Kagan for Judge Abner J. Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , and Neil Gorsuch for Judge David B. Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia . Politicization of the Court ( edit ) Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft . `` Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s '' , according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of Vanderbilt University Law School . `` As law has moved closer to mere politics , political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts '' , former federal court of appeals judge J. Michael Luttig said . David J. Garrow , professor of history at the University of Cambridge , stated that the Court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government . `` We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives '' , Professor Garrow said . `` Each side is putting forward only ideological purists . '' According to the Vanderbilt Law Review study , this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is `` a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law . '' A poll conducted in June 2012 by The New York Times and CBS News showed just 44 % of Americans approve of the job the Supreme Court is doing . Three - quarters said justices ' decisions are sometimes influenced by their political or personal views . Criticism ( edit ) The court has been the object of criticisms on a range of issues . Among them : Judicial activism ( edit ) The Supreme Court has been criticized for not keeping within Constitutional bounds by engaging in judicial activism , rather than merely interpreting law and exercising judicial restraint . Claims of judicial activism are not confined to any particular ideology . An often cited example of conservative judicial activism is the 1905 decision in Lochner v. New York , which has been criticized by many prominent thinkers , including Robert Bork , Justice Antonin Scalia , and Chief Justice John Roberts , and which was reversed in the 1930s . An often cited example of liberal judicial activism is Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which legalized abortion in part on the basis of the `` right to privacy '' inferred from the Fourteenth Amendment , a reasoning that some critics argued was circuitous . Legal scholars , justices , and presidential candidates have criticized the Roe decision . The progressive Brown v. Board of Education decision has been criticized by conservatives such as Patrick Buchanan and former presidential contender Barry Goldwater . More recently , Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) that the First Amendment applies to corporations . Lincoln warned , referring to the Dred Scott decision , that if government policy became `` irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court ... the people will have ceased to be their own rulers . '' Former justice Thurgood Marshall justified judicial activism with these words : `` You do what you think is right and let the law catch up . '' During different historical periods , the Court has leaned in different directions . Critics from both sides complain that activist - judges abandon the Constitution and substitute their own views instead . Critics include writers such as Andrew Napolitano , Phyllis Schlafly , Mark R. Levin , Mark I. Sutherland , and James MacGregor Burns . Past presidents from both parties have attacked judicial activism , including Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , and Ronald Reagan . Failed Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork wrote : `` What judges have wrought is a coup d'état , -- slow - moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . '' Senator Al Franken quipped that when politicians talk about judicial activism , `` their definition of an activist judge is one who votes differently than they would like . '' One law professor claimed in a 1978 article that the Supreme Court is in some respects `` certainly a legislative body . '' Failing to protect individual rights ( edit ) Court decisions have been criticized for failing to protect individual rights : the Dred Scott ( 1857 ) decision upheld slavery ; Plessy v Ferguson ( 1896 ) upheld segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal ; Kelo v. City of New London ( 2005 ) was criticized by prominent politicians , including New Jersey governor Jon Corzine , as undermining property rights . Some critics suggest the 2009 bench with a conservative majority has `` become increasingly hostile to voters '' by siding with Indiana 's voter identification laws which tend to `` disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver 's licenses , especially poor and minority voters '' , according to one report . Senator Al Franken criticized the Court for `` eroding individual rights . '' However , others argue that the Court is too protective of some individual rights , particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention . For example , Chief Justice Warren Burger was an outspoken critic of the exclusionary rule , and Justice Scalia criticized the Court 's decision in Boumediene v. Bush for being too protective of the rights of Guantanamo detainees , on the grounds that habeas corpus was `` limited '' to sovereign territory . Supreme Court has too much power ( edit ) This criticism is related to complaints about judicial activism . George Will wrote that the Court has an `` increasingly central role in American governance . '' It was criticized for intervening in bankruptcy proceedings regarding ailing carmaker Chrysler Corporation in 2009 . A reporter wrote that `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's intervention in the Chrysler bankruptcy '' left open the `` possibility of further judicial review '' but argued overall that the intervention was a proper use of Supreme Court power to check the executive branch . Warren E. Burger , before becoming Chief Justice , argued that since the Supreme Court has such `` unreviewable power '' it is likely to `` self - indulge itself '' and unlikely to `` engage in dispassionate analysis '' . Larry Sabato wrote `` excessive authority has accrued to the federal courts , especially the Supreme Court . '' Courts are poor check on executive power ( edit ) British constitutional scholar Adam Tomkins sees flaws in the American system of having courts ( and specifically the Supreme Court ) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches ; he argues that because the courts must wait , sometimes for years , for cases to navigate their way through the system , their ability to restrain other branches is severely weakened . In contrast , the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany for example , can directly declare a law unconstitutional upon request . Federal versus state power ( edit ) There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power . While Framers such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton argued in The Federalist Papers that their then - proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments , others argue that expansive federal power is good and consistent with the Framers ' wishes . The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution explicitly grants `` powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' The Supreme Court has been criticized for giving the federal government too much power to interfere with state authority . One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the Commerce Clause by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce , but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce ; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce . For example , the Commerce Clause was used by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act , thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin , Texas , despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines ; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005 . Chief Justice John Marshall asserted Congress 's power over interstate commerce was `` complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations , other than are prescribed in the Constitution . '' Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is `` quite broad . '' Modern day theorist Robert B. Reich suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today . Advocates of states ' rights such as constitutional scholar Kevin Gutzman have also criticized the Court , saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority . Justice Brandeis , in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference , suggested that states should be laboratories of democracy . One critic wrote `` the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state , not federal , law . '' However , others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends `` protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level . '' Secretive proceedings ( edit ) The Court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view . According to a review of Jeffrey Toobin 's expose The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ; `` Its inner workings are difficult for reporters to cover , like a closed `` cartel '' , only revealing itself through `` public events and printed releases , with nothing about its inner workings '' . The reviewer writes : `` few ( reporters ) dig deeply into court affairs . It all works very neatly ; the only ones hurt are the American people , who know little about nine individuals with enormous power over their lives . '' Larry Sabato complains about the Court 's `` insularity . '' A Fairleigh Dickinson University poll conducted in 2010 found that 61 % of American voters agreed that televising Court hearings would `` be good for democracy '' , and 50 % of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised . In recent years , many justices have appeared on television , written books and made public statements to journalists . In a 2009 interview on C - SPAN , journalists Joan Biskupic ( of USA Today ) and Lyle Denniston ( of SCOTUSblog ) argued that the Court is a `` very open '' institution with only the justices ' private conferences inaccessible to others . In October 2010 , the Court began the practice of posting on its website recordings and transcripts of oral arguments on the Friday after they occur . Judicial interference in political disputes ( edit ) Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the Court into the political arena , and deciding questions that are the purview of the other two branches of government . The Bush v. Gore decision , in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election and effectively chose George W. Bush over Al Gore , has been criticized extensively , particularly by liberals . Another example are Court decisions on apportionment and re-districting : in Baker v. Carr , the court decided it could rule on apportionment questions ; Justice Frankfurter in a `` scathing dissent '' argued against the court wading into so - called political questions . Not choosing enough cases to review ( edit ) Senator Arlen Specter said the Court should `` decide more cases '' . On the other hand , although Justice Scalia acknowledged in a 2009 interview that the number of cases that the Court hears now is smaller today than when he first joined the Supreme Court , he also stated that he has not changed his standards for deciding whether to review a case , nor does he believe his colleagues have changed their standards . He attributed the high volume of cases in the late 1980s , at least in part , to an earlier flurry of new federal legislation that was making its way through the courts . Lifetime tenure ( edit ) Critic Larry Sabato wrote : `` The insularity of lifetime tenure , combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench , produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day . '' Sanford Levinson has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity . James MacGregor Burns stated lifelong tenure has `` produced a critical time lag , with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times . '' Proposals to solve these problems include term limits for justices , as proposed by Levinson and Sabato as well as a mandatory retirement age proposed by Richard Epstein , among others . However , others suggest lifetime tenure brings substantial benefits , such as impartiality and freedom from political pressure . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 78 wrote `` nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office . '' Accepting gifts ( edit ) The 21st century has seen increased scrutiny of justices accepting expensive gifts and travel . All of the members of the Roberts Court have accepted travel or gifts . In 2012 , Justice Sonia Sotomayor received $1.9 million in advances from her publisher Knopf Doubleday . Justice Scalia and others took dozens of expensive trips to exotic locations paid for by private donors . Private events sponsored by partisan groups that are attended by both the justices and those who have an interest in their decisions have raised concerns about access and inappropriate communications . Stephen Spaulding , the legal director at Common Cause , said : `` There are fair questions raised by some of these trips about their commitment to being impartial . '' See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of the United States portal Government of the United States portal Law portal Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates Federal judicial appointment history List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition by seat by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of United States Chief Justices by time in office Lists of United States Supreme Court cases Oyez Project Segal -- Cover score Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Landmark Supreme Court decisions ( selection ) Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 , judicial review ) McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 , implied powers ) Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 , interstate commerce ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 , slavery ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 , separate but equal treatment of races ) Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 , school segregation of races ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 , state - sponsored prayers in public schools ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 , Bible readings and recitation of the Lord 's prayer in U.S. public schools ) Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 , right to an attorney ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 , privacy in marriage ) Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 , rights of those detained by police ) In re Gault ( 1967 , rights of juvenile suspects ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 , interracial marriage ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 , religious activities in public schools ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 , freedom of the press ) Eisenstadt v. Baird ( 1972 , privacy for unmarried people ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 , abortion ) Miller v. California ( 1973 , obscenity ) United States v. Nixon ( 1974 , executive privilege ) Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 , campaign finance ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 , sodomy ) Bush v. Gore ( 2000 , presidential election ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 , sodomy , privacy ) District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 , gun rights ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 , campaign finance ) United States v. Windsor ( 2013 , same - sex marriage ) Shelby County v. Holder ( 2013 , voting rights ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 , same - sex marriage ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` The Court as an Institution -- Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Safire , William , `` On language : POTUS and FLOTUS , '' New York Times , October 12 , 1997 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Barnabas . Almanac of the Federal Judiciary , p. 25 ( Aspen Law & Business , 1988 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus ( 2016 ) . The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government . Simon & Schuster . p. 195 . ISBN 1451691939 . Jump up ^ Shugerman , Jed . `` A Six - Three Rule : Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court '' , Georgia Law Review , Vol. 37 , p. 893 ( 2002 -- 03 ) . Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court , p. 101 ( Penguin 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Ashmore , Anne ( August 2006 ) . `` Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments , United States Reports volumes 2 -- 107 ( 1791 -- 82 ) '' ( PDF ) . Library , Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott Douglas Gerber ( editor ) ( 1998 ) . `` Seriatim : The Supreme Court Before John Marshall '' . New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 3114 - 7 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 3 ) Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning , John F. ( 2004 ) . `` The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts '' . Yale Law Journal . 113 ( 8 ) : 1663 -- 1750 . doi : 10.2307 / 4135780 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Do n't Do It , Justices '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's prestige has been hard - won . In the early 1800s , Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected Jump up ^ The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case Ware v. Hylton , ( 1796 ) , wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( July 5 , 2009 ) . `` Black Robe Politics '' ( book review of Packing the Court by James MacGregor Burns ) . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . From the beginning , Burns continues , the Court has established its `` supremacy '' over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall 's `` brilliant political coup '' in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) : asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional laws . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Vote : 100 Documents that Shaped America -- Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . 2003 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2003 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . With his decision in Marbury v. Madison , Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review , an important addition to the system of `` checks and balances '' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful ... A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void . Jump up ^ Sloan , Cliff ; McKean , David ( February 21 , 2009 ) . `` Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . More than 200 years after the high court ruled , the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution In Law : Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 27 , 1893 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision ... in Martin vs. Hunter 's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question , in the highest court of a State , and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute ... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court ... Jump up ^ Justices Ginsburg , Stevens , Souter , Breyer ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court ... The Virginia court refused to obey this Court 's Fairfax 's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject 's successor in interest . That refusal led to the Court 's pathmarking decision in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 1 Wheat . 304 ( 1816 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Decisions of the Supreme Court -- Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred an Eleven Years '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 3 , 1901 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter 's lessee , in which the court asserted its authority to overrule , within certain limits , the decisions of the highest State courts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Supreme Quiz '' . The Washington Post . October 2 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . According to the Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , Marshall 's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinions -- each issuing one -- so that the court could speak in a single voice . Since the mid-1940s , however , there 's been a significant increase in individual `` concurring '' and `` dissenting '' opinions . Jump up ^ Slater , Dan ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty : A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The first Chief Justice , John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinions -- a practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case . ( You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions ) . Marshall sought to do away with this practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` A Brief History Of Impeachment '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Congress tried the process again in 1804 , when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct . As a judge , Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair ... But Chase never committed a crime -- he was just incredibly bad at his job . The Senate acquitted him on every count . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 10 , 1996 ) . `` Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings , Defending Judicial Independence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase , who had been impeached by the House of Representatives ... This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III '' of the Constitution , Chief Justice Rehnquist said Jump up ^ Edward Keynes ; with Randall K. Miller ( 1989 ) . `` The Court vs. Congress : Prayer , Busing , and Abortion '' . Duke University Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 115 ) ... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts ' jurisdiction . Jump up ^ Ifill , Sherrilyn A. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Sotomayor 's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race , Gender Nonsense '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment . Justice Taney 's coldly self - fulfilling statement in Dred Scott , that blacks had `` no rights which the white man ( was ) bound to respect '' , has ensured his place in history -- not as a brilliant jurist , but as among the most insensitive Jump up ^ Irons , Peter ( 2006 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court : The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution . United States : Penguin Books . pp. 176 -- 177 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303738 - 2 . The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision , as we know , later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War ( p. 176 ) ... his opinion ( Taney 's ) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue ... ( p. 177 ) Jump up ^ `` Liberty of Contract ? '' . Exploring Constitutional Conflicts . October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The term `` substantive due process '' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochner -- the finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In the 1960s , long after the Court repudiated its Lochner line of cases , substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy , the right to maintain intimate family relationships . Jump up ^ `` Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161 '' . Cornell University Law School . 1908 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . No. 293 Argued : October 29 , 30 , 1907 -- - Decided : January 27 , 1908 Jump up ^ Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 1993 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35159 - 3. ... of what eventually became the ' incorporation doctrine , ' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection . Jump up ^ White , Edward Douglass . `` Opinion for the Court , Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366 '' . Finally , as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation , as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people , can be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment , we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement . Jump up ^ Siegan , Bernard H. ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court 's Constitution . Transaction Publishers . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88738 - 671 - 8 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children 's Hospital , the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment . At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the District of Columbia . ( p. 146 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( March 29 , 2005 ) . `` Supreme Court gets makeover '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935 . Jump up ^ Justice Roberts ( September 21 , 2005 ) . `` Responses of Judge John G. Roberts , Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins . Lochner era cases -- Adkins in particular -- evince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Seth ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` All the News That 's Fit to Subsidize '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . He was a farmer in Ohio ... during the 1930s , when subsidies were brought in for farmers . With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could grow -- even , Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case , Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) , wheat grown on his modest farm . Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 14 , 2004 ) . `` What 's New in the Legal World ? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Some prominent states ' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn , a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress 's power to legislate in the public interest . Supporters of states ' rights have always blamed Wickard ... for paving the way for strong federal action ... Jump up ^ United Press International ( September 25 , 1971 ) . `` Justice Black Dies at 85 ; Served on Court 34 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Justice Black developed his controversial theory , first stated in a lengthy , scholarly dissent in 1947 , that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states . Jump up ^ `` 100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . May 17 , 1954 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . On May 17 , 1954 , U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas . State - sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional . This historic decision marked the end of the `` separate but equal '' ... and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement ... Jump up ^ `` Essay : In defense of privacy '' . Time . July 15 , 1966 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year 's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut , which overthrew the state 's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy , and for the first time declared the `` right of privacy '' to be derived from the Constitution itself . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( December 9 , 1991 ) . `` America 's Holy War '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale , the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools . `` It is no part of the business of government '' , ruled the court , `` to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite . '' Jump up ^ Mattox , William R. , Jr ; Trinko , Katrina ( August 17 , 2009 ) . `` Teach the Bible ? Of course . '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Public schools need not proselytize -- indeed , must not -- in teaching students about the Good Book ... In Abington School District v. Schempp , decided in 1963 , the Supreme Court stated that `` study of the Bible or of religion , when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education '' , was permissible under the First Amendment . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The Retroactivity Riddle '' . Time Magazine . June 18 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Last week , in a 7 to 2 decision , the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decision -- Mapp v. Ohio ( 1961 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court : Now Comes the Sixth Amendment '' . Time . April 16 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Sixth Amendment 's right to counsel ( Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963 ). ... the court said flatly in 1904 : ' The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts . '' But in the light of Gideon ... ruled Black , statements ' generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states can no longer be regarded as law . ' Jump up ^ `` Guilt and Mr. Meese '' . The New York Times . January 31 , 1987 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision . That 's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer , and waived it . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Earl M. Maltz , The Coming of the Nixon Court : The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law ( University Press of Kansas ; 2016 ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , Karen ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Roe v. Wade : On Anniversary , Abortion Is out of the Spotlight '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The shocker , however , came in 1973 , when the Court , by a vote of 7 to 2 , relied on Griswold 's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional , invalidating the laws of most states . Relying on a woman 's right to privacy ... Jump up ^ `` Bakke Wins , Quotas Lose '' . Time . July 10 , 1978 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Split almost exactly down the middle , the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise . It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden , but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities . It thus approved the principle of ' affirmative action ' ... Jump up ^ `` Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 1998 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 ... Buckley v. Valeo . The nation 's political system has suffered ever since from that decision , which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech . The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( June 29 , 1972 ) . `` Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist 's Key Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Furman v. Georgia ... Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional . Jump up ^ History of the Court , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( eds ) The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ `` A Supreme Revelation '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Thirty - two years ago , Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous `` never mind '' ruling by the Supreme Court . Gregg v. Georgia , in 1976 , overturned Furman v. Georgia , which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years earlier . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` The Chief Justice on the Spot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction amendments . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 4 , 2005 ) . `` William H. Rehnquist , Chief Justice of Supreme Court , Is Dead at 80 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher . The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law , the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 , that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a school . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 12 , 2005 ) . `` The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States ' Rights Legacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress 's reach under the Commerce Clause , Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5 - to - 4 majority in United States v. Morrison . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( March 22 , 2005 ) . `` Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . His ( Rehnquist 's ) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision , City of Boerne v. Flores , in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law , the Religious Freedom Restoration Act , exceeded Congress 's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the states . Jump up ^ Amar , Vikram David ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Casing John Roberts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . SEMINOLE TRIBE v. FLORIDA ( 1996 ) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts , Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress 's will and protect state prerogatives , even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this result . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 1 , 1999 ) . `` Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The argument in this case , Alden v. Maine , No. 98 - 436 , proceeded on several levels simultaneously . On the surface ... On a deeper level , the argument was a continuation of the Court 's struggle over an even more basic issue : the Government 's substantive authority over the states . Jump up ^ Lindenberger , Michael A . `` The Court 's Gay Rights Legacy '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men , whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex . And for the first time in their lives , thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal were free to be gay without being criminals . Jump up ^ Justice Sotomayor ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Retire the ' Ginsburg rule ' -- The ' Roe ' recital '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe . That is the precedent of the court and settled , in terms of the holding of the court . Jump up ^ Kamiya , Gary ( July 4 , 2001 ) . `` Against the Law '' . Salon . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 ... the remedy was far more harmful than the problem . By stopping the recount , the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes , as defined by established Florida law , their constitutional right to have their votes counted. ... It can not be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available. ... Jump up ^ Krauthammer , Charles ( December 18 , 2000 ) . `` The Winner in Bush v. Gore ? '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Re-enter the Rehnquist court . Amid the chaos , somebody had to play Daddy. ... the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracks -- and stayed its willfulness . By , mind you , ... Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ; Baker , Peter ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . John Glover Roberts Jr. was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States , enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come , even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine - member court . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` In Steps Big and Small , Supreme Court Moved Right '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared ... This was a more conservative court , sometimes muscularly so , sometimes more tentatively , its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and small . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Respecting Precedent , or Settled Law , Unless It 's Not Settled '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Gonzales v. Carhart -- in which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late - term abortion procedure opponents call `` partial birth abortion '' -- to be settled law . Jump up ^ `` A Bad Day for Democracy '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia 's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self - defense . But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller ... Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case , Baze v. Rees , was likewise low key and undramatic . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child , a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday ... The 5 - to - 4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other states . Jump up ^ Federal Judiciary Act ( 1789 ) , National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Deal in Decline '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodak , George ( 2007 ) . `` February 5 , 1937 : FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan '' . ABAjournal.com . American Bar Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justices , Number of '' , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( editors ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ See Article Two of the United States Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate . `` Nominations '' `` . Jump up ^ Jim Brunner ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . In a statement Friday morning , Murray cited Republicans ' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama 's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland , a similarly well - qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump 's conduct in his first few months in office . ( ... ) And Murray added she 's `` deeply troubled '' by Gorsuch 's `` extreme conservative perspective on women 's health , '' citing his `` inability '' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade , the landmark abortion - legalization decision , and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby '' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth - control coverage . Jump up ^ McCaskill , Claire ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch : Good for corporations , bad for working people '' . Medium . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . I can not support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations . He is evasive , but his body of work is n't . Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child , he has shown a stunning lack of humanity . And he has been an activist -- for example , writing a dissent on a case that had been settled , in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination . Jump up ^ Schallhorn , Kaitlyn ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Schumer : Democrats will filibuster SCOTUS nominee Neil Gorsuch '' . TheBlaze . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Schumer added that Gorsuch 's record shows he has a `` deep - seated conservative ideology '' and `` groomed by the Federalist Society , '' a conservative nonprofit legal organization . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option ' to Clear Path for Gorsuch '' . The New York Times . After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump 's nominee , Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations , Present - 1789 '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ See 5 U.S.C. § 2902 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 4 . If two justices are commissioned on the same date , then the oldest one has precedence . Jump up ^ Balkin , Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much , Much Higher '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillion , Barry J. ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Appointment Process : Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . `` Appendix Two '' . Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . pp. 965 -- 971 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Evans v. Stephens , 387 F. 3d 1220 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) , which concerned the recess appointment of William Pryor . Concurring in denial of certiorari , Justice Stevens observed that the case involved `` the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century '' 544 U.S. 942 ( 2005 ) ( Stevens , J. , concurring in denial of cert ) ( internal quotation marks deleted ) . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Louis ( September 5 , 2001 ) . `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges '' ( PDF ) . CRSN Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . RL31112 : 16 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Resolved , That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court , the nominee who may be involved , the litigants before the Court , nor indeed the people of the United States , and that such appointments , therefore , should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court 's business . Jump up ^ The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37 , mainly along party lines ; Democrats supported the resolution 48 -- 4 , and Republicans opposed it 33 -- 0 . Jump up ^ `` National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al '' ( PDF ) . pp. 34 , 35 . In the opinion for the Court , Breyer states `` In our view , however , the pro forma sessions count as sessions , not as periods of recess . We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . The Senate met that standard here . '' Later , the opinion states : `` For these reasons , we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate 's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session . But our deference to the Senate can not be absolute . When the Senate is without the capacity to act , under its own rules , it is not in session even if it so declares . '' Jump up ^ `` Obama Wo n't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week '' . NPR . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Federal Courts Are Organized : Can a federal judge be fired ? '' . Federal Judicial Center . fjc.gov . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary : Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center fjc.gov . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Appel , Jacob M. ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ali , Ambreen ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` How Presidents Influence the Court '' . Congress.org . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walthr , Matthew ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Alito : A Civil Man '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved 15 June 2017 -- via The ANNOTICO Reports . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Megan ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Growing up Italian in Jersey : Alito reflects on ethnic heritage '' . The Times . Trenton , New Jersey . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , Malvina ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Jewish Women : A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia . Jewish Women 's Archive . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic , but attends an Episcopalian church . It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant . Burke , Daniel ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` What is Neil Gorsuch 's religion ? It 's complicated '' . CNN . Springer said she does n't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . `` I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian , and likewise no evidence that he does not . '' Gorsuch 's younger brother , J.J. , said he too has `` no idea how he would fill out a form . He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent , but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years . '' Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kagan Is Sworn in as the Fourth Woman , and 112th Justice , on the Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2003 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 6th ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Religion of the Supreme Court '' . adherents.com . January 31 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segal , Jeffrey A. ; Spaeth , Harold J. ( 2002 ) . The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited . Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 183 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78971 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Alvin . `` Roger B. Taney '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariane ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Clarence Thomas ' Supreme Court legacy '' . CNN . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Four Justices '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ David N. Atkinson , Leaving the Bench ( University Press of Kansas 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0946 - 6 Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` An Invisible Chief Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Had ( O'Connor ) anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term , she told me after his death , she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies . ( ... ) Her reason for leaving was that her husband , suffering from Alzheimer 's disease , needed her care at home . Jump up ^ Ward , Artemus ( 2003 ) . Deciding to Leave : The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court . SUNY Press . p. 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5651 - 4 . One byproduct of the increased ( retirement benefit ) provisions ( in 1954 ) , however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president . The most recent departures have been partisan , some more blatantly than others , and have bolstered arguments to reform the process . A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute. ( 1 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Stolzenberg , Ross M. ; Lindgren , James ( May 2010 ) . `` Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices '' . Demography. 47 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 298 . PMC 3000028 . PMID 20608097 . doi : 10.1353 / dem. 0.0100 . If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court , and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four - year presidential term , then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions are not met . Jump up ^ See for example Sandra Day O'Connor : How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice , by Joan Biskupic , Harper Collins , 2005 , p. 105 . Also Rookie on the Bench : The Role of the Junior Justice by Clare Cushman , Journal of Supreme Court History 32 no . 3 ( 2008 ) , pp. 282 -- 296 . Jump up ^ `` Breyer Just Missed Record as Junior Justice '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . United States Courts . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` Kennedy Seen as The Next Justice In Court 's Middle '' . The Washington Post . If , as many expect , Alito forms a four - vote conservative bloc with Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas , that would leave Justice Anthony M. Kennedy -- a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals on gay rights , the death penalty and abortion -- as the court 's least predictable member . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` End - of - Term Statistical Analysis -- October Term 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States Blog ( SCOTUSblog ) . June 30 , 2012 . Justice Kennedy is , for the fourth consecutive Term , the Justice most likely to appear in the majority . Jump up ^ See also SCOTUSblog 's Stat Pack : Bhatia , Kedar ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` Final October Term 2011 Stat Pack and Summary Memo '' . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Take a look through Neil Gorsuch 's judicial record '' . Fox News . A Fox News analysis of that record -- including some 3,000 rulings he has been involved with -- reveals a solid , predictable conservative philosophy , something President Trump surely was attuned to when he nominated him to fill the open ninth seat . The record in many ways mirrors the late Justice Antonin Scalia 's approach to constitutional and statutory interpretation . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Tom ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Everything you read about the Supreme Court is wrong ( except here , maybe ) '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Among the examples mentioned by Goldstein for the 2009 term were : Dolan v. United States , which interpreted judges ' prerogatives broadly , typically a `` conservative '' result . The majority consisted of the five junior Justices : Thomas , Ginsburg , Breyer , Alito , and Sotomayor . Magwood v. Patterson , which expanded habeas corpus petitions , a `` liberal '' result , in an opinion by Thomas , joined by Stevens , Scalia , Breyer , and Sotomayor . Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates v. Allstate Insurance Co. , which yielded a pro-plaintiff result in an opinion by Scalia joined by Roberts , Stevens , Thomas , and Sotomayor . Goldstein notes that in the 2009 term , the justice most consistently pro-government was Alito , and not the commonly perceived `` arch - conservatives '' Scalia and Thomas . ^ Jump up to : `` October 2011 Term , Five to Four Decisions '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final October 2010 Stat Pack available '' . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` End of Term statistical analysis -- October 2010 '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cases by Vote Split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement -- Highs and Lows '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency in the majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five - to - Four cases '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` October 2011 term , Cases by votes split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 22011 term , Strength of the Majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Kedar ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` October Term 2012 summary memo '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final October Term 2012 Stat Pack '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plan Your Trip ( quote :) `` In mid-May , after the oral argument portion of the Term has concluded , the Court takes the Bench Mondays at 10AM for the release of orders and opinions . '' `` . US Senator John McCain . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visiting the Court '' . Supreme Court of the United States . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting - Capitol - Hill '' . docstoc . October 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( a ) Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( b ) Jump up ^ United States v. Shipp , 203 U.S. 563 ( Supreme Court of the United States 1906 ) . ^ Jump up to : Curriden , Mark ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` A Supreme Case of Contempt '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . On May 28 , ( U.S. Attorney General William ) Moody did something unprecedented , then and now . He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp , six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court . The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter ... May 24 , 1909 , stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court . On that day , the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history . ^ Jump up to : Hindley , Meredith ( November 2014 ) . `` Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court : The Strange Case of Ed Johnson '' . Humanities . National Endowment for the Humanities. 35 ( 6 ) . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly . It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial . Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas . `` United States v. Shipp ( U.S. Supreme Court , 1909 ) '' . Famous Trials . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1259 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1258 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1260 ^ Jump up to : 28 U.S.C. § 1257 Jump up ^ Brannock , Steven ; Weinzierl , Sarah ( 2003 ) . `` Confronting a PCA : Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall '' ( PDF ) . Stetson Law Review . XXXII : 368 -- 369 , 387 -- 390 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 , 306 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Gutman , Jeffrey . `` Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys : 3.3 Mootness '' . Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys . Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Allotment Order dated June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1257 ; see also Adequate and independent state grounds Jump up ^ James , Robert A. ( 1998 ) . `` Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials '' ( PDF ) . The Green Bag . 2d. 1 ( 4 ) : 378 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1872 See Georgia v. Brailsford , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) , in which the Court conducted a jury trial . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( July 4 , 2006 ) . `` Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom : The ' Cert . Pool ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch , in sign of independence , is out of Supreme Court 's clerical pool '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For example , the arguments on the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act took place over three days and lasted over six hours , covering several issues ; the arguments for Bush v. Gore were 90 minutes long ; oral arguments in United States v. Nixon lasted three hours ; and the Pentagon papers case was given a two - hour argument . Christy , Andrew ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Obamacare ' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever '' . NPR . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . The longest modern - day oral arguments were in the case of California v. Arizona , in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962 . Bobic , Igor ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Eric M. ; Zachary , Michael ( February 1997 ) . `` Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Volume LXXI , No. 2 . Florida Bar Journal . p. 63 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gresko , Jessica ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` For lawyers , the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 2A . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works ; Library Support '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See generally , Tushnet , Mark , ed. ( 2008 ) I Dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases , Malaysia : Beacon Press , pp. 256 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert . `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Benny . `` The 2016 Running of the Interns '' . Independent Journal Review . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2109 Jump up ^ Pepall , Lynne ; Richards , Daniel L. ; Norman , George ( 1999 ) . Industrial Organization : Contemporary Theory and Practice . Cincinnati : South - Western College Publishing . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Reports . Washington D.C. : Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States . 564 . October 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sliplists '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . law.georgetown.edu . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Cite Cases : U.S. Supreme Court Decisions '' . lib.guides.umd.edu . University of Maryland University Libraries . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York City : Oxford University Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Wallace ( 1992 ) . `` Separation of Powers '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 775 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ The American Conflict by Horace Greeley ( 1873 ) , p. 106 ; also in The Life of Andrew Jackson ( 2001 ) by Robert Vincent Remini Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 1992 ) . `` Court curbing '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Peppers , Todd C. ( 2006 ) . Courtiers of the Marble Palace : The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk . Stanford University Press . pp. 195 , 1 , 20 , 22 , and 22 -- 24 respectively . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5382 - 1 . Jump up ^ Weiden , David ; Ward , Artemus ( 2006 ) . Sorcerers ' Apprentices : 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9404 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chace , James ( 2007 ) . Acheson : The Secretary of State Who Created the American World . New York City : Simon & Schuster ( published 1998 ) . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80843 - 7 . Jump up ^ List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Polarization of Supreme Court Is Reflected in Justices ' Clerks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ William E. Nelson ; Harvey Rishikof ; I. Scott Messinger ; Michael Jo ( November 2009 ) . `` The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship : Its Rise , Fall , and Reincarnation ? '' ( PDF ) . Vanderbilt Law Review . p. 1749 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Liptak and Kopicki , The New York Times , June 7 , 2012 Approval Rating for Justices Hits Just 44 % in New Poll ^ Jump up to : See for example `` Judicial activism '' in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , edited by Kermit Hall ; article written by Gary McDowell Jump up ^ Root , Damon W. ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Lochner and Liberty '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , David . Only One Place of Redress : African Americans , Labor Regulations , and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal , p. 100 ( Duke University Press , 2001 ) : `` The Court also directly overturned Lochner by adding that it is no ' longer open to question that it is within the legislative power to fix maximum hours . ' '' Jump up ^ Dorf , Michael and Morrison , Trevor . Constitutional Law , p. 18 ( Oxford University Press , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Patrick , John . The Supreme Court of the United States : A Student Companion , p. 362 ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Steinfels , Peter ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` ' A Church That Can and Cannot Change ' : Dogma '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . a lack of judicial authority to enter an inherently political question that had previously been left to the states Jump up ^ Lewis , Neil A. ( September 19 , 2002 ) . `` Judicial Nominee Says His Views Will Not Sway Him on the Bench '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . he has written scathingly of Roe v. Wade Jump up ^ `` Election Guide 2008 : The Issues : Abortion '' . The New York Times . 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Pat ( July 6 , 2005 ) . `` The judges war : an issue of power '' . Townhall.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Brown decision of 1954 , desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia , awakened the nation to the court 's new claim to power . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( May 29 , 1998 ) . `` Barry Goldwater , Conservative and Individualist , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey R. ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Citizens United and conservative judicial activism '' ( PDF ) . University of Illinois Law Review . University of Illinois . 2012 ( 2 ) : 485 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Abraham ( March 4 , 1861 ) . `` First Inaugural Address '' . National Center . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . At the same time , the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court , the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers , having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Thurgood Marshall quote taken from the Stanford Law Review , summer 1992 Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . London : Penguin , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` To Nudge , Shift or Shove the Supreme Court Left '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Every judge who 's been appointed to the court since Lewis Powell ... in 1971 ... has been more conservative than his or her predecessor Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ( April 5 , 2005 ) . `` Senator Links Violence to ' Political ' Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` A Court Remade in the Reagan Era 's Image '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew P. Napolitano ( February 17 , 2005 ) . `` No Defense '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( September 5 , 2005 ) . `` Again , Right Voices Concern About Gonzales '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( March 20 , 2005 ) . `` Conservative 's Book on Supreme Court Is a Bestseller '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark I. Sutherland ; Dave Meyer ; William J. Federer ; Alan Keyes ; Ed Meese ; Phyllis Schlafly ; Howard Phillips ; Alan E. Sears ; Ben DuPre ; Rev. Rick Scarborough ; David C. Gibbs III ; Mathew D. Staver ; Don Feder ; Herbert W. Titus ( 2005 ) . Judicial Tyranny : The New Kings of America . St. Louis , Missouri : Amerisearch Inc. p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 9753455 - 6 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Appointees Who Really Govern America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Emily Bazelon ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Supreme Court on Trial : James MacGregor Burns takes aim at the bench . '' . Slate . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Special keynote address by President Ronald Reagan , November 1988 , at the second annual lawyers convention of the Federalist Society , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Stuart Taylor Jr . ( October 15 , 1987 ) . `` Reagan Points to a Critic , Who Points Out It Is n't So '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelley Beaucar Vlahos ( September 11 , 2003 ) . `` Judge Bork : Judicial Activism Is Going Global '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . What judges have wrought is a coup d'état -- slow moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . ^ Jump up to : Naftali Bendavid ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Franken : ' An Incredible Honor to Be Here ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hazard , Geoffrey C. Jr. ( 1978 -- 79 ) . `` Supreme Court as a Legislature '' . 64 . Cornell L. Rev. : 1 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William Safire ( April 24 , 2005 ) . `` Dog Whistle '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Laura Mansnerus ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` Diminished Eminence In a Changed Domain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ronald Smothers ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` In Long Branch , No Olive Branches '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` Editorial Observer -- A Supreme Court Reversal : Abandoning the Rights of Voters '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects ... protects people who are captured ... at Guantanamo ... Wrong , Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent . He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English territory Jump up ^ George F. Will ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : James Taranto ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Speaking Ruth to Power '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Bob ; Scott Armstrong ( 1979 ) . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court . United States of America : Simon & Schuster . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other ^ Jump up to : Larry Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Moore ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Our Canadian Republic -- Do we display too much deference to authority ... or not enough ? '' . Literary Review of Canada . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tomkins , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` In Defence of the Political Constitution '' . United Kingdom : 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157 . Bush v. Gore Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1789 ) . `` The Federalist Papers / No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered '' . Wikisource . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . the States will retain , under the proposed Constitution , a very extensive portion of active sovereignty Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( aka Publius ) ( 1789 ) . `` Federalist No. 28 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Power being almost always the rival of power ; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government ; and these will have the same disposition toward the General Government . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 25 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist '' . Independent Journal ( 44 ( quote : 8th para ) ) . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports , and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this discretion . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( February 16 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 56 ( quote : 6th para ) '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . In every State there have been made , and must continue to be made , regulations on this subject which will , in many cases , leave little more to be done by the federal legislature , than to review the different laws , and reduce them in one general act . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( December 14 , 1787 ) . `` The Federalist No. 22 ( quote : 4th para ) '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States , contrary to the true spirit of the Union , have , in different instances , given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others , and it is to be feared that examples of this nature , if not restrained by a national control , would be multiplied and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 22 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist Papers '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation , which render the provision obscure and contradictory . The power is there restrained to Indians , not members of any of the States , and is not to violate or infringe the legislative right of any State within its own limits . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 1998 ) . `` The Bill of Rights -- Creation and Reconstruction '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights , and federal officials -- especially federal courts -- as the special guardians of those rights . Jump up ^ Scott Gold ( June 14 , 2005 ) . `` Justices Swat Down Texans ' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Purcell filed a $60 - million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999 , arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines . ' I 'm disappointed , ' Purcell said . ^ Jump up to : Robert B. Reich ( September 13 , 1987 ) . `` The Commerce Clause ; The Expanding Economic Vista '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ FDCH e-Media ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . I do n't think there 's any question at this point in our history that Congress ' power under the commerce clause is quite broad , and I think that reflects a number of things , including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes place -- Samuel Alito Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 7 , 2003 ) . `` Editorial Observer ; Brandeis 's Views on States ' Rights , and Ice - Making , Have New Relevance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . But Brandeis 's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law : that the states should be free to serve as laboratories of democracy Jump up ^ Graglia , Lino ( July 19 , 2005 ) . `` Altering 14th Amendment would curb court 's activist tendencies '' . University of Texas School of Law . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hornberger , Jacob C. ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Fourteenth Amendment . Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government . Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty . I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for freedom . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The nine - member Supreme Court conducts its deliberations in secret and the justices traditionally wo n't discuss pending cases in public ^ Jump up to : Margolick , David ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` Meet the Supremes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court 's involvement in that case , its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half - baked and strained decision that resulted . Jump up ^ `` Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy '' . PublicMind.fdu.edu . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court '' . The National Law Journal . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` C - SPAN Supreme Court Week '' . CSPAN . October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Scalia was interviewed for the CBS News show `` 60 Minutes Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as ' utterly lacking in any legal principle '' and added that the court was `` remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly . ' Jump up ^ McConnell , Michael W. ( June 1 , 2001 ) . `` Two - and - a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore '' . University of Chicago Law Review . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( Senator Kohl ) ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Key Excerpt : Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute '' Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( Opinion section ) ( March 21 , 2004 ) . `` Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden , With His Mind on Bush v. Gore '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Bush v. Gore majority , made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives , interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before , and have not since . And they stated that the interpretation was ' limited to the present circumstances , ' words that suggest a raw exercise of power , not legal analysis . Jump up ^ Kevin McNamara ( letter to the editor ) ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Letters -- Supreme Court Activism ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 ... Baker v. Carr , the reapportionment case . We heard Justice Frankfurter who delivered a scathing dissent in that ... Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Supreme court prognosis -- Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices should n't serve life terms '' . The Guardian . Manchester . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See also Arthur D. Hellman , `` Reining in the Supreme Court : Are Term Limits the Answer ? '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Richard Epstein , `` Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Brian Opeskin , Models of Judicial Tenure : Reconsidering Life Limits , Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges , Oxford J Legal Studies 2015 35 : 627 -- 663 . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( June 14 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 78 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office , this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution , and , in a great measure , as the citadel of the public justice and the public security . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Reity ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Justice Obscured : Supreme court justices earn quarter - million in cash on the side '' . Center for Public Integrity . ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Eric ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ; Markon , Jerry ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort '' . The Washington Post . Bibliography ( edit ) Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States , 5 vols. , Detroit ( etc . ) : Macmillan Reference USA , 2008 The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States ( 2013 ed . ) ( PDF ) . Biskupic , Joan and Elder Witt. ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 130 - 5 Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Harvard Law Review Assn. , ( 2000 ) . The Bluebook : A Uniform System of Citation , 17th ed. ( 18th ed. , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 600 - 01 - 4329 - 9 ) Irons , Peter . ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 . Rehnquist , William . ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40943 - 2 . Skifos , Catherine Hetos. ( 1976 ). `` The Supreme Court Gets a Home '' , Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook. ( in 1990 , renamed The Journal of Supreme Court History ( ISSN 1059 - 4329 ) ) Warren , Charles . ( 1924 ) . The Supreme Court in United States History . ( 3 volumes ) . Boston : Little , Brown and Co . Woodward , Bob and Armstrong , Scott . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court ( 1979 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Beard , Charles A. ( 1912 ) . The Supreme Court and the Constitution . New York : Macmillan Company . Reprinted Dover Publications , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 44779 - 0 . Corley , Pamela C. ; Steigerwalt , Amy ; Ward , Artemus. ( 2013 ) . The Puzzle of Unanimity : Consensus on the United States Supreme Court . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 8472 - 6 . Cushman , Barry . ( 1998 ) . Rethinking the New Deal Court . Oxford University Press . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Garner , Bryan A. ( 2004 ) . Black 's Law Dictionary . Deluxe 8th ed . Thomson West . ISBN 0 - 314 - 15199 - 0 . Greenburg , Jan Crawford , Jan. ( 2007 ) . Supreme Conflict : The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 101 - 1 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . McCloskey , Robert G. ( 2005 ) . The American Supreme Court . 4th ed . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 55682 - 4 . O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Spaeth , Harold J. ( 1979 ) . Supreme Court Policy Making : Explanation and Prediction ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 1012 - 7 . Toobin , Jeffrey . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin and Finkelman , Paul . ( 2001 ) . A March of Liberty : A Constitutional History of the United States . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512637 - 8 & ISBN 0 - 19 - 512635 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Supreme Court of the United States Wikisource has original text related to this article : Supreme Court of the United States Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Supreme Court of the United States '' dated 2006 - 08 - 05 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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"The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789, it has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution, but it may act only within the context of a case, in which it has jurisdiction. The Court does not have power to decide political questions, and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government."
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-6438283248461020015 | Chicago (disambiguation) | Chicago ( disambiguation ) - wikipedia Chicago ( disambiguation ) Look up Chicago or Chicago Protocol in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Chicago is the third-most populous city in the United States . Chicago may also refer to : Contents 1 Places and buildings 1.1 Guatemala 1.2 Mexico 1.3 Mozambique 1.4 Nicaragua 1.5 Peru 1.6 Philippines 1.7 South Africa 1.8 United States 1.8. 1 California 1.8. 2 Illinois 1.8. 3 Indiana 1.8. 4 Kansas 1.8. 5 Minnesota 1.8. 6 Ohio 1.8. 7 Wisconsin 1.9 Zimbabwe 2 People 3 Culture and the arts 3.1 Literature 3.2 Music 3.3 Theatre , film and television 3.4 Schools of thought 4 Games 5 Science and technology 6 Transportation 7 Sports 7.1 Former teams 8 See also 9 References Places and buildings ( edit ) Guatemala ( edit ) Chicago , Suchitepequez , Guatemala Mexico ( edit ) Chicago , Chiapas , Mexico Chicago , Oaxaca , Mexico Mozambique ( edit ) Chicago , Niassa , Mozambique Nicaragua ( edit ) Chicago , Atlantico Sur , Nicaragua Peru ( edit ) Chicago , La Libertad , Peru Philippines ( edit ) Chicago , Mindora Oriental , Philippines South Africa ( edit ) Chicago , a neighborhood in the South African city of Paarl United States ( edit ) California ( edit ) Chicago Park , California , an unincorporated community in Nevada County New Chicago , California , formerly known as Chicago , an unincorporated community in Amador County Port Chicago , California a former town and naval station in Contra Costa County Illinois ( edit ) Chicago ( CTA Blue Line station ) Chicago ( CTA Brown and Purple Lines station ) Chicago ( CTA Red Line station ) Chicago Heights , Illinois , Cook County Chicago Ridge , Illinois , Cook County Chicago River , a river in Chicago , Illinois Lake Chicago , a prehistoric lake from the Wisconsin Glacial Period North Chicago , Illinois , Lake County South Chicago Heights , Illinois , Cook County West Chicago , Illinois , DuPage County Indiana ( edit ) East Chicago , Indiana , a city New Chicago , Indiana , a town Kansas ( edit ) Chicago , Kansas , a formerly populated community Minnesota ( edit ) Little Chicago , Minnesota , an unincorporated community Ohio ( edit ) Chicago Junction , Ohio , former name of Willard , Ohio Wisconsin ( edit ) Chicago Corners , Wisconsin , an unincorporated community Chicago Junction , Wisconsin , an unincorporated community Little Chicago , Wisconsin , an unincorporated community Zimbabwe ( edit ) Chicago , Zimbabwe , a suburb of Kwekwe People ( edit ) Judy Chicago , an American feminist artist Chicago West , youngest daughter of Kanye West and Kim Kardashian West Culture and the arts ( edit ) Literature ( edit ) Chicago ( magazine ) , a lifestyle periodical about the Illinois city Chicago ( manga ) , by Yumi Tamura Chicago ( novel ) , by Egyptian author Alaa - Al - Aswany `` Chicago '' ( poem ) , by Carl Sandburg The Chicago Manual of Style , for American English Music ( edit ) Chicago ( band ) , a rock band founded in 1967 Chicago ( album ) , 1970 `` Chicago '' ( Graham Nash song ) , 1970 `` Chicago '' ( Michael Jackson song ) `` Chicago song '' , a composition by Marcus Miller on David Sanborn 's A Change of Heart album , 1987 `` Chicago '' ( Sufjan Stevens song ) , 2005 `` Chicago ( That Toddlin ' Town ) '' , a 1922 song by Fred Fisher Chicago house , a genre of electronic dance music `` Chicago '' , a 1977 single by Kiki Dee `` Chicago '' , a song by Groove Armada from the 1999 album Vertigo `` Chicago '' , a song by Kate Voegele from the 2007 album Do n't Look Away `` Chicago '' , a song by The Devil Wears Prada from the 2011 album Dead Throne `` Chicago '' , a song by Tom Waits from the 2011 album Bad as Me Chicago ( trance artist ) , stage name for David Christman Theatre , film and television ( edit ) Chicago ( play ) , 1926 , written by Maurine Dallas Watkins Chicago ( 1927 film ) , based on the 1926 play Chicago ( musical ) , first performed in 1975 , based on the 1926 play Chicago ( 2002 film ) , based on the 1975 musical `` Chicago '' ( Prison Break ) , a 2007 TV episode Chicago , a 1965 play by Sam Shepard Chicago ( franchise ) , a group of NBC television dramas set in the Illinois city Schools of thought ( edit ) There are several Chicago schools of thought , some named after distinguished programs of the University of Chicago , which is itself often abbreviated to merely the name of its city . These include : Chicago school ( architecture ) Chicago school ( literary criticism ) Chicago school ( sociology ) Chicago school of economics Games ( edit ) Chicago ( bridge card game ) , a form of contract bridge Chicago ( poker card game ) , a Swedish poker game ( or any one of several stud poker variants , including `` Chicago '' , `` Big Chicago '' , and `` Little Chicago '' ) Chicago ( pool ) , a `` money ball '' pool gambling game Chicago 90 , a 1989 video game by Microïds Science and technology ( edit ) 334 Chicago , a large main - belt asteroid found in 1892 Chicago ( typeface ) , a classic Apple Macintosh font Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation , a 1944 agreement Chicago Pile - 1 , the world 's first nuclear reactor Windows Chicago , the code name for Windows 95 Transportation ( edit ) USS Chicago , any of several U.S. Navy vessels Chicago ( aircraft ) , a plane used in the first successful air circumnavigation of the globe City of Chicago ( train ) , a passenger train Sports ( edit ) Chicago Bears , a professional American football team of the NFL 's National Football Conference , Northern Division Chicago Blackhawks , a professional ice hockey team of the NHL 's Western Conference , Central Division Chicago Sky , a professional basketball team of the WNBA 's Eastern Conference Chicago Bulls , a professional basketball team of the NBA 's Eastern Conference , Central Division Chicago Cubs , a professional baseball team of the MLB 's National League , Central Division Chicago Red Stars , a professional soccer team in the National Women 's Soccer League , based in the suburb of Bridgeview Chicago Fire Soccer Club , a professional soccer team in the MLS ' Eastern Conference based in the suburb of Bridgeview Chicago White Sox , a professional baseball team of MLB 's American League , Central Division Chicago Wolves , a professional ice hockey team of the American Hockey League 's Western Conference , Central Division and affiliate of the NHL 's St. Louis Blues Club Atlético Nueva Chicago , an association football ( soccer ) club of Argentina 's Primera División ( premier division ) in Mataderos , Buenos Aires Former teams ( edit ) Chicago Blitz , a professional American football team of the United States Football League ( 1982 -- 84 ) Chicago Bruisers , a professional arena football team and charter member of the Arena Football League ( 1987 -- 89 ) Chicago Bulls ( AFL , 1926 ) , a professional American football team Chicago Cardinals ( NFL , 1920 - 1959 ) , a professional American football team Chicago Cardinals ( ice hockey ) , a professional team in the American Hockey Association ( 1926 -- 1927 ) Chicago Indians , an American football team of the former minor American Football League ( 1938 -- 39 ) Chicago Packers / Zephyrs , a professional basketball team of the National Basketball Association ( 1961 - 1963 ) , now the Washington Wizards Chicago Rockets ( `` Chicago Hornets '' in 1949 ) , a professional American football team of the All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 49 ) Chicago Rush , a professional arena football team of the Arena Football League ( 2001 - 2013 ) Chicago Shamrocks , a professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey Association ( 1930 -- 1932 ) Chicago Stags , a professional basketball team of the National Basketball Association ( 1946 - 1950 ) Chicago Sting , an American professional NASL soccer team ( 1974 -- 1988 ) See also ( edit ) Chicagoland ( disambiguation ) All pages beginning with `` Chicago '' References ( edit ) Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chicago . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_(disambiguation)&oldid=852553387 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 19 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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5781475049553304293 | Heliocentrism | Heliocentrism - wikipedia Heliocentrism Jump to : navigation , search `` Heliocentric '' redirects here . For the albums , see Heliocentric ( Paul Weller album ) and Heliocentric ( The Ocean Collective album ) . For heliocentric orbit , see Heliocentric orbit . Andreas Cellarius 's illustration of the Copernican system , from the Harmonia Macrocosmica ( 1708 ) . Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System . Historically , Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism , which placed the Earth at the center . The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BCE by Aristarchus of Samos , but at least in the medieval world , Aristarchus 's Heliocentrism attracted little attention -- possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era . It was not until the 16th century that a geometric mathematical model of a heliocentric system was presented , by the Renaissance mathematician , astronomer , and Catholic cleric Nicolaus Copernicus , leading to the Copernican Revolution . In the following century , Johannes Kepler elaborated upon and expanded this model to include elliptical orbits , and Galileo Galilei presented supporting observations made using a telescope . With the observations of William Herschel , Friedrich Bessel , and other astronomers , it was realized that the sun , while near the Barycenter of the solar system , was not at any center of the universe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient and medieval astronomy 1.1 Classical Antiquity 1.1. 1 Pythagoreans 1.1. 2 Aristarchus of Samos 1.1. 3 Seleucus of Seleucia 1.1. 4 Late Antiquity 1.2 Medieval Islamic world 1.3 Later medieval period 2 Renaissance - era astronomy 2.1 European astronomy before Copernicus 2.2 Copernican heliocentrism 3 Reception in Early Modern Europe 3.1 Circulation of Commentariolus ( before 1515 ) 3.2 Publication of de Revolutionibus ( 1543 ) 3.3 Tycho Brahe 's geo - heliocentric system c. 1587 3.4 Galileo Galilei 3.4. 1 Publication of Starry messenger ( 1610 ) 3.4. 2 Publication of Letter to the Grand Duchess ( 1615 ) 3.4. 3 1616 ban against Copernicanism 3.4. 4 Publication of Epitome astronomia Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 1621 ) 3.4. 5 Publication of Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems 3.5 Age of Reason 3.6 Reception in Judaism 4 The view of modern science 4.1 Modern use of geocentric and heliocentric 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links 8 References Ancient and medieval astronomy ( edit ) A hypothetical geocentric model of the solar system ( upper panel ) in comparison to the heliocentric model ( lower panel ) . While the sphericity of the Earth was widely recognized in Greco - Roman astronomy from at least the 3rd century BCE , the Earth 's daily rotation and yearly orbit around the Sun was never universally accepted until the Copernican Revolution . While a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BCE in Pythagoreanism , and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BCE , these ideas were not successful in replacing the view of a static spherical Earth , and from the 2nd century CE the predominant model , which would be inherited by medieval astronomy , was the geocentric model described in Ptolemy 's Almagest . The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy . Ptolemy himself , in his Almagest , points out that any model for describing the motions of the planets is merely a mathematical device , and since there is no actual way to know which is true , the simplest model that gets the right numbers should be used . However , he rejected the idea of a spinning earth as absurd as he believed it would create huge winds . His planetary hypotheses were sufficiently real that the distances of moon , sun , planets and stars could be determined by treating orbits ' celestial spheres as contiguous realities . This made the stars ' distance less than 20 Astronomical Units , a regression , since Aristarchus of Samos 's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier necessarily placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant . Problems with Ptolemy 's system were well recognized in medieval astronomy , and an increasing effort to criticize and improve it in the late medieval period eventually led to the Copernican heliocentrism developed in Renaissance astronomy . Classical antiquity ( edit ) See also : Greek astronomy Pythagoreans ( edit ) The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus ( d . 390 BC ) , who taught that at the center of the Universe was a `` central fire '' , around which the Earth , Sun , Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion . This system postulated the existence of a counter-earth collinear with the Earth and central fire , with the same period of revolution around the central fire as the Earth . The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year , and the stars were stationary . The Earth maintained the same hidden face towards the central fire , rendering both it and the `` counter-earth '' invisible from Earth . The Pythagorean concept of uniform circular motion remained unchallenged for approximately the next 2000 years , and it was to the Pythagoreans that Copernicus referred to show that the notion of a moving Earth was neither new nor revolutionary . Kepler gave an alternative explanation of the Pythagoreans ' `` central fire '' as the Sun , `` as most sects purposely hid ( e ) their teachings '' . Heraclides of Pontus ( 4th century BC ) said that the rotation of the Earth explained the apparent daily motion of the celestial sphere . It used to be thought that he believed Mercury and Venus to revolve around the Sun , which in turn ( along with the other planets ) revolves around the Earth . Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius ( AD 395 -- 423 ) later described this as the `` Egyptian System , '' stating that `` it did not escape the skill of the Egyptians , '' though there is no other evidence it was known in ancient Egypt . Aristarchus of Samos ( edit ) Aristarchus 's 3rd century BC calculations on the relative sizes of the Earth , Sun and Moon , from a 10th - century CE Greek copy The first person known to have proposed a heliocentric system , however , was Aristarchus of Samos ( c. 270 BC ) . Like Eratosthenes , Aristarchus calculated the size of the Earth , and measured the size and distance of the Moon and Sun , in a treatise which has survived . From his estimates , he concluded that the Sun was six to seven times wider than the Earth and thus hundreds of times more voluminous . His writings on the heliocentric system are lost , but some information is known from surviving descriptions and critical commentary by his contemporaries , such as Archimedes . Some have suggested that his calculation of the relative size of the Earth and Sun led Aristarchus to conclude that it made more sense for the Earth to be moving than for the huge Sun to be moving around it . Though the original text has been lost , a reference in Archimedes ' book The Sand Reckoner describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced an alternative hypothesis of the heliocentric model . Archimedes wrote : You King Gelon are aware the ' universe ' is the name given by most astronomers to the sphere the center of which is the center of the Earth , while its radius is equal to the straight line between the center of the Sun and the center of the Earth . This is the common account as you have heard from astronomers . But Aristarchus has brought out a book consisting of certain hypotheses , wherein it appears , as a consequence of the assumptions made , that the universe is many times greater than the ' universe ' just mentioned . His hypotheses are that the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved , that the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle , the Sun lying in the middle of the orbit , and that the sphere of fixed stars , situated about the same center as the Sun , is so great that the circle in which he supposes the Earth to revolve bears such a proportion to the distance of the fixed stars as the center of the sphere bears to its surface . Aristarchus believed the stars to be very far away , and saw this as the reason why there was no visible parallax , that is , an observed movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moved around the Sun . The stars are in fact much farther away than the distance that was generally assumed in ancient times , which is why stellar parallax is only detectable with telescopes . Archimedes says that Aristarchus made the stars ' distance larger , suggesting that he was answering the natural objection that Heliocentrism requires stellar parallactic oscillations . He apparently agreed to the point but placed the stars so distant as to make the parallactic motion invisibly minuscule . Thus Heliocentrism opened the way for realization that the universe was larger than the geocentrists taught . Heliocentrism had been in conflict with religion before Copernicus : One of the few pieces of information we have about the reception of Aristarchus 's heliocentric system comes from a passage in Plutarch 's dialogue , Concerning the Face which Appears in the Orb of the Moon . According to one of Plutarch 's characters in the dialogue , the philosopher Cleanthes had held that Aristarchus should be charged with impiety for `` moving the hearth of the world '' . Seleucus of Seleucia ( edit ) Since Plutarch mentions the `` followers of Aristarchus '' in passing , it is likely that there were other astronomers in the Classical period who also espoused Heliocentrism , but whose work was lost . The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who is known to have supported Aristarchus ' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia ( b . 190 BC ) , a Hellenistic astronomer who flourished a century after Aristarchus in the Seleucid empire . Seleucus adopted the heliocentric system of Aristarchus and is said to have proved the heliocentric theory . According to Bartel Leendert van der Waerden , Seleucus may have proved the heliocentric theory by determining the constants of a geometric model for the heliocentric theory and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model . He may have used early trigonometric methods that were available in his time , as he was a contemporary of Hipparchus . A fragment of a work by Seleucus has survived in Arabic translation , which was referred to by Rhazes ( b . 865 ) . Alternatively , his explanation may have involved the phenomenon of tides , which he supposedly theorized to be caused by the attraction to the Moon and by the revolution of the Earth around the Earth - Moon ' center of mass ' . Late antiquity ( edit ) Nicholas of Cusa , 15th century , asked whether there was any reason to assert that any point was the center of the universe . There were occasional speculations about heliocentrism in Europe before Copernicus . In Roman Carthage , the pagan Martianus Capella ( 5th century A.D. ) expressed the opinion that the planets Venus and Mercury did not go about the Earth but instead circled the Sun . Capella 's model was discussed in the Early Middle Ages by various anonymous 9th - century commentators and Copernicus mentions him as an influence on his own work . The Ptolemaic system was also received in Indian astronomy . Aryabhata ( 476 -- 550 ) , in his magnum opus Aryabhatiya ( 499 ) , propounded a planetary model in which the Earth was taken to be spinning on its axis and the periods of the planets were given with respect to the Sun . He accurately calculated many astronomical constants , such as the periods of the planets , times of the solar and lunar eclipses , and the instantaneous motion of the Moon . Early followers of Aryabhata 's model included Varahamihira , Brahmagupta , and Bhaskara II . Medieval Islamic world ( edit ) See also : Astronomy in medieval Islam and Islamic cosmology An illustration from al - Biruni 's astronomical works , explains the different phases of the moon , with respect to the position of the sun . Al - Biruni suggested that if the Earth rotated on its axis this would be consistent with astronomical theory . He discussed Heliocentrism but considered it a problem of natural philosophy . Muslim astronomers often , but not entirely accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model . Beginning in the 11th century , a tradition criticizing Ptolemy developed within Islamic astronomy , beginning with Ibn al - Haytham of Basra 's Al - Shukūk ' alā Baṭalamiyūs ( `` Doubts Concerning Ptolemy '' ) . Several Muslim scholars questioned the Earth 's apparent immobility and centrality within the universe . Abu Sa'id al - Sijzi ( d.c. 1020 ) accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis . According to Al - Biruni , Sijzi invented an astrolabe called al - zūraqī based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries `` That the motion we see is due to the Earth 's movement and not to that of the sky . '' The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states : According to the Geometers ( or engineers ) ( muhandisīn ) , the earth is in constant circular motion , and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars . Early in the 11th century Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy 's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy ( c. 1028 ) , which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy 's geocentrism , but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy 's model rather than his geocentrism . Abu Rayhan Biruni ( b . 973 ) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun , but in his Masudic Canon , he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own . He was aware that if the Earth rotated on its axis , this would be consistent with his astronomical parameters , but he considered it a problem of natural philosophy rather than mathematics . In the 12th century , some Islamic astronomers developed complete alternatives to the Ptolemaic system ( although not heliocentric ) , such as Nur ad - Din al - Bitruji , who considered the Ptolemaic model as mathematical , and not physical . Al - Bitruji 's alternative system spread through most of Europe in the 13th century , with debates and refutations of his ideas continued up to the 16th century . Later medieval period ( edit ) The Maragha school of astronomy in Ilkhanid - era Persia further developed `` non-Ptolemaic '' planetary models involving Earth 's rotation . Notable astronomers of this school are Al - Urdi ( d . 1266 ) Al - Katibi ( d . 1277 ) , and Al - Tusi ( d . 1274 ) . The arguments and evidence used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth 's motion . The criticism of Ptolemy as developed by Averroes and by the Maragha school explicitly address the Earth 's rotation but it did not arrive at explicit heliocentrism . The observations of the Maragha school were further improved at the Timurid - era Samarkand observatory under Qushji ( 1403 -- 1474 ) . European scholarship in the later medieval period actively received astronomical models developed in the Islamic world and by the 13th century was well aware of the problems of the Ptolemaic model . In the 14th century , bishop Nicole Oresme discussed the possibility that the Earth rotated on its axis , while Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa in his Learned Ignorance asked whether there was any reason to assert that the Sun ( or any other point ) was the center of the universe . In parallel to a mystical definition of God , Cusa wrote that `` Thus the fabric of the world ( machina mundi ) will quasi have its center everywhere and circumference nowhere . '' In India , Nilakantha Somayaji ( 1444 -- 1544 ) , in his Aryabhatiyabhasya , a commentary on Aryabhata 's Aryabhatiya , developed a computational system for a partially heliocentric planetary model , in which the planets orbit the Sun , which in turn orbits the Earth , similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century . In the Tantrasangraha ( 1500 ) , he further revised his planetary system , which was mathematically more accurate at predicting the heliocentric orbits of the interior planets than both the Tychonic and Copernican models , but did not propose any specific models of the universe . Nilakantha 's planetary system also incorporated the Earth 's rotation on its axis . Most astronomers of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics seem to have accepted his planetary model . Renaissance - era astronomy ( edit ) European astronomy before Copernicus ( edit ) Some historians maintain that the thought of the Maragheh observatory , in particular the mathematical devices known as the Urdi lemma and the Tusi couple , influenced Renaissance - era European astronomy , and thus was indirectly received by Renaissance - era European astronomy and thus by Copernicus . Copernicus used such devices in the same planetary models as found in Arabic sources . Furthermore , the exact replacement of the equant by two epicycles used by Copernicus in the Commentariolus was found in an earlier work by Ibn al - Shatir ( d.c. 1375 ) of Damascus . Ibn al - Shatir 's lunar and Mercury models are also identical to those of Copernicus . The state of knowledge on planetary theory received by Copernicus is summarized in Georg von Peuerbach 's Theoricae Novae Planetarum ( printed in 1472 by Regiomontanus ) . By 1470 , the accuracy of observations by the Vienna school of astronomy , of which Peuerbach and Regiomontanus were members , was high enough to make the eventual development of heliocentrism inevitable , and indeed it is possible that Regiomontanus did arrive at an explicit theory of heliocentrism before his death in 1476 , some 30 years before Copernicus . While the influence of the criticism of Ptolemy by Averroes on Renaissance thought is clear and explicit , the claim of direct influence of the Maragha school , postulated by Otto E. Neugebauer in 1957 , remains an open question . Copernicus explicitly references several astronomers of the `` Islamic Golden Age '' ( 10th to 12th centuries ) in De Revolutionibus : Albategnius ( Al - Battani ) , Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) , Thebit ( Thabit Ibn Qurra ) , Arzachel ( Al - Zarqali ) , and Alpetragius ( Al - Bitruji ) , but he does not show awareness of the existence of any of the later astronomers of the Maragha school . It has been argued that Copernicus could have independently discovered the Tusi couple or took the idea from Proclus 's Commentary on the First Book of Euclid , which Copernicus cited . Another possible source for Copernicus 's knowledge of this mathematical device is the Questiones de Spera of Nicole Oresme , who described how a reciprocating linear motion of a celestial body could be produced by a combination of circular motions similar to those proposed by al - Tusi . Copernican Heliocentrism ( edit ) Main article : Copernican heliocentrism Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1578 ) Nicolaus Copernicus in his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( `` On the revolution of heavenly spheres '' , first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg ) , presented a discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy in the 2nd century had presented his geocentric model in his Almagest . Copernicus discussed the philosophical implications of his proposed system , elaborated it in geometrical detail , used selected astronomical observations to derive the parameters of his model , and wrote astronomical tables which enabled one to compute the past and future positions of the stars and planets . In doing so , Copernicus moved Heliocentrism from philosophical speculation to predictive geometrical astronomy . In reality , Copernicus 's system did not predict the planets ' positions any better than the Ptolemaic system . This theory resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent , rather than real : it was a parallax effect , as an object that one is passing seems to move backwards against the horizon . This issue was also resolved in the geocentric Tychonic system ; the latter , however , while eliminating the major epicycles , retained as a physical reality the irregular back - and - forth motion of the planets , which Kepler characterized as a `` pretzel '' . Copernicus cited Aristarchus in an early ( unpublished ) manuscript of De Revolutionibus ( which still survives ) , stating : `` Philolaus believed in the mobility of the earth , and some even say that Aristarchus of Samos was of that opinion . '' However , in the published version he restricts himself to noting that in works by Cicero he had found an account of the theories of Hicetas and that Plutarch had provided him with an account of the Pythagoreans , Heraclides Ponticus , Philolaus , and Ecphantus . These authors had proposed a moving earth , which did not , however , revolve around a central sun . Reception in early modern Europe ( edit ) Main article : Copernican Revolution Circulation of Commentariolus ( before 1515 ) ( edit ) The first information about the heliocentric views of Nicolaus Copernicus was circulated in manuscript completed some time before May 1 , 1514 . Although only in manuscript , Copernicus ' ideas were well known among astronomers and others . His ideas contradicted the then - prevailing understanding of the Bible . In the King James Bible ( first published in 1611 ) , First Chronicles 16 : 30 states that `` the world also shall be stable , that it be not moved . '' Psalm 104 : 5 says , `` ( the Lord ) Who laid the foundations of the earth , that it should not be removed for ever . '' Ecclesiastes 1 : 5 states that `` The sun also ariseth , and the sun goeth down , and hasteth to his place where he arose . '' Nonetheless , in 1533 , Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter delivered in Rome a series of lectures outlining Copernicus ' theory . The lectures were heard with interest by Pope Clement VII and several Catholic cardinals . On November 1 , 1536 , Archbishop of Capua Nikolaus von Schönberg wrote a letter to Copernicus from Rome encouraging him to publish a full version of his theory . However , in 1539 , Martin Luther said : `` There is talk of a new astrologer who wants to prove that the earth moves and goes around instead of the sky , the sun , the moon , just as if somebody were moving in a carriage or ship might hold that he was sitting still and at rest while the earth and the trees walked and moved . But that is how things are nowadays : when a man wishes to be clever he must ... invent something special , and the way he does it must needs be the best ! The fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside - down . However , as Holy Scripture tells us , so did Joshua bid the sun to stand still and not the earth . '' This was reported in the context of a conversation at the dinner table and not a formal statement of faith . Melanchthon , however , opposed the doctrine over a period of years . Publication of De Revolutionibus ( 1543 ) ( edit ) Nicolaus Copernicus published the definitive statement of his system in De Revolutionibus in 1543 . Copernicus began to write it in 1506 and finished it in 1530 , but did not publish it until the year of his death . Although he was in good standing with the Church and had dedicated the book to Pope Paul III , the published form contained an unsigned preface by Osiander defending the system and arguing that it was useful for computation even if its hypotheses were not necessarily true . Possibly because of that preface , the work of Copernicus inspired very little debate on whether it might be heretical during the next 60 years . There was an early suggestion among Dominicans that the teaching of Heliocentrism should be banned , but nothing came of it at the time . Some years after the publication of De Revolutionibus John Calvin preached a sermon in which he denounced those who `` pervert the order of nature '' by saying that `` the sun does not move and that it is the earth that revolves and that it turns '' . On the other hand , Calvin is not responsible for another famous quotation which has often been misattributed to him : `` Who will venture to place the authority of Copernicus above that of the Holy Spirit ? '' It has long been established that this line can not be found in any of Calvin 's works . It has been suggested that the quotation was originally sourced from the works of Lutheran theologian Abraham Calovius . Tycho Brahe 's geo - heliocentric system c. 1587 ( edit ) Main article : Tychonic system In this depiction of the Tychonic system , the objects on blue orbits ( the Moon and the Sun ) revolve around the Earth . The objects on orange orbits ( Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn ) revolve around the Sun . Around all is a sphere of fixed stars , located just beyond Saturn . Prior to the publication of De Revolutionibus , the most widely accepted system had been proposed by Ptolemy , in which the Earth was the center of the universe and all celestial bodies orbited it . Tycho Brahe , arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time , advocated against Copernicus 's heliocentric system and for an alternative to the Ptolemaic geocentric system : a geo - heliocentric system now known as the Tychonic system in which the five then known planets orbit the sun , while the sun and the moon orbit the earth . Tycho appreciated the Copernican system , but objected to the idea of a moving Earth on the basis of physics , astronomy , and religion . The Aristotelian physics of the time ( modern Newtonian physics was still a century away ) offered no physical explanation for the motion of a massive body like Earth , whereas it could easily explain the motion of heavenly bodies by postulating that they were made of a different sort substance called aether that moved naturally . So Tycho said that the Copernican system `` ... expertly and completely circumvents all that is superfluous or discordant in the system of Ptolemy . On no point does it offend the principle of mathematics . Yet it ascribes to the Earth , that hulking , lazy body , unfit for motion , a motion as quick as that of the aethereal torches , and a triple motion at that . '' Likewise , Tycho took issue with the vast distances to the stars that Aristarchus and Copernicus had assumed in order to explain the lack of any visible parallax . Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars ( now known to be illusory -- see stellar magnitude ) , and used geometry to calculate that in order to both have those apparent sizes and be as far away as Heliocentrism required , stars would have to be huge ( much larger than the sun ; the size of Earth 's orbit or larger ) . Regarding this Tycho wrote , `` Deduce these things geometrically if you like , and you will see how many absurdities ( not to mention others ) accompany this assumption ( of the motion of the earth ) by inference . '' He also cited the Copernican system 's `` opposition to the authority of Sacred Scripture in more than one place '' as a reason why one might wish to reject it , and observed that his own geoheliocentric alternative `` offended neither the principles of physics nor Holy Scripture '' . The Jesuit astronomers in Rome were at first unreceptive to Tycho 's system ; the most prominent , Clavius , commented that Tycho was `` confusing all of astronomy , because he wants to have Mars lower than the Sun . '' However , after the advent of the telescope showed problems with some geocentric models ( by demonstrating that Venus circles the sun , for example ) , the Tychonic system and variations on that system became very popular among geocentrists , and the Jesuit astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli would continue Tycho 's use of physics , stellar astronomy ( now with a telescope ) , and religion to argue against Heliocentrism and for Tycho 's system well into the seventeenth century ( see Riccioli ) . Galileo Galilei ( edit ) Publication of starry messenger ( 1610 ) ( edit ) In the 17th century AD Galileo Galilei opposed the Roman Catholic Church by his strong support for Heliocentrism Galileo was able to look at the night sky with the newly invented telescope . Then he published his discoveries in Sidereus Nuncius including ( among other things ) the moons of Jupiter and that Venus exhibited a full range of phases . These discoveries were not consistent with the Ptolemeic model of the solar system . As the Jesuit astronomers confirmed Galileo 's observations , the Jesuits moved toward Tycho 's teachings . Publication of letter to the Grand Duchess ( 1615 ) ( edit ) In a Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina , Galileo defended Heliocentrism , and claimed it was not contrary to Scriptures ( see Galileo affair ) . He took Augustine 's position on Scripture : not to take every passage literally when the scripture in question is in a Bible book of poetry and songs , not a book of instructions or history . The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world , and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set . In fact , it is the Earth 's rotation which gives the impression of the sun in motion across the sky . 1616 ban against Copernicanism ( edit ) Main article : Galileo affair In February 1615 , prominent Dominicans including Thomaso Caccini and Niccolò Lorini brought Galileo 's writings on Heliocentrism to the attention of the Inquisition , because they appeared to violate Holy Scripture and the decrees of the Council of Trent . Cardinal and Inquisitor Robert Bellarmine was called upon to adjudicate , and wrote in April that treating Heliocentrism as a real phenomenon would be `` a very dangerous thing , '' irritating philosophers and theologians , and harming `` the Holy Faith by rendering Holy Scripture as false . '' In January 1616 Msgr . Francesco Ingoli addressed an essay to Galileo disputing the Copernican system . Galileo later stated that he believed this essay to have been instrumental in the ban against Copernicanism that followed in February . According to Maurice Finocchiaro , Ingoli had probably been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy , and the essay provided the `` chief direct basis '' for the ban . The essay focused on eighteen physical and mathematical arguments against Heliocentrism . It borrowed primarily from the arguments of Tycho Brahe , and it notedly mentioned the problem that Heliocentrism requires the stars to be much larger than the sun . Ingoli wrote that the great distance to the stars in the heliocentric theory `` clearly proves ... the fixed stars to be of such size , as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself . '' Ingoli included four theological arguments in the essay , but suggested to Galileo that he focus on the physical and mathematical arguments . Galileo did not write a response to Ingoli until 1624 . In February 1616 , the Inquisition assembled a committee of theologians , known as qualifiers , who delivered their unanimous report condemning Heliocentrism as `` foolish and absurd in philosophy , and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture . '' The Inquisition also determined that the Earth 's motion `` receives the same judgement in philosophy and ... in regard to theological truth it is at least erroneous in faith . '' Bellarmine personally ordered Galileo `` to abstain completely from teaching or defending this doctrine and opinion or from discussing it ... to abandon completely ... the opinion that the sun stands still at the center of the world and the earth moves , and henceforth not to hold , teach , or defend it in any way whatever , either orally or in writing . '' -- Bellarmine and the Inquisition 's injunction against Galileo , 1616 In March , after the Inquisition 's injunction against Galileo , the papal Master of the Sacred Palace , Congregation of the Index , and Pope banned all books and letters advocating the Copernican system , which they called `` the false Pythagorean doctrine , altogether contrary to Holy Scripture . '' In 1618 the Holy Office recommended that a modified version of Copernicus ' De Revolutionibus be allowed for use in calendric calculations , though the original publication remained forbidden until 1758 . Publication of Epitome astronomia Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 1621 ) ( edit ) In Astronomia nova ( 1609 ) , Johannes Kepler had used an elliptical orbit to explain the motion of Mars . In Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae he developed a heliocentric model of the solar system in which all the planets have elliptical orbits . This provided significantly increased accuracy in predicting the position of the planets . Kepler 's ideas were not immediately accepted . Galileo for example completely ignored Kepler 's work . Kepler proposed Heliocentrism as a physical description of the solar system and Epitome astronomia Copernicanae was placed on the index of prohibited books despite Kepler being a Protestant . Publication of dialogue Concerning the two chief world systems ( edit ) Pope Urban VIII encouraged Galileo to publish the pros and cons of Heliocentrism . Galileo 's response , Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems ( 1632 ) , clearly advocated Heliocentrism , despite his declaration in the preface that , I will endeavour to show that all experiments that can be made upon the Earth are insufficient means to conclude for its mobility but are indifferently applicable to the Earth , movable or immovable ... and his straightforward statement , I might very rationally put it in dispute , whether there be any such centre in nature , or no ; being that neither you nor any one else hath ever proved , whether the World be finite and figurate , or else infinite and interminate ; yet nevertheless granting you , for the present , that it is finite , and of a terminate Spherical Figure , and that thereupon it hath its centre ... Some ecclesiastics also interpreted the book as characterizing the Pope as a simpleton , since his viewpoint in the dialogue was advocated by the character Simplicio . Urban VIII became hostile to Galileo and he was again summoned to Rome . Galileo 's trial in 1633 involved making fine distinctions between `` teaching '' and `` holding and defending as true '' . For advancing heliocentric theory Galileo was forced to recant Copernicanism and was put under house arrest for the last few years of his life . According to J.L. Heilbron , informed contemporaries of Galileo 's : `` appreciated that the reference to heresy in connection with Galileo or Copernicus had no general or theological significance . '' Age of reason ( edit ) Further information : Age of Reason , 17th - century philosophy , and Scientific revolution René Descartes postponed , and ultimately never finished , his treatise The World , which included a heliocentric model , but the Galileo affair did little to slow the spread of Heliocentrism across Europe , as Kepler 's Epitome of Copernican Astronomy became increasingly influential in the coming decades . By 1686 the model was well enough established that the general public was reading about it in Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds , published in France by Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and translated into English and other languages in the coming years . It has been called `` one of the first great popularizations of science . '' In 1687 , Isaac Newton published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , which provided an explanation for Kepler 's laws in terms of universal gravitation and what came to be known as Newton 's laws of motion . This placed Heliocentrism on a firm theoretical foundation , although Newton 's Heliocentrism was of a somewhat modern kind . Already in the mid-1680s he recognized the `` deviation of the Sun '' from the centre of gravity of the solar system . For Newton it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at rest , but `` the common centre of gravity of the Earth , the Sun and all the Planets is to be esteem 'd the Centre of the World '' , and this centre of gravity `` either is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a right line '' . Newton adopted the `` at rest '' alternative in view of common consent that the centre , wherever it was , was at rest . Meanwhile , the Church remained opposed to Heliocentrism as a literal description , but this did not by any means imply opposition to all astronomy ; indeed , it needed observational data to maintain its calendar . In support of this effort it allowed the cathedrals themselves to be used as solar observatories called meridiane ; i.e. , they were turned into `` reverse sundials '' , or gigantic pinhole cameras , where the Sun 's image was projected from a hole in a window in the cathedral 's lantern onto a meridian line . In 1664 , Pope Alexander VII published his Index Librorum Prohibitorum Alexandri VII Pontificis Maximi jussu editus ( Index of Prohibited Books , published by order of Alexander VII , P.M. ) which included all previous condemnations of heliocentric books . In the mid-eighteenth century the Church 's opposition began to fade . An annotated copy of Newton 's Principia was published in 1742 by Fathers le Seur and Jacquier of the Franciscan Minims , two Catholic mathematicians , with a preface stating that the author 's work assumed Heliocentrism and could not be explained without the theory . In 1758 the Catholic Church dropped the general prohibition of books advocating Heliocentrism from the Index of Forbidden Books . The Observatory of the Roman College was established by Pope Clement XIV in 1774 ( nationalized in 1878 , but re-founded by Pope Leo XIII as the Vatican Observatory in 1891 ) . In spite of dropping its active resistance to Heliocentrism , the Catholic Church did not lift the prohibition of uncensored versions of Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus or Galileo 's Dialogue . The affair was revived in 1820 , when the Master of the Sacred Palace ( the Church 's chief censor ) , Filippo Anfossi , refused to license a book by a Catholic canon , Giuseppe Settele , because it openly treated heliocentrism as a physical fact . Settele appealed to pope Pius VII . After the matter had been reconsidered by the Congregation of the Index and the Holy Office , Anfossi 's decision was overturned . Pius VII approved a decree in 1822 by the Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition to allow the printing of heliocentric books in Rome . Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus and Galileo 's Dialogue were then subsequently omitted from the next edition of the Index when it appeared in 1835 . Reception in Judaism ( edit ) Already in the Talmud , Greek philosophy and science under general name `` Greek wisdom '' were considered dangerous . They were put under ban then and later for some periods . The first Jewish scholar to describe the Copernican system , albeit without mentioning Copernicus by name , was Maharal of Prague , his book `` Be'er ha - Golah '' ( 1593 ) . Maharal makes an argument of radical skepticism , arguing that no scientific theory can be reliable , which he illustrates by the new - fangled theory of heliocentrism upsetting even the most fundamental views on the cosmos . Copernicus is mentioned in the books of David Gans ( 1541 -- 1613 ) , who worked with Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler . Gans wrote two books on astronomy in Hebrew : a short one `` Magen David '' ( 1612 ) and a full one `` Nehmad veNaim '' ( published only in 1743 ) . He described objectively three systems : Ptolemy , Copernicus and of Tycho Brahe without taking sides . Joseph Solomon Delmedigo ( 1591 -- 1655 ) in his `` Elim '' ( 1629 ) says that the arguments of Copernicus are so strong , that only an imbecile will not accept them . Delmedigo studied at Padua and was acquainted with Galileo . An actual controversy on the Copernican model within Judaism arises only in the early 18th century . Most authors in this period accept Copernican heliocentrism , with opposition from David Nieto and Tobias Cohn . Both of these authors argued against heliocentrism on grounds of contradictions to scripture . Nieto merely rejected the new system on those grounds without much passion , whereas Cohn went so far as to call Copernicus `` a first - born of Satan '' , though he also acknowledged that he would have found it difficult to counter one particular objection based on a passage from the Talmud . In the 19th century two students of the Hatam sofer wrote books that were given approbations by him even though one supported heliocentrism and the other geocentrism . The one , a commentary on Genesis Yafe'ah le - Ketz written by R. Israel David Schlesinger resisted a heliocentric model and supported geocentrism . The other , Mei Menuchot written by R. Eliezer Lipmann Neusatz encouraged acceptance of the heliocentric model and other modern scientific thinking . Since the 20th century most Jews have not questioned the science of heliocentrism . Exceptions include Shlomo Benizri and R.M.M. Schneerson of Chabad who argued that the question of heliocentrism vs. geocentrism is obsolete because of the relativity of motion . Schneerson 's followers in Chabad continue to deny the heliocentric model . The view of modern Science ( edit ) Kepler 's laws of planetary motion were used as arguments in favor of the heliocentric hypothesis . Three apparent proofs of the heliocentric hypothesis were provided in 1727 by James Bradley , in 1838 by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel and in 1851 by Foucault . Bradley discovered the stellar aberration , proving the relative motion of the earth . Bessel proved that the parallax of a star was greater than zero by measuring the parallax of 0.314 arcseconds of a star named 61 Cygni . In the same year Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve and Thomas Henderson measured the parallaxes of other stars , Vega and Alpha Centauri . The thinking that the heliocentric view was also not true in a strict sense was achieved in steps . That the Sun was not the center of the universe , but one of innumerable stars , was strongly advocated by the mystic Giordano Bruno . Over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries , the status of the Sun as merely one star among many became increasingly obvious . By the 20th century , even before the discovery that there are many galaxies , it was no longer an issue . The concept of an absolute velocity , including being `` at rest '' as a particular case , is ruled out by the principle of relativity , also eliminating any obvious `` center '' of the universe as a natural origin of coordinates . Some forms of Mach 's principle consider the frame at rest with respect to the distant masses in the universe to have special properties . Even if the discussion is limited to the solar system , the Sun is not at the geometric center of any planet 's orbit , but rather approximately at one focus of the elliptical orbit . Furthermore , to the extent that a planet 's mass can not be neglected in comparison to the Sun 's mass , the center of gravity of the solar system is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun . ( The masses of the planets , mostly Jupiter , amount to 0.14 % of that of the Sun . ) Therefore , a hypothetical astronomer on an extrasolar planet would observe a small `` wobble '' in the Sun 's motion . Modern use of geocentric and heliocentric ( edit ) In modern calculations the terms `` geocentric '' and `` heliocentric '' are often used to refer to reference frames . In such systems the origin in the center of mass of the Earth , of the Earth -- Moon system , of the Sun , of the Sun plus the major planets , or of the entire solar system can be selected ; see center - of - mass frame . Right Ascension and Declination are examples of geocentric coordinates , used in Earth - based observations , while the heliocentric latitude and longitude are used for orbital calculations . This leads to such terms as `` heliocentric velocity '' and `` heliocentric angular momentum '' . In this heliocentric picture , any planet of the Solar System can be used as a source of mechanical energy because it moves relatively to the Sun . A smaller body ( either artificial or natural ) may gain heliocentric velocity due to gravity assist -- this effect can change the body 's mechanical energy in heliocentric reference frame ( although it will not changed in the planetary one ) . However , such selection of `` geocentric '' or `` heliocentric '' frames is merely a matter of computation . It does not have philosophical implications and does not constitute a distinct physical or scientific model . From the point of view of General Relativity , inertial reference frames do not exist at all , and any practical reference frame is only an approximation to the actual space - time , which can have higher or lower precision . See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Geocentric model Celestial spheres Copernican Revolution ( metaphor ) Copernican principle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ optinonally capitalised , Heliocentrism or heliocentrism , according to The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed. , 2007 ) . The term is a learned formation based on Greek ἥλιος helios `` sun '' and κέντρον kentron `` center '' ; the adjective heliocentric is first recorded in English ( as heliocentrick ) in 1685 , after New Latin heliocentricus , in use from about the same time ( Johann Jakob Zimmermann , Prodromus biceps cono ellipticæ et a priori demonstratæ planetarum theorices , 1679 , p. 28 ) . The abstract noun in - ism is more recent , recorded from the late 19th century ( e.g. in Constance Naden , Induction and Deduction : A Historical and Critical Sketch of Successive Philosophical Conceptions Respecting the Relations Between Inductive and Deductive Thought and Other Essays ( 1890 ) , p. 76 : `` Copernicus started from the observed motions of the planets , on which astronomers were agreed , and worked them out on the new hypothesis of Heliocentrism '' ) , modelled after German Heliocentrismus or Heliozentrismus ( c. 1870 ) . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 1953 ) , pp. 135 -- 48 ; Linton ( 2004 ) , pp. 38 -- 9 ) . The work of Aristarchus 's in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived . We only know of it now from a brief passage in Archimedes 's The Sand Reckoner . Jump up ^ according to Lucio Russo , the heliocentric view was expounded in Hipparchus 's work on gravity . ( source : Lucio Rosso , The Forgotten Revolution , How Science was Born in 300BC and Why it had to be Reborn , pp 293 - 296 ) Jump up ^ Debus , Allen G. ( 1987 ) , Man and nature in the Renaissance , Cambridge University Press , p. 76 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29328 - 6 , Chapter V , page 76 Jump up ^ In Book 1 section 7 he admits that a model in which the earth revolves with respect to the stars would be simpler but does n't go as far as considering a heliocentric system . Jump up ^ Dennis Duke , Ptolemy 's Universe Jump up ^ Boyer , C. A History of Mathematics . Wiley , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Johannes Kepler ( 1618 -- 21 ) , Epitome of Copernican Astronomy , Book IV , Part 1.2 Jump up ^ Eastwood , B.S. ( November 1 , 1992 ) , `` Heraclides and Heliocentrism -- Texts Diagrams and Interpretations '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 23 : 233 , Bibcode : 1992JHA ... 23 ... 233E Jump up ^ Otto E. Neugebauer ( 1975 ) , A history of ancient mathematical astronomy , Berlin / Heidelberg / New York : Springer , p. 695 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 06995 - X Jump up ^ Rufus , W. Carl ( 1923 ) , `` The astronomical system of Copernicus '' , Popular Astronomy , 31 : 510 -- 521 ( 512 ) , Bibcode : 1923PA ... 31 ... 510R , at pp. 511 - 512 Jump up ^ Arenarius , I. , 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ D. Rawlins , Aristarchus 's vast universe : ancient vision , contends that all of Aristarchus 's huge astronomical estimates of distance were based upon his gauging the limit of human visual discrimination to be approximately a ten thousandth of a radian which is about right . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 1953 , p. 138 ) ; Plutarch ( 1957 , p. 55 ) ( on - line copy available ) . According to a footnote in the latter reference , Diogenes Laertius listed a work of Cleanthes ' ( apparently now lost ) with the title Against Aristarchus ( Plutarch , 1957 , p. 54 ) . Jump up ^ Murdin , Paul , Murdin , Paul , ed. , Seleucus of Seleucia ( c. 190 BC - ? ) , Institute of Physics Publishing , Bibcode : 2000eaa ... bookE3998. , doi : 10.1888 / 0333750888 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 75088 - 8 , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Index of Ancient Greek Philosophers - Scientists , Ics.forth.gr , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Bartel , B.L. ( 1987 ) , `` The Heliocentric System in Greek , Persian and Hindu Astronomy '' , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 500 ( 1 ) : 525 -- 545 ( 527 -- 529 ) , Bibcode : 1987NYASA. 500 ... 525V , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1987. tb37224. x . Jump up ^ Shlomo Pines ( 1986 ) , Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science , 2 , Brill Publishers , pp. viii & 201 -- 17 , ISBN 965 - 223 - 626 - 8 Jump up ^ Lucio Russo , Flussi e riflussi , Feltrinelli , Milano , 2003 , ISBN 88 - 07 - 10349 - 4 . Jump up ^ William Stahl , trans. , Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts , vol. 2 , The Marriage of Philology and Mercury , 854 , 857 , New York : Columbia Univ . Pr , 1977 , pp. 332 -- 3 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 2007 ) , Ordering the Heavens : Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance , Leiden : Brill , pp. 244 -- 259 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16186 - 3 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 1982 ) , `` Kepler as Historian of Science : Precursors of Copernican Heliocentrism according to De revolutionibus I , 10 '' , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , 126 : 367 -- 394 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Thurston ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Sabra , A.I. ( 1998 ) . `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy '' . Perspectives on Science . 6 ( 3 ) : 288 -- 330 . at pp. 317 -- 18 : All Islamic astronomers from Thabit ibn Qurra in the ninth century to Ibn al - Shatir in the fourteenth , and all natural philosophers from al - Kindi to Averroes and later , are known to have accepted ... the Greek picture of the world as consisting of two spheres of which one , the celestial sphere ... concentrically envelops the other . Jump up ^ Hoskin , Michael ( 1999 - 03 - 18 ) . The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 9780521576000 . ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001a ) , `` Tusi and Copernicus : The Earth 's Motion in Context '' , Science in Context , Cambridge University Press , 14 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 145 -- 163 , doi : 10.1017 / s0269889701000060 ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ; Al - Qushji , Ali ( 2001b ) , `` Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy : An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science '' , Osiris , 2nd Series , 16 ( Science in Theistic Contexts : Cognitive Dimensions ) : 49 -- 64 & 66 -- 71 , Bibcode : 2001Osir ... 16 ... 49R , doi : 10.1086 / 649338 Jump up ^ Adi Setia ( 2004 ) , `` Fakhr Al - Din Al - Razi on Physics and the Nature of the Physical World : A Preliminary Survey '' , Islam & Science , 2 , retrieved 2010 - 03 - 02 Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani ( 1973 ) . `` Cosmology and Religion in Islam '' . Scientia / Rivista di Scienza. 108 ( 67 ) : 762 . ^ Jump up to : Young , M.J.L. , ed. ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) . Religion , Learning and Science in the ' Abbasid Period . Cambridge University Press . p. 413 . ISBN 9780521028875 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . SUNY Press . p. 135 . ISBN 9781438414195 . Jump up ^ Qadir ( 1989 ) , p. 5 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Nicolaus Copernicus , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ E.S. Kennedy , `` Al - Bīrūnī 's Masudic Canon '' , Al - Abhath , 24 ( 1971 ) : 59 -- 81 ; reprinted in David A. King and Mary Helen Kennedy , ed. , Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences , Beirut , 1983 , pp. 573 -- 595 . Jump up ^ G. Wiet , V. Elisseeff , P. Wolff , J. Naudu ( 1975 ) . History of Mankind , Vol 3 : The Great medieval Civilisations , p. 649 . George Allen & Unwin Ltd , UNESCO . ^ Jump up to : Saliba ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Samsó , Julio ( 2007 ) . `` Biṭrūjī : Nūr al ‐ Dīn Abū Isḥāq ( Abū Jaʿfar ) Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf al ‐ Biṭrūjī '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 133 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) ^ Jump up to : Samsó , Julio ( 1970 -- 80 ) . `` Al - Bitruji Al - Ishbili , Abu Ishaq '' . Dictionary of Scientific Biography . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 10114 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hikmat al - ' Ain , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Toby E. Huff ( 1993 ) : The rise of early modern science : Islam , China , and the West ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Nicholas of Cusa , De docta ignorantia , 2.12 , p. 103 , cited in Koyré ( 1957 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Ramasubramanian , K. ( 1998 ) , `` Model of planetary motion in the works of Kerala astronomers '' , Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India , 26 : 11 -- 31 ( 23 -- 4 ) , Bibcode : 1998BASI ... 26 ... 11R Jump up ^ K. Ramasubramanian , et al. ( 1994 ) , p. 788 Jump up ^ Amartya Kumar Dutta ( May 2006 ) , `` Āryabhata and axial rotation of earth '' , Resonance , Springer , 11 ( 5 ) : 58 -- 72 ( 70 -- 1 ) , doi : 10.1007 / BF02839373 , ISSN 0973 - 712X Jump up ^ George G. Joseph ( 2000 ) , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Ramasubramanian , K. ; Srinivas , M.D. ; Sriram , M.S. ( 1994 ) , `` Modification of the earlier Indian planetary theory by the Kerala astronomers ( c. 1500 AD ) and the implied heliocentric picture of planetary motion '' , Current Science , 66 : 784 -- 790 . Jump up ^ Roberts , V. ; Kennedy , E.S. ( 1959 ) . `` The Planetary Theory of Ibn al - Shatir '' . Isis. 50 : 232 -- 234 . doi : 10.1086 / 348774 . Jump up ^ Guessoum , N. ( June 2008 ) , `` Copernicus and Ibn Al - Shatir : does the Copernican revolution have Islamic roots ? '' , The Observatory , 128 : 231 -- 239 ( 238 ) , Bibcode : 2008Obs ... 128 ... 231G Jump up ^ A.I. Sabra ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ E.S. Kennedy ( Autumn 1966 ) , `` Late Medieval Planetary Theory '' , Isis , University of Chicago Press , 57 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 378 ( 377 ) , doi : 10.1086 / 350144 , JSTOR 228366 Jump up ^ Saliba , George ( 1995 - 07 - 01 ) . A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam . NYU Press . ISBN 9780814780237 . Jump up ^ Swerdlow , Noel M. ( 1973 - 12 - 31 ) . `` The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus 's Planetary Theory : A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 117 ( 6 ) : 424 . ISSN 0003 - 049X . JSTOR 986461 . Jump up ^ King , David A. ( 2007 ) . `` Ibn al ‐ Shāṭir : ʿAlāʾ al ‐ Dīn ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 569 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers , Penguin Books , 1959 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ N.K. Singh , M. Zaki Kirmani , Encyclopaedia of Islamic science and scientists ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Viktor Blåsjö , `` A Critique of the Arguments for Maragha Influence on Copernicus '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 45 ( 2014 ) , 183 - 195 ADS . Jump up ^ Freely , John ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) . Light from the East : How the Science of Medieval Islam Helped to Shape the Western World . I.B. Tauris . p. 179 . ISBN 9781784531386 . Jump up ^ Veselovsky , I.N. ( 1973 ) , `` Copernicus and Nasir al - Din al - Tusi '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 4 : 128 -- 30 , Bibcode : 1973JHA ... 4 ... 128V . Jump up ^ Neugebauer , Otto ( 1975 ) , A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy , 2 , Berlin / Heidelberg / New York : Springer - Verlag , p. 1035 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 06995 - X Jump up ^ Kren , Claudia ( 1971 ) , `` The Rolling Device of Naṣir al - Dīn al - Ṭūsī in the De spera of Nicole Oresme '' , Isis , 62 ( 4 ) : 490 -- 498 , doi : 10.1086 / 350791 . Jump up ^ The image shows a woodcut by Christoph Murer , from Nicolaus Reusner 's Icones ( printed 1578 ) , allegedly after a ( lost ) self - portrait by Copernicus himself ; the Murer portrait became the template for a number of later ( 17th century ) woodcuts , copper engravings and paintings of Copernicus . Jump up ^ Henry , John ( 2001 ) . Moving heaven and earth : Copernicus and the solar system . Cambridge : Icon . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84046 - 251 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gingerich , ( 2004 , p. 51 ) Jump up ^ Gingerich , O. `` Did Copernicus Owe a Debt to Aristarchus ? '' Journal for the History of Astronomy , Vol. 16 , NO. 1 / FEB , P. 37 , 1985 . As mentioned earlier in this article , Philolaus had the Earth moving round a Central Fire which was not the Sun , so Copernicus 's reference to Aristarchus 's model as possibly geodynamic does not necessarily imply that he thought it was heliocentric . Jump up ^ A library catalogue of a 16th - century historian , Matthew of Miechow , bears that date and contains a reference to the manuscript , so it must have begun circulating before that date ( Koyré , 1973 , p. 85 ; Gingerich , 2004 , p. 32 ) . Jump up ^ Speller ( 2008 , p. 51 ) Jump up ^ `` Religious Objections to Copernicus '' . Jump up ^ Melanchthon , Elements of Physics , 1st . edition , 1549 Jump up ^ Revolution in Science , I. Bernard Cohen , page 497 . Jump up ^ Rosen ( 1995 , p. 159 ) . Rosen disputes the earlier conclusion of another scholar that this was referring specifically to Copernicus 's theory . According to Rosen , Calvin had very likely never heard of Copernicus and was referring instead to `` the traditional geokinetic cosmology '' . Jump up ^ Rosen , Edward ( 1960 ) , Calvin 's attitude toward Copernicus in Journal of the History of Ideas , volume 21 , no . 3 , July , pp. 431 -- 441 . Reprinted in Rosen ( 1995 , pp. 161 -- 171 ) . Jump up ^ Gingerich , Owen ( 2004 ) , The Book Nobody Read . New York : Walker and Co . Jump up ^ Hooykaas , R. ( 1973 ) . Religion and the rise of modern science . Reprint , Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press , 1977 . Jump up ^ Bye , Dan J. ( 2007 ) . McGrath vs Russell on Calvin vs Copernicus : a case of the pot calling the kettle black ? in The Freethinker , volume 127 , no . 6 , June , pp. 8 -- 10 . Available online here . Jump up ^ Owen Gingerich , The eye of heaven : Ptolemy , Copernicus , Kepler , New York : American Institute of Physics , 1993 , 181 , ISBN 0 - 88318 - 863 - 5 Jump up ^ Blair , Ann , `` Tycho Brahe 's critique of Copernicus and the Copernican system '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 51 , 1990 , 364 . Jump up ^ Gingerich , O. & Voelkel , J.R. , J. Hist . Astron. , Vol. 29 , 1998 , page 1 , 24 Jump up ^ Fantoli , 2003 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers ( Penguin Arkana , 1989 p. 433 ) Jump up ^ Langford ( 1992 ) , p. 56 - 57 Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 240 ) , Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 110 − 111 ) , Favaro ( 1907 , 19 : 297 − 298 ) Archived December 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 110 − 115 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 68 - 69 ) Ingoli 's essay was published in English translation for the first time in 2015 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 2010 , pp. 72 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 71 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 66 - 76 , 164 - 175 , 187 - 195 ) Jump up ^ Favaro ( 1907 , 19 : 320 ) Archived May 13 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Domínguez ( 2014 ) ; arXiv : 1402.6168 Original text of the decision ^ Jump up to : Heilbron ( 2010 ) , p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Finochiario , Maurice ( 2007 ) . Retrying Galileo . University of California Press . ^ Jump up to : The Systeme of the World : in Four Dialogues ( 1661 ) Thomas Salusbury translation of Dialogo sopra i Due Massi Sistemi del Mondo ( 1632 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers ( Penguin Arkana , 1989 p. 491 ) Jump up ^ Heilbronn ( 1999 , p. 203 ) ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , David A. Is Pluto a Planet , p. 66 , Princeton University Press , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Kepler 's Laws of Planetary Motion : 1609 -- 1666 '' , J.L. Russell , British Journal for the History of Science , Vol. 2 , No. 1 , June 1964 Jump up ^ Curtis Wilson , `` The Newtonian achievement in astronomy '' , pages 233 -- 274 in R Taton & C Wilson ( eds ) ( 1989 ) , The General History of Astronomy , Volume 2A , at page 233 ^ Jump up to : ( text quotations from 1729 translation of Newton Principia , Book 3 ( 1729 vol. 2 ) at pages 232 -- 233 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Pontifical Decrees Against the Doctrine of the Earth 's Movement , and the Ultramontane Defence of Them '' , Rev. William Roberts , 1885 , London Jump up ^ John L. Heilbron , Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo ( in McMullin , Ernan ed. , The Church and Galileo , University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , 2005 , p. 307 , IN . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03483 - 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Heilbron ( 2005 , pp. 279 , 312 -- 313 ) Jump up ^ Noah J. Efron . Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery in Early Modern Europe . Journal of the History of Ideas , Vol. 58 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1997 ) , pp. 719 -- 732 Jump up ^ Sefer Elim , Amsterdam , 1629 , стр. 304 Jump up ^ Neher ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ In a marginal note in his Massé Touvia ( part 2 , p. 52b ) : `` Remark of the author : I fear that the incredulous may draw an objection from a text of Midrash Bereshit Rabba ( V , 8 ) in which our Teachers , the Rabbis , of blessed memory , explain that if the Earth is called in Hebrew `` eretz '' it is because it hastens ( `` ratseta '' ) before the Creator in order to accomplish His will . I acknowledge that the answer to this objection seems difficult for me to find `` , as translated by Neher ( 1977 , p. 220 ) . Jump up ^ `` יפח לקץ - חלק א - שלזינגר , ישראל דוד ( page 13 of 134 ) '' . www.hebrewbooks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jeremy , Brown ( 2008 -- 2009 ) . `` Rabbi Reuven Landau and the Jewish Reaction to Copernican Thought in Nineteenth Century Europe '' ( PDF ) . The Torah u-Madda Journal . 15 : 142 . Jump up ^ `` HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail : מי מנוחות -- נויזץ , אליעזר ליפמן '' . hebrewbooks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ RABBI NATAN , SLIFKIN . `` The Sun 's Path at Night : The Revolution in Rabbinic Perspectives on the Ptolemaic Revolution '' . Rationalist Judaism . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1964 - , Brown , Jeremy , ( 2013 ) . New heavens and a new earth : the Jewish reception of Copernican thought . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 262 . ISBN 9780199754793 . OCLC 808316428 . Jump up ^ `` on the basis of the presently accepted scientific view ( in accordance with the theory of Relativity ) that where two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another , it is impossible scientifically to ascertain which revolves around which , or which is stationary and the other in motion . Therefore , to say that there is , or can be , ' scientific proof ' that the earth revolves around the sun is quite an unscientific and uncritical statement . '' `` '' Igrot Kodesh '' v. 7 , p. 134 , letter number 1996 `` . Otzar770.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ 1964 - , Brown , Jeremy , ( 2013 ) . New heavens and a new earth : the Jewish reception of Copernican thought . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 362 . ISBN 9780199754793 . OCLC 808316428 . External links ( edit ) Does Heliocentrism Mean That the Sun is Stationary ? Heliocentric Pantheon The Copernican Model : a Sun Centered Solar System References ( edit ) Baker , A. and Chapter , L. ( 2002 ) , `` Part 4 : The Sciences '' . In M.M. Sharif , `` A History of Muslim Philosophy '' , Philosophia Islamica . Drake , Stillman ( 1978 ) . Galileo At Work . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 16226 - 5 . Dreyer , J.L.E. ( 1953 ) , A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler , New York , NY : Dover Publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 60079 - 3 Fantoli , Annibale ( 2003 ) . Galileo -- For Copernicanism and the Church , 3rd English edition , tr . George V. Coyne , SJ . Vatican Observatory Publications , Notre Dame , IN . ISBN 88 - 209 - 7427 - 4 . Favaro , Antonio , ed. ( 1890 -- 1909 ) . Le Opere di Galileo Galilei , Edizione Nazionale ( The Works of Galileo Galilei , National Edition ) ( in Italian ) . Florence : Barbera . ISBN 88 - 09 - 20881 - 1 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2007 . A searchable online copy is available on the Institute and Museum of the History of Science , Florence , and a brief overview of Le Opere is available at Finn 's fine books , and here . Finocchiaro , Maurice ( 2010 ) , Defending Copernicus and Galileo : Critical Reasoning in the two Affairs , Springer , ISBN 978 - 9048132003 Gingerich , Owen ( 2004 ) . The Book Nobody Read . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 01315 - 3 . Graney , Christopher M. ( 2015 ) , Setting Aside All Authority : Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo , University of Notre Dame Press , ISBN 978 - 0268029883 Heath , T.L. ( 1913 ) . Aristarchus of Samos , the ancient Copernicus : a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus , Oxford , Clarendon . ISBN 0 - 486 - 24188 - 2 ( 1981 Dover reprint ) . Heilbron , John L. ( 1999 ) , The Sun in the Church : Cathedrals as Solar Observatories , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0674005368 Heilbron , John L. ( 2005 ) . `` Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo '' . In McMullin , Ernan . The Church and Galileo . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03483 - 4 . Heilbron , John L. ( 2010 ) . `` Biography of Galileo '' . Galileo . Oxford University Press , Oxford . Joseph , George G. ( 2000 ) . The Crest of the Peacock : Non-European Roots of Mathematics , 2nd edition . Penguin Books , London . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00659 - 8 . Koestler , Arthur , ( 1959 ) The Sleepwalkers : A History of Man 's Changing Vision of the Universe , Penguin Books ; 1986 edition : ISBN 0 - 14 - 055212 - X , 1990 reprint : ISBN 0 - 14 - 019246 - 8 Koyré , Alexandre ( 1957 ) . From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Univ . Pr . Koyré , Alexandre ( 1973 ) . The Astronomical Revolution : Copernicus -- Kepler -- Borelli . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0504 - 1 . Langford , Jerome K. , O.P. ( 1998 ) ( 1966 ) . Galileo , Science and the Church ( third ed . ) . St. Augustine 's Press . ISBN 1 - 890318 - 25 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) . Original edition by Desclee ( New York , NY , 1966 ) Linton , Christopher M. ( 2004 ) , From Eudoxus to Einstein -- A History of Mathematical Astronomy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82750 - 8 Neher , André ( 1977 ) , `` Copernicus in the Hebraic Literature from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 38 ( No. 2 ) : 221 -- 26 , JSTOR 2708908 Plutarch ( 1957 ) , Plutarch 's Moralia in Fifteen Volumes , XII , Loeb Classical Library edition , translated by Harold Cherniss and William C. Helmbold , London : William Heinemann Qadir , Asghar ( 1989 ) . Relativity : An Introduction to the Special Theory . World Scientific . ISBN 9971 - 5 - 0612 - 2 . Rosen , Edward ( 1995 ) , Copernicus and his Successors , London : Hambledon Press , ISBN 1 - 85285 - 071 - X Sabra , A.I. ( 1998 ) , `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy '' , Perspectives on Science , 6 : 288 -- 330 . Saliba , George ( 1999 ) . Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe ? Columbia University . The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed . ) , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 20687 - 2 Sharratt , Michael ( 1994 ) . Galileo : Decisive Innovator . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56671 - 1 . Speller , Jules ( 2008 ) , Galileo 's Inquisition Trial Revisited , Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang , ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 56229 - 1 Taton , René ; Wilson , Curtis , eds. ( 1989 ) , Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A : Tycho Brahe to Newton , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24254 - 1 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 Thurston , Hugh ( 1994 ) . Early Astronomy . Springer - Verlag , New York . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94107 - X . ( hide ) Ancient Greek astronomy Astronomers Aglaonice Agrippa Anaximander Andronicus Apollonius Aratus Aristarchus Aristyllus Attalus Autolycus Bion Callippus Cleomedes Cleostratus Conon Eratosthenes Euctemon Eudoxus Geminus Heraclides Hicetas Hipparchus Hippocrates of Chios Hypsicles Menelaus Meton Oenopides Philip of Opus Philolaus Posidonius Ptolemy Pytheas Seleucus Sosigenes of Alexandria Sosigenes the Peripatetic Strabo Thales Theodosius Theon of Alexandria Theon of Smyrna Timocharis Works Almagest ( Ptolemy ) On Sizes and Distances ( Hipparchus ) On the Sizes and Distances ( Aristarchus ) On the Heavens ( Aristotle ) Instruments Antikythera mechanism Armillary sphere Astrolabe Dioptra Equatorial ring Gnomon Mural instrument Triquetrum Concepts Callippic cycle Celestial spheres Circle of latitude Counter-Earth Deferent and epicycle Equant Geocentrism Heliocentrism Hipparchic cycle Metonic cycle Octaeteris Solstice Spherical Earth Sublunary sphere Zodiac Influences Babylonian astronomy Egyptian astronomy Influenced Medieval European science Indian astronomy Medieval Islamic astronomy GND : 4131692 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliocentrism&oldid=811699489 '' Categories : Ancient Greek astronomy Obsolete scientific theories History of ideas Early scientific cosmologies Solar System Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles needing the year an event occurred from April 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 09 : 50 . 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-546277936719060371 | Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno | Unus pro omnibus , omnes pro uno - wikipedia Unus pro omnibus , omnes pro uno Jump to : navigation , search `` One for all , all for one '' redirects here . For the Galneryus album , see One for All - All for One . The motto in the central part of the dome of the Federal Palace ( see entire dome ) . Memorial sheet to mark the revision of the Swiss federal constitution on April 19 , 1874 by E. Conrad , ca . 1874 . Unus pro omnibus , omnes pro uno is a Latin phrase that means `` One for all , all for one '' in English . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earlier uses 2 Traditional motto of Switzerland 3 Three Musketeers 4 See also 5 References Earlier uses ( edit ) In a meeting in 1618 between leaders of the Bohemian , Catholic and Protestant communities , which resulted in the defenestrations of Prague , a representative of the Protestants read a letter affirming , `` As they also absolutely intended to proceed with the execution against us , we came to a unanimous agreement among ourselves that , regardless of any loss of life and limb , honor and property , we would stand firm , with all for one and one for all ... nor would we be subservient , but rather we would loyally help and protect each other to the utmost , against all difficulties . '' Traditional motto of Switzerland ( edit ) Switzerland has no official motto defined in its constitution or legislative documents . The phrase , in its German ( Einer für alle , alle für einen ) , French ( un pour tous , tous pour un ) , Italian ( Uno per tutti , tutti per uno ) and Romansh ( In per tuts , tuts per in ) versions , came into widespread use in the 19th century . After autumn storms had caused widespread floods in the Swiss Alps in late September and early October 1868 , officials launched an aid campaign under that slogan , deliberately using it to evoke a sense of duty and solidarity and national unity in the population of the young nation . Switzerland had become a federal state only 20 years earlier , and the last civil war among the cantons , the Sonderbundskrieg , had been in 1847 . Newspaper ads that used the motto to call for donations were run in all parts of the country . The phrase was increasingly associated with the founding myths of Switzerland , which often also have solidarity as a central theme , to such a degree that `` Unus pro omnibus , omnes pro uno '' was even written in the cupola of the Federal Palace of Switzerland in 1902 . It has since been considered the motto of the country . Politicians of all parties and regions acknowledge it as the motto of Switzerland . Three Musketeers ( edit ) Main article : The Three Musketeers Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Three Musketeers One for all , and all for one ( Un pour tous , tous pour un ; also inverted to All for one , and one for all ) is a motto traditionally associated with the titular heroes of the novel The Three Musketeers written by Alexandre Dumas père , first published in 1844 . In the novel , it was the motto of a group of French musketeers named Athos , Porthos , Aramis and d'Artagnan who stayed loyal to each other through thick and thin . On November 30 , 2002 , in an elaborate but solemn procession , six Republican Guards carried the coffin of Dumas from its original interment site in the Cimetière de Villers - Cotterêts in Aisne to the Panthéon . The coffin was draped in a blue - velvet cloth inscribed with the motto . See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alexandre Dumas E pluribus unum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Helfferich , Tryntje ( 2009 ) . The Thirty Years War : A Documentary History . Indianapolis : Hackett Publishing Company . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` La fraternité '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland . June 2003 . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 03 - 27 . The traditional motto `` one for all , all for one '' has no constitutional or legal foundation . '' URL last accessed January 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pfister , Ch . ( January 18 , 2005 ) . `` Die Geburt der Schweiz aus der Katastrophe '' ( PDF ) . Tages - Anzeiger ( in German ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2006 . Retrieved January 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Summermatter , S. ; Pfister , Ch . ( eds . ) ( 2004 ) . `` Zoll der Sympathie -- Die Bewältigung der Überschwemmungen von 1868 mit Hilfe der Eidgenössischen Spendensammlung in : Katastrophen und ihre Bewältigung . Perspektiven und Positionen '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Berne : Verlag Paul Haupt . ISBN 3 - 258 - 06758 - 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2006 . Retrieved January 23 , 2006 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Federal Assembly - The Swiss Parliament : Architecture , on the official website of the Swiss Parliament . URL last accessed January 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ruth Dreifuss , President of the Swiss Confederation . Swiss National Day Address , 1 August 1999 . Available in German Archived 2006 - 02 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , French Archived 2006 - 02 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . and Italian Archived 2006 - 02 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... URLs last accessed January 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ Yves Christen , speaker of the National Council . parlament.ch. 18 March 2003 . URL last accessed January 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Max Binder , speaker of the National Council . parlament.ch. 1 August 2004 . URL last accessed January 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Thérèse Meyer , speaker of the National Council . parlament.ch 24 March 2005 . URL last accessed 23 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Samuel Schmid , President of the Swiss Confederation . vbs.admin.ch Archived 2006 - 03 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . 23 September 2005 . URL last accessed 23 January 2006 . Jump up ^ The Three Musketeers at Project Gutenberg , ch. 9 : `` ' And now , gentlemen , ' said d'Artagnan , without stopping to explain his conduct to Porthos , ' All for one , one for all -- that is our motto , is it not ? ' '' Jump up ^ Les Trois Mousquetaires at Project Gutenberg , ch. 9 : `` Et maintenant , messieurs , dit d'Artagnan sans se donner la peine d'expliquer sa conduite à Porthos , tous pour un , un pour tous , c'est notre devise , n'est - ce pas ? 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-498438899708165647 | 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage | 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage The knockout stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup was the second and final stage of the competition , following the group stage . It began on 30 June with the round of 16 and ended on 15 July with the final match , held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The top two teams from each group ( 16 in total ) advanced to the knockout stage to compete in a single - elimination style tournament . A third place play - off was also played between the two losing teams of the semi-finals . France won the final 4 -- 2 against Croatia for their second title . All times listed are local time . Contents 1 Format 2 Qualified teams 3 Bracket 4 Round of 16 4.1 France vs Argentina 4.2 Uruguay vs Portugal 4.3 Spain vs Russia 4.4 Croatia vs Denmark 4.5 Brazil vs Mexico 4.6 Belgium vs Japan 4.7 Sweden vs Switzerland 4.8 Colombia vs England 5 Quarter - finals 5.1 Uruguay vs France 5.2 Brazil vs Belgium 5.3 Sweden vs England 5.4 Russia vs Croatia 6 Semi-finals 6.1 France vs Belgium 6.2 Croatia vs England 7 Third place play - off 8 Final 9 References 10 External links Format ( edit ) In the knockout stage , if a match was level at the end of 90 minutes of normal playing time , extra time was played ( two periods of 15 minutes each ) , where each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution . If still tied after extra time , the match was decided by a penalty shoot - out to determine the winners . Qualified teams ( edit ) The top two placed teams from each of the eight groups qualified for the knockout stage . Group Winners Runners - up Uruguay Russia Spain Portugal France Denmark Croatia Argentina Brazil Switzerland Sweden Mexico Belgium England Colombia Japan Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 30 June -- Sochi Uruguay 6 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Portugal Uruguay 0 30 June -- Kazan France France 10 July -- Saint Petersburg Argentina France 2 July -- Samara Belgium 0 Brazil 6 July -- Kazan Mexico 0 Brazil 2 July -- Rostov - on - Don Belgium Belgium 15 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Japan France 1 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Croatia Spain 1 ( 3 ) 7 July -- Sochi Russia ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Russia 2 ( 3 ) 1 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Croatia ( p ) 2 ( 4 ) Croatia ( p ) 1 ( 3 ) 11 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Denmark 1 ( 2 ) Croatia ( a.e.t. ) 3 July -- Saint Petersburg England Third place play - off Sweden 7 July -- Samara 14 July -- Saint Petersburg Switzerland 0 Sweden 0 Belgium 3 July -- Moscow ( Otkritie ) England England 0 Colombia 1 ( 3 ) England ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Round of 16 ( edit ) France vs Argentina ( edit ) Match referee Alireza Faghani presents one of eight yellow cards during the match . The teams had faced each other in 11 previous matches , including two World Cup group stage matches , both won by Argentina ( 1 -- 0 in 1930 , and 2 -- 1 in 1978 ) . After nine minutes , Antoine Griezmann 's 25 - yard free - kick crashed back off Franco Armani 's crossbar . After picking the ball up deep inside his own half , Kylian Mbappé set off on a run that was halted when Marcos Rojo hauled him down just inside the area . Griezmann stepped up and converted from the spot , sending the ball low to Armani 's right . Four minutes before the interval , Ángel Di María shot from distance with his left foot to beat Hugo Lloris into the top right corner of the net . Three minutes after the restart , Éver Banega 's free - kick was headed out towards Lionel Messi whose effort towards goal from the right was diverted past Lloris by Gabriel Mercado with his left leg . Nine minutes later , Lucas Hernández 's cross from the left found Benjamin Pavard , who shot a half - volley from outside the area , sending it into Armani 's top - right corner . Mbappé put France ahead again in the 64th minute when he picked up a loose ball in the left of the area , found a yard of space and fired in low with his left foot under Armani . His second -- a first - time low finish from the right of the penalty area with his right foot -- followed just four minutes later . Sergio Agüero nodded home in the third minute of stoppage time from a Messi cross from the right . Argentina had a final chance to score , but the ball was deflected , dumping them out of the World Cup . This game was hailed as `` one of the greatest World Cup games of all time '' by The Independent . Didier Deschamps is now the longest - serving coach in the history of the French national team , with his 80th game in charge of France , moving ahead of his predecessor Raymond Domenech . Mbappé became the first teenager to score at least twice in a World Cup tournament since Michael Owen in 1998 , and the first teenager to score at least twice in a single World Cup match since Pelé netted twice for Brazil against Sweden in the 1958 final . Argentina are the first team to score at least three goals but still lose a World Cup match since the Soviet Union vs Belgium in 1986 . Pavard 's strike was later voted as goal of the tournament . 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 3 Argentina Griezmann 13 ' ( pen . ) Pavard 57 ' Mbappé 64 ' , 68 ' Report Di María 41 ' Mercado 48 ' Agüero 90 + 3 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) France Argentina GK Hugo Lloris ( c ) RB Benjamin Pavard 73 ' CB Raphaël Varane CB 5 Samuel Umtiti LB 21 Lucas Hernández CM 13 N'Golo Kanté CM 6 Paul Pogba RW 10 Kylian Mbappé 89 ' AM 7 Antoine Griezmann 83 ' LW 14 Blaise Matuidi 72 ' 75 ' CF 9 Olivier Giroud 90 + 3 ' Substitutions : MF 12 Corentin Tolisso 75 ' FW 18 Nabil Fekir 83 ' FW 20 Florian Thauvin 89 ' Manager : Didier Deschamps GK 12 Franco Armani RB Gabriel Mercado CB 17 Nicolás Otamendi 90 + 3 ' CB 16 Marcos Rojo 11 ' 46 ' LB Nicolás Tagliafico 19 ' CM 15 Enzo Pérez 66 ' CM 14 Javier Mascherano 43 ' CM 7 Éver Banega 50 ' RF 22 Cristian Pavón 75 ' CF 10 Lionel Messi ( c ) LF 11 Ángel Di María Substitutions : DF 6 Federico Fazio 46 ' FW 19 Sergio Agüero 66 ' MF 13 Maximiliano Meza 75 ' Manager : Jorge Sampaoli Man of the Match : Kylian Mbappé ( France ) Assistant referees : Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Mohammadreza Mansouri ( Iran ) Fourth official : Julio Bascuñán ( Chile ) Reserve assistant referee : Christian Schiemann ( Chile ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Uruguay vs Portugal ( edit ) The Uruguayan team celebrates after Edinson Cavani scores his team 's second goal in the 62nd minute . The teams had met in two previous matches , most recently in Brazil Independence Cup in 1972 , the match ending in a 1 -- 1 draw . In the seventh minute , Edinson Cavani switched play from right to left with a sweeping pass out to Luis Suárez , who delivered a cross which the former crashed home at the back post from six yards out . In the 55th minute , Raphaël Guerreiro delivered a cross from a short corner on the left , which Pepe finished with a downward header . Just seven minutes later , Rodrigo Bentancur collected the ball around 30 yards out and slipped a pass out to Cavani on the left side of the penalty area , Cavani then shot a curling right - foot strike into the right corner of the net to reclaim the lead for Uruguay . Bernardo Silva shot off - target with the goal gaping after Fernando Muslera 's mistake , with Cavani seeming to pick up an injury in the scramble . Pepe , aged 35 years and 124 days , became Portugal 's oldest goal - scorer at a FIFA World Cup . This is the first time Uruguay have won their opening four games at a World Cup tournament since 1930 , with the fourth game in that run being their 4 -- 2 victory over Argentina in the final . 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 2 -- 1 Portugal Cavani 7 ' , 62 ' Report Pepe 55 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Uruguay Portugal GK Fernando Muslera RB 22 Martín Cáceres CB José Giménez CB Diego Godín ( c ) LB 17 Diego Laxalt RM 8 Nahitan Nández 81 ' CM 14 Lucas Torreira CM 15 Matías Vecino LM 6 Rodrigo Bentancur 63 ' CF 9 Luis Suárez CF 21 Edinson Cavani 74 ' Substitutions : MF 7 Cristian Rodríguez 63 ' FW 11 Cristhian Stuani 74 ' MF 5 Carlos Sánchez 81 ' Manager : Óscar Tabárez GK Rui Patrício RB 15 Ricardo Pereira CB Pepe CB 6 José Fonte LB 5 Raphaël Guerreiro RM 11 Bernardo Silva CM 14 William Carvalho CM 23 Adrien Silva 65 ' LM 10 João Mário 84 ' CF 17 Gonçalo Guedes 74 ' CF 7 Cristiano Ronaldo ( c ) 90 + 3 ' Substitutions : FW 20 Ricardo Quaresma 65 ' FW 9 André Silva 74 ' MF Manuel Fernandes 84 ' Manager : Fernando Santos Man of the Match : Edinson Cavani ( Uruguay ) Assistant referees : Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Miguel Hernández ( Mexico ) Fourth official : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Reserve assistant referee : Corey Rockwell ( United States ) Video assistant referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Assistant video assistant referees : Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Spain vs Russia ( edit ) Marco Asensio ( left ) and Roman Zobnin ( right ) challenge for possession of the ball . The teams had met in six previous games , most recently in a friendly in 2017 , which ended in a 3 -- 3 draw . Playing as the Soviet Union , the teams had faced each other five times . Russia has only had one victory over Spain . In the 12th minute , Isco 's free - kick from deep on the right saw Sergei Ignashevich grappling with Sergio Ramos at the back post , the ball bouncing past Igor Akinfeev off the defender 's heel . Russia were then awarded a penalty when Gerard Piqué handled in the box after a corner from the right . Artem Dzyuba shot home to the right of the net from 12 yards to send the sides into half - time level . In the 85th minute , Akinfeev got down low to his right to save a shot from Andrés Iniesta , the goalkeeper then denied Iago Aspas on the rebound . Piqué and Ramos both appeared to be held from a set - piece but , after a VAR check , the referee waved away Spain 's appeals . In the penalties , Akinfeev kept out a Koke effort and saw Aspas ' effort diverted away by his leg to give Russia the win ; as all Russia 's penalty kicks ended up successful . Spain have now lost three of their four World Cup penalty shootouts ( after losing to Belgium in 1986 , beating the Republic of Ireland in 2002 and losing to South Korea in 2002 ) , and still have never defeated a host nation at FIFA World Cup , after losing to Italy 0 -- 1 in 1934 , Brazil 1 -- 6 in 1950 , and South Korea after penalties in 2002 . Russia have reached the quarter - final of the World Cup for the first time since the break - up of the Soviet Union . Ignashevich became the oldest player to score an own goal at the World Cup , aged 38 years and 352 days . The match marked the first time in the history of the FIFA World Cup in which a fourth substitution was made during extra time , after Aleksandr Yerokhin of Russia entered the pitch in the 97th minute . 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Russia Ignashevich 12 ' ( o.g. ) Report Dzyuba 41 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Iniesta Piqué Koke Ramos Aspas 3 -- 4 Smolov Ignashevich Golovin Cheryshev Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Spain Russia GK David de Gea RB Nacho 70 ' CB Gerard Piqué 40 ' CB 15 Sergio Ramos ( c ) LB 18 Jordi Alba CM 8 Koke CM 5 Sergio Busquets RW 21 David Silva 67 ' AM 22 Isco LW 20 Marco Asensio 104 ' CF 19 Diego Costa 80 ' Substitutions : MF 6 Andrés Iniesta 67 ' DF Dani Carvajal 70 ' FW 17 Iago Aspas 80 ' FW 9 Rodrigo 104 ' Manager : Fernando Hierro GK Igor Akinfeev ( c ) SW Sergei Ignashevich CB Ilya Kutepov 54 ' CB 13 Fyodor Kudryashov RWB Mário Fernandes LWB 18 Yuri Zhirkov 46 ' CM 19 Aleksandr Samedov 61 ' CM 11 Roman Zobnin 71 ' CM 7 Daler Kuzyayev 97 ' CF 22 Artem Dzyuba 65 ' CF 17 Aleksandr Golovin Substitutions : DF 14 Vladimir Granat 46 ' MF 6 Denis Cheryshev 61 ' FW 10 Fyodor Smolov 65 ' MF 21 Aleksandr Yerokhin 97 ' Manager : Stanislav Cherchesov Man of the Match : Igor Akinfeev ( Russia ) Assistant referees : Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Fourth official : Clément Turpin ( France ) Reserve assistant referee : Nicolas Danos ( France ) Video assistant referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Assistant video assistant referees : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Croatia vs Denmark ( edit ) The teams had met in five matches , which includes two matches played in 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification , the first fixture ending in a 1 -- 1 draw and the reverse fixture a 3 -- 1 Denmark win . In the first minute , a long throw into the Croatia penalty area by Jonas Knudsen , allowed a run to Thomas Delaney who touched the ball on to Mathias Jørgensen , who side - footed it into the net via deflections off goalkeeper Danijel Subašić and the post . After three minutes , Šime Vrsaljko 's ball into the box reached Henrik Dalsgaard , whose clearance hit Andreas Christensen in the face and saw Mario Mandžukić tucking the ball between Kasper Schmeichel and the left post with a shot on the turn from six yards . During extra time , Ante Rebić burst clear of the Denmark defence and was felled by Mathias Jørgensen when he was clean through on goal , only for Schmeichel to save Luka Modrić 's spot - kick by diving down to his left and clutching the ball to his chest . In the shoot - out , Subašić tipped off Christian Eriksen 's penalty onto the post but Schmeichel saved from Milan Badelj to bring the sides level . Lasse Schöne 's shot was saved by Subašić and Josip Pivarić was denied by an acrobatic Schmeichel stop . On the final spot kicks for both the teams , Nicolai Jørgensen took a shot from a staggered run - up which Subašić saved with his feet , before Ivan Rakitić slotted the ball into the bottom left corner of the net . Croatia have qualified for their first World Cup quarter - final since 1998 . 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 40,851 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Croatia Denmark GK 23 Danijel Subašić RB Šime Vrsaljko CB 6 Dejan Lovren CB 21 Domagoj Vida LB Ivan Strinić 81 ' CM 7 Ivan Rakitić CM 11 Marcelo Brozović 71 ' RW 18 Ante Rebić AM 10 Luka Modrić ( c ) LW Ivan Perišić 97 ' CF 17 Mario Mandžukić 108 ' Substitutions : MF 8 Mateo Kovačić 71 ' DF 22 Josip Pivarić 81 ' FW 9 Andrej Kramarić 97 ' MF 19 Milan Badelj 108 ' Manager : Zlatko Dalić GK Kasper Schmeichel RB 5 Jonas Knudsen CB Simon Kjær ( c ) CB 13 Mathias Jørgensen 115 ' LB 14 Henrik Dalsgaard CM 6 Andreas Christensen 46 ' CM 8 Thomas Delaney 98 ' CM 10 Christian Eriksen RF 20 Yussuf Poulsen CF 21 Andreas Cornelius 66 ' LF 11 Martin Braithwaite 106 ' Substitutions : MF 19 Lasse Schöne 46 ' FW 9 Nicolai Jørgensen 66 ' MF Michael Krohn - Dehli 98 ' FW 23 Pione Sisto 106 ' Manager : Åge Hareide Man of the Match : Kasper Schmeichel ( Denmark ) Assistant referees : Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Fourth official : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Reserve assistant referee : Eduardo Cardozo ( Paraguay ) Video assistant referee : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Assistant video assistant referees : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Brazil vs Mexico ( edit ) The teams had met in 40 previous matches including two games at CONCACAF Gold Cup finals ( 1996 and 2003 , both won by Mexico ) , the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup Final ( won 4 -- 3 by Mexico ) , and four times in the FIFA World Cup group stage , three won by Brazil and one ending in a draw ( 4 -- 0 in 1950 , 5 -- 0 in 1954 , 2 -- 0 in 1962 and 0 -- 0 in 2014 ) . Hirving Lozano 's half - volley was well blocked by Miranda , while at the other end , Guillermo Ochoa saved Neymar 's drive from just outside the penalty area . After 25 minutes , Neymar raced past Edson Álvarez in the area and forced Ochoa into a save with his left hand . Gabriel Jesus went close in the 33rd minute , finding space in a crowded area and drilling in a left - footed strike that Ochoa palmed away . In the 51st minute , Neymar 's back - heel on the edge of the area teed up Willian for a burst into the box and his scuffed cross from the left was slid into an empty net by Neymar from close range . With two minutes remaining , Neymar powered through on the left and his low effort was diverted by Ochoa 's foot into the path of Roberto Firmino , who tapped the ball into an empty net from close range . Since the introduction of the round of 16 in 1986 , Mexico have been eliminated at this stage of the World Cup seven times -- more than twice as many as any other nation . This was also Mexico 's fourth defeat on the hand of Brazil , and moreover , Mexico had never scored a single goal against Brazil in the FIFA World Cup . 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 Mexico Neymar 51 ' Firmino 88 ' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Brazil Mexico GK Alisson RB 22 Fagner CB Thiago Silva ( c ) CB Miranda LB 6 Filipe Luís 43 ' CM 15 Paulinho 80 ' CM 5 Casemiro 59 ' RW 19 Willian 90 + 1 ' AM 11 Philippe Coutinho 86 ' LW 10 Neymar CF 9 Gabriel Jesus Substitutions : MF 17 Fernandinho 80 ' FW 20 Roberto Firmino 86 ' DF 13 Marquinhos 90 + 1 ' Manager : Tite GK 13 Guillermo Ochoa RB 21 Edson Álvarez 38 ' 55 ' CB Hugo Ayala CB Carlos Salcedo 77 ' LB 23 Jesús Gallardo CM 16 Héctor Herrera 55 ' CM Rafael Márquez ( c ) 46 ' CM 18 Andrés Guardado 90 + 2 ' RF 11 Carlos Vela CF 14 Javier Hernández 60 ' LF 22 Hirving Lozano Substitutions : MF 7 Miguel Layún 46 ' MF 6 Jonathan dos Santos 55 ' FW 9 Raúl Jiménez 60 ' Manager : Juan Carlos Osorio Man of the Match : Neymar ( Brazil ) Assistant referees : Elenito Di Liberatore ( Italy ) Mauro Tonolini ( Italy ) Fourth official : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Reserve assistant referee : Pau Cebrián Devís ( Spain ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Belgium vs Japan ( edit ) Belgium cornerback Jan Vertonghen in possession of the ball during the match . The teams had faced each other in 5 previous matches , including one World Cup group stage match in 2002 , which ended in a 2 -- 2 draw . Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2017 , a 1 -- 0 Belgium win and also Belgium 's first victory over Japan . In the 48th minute , Gaku Shibasaki slipped a pass through to Genki Haraguchi , who rifled a shot across Thibaut Courtois from the right which went into the left corner of the net . After 4 minutes , Japan scored a second , Shinji Kagawa collecting a loose ball and feeding Takashi Inui , the midfielder working himself a yard of space before arrowing home from 25 - yards into the bottom right corner of the net . Jan Vertonghen 's looping header from the left eluded goalkeeper Eiji Kawashima and landed in the right corner of the net after a corner caused chaos in the Japan penalty area -- and five minutes later they were back on level terms . Eden Hazard twisted and turned to create space on the left wing , his cross delivered for Marouane Fellaini to climb above his marker and crash in a downward header . In the last minute of stoppage time , Courtois found Kevin De Bruyne with a long throw , who freed Thomas Meunier with a pass , Meunier squared a low cross from the right and , when Romelu Lukaku dummied the ball , substitute Nacer Chadli was on hand to complete the comeback for Belgium with a low finish . Belgium are the first team to come from two or more goals down to win a World Cup knockout stage match within 90 minutes since Portugal beat North Korea in the 1966 quarter - final ( 3 -- 0 down , 5 -- 3 win ) ; and for the first time comeback from two goals down since West Germany 's comeback 3 -- 2 victory over England at 1970 . Japan scored six goals at Russia 2018 , their highest ever tally in a single World Cup tournament . Belgium have reached the World Cup quarter - finals in successive tournaments for the first time . 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 3 -- 2 Japan Vertonghen 69 ' Fellaini 74 ' Chadli 90 + 4 ' Report Haraguchi 48 ' Inui 52 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 41,466 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Belgium Japan GK Thibaut Courtois CB Toby Alderweireld CB Vincent Kompany CB 5 Jan Vertonghen RM 15 Thomas Meunier CM 7 Kevin De Bruyne CM 6 Axel Witsel LM 11 Yannick Carrasco 65 ' RF 14 Dries Mertens 65 ' CF 9 Romelu Lukaku LF 10 Eden Hazard ( c ) Substitutions : MF 8 Marouane Fellaini 65 ' MF 22 Nacer Chadli 65 ' Manager : Roberto Martínez GK Eiji Kawashima RB 19 Hiroki Sakai CB 22 Maya Yoshida CB Gen Shoji LB 5 Yuto Nagatomo CM 17 Makoto Hasebe ( c ) CM 7 Gaku Shibasaki 40 ' 81 ' RW 8 Genki Haraguchi 81 ' AM 10 Shinji Kagawa LW 14 Takashi Inui CF 15 Yuya Osako Substitutions : MF 16 Hotaru Yamaguchi 81 ' MF Keisuke Honda 81 ' Manager : Akira Nishino Man of the Match : Eden Hazard ( Belgium ) Assistant referees : Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) El Hadji Samba ( Senegal ) Fourth official : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Reserve assistant referee : Jean Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Video assistant referee : Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Assistant video assistant referees : Clément Turpin ( France ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Sweden vs Switzerland ( edit ) Marcus Berg ( left ) attempts to take possession of the ball away from Johan Djourou ( right ) . The teams had faced each other in 28 previous matches , which includes three matches in 1962 FIFA World Cup qualification , Switzerland winning twice ( 3 -- 2 and 2 -- 1 ) and Sweden winning once ( 4 -- 0 ) , and also twice in 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification , both matches ending in a 2 -- 1 Sweden win . Stephan Lichtsteiner and Fabian Schär were both ruled out through suspension . Albin Ekdal 's volley missed the target prior to the break from a Mikael Lustig cross . Ola Toivonen fired over when well positioned inside the penalty area before Emil Forsberg finally broke the deadlock , his right foot shot from just outside the penalty area clipping Manuel Akanji to beat Yann Sommer . Switzerland sent on forwards Breel Embolo and Haris Seferović , and the latter tested Sweden goalkeeper Robin Olsen with a header in the closing stages . Sweden were denied the chance to double their lead from the spot following Michael Lang 's late dismissal for taking out Martin Olsson , with Sommer beating away Toivonen 's driven free - kick after a lengthy delay . Sweden have qualified for their first World Cup quarter - final since 1994 . Sweden have won back - to - back World Cup matches for the first time since 1958 , when they won the quarter - final and semi-final on their way to the final as host nation that year . Olsen has kept three clean sheets at Russia 2018 , a joint - record for a Swedish goalkeeper in World Cup finals history ( also three clean sheets for Ronnie Hellström in 1974 and Kalle Svensson in 1958 ) . 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Sweden 1 -- 0 Switzerland Forsberg 66 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,042 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Sweden Switzerland GK Robin Olsen RB Mikael Lustig 31 ' 82 ' CB Victor Lindelöf CB Andreas Granqvist ( c ) LB 6 Ludwig Augustinsson RM 17 Viktor Claesson CM 13 Gustav Svensson CM 8 Albin Ekdal LM 10 Emil Forsberg 82 ' CF 9 Marcus Berg 90 + 1 ' CF 20 Ola Toivonen Substitutions : DF 5 Martin Olsson 82 ' DF 16 Emil Krafth 82 ' FW 22 Isaac Kiese Thelin 90 + 1 ' Manager : Janne Andersson GK Yann Sommer RB 6 Michael Lang 90 + 4 ' CB 20 Johan Djourou CB 5 Manuel Akanji LB 13 Ricardo Rodríguez CM 11 Valon Behrami ( c ) 61 ' CM 10 Granit Xhaka 68 ' RW 23 Xherdan Shaqiri AM 15 Blerim Džemaili 73 ' LW 14 Steven Zuber 73 ' CF 19 Josip Drmić Substitutions : FW 7 Breel Embolo 73 ' FW 9 Haris Seferović 73 ' Manager : Vladimir Petković Man of the Match : Emil Forsberg ( Sweden ) Assistant referees : Jure Praprotnik ( Slovenia ) Robert Vukan ( Slovenia ) Fourth official : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Reserve assistant referee : Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Video assistant referee : Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Colombia vs England ( edit ) Eric Dier scores the winning goal in England 's first World Cup penalty shoot - out victory , having lost thrice before . The teams had faced each other in five previous matches , including one World Cup group stage match in 1998 , a 2 -- 0 England win . Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2005 , a 3 -- 2 England win . In the 16th minute , Harry Kane arrived beyond the back post to meet a Kieran Trippier cross , but was unable to direct his header on target . Wílmar Barrios was booked when he appeared to headbutt Jordan Henderson in the build - up to a free - kick Trippier bent narrowly wide . Colombia gave away a penalty early in the second half when Carlos Sánchez dragged Kane down in the box after a corner from the right . Kane scored from 12 yards , shooting down the middle to give England the lead . Colombia forced their way into extra-time , Yerry Mina scoring a downward header from a Juan Cuadrado corner from the right . Eric Dier scored the final penalty in the shoot - out , England came from 3 -- 2 down after Mateus Uribe and Carlos Bacca failed to convert their spot - kicks . This was the first time that England had won a penalty shoot - out at the FIFA World Cup , and only the second time they had won on penalties at any major tournament ( the previous occasion being against Spain at Euro 1996 ) . Kane became the first player to score in six consecutive England appearances since Tommy Lawton did so in 1939 . England conceded in injury time at the end of the second half for the first time in World Cup history , with Mina 's goal coming after 92 minutes and 33 seconds . 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Colombia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Mina 90 + 3 ' Report Kane 57 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Falcao Ju . Cuadrado Muriel Uribe Bacca 3 -- 4 Kane Rashford Henderson Trippier Dier Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Colombia England GK David Ospina RB Santiago Arias 52 ' 116 ' CB 13 Yerry Mina CB 23 Dávinson Sánchez LB 17 Johan Mojica CM 5 Wílmar Barrios 41 ' CM 6 Carlos Sánchez 54 ' 79 ' CM 16 Jefferson Lerma 61 ' RW 11 Juan Cuadrado 118 ' LW 20 Juan Fernando Quintero 88 ' CF 9 Radamel Falcao ( c ) 63 ' Substitutions : FW 7 Carlos Bacca 64 ' 61 ' MF 15 Mateus Uribe 79 ' FW 14 Luis Muriel 88 ' DF Cristián Zapata 116 ' Manager : José Pékerman GK Jordan Pickford CB Kyle Walker 113 ' CB 5 John Stones CB 6 Harry Maguire DM 8 Jordan Henderson 56 ' CM 20 Dele Alli 81 ' CM 7 Jesse Lingard 69 ' RM 12 Kieran Trippier LM 18 Ashley Young 102 ' CF 10 Raheem Sterling 88 ' CF 9 Harry Kane ( c ) Substitutions : MF Eric Dier 81 ' FW 11 Jamie Vardy 88 ' DF Danny Rose 102 ' FW 19 Marcus Rashford 113 ' Manager : Gareth Southgate Man of the Match : Harry Kane ( England ) Assistant referees : Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Frank Anderson ( United States ) Fourth official : Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) Reserve assistant referee : Tevita Makasini ( Tonga ) Video assistant referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Assistant video assistant referees : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) Uruguay vs France ( edit ) The teams had met in eight previous matches including three times in the FIFA World Cup group stage , one won by Uruguay and the other two ending in a draw ( 2 -- 1 in 1966 , 0 -- 0 in 2002 and 0 -- 0 in 2010 ) . In the 15th minute , after latching on to Olivier Giroud 's knockdown in the box , Kylian Mbappé headed the ball over Fernando Muslera 's crossbar . Five minutes before the break , Antoine Griezmann 's inswinging free - kick from the right was met by Raphaël Varane , who headed the ball into the bottom left corner . Four minutes later , Martín Cáceres ' header was saved by Hugo Lloris low to his right and Diego Godín shot the rebound over . In the 61st minute , Griezmann 's left footed shot from outside the penalty area slipped through Muslera 's hands and into the net as France doubled their lead . Mbappé went down softly under a challenge from Cristian Rodríguez , prompting angry confrontations involving Godín , Nahitan Nández and Paul Pogba . In the 73rd minute , Corentin Tolisso 's shot curled over , while Griezmann also flashed a late free - kick over the top . France have become only the second team to beat three different South American sides in a single World Cup tournament , after the Netherlands in 1974 . France are unbeaten in 10 World Cup matches against South American sides ( W6 D4 ) , since a 2 -- 1 loss v Argentina in 1978 -- the joint longest run alongside Italy ( 1982 to 2010 ) . 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 0 -- 2 France Report Varane 40 ' Griezmann 61 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Uruguay France GK Fernando Muslera RB 22 Martín Cáceres CB José Giménez CB Diego Godín ( c ) LB 17 Diego Laxalt RM 8 Nahitan Nández 73 ' CM 14 Lucas Torreira CM 15 Matías Vecino LM 6 Rodrigo Bentancur 38 ' 59 ' CF 9 Luis Suárez CF 11 Cristhian Stuani 59 ' Substitutions : FW 18 Maxi Gómez 59 ' MF 7 Cristian Rodríguez 69 ' 59 ' FW 20 Jonathan Urretaviscaya 73 ' Manager : Óscar Tabárez GK Hugo Lloris ( c ) RB Benjamin Pavard CB Raphaël Varane CB 5 Samuel Umtiti LB 21 Lucas Hernández 33 ' CM 6 Paul Pogba CM 13 N'Golo Kanté RW 10 Kylian Mbappé 69 ' 88 ' AM 7 Antoine Griezmann 90 + 3 ' LW 12 Corentin Tolisso 80 ' CF 9 Olivier Giroud Substitutions : MF 15 Steven Nzonzi 80 ' FW 11 Ousmane Dembélé 88 ' FW 18 Nabil Fekir 90 + 3 ' Manager : Didier Deschamps Man of the Match : Antoine Griezmann ( France ) Assistant referees : Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Fourth official : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Reserve assistant referee : Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Brazil vs Belgium ( edit ) Belgium forward Kevin De Bruyne celebrating after the conclusion of the match . The teams had met in four previous matches . Their most recent meeting came in a World Cup knockout stage match in 2002 , Brazil winning 2 -- 0 to advance to the quarter - finals . That match was also the only time the two sides had previously met in a World Cup . Belgium scored from their first corner of the game in the 13th minute , Vincent Kompany flicked on Eden Hazard 's left - wing delivery but the decisive touch came from Fernandinho , who turned the ball past Alisson via his arm . Belgium doubled their lead by breaking from a Brazil corner in the 31st minute , Kevin De Bruyne arrowed a right foot drive across Alisson and into the left corner of the net from the edge of the penalty area after Romelu Lukaku collected the ball , turned and embarked on a 40 - yard run with a pass at the end to free De Bruyne . Brazil 's third change yielded a goal three minutes and 14 seconds after his introduction , Renato Augusto gliding between two Belgium defenders to nod a flicked header past Thibaut Courtois from a Philippe Coutinho cross . Coutinho 's first - time shot flew wide and yet another Neymar penalty appeal was rejected , before he drew a fingertip save from Courtois in the 94th minute . De Bruyne became the 100th player to score at Russia 2018 ( excluding own goals ) . Belgium have reached the World Cup semi-finals for only the second time , losing out to eventual winners Argentina in 1986 . Belgium 's victory was only their second ever against Brazil , and first since a 1963 friendly match in Brussels . This was the first time in 30 matches in all competitions that Brazil had conceded more than once in a game , since a 2 -- 2 draw with Paraguay in March 2016 . 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 2 Belgium Renato Augusto 76 ' Report Fernandinho 13 ' ( o.g. ) De Bruyne 31 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Brazil Belgium GK Alisson RB 22 Fagner 90 ' CB Thiago Silva CB Miranda ( c ) LB 12 Marcelo CM 15 Paulinho 73 ' CM 17 Fernandinho 85 ' RW 19 Willian 46 ' AM 11 Philippe Coutinho LW 10 Neymar CF 9 Gabriel Jesus 58 ' Substitutions : FW 20 Roberto Firmino 46 ' FW 7 Douglas Costa 58 ' MF 8 Renato Augusto 73 ' Manager : Tite GK Thibaut Courtois CB Toby Alderweireld 47 ' CB Vincent Kompany CB 5 Jan Vertonghen RM 15 Thomas Meunier 71 ' CM 8 Marouane Fellaini CM 6 Axel Witsel LM 22 Nacer Chadli 83 ' RF 7 Kevin De Bruyne CF 9 Romelu Lukaku 87 ' LF 10 Eden Hazard ( c ) Substitutions : DF Thomas Vermaelen 83 ' MF 17 Youri Tielemans 87 ' Manager : Roberto Martínez Man of the Match : Kevin De Bruyne ( Belgium ) Assistant referees : Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Fourth official : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Reserve assistant referee : Corey Rockwell ( United States ) Video assistant referee : Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Sweden vs England ( edit ) The teams had faced each other in 23 previous matches , including two times in the group stage of the World Cup , both matches ending in a draw ( 1 -- 1 in 2002 and 2 -- 2 in 2006 ) . Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2012 , a 4 -- 2 Sweden win . England took the lead in the 30th minute , Ashley Young 's outswinging corner from the left found Harry Maguire , goalkeeper Robin Olsen and Ola Toivonen on the line were unable to stop the defender 's downward header . Olsen did well with a strong hand to deny Raheem Sterling , who dallied with the rebound and allowed Andreas Granqvist to make a vital block . Shortly after the restart , Jordan Pickford dived to his left to palm away a header from Marcus Berg , who climbed above Young at the back post . In the 58th minute , another England set - piece caused chaos and , although Sweden initially cleared their lines when Jesse Lingard delivered a cross from the right to the back post , Dele Alli was there to double his side 's advantage with a header . John Guidetti teed up strike partner Berg in the 71st minute but Pickford , tipped the effort over the crossbar . Alli 's goal was England 's 11th at Russia 2018 , equalling the country 's record of most goals at a single World Cup set in 1966 . Alli is the second youngest player to score for England at the World Cup ( 22 years and 87 days ) , behind only Michael Owen ( 18 years and 190 days against Romania in 1998 ) . Maguire became the first player to score their first England goal in a World Cup knockout match since Rio Ferdinand in 2002 against Denmark . Pickford made three saves in this match and became the youngest England goalkeeper to keep a clean sheet in a World Cup match ( 24 years and 122 days ) . England qualified for their first World Cup semi-final since 1990 . 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Sweden 0 -- 2 England Report Maguire 30 ' Alli 59 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 39,991 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Sweden England GK Robin Olsen RB 16 Emil Krafth 85 ' CB Victor Lindelöf CB Andreas Granqvist ( c ) LB 6 Ludwig Augustinsson RM 17 Viktor Claesson CM 7 Sebastian Larsson 90 + 4 ' CM 8 Albin Ekdal LM 10 Emil Forsberg 65 ' CF 9 Marcus Berg CF 20 Ola Toivonen 65 ' Substitutions : FW 11 John Guidetti 87 ' 65 ' DF 5 Martin Olsson 65 ' DF 18 Pontus Jansson 85 ' Manager : Janne Andersson GK Jordan Pickford CB Kyle Walker CB 5 John Stones CB 6 Harry Maguire 87 ' DM 8 Jordan Henderson 85 ' CM 20 Dele Alli 77 ' CM 7 Jesse Lingard RM 12 Kieran Trippier LM 18 Ashley Young CF 10 Raheem Sterling 90 + 1 ' CF 9 Harry Kane ( c ) Substitutions : DF 17 Fabian Delph 77 ' MF Eric Dier 85 ' FW 19 Marcus Rashford 90 + 1 ' Manager : Gareth Southgate Man of the Match : Jordan Pickford ( England ) Assistant referees : Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Fourth official : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Reserve assistant referee : Pau Cebrián Devís ( Spain ) Video assistant referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Assistant video assistant referees : Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Russia vs Croatia ( edit ) Mario Mandžukić ( left ) makes a cross to Andrej Kramarić ( off screen to right ) , who would then head the ball into the goal to equalise in the 39th minute . The teams had faced each other in three previous matches . Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2015 , a 3 -- 1 Croatia win . In the 31st minute , Denis Cheryshev came in from the left and , after a one - two with Artem Dzyuba , skipped away from Luka Modrić to curl a left foot effort beyond Danijel Subašić and into the left of the net . Six minutes before half - time , Mario Mandžukić advanced down the left to set up the chance for Andrej Kramarić to head home the equaliser . In the first period of extra time , Croatia took the lead as Domagoj Vida nodded down past Igor Akinfeev and into the right corner of the net after a corner from the right . Mário Fernandes drew his team level , converting Alan Dzagoev 's free - kick with a glancing header to the left corner of the net after a free - kick from the right . Penalties were required and while Fyodor Smolov 's Panenka attempt with the first effort was foiled by Subašić , parity was restored when Akinfeev got down to his left to keep out Mateo Kovačić 's second kick for Croatia . After Fernandes ' failure , Modrić 's strike found the net , following touches off Akinfeev 's glove and the post . The decisive penalty fell to Ivan Rakitić , who rolled the ball into the bottom - left corner to give Croatia the win . Russia became the first country in World Cup history to contest two shoot - outs while hosting the event . There were three headed goals in this match -- the most in a World Cup match since Germany 8 -- 0 Saudi Arabia in 2002 ( 5 headers ) . Croatia are the second team to win two penalty shootouts at a single World Cup tournament -- the other was Argentina in 1990 ( against Yugoslavia and Italy ) . Croatia has qualified for the semifinal for the first time since 1998 ( their first World Cup tournament ) . 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Russia Croatia GK Igor Akinfeev ( c ) RB Mário Fernandes CB Ilya Kutepov CB Sergei Ignashevich LB 13 Fyodor Kudryashov CM 11 Roman Zobnin CM 7 Daler Kuzyayev RW 19 Aleksandr Samedov 54 ' AM 17 Aleksandr Golovin 102 ' LW 6 Denis Cheryshev 67 ' CF 22 Artem Dzyuba 79 ' Substitutions : MF 21 Aleksandr Yerokhin 54 ' FW 10 Fyodor Smolov 67 ' MF 8 Yury Gazinsky 109 ' 79 ' MF 9 Alan Dzagoev 102 ' Manager : Stanislav Cherchesov GK 23 Danijel Subašić RB Šime Vrsaljko 97 ' CB 6 Dejan Lovren 35 ' CB 21 Domagoj Vida 101 ' LB Ivan Strinić 38 ' 74 ' CM 7 Ivan Rakitić CM 10 Luka Modrić ( c ) RW 18 Ante Rebić AM 9 Andrej Kramarić 88 ' LW Ivan Perišić 63 ' CF 17 Mario Mandžukić Substitutions : MF 11 Marcelo Brozović 63 ' DF 22 Josip Pivarić 114 ' 74 ' MF 8 Mateo Kovačić 88 ' DF 5 Vedran Ćorluka 97 ' Manager : Zlatko Dalić Man of the Match : Luka Modrić ( Croatia ) Assistant referees : Emerson de Carvalho ( Brazil ) Marcelo Van Gasse ( Brazil ) Fourth official : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) Reserve assistant referee : Jerson Dos Santos ( Angola ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Wilton Sampaio ( Brazil ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Semi-finals ( edit ) For the first time since 1966 , all multiple World Cup winners were eliminated before the semi-final stage . This is only the second time that neither Brazil nor Germany were in the last four , the other being the inaugural 1930 tournament . With Uruguay and Brazil eliminated in the quarter - finals , an all - European semi-final line up was completed for the fifth time ( after the 1934 , 1966 , 1982 , and 2006 tournaments ) . This also ensured that a European side would win the World Cup for the fourth tournament in a row . France vs Belgium ( edit ) The teams had faced each other in 73 previous matches , including two times in the World Cup , France winning both matches ( 3 -- 1 in the round of 16 in 1938 and 4 -- 2 in the third place play - off in 1986 ) . Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2015 , a 4 -- 3 Belgium win . Eden Hazard twice went close , narrowly missing the target with a low , left - footed drive before seeing a curler with his right deflected over the crossbar by the head of Raphaël Varane . Hugo Lloris ' full - length dive kept out a first - time strike on the turn from Toby Alderweireld , while Thibaut Courtois blocked Benjamin Pavard 's attempt from a tight angle on the right at the other end . Six minutes after the break , Vincent Kompany 's block turned away Olivier Giroud 's shot , and Antoine Griezmann 's inswinging delivery from the right to the front post was turned in by Samuel Umtiti , who outjumped his marker , Marouane Fellaini , to head beyond Courtois . Dries Mertens 's cross from the right flank saw Fellaini narrowly miss the target with a header . Axel Witsel 's long - range drive was pushed away by Lloris as France secured their place into the finals . Didier Deschamps has now managed more games for France at the World Cup than any other previous France manager , overtaking Raymond Domenech and Michel Hidalgo after this match . This was Belgium 's first defeat of any kind since a friendly loss against Spain in September 2016 . France have reached their third World Cup final , also doing so in 1998 and 2006 . Only Germany ( 8 ) and Italy ( 6 ) have reached more among European nations . 10 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 1 -- 0 Belgium Umtiti 51 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,286 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) France Belgium GK Hugo Lloris ( c ) RB Benjamin Pavard CB Raphaël Varane CB 5 Samuel Umtiti LB 21 Lucas Hernández CM 6 Paul Pogba CM 13 N'Golo Kanté 87 ' RW 10 Kylian Mbappé 90 + 3 ' AM 7 Antoine Griezmann LW 14 Blaise Matuidi 86 ' CF 9 Olivier Giroud 85 ' Substitutions : MF 15 Steven Nzonzi 85 ' MF 12 Corentin Tolisso 86 ' Manager : Didier Deschamps GK Thibaut Courtois CB Toby Alderweireld 71 ' CB Vincent Kompany CB 5 Jan Vertonghen 90 + 4 ' DM 6 Axel Witsel CM 19 Mousa Dembélé 60 ' CM 8 Marouane Fellaini 80 ' RM 22 Nacer Chadli 90 + 1 ' LM 7 Kevin De Bruyne CF 9 Romelu Lukaku CF 10 Eden Hazard ( c ) 63 ' Substitutions : FW 14 Dries Mertens 60 ' MF 11 Yannick Carrasco 80 ' FW 21 Michy Batshuayi 90 + 1 ' Manager : Roberto Martínez Man of the Match : Samuel Umtiti ( France ) Assistant referees : Nicolás Tarán ( Uruguay ) Mauricio Espinosa ( Uruguay ) Fourth official : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Reserve assistant referee : Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Croatia vs England ( edit ) The Croatian team and their supporters celebrate after Ivan Perišić 's equalising goal in the 68th minute . The teams had faced each other in seven previous matches , which includes two matches played in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification , England winning on both occasions ( 4 -- 1 and 5 -- 1 ) . Luka Modrić stopped a Dele Alli run , by fouling him at the edge of the area . Kieran Trippier found the top right corner of the net from the resulting free kick with his right foot . After half - time , Ivan Perišić met Šime Vrsaljko 's deep cross from the right with a flying left - footed finish to the left of the net . Soon after , Perišić shot against the right - hand post from the left before Ante Rebić put the rebound into Jordan Pickford 's hands . In extra-time , John Stones had a header cleared off the line by Vrsaljko in the 98th minute . Pickford at the other end , denied Mario Mandžukić at point - blank range after the striker met Perišić 's cross from the left . But Mandžukić came out on top soon after the break , latching on to Perišić 's headed pass on the left and sending a left - footed effort across Pickford to find the bottom - right corner , securing Croatia 's entrance into their first ever World Cup final . Croatia are the first team to avoid defeat after trailing in three knockout matches at a single World Cup . They become the 13th different nation to reach their first World Cup Final . Trippier became the first player to score a direct free - kick for England at the World Cup since David Beckham in 2006 against Ecuador . Trippier 's goal after four minutes and 44 seconds was the fastest goal scored in a World Cup semi-final since 1958 ( Vavá after two minutes for Brazil v France ) . Croatia became the first team to play extra time in three consecutive World Cup matches since England in 1990 . England scored nine goals from set - pieces at the 2018 World Cup -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Croatia England GK 23 Danijel Subašić RB Šime Vrsaljko CB 6 Dejan Lovren CB 21 Domagoj Vida LB Ivan Strinić 95 ' CM 7 Ivan Rakitić CM 11 Marcelo Brozović RW 18 Ante Rebić 96 ' 101 ' AM 10 Luka Modrić ( c ) 119 ' LW Ivan Perišić CF 17 Mario Mandžukić 48 ' 115 ' Substitutions : DF 22 Josip Pivarić 95 ' FW 9 Andrej Kramarić 101 ' DF 5 Vedran Ćorluka 115 ' MF 19 Milan Badelj 119 ' Manager : Zlatko Dalić GK Jordan Pickford CB Kyle Walker 54 ' 112 ' CB 5 John Stones CB 6 Harry Maguire DM 8 Jordan Henderson 97 ' CM 20 Dele Alli CM 7 Jesse Lingard RM 12 Kieran Trippier LM 18 Ashley Young 91 ' CF 10 Raheem Sterling 74 ' CF 9 Harry Kane ( c ) Substitutions : FW 19 Marcus Rashford 74 ' DF Danny Rose 91 ' MF Eric Dier 97 ' FW 11 Jamie Vardy 112 ' Manager : Gareth Southgate Man of the Match : Ivan Perišić ( Croatia ) Assistant referees : Bahattin Duran ( Turkey ) Tarık Ongun ( Turkey ) Fourth official : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Reserve assistant referee : Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Video assistant referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Assistant video assistant referees : Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Third place play - off ( edit ) The two teams had met in 22 matches , including three matches at the World Cup , one round of 16 game at the 1990 FIFA World Cup which ended in a 1 -- 0 victory for England , one group stage game at the 1954 FIFA World Cup which ended in a 4 -- 4 draw and their most recent encounter in Group G of this tournament which Belgium won 1 -- 0 . After four minutes , Thomas Meunier raced into the box to get across Danny Rose and tucked home Nacer Chadli 's low cross in from the left from six yards out . Harry Kane scuffed wide of the left post , from a Raheem Sterling lay - off . In the 70th minute , Eric Dier burst through for a one - on - one and dinked over Thibaut Courtois , only to see a retreating Toby Alderweireld hack the ball off the line . Jordan Pickford made a one - handed save to deny Meunier in the 80th minute . Eden Hazard scored the second with a near - post finish with his right foot , having been sent clean through by Kevin De Bruyne . Meunier was the 10th player to score for Belgium at Russia 2018 . No other team has had more , equalling France in 1982 and Italy in 2006 . This is Belgium 's best finish at a World Cup , having previously finished fourth in 1986 . This was England 's 100th match at a major tournament -- 69 at the World Cup , 31 at the European Championship . Since 1966 , no player has been involved in more World Cup goals for Belgium than Hazard ( seven -- three goals and four assists ) , level with Jan Ceulemans ( also four goals and three assists ) . 14 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 14 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 2 -- 0 England Meunier 4 ' E. Hazard 82 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,406 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Belgium England GK Thibaut Courtois CB Toby Alderweireld CB Vincent Kompany CB 5 Jan Vertonghen RM 15 Thomas Meunier CM 17 Youri Tielemans 78 ' CM 6 Axel Witsel 90 + 3 ' LM 22 Nacer Chadli 39 ' RF 7 Kevin De Bruyne CF 9 Romelu Lukaku 60 ' LF 10 Eden Hazard ( c ) Substitutions : DF Thomas Vermaelen 39 ' FW 14 Dries Mertens 60 ' MF 19 Mousa Dembélé 78 ' Manager : Roberto Martínez GK Jordan Pickford CB 16 Phil Jones CB 5 John Stones 52 ' CB 6 Harry Maguire 76 ' DM Eric Dier CM 21 Ruben Loftus - Cheek 84 ' CM 17 Fabian Delph RM 12 Kieran Trippier LM Danny Rose 46 ' CF 10 Raheem Sterling 46 ' CF 9 Harry Kane ( c ) Substitutions : MF 7 Jesse Lingard 46 ' FW 19 Marcus Rashford 46 ' MF 20 Dele Alli 84 ' Manager : Gareth Southgate Man of the Match : Eden Hazard ( Belgium ) Assistant referees : Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Mohammadreza Mansouri ( Iran ) Fourth official : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Reserve assistant referee : Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) Video assistant referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Assistant video assistant referees : Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Final The match was the sixth meeting between France and Croatia , with France undefeated in the previous fixtures with three wins and two draws . The two sides first met in the 1998 World Cup semi-final , with hosts France winning 2 -- 1 . Their only other competitive meeting was during the group stage of Euro 2004 , which finished as a 2 -- 2 draw . Their next and most recent meeting was in a March 2011 friendly match , which finished as a 0 -- 0 draw . 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) France Croatia GK Hugo Lloris ( c ) RB Benjamin Pavard CB Raphaël Varane CB 5 Samuel Umtiti LB 21 Lucas Hernández 41 ' CM 6 Paul Pogba CM 13 N'Golo Kanté 27 ' 55 ' RW 10 Kylian Mbappé AM 7 Antoine Griezmann LW 14 Blaise Matuidi 73 ' CF 9 Olivier Giroud 81 ' Substitutions : MF 15 Steven Nzonzi 55 ' MF 12 Corentin Tolisso 73 ' FW 18 Nabil Fekir 81 ' Manager : Didier Deschamps GK 23 Danijel Subašić RB Šime Vrsaljko 90 + 2 ' CB 6 Dejan Lovren CB 21 Domagoj Vida LB Ivan Strinić 81 ' CM 7 Ivan Rakitić CM 11 Marcelo Brozović RW 18 Ante Rebić 71 ' AM 10 Luka Modrić ( c ) LW Ivan Perišić CF 17 Mario Mandžukić Substitutions : FW 9 Andrej Kramarić 71 ' FW 20 Marko Pjaca 81 ' Manager : Zlatko Dalić Man of the Match : Antoine Griezmann ( France ) Assistant referees : Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Fourth official : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Reserve assistant referee : Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 -- Match Schedule '' ( PDF ) . 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1451027068638598981 | Jaime Lannister | Jaime Lannister - wikipedia Jaime Lannister Jump to : navigation , search Jaime Lannister A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister First appearance Novel : A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) Television : `` Winter Is Coming '' ( 2011 ) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Game of Thrones ) Information Aliases The Kingslayer The Young Lion Gender Male Title Ser Lord Commander of the Kingsguard Warden of the East Family House Lannister Children With Cersei : Joffrey Baratheon Myrcella Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Relatives Tywin Lannister ( father ) Joanna Lannister ( mother ) Cersei Lannister ( twin sister ) Tyrion Lannister ( brother ) Kevan Lannister ( uncle ) Lancel Lannister ( cousin ) Kingdom The Westerlands The Crownlands Jaime Lannister is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R.R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . He becomes a prominent point of view character in the novels beginning in A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) . Introduced in A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , Jaime is a knight of the Kingsguard and a member of House Lannister , one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in the fictional kingdom of Westeros . Although he first appears to be unscrupulous and amoral , he later proves to be far more complex , honorable and sympathetic . Jaime is portrayed by Nikolaj Coster - Waldau on the HBO series Game of Thrones . He was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television , a Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and a People Choice Awards Favorite TV Anti-Hero for his performance in the show 's third season . He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 1.1 Description 1.2 Development 2 Storylines 2.1 A Game of Thrones 2.2 A Clash of Kings 2.3 A Storm of Swords 2.4 A Feast for Crows 2.5 A Dance with Dragons 2.6 Family tree of House Lannister 3 TV adaptation 3.1 Storylines 3.1. 1 First season 3.1. 2 Second season 3.1. 3 Third season 3.1. 4 Fourth season 3.1. 5 Fifth season 3.1. 6 Sixth season 3.1. 7 Seventh season 3.2 Reception 3.3 Recognition and awards 4 References Character ( edit ) Description ( edit ) Jaime was born shortly after the birth of his twin sister Cersei . The two were inseparable as children , and at an early age began an incestuous affair that continued into adulthood and even after Cersei 's marriage to Robert Baratheon . At the age of fifteen he participated in the battle against the Kingswood Brotherhood , squiring for Lord Sumner Crakehall , and was subsequently knighted by Ser Arthur Dayne . While returning to Casterly Rock , he visited Cersei at King 's Landing , who persuaded him to join the Kingsguard in order to be close to her . Jaime was accepted into the Kingsguard , but Tywin resigned as Hand of the King , taking Cersei with him back to Casterly Rock . Jaime quickly realises that Aerys named him to the Kingsguard solely to strip Tywin of his heir . Jaime becomes further disillusioned after witnessing Aerys burn Rickard and Brandon Stark alive and overhearing him raping his sister - wife Rhaella . When Tywin begins sacking King 's Landing at the climax of Robert 's Rebellion , Jaime realises that Aerys intends to burn King 's Landing with wildfire and kills him , almost immediately being discovered by Tywin 's men . Robert Baratheon later pardons Jaime for breaking his vows and names him to his own Kingsguard . Although Jaime considers his assassination of Aerys as his greatest act , his motives for killing him remain unknown to the rest of the realm and he is given the insulting moniker `` Kingslayer '' . Several years later , he and Tyrion rescue a young woman , Tysha , from outlaws , and Tyrion secretly marries her . When Tywin finds out he orders Jaime to tell Tyrion that he staged the incident in order for Tyrion to lose his virginity . Though it is unknown if Jaime was aware that Tywin subsequently forced Tyrion to watch Tysha be gang - raped by his guards , Jaime carries a great amount of guilt for his unkindness to Tyrion in his later years . In A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , Jaime is introduced as one of the Kingsguard , the royal security detail , and the son of wealthy and powerful Tywin Lannister , the former Hand of the King . Jaime 's twin is Cersei , the Queen of Westeros by virtue of her marriage to King Robert Baratheon . Perhaps the greatest swordsman in the kingdom , Jaime is sometimes derisively called `` the Kingslayer '' because he killed the `` Mad King '' Aerys Targaryen in the coup that put Robert on the Iron Throne . Eric Dodds of Time described Jaime as `` handsome , an incomparably skilled fighter and disarmingly witty '' , with The New Yorker calling the Lannisters `` a crowd of high - cheekboned beauties ... who form a family constellation so twisted , charismatic , and cruel that it rivals Flowers in the Attic for blond dysfunction '' . Lev Grossman wrote for Time that while Jaime and Cersei 's younger brother Tyrion is a grotesque dwarf , `` the rest of the Lannisters are stunted too , but on the inside . '' The Los Angeles Times called Jaime `` handsome and unscrupulous '' , though Dodds noted in 2014 : Sure , he 's done some of the most despicable things on a show full of despicable things -- including but not limited to fathering children by incest , attempting to murder a boy who discovered said incest , and the cold - blooded murder of one of his own cousins -- but despite all that , the Kingslayer remains one of Game of Thrones ' most popular characters . Development ( edit ) Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly noted that in the novels , `` ( Jaime is ) a vaguely villainous minor character in Game of Thrones , then is basically absent from Clash of Kings , and suddenly he becomes a tragic hero in Storm of Swords . '' In A Game of Thrones , Jaime is not only carrying on an incestuous affair with his twin sister , but he pushes a young Bran Stark out a high window to his likely death after the boy witnesses them in the act . Jaime admits these crimes to Catelyn Stark in A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) , and tells her a horrific story of Aerys Targaryen 's cruelty . In A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) , Jaime initially loathes the female warrior Brienne of Tarth , but both his honor and his reluctant respect for Brienne compel him to lie to their captors to prevent her from being raped . He later explains to Brienne that he killed Aerys because the king had planned to incinerate all of King 's Landing and its inhabitants rather than let it fall into Robert 's hands . When Jaime is released to be sent back to King 's Landing in deference to his father , he first saves Brienne , who has been thrown into a bear pit for the mercenaries ' amusement . Martin told Rolling Stone in 2014 : One of the things I wanted to explore with Jaime , and with so many of the characters , is the whole issue of redemption . When can we be redeemed ? Is redemption even possible ? ... When do we forgive people ? ... Our society is full of people who have fallen in one way or another ... How many good acts make up for a bad act ? ... I do n't know the answer , but these are questions worth thinking about . I want there to be a possibility of redemption for us , because we all do terrible things . We should be able to be forgiven . Because if there is no possibility of redemption , what 's the answer then ? Specifically addressing Jaime 's attempted murder of Bran , Martin said : ( What ) Jaime did ( to Bran ) is interesting ... Remember , Jaime is n't just trying to kill Bran because he 's an annoying little kid . Bran has seen something that is basically a death sentence for Jaime , for Cersei , and their children ... So I 've asked people who do have children , `` Well , what would you do in Jaime 's situation ? '' They say , `` Well , I 'm not a bad guy -- I would n't kill . '' Are you sure ? Never ? If Bran tells King Robert , he 's going to kill you and your sister - lover , and your three children ... Then many of them hesitate . Probably more people than not would say , `` Yeah , I would kill someone else 's child to save my own child , even if that other child was innocent . '' These are the difficult decisions people make , and they 're worth examining . Storylines ( edit ) Coat of arms of House Lannister A Game of Thrones ( edit ) Jaime Lannister accompanies the royal family to Winterfell , where King Robert Baratheon hopes to persuade his old friend Ned Stark to serve as Hand of the King . During the visit , Ned 's young son Bran inadvertently spies Jaime and Cersei having sex in a remote tower , at which point Jaime pushes the boy out a window , intending to kill Bran to keep their relationship secret . Bran managed to survive , though crippled , and when an assassin later tries to kill Bran , Catelyn Stark accuses and arrests Tyrion . In revenge , Jaime instigates a brawl with Ned and his men in the streets of King 's Landing , killing many on both sides . Ned later discovers that Robert 's three children are actually the products of Jaime and Cersei 's affair , but is executed by the oldest child , Joffrey Baratheon , upon the latter 's ascension as king . Jaime then rides for the Riverlands to aid Tywin in his campaign against the Riverlands , taking command of half the Lannister host . He captures the Riverlands ' capital of Riverrun , but his army is waylaid by Robb Stark 's army in the Battle of the Whispering Wood . Jaime is taken prisoner and incarcerated in Riverrun . Despite his capture Joffrey names Jaime as commander of his Kingsguard . Hillary Busis of Entertainment Weekly called the twist of Jaime and Cersei in the tower `` lurid and shocking , exactly what I needed to jolt me awake and make me start paying closer attention ... By the end of the chapter -- ' The things I do for love ' -- I was totally hooked on Thrones '' . Mikal Gilmore of Rolling Stone noted in 2014 that the moment in which Jaime pushes Bran to his likely death `` grabs you by the throat '' . Martin commented in the interview : I 've had a million people tell me that was the moment that hooked them , where they said , `` Well , this is just not the same story I read a million times before . '' A Clash of Kings ( edit ) Tyrion makes several attempts to free Jaime , first by having disguised Lannister guards attempt to break him out and then by offering to swap Arya and Sansa Stark for Jaime . After hearing of the supposed deaths of Bran and Rickon Stark , Catelyn interrogates Jaime . Jaime admits to pushing Bran out the tower window , to his incest with Cersei and to fathering her children . Jaime then mocks Ned for having tarnished his own honour by fathering a bastard , prompting Catelyn to call her bodyguard Brienne of Tarth for her sword . A Storm of Swords ( edit ) Jaime is freed by Catelyn and sent to King 's Landing to exchange for Sansa and Arya , escorted by Brienne of Tarth and Jaime 's cousin Ser Cleos Frey . Cleos is killed by bandits and Jaime and Brienne are captured by the Brave Companions , who were formerly in service to Tywin but have defected to Roose Bolton . Their leader , Vargo Hoat , cuts off Jaime 's sword hand in the hope that Tywin will blame Roose and prevent the Boltons defecting to the Lannisters . While held captive at Harrenhal , Jaime reveals to Brienne the circumstances surrounding his murder of King Aerys . Roose Bolton releases Jaime but keeps Brienne hostage . While returning to King 's Landing , Jaime has a dream about Brienne and decides to return to Harrenhal to rescue her from Hoat . Jaime returns to King 's Landing to discover that Joffrey has been poisoned and Tyrion on trial for the murder , though Jaime refuses to believe Tyrion is guilty . He gifts Brienne a Valyrian steel sword forged from House Stark 's ancestral sword Ice and tasks her with finding and protecting the fugitive Sansa Stark . He then forces Varys into helping Tyrion escape , confessing to Tyrion that he owed him a debt for his role in Tysha 's fare . Outraged , Tyrion spitefully reveals to Jaime Cersei 's affairs during his imprisonment , and lies that he did indeed kill Joffrey , before killing Tywin . A Feast for Crows ( edit ) Cersei orders Jaime to go to Riverrun and dislodge Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully . Before his leaving , Jaime has an armorer forge him a prosthetic hand . He takes the tongueless Ser Ilyn Payne with him to teach him to fight with his left hand , using the lessons to confess to his numerous crimes . During the march , he encounters his cousin Lancel , who confesses to his affair with Cersei . Jaime persuades Edmure Tully to force the Blackfish 's surrender by threatening to sack the castle and kill Edmure 's child when it is born . Jaime later receives a letter from Cersei , who has been imprisoned by the High Sparrow and is awaiting trial and begs Jaime to be her champion in her trial by combat , but Jaime has the letter burned without reply . A Dance with Dragons ( edit ) Jaime travels to Raventree Hall and manages to have Lord Tytos Blackwood surrender , officially ending House Stark 's insurrection . In the aftermath , he is approached by Brienne , who claims that Sansa is in danger from Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane . It is unknown how much of this is true , as Brienne was previously seen as a prisoner of a reanimated Catelyn Stark and the anti-Lannister Brotherhood Without Banners . Family tree of House Lannister ( edit ) ( hide ) Descendants of Tytos Lannister Tytos Jeyne Marbrand Joanna Tywin Emmon Frey Genna Kevan Dorna Swyft Tygett Darlessa Marbrand Gerion Briony Robert Baratheon Cersei Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' Tysha Tyrion `` The Imp '' Sansa Stark Amerei Frey Lancel Martyn Willem Janei Tyrek Ermesande Hayford Joy Hill Joffrey Baratheon Myrcella Baratheon Margaery Tyrell Tommen Baratheon Tion Frey `` Red '' Walder Frey Jeyne Darry Cleos Frey Lyonel Frey Melesa Crakehall Tywin Frey Willem Frey References and notes : ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 56 : Tyrion '' . A Game of Thrones . p. 593 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89784 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ; García Jr. , Elio M. ; Antonsson , Linda ( 2014 ) . The World of Ice & Fire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80544 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Martin . `` Appendix : House Lannister '' . A Game of Thrones . pp. 787 -- 788 . Jump up ^ Martin ; García Jr. ; Antonsson . `` Appendix : Lannister Lineage '' . The World of Ice & Fire . Jump up ^ Tyrion 's first wife was a peasant girl named Tysha . The marriage was later annulled by Lord Tywin 's order . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 28 : Sansa '' . A Storm of Swords . pp. 382 -- 393 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89787 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 30 : Jaime '' . A Feast for Crows . pp. 501 -- 518 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 90032 - 3 . Jump up ^ Martin . `` Appendix : The King on the Iron Throne '' . A Storm of Swords . p. 1131 . ^ Jump up to : Martin . `` Appendix : House Baratheon '' . A Game of Thrones . p. 783 . ^ Jump up to : Though officially Robert 's children , Joffrey , Myrcella and Tommen are the products of an incestuous affair between Cersei and Jaime . Jump up ^ Martin . `` Appendix : The Queen Regent '' . A Feast for Crows . p. 782 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix : The Boy King '' . A Dance with Dragons . p. 1055 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 90565 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Appendix : House Lannister '' . A Storm of Swords . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10663 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix : House Lannister '' . A Dance with Dragons . ISBN 978 - 0553801477 . TV adaptation ( edit ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau plays the role of Jaime Lannister in the television series . Jaime is portrayed by Nikolaj Coster - Waldau in the HBO adaptation Game of Thrones . His casting was announced on August 20 , 2009 . In October 2014 , Coster - Waldau and several other key cast members , all contracted for six seasons of the series , renegotiated their deals to include a potential seventh season and salary increases for seasons five , six , and seven . The Hollywood Reporter called the raises `` huge '' , noting that the deal would make the performers `` among the highest - paid actors on cable TV '' . Deadline.com put the number for season five at `` close to $300,000 an episode '' for each actor , and The Hollywood Reporter wrote in June 2016 that the performers would each be paid `` upward of $500,000 per episode '' for seasons seven and the potential eight . In 2017 , He became one of the highest paid actor on television and will earn £ 2 million per episode for the show . Matt Fowler of IGN noted in 2013 that `` the people who do seem to get redemption arcs on this show are the villains '' . Over the course of the first three seasons , the series has transitioned Jaime from an obvious villain to an antihero of sorts . Eric Dodds of Time wrote that Jaime had become `` a complex , bizarrely likable character '' . Andrew Romano of The Daily Beast explained : But Jaime was n't a black - and - white baddie for long . In fact , GoT spent the next three seasons transforming him into a pretty sympathetic character . The turning point was when Jaime was captured and chained up by the Starks -- an ordeal that humbled him , humanized him , and eventually left him without a sword hand , struggling to find a new , post-Kingslayer identity for himself . Sure , Jaime could still slaughter his own cousin to escape captivity . But he could also rescue his sidekick Brienne of Tarth from a bear . And pledge to return the Stark girls to their mother , Catelyn . And refuse to kill his brother Tyrion on Cersei 's behalf . And so on . He was a compromised , conflicted asshole -- but he was basically trying to do the right thing . Fowler wrote that Jaime 's adventure with Brienne was `` the best storyline of the season '' in Season 3 , aside from the Red Wedding . Jaime 's apparent rape of Cersei in the fourth season episode `` Breaker of Chains '' created controversy among fans and journalists , who debated the show 's depiction of sexual violence against women as well as Jaime 's character development . The showrunners never commented on what their intention with the scene actually was . The cast members involved initially gave only vague comments , but after the fourth season was released on Blu - ray and the showrunners avoided making any comment about the scene in it ( it is conspicuously the only episode which has no commentary track ) , both Coster - Waldau and Headey publicly stated that the scene was never intended to portray rape at all - they were given no instructions to this effect ( such as in the script ) nor did they play it that way , and apparently the scene was just edited very confusingly . In the source novel A Storm of Swords , the sex between Jaime and Cersei in the equivalent scene is consensual . Several critics argued that the TV series ' change damaged Jaime 's redemption arc . Dodds noted that the episode `` irreparably changes the way we see Jaime Lannister '' . Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post wrote : What happens next dramatically complicates the work Game of Thrones has done to make Jaime a more explicable , even sympathetic character , given what we learned of his reasons for killing the king he was sworn to protect . Jaime has experienced profound losses over the last two seasons . His hand and his identity as a fighter have been taken from him . His son has been murdered . His father , a toxic , commanding man has returned to his life . And what Cersei is asking of Jaime is that he remove one of the few remaining things that gives him happiness , the little brother who makes him feel better about his hand , from existence . To assuage her pain and grief , Cersei is asking Jaime to inflict more pain on himself ... But his response is not to stop loving her , not to stop believing that he is victim to the gods . Instead , Jaime rapes his sister , passing that sense of unendurable pain on to her . He must know that this is the worst possible way that he could hurt her . Jaime knew that Robert raped Cersei ... Not only does raping Cersei remind his sister of her repeated , humiliating violation , Jaime is poisoning their own relationship , the thing that had been Cersei 's antidote to the miseries of her marriage . It is an exceptionally cruel thing for Jaime to do . Coster - Waldau said , `` If you look closer there are those moments where she -- well , I have n't seen the finished edit , of course -- but we tried to have it where she goes into it then she pulls away , she goes in then she pulls away , but of course he is forcing himself . '' Later he and his co-star Lena Headey ( Cersei ) spoke with Entertainment Weekly during the filming of season 5 , admitting that they were never directed or intended to film a rape scene . Headey stated : It 's that terrible thing as a woman -- talking about something as horrendous as rape and dismissing it , which I 'm not . But we never discussed it as that . It was a woman in grief for her dead child , and the father of the child -- who happens to be her brother -- who never really acknowledged the children is standing with her . We 've all experienced grief . There 's a moment of wanting to fill a void , and that is often very visceral , physical . That , for me , is where she was at . There was an emotional block , and ( her brother ) was just a bit of a drug for her . The Jaime - Cersei scene was subsequently ignored for the rest of Season 4 and the rest of the series . TheMarySue.com concluded that not really referring to the scene again , instead of as a long and developed subplot , trivializes rape -- if , in fact , it was ever their actual intention to portray it as a rape scene . In real life a woman would be traumatized by being raped , not act as if nothing had happened immediately afterwards . TheMarySue.com was also critical that even if they did n't intend it as a rape scene , ignoring all questions about the scene and simply hoping they would go away over time was very insensitive to the audience . In 2016 , Christopher Hooton wrote for The Independent : Game of Thrones is full of characters who are very sure of themselves ... Except Jaime Lannister , who was given a considerable amount of screen time this week in order to establish a little more complexity in his character . Thus far in the show his character arc has gone from `` massive jerk '' , to `` still a massive jerk but admirable in how he withstands imprisonment '' to `` maybe he 's starting to redeem himself '' . This third strand had waned a little in season 6 as he returned to Cersei 's side , but showed glimpses of returning in episode 8 as he was reunited with Brienne , about the only character who can appeal to his sense of guilt and honour . Storylines ( edit ) First season ( edit ) Jaime 's storyline in the first season remains , for the most part , identical to his book storyline , with only minor details altered . In the aftermath of Jaime 's capture , he confesses to Catelyn that he tried to kill Bran , but refuses to reveal why . Second season ( edit ) Robb brings a captive Jaime with his camp as they march through the Westerlands , as Robb fears Tywin may coerce one of his bannerman into freeing Jaime . At one point Jaime attempts to escape by beating his cousin and fellow inmate Alton Lannister to death and strangling his guard Torrhen Karstark when he comes to investigate ; though unsuccessfully , the anger of Torrhen 's father Rickard proves fatal for Robb 's campaign in the coming months . After Jaime goads Catelyn by mentioning Ned 's infidelity , she releases him and has Brienne of Tarth escort him to King 's Landing to trade for Sansa and Arya . Third season ( edit ) Jaime and Brienne are captured by a squad of Bolton soldiers . Jaime manages to convince them not to rape Brienne , but their leader Locke takes umbrage when Jaime tries to use his status to secure his own release and chops off Jaime 's sword hand . The two are taken to Harrenhal , where the former maester Qyburn treats Jaime 's wound and Jaime reveals to Brienne why he killed Aerys . Roose Bolton lets Jaime return to King 's Landing but insists on keeping Brienne prisoner for abetting treason , though Jaime ultimately returns to rescue Brienne from being killed by a bear for Locke 's amusement . The two return to King 's Landing and Jaime is reunited with Cersei . Fourth season ( edit ) Tywin gifts Jaime a sword forged from Ice and asks him to resign from the Kingsguard and rule Casterly Rock , disowning him when he refuses . Qyburn fits Jaime with a gilded steel hand and Tyrion arranges for Jaime to have sword lessons with his bodyguard Bronn . Cersei initially refuses to resume their relationship , but ultimately relents and has sex with Jaime in front of Joffrey 's body , lying in state . Jaime gifts Brienne Tywin 's sword and the services of Tyrion 's squire Podrick Payne , asking her to find Arya and Sansa and take them to safety . With Tyrion accused of Joffrey 's murder , Jaime convinces Tywin to spare Tyrion in return for leaving the Kingsguard , though Tyrion later chooses trial by combat . Tyrion loses the trial and is sentenced to death , but Jaime releases him from his cell and helps him escape to Essos . Fifth season ( edit ) Cersei guilts Jaime for releasing Tyrion , and Jaime later admits to Bronn that he will kill Tyrion the next time they meet . When a message arrives from the Martells subtly threatening Myrcella as revenge for Prince Oberyn Martell 's death in Tyrion 's trial by combat , Jaime and Bronn travel to Dorne in secret to retrieve her . As they make their escape they are accosted by Oberyn 's bastard daughters , the Sand Snakes , and engage in a fight before all five are arrested by the Water Gardens ' palace guards . Doran Martell realises that the message was sent by Oberyn 's paramour Ellaria Sand and decides to send Myrcella and his own son Trystane back to King 's Landing with Jaime . As the ship sets sail , Myrcella admits to Jaime that she knows and is happy that he is her father . The two share a brief embrace before Myrcella suddenly collapses and dies , having been poisoned by Ellaria . Sixth season ( edit ) Jaime returns to King 's Landing with Myrcella 's corpse . He orders Trystane to stay on the boat outside the city to protect him from Cersei 's wrath , and sends word to Doran naming Ellaria as Myrcella 's killer , though Ellaria promptly kills Doran , has Obara and Nymeria kill Trystane and seizes control of Dorne . At Myrcella 's funeral , Jaime confronts the religious leader , the High Sparrow , for having forced Cersei to walk naked through the streets of King 's Landing as punishment for adultery , but is forced to stand down at the arrival of the Faith Militant . Jaime enlists the Tyrell army to march on the Sept of Baelor to secure the release of Margaery and Loras Tyrell . However , they find that Margaery has seemingly become a follower of the High Sparrow and that Tommen has forged an alliance with the Faith Militant . As punishment for taking up arms against the Faith , Jaime is removed from the Kingsguard . He is sent to Riverrun with Bronn to assist House Frey in ousting Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully and the occupying Tully forces . After a failed parlay , Brienne arrives and beseeches Jaime to end the siege without bloodshed , so the Tully rebels can help Sansa Stark retake Winterfell . Brienne also fails , so Jaime manipulates the captured Edmure Tully into thinking his infant son will be killed if Edmure does not order a surrender . Edmure is released and promptly opens the gates to the Lannisters . Jaime sees Brienne and Podrick fleeing by boat from the castle walls , but only waves a discreet farewell and does not alert his men . After traveling to House Frey 's fortress The Twins for a feast celebrating their victory , Jaime returns to King 's Landing , and is horrified to discover that the Great Sept has been destroyed as a result of Cersei 's plotting . He returns to the Red Keep in time to witness Cersei being crowned as Queen of the Seven Kingdoms , immediately realizing that Cersei essentially murdered the Faith Militant , the Tyrells , Grand Maester Pycelle and their uncle Kevan to acquire her new power . Seventh season ( edit ) Despite his discomfort at the circumstances leading to Cersei 's coronation , Jaime remains loyal to his sister , with Daenerys Targaryen and her forces sailing on Westeros . Cersei agrees to marry Euron Greyjoy after the war against Daenerys is won , but continues her relationship with Jaime , no longer attempting to hide their intimacy to their servants . Jaime negotiates with Randyll Tarly to pledge allegiance to the Lannisters ; with the help of House Tarly 's forces he leads the Lannister army to defeat the Tyrell army at Highgarden , following Olenna Tyrell 's defection to Daenerys following Cersei 's role in the death of the other Tyrells . In the aftermath of the battle , Jaime allows Olenna to commit suicide by poisoning . Before she dies , Olenna reveals that she was responsible for poisoning Joffrey . As the Lannister forces return to King 's Landing , they are attacked by Daenerys , with her horde of Dothraki and her dragon Drogon . Although the Lannisters suffer heavy casualties , Daenerys is forced to dismount Drogon after Bronn wounds the dragon with a scorpion . Jaime attempts to kill Daenerys but is narrowly saved from being burned alive by Drogon by Bronn 's intervention . Jaime and Bronn fall into the Blackwater Rush , and survive the battle by being carried downstream and away from the carnage . Jaime returns to King 's Landing , where he warns Cersei that the Lannisters are doomed if Daenerys escalates the conflict further and tells her of Olenna 's confession . Bronn takes Jaime to the Red Keep cellars under the pretense of training him ; however , this is a ruse to allow Tyrion ( who is now Hand to Daenerys ) to speak with Jaime . Tyrion suggests a ceasefire so that Westeros can fight the threat posed by the White Walkers instead and proposes a meeting between Daenerys and Cersei so Jon Snow can present evidence of their existence . Jaime is apparently convinced by Tyrion and relays the message to Cersei . Cersei is skeptical , but remains adamant that the Lannisters will prevail against any foe . She also reveals that she is pregnant with Jaime 's child . At the meeting , Jon and Daenerys present a wight , convincing the Lannisters of the White Walkers ' existence . After some persuasion from Tyrion , Cersei declares that she will order the Lannister forces north to aid in the war against the army of the dead . However , when Jaime begins organising the march north , she reveals to him that she was lying and will not intervene until either of the two enemies -- dead and living -- are defeated . Outraged by Cersei 's shortsightedness and selfishness , Jaime leaves Cersei 's side and rides north alone . Reception ( edit ) Matt Roush wrote for TV Guide that Coster - Waldau plays `` dastardly '' Jaime `` with malevolent charisma '' , and Dodds noted that , despite the `` despicable things '' he has done , `` the Kingslayer remains one of Game of Thrones ' most popular characters '' . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe wrote : The most riveting characters are the most self - serving , notably the queen , Cersei ... and her twin brother Jaime Lannister ... with whom she is having an incestuous affair . They have gorgeous , aristocratic features , but they are pure , compelling evil . Recognition and Awards ( edit ) Coster - Waldau has received several nominations for his portrayal of Jaime , including the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2013 , the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries or Television Film in 2013 , the Gold Derby TV Award for Best Drama Supporting Actor in 2013 , the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Anti-Hero in 2014 , the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television in 2014 , and the Zulu Award for Best Actor in 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1996 ) . A Game of Thrones . ^ Jump up to : Dodds , Eric ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` What Is Game of Thrones Doing With Jaime Lannister ? '' . Time . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` The Aristocrats : The graphic arts of Game of Thrones '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin 's Dance with Dragons : A Masterpiece Worthy of Tolkien '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Swords , sex and struggles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Game of Thrones and what might have been '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` The Game of Thrones Book Club , week 1 : First impressions , and when I got hooked '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gilmore , Mikal ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Leigh ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` A Read of Ice and Fire : A Clash of Kings , Part 27 '' . Tor.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Leigh ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` A Read of Ice and Fire : A Storm of Swords , Part 12 '' . Tor.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Leigh ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` A Read of Ice and Fire : A Storm of Swords , Part 21 '' . Tor.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . A Storm of Swords . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 1998 ) . A Clash of Kings . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2005 ) . A Feast for Crows . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) . A Dance with Dragons . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` HBO appoints subjects to Thrones '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Belloni , Matthew ; Goldberg , Lesley ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Cast Signs for Season 7 with Big Raises '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Game Of Thrones Stars Score Big Raises '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Mike ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game Of Thrones season 7 : Stars set to earn £ 2 Million per episode '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Actors ' set to earn £ 2million per episode ' , making them highest - paid ever '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Matt ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Saraiya , Sonia ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Rape of Thrones '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Marcotte , Amanda ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` The Director of Sunday 's Game of Thrones Does n't Think That Was Rape '' . Slate . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Game Of Thrones Author Reacts To ' Disturbing ' Jaime - Cersei Scene '' . MTV . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Andrew ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Why We Should Pretend the Game of Thrones Rape Scene Never Happened '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` For Game of Thrones , Rising Unease Over Rape 's Recurring Role '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Quiñónez , Ariana ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Jaime Lannister is a feminist : Why the Game of Thrones rape scene matters '' . Hypable . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 4 , Episode 3 Review : Sex And Violence '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moore , Ben ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Author George R.R. Martin Reacts to Controversial Altered Scene '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rowles , Dustin ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Why the Game of Thrones rape scene caused fans to respond in the worst possible way '' . Salon . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones review : Breaker of chains , breakers of will '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Nikolaj Coster - Waldau On That Controversial Jaime - Cersei Scene '' . IGN . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones stars get candid about THAT scene : ' It was n't rape ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pahle , Rebbeca ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's What the Writer and Director of Game of Thrones ' Controversial Rape Scene ( Plus GRRM ) Have to Say About It '' . TheMarySue.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 episode 8 ' No One ' review : Jaime Lannister 's inner turmoil '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Roush Review : Grim Thrones Is a Crowning Achievement '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Fantasy comes true with HBO 's Game of Thrones '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HBO , FX Lead Critics ' Choice TV Awards -- But Where Are ' Mad Men ' , ' Modern Family ' ? '' . Deadline.com . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards TM '' . prnewswire . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Parks and Rec ' win big at Gold Derby TV Awards ! '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glee , Katy Perry Lead People 's Choice Award Nominations , 2 Broke Girls ' Kat Dennings and Beth Behrs to Host E ! Online , Retrieved November 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ Johns , Nikara ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Gravity , The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Lead Saturn Awards Noms '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stem På Årets Skuespiller - Afstemning afsluttet '' . TV2 . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Lannister&oldid=822871516 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional lords and ladies Fictional characters involved in incest Fictional murderers Fictional knights Fictional swordsmen Fictional amputees Fictional twins Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Português Русский Svenska Тыва дыл Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 00 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did jaime lannister kill the mad king | [
"In A Game of Thrones (1996), Jaime is introduced as one of the Kingsguard, the royal security detail, and the son of wealthy and powerful Tywin Lannister, the former Hand of the King. Jaime's twin is Cersei, the Queen of Westeros by virtue of her marriage to King Robert Baratheon. Perhaps the greatest swordsman in the kingdom, Jaime is sometimes derisively called \"the Kingslayer\" because he killed the \"Mad King\" Aerys Targaryen in the coup that put Robert on the Iron Throne.[1]"
] | [
"A Game of Thrones"
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8586630659945351879 | Henderson Brooks–Bhagat Report | Henderson Brooks -- Bhagat report - wikipedia Henderson Brooks -- Bhagat report Jump to : navigation , search The Henderson Brooks - Bhagat report , also referred to as the Henderson Brooks report , is the report of an analysis ( Operations Review ) of the Sino - Indian War of 1962 . Its authors are officers of the Indian armed forces . They are Lieutenant - General T.B. Henderson Brooks and Brigadier Premindra Singh Bhagat , commandant of the Indian Military Academy at the time . More than 50 years after its creation , the report remains classified by the Indian congress government . In April 2010 , India 's Defence Minister A.K. Antony told Parliament that the report could not be declassified because its contents `` are not only extremely sensitive but are of current operational value . '' This statement was criticized by BJP leaders including Arun Jaitley who even penned a blog post on it . After May 2014 , when BJP led government came to power , the newly appointed Defence Minister Arun Jaitley refused to declassify the report . Jaitley removed his blog post and also agreed that the Brooks report could not be declassified . The report is said to be openly critical of the Indian political and military structure of the time , as well as of the execution of operations . According to Australian journalist Neville Maxwell , the report says that the Indian government , which was keen to recover territory , advocated a cautious policy ; whilst the Army Headquarters dictated a policy that was militarily unsound . On 17 March 2014 , Neville Maxwell posted Volume 1 of the two - volume report on his website . Maxwell had acquired a copy of the report and wrote his book India 's China War based on it . In an interview , Maxwell says he has never seen Volume 2 , but understands it to be `` mainly memos , written statements and other documents on which the authors based the report '' . Some analysts argue that continuing public controversy over the report indicates that many of the problems identified in the report continue today . On 15 November 2014 , Congress leader Captain Amarinder Singh said the report should be made public by the Narendra Modi led administration . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Declassification law on official documents needs review , says committee Murali Krishnan , Nerve News , ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The ghost of 1962 , by Venkatesan Vembu , Daily News & Analysis , 2 May 2010 , ( 2 ) Jump up ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-did-arun-jaitley-delete-his-blogpost-on-the-india-china-war-report-from-his-website-2000849 Jump up ^ `` Henderson - Brooks report hold Bureaucracy for defeat in 1962 China War '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Unnithan , Sandeep ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Henderson Brooks report lists the guilty men of 1962 '' . India Today . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Pandalai , Shruti ( 2 April 2014 ) . `` Burying Open Secrets : India 's 1962 War and the Henderson - Brooks Report '' . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Debasish Roy Chowdhury ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Neville Maxwell interview : the full transcript '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ David Brewster . `` Leaked 1962 report reveals India 's still - unresolved military weaknesses , Lowy Interpreter , 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 '' . Jump up ^ Amarinder Singh wants disclosure of Henderson Brooks Report on ' 62 War Jump up ^ Henderson Report should be made public : Amarinder External links ( edit ) Neville Maxwell , My Albatross . With link to the text of the report . PDF of the report on Indian Defence Review ( 3 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henderson_Brooks -- Bhagat_Report&oldid = 808830309 '' Categories : Sino - Indian War 1963 in India Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 13 : 00 . About Wikipedia | what was the subject of the henderson brook report | [] | [] |
-6500036376284647624 | Constitutional Convention (United States) | Constitutional Convention ( United states ) - wikipedia Constitutional Convention ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original convention that created the U.S. Constitution . For that Constitution 's method of changing itself , see Article Five of the United States Constitution . `` Federal Convention '' redirects here . For other uses , see Federal Convention ( disambiguation ) . Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States The Constitutional Convention ( also known as the Philadelphia Convention , the Federal Convention , or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia ) took place from May 25 to September 17 , 1787 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation , the intention from the outset of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention . The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution , placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States . The most contentious disputes revolved around composition and election of the Senate , how `` proportional representation '' was to be defined ( whether to include slaves or other property ) , whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single president , how to elect the president , how long his term was to be and whether he could run for reelection , what offenses should be impeachable , the nature of a fugitive slave clause , whether to allow the abolition of the slave trade , and whether judges should be chosen by the legislature or executive . Most of the time during the Convention was spent on deciding these issues , while the powers of legislature , executive , and judiciary were not heavily disputed . Once the Convention began , the delegates first agreed on the principles of the Convention , then they agreed on Madison 's Virginia Plan and began to modify it . A Committee of Detail , assembled during the July 4 recess , eventually produced a rough draft of the constitution . Most of the rough draft remained in place , and can be found in the final version of the constitution . After the final issues were resolved , the Committee on Style produced the final version , and it was voted on and sent to the states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 2 The Convention 2.1 James Madison 's blueprint 2.2 The early debate 2.3 The first draft 2.4 Further modifications and concluding debate 2.5 Drafting and signing 3 Proposed plans 3.1 Virginia Plan 3.2 New Jersey Plan 3.3 Hamilton 's plan 3.4 Pinckney 's plan 3.5 Connecticut Compromise 4 Slavery 4.1 Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise 4.2 Three - Fifths Compromise 5 Delegates 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Historical context ( edit ) Before the Constitution was drafted , the nearly 4 million inhabitants of the 13 newly independent states were governed under the Articles of Confederation , created by the Second Continental Congress . It soon became evident to nearly all that the chronically underfunded Confederation government , as originally organized , was inadequate for managing the various conflicts that arose among the states . As the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of the states , any state had effective veto power over any proposed change . In addition , the Articles gave the weak federal government no taxing power : it was wholly dependent on the states for its money , and had no power to force delinquent states to pay . Once the immediate task of winning the American Revolutionary War had passed , the states began to look to their own interests , and disputes arose . These included a dispute between Maryland and Virginia over the Potomac River and opposition to Rhode Island 's imposing taxes on all traffic passing through it on the post road that linked all the states . James Madison suggested that state governments should appoint commissioners `` to take into consideration the trade of the United States ; to examine the relative situation and trade of said states ; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interests and permanent harmony '' . Another impetus for the convention was Shays ' Rebellion . A political conflict between Boston merchants and rural farmers over issues such as property seizures for tax debts had broken out into an open rebellion . This rebellion was led by a former Revolutionary War captain , Daniel Shays , himself a small farmer with tax debts , who had never received payment for his service in the Continental Army . The rebellion took months for Massachusetts to put down completely , and some desired a federal army that would be able to put down such insurrections . In September 1786 , at the Annapolis Convention , delegates from five states called for a Constitutional Convention in order to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation . The Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia on May 14 , 1787 . Rhode Island , fearing that the Convention would work to its disadvantage , boycotted the Convention and , when the Constitution was put to the states , initially refused to ratify it . The Convention ( edit ) Independence Hall 's Assembly Room Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century , very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14 , 1787 , and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured . ( New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings , on July 23 . ) James Madison arrived first , and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived . While waiting for the other delegates , the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan , which was designed and written by James Madison . On May 25 , the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House . George Washington was unanimously elected president of the Convention , and it was agreed that the discussions and votes would be kept secret until the conclusion of the meeting . Despite the sweltering summer heat , the windows of the meeting hall were nailed shut to keep the proceedings a secret from the public . Although William Jackson was elected as secretary , his records were brief and included very little detail . Madison 's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 , supplemented by the notes of Robert Yates , remain the most complete record of the Convention . Throughout the debate , delegates constantly referred to precedents from history in support of their position . Most commonly , they referred to the history of England , in particular the Glorious Revolution ( often simply called `` The Revolution '' ) , classical history ( mainly the Roman Republic and the leagues of Greek city - states ) , and recent precedents from Holland and Germany . Outside the Convention in Philadelphia , there was a national convening of the Society of the Cincinnati . Washington was said to be embarrassed . The 1776 `` old republican '' delegates like Elbridge Gerry ( MA ) found anything military or hereditary anathema . The Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia and New York convention was meeting to redefine its Confession , dropping the faith requirement for civil authority to prohibit false worship . Protestant Episcopalian Washington attended a Roman Catholic Mass and dinner . Revolution veteran Jonas Phillips , of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue , petitioned the Convention to avoid a national oath including belief in both Old and New Testaments . Merchants of Providence , Rhode Island , petitioned for consideration , though their Assembly had not sent a delegation . Manasseh Cutler came directly from the capital in New York and found himself a frequent dinner guest among the delegates . He carried grants of five million acres to parcel out among The Ohio Company and `` speculators '' , including some who were attending the Convention . A Philadelphia guest of Robert Morris , Noah Webster would write a pamphlet immediately after the signing . `` Leading Principles of the Federal Convention '' advocated adoption of the Constitution . It was published much earlier and more widely circulated than today 's better known Federalist Papers . James Madison 's blueprint ( edit ) While waiting for the Convention to formally begin , James Madison sketched out his initial draft , which became known as the Virginia Plan and reflected his views as a strong nationalist . By the time the rest of the Virginia delegation arrived , most of the Pennsylvania delegation had arrived as well . They agreed on Madison 's plan , and formed what came to be the predominant coalition . By the time the Convention started , the only blueprints that had been assembled were Madison 's Virginia Plan , and Charles Pinckney 's plan . As Pinckney did n't have a coalition behind his plan , Madison 's plan was the starting point for deliberations . James Madison , the author of the Virginia Plan The Convention agreed on several principles . Most importantly , they agreed that the Convention should go beyond its mandate merely to amend the Articles of Confederation , and instead should produce a new constitution outright . While some delegates thought this illegal , the Articles of Confederation were closer to a treaty between sovereign states than they were to a national constitution , so the genuine legal problems were limited . Another principle they agreed on was that the new government would have all the powers of the Confederation Congress , plus additional powers over the states . Once agreeing on these principles , the Convention voted on the Virginia plan and signaled their approval for it . Once this was done , they began modifying it . Madison 's plan operated on several assumptions that were not seriously challenged . During the deliberations , few raised serious objections to the planned bicameral congress , nor the separate executive function , nor the separate judicial function . As English law had typically recognized government as having two separate functions , law making embodied in the legislature , and law executing embodied in the king and his courts , the division of the legislature from the executive and judiciary was a natural and uncontested point . The division of the legislature into an upper and lower house was n't questioned either , despite the obscure origins of the English House of Lords and its role as the representative of the hereditary nobility . Americans had seldom known any but bicameral legislatures , both in Britain and in most state governments . The main exceptions to this were the dysfunctional Confederation Congress and the unicameral Pennsylvania legislature , which was seen as quickly vacillating between partisan extremes after each election . Experience had convinced the delegates that an upper house was necessary to tame the passions of the lower classes against the interests of wealthy merchants and landowners . Since America had no native hereditary aristocracy , the character of this upper house was designed to protect the interests of this wealthy elite , the `` minority of the opulent , '' against the interests of the lower classes , who constituted the majority of the population . On Thursday , June 7 , it was proposed that senators should be chosen directly by the state legislatures , instead of by popular vote , as this method was more likely to preserve the power of the upper classes . Convention delegate Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts observed that `` the great mercantile interest and of stockholders , is not provided for in any mode of election - they will however be better represented if the State legislatures choose the second branch . '' The proposal was carried unanimously . In England , at this day , if elections were open to all classes of people , the property of landed proprietors would be insecure . An agrarian law would soon take place . If these observations be just , our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation . Landholders ought to have a share in the government , to support these invaluable interests , and to balance and check the other . They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority . The Senate , therefore , ought to be this body ; and to answer these purposes , they ought to have permanency and stability . -- James Madison , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates The delegates also agreed with Madison that the executive function had to be independent of the legislature . In their aversion to kingly power , American legislatures had created state governments where the executive was beholden to the legislature , and by the late 1780s this was widely seen as being a source of paralysis . The Confederation government was the ultimate example of this . Furthermore , in the English tradition , judges were seen as being agents of the King and his court , who represented him throughout his realm . Madison believed that in the American states , this direct link between state executives and judges was a source of corruption through patronage , and thought the link had to be severed between the two , thus creating the `` third branch '' of the judiciary which had been without any direct precedent before this point . Madison , however , did not believe that the judiciary should be truly independent , but rather beholden to the legislature rather than the executive . At the Convention , some sided with Madison that the legislature should choose judges , while others believed the president should choose judges . A compromise was eventually reached that the president should choose judges and the Senate confirm them . In a few areas , Madison 's plan included provisions that had little support among the delegates . Few agreed with Madison that the legislature should be able to invalidate state laws , so the idea was dropped . While most thought there should be some mechanism to invalidate bad laws by congress , few agreed with Madison that a board of the executive and judges should decide on this . Instead , the power was given solely to the executive in the form of the veto . Many also thought this would be useful to protect the executive , whom many worried might become beholden to an imperial legislature . Also , during the deliberations , the New Jersey Plan was introduced , although it was more of a protest to the excessive national character of the Virginia plan , and was not seriously considered . The office of Vice President was also included later in the deliberations , mainly to provide the president a successor if he was unable to complete his term but also to provide presidential electors with an incentive to vote for at least one out of state candidate in addition to a `` favorite son '' from their own state or region . The early debate ( edit ) Each state was allowed to cast a single vote either for or against a proposal during the debates in accordance with the majority opinion of the state 's delegates . Throughout the Convention , delegates would regularly come and go , with only 30 -- 40 being present on a typical day . Consequently , if a state 's delegates were equally divided in their views on a given proposal , or if too few of the state 's delegates were in attendance to establish a quorum for the delegation when votes were being cast on a particular proposal , that state 's delegation had essentially no effect on the outcome of the vote on the proposal . Thus , for example , after two of New York 's three delegates abandoned the Convention in mid July with no intention of returning , New York was left unable to vote on any further proposals at the Convention , although Hamilton would continue to periodically attend and occasionally to speak during the debates . All communities divide themselves into the few and the many . The first are the rich and well born , the other the mass of the people . The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God ; and however generally this maxim has been quoted and believed , it is not true in fact . The people are turbulent and changing ; they seldom judge or determine right . Give therefore to the first class a distinct , permanent share in the government . They will check the unsteadiness of the second , and as they can not receive any advantage by a change , they therefore will ever maintain good government . Can a democratic assembly , who annually revolve in the mass of the people , be supposed steadily to pursue the public good ? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy . Their turbulent and uncontroling disposition requires checks . -- Alexander Hamilton , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates The first area of major dispute was the manner by which the lower house would be apportioned . A minority wanted it to be apportioned so that all states would have equal weight , though this was never seriously considered . Most wanted it apportioned in accordance with some mixture of property and population . Though there was discussion on how to calculate property for this purpose , the issue of property was later dropped because of its difficulty , and an assumption that property would closely correlate to population . Most accepted the desire among the slave states to count slaves as part of the population , although their servile status was raised as a major objection against this . The Three - Fifths Compromise assessing population by adding the number of free persons to three - fifths of `` all other persons '' ( slaves ) was agreed to without serious dispute . In 1783 , when attempting to assess a national taxation system , the Confederation Congress had considered a three fifths ratio , which did not achieve unanimity . This compromise resulted in a large coalition of states , including the small slave states of South Carolina and Georgia , backing the Virginia plan and thus expanding the power of the primary coalition . That the lower house was to be elected directly by the voters was also accepted without major dispute . Front side of the Virginia Plan More contentious than the lower house was the question of the upper house . Few agreed with Madison that its members should be elected by the lower house . James Wilson suggested election by popular vote versus election by state legislature , but his proposal was shot down 10 -- 1 by the delegates . Most delegates did n't question the intelligence of the voters , rather what concerned them was the slowness by which information spread in the late 18th century . At the time of the Convention , they noted that local newspapers said little of current events , and what little they had was sketchy and dated . Local papers even said little about the meeting of the Convention . Alexander Hamilton proposed extending the term in office for senators to life , considering earlier proposals of four and seven years inefficient to enable the `` rich and well born '' to have a `` distinct , permanent share in the government , '' which could `` check the imprudence of democracy . '' Moreover , Hamilton proposed that senators not be elected directly by the general public , but by `` electors '' chosen for that purpose . Besides the problems of direct election , the new Constitution was seen as such a radical break with the old system , by which delegates were elected to the Confederation Congress by state legislatures , that the Convention agreed to retain this method of electing senators to make the constitutional change less radical . The more difficult problem was the issue of apportionment . The Connecticut delegation offered a compromise , whereby the number of representatives for each state in the lower house would be apportioned based on the relative size of the state 's population , while the number of representatives in the upper house would be the same for all of the states , irrespective of size . The large states , fearing a diminution of their influence in the legislature under this plan , opposed this proposal . Unable to reach agreement , the delegates decided to leave this issue for further consideration later during the meeting . The delegates could n't agree on whether the executive should be a single person , or a board of three . Many wished to limit the power of the executive and thus supported the proposal to divide the executive power between three persons . The possible problems of this system , in addition to the knowledge that George Washington would probably be the first president , calmed the fears enough so that the proponents of a singular executive could accumulate a large coalition . This issue came up occasionally after the matter was settled , but was never again seriously doubted . Another issue concerned the election of the president . Few agreed with Madison that the executive should be elected by the legislature . There was widespread concern with direct election , because information diffused so slowly in the late 18th century , and because of concerns that people would only vote for candidates from their state or region . A vocal minority wanted the national executive to be chosen by the governors of the states . The issue was one of the last major issues to be resolved , and was done so in the electoral college . At the time , before the formation of modern political parties , there was widespread concern that candidates would routinely fail to secure a majority of electors in the electoral college . The method of resolving this problem therefore was a contested issue . Most thought that the house should then choose the president , since it most closely reflected the will of the people . This caused dissension among delegates from smaller states , who realized that this would put their states at a disadvantage . To resolve this dispute , the Convention agreed that the house would elect the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , but that each state delegation would vote as a bloc , rather than individually . As the Convention was entering its second full month of deliberations , it was decided that further consideration of the prickly question of how to apportion representatives in the national legislature should be referred to a committee composed of one delegate from each of the eleven states that were present at that time at the Convention . The members of this `` Grand Committee , '' as it has come to be known , included Elbridge Gerry , Oliver Ellsworth , Robert Yates , William Paterson , Gunning Bedford , Jr. , George Mason , William Davie , John Rutledge , Abraham Baldwin , and Benjamin Franklin . In its report to the Convention on July 5 , the committee offered a compromise . The large states had opposed the Connecticut Compromise , because they felt it gave too much power to the smaller states . The Grand Committee 's proposal added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the lower house and not be subject to modification by the upper house ( although this Origination Clause would later be modified so that revenue bills could be amended in the upper house , or Senate ) . With this modification , the Convention in a close vote adopted the compromise on July 16 . Nationalist delegates remained bitterly opposed , however , until on July 23 they succeeded in further modifying the compromise to give members of the Senate individual voting power , rather than having votes taken by each state 's representatives en bloc , as had occurred in Congress under the Articles of Confederation . This accomplished the nationalist goal of preventing state governments from having a direct say in Congress 's choice to make national laws . The final document was thus a mixture of Madison 's original `` national '' constitution and the desired `` federal '' Constitution that many of the delegates sought . The first draft ( edit ) The Convention adjourned from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of the Committee of Detail , which was to produce a first draft of the Constitution . It was chaired by John Rutledge , with the other members including Edmund Randolph , Oliver Ellsworth , James Wilson , and Nathaniel Gorham . Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings , three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee 's handiwork : an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge , extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson , also with Rutledge 's edits , and the committee 's final report to the Convention . From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan , the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan , and other sources , such as the Articles of Confederation , provisions of the state constitutions , and even Charles Pinckney 's plan , to produce the first full draft , which author David O. Stewart has called a `` remarkable copy - and - paste job . '' Randolph adopted two rules in preparing his initial outline : that the Constitution should only include essential principles , avoiding minor provisions that would change over time , and that it should be stated in simple and precise language . Much of what was included in the committee 's report consisted of numerous details that the Convention had never discussed but which the committee correctly viewed as uncontroversial and unlikely to be challenged ; and as such , much of the committee 's proposal would ultimately be incorporated into the final version of the Constitution without debate . Examples of these details included the Speech and Debate Clause , which grants members of Congress immunity for comments made in their jobs , and the rules for organizing the House of Representatives and the Senate . However , Rutledge , himself a former state governor , was determined that while the new national government should be stronger than the Confederation government had been , the national government 's power over the states should not be limitless ; and at Rutledge 's urging , the committee went beyond what the Convention had proposed . As Stewart describes it , the committee `` hijacked '' and remade the Constitution , altering critical agreements the Convention delegates had already made , enhancing the powers of the states at the expense of the national government , and adding several far - reaching provisions that the Convention had never discussed . John Rutledge , a judge and former governor of South Carolina , chaired the committee that wrote the first draft of the Constitution . He argued for a federal government of limited power . The first major change , insisted on by Rutledge , was meant to sharply curtail the essentially unlimited powers to legislate `` in all cases for the general interests of the Union '' that the Convention only two weeks earlier had agreed to grant the Congress . Rutledge and Randolph worried that the broad powers implied in the language agreed on by the Convention would have given the national government too much power at the expense of the states . In Randolph 's outline the committee replaced that language with a list of 18 specific `` enumerated '' powers , many adopted from the Articles of Confederation , that would strictly limit the Congress ' authority to measures such as imposing taxes , making treaties , going to war , and establishing post offices . Rutledge , however , was not able to completely convince all of the members of the committee to accept the change . Over the course of a series of drafts , a catchall provision ( the `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' ) was eventually added , most likely by Wilson , a nationalist little concerned with the sovereignty of individual states , giving the Congress the broad power `` to make all Laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Another revision of Wilson 's draft also placed eight specific limits on the states , such as barring them from independently entering into treaties and from printing their own money , providing a certain degree of balance to the limits on the national government intended by Rutledge 's list of enumerated powers . In addition , Wilson 's draft modified the language of the Supremacy Clause adopted by the Convention , to ensure that national law would take precedence over inconsistent state laws . These changes set the final balance between the national and state governments that would be entered into the final document , as the Convention never challenged this dual - sovereignty between nation and state that had been fashioned by Rutledge and Wilson . Another set of radical changes introduced by the Committee of Detail proved far more contentious when the committee 's report was presented to the Convention . On the day the Convention had agreed to appoint the committee , Southerner Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , of South Carolina , had warned of dire consequences should the committee fail to include protections for slavery in the Southern states , or allow for taxing of Southern agricultural exports . Pinckney and his fellow Southern delegates must have been delighted to see that the committee had included three provisions that explicitly restricted the Congress ' authority in ways favorable to Southern interests . The proposed language would bar the Congress from ever interfering with the slave trade . It would also prohibit taxation of exports , and would require that any legislation concerning regulation of foreign commerce through tariffs or quotas ( that is , any laws akin to England 's `` Navigation Acts '' ) pass only with two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress . While much of the rest of the committee 's report would be accepted without serious challenge on the Convention floor , these last three proposals would provoke outrage from Northern delegates and slavery opponents . The final report of the committee , which became the first draft of the Constitution , was the first workable constitutional plan , as Madison 's Virginia Plan had simply been an outline of goals and a broad structure . Even after it issued this report , the committee continued to meet off and on until early September . Further modifications and concluding debate ( edit ) Another month of discussion and relatively minor refinement followed , during which several attempts were made to alter the Rutledge draft , though few were successful . Some wanted to add property qualifications for people to hold office , while others wanted to prevent the national government from issuing paper money . Madison in particular wanted to push the Constitution back in the direction of his Virginia plan . One important change that did make it into the final version included the agreement between northern and southern delegates to empower Congress to end the slave trade starting in 1808 . Southern and northern delegates also agreed to strengthen the Fugitive Slave Clause in exchange for removing a requirement that two - thirds of Congress agree on `` navigation acts '' ( regulations of commerce between states and foreign governments ) . The two - thirds requirement was favored by southern delegates , who thought Congress might pass navigation acts that would be economically harmful to slaveholders . Once the Convention had finished amending the first draft from the Committee of Detail , a new set of unresolved questions were sent to several different committees for resolution . The Committee of Detail was considering several questions related to habeas corpus , freedom of the press , and an executive council to advise the president . Two committees addressed questions related to the slave trade and the assumption of war debts . A new committee was created , the Committee on Postponed Parts , to address other questions that had been postponed . Its members , such as Madison , were delegates who had shown a greater desire for compromise and were chosen for this reason as most in the Convention wanted to finish their work and go home . The committee dealt with questions related to the taxes , war making , patents and copyrights , relations with Indian tribes , and Franklin 's compromise to require money bills to originate in the House . The biggest issue they addressed was the presidency , and the final compromise was written by Madison with the committee 's input . They adopted Wilson 's earlier plan for choosing the president by an electoral college , and settled on the method of choosing the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , which many such as Madison thought would be `` nineteen times out of twenty '' . The committee also shortened the president 's term from seven years to four years , freed the president to seek re-election after an initial term , and moved impeachment trials from the courts to the Senate . They also created the office of the vice president , whose only roles were to succeed a president unable to complete a term of office , to preside over the Senate , and to cast tie - breaking votes in the Senate . The committee transferred important powers from the Senate to the president , for example the power to make treaties and appoint ambassadors . One controversial issue throughout much of the Convention had been the length of the president 's term , and whether the president was to be term limited . The problem had resulted from the understanding that the president would be chosen by Congress ; the decision to have the president be chosen instead by an electoral college reduced the chance of the president becoming beholden to Congress , so a shorter term with eligibility for re-election became a viable option . Near the end of the Convention , Gerry , Randolph , and Mason emerged as the main force of opposition . Their fears were increased as the Convention moved from Madison 's vague Virginia Plan to the concrete plan of Rutledge 's Committee of Detail . Some have argued that Randolph 's attacks on the Constitution were motivated by political ambition , in particular his anticipation of possibly facing rival Patrick Henry in a future election . The main objection of the three was the compromise that would allow Congress to pass `` navigation acts '' with a simple majority in exchange for strengthened slave provisions . Among their other objections was an opposition to the office of vice president . Though most of their complaints did not result in changes , a couple did . Mason succeeded in adding `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' to the impeachment clause . Gerry also convinced the Convention to include a second method for ratification of amendments . The report out of the Committee of Detail had included only one mechanism for constitutional amendment , in which two - thirds of the states had to ask Congress to convene a convention for consideration of amendments . Upon Gerry 's urging , the Convention added back the Virginia Plan 's original method whereby Congress would propose amendments that the states would then ratify . All amendments to the Constitution , save the 21st amendment , have been made through this latter method . Despite their successes , these three dissenters grew increasingly unpopular as most other delegates wanted to bring the Convention 's business to an end and return home . As the Convention was drawing to a conclusion , and delegates prepared to refer the Constitution to the Committee on Style to pen the final version , one delegate raised an objection over civil trials . He wanted to guarantee the right to a jury trial in civil matters , and Mason saw in this a larger opportunity . Mason told the Convention that the constitution should include a bill of rights , which he thought could be prepared in a few hours . Gerry agreed , though the rest of the committee overruled them . They wanted to go home , and thought this was nothing more than another delaying tactic . Few at the time realized how important the issue would become , with the absence of a bill of rights becoming the main argument of the anti-Federalists against ratification . Most of the Convention 's delegates thought that states already protected individual rights , and that the Constitution did not authorize the national government to take away rights , so there was no need to include protections of rights . Once the Convention moved beyond this point , the delegates addressed a couple of last - minute issues . Importantly , they modified the language that required spending bills to originate in the House of Representatives and be flatly accepted or rejected , unmodified , by the Senate . The new language empowered the Senate to modify spending bills proposed by the House . Drafting and signing ( edit ) U.S. Postage , Issue of 1937 , depicting Delegates at the signing of the Constitution , engraving after a painting by Junius Brutus Stearns Once the final modifications had been made , the Committee of Style and Arrangement was appointed `` to revise the style of and arrange the articles which had been agreed to by the house . '' Unlike other committees , whose members were named so the committees included members from different regions , this final committee included no champions of the small states . Its members were mostly in favor of a strong national government and unsympathetic to calls for states ' rights . They were William Samuel Johnson ( Connecticut ) , Alexander Hamilton ( New York ) , Gouverneur Morris ( Pennsylvania ) , James Madison ( Virginia ) , and Rufus King ( Massachusetts ) . On Wednesday , September 12 , the report of the `` committee of style '' was ordered printed for the convenience of the delegates . For three days , the Convention compared this final version with the proceedings of the Convention . The Constitution was then ordered engrossed on Saturday , September 15 by Jacob Shallus , and was submitted for signing on September 17 . It made at least one important change to what the Convention had agreed to ; King wanted to prevent states from interfering in contracts . Although the Convention never took up the matter , his language was now inserted , creating the contract clause . Gouverneur Morris is credited , both now and then , as the chief draftsman of the final document , including the stirring preamble . Not all the delegates were pleased with the results ; thirteen left before the ceremony , and three of those remaining refused to sign : Edmund Randolph of Virginia , George Mason of Virginia , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts . George Mason demanded a Bill of Rights if he was to support the Constitution . The Bill of Rights was not included in the Constitution submitted to the states for ratification , but many states ratified the Constitution with the understanding that a bill of rights would soon follow . Shortly before the document was to be signed , Gorham proposed to lower the size of congressional districts from 40,000 to 30,000 citizens . A similar measure had been proposed earlier , and failed by one vote . George Washington spoke up here , making his only substantive contribution to the text of the Constitution in supporting this move . The Convention adopted it without further debate . Gorham would sign the document , although he had openly doubted whether the United States would remain a single , unified nation for more than 150 years . Ultimately , 39 of the original 55 delegates ended up signing , but it is likely that none were completely satisfied . Their views were summed up by Benjamin Franklin , who said , I confess that There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them ... I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain , may be able to make a better Constitution ... It therefore astonishes me , Sir , to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does ; and I think it will astonish our enemies ... Rhode Island never sent delegates , and two of New York 's three delegates did not stay at the Convention for long . Therefore , as George Washington stated , the document was executed by `` eleven states , and Colonel Hamilton . '' Washington signed the document first , and then moving by state delegation from north to south , as had been the custom throughout the Convention , the delegates filed to the front of the room to sign their names . At the time the document was signed , Franklin gave a persuasive speech involving an anecdote on a sun that was painted on the back of Washington 's Chippendale chair . As recounted in Madison 's notes : Whilst the last members were signing it Doctor . Franklin looking towards the Presidents Chair , at the back of which a rising sun happened to be painted , observed to a few members near him , that Painters had found it difficult to distinguish in their art a rising from a setting sun . I have said he , often and often in the course of the Session , and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue , looked at that behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting : But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun . The Constitution was then submitted to the states for ratification , pursuant to its own Article VII . Proposed plans ( edit ) Several plans were introduced , with the most important plan being that of James Madison ( the Virginia Plan ) . The Convention 's work was mostly a matter of modifying this plan . Charles Pinckney also introduced a plan , although this was n't considered and its exact character has been lost to history . After the Convention was well under way , the New Jersey Plan was introduced though never seriously considered . It was mainly a protest to what some delegates thought was the excessively radical change from the Articles of Confederation . Alexander Hamilton also offered a plan after the Convention was well under way , though it included an executive serving for life and therefore the delegates felt it too closely resembled a monarchy . Historians are unsure how serious he was about this , and some have speculated that he may have done it to make Madison 's plan look moderate by comparison . The Connecticut Compromise was n't a plan but one of several compromises offered by the Connecticut delegation . It was key to the ultimate ratification of the constitution , but was only included after being modified by Benjamin Franklin in order to make it more appealing to larger states . Virginia plan ( edit ) Main article : Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan Prior to the start of the Convention , the Virginian delegates met and , drawing largely from Madison 's suggestions , came up with what came to be known as the Virginia Plan , also known as the Large State Plan . For this reason , James Madison is sometimes called the Father of the Constitution . Presented by Virginia governor Edmund Randolph on May 29 , 1787 , the Virginia Plan proposed a very powerful bicameral legislature . Both houses of the legislature would be determined proportionately . The lower house would be elected by the people , and the upper house would be elected by the lower house . The executive would exist solely to ensure that the will of the legislature was carried out and would therefore be selected by the legislature . The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary , and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto , subject to override . New Jersey plan ( edit ) Main article : New Jersey Plan The New Jersey Plan After the Virginia Plan was introduced , New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan . Under the Articles of Confederation , each state had equal representation in Congress , exercising one vote each . The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states ' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population . On June 14 and 15 , 1787 , a small - state caucus met to create a response to the Virginia Plan . The result was the New Jersey Plan , otherwise known as the Small State Plan . Paterson 's New Jersey Plan was ultimately a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan , and was much closer to the initial call for the Convention : drafting amendments to the Articles of Confederation to fix the problems in it . Under the New Jersey Plan , the existing Continental Congress would remain , but it would be granted new powers , such as the power to levy taxes and force their collection . An executive branch was created , to be elected by Congress ( the plan allowed for a multi-person executive ) . The executives would serve a single term and were subject to recall on the request of state governors . The plan also created a judiciary that would serve for life , to be appointed by the executives . Lastly , any laws set by Congress would take precedence over state laws . When Paterson reported the plan to the Convention on June 15 , 1787 , it was ultimately rejected , but it gave the smaller states a rallying point for their interests . Hamilton 's plan ( edit ) The Hamilton Plan Unsatisfied with the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan , Alexander Hamilton proposed his own plan . It also was known as the British Plan , because of its resemblance to the British system of strong centralized government . In his plan , Hamilton advocated virtually doing away with state sovereignty and consolidating the states into a single nation . The plan featured a bicameral legislature , the lower house elected by the people for three years . The upper house would be elected by electors chosen by the people and would serve for life . The plan also gave the Governor , an executive elected by electors for a life - term of service , an absolute veto over bills . State governors would be appointed by the national legislature , and the national legislature had veto power over any state legislation . Hamilton presented his plan to the Convention on June 18 , 1787 . The plan was perceived as a well - thought - out plan , but it was not considered , because it resembled the British system too closely . It also contemplated the loss of most state authority , which the states were unwilling to allow . Pinckney 's plan ( edit ) The Pinckney Plan Immediately after Randolph finished laying out the Virginia Plan , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina presented his own plan to the Convention . As Pinckney did not write it down , the only evidence of the plan are Madison 's notes , so the details are somewhat vague . It was a confederation , or treaty , among the thirteen states . There was to be a bicameral legislature made up of a Senate and a House of Delegates . The House would have one member for every one thousand inhabitants . The House would elect Senators who would serve by rotation for four years and represent one of four regions . Congress would meet in a joint session to elect a President , and would also appoint members of the cabinet . Congress , in joint session , would serve as the court of appeal of last resort in disputes between states . Pinckney did also provide for a supreme Federal Judicial Court . The Pinckney plan was not debated , but it may have been referred to by the Committee of Detail . Connecticut compromise ( edit ) Main article : Connecticut Compromise The Connecticut Compromise , forged by Roger Sherman from Connecticut , was proposed on June 11 . In a sense it blended the Virginia ( large - state ) and New Jersey ( small - state ) proposals . Ultimately , however , its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate , and thus retaining a federal character in the constitution . Sherman sided with the two - house national legislature of the Virginia Plan , but proposed `` That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st . branch ( house ) should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants ; and that in the second branch or Senate , each State should have one vote and no more . '' This plan failed at first , but on July 23 the question was finally settled . What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan . In the Grand Committee , Benjamin Franklin successfully proposed the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house . But the final July 16 vote on the compromise still left the Senate looking like the Confederation Congress . In the preceding weeks of debate , Madison , King , and Gouverneur Morris each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason . Then on July 23 , just before most of the convention 's work was referred to the Committee of Detail , Morris and King moved that state representatives in the Senate be given individual votes , rather than voting en bloc , as they had in the Confederation Congress . Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut , a leading proponent of the compromise , supported their motion , and the Convention adopted it . As the personally powerful senators were to receive terms much longer than the state legislators who appointed them , they became substantially independent . The compromise nonetheless continued to serve the self - interest of small - state political leaders , who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained . Slavery ( edit ) Among the most controversial issues confronting the delegates was that of slavery . Slavery was widespread in the states at the time of the Convention . At least a third of the Convention 's 55 delegates owned slaves , including all of the delegates from Virginia and South Carolina . Slaves comprised approximately one - fifth of the population of the states ; and apart from northernmost New England , where slavery had largely been eliminated , slaves lived throughout all regions of the country . The majority of the slaves ( more than 90 % ) , however , lived in the South , where approximately 1 in 3 families owned slaves ( in the largest and wealthiest state , Virginia , that figure was nearly 1 in 2 families ) . The entire agrarian economy of the South was based on slave labor , and the Southern delegates to the Convention were unwilling to accept any proposals that they believed would threaten the institution . Quaker John Dickinson argued forcefully against slavery during the Convention . Once Delaware 's largest slaveholder , he had freed all of his slaves by 1787 . Commerce and slave trade compromise ( edit ) Whether slavery was to be regulated under the new Constitution was a matter of such intense conflict between the North and South that several Southern states refused to join the Union if slavery were not to be allowed . Delegates opposed to slavery were forced to yield in their demands that slavery practiced within the confines of the new nation be completely outlawed . However , they continued to argue that the Constitution should prohibit the states from participating in the international slave trade , including in the importation of new slaves from Africa and the export of slaves to other countries . The Convention postponed making a final decision on the international slave trade until late in the deliberations because of the contentious nature of the issue . During the Convention 's late July recess , the Committee of Detail had inserted language that would prohibit the federal government from attempting to ban international slave trading and from imposing taxes on the purchase or sale of slaves . The Convention could not agree on these provisions when the subject came up again in late August , so they referred the matter to an eleven - member committee for further discussion . This committee helped work out a compromise : Congress would have the power to ban the international slave trade , but not for another twenty years ( that is , not until 1808 ) . In exchange for this concession , the federal government 's power to regulate foreign commerce would be strengthened by provisions that allowed for taxation of slave trades in the international market and that reduced the requirement for passage of navigation acts from two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress to simple majorities . Three - fifths compromise ( edit ) Main article : Three - Fifths Compromise Another contentious slavery - related question was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress , or would instead be considered property and as such not be considered for purposes of representation . Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation , but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population . Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation , but not in determining representation . Finally , delegate James Wilson proposed the Three - Fifths Compromise . This was eventually adopted by the Convention . Delegates ( edit ) The states had originally appointed seventy representatives to the Convention , but a number of the appointees did not accept or could not attend , leaving fifty - five delegates who would ultimately craft the Constitution . Almost all of the fifty - five delegates had taken part in the Revolution , with at least twenty - nine having served in the Continental forces , most in positions of command . All but two or three had served in colonial or state government during their careers . The vast majority ( about 75 % ) of the delegates were or had been members of the Confederation Congress , and many had been members of the Continental Congress during the Revolution . Several had been state governors . Just two delegates , Roger Sherman and Robert Morris , would be signatories to all three of the nation 's founding documents : the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution . More than half of the delegates had trained as lawyers ( several had even been judges ) , although only about a quarter had practiced law as their principal means of business . There were also merchants , manufacturers , shippers , land speculators , bankers or financiers , two or three physicians , a minister , and several small farmers . Of the twenty - five who owned slaves , sixteen depended on slave labor to run the plantations or other businesses that formed the mainstay of their income . Most of the delegates were landowners with substantial holdings , and most , with the possible exception of Roger Sherman and William Few , were very comfortably wealthy . George Washington and Robert Morris were among the wealthiest men in the entire country . Connecticut Oliver Ellsworth * William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman Delaware Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford , Jr . Jacob Broom John Dickinson George Read Georgia Abraham Baldwin William Few William Houstoun * William Pierce * Maryland Daniel Carroll Luther Martin * James McHenry John Francis Mercer * Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry * Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Caleb Strong * New Hampshire Nicholas Gilman John Langdon New Jersey David Brearley Jonathan Dayton William Houston * William Livingston William Paterson New York Alexander Hamilton John Lansing , Jr. * Robert Yates * North Carolina William Blount William Richardson Davie * Alexander Martin * Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson Pennsylvania George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Jared Ingersoll Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris James Wilson South Carolina Pierce Butler Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney John Rutledge Virginia John Blair James Madison George Mason * James McClurg * Edmund Randolph * George Washington George Wythe * Rhode Island Rhode Island did not send delegates to the Convention . ( * ) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution . Randolph , Mason , and Gerry were the only three present in Philadelphia at the time who refused to sign . Several prominent Founders are notable for not participating in the Constitutional Convention . Thomas Jefferson was abroad , serving as the minister to France ( nonetheless , Jefferson , in a letter to John Adams , would describe the delegates approvingly as a gathering of `` demi - gods '' ) . John Adams was in Britain , serving as minister to that country , but he wrote home to encourage the delegates . Patrick Henry refused to participate because he `` smelt a rat in Philadelphia , tending toward the monarchy . '' Also absent were John Hancock and Samuel Adams . Many of the states ' older and more experienced leaders may have simply been too busy with the local affairs of their states to attend the Convention , which had originally been planned to strengthen the existing Articles of Confederation , not to write a constitution for a completely new national government . See also ( edit ) Constitution Day ( United States ) Constitution of the United States Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution The Federalist Papers Founding Fathers of the United States History of the United States Constitution History of the United States National Constitution Center Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution United States Bill of Rights Syng inkstand America 's Critical Period Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manasseh Cutler was a Congregationalists minister and former Army chaplain from Massachusetts . He arrived directly from lobbying success in New York City during the Northwest Ordinance negotiations at the Articles Congress . Jump up ^ History Alive ! Pursuing American Ideals . Rancho Cordova , CA : Teachers ' Curriculum Institute . April 2013 . p. 56 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Jump up ^ Odesser - Torpey , Marilyn ( 2013 ) . Insiders ' Guide to Philadelphia & Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Morris Book Publishing , LLC . p. 26 . ISBN 9780762756995 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rossiter , Clinton ( 1987 ) . 1787 : The Grand Convention . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30404 - 6 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Pop Culture : 1790 '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Articles of Confederation , Art . 13 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jump up ^ The Ratification of the Constitution National Archives ^ Jump up to : Padover , Saul K. ( 1995 ) . Jacob W. Landynski , ed . The living U.S. Constitution : Historical Background Landmark Supreme Court Decisions with Introductions indexed Guide Pen Portraits of Signers. 3 . New York : NY : A Meridian Book . Jump up ^ Irons , Lee. , The 1788 American Revision of the Westminster Standards , viewed September 15 , 2011 . Referencing `` Records of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1706 -- 1788 '' ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Teaching American History.org , A citizen of America : an examination into the leading principles of America , viewed October 20 , 2011 . Scudder , Horace Elisha . Noah Webster , 1885 ed. , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Robert Yates . http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/yates.asp Jump up ^ The Three - Fifth Compromise Digitalhistory.uh.edu Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1966 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Volume 1 . Yale University Press . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 00080 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : 2 The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , at 94 -- 95 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) ^ Jump up to : See Laurence Claus , Power Enumeration and the Silences of Constitutional Federalism http://ssrn.com/abstract=2837390 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . Jump up ^ United States Postage Stamps Jump up ^ National Archives . `` Bill of Rights '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Speech of Benjamin Franklin -- The U_S_ Constitution Online -- USConstitution_net ^ Jump up to : `` Rising Sun '' in The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Vol. 1 ( ed . John R. Vile : ABC - CLIO , 2005 ) , p. 681 . Jump up ^ Madison Notes for September 17 , 1787 . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 2006 ) . America 's Constitution : A Biography . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7272 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : US Constitution.net . `` Constitutional Topic : The Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Plan of Charles Pinckney ( South Carolina ) , Presented to the Federal Convention , May 29 , 1787 . `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : May 29 . `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1 THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787 , at 489 , 490 , 551 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . D.C. : Government Printing Office . ^ Jump up to : Constitutional Rights Foundation . `` The Constitution and Slavery '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2004 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States National Archives and Records Administration . `` America 's Founding Fathers , Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : United States National Archives and Records Administration . `` America 's Founding Fathers , Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press . Bibliography ( edit ) Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . Bowen , Catherine Drinker , Miracle At Philadelphia : The Story of the Constitutional Convention ( Little , Brown 1966 ) Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press . Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | unable to attend the constitutional convention because he was serving as american minister to france | [
"Several prominent Founders are notable for not participating in the Constitutional Convention. Thomas Jefferson was abroad, serving as the minister to France (nonetheless, Jefferson, in a letter to John Adams, would describe the delegates approvingly as a gathering of \"demi-gods\").[36]:13 John Adams was in Britain, serving as minister to that country, but he wrote home to encourage the delegates. Patrick Henry refused to participate because he \"smelt a rat in Philadelphia, tending toward the monarchy.\" Also absent were John Hancock and Samuel Adams. Many of the states' older and more experienced leaders may have simply been too busy with the local affairs of their states to attend the Convention,[6]:65 which had originally been planned to strengthen the existing Articles of Confederation, not to write a constitution for a completely new national government."
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-4544431758275650040 | Chinese checkers | Chinese Checkers - wikipedia Chinese Checkers This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 93 ( talk contribs ) at 22 : 03 , 16 August 2017 ( dc ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 22 : 03 , 16 August 2017 by 93 ( talk contribs ) ( dc ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Chinese Checkers A typical pitted - wood gameboard using six differently colored sets of marbles . Another popular format uses colored pegs in holes . Genre ( s ) Board game Abstract strategy game Players 2 -- 4 or 6 Setup time ~ 1 minute Playing time 10 -- 30 minutes Random chance None Skill ( s ) required Strategy , tactics Synonym ( s ) Stern - Halma Star Halma Hop Ching Checkers Tiao - qi ( `` Jump chess '' ) Chinese checkers ( US and Canadian spelling ) or Chinese chequers ( UK spelling ) is a strategy board game of German origin ( named `` Sternhalma '' ) which can be played by two , three , four , or six people , playing individually or with partners . The game is a modern and simplified variation of the American game Halma . The objective is to be first to race all of one 's pieces across the hexagram - shaped board into `` home '' -- the corner of the star opposite one 's starting corner -- using single - step moves or moves that jump over other pieces . The remaining players continue the game to establish second - , third - , fourth - , fifth - , and last - place finishers . The rules are simple , so even young children can play . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and nomenclature 2 Rules 2.1 Starting layouts 2.1. 1 Six players 2.1. 2 Four players 2.1. 3 Three players 2.1. 4 Two players 3 Strategy 4 Variants 4.1 Fast - paced or Super Chinese Checkers 4.2 Capture 4.3 Diamond game 5 References 6 External links History and nomenclature ( edit ) Boys playing Hop Ching Checkers , Montreal , 1942 Despite its name , the game is not a variation of checkers , nor did it originate in China or any part of Asia ( whereas the game 象棋 xiangqi , or `` Chinese chess '' , is from China ) . The game was invented in Germany in 1892 under the name `` Stern - Halma '' as a variation of the older American game Halma . The `` Stern '' ( German for star ) refers to the board 's star shape ( in contrast to the square board used in Halma ) . The name `` Chinese Checkers '' originated in the United States as a marketing scheme by Bill and Jack Pressman in 1928 . The Pressman company 's game was originally called `` Hop Ching Checkers '' . The game was introduced to Chinese - speaking regions mostly by the Japanese . Rules ( edit ) A single move can consist of multiple hops ; each piece hopped must be directly adjacent , and hops can be in any direction . The aim is to race all one 's pieces into the star corner on the opposite side of the board before opponents do the same . The destination corner is called home . Each player has 10 pieces , except in games between two players when 15 are used . ( On bigger star boards , 15 or 21 pieces are used . ) In `` hop across '' , the most popular variation , each player starts with their colored pieces on one of the six points or corners of the star and attempts to race them all home into the opposite corner . Players take turns moving a single piece , either by moving one step in any direction to an adjacent empty space , or by jumping in one or any number of available consecutive hops over other single pieces . A player may not combine hopping with a single - step move -- a move consists of one or the other . There is no capturing in Chinese Checkers , so hopped pieces remain active and in play . Turns proceed clockwise around the board . In the diagram , Green might move the topmost piece one space diagonally forward as shown . A hop consists of jumping over a single adjacent piece , either one 's own or an opponent 's , to the empty space directly beyond it in the same line of direction . Red might advance the indicated piece by a chain of three hops in a single move . It is not mandatory to make the most number of hops possible . ( In some instances a player may choose to stop the jumping sequence part way in order to impede the opponent 's progress , or to align pieces for planned future moves . ) Starting layouts ( edit ) Six players ( edit ) Can be played `` all versus all '' , or three teams of two . When playing teams , teammates usually sit at opposite corners of the star , with each team member controlling their own colored set of pieces . The first team to advance both sets to their home destination corners is the winner . The remaining players usually continue play to determine second - and third - place finishers , etc . Four players ( edit ) The four - player game is the same as the game for six players , except that two opposite corners will be unused . Three players ( edit ) A three - player game In a three - player game , all players control either one or two sets of pieces each . If one set is used , pieces race across the board into empty , opposite corners . If two sets are used , each player controls two differently colored sets of pieces at opposite corners of the star . Two players ( edit ) In a two - player game , each player plays one , two , or three sets of pieces . If one set is played , the pieces usually go into the opponent 's starting corner , and the number of pieces per side is increased to 15 ( instead of the usual 10 ) . If two sets are played , the pieces can either go into the opponent 's starting corners , or one of the players ' two sets can go into an opposite empty corner . If three sets are played , the pieces usually go into the opponent 's starting corners . Strategy ( edit ) A basic strategy is to create or find the longest hopping path that leads closest to home , or immediately into it . ( Multiple - jump moves are obviously faster to advance pieces than step - by - step moves . ) Since either player can make use of any hopping ' ladder ' or ' chain ' created , a more advanced strategy involves hindering an opposing player in addition to helping oneself make jumps across the board . Of equal importance are the players ' strategies for emptying and filling their starting and home corners . Games between top players are rarely decided by more than a couple of moves . Differing numbers of players result in different starting layouts , in turn imposing different best - game strategies . For example , if a player 's home destination corner starts empty ( i.e. is not an opponent 's starting corner ) , the player can freely build a ' ladder ' or ' bridge ' with their pieces between the two opposite ends . But if a player 's opponent occupies the home corner , the player may need to wait for opponent pieces to clear before filling the home vacancies . Variants ( edit ) Fast - paced or Super Chinese Checkers ( edit ) While the standard rules allow hopping over only a single adjacent occupied position at a time ( as in checkers ) , this version of the game allows pieces to catapult over multiple adjacent occupied positions in a line when hopping . In the fast - paced or Super Chinese Checkers variant popular in France , a piece may hop over a non-adjacent piece . A hop consists of jumping over a distant piece ( friendly or enemy ) to a symmetrical position on the opposite side , in the same line of direction . ( For example , if there are two empty positions between the jumping piece and the piece being jumped , the jumping piece lands leaving exactly two empty positions immediately beyond the jumped piece . ) As in the standard rules , a jumping move may consist of any number of a chain of hops . ( When making a chain of hops , a piece is usually allowed to enter an empty corner , as long as it hops out again before the move is completed . ) Jumping over two or more pieces in a hop is not allowed . Therefore , in this variant even more than in the standard version , it is sometimes strategically important to keep one 's pieces bunched in order to prevent a long opposing hop . An alternative variant allows hops over any symmetrical arrangement , including pairs of pieces , pieces separated by empty positions , and so on . Capture ( edit ) In the capture variant , all sixty game pieces start out in the hexagonal field in the center of the gameboard . The center position is left unoccupied , so pieces form a symmetric hexagonal pattern . Color is irrelevant in this variant , so players take turns hopping any game piece over any other eligible game piece ( s ) on the board . The hopped - over pieces are captured ( retired from the game , as in English draughts ) and collected in the capturing player 's bin . Only jumping moves are allowed ; the game ends when no further jumps are possible . The player with the most captured pieces is the winner . The board is tightly packed at the start of the game ; as more pieces are captured , the board frees up , often allowing multiple captures to take place in a single move . Two or more players can compete in this variant , but if there are more than six players , not everyone will get a fair turn . This variant resembles the game Leap Frog . The main difference being that in Leap Frog the board is a square board . Diamond game ( edit ) Diamond game board with 73 playing spaces Diamond game is a variant of Chinese Checkers played in South Korea and Japan . It uses the same jump rule as in Chinese Checkers . The aim of the game is to enter all one 's pieces into the star corner on the opposite side of the board , before opponents do the same . Each player has ten or fifteen pieces . Ten - piece diamond uses a smaller gameboard than Chinese Checkers , with 73 spaces . Fifteen - piece diamond uses the same board as in Chinese Checkers , with 121 spaces . To play diamond each player selects one color and places their 10 or 15 pieces on a triangle . Two to six players can compete . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chinese chequers '' . Cambridge Advanced Learner 's Dictionary . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ According to Hoyle Puzzle & Board Games User Guide , five people can not play , because one player would lack an opponent sitting opposite . Jump up ^ Schmittberger ( 1992 ) , pp. 87 -- 88 . `` Halma is played the same way as Chinese Checkers , except that the board grid is square rather than hexagonal . This makes the play more complicated because pieces can move in eight directions ( ... ) instead of only six . '' ^ Jump up to : Bell ( 1983 ) , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mohr ( 1997 ) , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Bernardo Johns , Stephanie ; The Ethnic Almanac . Doubleday Publishing ( 1981 ) . ISBN 0 - 385 - 14143 - 2 Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle : Encyclopedia of Play in Today 's Society , Band 1 , SAGE , 2009 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Parlett ( 1999 ) , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Mohr ( 1997 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Schmittberger ( 1992 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Leapfrog at BoardGameGeek Jump up ^ ( in Korean ) naver.com naver.com naver.com see 15 - piece version Bibliography Bell , R.C. ( 1983 ) . The Boardgame Book . Exeter Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 06030 - 9 . Mohr , Merilyn Simonds ( 1997 ) . The New Games Treasury . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 1 - 57630 - 058 - 7 . Parlett , David ( 1999 ) . The Oxford History of Board Games . Oxford University Press Inc . ISBN 0 - 19 - 212998 - 8 . Schmittberger , R. Wayne ( 1992 ) . New Rules for Classic Games . John Wiley & Sons Inc . ISBN 978 - 0471536215 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese checkers . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Chinese Checkers Chinese Checkers : Overview at LearnPlayWin Chinese Checkers history of Halma and Chinese Checkers by Vegard Krog Petersen Shortest Possible Game study of 10 - and 15 - marble armies Shortest Possible Game video of 10 - marble army Chinese checkers at DMOZ Chinese Checkers at BoardGameGeek Chinese Checkers on a spherical board Chinese Checkers best opening moves Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_checkers&oldid=795854174 '' Categories : Board games introduced in the 1890s Abstract strategy games Hidden categories : Articles with Korean - language external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox game with unknown parameters Articles with DMOZ links Talk Article Talk Variants More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons العربية Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Vahcuengh 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 22 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | n which country was the game chinese checkers invented | [
"Chinese checkers (US and Canadian spelling) or Chinese chequers (UK spelling)[1] is a strategy board game of German origin (named \"Sternhalma\") which can be played by two, three, four, or six people, playing individually or with partners.[2] The game is a modern and simplified variation of the American game Halma.[3]"
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-7445085180368039712 | White Christmas (song) | White Christmas ( song ) - wikipedia White Christmas ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` White Christmas '' 1942 78 single release of `` White Christmas '' by Bing Crosby on Decca Records , 18429 A , with Ken Darby Singers and John Scott Trotter and His Orchestra , Matrix # DLA 3009 Single by Bing Crosby with Ken Darby Singers and John Scott Trotter and His Orchestra from the album Song Hits from Holiday Inn B - side `` Let 's Start the New Year Right '' `` God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' `` Jingle Bells '' Released 1942 , 1945 , 1950 , 1955 , 1970 , 1983 , 1988 , 1989 , 1998 Format 7 - inch 10 - inch CD Mini CD Recorded May 29 , 1942 March 19 , 1947 Genre Christmas pop Length 3 : 02 ( 1942 recording ) 3 : 04 ( 1947 recording ) Label Decca ( 1942 -- 1973 issues ) MCA ( 1983 -- 1985 issues ) Songwriter ( s ) Irving Berlin Bing Crosby with Ken Darby Singers and John Scott Trotter and His Orchestra singles chronology `` Be Careful , It 's My Heart '' ( 1942 ) `` White Christmas '' ( 1942 ) `` Moonlight Becomes You '' ( 1942 ) `` Be Careful , It 's My Heart '' ( 1942 ) `` White Christmas '' ( 1942 ) `` Moonlight Becomes You '' ( 1942 ) Music video `` White Christmas '' on YouTube `` White Christmas '' is a 1942 Irving Berlin song reminiscing about an old - fashioned Christmas setting . The version sung by Bing Crosby is the world 's best - selling single with estimated sales in excess of 100 million copies worldwide . Other versions of the song , along with Crosby 's , have sold over 50 million copies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Bing Crosby version 3 Formats and track listing 4 Sales figures 5 Legacy 6 Original verse 7 Certifications 8 Other versions 9 Notes and references 10 External links Origin ( edit ) Accounts vary as to when and where Berlin wrote the song . One story is that he wrote it in 1940 , in warm La Quinta , California , while staying at the La Quinta Hotel , a frequent Hollywood retreat also favored by writer - director - producer Frank Capra , although the Arizona Biltmore also claims the song was written there . He often stayed up all night writing -- he told his secretary , `` Grab your pen and take down this song . I just wrote the best song I 've ever written -- heck , I just wrote the best song that anybody 's ever written ! '' Bing Crosby version ( edit ) 1945 V - Disc release by the U.S. Army of `` White Christmas '' and `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' by Bing Crosby as No. 441B . Picture sleeve of 1959 reissue by Decca Records ( 9 - 23778 ) The first public performance of the song was by Bing Crosby , on his NBC radio show The Kraft Music Hall on Christmas Day , 1941 ; a copy of the recording from the radio program is owned by Crosby 's estate and was loaned to CBS News Sunday Morning for their December 25 , 2011 , program . He subsequently recorded the song with the John Scott Trotter Orchestra and the Ken Darby Singers and for Decca Records in just 18 minutes on May 29 , 1942 , and it was released on July 30 as part of an album of six 78 - rpm discs from the musical film Holiday Inn . At first , Crosby did not see anything special about the song . He just said `` I do n't think we have any problems with that one , Irving . '' The song established that there could be commercially successful secular Christmas songs -- in this case , written by a Jewish - American songwriter . The song initially performed poorly and was overshadowed by Holiday Inn 's first hit song : `` Be Careful , It 's My Heart '' . By the end of October 1942 , `` White Christmas '' topped the Your Hit Parade chart . It remained in that position until well into the new year . It has often been noted that the mix of melancholy -- `` just like the ones I used to know '' -- with comforting images of home -- `` where the treetops glisten '' -- resonated especially strongly with listeners during World War II . A few weeks after the attacks on Pearl Harbor , Crosby introduced `` White Christmas '' on a Christmas Day broadcast . The Armed Forces Network was flooded with requests for the song . The recording is noted for Crosby 's whistling during the second chorus . In 1942 alone , Crosby 's recording spent eleven weeks on top of the Billboard charts . The original version also hit number one on the Harlem Hit Parade for three weeks , Crosby 's first - ever appearance on the black - oriented chart . Re-released by Decca , the single returned to the No. 1 spot during the holiday seasons of 1945 and 1946 ( on the chart dated January 4 , 1947 ) , thus becoming the only single with three separate runs at the top of the U.S. charts . The recording became a chart perennial , reappearing annually on the pop chart twenty separate times before Billboard magazine created a distinct Christmas chart for seasonal releases . In Holiday Inn , the composition won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1942 . In the film , Crosby sings `` White Christmas '' as a duet with actress Marjorie Reynolds , though her voice was dubbed by Martha Mears . This now - familiar scene was not the moviemakers ' initial plan . In the script as originally conceived , Reynolds , not Crosby , would sing the song . The song would feature in another Crosby film , the 1954 musical White Christmas , which became the highest - grossing film of 1954 . ( Crosby made yet another studio recording of the song , accompanied by Joseph J. Lilley 's orchestra and chorus , for the film 's soundtrack album . ) The version most often heard today on radio during the Christmas season is the 1947 re-recording . The 1942 master was damaged due to frequent use . Crosby re-recorded the track on March 19 , 1947 , accompanied again by the Trotter Orchestra and the Darby Singers , with every effort made to reproduce the original recording session . The re-recording is recognizable by the addition of flutes and celesta in the beginning . Although Crosby dismissed his role in the song 's success , saying later that `` a jackdaw with a cleft palate could have sung it successfully , '' he was associated with it for the rest of his career . Formats and track listing ( edit ) These are the formats and track listings of single releases of `` White Christmas '' . 10 '' shellac single -- U.S. ( Decca -- 18429 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` White Christmas '' Irving Berlin 3 : 02 2 . `` Let 's Start The New Year Right '' Irving Berlin CD single -- UK ( MCA Records -- MCSTD48105 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` White Christmas '' Irving Berlin 3 : 06 2 . `` Auld Lang Syne '' Traditional 1 : 38 3 . `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' Henry W. Longfellow , K. Davis / H. Onorati 2 : 37 Sales figures ( edit ) Crosby 's `` White Christmas '' single has been credited with selling 50 million copies , the most by any release and therefore it is the biggest - selling single worldwide of all time . The Guinness Book of World Records 2009 Edition lists the song as a 100 - million seller , encompassing all versions of the song , including albums . Crosby 's holiday collection Merry Christmas was first released as an LP in 1949 , and has never been out of print since . There has been confusion and debate on whether Crosby 's record is or is not the best - selling single , due to a lack of information on sales of `` White Christmas , '' because Crosby 's recording was released before the advent of the modern - day US and UK singles charts . However , after careful research , Guinness World Records in 2007 concluded that , worldwide , Crosby 's recording of `` White Christmas '' has , in their estimation , sold at least 50 million copies , and that Elton John 's recording of `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' has sold 33 million , making Crosby 's recording the best - selling single of all time . However , an update in the 2009 edition of the book decided to further help settle the controversy amicably by naming both John 's and Crosby 's songs to be `` winners '' by stating that John 's recording is the `` best - selling single since UK and US singles charts began in the 1950s , '' while maintaining that `` the best - selling single of all time was released before the first pop charts , '' and that this distinction belongs to `` White Christmas , '' which it says `` was listed as the world 's best - selling single in the first - ever Guinness Book of Records ( published in 1955 ) and -- remarkably -- still retains the title more than 50 years later . '' Legacy ( edit ) In 1999 , National Public Radio included it in the `` NPR 100 '' , which sought to compile the one hundred most important American musical works of the 20th century . Crosby 's version of the song also holds the distinction of being ranked No. 2 on the `` Songs of the Century '' list , behind only Judy Garland 's `` Over the Rainbow , '' as voted by members of the RIAA . In 2002 , the original 1942 version was one of 50 historically significant recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry . In 2004 , it finished at No. 5 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . The recording was broadcast on Armed Forces Radio on April 30 , 1975 , as a secret , pre-arranged signal precipitating the U.S. evacuation from Saigon . Original verse ( edit ) Irving Berlin 's opening verse is often dropped in recordings . It is included on A Christmas Gift for You from Philles Records , sung by Darlene Love ; on Barbra Streisand 's A Christmas Album ; on the Carpenters ' Christmas Portrait , sung by Karen Carpenter ; on Neil Diamond 's The Christmas Album ; on Bette Midler 's Cool Yule ; on Libera 's Christmas Album ; and on Crash Test Dummies ' Jingle All the Way . The sun is shining , the grass is green , The orange and palm trees sway . There 's never been such a day in Beverly Hills , L.A. But it 's December the twenty - fourth , -- And I am longing to be up North -- Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Other versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` White Christmas '' is the most - recorded Christmas song ; there have been more than 500 recorded versions of the song , in several different languages . The following have received some charting success . Gordon Jenkins and his Orchestra ( with Bob Carroll on lead vocal ) released a version ( Capitol F - 124 ) that reached No. 16 on Billboard magazine 's pop singles chart in 1942 and Charlie Spivak and his Orchestra ( with Garry Stevens on lead vocal ) released a version that reached No. 18 on Billboard 's pop singles chart as did Freddy Martin and his Orchestra ( with Clyde Rogers on lead vocal ) , reaching No. 20 on Billboard 's pop singles chart ( and again in December 1945 , reaching No. 16 ) . In 1944 , Frank Sinatra with a backing orchestration under the direction of Axel Stordahl reached No. 7 on Billboard 's pop singles chart ( two more times : December 1945 , No. 5 ; December 1946 , No. 6 ) Jo Stafford reaching No. 9 on Billboard 's pop singles chart in 1946 , with backing vocals by the Lyn Murray Singers and backing orchestration by Paul Weston . Eddy Howard and his Orchestra released a version that reached No. 21 on Billboard 's pop singles chart the same year while Perry Como , with backing orchestration by Lloyd Shaffer , reachead No. 23 on Billboard 's pop singles chart . In 1949 The Ravens peacked at No. 9 on Billboard 's Rhythm & Blues Records chart in January 1949 while Ernest Tubb , with female backing vocals by The Troubadettes , peaked at No. 7 on Billboard 's Country & Western Records chart . In 1952 Mantovani and his orchestra reached No. 23 on Billboard 's pop singles chart while The Drifters showcased the talents of lead singer Clyde McPhatter and the bass vocals of Bill Pinkney in 1954 , peaking at No. 2 on Billboard 's Rhythm & Blues Records chart . It returned to the same chart in the next two years . The Drifters rendition of this song can be heard in Home Alone Andy Williams recorded it in 1963 's , The Andy Williams Christmas Album , where ir reached No. 1 on Billboard 's special , year - end , weekly Christmas Singles chart . It was released in 1968 as a posthumous single from Otis Redding , and reached No. 12 on the Christmas Singles chart In 1980 , Darts 's version peaked at No. 48 on the UK singles chart . Michael Bolton performed it on his 1992 non-holiday album , Timeless : The Classics , where it peaked at No. 73 on Billboard 's Hot 100 Airplay chart in January 1993 . Garth Brooks version included on his first holiday album , Beyond the Season , peaked at No. 70 on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in January 1995 . In Martina McBride recorded it for , White Christmas , charting twice , reaching No. 75 on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 1999 , and No. 62 on the same chart in 2000 Bette Midler 's version , released on her non-holiday album , Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook , reached No. 15 on Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart in 2003 . The version released on Andrea Bocelli 2009 album , My Christmas , reached No. 16 on the Portuguese Singles Chart . Despite not being released as a single , Marco Mengoni 's version , released on the compilation album X Factor -- The Christmas Album , charted at No. 13 on the Italian Singles Chart based on digital downloads of the track . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Christmas comes early with ' Irving Berlin 's White Christmas ' at the Peoria Civic Center Theater '' . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guinness Book of Records , 2007 Edition , page 187 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness Book of Records , 2008 Edition , page 181 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guinness Book of Records , 2009 Edition , pages 14 , 15 & 169 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Roy J. Harris , Jr . ( December 5 , 2009 ) . `` The Best - Selling Record of All . ' White Christmas ' and the reasons it endures '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . It was a peaceful song that became a wartime classic . Its unorthodox , melancholy melody , and mere 54 words , expressing the simple yearning for a return to happier times -- sounded instantly familiar when sung by America 's favorite crooner . But 67 years after its introduction , some still are surprised to learn that Bing Crosby 's recording of the Irving Berlin ballad `` White Christmas '' became not only the runaway smash - hit for the World War II holidays , but the best - selling record of all time . Jump up ^ `` History of `` '' The Jewel of the Desert `` '' Arizona Biltmore , a Waldorf Astoria Hotel `` . Arizonabiltmore.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` White Christmas '' . www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : John Mueller ( 1986 ) . Astaire Dancing -- The Musical Films . London : Hamish Hamilton . pp. 204 , 425 . ISBN 0 - 241 - 11749 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wook Kim ( Dec 17 , 2012 ) . `` Yule Laugh , Yule Cry : 10 Things You Did n't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs ( With holiday cheer in the air , TIME takes a closer look at some of the weird stories behind our favorite seasonal tunes ) '' . TIME . -- `` White Christmas '' ( p. 6 ) Jump up ^ `` No one dreamed of a ' White Christmas ' before this song '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Todd Decker . `` Crosby , Bing . '' Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . Web . 26 Sep. 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 134 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bing Crosby : Crooner of the Century -- By Richard Grudens Jump up ^ Billboard 15 Dec 1945 -- `` Bing Crosby -- White Christmas / Let 's Start The New Year Right '' 10 '' single , ( Decca -- 18429 ) Jump up ^ Complete UK Hit Singles -- 1952 -- 2006 , Graham Betts , Collins , 2006 -- Music -- 1088 pages -- ( `` White Christmas '' 1998 UK CD single ) Jump up ^ `` RIAA News Room -- The American Recording Industry Announces its Artists of the Century -- Nov 10 , 1999 '' . Recording Industry Association of America website . RIAA. 1999 - 11 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Guinness Book of Records . 2009 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 37 - 7 . States that `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' is the `` best - selling single since charts began '' ; however , not of all time . Bing Crosby 's `` White Christmas '' is still recognized as the best - selling single of all time , but since it was released before the start of many charts , its pre-1950s sales are estimated . John 's 1997 song has sold the most copies when looking at copies sold since charts began , as verified in Guinness World Records . See also : Guinness Book of Records , 2009 Edition , pages 14 , 15 & 169 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` New song list puts ' Rainbow ' way up high '' . CNN . March 7 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Todd , Olivier ( 1990 ) , Cruel April : The Fall of Saigon , W.W. Norton & Company , p. 353 . For more information , see Fall of Saigon , the end of the Vietnam War . Jump up ^ White Christmas piano solo , Hal Leonard Jump up ^ `` Bing Crosby `` White Christmas '' `` . IFPI Denmark . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces Top 25 Holiday Songs of the Decade '' . ASCAP . November 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 - 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 - 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 55 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ CD sleeve : Billboard Greatest Christmas Hits ( 1955 -- Present ) , 1989 Rhino Records Inc . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` White Christmas - bianco Natale by Andrea Bocelli - Music Charts '' . acharts.us . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Charts -- Marco Mengoni -- White Christmas ( song ) '' . Italiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Library of Congress essay on Crosby 's version on the National Recording Registry . Preceded by `` ( I 've Got a Gal In ) Kalamazoo '' by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra with vocal refrain by Tex Beneke , Marion Hutton and the Modernaires The Billboard National Best Selling Retail Records number - one single ( Bing Crosby version ) October 31 , 1942 -- January 9 , 1943 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` There Are Such Things '' by Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra with vocal refrain by Frank Sinatra and the Pied Pipers Preceded by `` Mr. Five by Five '' by Freddie Slack and His Orchestra with vocal by Ella Mae Morse The Billboard Harlem Hit Parade number - one single ( Bing Crosby version ) December 19 , 1942 -- January 2 , 1943 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` When the Lights Go on Again ( All Over the World ) '' by Lucky Millinder and His Orchestra with vocal chorus by Trevor Bacon Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Irving Berlin songs `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' `` All Alone '' `` All by Myself '' `` All My Life '' `` Always '' `` Any Bonds Today ? '' `` Anything You Can Do ( I Can Do Better ) '' `` The Best Thing for You ( Would Be Me ) '' `` Blue Skies '' `` Change Partners '' `` Cheek to Cheek '' `` Count Your Blessings '' `` Daddy , Come Home '' `` Doin ' What Comes Natur'lly '' `` Easter Parade '' `` Follow the Crowd '' `` Get Thee Behind Me Satan '' `` The Girl That I Marry '' `` God Bless America '' `` Happy Holiday '' `` Heat Wave '' `` Heaven Watch the Philippines '' `` How About Me ? '' `` How Deep Is the Ocean ? '' `` How 's Chances ? '' `` I Got Lost in His Arms '' `` I Got the Sun in the Mornin ' ( and the Moon at Night ) '' `` I Used to Be Color Blind '' `` I Want To Go Back To Michigan '' `` I 'm an Indian Too '' `` I 'm Gonna Pin My Medal on the Girl I Left Behind '' `` I 'm Putting All My Eggs in One Basket '' `` I 've Got My Captain Working for Me Now '' `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' `` Is n't This a Lovely Day ? '' `` It 's a Lovely Day Today '' `` Lazy '' `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Let 's Face the Music and Dance '' `` Let 's Have Another Cup of Coffee '' `` Let 's Take an Old - Fashioned Walk '' `` Mandy '' `` Moonshine Lullaby '' `` My Defenses Are Down '' `` The Near Future '' `` No Strings ( I 'm Fancy Free ) '' `` Now It Can Be Told '' `` Oh ! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning '' `` Play a Simple Melody '' `` A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody '' `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' `` Reaching for the Moon '' `` Remember '' `` San Francisco Bound '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Sisters '' `` Slumming on Park Avenue '' `` The Song Is Ended ( but the Melody Lingers On ) '' `` Stay Down Here Where You Belong '' `` Steppin ' Out with My Baby '' `` Supper Time '' `` That International Rag '' `` That Mysterious Rag '' `` There 's No Business Like Show Business '' `` They Say It 's Wonderful '' `` Top Hat , White Tie and Tails '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When I Lost You '' `` White Christmas '' `` Who Do You Love , I Hope ? '' `` You Can Have Him '' `` You Ca n't Get a Man with a Gun '' `` You Keep Coming Back Like a Song '' `` You 'd Be Surprised '' `` You 're Just in Love '' `` You 're Laughing at Me '' See also Irving Berlin Musicals Bing Crosby Discography Filmography Albums Music of Hawaii ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Patriotic Songs for Children ( 1939 ) Cowboy Songs ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . Two ( 1939 ) George Gershwin Songs , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Ballad for Americans ( 1940 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs ( 1940 ) Christmas Music ( 1940 ) Star Dust ( 1940 ) Hawaii Calls ( 1941 ) Small Fry ( 1941 ) Crosbyana ( 1941 ) Under Western Skies ( 1941 ) Song Hits from Holiday Inn ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1942 ) Merry Christmas ( 1945 ) Selections from Going My Way ( 1945 ) Selections from The Bells of St. Mary 's ( 1946 ) Do n't Fence Me In ( 1946 ) The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) Selections from Road to Utopia ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Stephen Foster ( 1946 ) What We So Proudly Hail ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . One ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . Two ( 1946 ) Blue Skies ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Jerome Kern ( 1946 ) St. Patrick 's Day ( 1947 ) Bing Crosby -- Victor Herbert ( 1947 ) Selections from Welcome Stranger ( 1947 ) Our Common Heritage ( 1947 ) El Bingo ( 1947 ) The Small One ( 1947 ) The Man Without a Country ( 1947 ) Drifting and Dreaming ( 1947 ) Blue of the Night ( 1948 ) Selections from Showboat ( 1948 ) The Emperor Waltz ( 1948 ) St. Valentine 's Day ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Al Jolson , Bob Hope , Dick Haymes and the Andrews Sisters ( 1948 ) Selections from Road to Rio ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Judy Garland , Mary Martin , Johnny Mercer ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Lionel Hampton , Eddie Heywood , Louis Jordan ( 1948 ) Auld Lang Syne ( 1948 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1949 ) Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1949 ) Christmas Greetings ( 1949 ) Ichabod -- The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1949 ) Top o ' the Morning / Emperor Waltz ( 1949 ) Songs from Mr. Music ( 1950 ) Go West Young Man ( 1950 ) Le Bing : Song Hits of Paris ( 1953 ) Some Fine Old Chestnuts ( 1954 ) Selections from White Christmas ( 1954 ) Bing : A Musical Autobiography ( 1954 ) High Tor ( 1956 ) A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World ( 1956 ) High Society ( w / Frank Sinatra , Grace Kelly , and Louis Armstrong ) ( 1956 ) Songs I Wish I Had Sung the First Time Around ( 1956 ) Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings ( 1956 ) Bing with a Beat ( 1957 ) A Christmas Story ( 1957 ) Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves ( 1957 ) Never Be Afraid ( 1957 ) Jack B. Nimble -- A Mother Goose Fantasy ( 1957 ) New Tricks ( 1957 ) Fancy Meeting You Here ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1958 ) How the West Was Won ( 1959 ) Bing & Satchmo ( w / Louis Armstrong ) ( 1960 ) 101 Gang Songs ( 1960 ) Holiday in Europe ( 1960 ) The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) On the Happy Side ( 1962 ) On the Sentimental Side ( 1962 ) I Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1962 ) Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre ( 1963 ) Return to Paradise Islands ( 1963 ) Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits ( 1963 ) America , I Hear You Singing ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) 12 Songs of Christmas ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) That Travelin ' Two - Beat ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1965 ) Bing ' n ' Basie ( w / Count Basie ) ( 1972 ) A Couple of Song and Dance Men ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1975 ) Seasons ( 1977 ) Bing Crosby : The Voice of Christmas ( 1998 ) Family Dixie Lee ( first wife ) Gary Crosby ( son ) Dennis Crosby ( son ) Phillip Crosby ( son ) Lindsay Crosby ( daughter ) Kathryn Crosby ( second wife ) Harry Crosby ( son ) Mary Crosby ( daughter ) Nathaniel Crosby ( son ) Denise Crosby ( granddaughter ) Larry Crosby ( brother ) Bob Crosby ( brother ) Related Songs Bing Crosby recorded multiple times A Tribute to Bing Crosby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Christmas_(song)&oldid=834448134 '' Categories : 1940 songs 1942 singles American Christmas songs Bing Crosby songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Songs written by Irving Berlin Number - one singles in the United States 1940s jazz standards Jazz compositions in A major Decca Records singles MCA Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 19 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the song white christmas come out | [
"\"White Christmas\" is a 1942 Irving Berlin song reminiscing about an old-fashioned Christmas setting. The version sung by Bing Crosby is the world's best-selling single with estimated sales in excess of 100 million copies worldwide.[1] Other versions of the song, along with Crosby's, have sold over 50 million copies.[2][3][4]"
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-3055788524152511834 | Beryllium hydroxide | Beryllium hydroxide - wikipedia Beryllium hydroxide Jump to : navigation , search Beryllium hydroxide Names IUPAC name Beryllium hydroxide Other names Hydrated beryllia Identifiers CAS Number 13327 - 32 - 7 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 35102 ChemSpider 24727701 ECHA InfoCard 100.033. 048 EC Number 236 - 368 - 6 Gmelin Reference 1024 MeSH Beryllium + hydroxide PubChem CID 25879 RTECS number DS3150000 InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / Be. 2H2O / h ; 2 * 1H2 / q + 2 ; ; / p - 2 Key : WPJWIROQQFWMMK - UHFFFAOYSA - L InChI = 1 / Be. 2H2O / h ; 2 * 1H2 / q + 2 ; ; / p - 2 Key : WPJWIROQQFWMMK - NUQVWONBAB SMILES ( show ) O ( Be ) O Properties Chemical formula Be H O Molar mass 43.03 g mol Appearance Vivid white , opaque crystals Density 1.92 g cm Melting point 1,000 ° C ( 1,830 ° F ; 1,270 K ) ( decomposes ) Solubility in water slightly soluble Structure Molecular shape Linear Thermochemistry Specific heat capacity ( C ) 1.443 JK Std molar entropy ( S ) 47 J mol K Std enthalpy of formation ( Δ H ) - 904 kJ mol Gibbs free energy ( Δ G _̊ ) - 818 kJ / mol Hazards Main hazards Carcinogenic Lethal dose or concentration ( LD , LC ) : LD ( median dose ) 4 mg kg ( intravenous , rat ) US health exposure limits ( NIOSH ) : PEL ( Permissible ) TWA 0.002 mg / m C 0.005 mg / m ( 30 minutes ) , with a maximum peak of 0.025 mg / m ( as Be ) REL ( Recommended ) Ca C 0.0005 mg / m ( as Be ) IDLH ( Immediate danger ) Ca ( 4 mg / m ( as Be ) ) Related compounds Related compounds Aluminium oxide Magnesium hydroxide Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Beryllium hydroxide , Be ( OH ) , is an amphoteric hydroxide , dissolving in both acids and alkalis . Industrially , it is produced as a by - product in the extraction of beryllium metal from the ores beryl and bertrandite . The natural pure beryllium hydroxide is rare ( in form of the mineral behoite , orthorhombic ) or very rare ( clinobehoite , monoclinic ) . When alkali is added to beryllium salt solutions the α - form ( a gel ) is formed . If this left to stand or boiled , the rhombic β - form precipitates . This has the same structure as zinc hydroxide , Zn ( OH ) , with tetrahedral beryllium centers . Reactions ( edit ) With alkalis it dissolves to form the tetrahydroxidoberyllate ( 2 - ) anion . With sodium hydroxide solution : 2NaOH ( aq ) + Be ( OH ) ( s ) → Na Be ( OH ) ( aq ) With acids , beryllium salts are formed . For example , with sulfuric acid , H SO , beryllium sulfate is formed : Be ( OH ) + H SO → BeSO + 2H O Beryllium hydroxide dehydrates at 400 ° C to form the soluble white powder , beryllium oxide : Be ( OH ) → BeO + H O Further heating at higher temperature produces acid insoluble BeO . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pradyot Patnaik . Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals . McGraw - Hill , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 049439 - 8 Jump up ^ Zumdahl , Steven S. ( 2009 ) . Chemical Principles 6th Ed . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 94690 - X . Jump up ^ Zumdahl , Steven S. ( 2009 ) . Chemical Principles 6th Ed . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 94690 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards # 0054 '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . Jump up ^ Jessica Elzea Kogel , Nikhil C. Trivedi , James M. Barker and Stanley T. Krukowski , 2006 , Industrial Minerals & Rocks : Commodities , Markets , and Uses , 7th edition , SME , ISBN 0 - 87335 - 233 - 5 Jump up ^ Mindat , http://www.mindat.org/min-603.html Jump up ^ Mindat , http://www.mindat.org/min-1066.html Jump up ^ Mary Eagleson , 1994 , Concise encyclopedia chemistry , Walter de Gruyter , ISBN 3 - 11 - 011451 - 8 Jump up ^ Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Egon Wiberg , Arnold Frederick Holleman ( 2001 ) Inorganic Chemistry , Elsevier ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 Beryllium compounds Be ( BH ) BeBr BeCO BeCl BeF BeH BeH BeI Be ( N ) Be ( NO ) BeO Be ( OH ) BeS BeSO BeSO BeTe Be C Be N Hydroxides H O He LiOH Be ( OH ) NH H O O Ne NaOH Mg ( OH ) Al ( OH ) Si Cl Ar KOH Ca ( OH ) Sc ( OH ) Ti V Cr ( OH ) Cr ( OH ) Mn ( OH ) Fe ( OH ) Fe ( OH ) Co ( OH ) Ni ( OH ) CuOH Cu ( OH ) Zn ( OH ) Ga ( OH ) Ge ( OH ) As Se Br Kr RbOH Sr ( OH ) Y ( OH ) Zr ( OH ) Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd AgOH Cd ( OH ) In ( OH ) Sn ( OH ) Sn ( OH ) Sb ( OH ) Te Xe CsOH Ba ( OH ) * Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au ( OH ) Hg ( OH ) TlOH Tl ( OH ) Pb ( OH ) Pb ( OH ) Bi ( OH ) Po At Rn Fr Ra * * Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og ↓ * La ( OH ) Ce ( OH ) Pr ( OH ) Nd ( OH ) Pm ( OH ) Sm ( OH ) Eu ( OH ) Gd ( OH ) Tb ( OH ) Dy ( OH ) Ho ( OH ) Er ( OH ) Tm ( OH ) Yb ( OH ) Lu ( OH ) * * Ac Th ( OH ) Pa UO ( OH ) Np Pu Am Cm ( OH ) Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beryllium_hydroxide&oldid=782783887 '' Categories : Beryllium compounds Hydroxides Hidden categories : Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source Articles with changed CASNo identifier Articles with changed ChemSpider identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Talk About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2017 , at 04 : 35 . 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-3102355565103352038 | University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science | University of Wisconsin -- Madison college of Letters and Science - Wikipedia University of Wisconsin -- Madison college of Letters and Science The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` University of Wisconsin -- Madison College of Letters and Science '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The University of Wisconsin -- Madison College of Letters and Science is the largest college of the University of Wisconsin -- Madison . It is located at Madison , Wisconsin . Contents 1 About the college 2 Departments and academic programs 3 Letters & Science Honors Program 4 Notable alumni and faculty 5 References 6 External links About the college ( edit ) The College of Letters and Science enrolls more than half of all students of the university . It provides the foundation courses in science , math , languages , and literature for all undergraduate programs across campus . The college has more than 21,000 students and more than 3,000 faculty and staff . Letters & Science is the focal point of research in fields such as humanities , social sciences , and natural sciences . The college ranks third among UW -- Madison colleges for research grant awards and contributes a significant portion of the grants administered through the Graduate School of UW -- Madison . It is also a liberal arts college . Departments and academic programs ( edit ) The college is made up of 39 departments and five professional schools that instruct students and carry out research in a wide variety of fields , such as biology , chemistry , economics , history , linguistics , and sociology . In addition , many centers , programs , and institutes offer courses for academic credit . Within the college , these units are organized under Humanities , Natural Sciences , and Social Sciences Divisions . Because most freshmen and sophomores take courses in the College of Letters and Science , it is the only college of the UW -- Madison that touches every undergraduate student . Letters & Science Honors Program ( edit ) The Letters & Science Honors Program serves more than 1,700 students in the college with an enriched undergraduate curriculum . The program also offers professional advising services , grants , scholarships , and awards , and numerous academic , social , and service opportunities through the Honors Student Organization . The Honors Program also supports several student organizations , such as the University of Wisconsin -- Madison Forensics Team . The Honors Program was begun in response to a petition by a group of students in 1958 seeking more challenging work for outstanding students . Notable alumni and faculty ( edit ) Many distinguished people have studied at the College of Letters and Science . Nobel prize - winning physicist John Hasbrouck Van Vleck completed his A.B. from the college in 1920 . Winners of the Nobel Prize , the Pulitzer Prize , and fellows of the National Academy of Sciences have been associated with the college . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Data Snapshot ( page 2 ) '' ( PDF ) . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the College of Letters & Science '' . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Departments and academic programs '' . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` L&S Honors Program '' . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Notable alumni and faculty '' . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . External links ( edit ) College of Letters & Science University of Wisconsin -- Madison Located in : Madison , Wisconsin Colleges and schools Agricultural and Life Sciences Business Education Engineering Human Ecology International Studies Journalism and Mass Communication Law Letters and Science Library and Information Studies Medicine and Public Health Music Nursing Pharmacy Public Affairs Social Work Veterinary Medicine Campus Abraham 's Woods Agriculture Hall Allen Centennial Gardens Arboretum Bascom Hill Chazen Museum of Art Dairy Barn DeLuca Biochemistry Building Geology Museum Lake Mendota Lakeshore Nature Preserve Lathrop Hall Law Building Memorial Union North Hall Pine Bluff Observatory Space Science and Engineering Center Red Gym Science Hall State Street Stock Pavilion Synchrotron Radiation Center Union South Washburn Observatory Weinert Center Wisconsin Union Theater Athletics Baseball Basketball ( M W ) Crew Football Ice hockey ( Men Women ) Men 's soccer Softball Volleyball Camp Randall Field House Kohl Center LaBahn Arena University Ridge Golf Course Bucky Badger Grateful Red Paul Bunyan 's Axe Heartland Trophy History Camp Randall Experimental College Past Chancellors Sifting and winnowing Single - grain experiment Slab of Bacon Sterling Hall bombing Teaching Assistants Association WHA Wisconsin Idea Wisconsin Idea Theatre Wisconsin school Media and publications The Badger Herald The Daily Cardinal Scandinavian Studies Tandem Press UW Press The Wisconsin Engineer Wisconsin Law Review WSUM People Barry Alvarez Rebecca Blank Paul Chryst Mark Johnson Bobbie Kelsey Michael Leckrone Pro Arte Quartet Bo Ryan Helen C. White John D. Wiley Research Biotron Carbone Cancer Center Center for Limnology Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Helically Symmetric Experiment History of Cartography Project IceCube Neutrino Observatory Law in Action Madison Symmetric Torus McArdle Laboratory Morgridge Institute for Research Pegasus Toroidal Experiment UW Hospital & Clinics University Research Park Viaspan WIYN Consortium WiCell Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation WISCAPE Wisconsin Energy Institute Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery Student life Forensics Fundamentally Sound Grateful Red Hoofers Humorology Iron Cross Jump Around MadHatters Marching Band On , Wisconsin ! Undergraduate Projects Lab Varsity Wisconsin Film Festival Wisconsin Union Related University of Wisconsin System Founded : 1848 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Wisconsin -- Madison_College_of_Letters_and_Science&oldid = 850894485 '' Categories : University of Wisconsin -- Madison Liberal arts colleges at universities in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from December 2011 All articles with topics of unclear notability Wisconsin articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 17 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2699581685822821634 | Music from the Motion Picture Wayne's World 2 | Music from the Motion Picture Wayne 's World 2 - Wikipedia Music from the Motion Picture Wayne 's World 2 Jump to : navigation , search Music From The Motion Picture Wayne 's World 2 Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released December 14 , 1993 Recorded Various dates Genre Hard rock , heavy metal Length 57 : 20 Label Reprise Producer Various Various Artists chronology Wayne 's World ( February 18 , 1992 ) Wayne 's World String Module Error : Match not found Wayne 's World 2 ( December 14 , 1993 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Entertainment Weekly Music From The Motion Picture Wayne 's World 2 is the soundtrack of Wayne 's World 2 . It features two live tracks from Aerosmith , and a version of `` Louie , Louie '' by Robert Plant . Track listing ( edit ) `` Louie , Louie '' - Robert Plant `` Dude ( Looks Like a Lady ) '' - Aerosmith * `` Idiot Summer '' - Gin Blossoms `` Superstar '' - ' Superfan ' ( a collective including Chrissie Hynde on vocals and the musicians from Urge Overkill ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' - Joan Jett & the Blackhearts `` Spirit in the Sky '' - Norman Greenbaum `` Out There '' - Dinosaur Jr . `` Mary 's House '' - 4 Non Blondes `` Radar Love '' - Golden Earring `` Ca n't Get Enough '' - Bad Company `` Frankenstein '' - Edgar Winter `` Shut Up and Dance '' - Aerosmith * `` Y.M.C.A. '' - Village People ( ' uncredited hidden track on some releases ' ) An asterisk ( * ) indicates live performances from the movie Chart positions ( edit ) Chart Peak position German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 83 US Billboard 200 78 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . Wayne 's World 2 - Original Soundtrack . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Accessed on August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David Browne , Ty Burr ( December 24 , 1993 ) . Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit ; Schindler 's List ; The Piano ; Remains of the Day ; Addams Family Values ; Wayne 's World 2 ; A Perfect World ( 1993 ) . Entertainment Weekly . Accessed on August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wayne 's World 2 - Original Soundtrack . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Accessed on August 9 , 2013 . Wayne 's World Films Wayne 's World Wayne 's World 2 Soundtracks Wayne 's World Wayne 's World 2 Miscellany Mike Myers Dana Carvey Hurler ( roller coaster ) Wayne 's World ( video game ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' This soundtrack - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_from_the_Motion_Picture_Wayne%27s_World_2&oldid=803216529 '' Categories : Film soundtracks 1993 soundtracks Reprise Records soundtracks Soundtrack stubs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 05 : 19 . About Wikipedia | aerosmith song at the end of wayne's world | [] | [] |
-7334794303053161799 | American Civil War | American Civil War - Wikipedia American Civil War Jump to : navigation , search American Civil War Clockwise from top : Battle of Gettysburg , Union Captain John Tidball 's artillery , Confederate prisoners , ironclad USS Atlanta , ruins of Richmond , Virginia , Battle of Franklin Date April 12 , 1861 -- May 9 , 1865 ( by proclamation ) ( 4 years , 3 weeks and 6 days ) ( Last shot fired June 22 , 1865 ) Location Southern United States , Northeastern United States , Western United States , Atlantic Ocean Result Union victory Dissolution of the Confederate States U.S. territorial integrity preserved Slavery abolished Beginning of the Reconstruction Era Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman David Farragut George B. McClellan Henry Halleck George Meade and others Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee J.E. Johnston G.T. Beauregard A.S. Johnston † Braxton Bragg and others Strength 2,200,000 : Union Army Union Marines Union Navy Revenue Service 698,000 ( peak ) 750,000 -- 1,000,000 : Confederate army Confederate marines Confederate navy 360,000 ( peak ) Casualties and losses 110,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 230,000 + accident / disease deaths 25,000 -- 30,000 died in Confederate prisons 365,000 + total dead 282,000 + wounded 181,193 captured Total : 828,000 + casualties 94,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 26,000 -- 31,000 died in Union prisons 290,000 + total dead 137,000 + wounded 436,658 captured Total : 864,000 + casualties 50,000 free civilians dead 80,000 + slaves dead Total : 785,000 -- 1,000,000 + dead Theaters of the American Civil War Union blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter The American Civil War ( also , known by other names ) was a civil war that was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 . As a result of the long - standing controversy over slavery , war broke out in April 1861 , when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina , shortly after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated . The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States , who advocated for states ' rights to expand slavery . Among the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America , or the South . The Confederacy grew to include eleven slave states . The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by the United States government , nor was it recognized by any foreign country ( although the United Kingdom and France granted it belligerent status ) . The states that remained loyal to the U.S. ( including the border states where slavery was legal ) were known as the Union or the North . The Union and Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over four years . The Union finally won the war when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House , followed by a series of surrenders by Confederate generals throughout the southern states . Four years of intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 people dead , more than the number of U.S. military deaths in all other wars combined ( at least until approximately the Vietnam War ) . Much of the South 's infrastructure was destroyed , especially the transportation systems , railroads , mills , and houses . The Confederacy collapsed , slavery was abolished , and 4 million slaves were freed . The Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) overlapped and followed the war , with the process of restoring national unity , strengthening the national government , and granting civil rights to freed slaves throughout the country . The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude to war 2 Causes of secession 2.1 Slavery 2.2 Sectionalism 2.3 Protectionism 2.4 States ' rights 2.5 Territorial crisis 2.6 National elections 2.6. 1 Nationalism and honor 2.6. 2 Lincoln 's election 3 Outbreak of the war 3.1 Secession crisis 3.2 Battle of Fort Sumter 3.3 Attitude of the border states 4 War 4.1 Mobilization 4.1. 1 Motivation 4.1. 2 Prisoners 4.2 Naval war 4.2. 1 Union blockade 4.2. 1.1 Modern navy evolves 4.2. 1.2 Blockade runners 4.2. 1.3 Economic impact 4.2. 2 Rivers 4.3 Eastern theater 4.4 Western theater 4.5 Trans - Mississippi 4.6 End of the war 4.6. 1 Conquest of Virginia 4.6. 2 Confederacy surrenders 5 Diplomacy 6 Union victory and aftermath 6.1 Results 6.2 Costs 6.3 Emancipation 6.3. 1 Slavery as a war issue 6.3. 2 Emancipation Proclamation 6.4 Texas v. White 6.5 Reconstruction 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Lost Cause 7.2 Beardian historiography 7.3 Battlefield preservation 7.4 Civil War commemoration 7.5 Technological significance 8 In works of culture and art 8.1 Literature 8.2 Film 8.3 Song 8.4 Video games 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Prelude to War In the 1860 presidential election , Republicans , led by Abraham Lincoln , supported banning slavery in all the U.S. territories . The Southern states viewed this as a violation of their constitutional rights and as the first step in a grander Republican plan to eventually abolish slavery . The three pro-Union candidates together received an overwhelming 82 % majority of the votes cast nationally : Republican Lincoln 's votes centered in the north , Democrat Stephen A. Douglas ' votes were distributed nationally and Constitutional Unionist John Bell 's votes centered in Tennessee , Kentucky , and Virginia . The Republican Party , dominant in the North , secured a plurality of the popular votes and a majority of the electoral votes nationally , so Lincoln was constitutionally elected president . He was the first Republican Party candidate to win the presidency . However , before his inauguration , seven slave states with cotton - based economies declared secession and formed the Confederacy . The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations , a total of 49 percent . The first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51 % and Louisiana with 55 % . Alabama had voted 46 % for those unionists , Mississippi with 40 % , Florida with 38 % , Texas with 25 % , and South Carolina cast Electoral College votes without a popular vote for president . Of these , only Texas held a referendum on secession . Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession . Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal . Lincoln 's March 4 , 1861 , inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war . Speaking directly to the `` Southern States '' , he attempted to calm their fears of any threats to slavery , reaffirming , `` I have no purpose , directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists . I believe I have no lawful right to do so , and I have no inclination to do so . '' After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy , efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war . The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on `` King Cotton '' that they would intervene , but none did , and none recognized the new Confederate States of America . Hostilities began on April 12 , 1861 , when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter . While in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains , in the Eastern Theater , the battle was inconclusive from 1861 -- 1862 . Later , in 1863 , Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , which made ending slavery a war goal . To the west , by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy , then much of their western armies , and seized New Orleans . The 1863 Union Siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River . In 1863 , Robert E. Lee 's Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg . Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant 's command of all Union armies in 1864 . Inflicting an ever - tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports , the Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions , leading to the fall of Atlanta to William T. Sherman and his march to the sea . The last significant battles raged around the Siege of Petersburg. Lee 's escape attempt ended with his surrender at Appomattox Court House , on April 9 , 1865 . While the military war was coming to an end , the political reintegration of the nation was to take another 12 years , known as the Reconstruction Era . The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships and iron - clad ships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I , World War II and subsequent conflicts . It remains the deadliest war in American history . From 1861 to 1865 , it is estimated that 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers died , along with an undetermined number of civilians . By one estimate , the war claimed the lives of 10 percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 . Causes of secession Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The causes of secession were complex and have been controversial since the war began , but most academic scholars identify slavery as a central cause of the war . James C. Bradford wrote that the issue has been further complicated by historical revisionists , who have tried to offer a variety of reasons for the war . Slavery was the central source of escalating political tension in the 1850s . The Republican Party was determined to prevent any spread of slavery , and many Southern leaders had threatened secession if the Republican candidate , Lincoln , won the 1860 election . After Lincoln won , many Southern leaders felt that disunion was their only option , fearing that the loss of representation would hamper their ability to promote pro-slavery acts and policies . Slavery Status of the states , 1861 States that seceded before April 15 , 1861 States that seceded after April 15 , 1861 Union states that permitted slavery Union states that banned slavery Territories Slavery was a major cause of disunion . Although there were opposing views even in the Union States , most northern soldiers were largely indifferent on the subject of slavery , while Confederates fought the war largely to protect a southern society of which slavery was an integral part . From the anti-slavery perspective , the issue was primarily about whether the system of slavery was an anachronistic evil that was incompatible with republicanism . The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was containment -- to stop the expansion and thus put slavery on a path to gradual extinction . The slave - holding interests in the South denounced this strategy as infringing upon their Constitutional rights . Southern whites believed that the emancipation of slaves would destroy the South 's economy , due to the large amount of capital invested in slaves and fears of integrating the ex-slave black population . In particular , southerners feared a repeat of `` the horrors of Santo Domingo '' , in which nearly all white people -- including men , women , children , and even many sympathetic to abolition -- were killed after the successful slave revolt in Haiti . Historian Thomas Fleming points to the historical phrase `` a disease in the public mind '' used by critics of this idea , and proposes it contributed to the segregation in the Jim Crow era following emancipation . These fears were exacerbated by the recent attempts of John Brown to instigate an armed slave rebellion in the South . Slavery was illegal in much of the North , having been outlawed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . It was also fading in the border states and in Southern cities , but it was expanding in the highly profitable cotton districts of the rural South and Southwest . Subsequent writers on the American Civil War looked to several factors explaining the geographic divide . Sectionalism Sectionalism refers to the different economies , social structure , customs and political values of the North and South . Regional tensions came to a head during the War of 1812 , resulting in the Hartford Convention which manifested Northern dissastisfaction with a foreign trade embargo that affected the industrial North disproportionately , the Three - Fifths Compromise , dilution of Northern power by new states , and a succession of Southern Presidents . Sectionalism increased steadily between 1800 and 1860 as the North , which phased slavery out of existence , industrialized , urbanized , and built prosperous farms , while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor , together with subsistence farming for poor freedmen . In the 1840s and 50s , the issue of accepting slavery ( in the guise of rejecting slave - owning bishops and missionaries ) split the nation 's largest religious denominations ( the Methodist , Baptist and Presbyterian churches ) into separate Northern and Southern denominations . Historians have debated whether economic differences between the industrial Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause the war . Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary . While socially different , the sections economically benefited each other . New Orleans , the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills , shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North , South and Border states Protectionism Historically , southern slave - holding states , because of their low - cost manual labor , had little perceived need for mechanization and supported having the right to sell cotton and purchase manufactured goods from any nation . Northern states , which had heavily invested in their still - nascent manufacturing , could not compete with the full - fledged industries of Europe in offering high prices for cotton imported from the South and low prices for manufactured exports in return . Thus , northern manufacturing interests supported tariffs and protectionism while southern planters demanded free trade . The Democrats in Congress , controlled by Southerners , wrote the tariff laws in the 1830s , 1840s , and 1850s , and kept reducing rates so that the 1857 rates were the lowest since 1816 . The Whigs and Republicans complained because they favored high tariffs to stimulate industrial growth , and Republicans called for an increase in tariffs in the 1860 election . The increases were only enacted in 1861 after Southerners resigned their seats in Congress . The tariff issue was and is sometimes cited -- long after the war -- by Lost Cause historians and neo-Confederate apologists . In 1860 -- 61 none of the groups that proposed compromises to head off secession raised the tariff issue . Pamphleteers North and South rarely mentioned the tariff , and when some did , for instance , Matthew Fontaine Maury and John Lothrop Motley , they were generally writing for a foreign audience . States ' rights The South argued that each state had the right to secede -- leave the Union -- at any time , that the Constitution was a `` compact '' or agreement among the states . Northerners ( including President Buchanan ) rejected that notion as opposed to the will of the Founding Fathers who said they were setting up a perpetual union . Historian James McPherson writes concerning states ' rights and other non-slavery explanations : While one or more of these interpretations remain popular among the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other Southern heritage groups , few professional historians now subscribe to them . Of all these interpretations , the states ' - rights argument is perhaps the weakest . It fails to ask the question , states ' rights for what purpose ? States ' rights , or sovereignty , was always more a means than an end , an instrument to achieve a certain goal more than a principle . Territorial Crisis Further information : Slave and free states Between 1803 and 1854 , the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase , negotiation , and conquest . At first , the new states carved out of these territories entering the union were apportioned equally between slave and free states . It was over territories west of the Mississippi that the proslavery and antislavery forces collided . With the conquest of northern Mexico west to California in 1848 , slaveholding interests looked forward to expanding into these lands and perhaps Cuba and Central America as well . Northern `` free soil '' interests vigorously sought to curtail any further expansion of slave territory . The Compromise of 1850 over California balanced a free - soil state with stronger fugitive slave laws for a political settlement after four years of strife in the 1840s . But the states admitted following California were all free : Minnesota ( 1858 ) , Oregon ( 1859 ) and Kansas ( 1861 ) . In the southern states the question of the territorial expansion of slavery westward again became explosive . Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion : `` The power to decide the question of slavery for the territories was the power to determine the future of slavery itself . '' Sen. Stephen Douglas , author of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 Sen. John J. Crittenden , of the 1860 Crittenden Compromise By 1860 , four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories , and they all claimed they were sanctioned by the Constitution , implicitly or explicitly . The first of these `` conservative '' theories , represented by the Constitutional Union Party , argued that the Missouri Compromise apportionment of territory north for free soil and south for slavery should become a Constitutional mandate . The Crittenden Compromise of 1860 was an expression of this view . The second doctrine of Congressional preeminence , championed by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party , insisted that the Constitution did not bind legislators to a policy of balance -- that slavery could be excluded in a territory as it was done in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 at the discretion of Congress , thus Congress could restrict human bondage , but never establish it . The Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846 . Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the doctrine of territorial or `` popular '' sovereignty -- which asserted that the settlers in a territory had the same rights as states in the Union to establish or disestablish slavery as a purely local matter . The Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine . In Kansas Territory , years of pro and anti-slavery violence and political conflict erupted ; the congressional House of Representatives voted to admit Kansas as a free state in early 1860 , but its admission in the Senate was delayed until January 1861 , after the 1860 elections when southern senators began to leave . The fourth theory was advocated by Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis , one of state sovereignty ( `` states ' rights '' ) , also known as the `` Calhoun doctrine '' , named after the South Carolinian political theorist and statesman John C. Calhoun . Rejecting the arguments for federal authority or self - government , state sovereignty would empower states to promote the expansion of slavery as part of the federal union under the U.S. Constitution . `` States ' rights '' was an ideology formulated and applied as a means of advancing slave state interests through federal authority . As historian Thomas L. Krannawitter points out , the `` Southern demand for federal slave protection represented a demand for an unprecedented expansion of federal power . '' These four doctrines comprised the major ideologies presented to the American public on the matters of slavery , the territories and the U.S. Constitution prior to the 1860 presidential election . National elections Beginning in the American Revolution and accelerating after the War of 1812 , the people of the United States grew in the sense that their country was a national republic based on the belief that all people had inalienable political liberty and personal rights which could serve as an important example to the rest of the world . Previous regional independence movements such as the Greek revolt in the Ottoman Empire , the division and redivision of the Latin American political map , and the British - French Crimean triumph leading to an interest in redrawing Europe along cultural differences , all conspired to make for a time of upheaval and uncertainty about the basis of the nation - state . In the world of 19th century self - made Americans , growing in prosperity , population and expanding westward , `` freedom '' could mean personal liberty or property rights . The unresolved difference would cause failure -- first in their political institutions , then in their civil life together . Nationalism and honor Abraham Lincoln 16th U.S. President ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century , with famous spokesmen such as Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster . While practically all Northerners supported the Union , Southerners were split between those loyal to the entire United States ( called `` unionists '' ) and those loyal primarily to the southern region and then the Confederacy . C. Vann Woodward said of the latter group , A great slave society ... had grown up and miraculously flourished in the heart of a thoroughly bourgeois and partly puritanical republic . It had renounced its bourgeois origins and elaborated and painfully rationalized its institutional , legal , metaphysical , and religious defenses ... When the crisis came it chose to fight . It proved to be the death struggle of a society , which went down in ruins . Perceived insults to Southern collective honor included the enormous popularity of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) and the actions of abolitionist John Brown in trying to incite a slave rebellion in 1859 . While the South moved towards a Southern nationalism , leaders in the North were also becoming more nationally minded , and they rejected any notion of splitting the Union . The Republican national electoral platform of 1860 warned that Republicans regarded disunion as treason and would not tolerate it : `` We denounce those threats of disunion ... as denying the vital principles of a free government , and as an avowal of contemplated treason , which it is the imperative duty of an indignant people sternly to rebuke and forever silence . '' The South ignored the warnings : Southerners did not realize how ardently the North would fight to hold the Union together . Lincoln 's election Main article : United States presidential election , 1860 The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession . Efforts at compromise , including the `` Corwin Amendment '' and the `` Crittenden Compromise '' , failed . Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction . The slave states , which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives , were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North . Before Lincoln took office in March 1861 , seven slave states had declared their secession and joined to form the Confederacy . According to Lincoln , the people of the United States had shown that they can be successful in establishing and administering a republic , but a third challenge faced the nation , maintaining the republic , based on the people 's vote . The people must now show : `` successful maintenance ( of the Republic ) against a formidable internal attempt to overthrow it . It is now for them to demonstrate to the world that those who can fairly carry an election can also suppress a rebellion ; that ballots are the rightful and peaceful successors of bullets ; and that when ballots have fairly and constitutionally decided , there can be no successful appeal back to bullets ; that there can be no successful appeal , except to ballots themselves , at succeeding elections . Such will be a great lesson of peace ; teaching men that what they can not take by an election , neither can they take it by a war '' . Outbreak of the War Secession Crisis The first published imprint of secession , a broadside issued by the Charleston Mercury , December 20 , 1860 The election of Lincoln caused the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession . Prior to the war , South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws and , even , secede from the United States . The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20 , 1860 , and adopted the `` Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union '' . It argued for states ' rights for slave owners in the South , but contained a complaint about states ' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act , claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution . The `` cotton states '' of Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , and Texas followed suit , seceding in January and February 1861 . Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states , those of three -- Texas , Alabama , and Virginia -- specifically mentioned the plight of the `` slaveholding states '' at the hands of northern abolitionists . The rest make no mention of the slavery issue , and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures . However , at least four states -- South Carolina , Mississippi , Georgia , and Texas -- also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession , all of which laid the blame squarely on the movement to abolish slavery and that movement 's influence over the politics of the northern states . The southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive slave clause of the Constitution . These states agreed to form a new federal government , the Confederate States of America , on February 4 , 1861 . They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan , whose term ended on March 4 , 1861 . Buchanan said that the Dred Scott decision was proof that the South had no reason for secession , and that the Union `` was intended to be perpetual '' , but that `` The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union '' was not among the `` enumerated powers granted to Congress '' . One quarter of the U.S. Army -- the entire garrison in Texas -- was surrendered in February 1861 to state forces by its commanding general , David E. Twiggs , who then joined the Confederacy . As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House , Republicans were able to pass bills for projects that had been blocked by Southern Senators before the war , including the Morrill Tariff , land grant colleges ( the Morrill Act ) , a Homestead Act , a transcontinental railroad ( the Pacific Railway Acts ) , the National Banking Act and the authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862 . The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced the income tax to help finance the war . On December 18 , 1860 , the Crittenden Compromise was proposed to re-establish the Missouri Compromise line by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south . The adoption of this compromise likely would have prevented the secession of every southern state apart from South Carolina , but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it . It was then proposed to hold a national referendum on the compromise . The Republicans again rejected the idea , although a majority of both Northerners and Southerners would have voted in favor of it . A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington , proposing a solution similar to that of the Crittenden compromise , it was rejected by Congress . The Republicans proposed an alternative compromise to not interfere with slavery where it existed but the South regarded it as insufficient . Nonetheless , the remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy following a two - to - one no - vote in Virginia 's First Secessionist Convention on April 4 , 1861 . Jefferson Davis , President of the Confederate States of America ( 1861 -- 1865 ) On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President . In his inaugural address , he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , that it was a binding contract , and called any secession `` legally void '' . He had no intent to invade Southern states , nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed , but said that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property . The government would make no move to recover post offices , and if resisted , mail delivery would end at state lines . Where popular conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of Federal law , U.S. marshals and judges would be withdrawn . No mention was made of bullion lost from U.S. mints in Louisiana , Georgia , and North Carolina . He stated that it would be U.S. policy to only collect import duties at its ports ; there could be no serious injury to the South to justify armed revolution during his administration . His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union , famously calling on `` the mystic chords of memory '' binding the two regions . The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents because he claimed the Confederacy was not a legitimate government , and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . Secretary of State William Seward , who at the time saw himself as the real governor or `` prime minister '' behind the throne of the inexperienced Lincoln , engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . President Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union - occupied forts in the Confederacy , Fort Monroe in Virginia , in Florida , Fort Pickens , Fort Jefferson , and Fort Taylor , and in the cockpit of secession , Charleston , South Carolina 's Fort Sumter . Battle of Fort Sumter Main article : Battle of Fort Sumter Mass meeting April 20 , 1861 , to support the Government at Washington 's equestrian statue in Union Square NYC Fort Sumter was located in the middle of the harbor of Charleston , South Carolina , where the U.S. fort 's garrison had withdrawn to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city . Unlike Buchanan , who allowed commanders to relinquish possession to avoid bloodshed , Lincoln required Maj . Anderson to hold on until fired upon . Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort . Anderson gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected , and Davis ordered P.G.T. Beauregard to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive . Troops under Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12 -- 13 , forcing its capitulation . The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism . Historian Allan Nevins said : The thunderclap of Sumter produced a startling crystallization of Northern sentiment ... Anger swept the land . From every side came news of mass meetings , speeches , resolutions , tenders of business support , the muster of companies and regiments , the determined action of governors and legislatures . '' However , much of the North 's attitude was based on the false belief that only a minority of Southerners were actually in favor of secession and that there were large numbers of southern Unionists that could be counted on . Had Northerners realized that most Southerners really did favor secession , they might have hesitated at attempting the enormous task of conquering a united South . Lincoln called on all the states to send forces to recapture the fort and other federal properties . With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far , Lincoln called for only 75,000 volunteers for 90 days . The governor of Massachusetts had state regiments on trains headed south the next day . In western Missouri , local secessionists seized Liberty Arsenal . On May 3 , 1861 , Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for a period of three years . Four states in the middle and upper South had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures , but now Virginia , Tennessee , Arkansas , and North Carolina refused to send forces against their neighbors , declared their secession , and joined the Confederacy . To reward Virginia , the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond . US Secession map 1863 . The Union vs. the Confederacy . Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) Attitude of the border states Main article : Border states ( American Civil War ) Maryland , Delaware , Missouri , and Kentucky were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South . West Virginia then joined them as an additional border state after it separated from Virginia and became a state of the Union in 1863 . Maryland 's territory surrounded the United States ' capital of Washington , DC and could cut it off from the North . It had numerous anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges , both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South . Maryland 's legislature voted overwhelmingly ( 53 -- 13 ) to stay in the Union , but also rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors , voting to close Maryland 's rail lines to prevent them from being used for war . Lincoln responded by establishing martial law , and unilaterally suspending habeas corpus , in Maryland , along with sending in militia units from the North . Lincoln rapidly took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia , by seizing many prominent figures , including arresting 1 / 3 of the members of the Maryland General Assembly on the day it reconvened . All were held without trial , ignoring a ruling by the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Roger Taney , a Maryland native , that only Congress ( and not the president ) could suspend habeas corpus ( Ex parte Merryman ) . Indeed , federal troops imprisoned a prominent Baltimore newspaper editor , Frank Key Howard , Francis Scott Key 's grandson , after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring the Supreme Court Chief Justice 's ruling . In Missouri , an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union . When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia , it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon , who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state . ( See also : Missouri secession ) . In the resulting vacuum , the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri . Kentucky did not secede ; for a time , it declared itself neutral . When Confederate forces entered the state in September 1861 , neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status , while trying to maintain slavery . During a brief invasion by Confederate forces , Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention , inaugurated a governor , and gained recognition from the Confederacy . The rebel government soon went into exile and never controlled Kentucky . After Virginia 's secession , a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24 , 1861 . A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill ( 96 percent approving ) . The inclusion of 24 secessionist counties in the state and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 Federal troops for much of the war . Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20 , 1863 . West Virginia provided about 20,000 -- 22,000 soldiers to both the Confederacy and the Union . A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee , but was suppressed by the Confederacy , which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union . They were held without trial . War See also : List of American Civil War battles and Military leadership in the American Civil War County map of Civil War battles by theater and year The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle . Over four years , 237 named battles were fought , as were many more minor actions and skirmishes , which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties . In his book The American Civil War , John Keegan writes that `` The American Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought '' . Without geographic objectives , the only target for each side was the enemy 's soldier . Mobilization See also : Child soldiers in the American Civil War As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery , the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000 . However , Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias . The Confederate Congress authorized the new nation up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February . By May , Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration , and that was answered in kind by the U.S. Congress . In the first year of the war , both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip . After the initial enthusiasm faded , reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough . Both sides used a draft law -- conscription -- as a device to encourage or force volunteering ; relatively few were actually drafted and served . The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for young men aged 18 to 35 ; overseers of slaves , government officials , and clergymen were exempt . The U.S. Congress followed in July , authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers . European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers , including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland . Union soldiers before Marye 's Heights , Second Fredericksburg Confederate dead overrun at Marye 's Heights , reoccupied next day May 4 , 1863 When the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in January 1863 , ex-slaves were energetically recruited by the states , and used to meet the state quotas . States and local communities offered higher and higher cash bonuses for white volunteers . Congress tightened the law in March 1863 . Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or , until mid-1864 , pay commutation money . Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted . Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home . There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft , especially in Catholic areas . The great draft riot in New York City in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the city 's Democratic political machine , not realizing it made them liable for the draft . Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft , 117,986 were substitutes , leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted . In both the North and South , the draft laws were highly unpopular . In the North , some 120,000 men evaded conscription , many of them fleeing to Canada , and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war . At least 100,000 Southerners deserted , or about 10 percent . In the South , many men deserted temporarily to take care of their distressed families , then returned to their units . In the North , `` bounty jumpers '' enlisted to get the generous bonus , deserted , then went back to a second recruiting station under a different name to sign up again for a second bonus ; 141 were caught and executed . Rioters attacking a building during the New York anti-draft riots of 1863 From a tiny frontier force in 1860 , the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the `` largest and most efficient armies in the world '' within a few years . European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional , but British historian John Keegan 's assessment is that each outmatched the French , Prussian and Russian armies of the time , and but for the Atlantic , would have threatened any of them with defeat . Motivation Perman and Taylor ( 2010 ) say that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight , suffer and die over four years : Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology , holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty , Union , or state rights , or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery . Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight , such as the defense of one 's home and family , or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men . Most historians agree that no matter what a soldier thought about when he went into the war , the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes altered his reasons for continuing the fight . Prisoners Main article : American Civil War prison camps At the start of the civil war , a system of paroles operated . Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged . Meanwhile , they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties . The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners . After that , about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the war , accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict 's fatalities . Naval War The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 6,000 officers and 45,000 men in 1865 , with 671 vessels , having a tonnage of 510,396 . Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports , take control of the river system , defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas , and be ready for a possible war with the British Royal Navy . Meanwhile , the main riverine war was fought in the West , where a series of major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland , if the U.S. Navy could take control . In the East , the Navy supplied and moved army forces about , and occasionally shelled Confederate installations . Union blockade Main article : Union blockade General Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' 1861 . Tightening naval blockade , forcing rebels out of Missouri along the Mississippi River , Kentucky Unionists sit on the fence , idled cotton industry illustrated in Georgia . By early 1861 , General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible . Scott argued that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy . Lincoln adopted parts of the plan , but he overruled Scott 's caution about 90 - day volunteers . Public opinion , however , demanded an immediate attack by the army to capture Richmond . In April 1861 , Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports ; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended . The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective ; by the time they realized the mistake , it was too late . `` King Cotton '' was dead , as the South could export less than 10 percent of its cotton . The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton , especially New Orleans , Mobile , and Charleston . By June 1861 , warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports , and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service . Modern Navy evolves The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution and subsequently many naval innovations emerged during this time , most notably the advent of the ironclad warship . It began when the Confederacy , knowing they had to meet or match the Union 's naval superiority , responded to the Union blockade by building or converting more than 130 vessels , including twenty - six ironclads and floating batteries . Only half of these saw active service . Many were equipped with ram bows , creating `` ram fever '' among Union squadrons wherever they threatened . But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union 's own ironclad warships , they were unsuccessful . The Confederacy experimented with a submarine , which did not work well , and with building an ironclad ship , the CSS Virginia , which was based on rebuilding a sunken Union ship , the Merrimack . On its first foray on March 8 , 1862 , the Virginia inflicted significant damage to the Union 's wooden fleet , but the next day the first Union ironclad , the USS Monitor , arrived to challenge it in the Chesapeake Bay . The resulting three hour battle between the Ironclads was a draw , but it marked the worldwide transition to ironclad warships . Not long after the battle the Confederacy was forced to scuttle the Virginia to prevent its capture , while the Union built many copies of the Monitor . Lacking the technology and infrastructure to build effective warships , the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Britain . Blockade runners Main article : Blockade runners of the American Civil War British investors built small , fast , steam - driven blockade runners that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Britain through Bermuda , Cuba , and the Bahamas in return for high - priced cotton . Many of the ships were designed for speed and were so small that only a small amount of cotton went out . When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner , the ship and cargo were condemned as a Prize of war and sold , with the proceeds given to the Navy sailors ; the captured crewmen were mostly British and they were simply released . The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war . There were multiple reasons for this : the severe deterioration of food supplies , especially in cities , the failure of Southern railroads , the loss of control of the main rivers , foraging by Northern armies , and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies . Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy ; however , Wise argues that the blockade runners provided just enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months , thanks to fresh supplies of 400,000 rifles , lead , blankets , and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply . Gunline of nine Union ironclads . South Atlantic Blockading Squadron off Charleston . Continuous blockade of all major ports was sustained by North 's overwhelming war production . Economic impact Surdam argues that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy , at the cost of few lives in combat . Practically , the entire Confederate cotton crop was useless ( although it was sold to Union traders ) , costing the Confederacy its main source of income . Critical imports were scarce and the coastal trade was largely ended as well . The measure of the blockade 's success was not the few ships that slipped through , but the thousands that never tried it . Merchant ships owned in Europe could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade ; they simply stopped calling at Confederate ports . To fight an offensive war , the Confederacy purchased ships from Britain , converted them to warships , and raided American merchant ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . Insurance rates skyrocketed and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters . However , the same ships were reflagged with European flags and continued unmolested . After the war , the U.S. demanded that Britain pay for the damage done , and Britain paid the U.S. $15 million in 1871 . Rivers The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes : McClellan would lead the main thrust in Virginia towards Richmond . Ohio forces would advance through Kentucky into Tennessee . The Missouri Department would drive south along the Mississippi River . The westernmost attack would originate from Kansas . Clashes on the rivers were melees of ironclads , cottonclads , gunboats and rams , complicated by torpedoes and by fire rafts . Ulysses Grant used river transport and Andrew Foote 's gunboats of the Western Flotilla to threaten the Confederacy 's `` Gibraltar of the West '' at Columbus , Kentucky . Though rebuffed at Belmont , Grant cut off Columbus . The Confederates , lacking their own gunboats , were forced to retreat and the Union took control of western Kentucky in March 1862 . In addition to ocean - going warships coming up the Mississippi , the Union Navy used timberclads , tinclads , and armored gunboats . Shipyards at Cairo , Illinois , and St. Louis built new boats or modified steamboats for action . They took control of the Red , Tennessee , Cumberland , Mississippi , and Ohio rivers after victories at Fort Henry ( February 6 , 1862 ) and Fort Donelson ( February 11 to 16 , 1862 ) , and supplied Grant 's forces as he moved into Tennessee . At Shiloh ( Pittsburg Landing ) , in Tennessee in April 1862 , the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell . Overnight , the Navy landed additional reinforcements , and Grant counter-attacked . Grant and the Union won a decisive victory -- the first battle with the high casualty rates that would repeat over and over . Memphis fell to Union forces on June 6 , 1862 , and became a key base for further advances south along the Mississippi River . On April 24 , 1862 , U.S. Naval forces under Farragut ran past Confederate defenses south of New Orleans . Confederate forces abandoned the city , giving the Union a critical anchor in the deep South . Naval forces assisted Grant in the long , complex Vicksburg Campaign that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at Vicksburg , Mississippi in July 1863 , and in the Union fully controlling the Mississippi River soon after . Eastern Theater Further information : Eastern Theater of the American Civil War In one of the first highly visible battles , a march by Union troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces near Washington was repulsed . Left : The Battle of Antietam , the Civil War 's deadliest one - day fight . Union troops committed piecemeal had little effect . Right : Confederate ironclads at Norfolk and New Orleans dispersed blockade , until Union ironclads could defeat them . Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 ( he was briefly general - in - chief of all the Union armies , but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck ) , and the war began in earnest in 1862 . Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations , McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River , southeast of Richmond . Although McClellan 's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign , Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines , then General Robert E. Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat . The Northern Virginia Campaign , which included the Second Battle of Bull Run , ended in yet another victory for the South . McClellan resisted General - in - Chief Halleck 's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope 's Union Army of Virginia , which made it easier for Lee 's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops . Emboldened by Second Bull Run , the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North . General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5 . Lincoln then restored Pope 's troops to McClellan . McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg , Maryland , on September 17 , 1862 , the bloodiest single day in United States military history . Lee 's army , checked at last , returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it . Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee 's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation . Union forces performing a bayonet charge , 1862 When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam , he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside . Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13 , 1862 , when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye 's Heights . After the battle , Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker . Hooker , too , proved unable to defeat Lee 's army ; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one , he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 . Gen. Stonewall Jackson was shot in the arm by accidental friendly fire during the battle and subsequently died of complications . Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade during Lee 's second invasion of the North , in June . Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg ( July 1 to 3 , 1863 ) . This was the bloodiest battle of the war , and has been called the war 's turning point . Pickett 's Charge on July 3 is often considered the high - water mark of the Confederacy because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory . Lee 's army suffered 28,000 casualties ( versus Meade 's 23,000 ) . However , Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee 's retreat , and after Meade 's inconclusive fall campaign , Lincoln turned to the Western Theater for new leadership . At the same time , the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg surrendered , giving the Union control of the Mississippi River , permanently isolating the western Confederacy , and producing the new leader Lincoln needed , Ulysses S. Grant . Western Theater Further information : Western Theater of the American Civil War While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern Theater , they were defeated many times in the West . They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge . Leonidas Polk 's invasion of Columbus , Kentucky ended Kentucky 's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy . Nashville and central Tennessee fell to the Union early in 1862 , leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization . Left : The Battle of Chickamauga , the highest two - day losses . Confederate victory held off Union offensive for two months . Right : New Orleans captured . Union ironclads forced passage , sank Confederate fleet , destroyed batteries , held docks for Army . The Mississippi was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of Island No. 10 and New Madrid , Missouri , and then Memphis , Tennessee . In April 1862 , the Union Navy captured New Orleans , which allowed Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi . Only the fortress city of Vicksburg , Mississippi , prevented Union control of the entire river . General Braxton Bragg 's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky ended with a meaningless victory over Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville , although Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat due to lack of support for the Confederacy in that state . Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee . The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga . Bragg , reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet 's corps ( from Lee 's army in the east ) , defeated Rosecrans , despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas . Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga , which Bragg then besieged . The Union 's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant , who won victories at Forts Henry and Donelson ( by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers ) ; the Battle of Shiloh ; and the Battle of Vicksburg , which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war . Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga , driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy . Trans - Mississippi Further information on Missouri in the Civil War : Trans - Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War Left : Quantrill 's Raid captured a hotel in free - state Kansas for a day in a town of 2,000 , burned 185 buildings , killed 182 men and boys . Right : Nathaniel Lyon secured St. Louis docks and arsenal , led Union forces to expel Missouri Confederate forces and government . Extensive guerrilla warfare characterized the trans - Mississippi region , as the Confederacy lacked the troops and the logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control . Roving Confederate bands such as Quantrill 's Raiders terrorized the countryside , striking both military installations and civilian settlements . The `` Sons of Liberty '' and `` Order of the American Knights '' attacked pro-Union people , elected officeholders , and unarmed uniformed soldiers . These partisans could not be entirely driven out of the state of Missouri until an entire regular Union infantry division was engaged . By 1864 , these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln . Missouri not only stayed in the Union , Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote for re-election . Numerous small - scale military actions south and west of Missouri sought to control Indian Territory and New Mexico Territory for the Union . The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in 1862 , and the exiled Arizona government withdrew into Texas . In the Indian Territory , civil war broke out within tribes . About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy , and smaller numbers for the Union . The most prominent Cherokee was Brigadier General Stand Watie , the last Confederate general to surrender . After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863 , General Kirby Smith in Texas was informed by Jefferson Davis that he could expect no further help from east of the Mississippi River . Although he lacked resources to beat Union armies , he built up a formidable arsenal at Tyler , along with his own Kirby Smithdom economy , a virtual `` independent fiefdom '' in Texas , including railroad construction and international smuggling . The Union in turn did not directly engage him . Its 1864 Red River Campaign to take Shreveport , Louisiana was a failure and Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war . End of the War Conquest of Virginia At the beginning of 1864 , Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac , and put Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies . Grant understood the concept of total war and believed , along with Lincoln and Sherman , that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war . This was total war not in killing civilians but rather in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes , farms , and railroads , that Grant said `` would otherwise have gone to the support of secession and rebellion . This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end . '' Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions . Generals George Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond , General Franz Sigel ( and later Philip Sheridan ) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley , General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea ( the Atlantic Ocean ) , Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia , and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile , Alabama . These dead soldiers -- from Ewell 's May 1864 attack at Spotsylvania -- delayed Grant 's advance on Richmond in the Overland Campaign . The Peacemakers by George Peter Alexander Healy portrays Sherman , Grant , Lincoln , and Porter discussing plans for the last weeks of the Civil War aboard the steamer River Queen in March 1865 . Grant 's army set out on the Overland Campaign with the goal of drawing Lee into a defense of Richmond , where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army . The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles , notably at the Wilderness , Spotsylvania , and Cold Harbor . These battles resulted in heavy losses on both sides , and forced Lee 's Confederates to fall back repeatedly . An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler , who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend . Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored what they had suffered under prior generals , though unlike those prior generals , Grant fought on rather than retreat . Grant was tenacious and kept pressing Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond . While Lee was preparing for an attack on Richmond , Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted Siege of Petersburg , where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months . Grant finally found a commander , General Philip Sheridan , aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Sheridan was initially repelled at the Battle of New Market by former U.S. Vice President and Confederate Gen. John C. Breckinridge . The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy 's last major victory of the war . After redoubling his efforts , Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early in a series of battles , including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek . Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley , a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia . Meanwhile , Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta , defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way . The fall of Atlanta on September 2 , 1864 , guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln as president . Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman 's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin - Nashville Campaign . Union Maj. Gen. John Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin , and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville , effectively destroying Hood 's army . Leaving Atlanta , and his base of supplies , Sherman 's army marched with an unknown destination , laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his `` March to the Sea '' . He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah , Georgia in December 1864 . Sherman 's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves ; there were no major battles along the March . Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south , increasing the pressure on Lee 's army . Lee 's army , thinned by desertion and casualties , was now much smaller than Grant 's . One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks ( sometimes called `` the Waterloo of the Confederacy '' ) on April 1 . This meant that the Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond - Petersburg , completely cutting it off from the Confederacy . Realizing that the capital was now lost , Lee decided to evacuate his army . The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps , composed of black troops . The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at Sayler 's Creek . Confederacy surrenders Map of Confederate territory losses year by year Main article : Conclusion of the American Civil War Initially , Lee did not intend to surrender , but planned to regroup at the village of Appomattox Court House , where supplies were to be waiting , and then continue the war . Grant chased Lee and got in front of him , so that when Lee 's army reached Appomattox Court House , they were surrounded . After an initial battle , Lee decided that the fight was now hopeless , and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9 , 1865 , at the McLean House . In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant 's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union , Lee was permitted to keep his sword and his horse , Traveller . On April 14 , 1865 , President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth , a Southern sympathizer . Lincoln died early the next morning , and Andrew Johnson became the president . Meanwhile , Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Lee 's surrender reached them . On April 26 , 1865 , General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of the Army of Tennessee to Major General William T. Sherman at the Bennett Place near present - day Durham , North Carolina . It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces , effectively bringing the war to an end . President Johnson officially declared a virtual end to the insurrection on May 9 , 1865 ; President Jefferson Davis was captured the following day . On June 2 , Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans - Mississippi Department . On June 23 , Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate General to surrender his forces . Diplomacy Main article : Diplomacy of the American Civil War Though the Confederacy hoped that Britain and France would join them against the Union , this was never likely , and so they instead tried to bring Britain and France in as mediators . The Union , under Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward worked to block this , and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America . In 1861 , Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments , hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war to get cotton , but this did not work . Worse , Europe developed other cotton suppliers , which they found superior , hindering the South 's recovery after the war . Crewmembers of USS Wissahickon by the ship 's 11 - inch ( 280 mm ) Dahlgren gun , circa 1863 Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton , while the 1860 -- 62 crop failures in Europe made the North 's grain exports of critical importance . It also helped to turn European opinion further away from the Confederacy . It was said that `` King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton '' , as U.S. grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half . When Britain did face a cotton shortage , it was temporary , being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India . Meanwhile , the war created employment for arms makers , ironworkers , and British ships to transport weapons . Lincoln 's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion . Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery , but instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession . Confederate spokesmen , on the other hand , were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty , their commitment to free trade , and the essential role of cotton in the European economy . In addition , the European aristocracy ( the dominant factor in every major country ) was `` absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed . European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic . '' U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept and convinced Britain not to boldly challenge the blockade . The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain ( CSS Alabama , CSS Shenandoah , CSS Tennessee , CSS Tallahassee , CSS Florida , and some others ) . The most famous , the CSS Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes . However , public opinion against slavery created a political liability for politicians in Britain , where the antislavery movement was powerful . War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the Trent affair , involving the U.S. Navy 's boarding of the British ship Trent and seizure of two Confederate diplomats . However , London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two . In 1862 , the British considered mediation between North and South -- though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston reportedly read Uncle Tom 's Cabin three times when deciding on this . The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision . The Emancipation Proclamation over time would reinforce the political liability of supporting the Confederacy . Despite sympathy for the Confederacy , France 's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union . Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris . After 1863 , the Polish revolt against Russia further distracted the European powers , and ensured that they would remain neutral . Union victory and aftermath Results The causes of the war , the reasons for its outcome , and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today . The North and West grew rich while the once - rich South became poor for a century . The national political power of the slaveowners and rich southerners ended . Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction , especially regarding the second class citizenship of the Freedmen and their poverty . Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war . Most scholars , including James McPherson , argue that Confederate victory was at least possible . McPherson argues that the North 's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely but not guaranteed . He also argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics , they would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union . Comparison of Union and Confederacy , 1860 -- 1864 Year Union Confederacy Population 1860 22,100,000 ( 71 % ) 9,100,000 ( 29 % ) 1864 28,800,000 ( 90 % ) 3,000,000 ( 10 % ) Free 1860 21,700,000 ( 81 % ) 5,600,000 ( 19 % ) Slave 1860 400,000 ( 11 % ) 3,500,000 ( 89 % ) 1864 negligible 1,900,000 Soldiers 1860 -- 64 2,100,000 ( 67 % ) 1,064,000 ( 33 % ) Railroad miles 1860 21,800 ( 71 % ) 8,800 ( 29 % ) 1864 29,100 ( 98 % ) negligible Manufactures 1860 90 % 10 % 1864 98 % negligible Arms production 1860 97 % 3 % 1864 98 % negligible Cotton bales 1860 negligible 4,500,000 1864 300,000 negligible Exports 1860 30 % 70 % 1864 98 % negligible Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win , but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high . The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win . Lincoln was not a military dictator , and could continue to fight the war only as long as the American public supported a continuation of the war . The Confederacy sought to win independence by out - lasting Lincoln ; however , after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864 , all hope for a political victory for the South ended . At that point , Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans , War Democrats , the border states , emancipated slaves , and the neutrality of Britain and France . By defeating the Democrats and McClellan , he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform . Many scholars argue that the Union held an insurmountable long - term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population . Confederate actions , they argue , only delayed defeat . Civil War historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly : `` I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back ... If there had been more Southern victories , and a lot more , the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back . I do n't think the South ever had a chance to win that War . '' A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because , as E. Merton Coulter put it , `` people did not will hard enough and long enough to win . '' Marxist historian Armstead Robinson agrees , pointing to a class conflict in the Confederate army between the slave owners and the larger number of non-owners . He argues that the non-owner soldiers grew embittered about fighting to preserve slavery , and fought less enthusiastically . He attributes the major Confederate defeats in 1863 at Vicksburg and Missionary Ridge to this class conflict . However , most historians reject the argument . James M. McPherson , after reading thousands of letters written by Confederate soldiers , found strong patriotism that continued to the end ; they truly believed they were fighting for freedom and liberty . Even as the Confederacy was visibly collapsing in 1864 -- 65 , he says most Confederate soldiers were fighting hard . Historian Gary Gallagher cites General Sherman who in early 1864 commented , `` The devils seem to have a determination that can not but be admired . '' Despite their loss of slaves and wealth , with starvation looming , Sherman continued , `` yet I see no sign of let up -- some few deserters -- plenty tired of war , but the masses determined to fight it out . '' Also important were Lincoln 's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause . The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President 's war powers . The Confederate government failed in its attempt to get Europe involved in the war militarily , particularly Britain and France . Southern leaders needed to get European powers to help break up the blockade the Union had created around the Southern ports and cities . Lincoln 's naval blockade was 95 percent effective at stopping trade goods ; as a result , imports and exports to the South declined significantly . The abundance of European cotton and Britain 's hostility to the institution of slavery , along with Lincoln 's Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico naval blockades , severely decreased any chance that either Britain or France would enter the war . Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on the course of world history . The Union victory energized popular democratic forces . A Confederate victory , on the other hand , would have meant a new birth of slavery , not freedom . Historian Fergus Bordewich , following Doyle , argues that : The North 's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government . Confederate independence , on the other hand , would have established an American model for reactionary politics and race - based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the twentieth century and perhaps beyond . '' Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South . The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South . However , a 2017 study challenges this , noting that while some Southern elites retained their economic status , the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South than in the North . Costs The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties ( 3 percent of the population ) , including about 620,000 soldier deaths -- two - thirds by disease , and 50,000 civilians . Binghamton University historian J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000 , 20 percent higher than traditionally estimated , and possibly as high as 850,000 . The war accounted for more American deaths than in all other U.S. wars combined . One in thirteen veterans were amputees . Remains of both sides were reinterred . National cemetery in Andersonville , GA . Based on 1860 census figures , 8 percent of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war , including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South . About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War . An estimated 60,000 men lost limbs in the war . Union army dead , amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served , was broken down as follows : 110,070 killed in action ( 67,000 ) or died of wounds ( 43,000 ) . 199,790 died of disease ( 75 percent was due to the war , the remainder would have occurred in civilian life anyway ) 24,866 died in Confederate prison camps 9,058 killed by accidents or drowning 15,741 other / unknown deaths 359,528 total dead In addition there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy ( 2,112 in battle ) and 460 in the Marines ( 148 in battle ) . Black troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll , they amounted to 15 percent of disease deaths but less than 3 percent of those killed in battle . Losses among African Americans were high , in the last year and a half and from all reported casualties , approximately 20 percent of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives during the Civil War . Notably , their mortality rate was significantly higher than white soldiers : ( We ) find , according to the revised official data , that of the slightly over two millions troops in the United States Volunteers , over 316,000 died ( from all causes ) , or 15.2 percent . Of the 67,000 Regular Army ( white ) troops , 8.6 percent , or not quite 6,000 , died . Of the approximately 180,000 United States Colored Troops , however , over 36,000 died , or 20.5 percent . In other words , the mortality `` rate '' amongst the United States Colored Troops in the Civil War was thirty - five percent greater than that among other troops , notwithstanding the fact that the former were not enrolled until some eighteen months after the fighting began . Burying Union dead on the Antietam battlefield , 1862 Confederate records compiled by historian William F. Fox list 74,524 killed and died of wounds and 59,292 died of disease . Including Confederate estimates of battle losses where no records exist would bring the Confederate death toll to 94,000 killed and died of wounds . Fox complained , however , that records were incomplete , especially during the last year of the war , and that battlefield reports likely under - counted deaths ( many men counted as wounded in battlefield reports subsequently died of their wounds ) . Thomas L. Livermore , using Fox 's data , put the number of Confederate non-combat deaths at 166,000 , using the official estimate of Union deaths from disease and accidents and a comparison of Union and Confederate enlistment records , for a total of 260,000 deaths . However , this excludes the 30,000 deaths of Confederate troops in prisons , which would raise the minimum number of deaths to 290,000 . The United States National Park Service uses the following figures in its official tally of war losses : Union : 853,838 110,100 killed in action 224,580 disease deaths 275,154 wounded in action 211,411 captured ( including 30,192 who died as POWs ) Confederate : 914,660 94,000 killed in action 164,000 disease deaths 194,026 wounded in action 462,634 captured ( including 31,000 who died as POWs ) While the figures of 360,000 army deaths for the Union and 260,000 for the Confederacy remained commonly cited , they are incomplete . In addition to many Confederate records being missing , partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits , both armies only counted troops who died during their service , and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged . This often happened only a few days or weeks later . Francis Amasa Walker , Superintendent of the 1870 Census , used census and Surgeon General data to estimate a minimum of 500,000 Union military deaths and 350,000 Confederate military deaths , for a total death toll of 850,000 soldiers . While Walker 's estimates were originally dismissed because of the 1870 Census 's undercounting , it was later found that the census was only off by 6.5 % , and that the data Walker used would be roughly accurate . Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 , but most likely 761,000 soldiers , died in the war . This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths , going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses . Deaths among former slaves has proven much harder to estimate , due to the lack of reliable census data at the time , though they were known to be considerable , as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in an area where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter , doctors , or food for them . University of Connecticut Professor James Downs states that tens to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease , starvation , exposure , or execution at the hands of the Confederates , and that if these deaths are counted in the war 's total , the death toll would exceed 1 million . Losses were far higher than during the recent defeat of Mexico , which saw roughly thirteen thousand American deaths , including fewer than two thousand killed in battle , between 1846 and 1848 . One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the century , such as charging . With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels , Minié balls and ( near the end of the war for the Union army ) repeating firearms such as the Spencer Repeating Rifle and the Henry Repeating Rifle , soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open . This led to the adoption of trench warfare , a style of fighting that defined much of World War I . The wealth amassed in slaves and slavery for the Confederacy 's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended when Union armies arrived ; they were nearly all freed by the Emancipation Proclamation . Slaves in the border states and those located in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or ( on December 6 , 1865 ) by the Thirteenth Amendment . The war destroyed much of the wealth that had existed in the South . All accumulated investment Confederate bonds was forfeit ; most banks and railroads were bankrupt . Income per person in the South dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North , a condition that lasted until well into the 20th century . Southern influence in the U.S. federal government , previously considerable , was greatly diminished until the latter half of the 20th century . The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction . Emancipation Slavery as a War issue While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting to preserve slavery , most of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Lee 's army had close family ties to slavery . To Northerners , in contrast , the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union , not to abolish slavery . Abraham Lincoln consistently made preserving the Union the central goal of the war , though he increasingly saw slavery as a crucial issue and made ending it an additional goal . Lincoln 's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation angered both Peace Democrats ( `` Copperheads '' ) and War Democrats , but energized most Republicans . By warning that free blacks would flood the North , Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections , but they did not gain control of Congress . The Republicans ' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support , with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the northern state of Ohio when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment . Emancipation Proclamation Main article : Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African - Americans , both free blacks and escaped slaves , to join the Union Army . About 190,000 volunteered , further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates , who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery . During the Civil War , sentiment concerning slaves , enslavement and emancipation in the United States was divided . In 1861 , Lincoln worried that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states , and that `` to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . '' Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation , although the latter eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union . Left : Contrabands -- fugitive slaves -- cooks , laundresses , laborers , teamsters , railroad repair crews -- fled to the Union Army , but were not officially freed until 1863 . Emancipation Proclamation . Right : In 1863 , the Union army accepted Freedmen . Seen here are Black and White teen - aged soldiers . At first , Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Frémont ( in Missouri ) and David Hunter ( in South Carolina , Georgia and Florida ) to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats . Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected . But only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln 's gradual plan , which was enacted by Congress . When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation , Seward advised Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing it , as to do otherwise would seem like `` our last shriek on the retreat '' . Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published in abolitionist Horace Greeley 's newspaper . In September 1862 , the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity , and the subsequent War Governors ' Conference added support for the proclamation . Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22 , 1862 , and his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 , 1863 . In his letter to Albert G. Hodges , Lincoln explained his belief that `` If slavery is not wrong , nothing is wrong ... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling ... I claim not to have controlled events , but confess plainly that events have controlled me . '' Lincoln 's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states , War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union . The Union - controlled border states ( Kentucky , Missouri , Maryland , Delaware and West Virginia ) and Union - controlled regions around New Orleans , Norfolk and elsewhere , were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation . All abolished slavery on their own , except Kentucky and Delaware . Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President 's war powers , it only included territory held by Confederates at the time . However , the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union 's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union 's definition of liberty . The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy 's hope of getting aid from Britain or France . By late 1864 , Lincoln was playing a leading role in getting Congress to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment , which made emancipation universal and permanent . Texas v. white In Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 ( 1869 ) the United States Supreme Court ruled that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union , despite claims that it joined the Confederate States ; the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States , and that the ordinances of secession , and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances , were `` absolutely null '' , under the constitution . Reconstruction Main article : Reconstruction Era Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population . Reconstruction began during the war , with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 , and it continued until 1877 . It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the war 's aftermath , the most important of which were the three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' to the Constitution , which remain in effect to the present time : the 13th ( 1865 ) , the 14th ( 1868 ) and the 15th ( 1870 ) . From the Union perspective , the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union ; to guarantee a `` republican form of government for the ex-Confederate states ; and to permanently end slavery -- and prevent semi-slavery status . President Johnson took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865 , when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment . Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free . They came to the fore after the 1866 elections and undid much of Johnson 's work . In 1872 the `` Liberal Republicans '' argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end . They ran a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated . In 1874 , Democrats , primarily Southern , took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction . The Compromise of 1877 closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended . With the withdrawal of federal troops , however , whites retook control of every Southern legislature ; the Jim Crow period of disenfranchisement and legal segregation was about to begin . Memory and historiography Left : Monument to the Grand Army of the Republic , a Union veteran organization Right : Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans , 1903 The Civil War is one of the central events in American collective memory . There are innumerable statues , commemorations , books and archival collections . The memory includes the home front , military affairs , the treatment of soldiers , both living and dead , in the war 's aftermath , depictions of the war in literature and art , evaluations of heroes and villains , and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war . The last theme includes moral evaluations of racism and slavery , heroism in combat and heroism behind the lines , and the issues of democracy and minority rights , as well as the notion of an `` Empire of Liberty '' influencing the world . Professional historians have paid much more attention to the causes of the war , than to the war itself . Military history has largely developed outside academe , leading to a proliferation of solid studies by non-scholars who are thoroughly familiar with the primary sources , pay close attention to battles and campaigns , and write for the large public readership , rather than the small scholarly community . Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among the best - known writers . Practically every major figure in the war , both North and South , has had a serious biographical study . Deeply religious Southerners saw the hand of God in history , which demonstrated His wrath at their sinfulness , or His rewards for their suffering . Historian Wilson Fallin has examined the sermons of white and black Baptist preachers after the War . Southern white preachers said : God had chastised them and given them a special mission -- to maintain orthodoxy , strict biblicism , personal piety , and traditional race relations . Slavery , they insisted , had not been sinful . Rather , emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God 's favor . In sharp contrast , Black preachers interpreted the Civil War as : God 's gift of freedom . They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence , to worship in their own way , to affirm their worth and dignity , and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man . Most of all , they could form their own churches , associations , and conventions . These institutions offered self - help and racial uplift , and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed . As a result , black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him ; God would be their rock in a stormy land . Lost Cause Main article : Lost Cause of the Confederacy Memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the `` Lost Cause '' , shaping regional identity and race relations for generations . Alan T. Nolan notes that the Lost Cause was expressly `` a rationalization , a cover - up to vindicate the name and fame '' of those in rebellion . Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery ; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South ; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized ; in any case , secession was said to be lawful . Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the `` virulent racism '' of the 19th century , sacrificing African - American progress to a white man 's reunification . He also deems the Lost Cause `` a caricature of the truth . This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter '' in every instance . Beginning in 1961 the U.S. Post Office released Commemorative stamps for five famous battles , each issued on the 100th anniversary of the respective battle . Beardian historiography The interpretation of the Civil War presented by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard in The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) was highly influential among historians and the general public until the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s . The Beards downplayed slavery , abolitionism , and issues of morality . They ignored constitutional issues of states ' rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war . Indeed , the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event . Much more important was the calculus of class conflict . The Beards announced that the Civil War was really : ( A ) social cataclysm in which the capitalists , laborers , and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South . The Beards themselves abandoned their interpretation by the 1940s and it became defunct among historians in the 1950s , when scholars shifted to an emphasis on slavery . However , Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers . Battlefield preservation The first efforts at Civil War battlefield preservation and memorialization came during the war itself with the establishment of National Cemeteries at Gettysburg , Mill Springs and Chattanooga . Soldiers began erecting markers on battlefields beginning with the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861 , but the oldest surviving monument is the Hazen monument , erected at Stones River near Murfreesboro , Tennessee , in the summer of 1863 by soldiers in Union Col. William B. Hazen 's brigade to mark the spot where they buried their dead in the Battle of Stones River . In the 1890s , the United States government established five Civil War battlefield parks under the jurisdiction of the War Department , beginning with the creation of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park in Tennessee and the Antietam National Battlefield in Maryland in 1890 . The Shiloh National Military Park was established in 1894 , followed by the Gettysburg National Military Park in 1895 and Vicksburg National Military Park in 1899 . In 1933 , these five parks and other national monuments were transferred to the jurisdiction of the National Park Service . The modern Civil War battlefield preservation movement began in 1987 with the founding of the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites ( APCWS ) , a grassroots organization created by Civil War historians and others to preserve battlefield land by acquiring it . In 1991 , the original Civil War Trust was created in the mold of the Statue of Liberty / Ellis Island Foundation , but failed to attract corporate donors and soon helped manage the disbursement of U.S. Mint Civil War commemorative coin revenues designated for battlefield preservation . Although the two organizations joined forces on a number of battlefield acquisitions , ongoing conflicts prompted the boards of both organizations to facilitate a merger , which happened in 1999 with the creation of the Civil War Preservation Trust . In 2011 , the organization was renamed The Civil War Trust . From 1987 through late 2017 , The Trust and its predecessor organizations saved more than 40,000 acres at 126 Civil War battlefields and sites in 21 states . Civil War commemoration Main article : Commemoration of the American Civil War See also : Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Left : Grand Army of the Republic ( Union ) Right : United Confederate Veterans The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles , to statues and memorial halls erected , to films being produced , to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued , all of which helped to shape public memory . This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary . Hollywood 's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory , as seen in such film classics as Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , and more recently Lincoln ( 2012 ) . Ken Burns produced a notable PBS series on television titled The Civil War ( 1990 ) . It was digitally remastered and re-released in 2015 . Technological significance There were numerous technological innovations during the Civil War that had a great impact on 19th century science . The Civil War was one of the earliest examples of an `` industrial war '' , in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy in a war . New inventions , such as the train and telegraph , delivered soldiers , supplies and messages at a time when horses were considered to be the fastest way to travel . It was also in this war when countries first used aerial warfare , in the form of reconnaissance balloons , to a significant effect . It saw the first action involving steam - powered ironclad warships in naval warfare history . Repeating firearms such as the Henry rifle , Spencer rifle , Colt revolving rifle , Triplett & Scott carbine and others , first appeared during the Civil War ; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace muzzle - loading and single - shot firearms in warfare , as well as the first appearances of rapid - firing weapons and machine guns such as the Agar gun and the Gatling gun . In works of culture and art Literature The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government ( 1881 ) by Jefferson Davis The Red Badge of Courage ( 1885 ) by Stephen Crane The Private History of a Campaign That Failed ( 1885 ) by Mark Twain Texar 's Revenge , or , North Against South ( 1887 ) by Jules Verne `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' ( 1890 ) by Ambrose Bierce Gone with the Wind ( 1936 ) by Margaret Mitchell Shiloh ( 1952 ) by Shelby Foote North and South ( 1982 ) by John Jakes Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All ( 1989 ) by Allan Gurganus Film The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 , US ) The General ( 1926 , US ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 , US ) The Red Badge of Courage ( 1951 , US ) The Horse Soldiers ( 1959 , US ) Shenandoah ( 1965 , US ) The Good , the Bad and the Ugly ( 1966 , Italy - Spain - FRG ) The Beguiled ( 1971 , US ) Glory ( 1989 , US ) The Civil War ( 1990 , US ) Gettysburg ( 1993 , US ) The Last Outlaw ( 1993 , US ) Cold Mountain ( 2003 , US ) Gods and Generals ( 2003 , US ) North and South ( miniseries ) Lincoln ( 2012 , US ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2012 , US ) Free State of Jones ( 2016 , US ) The Gettysburg Address ( 2017 , US ) Song `` Johnny Reb '' ( 1959 ) written by Merle Kilgore , sung by Johnny Horton `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' ( 1969 ) written by Robbie Robertson , sung by The Band Video games Sid Meier 's Gettysburg ! ( 1997 , US ) Sid Meier 's Antietam ! ( 1999 , US ) American Conqest : Divided Nation ( 2006 , US ) Forge of Freedom : The American Civil War ( 2006 , US ) The History Channel : Civil War -- A Nation Divided ( 2006 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War ( 2007 , US / FR ) History Civil War : Secret Missions ( 2008 , US ) Call of Juarez : Bound in Blood ( 2009 , US ) Darkest of Days ( 2009 , US ) Victoria II : A House Divided ( 2011 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War II ( 2013 , US / FR ) Ultimate General : Gettysburg ( 2014 , UKR ) Ultimate General : Civil War ( 2016 , UKR ) See also General reference Battles of the American Civil War Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Corps badges of the American Civil War Costliest Battles of the American Civil War Naval bibliography of the American Civil War Origins of the American Civil War Uniforms of the Confederacy Uniforms of the Union Weapons in the American Civil War Union United States Union Army Union Navy Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation Confederacy Confederate States Confederate Army Confederate Navy Jefferson Davis Ethnic articles African Americans in the American Civil War German Americans in the American Civil War Irish Americans in the American Civil War Native Americans in the American Civil War American Civil War portal Topical articles Blockade runners of the American Civil War Blockade , Union -- of the American Civil War Casualties in the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Education of freed people during the Civil War Infantry in the American Civil War Modern display of the Confederate flag Nursing in the American Civil War , Dorothea Dix Ships captured during the American Civil War Slavery during the American Civil War Spies in the American Civil War National articles Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War Britain in the American Civil War Canada in the American Civil War Prussia in the American Civil War State articles See articles in the format , `` * state * in the American Civil War '' Memorials List of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials and monuments at Arlington National Cemetery List of memorials to Jefferson Davis List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Stonewall Jackson List of monuments erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials References Notes ^ Jump up to : Total number that served Jump up ^ A novel way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . Jump up ^ `` Union population 1864 '' aggregates 1860 population , average annual immigration 1855 -- 1864 , and population governed formerly by CSA per Kenneth Martis source . Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen , migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies , and natural increase are excluded . Jump up ^ `` Slave 1864 , CSA '' aggregates 1860 slave census of Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia and Texas . It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation , freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies , especially in the Mississippi Valley . Jump up ^ At the beginning of the war , some Union commanders thought they were supposed to return escaped slaves to their masters . By 1862 , when it became clear that this would be a long war , the question of what to do about slavery became more general . The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor . It began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production . As one Congressman put it , the slaves `` ... can not be neutral . As laborers , if not as soldiers , they will be allies of the rebels , or of the Union . '' The same Congressman -- and his fellow Radical Republicans -- put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves , whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual , compensated emancipation and colonization . Enslaved African Americans did not wait for Lincoln 's action before escaping and seeking freedom behind Union lines . From early years of the war , hundreds of thousands of African Americans escaped to Union lines , especially in occupied areas like Nashville , Norfolk and the Hampton Roads region in 1862 , Tennessee from 1862 on , the line of Sherman 's march , etc . So many African Americans fled to Union lines that commanders created camps and schools for them , where both adults and children learned to read and write . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . The American Missionary Association entered the war effort by sending teachers south to such contraband camps , for instance establishing schools in Norfolk and on nearby plantations . In addition , approximately 180,000 or more African - American men served as soldiers and sailors with Union troops . Most of those were escaped slaves . Probably the most prominent of these African - American soldiers is the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry . Jump up ^ In spite of the South 's shortage of soldiers , most Southern leaders -- until 1865 -- opposed enlisting slaves . They used them as laborers to support the war effort . As Howell Cobb said , `` If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong . '' Confederate generals Patrick Cleburne and Robert E. Lee argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war , and Jefferson Davis was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat . The Confederacy surrendered at Appomattox before this plan could be implemented . The great majority of the 4 million slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation , as Union armies moved south . Historian John D. Winters referred to the exhilaration of the slaves when the Union Army came through Louisiana : `` As the troops moved up to Alexandria , the Negroes crowded the roadsides to watch the passing army . They were ' all frantic with joy , some weeping , some blessing , and some dancing in the exuberance of their emotions . ' All of the Negroes were attracted by the pageantry and excitement of the army . Others cheered because they anticipated the freedom to plunder and to do as they pleased now that the Federal troops were there . '' Confederates enslaved captured black Union soldiers , and black soldiers especially were shot when trying to surrender at the Fort Pillow Massacre . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . This led to a breakdown of the prisoner and mail exchange program and the growth of prison camps such as Andersonville prison in Georgia , where almost 13,000 Union prisoners of war died of starvation and disease . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End . All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers . If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports . Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia . The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . May 10 , 1865 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War '' : Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines , 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia , and 427,000 were in the field army . Jump up ^ Long , E.B. The Civil War Day by Day : An Almanac , 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1971 . OCLC 68283123 . p. 705 . Jump up ^ `` The war of the rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. ; Series 4 -- Volume 2 '' , United States . War Dept 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , William F. Regimental losses in the American Civil War ( 1889 ) ^ Jump up to : Official DOD data Archived February 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chambers & Anderson 1999 , p. 849 . Jump up ^ 211,411 Union soldiers were captured , and 30,218 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . Jump up ^ 462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . ^ Jump up to : Nofi , Al ( June 13 , 2001 ) . `` Statistics on the War 's Costs '' . Louisiana State University . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . University of Connecticut , April 13th 2012 . `` The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic , but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources . The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered ; tens of thousands of other slaves who died had no contact with army doctors , leaving no records of their deaths . '' 60,000 documented plus ' tens of thousands ' undocumented gives a minimum of 80,000 slave deaths . Jump up ^ Recounting the dead , Associate Professor J. David Hacker , `` estimates , based on Census data , indicate that the ( military ) death toll was approximately 750,000 , and may have been as high as 850,000 '' Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . Oxford University Press , April 13th 2012 . `` An 2 April 2012 New York Times article , `` New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , '' reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people . As horrific as this new number is , it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war . If former slaves were included in this figure , the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ... '' Jump up ^ `` Answers to your Civil War Questions '' . Civil War Trust . Civil War Trust . Retrieved 14 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ Hutchison , Coleman ( 2015 ) . A History of American Civil War Literature . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Date of Secession Related to 1860 Black Population '' , America 's Civil War Jump up ^ Burnham , Walter Dean . Presidential Ballots , 1836 -- 1892 . Johns Hopkins University Press , 1955 , pp. 247 -- 57 Jump up ^ Deborah Gray White , Mia Bay , and Waldo E. Martin , Jr. , Freedom on My Mind : A History of African Americans ( New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2013 ) , 325 . Jump up ^ Frank J. Williams , `` Doing Less and Doing More : The President and the Proclamation -- Legally , Militarily and Politically , '' in Harold Holzer , ed . The Emancipation Proclamation ( 2006 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated , New Analysis Suggests '' . Science Daily . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker 2011 , p. 307 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Huddleston 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ James C. Bradford , A Companion to American Military History ( 2010 ) , vol. 1 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ See also Freehling , William W. , The Road to Disunion : Secessionists Triumphant 1854 -- 1861 , pp. 9 -- 24 , and Martis , Kenneth C. , The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress , 1789 -- 1989 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 920170 - 5 , pp. 111 -- 115 , and Foner , Eric . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War , ( Oxford University Press , 1980 ) , pp. 18 -- 20 , 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Coates , Ta - Nehisi ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` What This Cruel War Was Over '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Issues related to the institution of slavery precipitated secession ... It was not states ' rights . It was not a tariff . It was not unhappiness with manner and customs that led to secession and eventually to war . It was a cluster of issues profoundly dividing the nation along a fault line delineated by the institution of slavery . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( March 1 , 1994 ) . What They Fought For 1861 - 1865 . Louisiana State University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 9780807119044 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( April 3 , 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades . Oxford University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 9780195090239 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . The loyal citizenry initially gave very little thought to emancipation in their quest to save the union . Most loyal citizens , though profoundly prejudice by 21st century standards , embraced emancipation as a tool to punish slave holders , weaken the confederacy , and protect the union from future internal strife . A minority of the white populous invoked moral grounds to attack slavery , though their arguments carried far less popular weight than those presenting emancipation as a military measure necessary to defeat the rebels and restore the Union . Jump up ^ Eskridge , Larry ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` After 150 years , we still ask : Why ' this cruel war ' ? '' . Canton Daily Ledger . Canton , Illinois . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Weeks 2013 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Olsen 2002 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , French Esnor . Causes of the civil war , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1906 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ Thomas Fleming ( 2014 ) . A Disease in the Public Mind : A New Understanding of Why We Fought the Civil War . ISBN 978 - 0306822957 . Jump up ^ Charles S. Sydnor , The Development of Southern Sectionalism 1819 -- 1848 ( 1948 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Royal Russel , Economic Aspects of Southern Sectionalism , 1840 -- 1861 ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Ahlstrom 1972 , p. 648 -- 649 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Stampp , The Imperiled Union : Essays on the Background of the Civil War ( 1981 ) , p. 198 ; Richard Hofstadter , The Progressive Historians : Turner , Beard , Parrington ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Woodworth 1996 , p. 145 , 151 , 505 , 512 , 554 , 557 , 684 . Jump up ^ Thornton & Ekelund 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Frank Taussig , The Tariff History of the United States ( 1931 ) , pp. 115 -- 61 Jump up ^ Hofstadter 1938 , p. 50 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Robert Gray Gunderson , Old Gentleman 's Convention : The Washington Peace Conference of 1861 . ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Jon L. Wakelyn ( 1996 ) . Southern Pamphlets on Secession , November 1860 -- April 1861 . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 23 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 6614 - 6 . Jump up ^ Matthew Fontaine Maury ( 1861 / 1967 ) , `` Captain Maury 's Letter on American Affairs : A Letter Addressed to Rear - Admiral Fitz Roy , of England '' , reprinted in Frank Friedel , ed. , Union Pamphlets of the Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard , A John Harvard Library Book , Vol . I , pp. 171 -- 73 . Jump up ^ John Lothrop Motley ( 1861 / 1967 ) , `` The Causes of the American Civil War : A Paper Contributed to the London Times '' , reprinted in Frank Friedel , ed. , Union Pamphlets of the Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard , A John Harvard Library Book , Vol. 1 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , States ' Rights and the Union : Imperium in Imperio , 1776 -- 1876 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 3 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Stampp 1990 , p. 190 -- 93 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 468 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Bestor , Arthur . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' , in Lawrence Meir Friedman ( ed . ) `` American Law and the Constitutional Order : Historical Perspectives , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02527 - 1 p. 231 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Johannsen 1973 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial Politics and Government '' . Territorial Kansas Online : University of Kansas and Kansas Historical Society . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Finteg Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Varon 2008 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 470 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gara , 1964 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Potter 1962 , p. 924 -- 50 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1971 ) , American Counterpoint : Slavery and Racism in the North - South Dialogue , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt - Brown , The Shaping of Southern Culture : Honor , Grace , and War , 1760s -- 1880s ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Avery Craven , The Growth of Southern Nationalism , 1848 -- 1861 ( 1953 ) . Jump up ^ `` Republican Platform of 1860 , '' in Kirk H. Porter , and Donald Bruce Johnson , eds . National Party Platforms , 1840 -- 1956 , ( University of Illinois Press , 1956 ) . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Susan - Mary Grant , North over South : Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era ( 2000 ) ; Melinda Lawson , Patriot Fires : Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Jaffa , Harry V. ( 2000 ) . A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9952 - 8 . p. 1 Jump up ^ Ordinances of Secession by State Archived 2004 - 06 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of Georgia 's secession declaration . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ President James Buchanan , Message of December 8 , 1860 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River '' . World Digital Library . 1865 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 41 -- 66 Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 147 -- 52 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 234 -- 266 . ^ Jump up to : Abraham Lincoln , First Inaugural Address , Monday , March 4 , 1861 . ^ Jump up to : Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 572 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The War for the Union : The Improvised War 1861 -- 1862 ( 1959 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Russell McClintock ( 2008 ) . Lincoln and the Decision for War : The Northern Response to Secession . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . pp. 254 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3188 - 5 . Provides details of support across the North . Online preview . Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 291 -- 92 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Howard Louis Conard ( 1901 ) . Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln : Proclamation 83 -- Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 276 -- 307 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War and the Maryland General Assembly , Maryland State Archives '' . msa.maryland.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teaching American History in Maryland -- Documents for the Classroom : Arrest of the Maryland Legislature , 1861 '' . Maryland State Archives . 2005 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 284 -- 87 . Jump up ^ William C. Harris , Lincoln and the Border States : Preserving the Union ( University Press of Kansas , 2011 ) , p. 71 , Jump up ^ Howard , F.K. ( Frank Key ) ( 1863 ) . Fourteen Months in American Bastiles . London : H.F. Mackintosh . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 119 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 129 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience , The Creation of West Virginia '' . West Virginia Archives & History . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Curry , Richard Orr ( 1964 ) , A House Divided , A Study of the Statehood Politics & the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia , University of Pittsburgh Press , map on p. 49 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Weigley 2004 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Snell , Mark A. , West Virginia and the Civil War , History Press , Charleston , SC , 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Neely 1993 , p. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Keegan , `` The American Civil War '' , p. 73 . Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war , 40 percent of them in Virginia and Tennessee . See Gabor Boritt , ed . War Comes Again ( 1995 ) , p. 247 . Jump up ^ `` With an actual strength of 1,080 officers and 14,926 enlisted men on June 30 , 1860 , the Regular Army ... '' Civil War Extracts pp. 199 -- 221 , American Military History . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , Confederate States of America ( 1950 ) p. 308 . John G. Nicolay and John Hay ( Abraham Lincoln : a history , vol. 4 , p. 264 ) state : `` Since the organization of the Montgomery government in February , some four different calls for Southern volunteers had been made ... In his message of April 29 to the rebel Congress , Jefferson Davis proposed to organize for instant action an army of 100,000 ... '' Coulter reports that Alexander Stephens took this to mean Davis wanted unilateral control of a standing army , and from that moment on became his implacable opponent . Jump up ^ Albert Burton Moore . Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy ( 1924 ) online edition . Jump up ^ Albert Bernhardt Faust , The German Element in the United States ( 1909 ) v. 1 , p. 523 online . The railroads and banks grew rapidly . See Oberholtzer , Ellis Paxson . Jay Cooke : Financier Of The Civil War ( 1907 ) , Vol. 2 at Google Books , pp. 378 -- 430 . See also Oberholtzer , A History of the United States Since the Civil War ( 1926 ) , 3 : 69 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Eugene Murdock , One Million Men : the Civil War draft in the North ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Judith Lee Hallock , `` The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion . '' Civil War History ( 1983 ) 29 # 2 pp. 123 -- 34 . online Jump up ^ Peter S. Bearman , `` Desertion as localism : Army unit solidarity and group norms in the U.S. Civil War . '' Social Forces ( 1991 ) 70 # 2 pp. 321 -- 42 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Robert Fantina , Desertion and the American soldier , 1776 -- 2006 ( 2006 ) , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Perman & Taylor 2010 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Roger Pickenpaugh ( 2013 ) . Captives in Blue : The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy . University of Alabama Press . pp. 57 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 1466 . Jump up ^ Welles 1865 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Canney 1998 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Richter 2009 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1998 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , pp. 288 -- 89 , 296 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 1989 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Gerald F. Teaster and Linda and James Treaster Ambrose , The Confederate Submarine H.L. Hunley ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Fuller 2008 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Stern 1962 , pp. 224 - 225 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely , Jr . `` The Perils of Running the Blockade : The Influence of International Law in an Era of Total War , '' Civil War History ( 1986 ) 32 # 2 , pp. 101 -- 18 in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Stephen R. Wise , Lifeline of the Confederacy : Blockade Running during the Civil War ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Surdam , David G. ( 1998 ) . `` The Union Navy 's blockade reconsidered '' . Naval War College Review . 51 ( 4 ) : 85 -- 107 . Jump up ^ David G. Surdam , Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War ( University of South Carolina Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Jones 2002 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Whitsell , Robert D. ( 1963 ) . `` Military and Naval Activity between Cairo and Columbus '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 62 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Myron J. Smith , Tinclads in the Civil War : Union Light - Draught Gunboat Operations on Western Waters , 1862 -- 1865 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Frank & Reaves 2003 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Symonds & Clipson 2001 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Ronald Scott Mangum , `` The Vicksburg Campaign : A Study In Joint Operations , '' Parameters : U.S. Army War College ( 1991 ) 21 # 3 , pp. 74 -- 86 online Jump up ^ Foote 1974 , p. 464 -- 519 . Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , Terrible Swift Sword , pp. 263 -- 96 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 424 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , pp. 538 -- 44 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 528 -- 33 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 543 -- 45 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 557 -- 558 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 571 -- 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 639 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Jonathan A. Noyalas ( 3 Dec 2010 ) . Stonewall Jackson 's 1862 Valley Campaign . Arcadia Publishing . p. 93 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 653 -- 663 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 664 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 404 -- 05 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 418 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 419 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 480 -- 83 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 405 -- 13 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 637 -- 38 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 677 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan 2009 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ James B. Martin , Third War : Irregular Warfare on the Western Border 1861 -- 1865 ( Combat Studies Institute Leavenworth Paper series , number 23 , 2012 ) . See also , Michael Fellman , Inside War : The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War ( 1989 ) . Missouri alone was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between regular units , and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands , especially in the recently settled western counties . Jump up ^ Bohl , Sarah ( 2004 ) . `` A War on Civilians : Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri '' . Prologue. 36 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Graves , William H. ( 1991 ) . `` Indian Soldiers for the Gray Army : Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory '' . Chronicles of Oklahoma . 69 ( 2 ) : 134 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Neet , J. Frederick ; Jr ( 1996 ) . `` Stand Watie : Confederate General in the Cherokee Nation '' . Great Plains Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 220 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely Jr. ; `` Was the Civil War a Total War ? '' Civil War History , Vol. 50 , 2004 , pp. 434 + . Jump up ^ U.S. Grant ( 1990 ) . Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant ; Selected Letters . Library of America . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 58 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ron Field ( 2013 ) . Petersburg 1864 -- 65 : The Longest Siege . Osprey Publishing . p. 6 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 724 -- 42 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 778 -- 79 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 773 -- 76 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 812 -- 15 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 825 -- 30 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 846 -- 47 . Jump up ^ William Marvel , Lee 's Last Retreat : The Flight to Appomattox ( 2002 ) , pp. 158 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Unaware of the surrender of Lee , on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the Battle of Columbus , Georgia and the Battle of West Point . Jump up ^ http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/end-of-war/smith-surrenders.html General Kirby Smith Surrenders the Trans - Mississippi Forces Archived February 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Web . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , John Wesley , Ghost towns of Oklahoma , University of Oklahoma Press , 1977 , pp. 68 -- 69 , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1420 - 7 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 546 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , War for the Union 1862 -- 1863 , pp. 263 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) , pp. 8 ( quote ) , 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Richard Huzzeym , Freedom Burning : Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Stephen B. Oates , The Approaching Fury : Voices of the Storm 1820 -- 1861 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 855 . ^ Jump up to : James McPherson , Why did the Confederacy Lose ? . p. ? . Jump up ^ Railroad length is from : Chauncey Depew ( ed . ) , One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795 -- 1895 , p. 111 ; For other data see : 1860 U.S. Census and Carter , Susan B. , ed . The Historical Statistics of the United States : Millennial Edition ( 5 vols ) , 2006 . Jump up ^ Martis , Kenneth C. , `` The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America : 1861 -- 1865 '' Simon & Schuster ( 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 13 - 389115 - 1 p. 27 . At the beginning of 1865 , the Confederacy controlled one - third of its congressional districts , which were apportioned by population . The major slave - populations found in Louisiana , Mississippi , Tennessee , and Alabama were effectively under Union control by the end of 1864 . Jump up ^ Digital History Reader , U.S. Railroad Construction , 1860 -- 1880 Virginia Tech , Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . `` Total Union railroad miles '' aggregates existing track reported 1860 @ 21800 plus new construction 1860 -- 1864 @ 5000 , plus southern railroads administered by USMRR @ 2300 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 771 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Murray , Bernstein & Knox 1996 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ HeidlerHeidlerColes 2002 , p. 1207 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , The Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 ( 1950 ) , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Richard E. Beringer , Herman Hattaway , Archer Jones and William N. Still Jr , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1991 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Armstead Robinson , Bitter Fruits of Bondage : The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 ( University of Virginia Press , 2004 ) Jump up ^ see Alan Farmer , History Review ( 2005 ) , No. 52 : 15 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1997 , pp. 169 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Gallagher 1999 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbacher , Don ( 2004 ) . `` Lincoln 's Wartime Leadership : The First Hundred Days '' . University of Illinois . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 382 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , `` The World Was Watching : America 's Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege '' , Wall Street Journal ( February 7 -- 8 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dupont , Brandon ; Rosenbloom , Joshua L. `` The Economic Origins of the Postwar Southern Elite '' . Explorations in Economic History . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2017.09. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker , J. David ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Recounting the Dead '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. xix . Jump up ^ Vinovskis 1990 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Richard Wightman Fox ( 2008 ). `` National Life After Death '' . Slate.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands '' . National Geographic News . July 1 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Teresa Riordan ( March 8 , 2004 ) . `` When Necessity Meets Ingenuity : Art of Restoring What 's Missing '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert Aptheker , `` Negro Casualties in the Civil War '' , The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 32 , No. 1 . ( January 1947 ) . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction '' . January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ron Field and Peter Dennis ( 2013 ) . American Civil War Fortifications ( 2 ) : Land and Field Fortifications . Osprey Publishing . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Claudia Goldin , `` The economics of emancipation . '' The Journal of Economic History 33 # 1 ( 1973 ) : 66 -- 85 . Jump up ^ The Economist , `` The Civil War : Finally Passing '' , April 2 , 2011 , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Foner 1981 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Foner 2010 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 506 -- 8 . Jump up ^ McPherson . p. 686 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 355 , 494 -- 96 , 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 831 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Winters 1963 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 791 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's letter to O.H. Browning , September 22 , 1861 . Sentiment among German Americans was largely anti-slavery especially among Forty - Eighters , resulting in hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteering to fight for the Union . `` Wittke , Carl ( 1952 ) . `` Refugees of Revolution '' . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania press . `` , Christian B. Keller , `` Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen : The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers '' , Journal of Military History , Vol / 73 , No. 1 , January 2009 , pp. 117 -- 45 ; for primary sources see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich , eds , Germans in the Civil War : The Letters They Wrote Home ( 2006 ) . `` On the other hand , many of the recent immigrants in the North viewed freed slaves as competition for scarce jobs , and as the reason why the Civil War was being fought . '' Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . `` Due in large part to this fierce competition with free blacks for labor opportunities , the poor and working class Irish Catholics generally opposed emancipation . When the draft began in the summer of 1863 , they launched a major riot in New York City that was suppressed by the military , as well as much smaller protests in other cities . '' Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) , ch 6 . Many Catholics in the North had volunteered to fight in 1861 , sending thousands of soldiers to the front and taking high casualties , especially at Fredericksburg ; their volunteering fell off after 1862 . Jump up ^ Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James , in Gabor S. Boritt , ed . Lincoln , the War President , pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Oates , Stephen B. , Abraham Lincoln : The Man Behind the Myths , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Letter to Greeley , August 22 , 1862 '' . Jump up ^ Pulling , Sr. Anne Francis . `` Images of America : Altoona , 2001 , 10 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's Letter to A.G. Hodges , April 4 , 1864 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas ( 2003 ) . `` SLAVERY in DELAWARE '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James McPherson , The War that Never Goes Away '' Jump up ^ Asante & Mazama 2004 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Holzer & Gabbard 2007 , p. 172 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Murray , pp. 155 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Hans L. Trefousse , Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction ( Greenwood , 1991 ) covers all the main events and leaders . Jump up ^ Eric Foner 's A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) is a brief survey . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 2nd edn 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Joan Waugh and Gary W. Gallagher , eds ( 2009 ) , Wars within a War : Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War ( University of North Carolina Press ) . Jump up ^ David W. Blight , Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Steven E. Woodworth ( 1996 ) . The American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . p. 208 . Jump up ^ Stephen Cushman ( 2014 ) . Belligerent Muse : Five Northern Writers and How They Shaped Our Understanding of the Civil War . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn , eds. , Leaders of the American Civil War : A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary ( 1998 ) Provide short biographies and valuable historiographical summaries Jump up ^ Wilson Fallin Jr , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Fallin , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Gaines M. Foster ( 1988 ) , Ghosts of the Confederacy : Defeat , the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South , 1865 -- 1913 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Alan T. , in Gallagher , Gary W. , and Alan T. Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War history ( 2000 ) , pp. 12 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , 2 : 54 . Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter ( 2012 ) ( 1968 ) . Progressive Historians . Knopf Doubleday . p. 304 . Jump up ^ Timothy B. Smith , `` The Golden Age of Battlefield Preservation '' ( 2008 ; The University of Tennessee Press ) . Jump up ^ Bob Zeller , `` Fighting the Second Civil War : A History of Battlefield Preservation and the Emergence of the Civil War Trust , '' ( 2017 : Knox Press ) Jump up ^ Gary Gallagher , Causes Won , Lost , and Forgotten : How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Bailey , Thomas and David Kennedy : The American Pageant , p. 434 . 1987 Jump up ^ Dome , Steam ( 1974 ) . `` A Civil War Iron Clad Car '' . Railroad History . The Railway & Locomotive Historical Society . 130 ( Spring 1974 ) : 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ William Rattle Plum , The Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States , ed . Christopher H. Sterling ( New York : Arno Press , 1974 ) vol. 1 : 63 . Jump up ^ Buckley , John . Air Power in the Age of Total War ( Warfare and History ) . Routledge ; 1 edition ( December 18 , 1998 ) . pp. 6 , 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 589 - 5 Jump up ^ Sondhaus , Naval Warfare 1815 -- 1914 p. 77 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . Vintage Books . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27314 - 7 Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of the American Civil War Ahlstrom , Sydney E. ( 1972 ) . A Religious History of the American People . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 01762 - 5 . Anderson , Bern ( 1989 ) . By Sea and By River : The naval history of the Civil War . New York , New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80367 - 3 . Asante , Molefi Kete ; Mazama , Ama ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Black Studies . Thousand Oaks , California : SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2762 - 4 . Beringer , Richard E. , Archer Jones , and Herman Hattaway , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1986 ) , influential analysis of factors ; an abridged version is The Elements of Confederate Defeat : Nationalism , War Aims , and Religion ( 1988 ) Bestor , Arthur ( 1964 ) . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' . American Historical Review . 69 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 52 . JSTOR 1844986 . Canney , Donald L. ( 1998 ) . Lincoln 's Navy : The Ships , Men and Organization , 1861 -- 65 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 519 - 4 . Catton , Bruce ( 1960 ) . The Civil War . New York : American Heritage Distributed by Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8281 - 0305 - 3 . Chambers , John W. ; Anderson , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507198 - 6 . Davis , William C. ( 1983 ) . Stand in the Day of Battle : The Imperiled Union : 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 14895 - 5 . Davis , William C. ( 2003 ) . Look Away ! : A History of the Confederate States of America . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3499 - 3 . Donald , David ; Baker , Jean H. ; Holt , Michael F. ( 2001 ) . The Civil War and Reconstruction . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97427 - 0 . Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1981 ) . Slavery , Law , and Politics : The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502883 - 6 . Fellman , Michael ; Gordon , Lesley J. ; Sunderland , Daniel E. ( 2007 ) . This Terrible War : The Civil War and its Aftermath ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 38960 - 2 . Foner , Eric ( 1981 ) . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502926 - 0 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Foner , Eric ( 2010 ) . The Fiery Trial : Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 34066 - 2 . Foote , Shelby ( 1974 ) . The Civil War : A Narrative : Volume 1 : Fort Sumter to Perryville . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 74623 - 4 . Frank , Joseph Allan ; Reaves , George A. ( 2003 ) . Seeing the Elephant : Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07126 - 3 . Fuller , Howard J. ( 2008 ) . Clad in Iron -- The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 297 - 3 . Gallagher , Gary W. ( 1999 ) . The Confederate War . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 16056 - 9 . Gara , Larry . 1964 . The Fugitive Slave Law : A Double Paradox in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction , New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 ( originally published in Civil War History , X , No. 3 , September 1964 ) Green , Fletcher M. ( 2008 ) . Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States , 1776 -- 1860 : A Study in the Evolution of Democracy . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 928 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2009 ) . Lincoln : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536780 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2012 ) . Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 984328 - 2 . Hacker , J. David ( December 2011 ) . `` A Census - Based Count of the Civil War Dead '' . Civil War History . 57 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 48 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 2011.0061 . PMID 22512048 . Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. ; Coles , David J. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 382 - 3 . Herring , George C. ( 2011 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 976553 - 9 . Hofstadter , Richard ( 1938 ) . `` The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War '' . American Historical Review . 44 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 55 . JSTOR 1840850 . Holt , Michael F. ( 2005 ) . The Fate of Their Country : Politicians , Slavery Extension , and the Coming of the Civil War . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9 . Holzer , Harold ; Gabbard , Sara Vaughn ( 2007 ) . Lincoln and Freedom : Slavery , Emancipation , and the Thirteenth Amendment . Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2764 - 5 . Huddleston , John ( 2002 ) . Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6773 - 6 . Johannsen , Robert W. ( 1973 ) . Stephen A. Douglas . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 501620 - 8 . Johnson , Timothy D. ( 1998 ) . Winfield Scott : The Quest for Military Glory . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0914 - 7 . Jones , Howard ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom : The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2582 - 4 . Jones , Howard ( 2002 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913 . Wilmington , Delaware : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2916 - 2 . Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26343 - 8 . Krannawitter , Thomas L. ( 2008 ) . Vindicating Lincoln : defending the politics of our greatest president . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5972 - 6 . Lipset , Seymour Martin ( 1960 ) . Political Man : The Social Bases of Politics . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Company , Inc . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503863 - 7 . McPherson , James M. ( 1992 ) . Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 045842 - 0 . McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974105 - 2 . McPherson , James M. ( 2007 ) . This Mighty Scourge : Perspectives on the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539242 - 5 . Thornton , Mark ; Ekelund , Robert Burton ( 2004 ) . Tariffs , Blockades , and Inflation : The Economics of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . Murray , Robert Bruce . Legal Cases of the Civil War ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0059 - 3 Murray , Williamson ; Bernstein , Alvin ; Knox , MacGregor ( 1996 ) . The Making of Strategy : Rulers , States , and War . Cabmbridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56627 - 8 . Neely , Mark ( 1993 ) . Confederate Bastille : Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Marquette University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87462 - 325 - 3 . Nelson , James L. ( 2005 ) . Reign of Iron : The Story of the First Battling Ironclads , the Monitor and the Merrimack . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052404 - 3 . Nevins , Allan . Ordeal of the Union , an 8 - volume set ( 1947 -- 1971 ) . the most detailed political , economic and military narrative ; by Pulitzer Prize - winner 1 . Fruits of Manifest Destiny , 1847 -- 1852 online ; 2 . A House Dividing , 1852 -- 1857 ; 3 . Douglas , Buchanan , and Party Chaos , 1857 -- 1859 ; 4 . Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ; vols 5 -- 8 have the series title War for the Union ; 5 . The Improvised War , 1861 -- 1862 ; 6 . online ; War Becomes Revolution , 1862 -- 1863 ; 7 . The Organized War , 1863 -- 1864 ; 8 . The Organized War to Victory , 1864 -- 1865 Olsen , Christopher J. ( 2002 ) . Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi : Masculinity , Honor , and the Antiparty Tradition , 1830 -- 1860 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516097 - 0 . Perman , Michael ; Taylor , Amy M. ( 2010 ) . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction : Documents and Essays ( 3 ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 87520 - 7 . Potter , David M. ( 1962 ) . `` The Historian 's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa '' . American Historical Review . 67 ( 4 ) : 924 -- 50 . JSTOR 1845246 . Potter , David M. ; Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1976 ) . The Impending Crisis , 1848 -- 1861 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 013403 - 7 . Rhodes , John Ford ( 1917 ) . History of the Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : The Macmillan Company . Richter , William L. ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Lanham : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6336 - 1 . Russell , Robert R. ( 1966 ) . `` Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories '' . Journal of Southern History . 32 ( 4 ) : 466 -- 86 . doi : 10.2307 / 2204926 . JSTOR 2204926 . Schott , Thomas E. ( 1996 ) . Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia : A Biography . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2106 - 1 . Sheehan - Dean , Aaron , ed. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4443 - 5131 - 1 . , 2 vol. 1232 pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Stampp , Kenneth M. ( 1990 ) . America in 1857 : A Nation on the Brink . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503902 - 5 . Stern , Phillip Van Doren ( 1962 ) . The Confederate Navy . Doubleday & Company , Inc . Symonds , Craig L. ; Clipson , William J. ( 2001 ) . The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 984 - 0 . Tucker , Spencer C. ; Pierpaoli , Paul G. ; White , William E. ( 2010 ) . The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 338 - 5 . Varon , Elizabeth R. ( 2008 ) . Disunion ! : The Coming of the American Civil War , 1789 -- 1859 . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3232 - 5 . Vinovskis , Maris ( 1990 ) . Toward a Social History of the American Civil War : Exploratory Essays . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39559 - 5 . Ward , Geoffrey R. ( 1990 ) . The Civil War : An Illustrated History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56285 - 8 . Weeks , William E. ( 2013 ) . The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00590 - 7 . Weigley , Frank Russell ( 2004 ) . A Great Civil War : A Military and Political History , 1861 -- 1865 . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33738 - 0 . Welles , Gideon ( 1865 ) . Secretary of the Navy 's Report . 37 -- 38 . American Seamen 's Friend Society . Winters , John D. ( 1963 ) . The Civil War in Louisiana . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0834 - 5 . Woodworth , Steven E. ( 1996 ) . American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . Wesport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29019 - 0 . Further reading Gugliotta , Guy . New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , The New York Times , April 3 , 2012 , p . D1 ( of the New York edition ) , and April 2 , 2012 , on NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 03 online . Bibliography of American Civil War naval history `` American Civil War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 - 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . 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-1265691145965514338 | You've Made Me So Very Happy | You 've Made Me So Very Happy - wikipedia You 've Made Me So Very Happy Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' Single by Brenda Holloway from the album Hurtin ' & Cryin ( canceled ) & The Artistry of Brenda Holloway ( non-US ) B - side `` I 've Got to Find It '' Released August 17 , 1967 Format 7 '' single Vinyl single Recorded 1967 Studio Nashville West Studios , Los Angeles Genre Soul Length 2 : 54 ( 7 '' version ) 2 : 52 ( `` 16 Big Hits '' stereo mix ) Label Tamla Songwriter ( s ) Berry Gordy , Jr. , Brenda Holloway , Patrice Holloway , Frank Wilson Producer ( s ) Frank Wilson , Berry Gordy , Jr . Brenda Holloway singles chronology `` Just Look What You 've Done '' ( 1967 ) `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' ( 1967 ) `` Give Me a Little Inspiration '' ( 1988 ) `` Just Look What You 've Done '' ( 1967 ) `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' ( 1967 ) `` Give Me a Little Inspiration '' ( 1988 ) `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' Single by Blood , Sweat & Tears from the album Blood , Sweat & Tears B - side `` Blues -- Part II '' Released 1969 Format 7 '' Recorded 1968 Genre Jazz - rock Length 4 : 19 ( LP ) 3 : 26 ( single ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Berry Gordy Jr. , Brenda Holloway , Patrice Holloway , Frank Wilson Producer ( s ) James William Guercio Blood , Sweat & Tears singles chronology `` I Ca n't Quit Her '' ( 1968 ) `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' ( 1969 ) `` Spinning Wheel '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't Quit Her '' ( 1968 ) `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' ( 1969 ) `` Spinning Wheel '' ( 1969 ) `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' is a song written by Brenda Holloway , Patrice Holloway , Frank Wilson and Berry Gordy , and was released first as a single in 1967 by Brenda Holloway on the Tamla label . The song was later a huge hit for jazz - rock band Blood , Sweat & Tears in 1969 , and became a Gold record . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Recording 1.2 Release and reaction 2 Chart history 2.1 Brenda Holloway version 2.2 Blood , Sweat & Tears version 3 Credits and personnel 3.1 Brenda Holloway version 3.2 Blood , Sweat & Tears version 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) Recording ( edit ) By 1967 , Brenda Holloway had been recording for Motown Records since 1964 and had struggled with Berry Gordy over control of her music , alleging that Gordy had forced her to sing Mary Wells ' `` leftover tracks '' after the Motown singer left the label in 1964 . Some of the songs in question included modest hits such as `` When I 'm Gone '' and `` Operator '' . Holloway was planning to release her long - awaited second album , Hurtin ' & Cryin , which had released `` Just Look What You 've Done '' as the leading track , but for unknown reasons the record was shelved . Along with her sister Patrice , using music provided by Frank Wilson and with additional help from Gordy himself , Holloway co-wrote `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' . Coincidentally , Holloway recorded the song after a breakup with a boyfriend . Release and reaction ( edit ) Reaction to the song was stronger than Holloway 's previous offerings , rising to number 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming Holloway 's third Top - 40 pop single . The song peaked at number 40 on the Billboard R&B singles chart . Shortly after the release of the song , Holloway left Motown and the song was eventually featured on the `` second '' Holloway album , The Artistry of Brenda Holloway . After two more years singing background for acts such as Joe Cocker , Holloway retired to marry a preacher and have a family . Holloway would eventually return to music full - time by the mid-1990s . Meanwhile , Holloway 's song got a boost when the jazz - rock group Blood , Sweat & Tears covered it in 1969 . The song became one of the group 's biggest hits , reaching number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States in April 1969 and number 35 in the United Kingdom in May of that year . The song was also covered by fellow Motown acts such as Edwin Starr and Blinky on their 1969 duet album Just We Two , Chris Clark on her 1969 album CC Rides Again , The Temptations in 1970 , The Miracles , also in 1970 , and Diana Ross in 1994 on a Berry Gordy tribute album . Little - known Motown act The Hearts Of Stone also recorded a version for their 1970 album Stop The World - We Wanna Get On . Lou Rawls recorded the song and named his 18th album after it . Cher recorded the song in 1969 for her album 3614 Jackson Highway , but the track was left off the final track list . Bobbie Gentry included her rendition on her 1969 album Touch ' Em with Love as did Shirley Bassey on her 1976 album Love , Life and Feelings . It also been covered by pop musician Gloria Estefan ; she included the song on her album Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me in 1994 , which was a collection of covers that inspired her musical career . In 1977 , Barry Williams performed the song on an episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour . In 2012 , it was covered by Julian Ovenden on his debut album . Chart history ( edit ) Brenda Holloway version ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 39 U.S. Billboard R&B Singles Chart 40 Blood , Sweat & Tears version ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 18 UK Singles Chart 35 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Brenda Holloway version ( edit ) Lead vocals by Brenda Holloway Background vocals by assorted vocalists Instrumentation by bass : Carol Kaye , other unknown Los Angeles musicians Produced by Frank Wilson and Berry Gordy Jr . Blood , Sweat & Tears version ( edit ) Lead vocals by David Clayton - Thomas Background vocals by Bobby Colomby , Dick Halligan , Steve Katz , and other assorted vocalists Instrumentation by Blood , Sweat & Tears ( including ) Fred Lipsius -- alto saxophone , piano Lew Soloff -- trumpet , flugelhorn Chuck Winfield -- trumpet , flugelhorn Jerry Hyman -- trombone , recorder Dick Halligan -- organ , piano , flute , trombone Steve Katz -- guitar , harmonica Jim Fielder -- bass Bobby Colomby -- drums , percussion Produced by James William Guercio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 289 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Holloway Songs Top Songs / Chart Singles Discography Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 25 - The Soul Reformation : Phase two , the Motown story . ( Part 4 ) : UNT Digital Library '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 68 Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart info Chartstats.com . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 30 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Miracles Smokey Robinson Ronnie White Pete Moore Bobby Rogers Claudette Robinson Marv Tarplin Billy Griffin Donald Griffin Carl Cotton Mark Scott Dave Finley Sydney Justin Alphonse Franklin Tee Turner Pre-Miracles : Emerson `` Sonny '' Rogers James Grice Clarence Dawson Production Berry Gordy Smokey Robinson Pete Moore Studio albums Hi ... We 're The Miracles ( 1961 ) Cookin ' with The Miracles ( 1961 ) I 'll Try Something New ( 1962 ) The Fabulous Miracles ( 1963 ) The Miracles Doin ' Mickey 's Monkey ( 1963 ) I Like It Like That ( 1964 ) Going to a Go - Go ( 1965 ) Away We a Go - Go ( 1966 ) Make It Happen ( The Tears of a Clown ) ( 1967 ) Special Occasion ( 1968 ) Time Out For Smokey Robinson & the Miracles ( 1969 ) Four in Blue ( 1969 ) What Love Has Joined Together ( 1970 ) A Pocket Full Of Miracles ( 1970 ) One Dozen Roses ( 1971 ) Flying High Together ( 1972 ) Renaissance ( 1973 ) Do It Baby ( 1974 ) City of Angels ( 1975 ) Live albums The Miracles Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles LIVE ! ( 1969 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles : 1957 - 1972 ( 1972 ) Other albums Christmas with The Miracles ( 1963 ) Compilations Greatest Hits : From the Beginning ( 1965 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1968 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Anthology ' 86 ( 1986 ) Anthology : The Best of Smokey Robinson & The Miracles ( 1995 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 1998 ) Ooo Baby Baby : The Anthology ( 2002 ) Depend On Me : The Early Albums ( 2009 ) Singles ( US / UK Top Twenty singles ) `` Shop Around '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' / `` Happy Landing '' `` Mickey 's Monkey '' `` Ooo Baby Baby '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` My Girl Has Gone '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' `` I Second That Emotion '' `` If You Can Want '' `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' `` The Tears of a Clown '' `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' `` Do It Baby '' `` Love Machine '' Videography The Definitive Performances ( 1963 -- 1987 ) ( 2006 ) Discography Albums Songs Related articles Motown Records List of cover versions of The Miracles songs Book : The Miracles Blood , Sweat & Tears Dave Gellis Glenn McClelland Jon Ossman Carl Fischer Barry Danielian Charley Gordon Ken Gioffre Joel Rosenblatt Bo Bice Al Kooper Randy Brecker Jerry Weiss Fred Lipsius Dick Halligan Steve Katz Jim Fielder Bobby Colomby David Clayton - Thomas Lew Soloff Dave Bargeron Bobby Doyle Joe Henderson Lou Marini Jr . Larry Willis Georg Wadenius Jerry Fisher Tom Malone Ron McClure Luther Kent Jaco Pastorius Steve Khan Mike Stern Don Alias Roy McCurdy Barry Finnerty Neil Stubenhaus Gregory Herbert Steve Conte Dave Panichi Glenn McClelland Jerry Sokolov Franck Amsallem Ted Kooshian Dave Pietro Rob Paparozzi Jason Paige Bernard Purdie Studio albums Child Is Father to the Man Blood , Sweat & Tears Blood , Sweat & Tears 3 Blood , Sweat & Tears 4 New Blood No Sweat Mirror Image New City More Than Ever Brand New Day Nuclear Blues Live albums In Concert Live and Improvised Live Compilation albums Greatest Hits Found Treasures The Collection Super Hits Rare , Rarer & Rarest Soundtracks The Owl and the Pussy Cat Singles `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' `` Spinning Wheel '' `` And When I Die '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Made_Me_So_Very_Happy&oldid=801011440 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1969 singles Columbia Records singles Motown singles Tamla Records singles Brenda Holloway songs Blood , Sweat & Tears songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs The Temptations songs The Miracles songs Diana Ross songs Gloria Estefan songs Songs written by Berry Gordy Songs written by Frank Wilson ( musician ) Song recordings produced by James William Guercio Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Song recordings produced by Berry Gordy 1967 songs Song recordings produced by Frank Wilson ( musician ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 03 : 42 . 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-1061279070491219645 | Ashok Park Main metro station | Ashok Park Main Metro station - Wikipedia Ashok Park Main Metro station Ashok Park Main Delhi Metro station Ashok Park Main metro station Location Rohtak Rd , Manohar Park , Block D , East Punjabi Bagh , New Delhi , 110026 28 ° 40 ′ 18 '' N 77 ° 09 ′ 18 '' E / 28.671603 ° N 77.155011 ° E / 28.671603 ; 77.155011 Owned by Delhi Metro Line ( s ) Green Line Platforms Side platform Platform - 1 → City Park Platform - 2 → Inderlok / Kirti Nagar Tracks Construction Structure type Elevated Platform levels Disabled access Yes Other information Station code APMN History Opened April 2 , 2010 ; 8 years ago ( 2010 - 04 - 02 ) Electrified 25 kV 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary Traffic Passengers ( Jan 2015 ) 4,027 / day 124,842 / Month average Services Preceding station Delhi Metro Following station Inderlok Terminus Green Line Punjabi Bagh toward City Park Satguru Ramsingh Marg toward Kirti Nagar Green Line Punjabi Bagh toward City Park Ashok Park Main is a station on the Green Line of the Delhi Metro and is located in the West Delhi district of Delhi . It is an elevated station and was inaugurated on 2 April 2010 . An extension of this branch going towards Kirti Nagar was opened on 27 August 2011 . It is an interchange station for both Red Line towards Inderlok and Blue Line towards Kirti Nagar . Contents 1 Station layout 2 Facilities 3 Connections 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Station layout ( edit ) Street Level Exit / Entrance L1 Mezzanine Fare control , station agent , Metro Card vending machines , crossover L2 Side platform No - 2 , doors will open on the left Eastbound Towards → Inderlok / Kirti Nagar Westbound → Towards ← City Park Side platform No - 1 , doors will open on the left L2 Facilities ( edit ) List of available ATM at Ashok Park Main metro station are Connections ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) Gallery ( edit ) Station Name Display See also ( edit ) List of Delhi Metro stations Transport in Delhi Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Delhi Suburban Railway List of rapid transit systems in India Delhi portal Railways in India portal Transport portal Infrastructure portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Metro 's Green Line opened '' . Hindustan Times . 2010 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Metro to add fifth line tomorrow '' . The Economic Times . 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx External links ( edit ) Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . ( Official site ) Delhi Metro Annual Reports `` Station Information '' . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . ( DMRC ) . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . UrbanRail.Net -- descriptions of all metro systems in the world , each with a schematic map showing all stations . Delhi Metro Lines Red Line Dilshad Garden Rithala Yellow Line Samaypur Badli HUDA City Centre Blue Line Main Line Noida City Centre Dwarka Sector 21 Branch Line Yamuna Bank Vaishali Green Line Main Line Inderlok Bahadurgarh City Park Branch Line Ashok Park Main Kirti Nagar Violet Line Kashmere Gate Escorts Mujesar Airport Express New Delhi IGI Airport Dwarka Sector 21 Pink Line Majlis Park Shiv Vihar Magenta line Janakpuri West Botanical Garden Delhi Metro stations Red Line New Bus Adda Arthala Mohan Nagar Shyam Park Rajendra Nagar Raj Bagh Shahid Nagar Dilshad Garden Jhilmil Mansarovar Park Shahdara Welcome Seelampur Shastri Park Kashmere Gate Tis Hazari Pul Bangash Pratap Nagar Shastri Nagar Inderlok Kanhiya Nagar Keshav Puram Netaji Subhash Place Kohat Enclave Pitam Pura Rohini East Rohini West Rithala Yellow Line Samaypur Badli Rohini Sector 18 , 19 Haiderpur Jahangirpuri Adarsh Nagar Azadpur Model Town GTB Nagar Vishwa Vidyalaya Vidhan Sabha Civil Lines Kashmere Gate Chandni Chowk Chawri Bazar New Delhi Rajiv Chowk Patel Chowk Central Secretariat Udyog Bhawan Lok Kalyan Marg Jor Bagh INA AIIMS Green Park Hauz Khas Malviya Nagar Saket Qutab Minar Chhatarpur Sultanpur Ghitorni Arjan Garh Guru Dronacharya Sikandarpur MG Road IFFCO Chowk HUDA City Centre Blue Line Dwarka Sector 21 Dwarka Sector 8 Dwarka Sector 9 Dwarka Sector 10 Dwarka Sector 11 Dwarka Sector 12 Dwarka Sector 13 Dwarka Sector 14 Dwarka Dwarka Mor Nawada Uttam Nagar West Uttam Nagar East Janakpuri West Janakpuri East Tilak Nagar Subhash Nagar Tagore Garden Rajouri Garden Ramesh Nagar Moti Nagar Kirti Nagar Shadipur Patel Nagar Rajendra Place Karol Bagh Jhandewalan Ramakrishna Ashram Marg Rajiv Chowk Barakhamba Road Mandi House Pragati Maidan Indraprastha Yamuna Bank Akshardham Mayur Vihar - I Mayur Vihar Extension New Ashok Nagar Noida Sector 15 Noida Sector 16 Noida Sector 18 Botanical Garden Golf Course Noida City Centre Noida Sector 34 Noida Sector 52 Noida Sector 61 Noida Sector 59 Noida Sector 62 Noida Electronic City Yamuna Bank -- Vaishali Branch Yamuna Bank Laxmi Nagar Nirman Vihar Preet Vihar Karkarduma Anand Vihar Kaushambi Vaishali Dwarka -- Najafgarh Branch ( under construction ) Dwarka Nangli Najafgarh Green Line Inderlok Ashok Park Main Punjabi Bagh East Shivaji Park Madipur Paschim Vihar East Paschim Vihar West Peera Garhi Udyog Nagar Surajmal Stadium Nangloi Nangloi Railway Station Rajdhani Park Mundka Mundka Industrial Area Ghevra Metro Station Tikri Kalan Tikri Border Modern Industrial Estate Bus Stand City Park Ashok Park Main -- Kirti Nagar Branch Ashok Park Main Satguru Ram Singh Marg Kirti Nagar Violet Line Kashmere Gate Lal Qila Jama Masjid Delhi Gate ITO Mandi House Janpath Central Secretariat Khan Market Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jangpura Lajpat Nagar Moolchand Kailash Colony Nehru Place Kalkaji Mandir Govind Puri Harkesh Nagar Okhla Jasola Apollo Sarita Vihar Mohan Estate Tughlakabad Station Badarpur Border Sarai NHPC Chowk Mewala Maharajpur Sector - 28 Badkhal Mor Old Faridabad Neelam Chowk Ajronda Bata Chowk Escorts Mujesar NCB Colony Ballabhgarh Airport Express New Delhi Shivaji Stadium Dhaula Kuan Delhi Aerocity Airport Dwarka Sector 21 Pink Line Majlis Park Azadpur Shalimar Bagh Netaji Subhash Place Shakurpur Punjabi Bagh West ESI Hospital Rajouri Garden Mayapuri Naraina Vihar Delhi Cantt South Campus Moti Bagh Bhikaji Cama Place Sarojini Nagar INA South Extension Lajpat Nagar Vinoba Puri Ashram Hazrat Nizamuddin Mayur Vihar Mayur Vihar Pocket I Trilokpuri Vinod Nagar East Vinod Nagar IP Extension Anand Vihar Karkarduma Krishna Nagar East Azad Nagar Welcome Jaffrabad Maujpur Gokulpuri Johri Enclave Shiv Vihar Magenta Line Janakpuri West Dabri Mor Dashrath Puri Palam Sadar Bazaar Cantonment Terminal 1 - IGI Airport Shankar Vihar Vasant Vihar Munirka R.K Puram IIT Delhi Hauz Khas Panchsheel Park Chirag Delhi Greater Kailash Nehru Enclave Kalkaji Mandir Okhla NSIC Sukhdev Vihar Jamia Millia Islamia Okhla Vihar Jasola Vihar Shaleen Bagh Kalindi Kunj Okhla Bird Sanctuary Botanical Garden Stations along operational lines that are denoted in italics have yet to open . 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-2018471585889071965 | The Fly (1986 film) | The Fly ( 1986 film ) - wikipedia The Fly ( 1986 film ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Fly Theatrical release poster Directed by David Cronenberg Produced by Stuart Cornfeld Screenplay by Charles Edward Pogue David Cronenberg Based on The Fly by George Langelaan Starring Jeff Goldblum Geena Davis John Getz Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Mark Irwin Edited by Ronald Sanders Production company Brooksfilms SLM Production Group Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date August 15 , 1986 ( 1986 - 08 - 15 ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $9 -- 15 million Box office $60.6 million The Fly is a 1986 American science - fiction body horror film directed and co-written by David Cronenberg . Produced by Brooksfilms and distributed by 20th Century Fox , the film stars Jeff Goldblum , Geena Davis and John Getz . Loosely based on George Langelaan 's 1957 short story of the same name , the film tells of an eccentric scientist who , after one of his experiments goes wrong , slowly turns into a fly - hybrid creature . The score was composed by Howard Shore and the make - up effects were created by Chris Walas , along with makeup artist Stephan Dupuis . The film was released on August 15 , 1986 to massive acclaim by critics and audiences , with praise mainly regarding the special effects and Goldblum 's performance . It grossed $60.6 million at the box office against its nine - million - dollar budget , becoming the largest commercial success of Cronenberg 's career . Walas and Dupuis ' work on the film resulted in their winning an Academy Award for Best Makeup , the only film directed by Cronenberg to win an Oscar . A sequel , directed by Walas , was released in 1989 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Deleted and alternate scenes 5 Makeup and creature effects 6 Music 7 Reception and legacy 7.1 Awards and nominations 8 Sequels 8.1 The Fly II 8.2 The Fly : Outbreak 8.3 Other projects 8.3. 1 Renny Harlin 's alternate sequel 8.3. 2 Todd Lincoln 's second remake 8.3. 3 David Cronenberg 's sequel 9 Merchandise 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Seth Brundle , a brilliant but eccentric scientist , meets Veronica Quaife , a science journalist , at a press event . He takes her back to his warehouse home and laboratory and shows her his invention : a set of `` telepods '' that allows instantaneous teleportation from one pod to another . Seth convinces Veronica to keep the invention secret in exchange for exclusive rights to the story , and she begins to document his work . Although the telepods can transport inanimate objects , they mutilate live tissue , as is demonstrated when a baboon is turned inside - out during an experiment . Seth and Veronica begin a relationship . Their first sexual encounter inspires Seth to reprogram the telepod to cope with living tissue , and he successfully teleports a second baboon . Veronica departs before they can celebrate , and Seth worries that she is rekindling her relationship with her editor Stathis Borans ; in reality , Veronica has left to confront Stathis about a veiled threat , spurred by his jealousy of Seth , to publish the telepod story without her consent . Seth decides to teleport himself alone , unaware that a housefly has slipped inside the transmitter pod with him . He emerges from the receiving pod seemingly normal . Seth and Veronica reconcile . Seth begins to exhibit increased strength , stamina , and sexual potency , which he believes is a result of the teleportation `` purifying '' his body . He has sugar cravings and Veronica is concerned about Seth 's insanity and strange , bristly hairs growing from his back . He becomes arrogant and violent , insisting that the teleportation process is beneficial , and tries to force Veronica to undergo teleportation . When she refuses , he abandons her , goes to a bar and partakes in an arm - wrestling match , leaving his opponent with a compound fracture . He meets a woman named Tawny and brings her back to his warehouse , where Veronica rescues her from teleportation . Seth throws Veronica out , but when his fingernails begin falling off , he realizes something went wrong during his teleportation . He checks his computer 's records and discovers that the telepod computer , confused by the presence of two lifeforms in the sending pod , merged him with the fly at the molecular - genetic level . Seth continues to deteriorate , losing body parts and becoming less human in appearance . He reconnects with Veronica and theorizes that he is becoming `` Brundlefly , '' a hybrid of human and insect . He has begun vomiting digestive enzymes onto his food to dissolve it and has gained the ability to cling to walls and ceilings . He realizes he is losing his human reason and compassion , driven by primitive impulses he can not control . Seth installs a fusion program into the Telepod computer , planning to dilute the fly genes in his body with human DNA . Veronica learns that she is pregnant by Seth and has a nightmare of giving birth to a giant maggot . She has Stathis persuade a doctor to perform an abortion in the middle of the night . Having overheard their conversation , Seth abducts Veronica before the abortion can take place and begs her to carry the child to term , since it may be the last remnant of his humanity . Stathis breaks into Seth 's lab with a shotgun , but Seth disfigures him with his corrosive vomit . Seth reveals his desperate plan to Veronica : He will use the telepods to fuse himself and Veronica , together with their unborn child , into one entity . As Seth drags her into one of the telepods , she accidentally rips off his jaw and an enormous insectoid - human creature bursts from Seth 's skin . It traps Veronica inside the first telepod and enters the other . The wounded Stathis uses his shotgun to sever the cables connecting Veronica 's telepod to the computer , allowing Veronica to escape . Breaking out of its own pod just as the fusion process is activated , Brundlefly is gruesomely fused with the metal door and cabling of Telepod 2 . As the deformed Brundlefly / Telepod creature crawls out of the receiving pod , it begs Veronica to end its suffering with the shotgun , and Veronica tearfully shoots it . Cast ( edit ) Jeff Goldblum as Seth Brundle Geena Davis as Veronica `` Ronnie '' Quaife John Getz as Stathis Borans Joy Boushel as Tawny Leslie Carlson as Dr. Brent Cheevers George Chuvalo as Marky David Cronenberg as Gynecologist Production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the early 1980s , co-producer Kip Ohman approached screenwriter Charles Edward Pogue with the idea of remaking the classic science fiction horror film The Fly . Pogue began by reading George Langelaan 's short story and then watching the original film , which he had never seen . Deciding that this was a project in which he was interested , he talked with producer Stuart Cornfeld about setting up the production , and Cornfeld very quickly agreed . The duo then pitched the idea to executives at 20th Century Fox and received an enthusiastic response , and Pogue was given money to write a first draft screenplay . He initially wrote an outline similar to that of Langelaan 's story , but both he and Cornfeld thought that it would be better to rework the material to focus on a gradual metamorphosis instead of an instantaneous monster . However , when executives read the script , they were so unimpressed that they immediately withdrew from the project . After some negotiation , Cornfeld orchestrated a deal whereby Fox would agree to distribute the film if he could set up financing through another source . The new producer was Mel Brooks and the film was to be produced by his company , Brooksfilms . Cornfeld was a frequent collaborator and friend of Brooks , who together also produced David Lynch 's film The Elephant Man . Cornfeld gave the script to Brooks , who liked it but felt that a different writer was needed . Pogue was then removed from the project and Cornfeld hired Walon Green for a rewrite , but it was felt that his draft was not a step in the right direction , so Pogue was then brought back to polish the material . At the same time , Brooks and Cornfeld were trying to find a suitable director . Their first choice was David Cronenberg , but he was working on an adaptation of Total Recall for Dino De Laurentiis and was unable to accept . Cornfeld decided on a young British director named Robert Bierman after seeing one of his short films . Bierman was flown to Los Angeles to meet with Pogue , and the film was in the very early stages of preproduction when tragedy struck . Bierman 's family had been vacationing in South Africa and his daughter was killed in an accident . Bierman boarded a plane to go to his family , and Brooks and Cornfeld waited for a month before approaching him about resuming work on the picture . Bierman told them that he was unable to start working so soon , and Brooks told him that he would wait three months and contact him again . At the end of the three months , Bierman told him that he could not commit to the project . Brooks told him that he understood and had freed him from his contract . Brooks left his name off the credits so as people would not go to the movie expecting what one would expect from Mel Brooks . Cornfeld then heard that Cronenberg was no longer associated with Total Recall and once again approached him with The Fly . Cronenberg agreed to sign on as director if he would be allowed to rewrite the script . Pogue 's draft Geoff and Barbara Powell are a happily married couple . Geoff , a brilliant scientist , has been working on a teleportation machine , but is unwilling to tell his employer , Phillip DeWitt , or his friend , Harry Chandler , about the nature of the project . DeWitt is greatly displeased by this , and threatens to pull his funding of the mystery project unless he is given full disclosure . After several failed experiments , such as a monkey 's atoms never reintegrating after disintegration , Geoff eventually is successful in teleporting both inanimate and living objects . However , when he tries it on himself , a housefly slips into the booth with him . Seemingly normal at first , Geoff soon develops incredible strength , stamina , and energy . After sprouting fly - hairs and losing his fingernails , Geoff eventually discovers that the fly has been absorbed into his body , and that its cells are now taking over his own . As he slowly mutates into a giant fly , Geoff loses body parts , and becomes able to climb walls , as well as digest food with corrosive vomit . Barb is horrified to learn that she is pregnant by Geoff , and can not be sure if the child was conceived before or after his teleportation . Eventually , Chandler discovers the teleporter 's existence , reveals it to DeWitt , and demonstrates it on a cat , only to have the lost monkey atoms return from the ether and create a horrible `` monkey - cat '' creature , which DeWitt beats to death with a metal rod . Despite this failed experiment , DeWitt sees the substantial monetary value of the device , and so takes possession of the teleporter . Geoff ( now mostly transformed into a fly - monster and unable to speak ) learns of this , and goes to DeWitt 's office building , followed by Barb . Geoff confronts DeWitt , starts a fire in the lab where the teleporter is now housed , and kills DeWitt by vomiting and feeding on him . He then traps himself in one of the teleportation booths just as Barb arrives to watch the fire kill him and destroy the teleporter -- his intent all along . In a coma , Barb dreams of giving birth to a giant maggot , only to wake up in a hospital , where it is revealed that she 's given birth to a healthy baby boy . Cronenberg 's draft The revised script differed greatly from Pogue 's screenplay , though it still retained the basic plot and the central concept of a gradual mutation . Cronenberg rewrote the characters and most of the dialogue from scratch ( as well as fusing DeWitt and Chandler -- who had romantic intentions toward Barb in the Pogue draft -- into Stathis Borans ) , and carried over a few key moments and concepts . Certain aspects of the transformation from Pogue 's draft ( such as the hero 's loss of body parts ) were expanded upon , and Cronenberg also layered in his trademark themes of sexuality , body horror , and personal identity . He also made it a point to keep Seth Brundle as articulate as possible for as long as possible , as opposed to Pogue 's draft , in which Geoff Powell loses his ability to speak two - thirds of the way through the script . Seth Brundle 's increasing mania and personality changes in the early stages of the transformation were emphasized in the rewrites , and the notion of the transformation itself being a horrible ( and very metaphorical ) disease became a key factor in the new script . Also , in this version , Brundle was clearly transforming into a bizarre hybrid creature as the result of a genetic fusion , whereas in Pogue 's version , Powell was being taken over by the fly 's cells , which had been absorbed into his body ( thus slowly transforming him literally into a giant fly , rather than Brundle 's deformed man - fly mixture ) . Cronenberg 's version also retained such moments as Brundle catching a fly in mid-air , the fingernail - pulling , and the maggot - baby dream ( which was moved to an earlier point in the story , and used for thematic and plot purposes rather than as an end - of - film shock moment ) . The `` monkey - cat '' of Pogue 's script was repurposed by Cronenberg into a twisted , desperate attempt by Brundle to find a cure , and Pogue 's sequence of a fly leg hatching from Geoff 's side was taken one step further , with Brundle amputating the twitching limb with his teeth . Pogue 's script also featured a bag lady being murdered by Geoff in an alley , and Cronenberg revised this so that the woman was killed by vomit - drop ( as with DeWitt 's murder at the end of the original draft ) rather than Geoff cutting her throat accidentally ( however , Cronenberg never filmed his version of this sequence , which was written out of the final shooting script ) . While Cronenberg 's script did not end with Veronica Quaife giving birth , it did end with a coda which revealed that she was pregnant with a normal baby , conceived by Borans after Brundle 's death ( and the abortion of Brundle 's possibly tainted fetus ) . Despite the extensive rewrite of Pogue 's script , Cronenberg insisted during Writers Guild arbitrations that he and Pogue share screenplay credit , since he felt that his version could not have come to pass without Pogue 's script to serve as a foundation . With a script that everyone approved of , Cronenberg assembled his usual crew and began the process of casting the picture , ultimately deciding on Jeff Goldblum and Geena Davis for the leads . Chris Walas , who had designed the creatures in Gremlins , was hired to handle the film 's extensive special effects . Filming took place in Toronto in 1985 -- 1986 . The producers also commissioned musician Bryan Ferry to record a song for the film for promotional purposes . The resulting track was entitled `` Help Me '' . A music video was made for the song , and footage from the film was prominently featured in it . Cronenberg admitted to liking the song , but felt that it was inappropriate to the film itself . Brooks and Cornfeld originally wanted to play the song over the closing credits , but after Cronenberg screened it for them , they agreed with the director that it did not mesh with the movie . As a result , the song is featured only briefly in the film , in the background during the scene where Brundle challenges Marky in the bar . `` Help Me '' became rather obscure as it was not included on the film 's soundtrack release . The song resurfaced in 1993 on the Roxy Music / Bryan Ferry compact disc Ultimate Collection . The design of Brundle 's telepods was inspired by the engine cylinder of Cronenberg 's Ducati Desmo . Deleted and alternate scenes ( edit ) After filming ended early in 1986 , a rough cut of The Fly was shown to Fox executives , who were very impressed . A rough cut was then previewed at Toronto 's Uptown Theatre in the spring of that year . Due to a strong audience reaction , the graphic and infamous `` monkey - cat '' sequence was cut from the film to make it easier for audiences to maintain sympathy for Brundle 's character . Another preview screening was subsequently held at the Fox lot in Los Angeles , and this version featured the `` butterfly baby '' coda . As before , the screening results dictated that the scene be cut . As with most of David Cronenberg 's movies , The Fly was tightly edited to maintain a strong pace and to downplay the gore . The final cut runs a brisk 95 minutes , and although very few full scenes were cut , many others were trimmed down . The DVD and Blu - ray editions of the film feature both the shooting script and a great deal of deleted , extended and alternate footage which had never been seen before . The most notable deleted and alternate scenes include : Second interview : a short scene that features Veronica Quaife conducting a videotaped interview with Seth Brundle ( after his superhuman exercise as seen in the completed film ) , in which he mistakenly theorizes that being teleported has somehow improved him . A slightly different version of this scene appears in The Fly II , which contains alternate takes and dialogue that does not appear in the workprint version of the scene as presented on the DVD . Additionally , Geena Davis 's dialogue is overdubbed by Saffron Henderson , who took over the role of Veronica in the sequel . Monkey - cat : a legendary and infamous sequence in which the desperate Brundle ( in a transitional makeup stage which appears only in this scene ) uses the Telepods to merge an alley cat and the surviving baboon together in an attempt to find a cure for his condition . However , the resulting `` monkey - cat '' creature comes out of the receiving Telepod terribly deformed and in unendurable pain . The creature attacks Brundle , who ends up beating the two - headed creature to death with a metal pipe so as to end its misery . The sequence goes on to show the disturbed Brundle scaling the wall of his lab up to the roof , only to feel a sharp pain in his left side ( specifically , in the hernia - like bulge seen in the final cut of the film when Brundle first demonstrates his wall - crawling powers ) . He accidentally slips off the roof , slides down the wall , lands on a metal awning , and watches as a small , fly - like leg emerges from his torso . Horrified by this new appendage , Brundle amputates it with his teeth . Brundle 's motivation for fusing the two animals together was intended to be somewhat ambiguous in the context of the sequence , which featured a `` test run '' for Brundle 's fusion `` cure '' seen at the end of the movie . Thematically , the point of the scene was that Brundle was trying to find some kind of cure for his rapidly deteriorating condition , but was clearly losing his sanity at the same time . The end of the sequence also revealed exactly what the hernia - like bulge on Brundle 's torso was , as well as revealing the final fate of the second baboon , story points that are both left unresolved in the final cut . As noted , this sequence was included in the rough cut shown at the Toronto preview screening . The audience had a strong reaction , with at least one person alleged to have vomited . The general consensus from the preview audience was that Brundle was being cruel to the animals ( and thus the scene played as being gratuitous , which was not the filmmakers ' intent ) and , as a result , they lost sympathy for him for the duration of the film . The scene was cut , and remained lost for nearly 20 years . For the 2005 DVD , the scene was restored from the original negative ( which was editorially conformed to the workprint version ) , with tracked - in sound effects and music taken from the completed film . After amputating the insect leg , the script additionally called for Brundle to encounter a homeless woman in the alley , upon whose face he would vomit and subsequently consume . However , this segment was written out of The Fly before filming , even though an actress had already been hired to play the baglady . The scripted sequence appears on the DVD . Butterfly baby ; the film 's deleted epilogue was shot four different ways ( all of which can be seen on the DVD and Blu - Ray releases of the film ) . In the version of the scene that was originally scripted ( and previewed for the Los Angeles test audience ) , Veronica Quaife is seen in bed with Stathis Borans ( having married him ) some time after Seth Brundle 's death . She awakens from another nightmare in which she gives birth to Brundle 's child , and Stathis reassures her that she is safe , and that the baby she is now carrying ( having presumably aborted Brundle 's ) is his . Veronica then falls back to sleep , and she is now dreaming of a beautiful human baby with butterfly wings hatching from a cocoon and flying off towards a distant light source . The other filmed versions of the epilogue Veronica in bed with Stathis ( much the same as the version that was previewed ) , but without her being pregnant . Instead , Stathis reassures her that `` there 's no baby '' . She then falls back to sleep and has the butterfly - baby dream . Veronica waking up alone and in her own bed , then falling back asleep and having the butterfly - baby dream . In this version , she is clearly still pregnant with Brundle 's baby . Veronica waking up alone and in her own bed , then having the butterfly - baby dream . In this version , she is not visibly pregnant ( thus leaving the ending ambiguous ) . The epilogue was intended as an upbeat bookend for Veronica 's earlier maggot - baby dream , and to give the surviving characters a more hopeful ending . However , the coda did not fare well with the preview audience , since they were too stunned by the film 's climax to focus on the coda , which raised a number of questions . Further , due to the dynamics between the characters that evolved during filming , the chemistry between Brundle and Ronnie proved so strong that no one wanted to see her end up with Stathis Borans ( which is one reason why the alternate , Borans-less versions of the coda were shot ) . The filmmakers also agreed that the story should end with Brundle 's mercy - killing at Veronica 's hands , despite the unanswered questions about Veronica 's unborn child that would be raised by the deletion of the epilogue . The climax of the film also went through several incarnations in the various drafts of the script before the final version was filmed : In one early version of the ending , Veronica is unconscious after Brundlefly throws her into Telepod 1 . When the Brundlepod emerges from the prototype Telepod , the raging and mortally wounded creature crawls toward the injured Stathis Borans , who manages to grab a loose wire jutting from the Telepod - human - fly hybrid creature 's back and jams it into an electrical socket . The Brundlepod is liquified by the electricity . A later version of the scene is nearly identical , except that the Brundlepod crawls toward Stathis ( whether it wants to attack him or is just desperate for help is left ambiguous ) and then dies . In the version of the script that appears on the 2005 DVD , Veronica is conscious during the final scene , and when the Brundlepod emerges from the receiving Telepod and crawls toward her , she aims Stathis ' shotgun at it , but the creature ends up dying at her feet . Eventually , this was slightly changed to the mercy - killing seen in the completed film . Makeup and creature effects ( edit ) The different stages of Seth Brundle 's gradual transformation into `` Brundlefly '' The Academy Award - winning makeup was designed and executed by Chris Walas , Inc. over a period of three months . The final `` Brundlefly '' creature was designed first , and then the various steps needed to carry protagonist Seth Brundle to that final incarnation were designed afterwards . The transformation was intended to be a metaphor for the aging process . To that end , Brundle loses hair , teeth and fingernails , with his skin becoming more and more discolored and lumpy . The intention of the filmmakers was to give Brundle a bruised and cancerous look that gets progressively worse as the character 's altered genome slowly asserts itself , with the final Brundlefly hybrid creature literally bursting out of Brundle 's hideously - deteriorated human skin . The creature itself was designed to appear horribly asymmetrical and deformed , and not at all a viable or robust organism . Various looks were tested for the makeup effects . Some early test footage can be seen on the 2005 The Fly : Collector 's Edition DVD , as well as the Blu - ray release . The transformation was broken up into seven distinct stages , with Jeff Goldblum spending many hours in the makeup chair for Brundle 's later incarnations . Stages 1 and 2 : subtle , rash - like skin discoloration that leads to facial lesions and sores , with tiny fly hairs dotting Goldblum 's face , in addition to the patch of fly hairs growing out of the wound on Brundle 's back . Stages 3 and 4 - A : piecemeal prosthetics covering Goldblum 's face ( and later his arms , feet , and torso ) , wigs with bald spots , and crooked , prosthetic teeth ( beginning with stage 4 - A ) . Stage 4 - B : deleted from the film , this variant of stage 4 was seen only in the `` monkey - cat '' scene , and required Goldblum to wear the first of two full - body foam latex suits , as Brundle has stopped wearing clothing , at this point . Stage 5 : the second full - body suit , with more exaggerated deformities , and which also required Goldblum to wear distorting contact lenses that made one eye look larger than the other . Stage 6 : the final `` Brundlefly '' creature ( referred to as the `` space bug '' by the film 's crew ) , depicted by various partial and full - body cable - and rod - controlled puppets . Stage 7 : another puppet which represented the mortally - injured Brundlefly - Telepod fusion creature ( initially dubbed the `` Brundlebooth '' and later the `` Brundlething '' by the crew ) as seen in the film 's final moments . Music ( edit ) The score to The Fly was composed and conducted by Howard Shore , and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra . It was released on record , cassette and compact disc ( with three additional tracks exclusively included on the latter ) by Varese Sarabande , and in 2005 was remastered and reissued on a two - disc set with Christopher Young 's album for The Fly II . Titles in bold are exclusive to the CD release . Main Title 1 : 54 Plasma Pool 1 : 54 The Last Visit 2 : 25 Stathis Enters 2 : 20 The Phone Call 2 : 07 Seth Goes Through 2 : 02 Ronnie Comes Back 0 : 55 The Jump 1 : 21 Seth and the Fly 2 : 21 Particle Magazine 1 : 02 The Armwrestle 0 : 51 Brundlefly 1 : 43 Ronnie 's Visit 0 : 35 The Street 0 : 43 The Stairs 1 : 25 The Fingernails 2 : 35 Baboon Teleportation 0 : 58 The Creature 2 : 08 Steak Montage 0 : 59 The Maggot / Fly Graphic 1 : 37 Success With Baboon 0 : 58 The Ultimate Family 1 : 59 The Finale 2 : 51 Reception and legacy ( edit ) The Fly was critically acclaimed with most praise going to Goldblum 's performance and the special effects . Despite being a gory remake of a classic made by a controversial , non-mainstream director , the film was a commercial success , the biggest of Cronenberg 's career , and was the top - grossing film in the United States for two weeks , earning a total domestic gross of $40,456,565 . Audiences reacted strongly to the graphic creature effects and the tragic love story , and the film received much attention at the time of its release . David Cronenberg was surprised when The Fly was seen by some critics as a cultural metaphor for AIDS , since he originally intended the film to be a more general analogy for disease itself , terminal conditions like cancer and , more specifically , the aging process : If you , or your lover , has AIDS , you watch that film and of course you 'll see AIDS in it , but you do n't have to have that experience to respond emotionally to the movie and I think that 's really its power . This is not to say that AIDS did n't have an incredible impact on everyone and , of course , after a certain point , people were seeing AIDS stories everywhere , so I do n't take any offense that people see that in my movie . For me though , there was something about The Fly story that was much more universal : aging and death -- something all of us have to deal with . Film critic Gene Siskel named The Fly as the tenth best film of 1986 . In 1989 , Premiere and American Film magazines both conducted independent polls of American film critics , directors and other such groups to determine the best films of the 1980s , and The Fly appeared on both lists . The Fly holds a 91 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 57 reviews . In 2005 , Time magazine film critics Richard Corliss and Richard Schickel included The Fly in their list of the All - TIME 100 Greatest Movies . Time later named it one of the 25 best horror films . The film was ranked # 33 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments . Similarly , the Chicago Film Critics Association named The Fly the 32nd scariest film ever made . In 2008 , the American Film Institute distributed ballots to 1,500 directors , critics and other people associated with the film industry in order to determine the top ten American films in ten different genre categories . Cronenberg 's version of The Fly was nominated under the science fiction category , although it did not make the top ten . It was also nominated for AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills and AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions and Veronica 's warning to Tawny in the film -- `` Be afraid . Be very afraid . '' -- was nominated for AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes . The quote `` Be afraid . Be very afraid . '' was also used as the film 's marketing tagline , and became so ingrained in popular culture ( as it -- and variants -- have appeared in countless films and TV series ) that a large number of people who are familiar with the phrase are unaware that it originated in The Fly . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Jeff Goldblum received the Saturn Award for Best Actor for his role in the film The Fly was nominated for the awards in the chart below . Many genre fans and film critics at the time thought that Jeff Goldblum 's performance would receive a Best Actor Oscar nomination , but this did not come to pass . Gene Siskel subsequently stated that Goldblum most likely `` got stiffed '' out of a nomination because the older academy voters generally do not honor horror films . Award Subject Result Academy Award Best Makeup Chris Walas & Stephan Dupuis Won BAFTA Award Best Makeup and Hair Nominated Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation Nominated Saturn Award Best Actor Jeff Goldblum Won Best Actress Geena Davis Nominated Best Makeup Chris Walas Won Best Horror Film Won Best Director David Cronenberg Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Whereas the 1958 original was followed by two sequels , Cronenberg has said that the stories in his films have definitive beginnings and endings , and he has never considered making a sequel to one of his own films , although others have made sequels to Cronenberg films , including Scanners ( 1981 ) . The Fly II ( edit ) The Fly II ( 1989 ) was directed by Chris Walas , the man behind the makeup and creature effects of both films , and is a direct continuation of The Fly . It features Veronica Quaife giving birth to Brundle 's mutant son before dying , and focuses on the Bartok company 's attempts to get the Telepods working again . David Cronenberg was not involved with the project . The only actor to return for the sequel was John Getz as an embittered Stathis Borans . Veronica Quaife appears briefly in the film , and is played by Saffron Henderson , since Geena Davis declined to reprise the role . Jeff Goldblum appears in archival footage of Seth Brundle in two scenes , including the post-teleportation interview segment that was deleted from the first film , but put to good use for the sequel . An early treatment for a sequel , written by Tim Lucas , involved Veronica Quaife dealing with the evils of the Bartok company . Brundle 's consciousness had somehow survived within the Telepod computer , and the Bartok scientists had enslaved him and were using him to develop the system for cloning purposes . Brundle becomes able to communicate with Veronica through the computer , and he eventually takes control of the Bartok complex 's security systems to gruesomely attack the villains . Eventually , Veronica frees Brundle by conspiring with him to reintegrate a non-contaminated version of his original body . Cronenberg endorsed this concept at the time . Geena Davis was open to doing a sequel ( and only pulled out of The Fly II because her character was to be killed in the opening scene ) , while Goldblum was not ( although he was okay with a cameo ) , and this treatment reflects that . However , a later treatment written by Jim and Ken Wheat was used as the basis for the final script , written by Frank Darabont . Mick Garris also wrote a treatment , with elements incorporated into the final film . The Fly : outbreak ( edit ) Beginning in March 2015 IDW Publishing released a five - issue comic book miniseries titled The Fly : Outbreak , written by Brandon Seifert . The story is a direct sequel to the events of The Fly II , and features Seth Brundle 's son , Martin , inadvertently causing a transgenic outbreak while attempting to cure Anton Bartok , to whom he 'd previously transferred his mutant genes at the end of The Fly II . Other projects ( edit ) Renny Harlin 's alternate sequel ( edit ) In the 1990s , Geena Davis was reportedly involved with an alternate sequel to The Fly , to be directed by her then - husband , Renny Harlin , titled Flies . The script by Richard Jefferies was said to feature a story where Veronica gives birth to twin boys , and herself survives the ordeal . Todd Lincoln 's second remake ( edit ) In 2003 , it was announced that a second remake of The Fly was being developed , to be directed by Todd Lincoln , produced by Fox Searchlight Pictures , and released in 2006 , but this did not happen . David Cronenberg 's sequel ( edit ) In 2009 , it was rumored that David Cronenberg himself was preparing to direct a second remake of The Fly , but it was not until 2011 that the director addressed the rumors . Cronenberg stated that he had written not a remake , but rather a `` sort of '' sequel script to his 1986 version , and would film it if 20th Century Fox gave the project the go - ahead : I have written a script that is more of a strange lateral , let 's say oblique sequel than it is a true sequel , and it 's certainly not a remake of the original . It 's financed by Fox , and whether it will get made or not , I can not say at the moment because there are a lot of up - in - the - air factors that deal with internal studio politics and a bunch of other things that I 'm not in control of . But I would make it if they greenlight it , let 's put it that way . Cronenberg elaborated further when interviewed by Empire in 2012 : Well , I did talk to Fox , because my agent found out that they were approaching people to do a remake of my film . He sort of said , `` Well , you know , what about David ? '' And they said , `` Well , we never thought of that ! '' I think they 'd been to Guillermo del Toro and Michael Bay . I said , `` Long ago I proposed a sequel to Mel Brooks when he said he wanted to make a sequel . '' He did n't like what I proposed because he said it was n't the same as the original movie . `` A sequel , '' he said , `` should be more of the same . '' And I said , `` Well , Mel , then I 'm not interested . '' And he went off and did his sequels ( sic ) and they had nothing to do with me and they were n't very successful . But I still had this idea in mind -- which no , I wo n't tell you -- and I said to Fox , `` I 'll write that idea up because , as I think of it , it could be interesting . '' And they were excited about it enough to pay me to write a script . And then for various reasons it kind of got bogged down . I do n't know exactly why . It seems now that it 's not going to happen . But it 's a script that I like and would do . It 's not exactly a sequel , and it 's certainly not a remake . More a meditation ( ... ) it involves teleportation . In a late 2012 interview , Cronenberg provided additional details on why the project had stalled , citing Budget constraints and other things . I think maybe the script that I wrote was a little too radical for Fox , and they felt it really needed to be a very low - budget film at that point . However , what was in it that attracted them could not be done low - budget . So I think that was the problem . He also described the project as `` more of a sequel or a sidebar . It was a meditation on fly - ness . None of the same characters or anything and , of course , with an understanding of modern technology . '' Despite Cronenberg 's prior assertions that he does not make sequels to his films , he returned to The Fly for the opera The Fly in 2008 , and his proposed sequel film project would mark a second return to the material , as well as his first sequel to one of his previous movies . However , the film is not moving forward . On June 15 , 2018 , Jeff Goldblum said he would be interested in doing a sequel only if Cronenberg was involved even though his character died . `` `` I do n't think my character would be involved because of course I got tragically mutated with the fly and then the machine , oh boy . But maybe I show up as a grandchild of the original Seth Brundle , or Seth Brundle had a brother . Had a brother that emerges in some ways ! Who knows , I do n't know but David Cronenberg was a thrill to work with . Boy , if he was involved I 'd like to work with him again , I 'll tell you that . '' Merchandise ( edit ) A 6 - inch figure of `` Brundlefly '' was created by McFarlane Toys for their Movie Maniacs line in 2000 . Also , a 15 - inch polystone statue of `` Brundlefly '' was made by Sideshow Collectibles in 2008 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Fly '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Aubrey Solomon , Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History , Scarecrow Press , 1989 p260 Jump up ^ The Fly Papers , Tim Lucas , Cinefex Magazine , 1986 ^ Jump up to : Thurman , Trace ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) . `` ' The Fly ' Was Released 30 Years Ago Today '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Westwood , Emma ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) . `` The Fly : A 30 - Year Love Story '' . 4 : 3 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Fear of The Flesh : The Making of The Fly , 20th Century Fox , 2005 ^ Jump up to : The Fly Papers , Tim Lucas , Cinefex Magazine , 1986 Jump up ^ AMC Backstory - The Fly Papers : The Buzz on Hollywood 's Scariest Insect ( 2000 ) ^ Jump up to : The Fly DVD audio commentary , 20th Century Fox , 2005 Jump up ^ Cronenberg , David ( 2010 ) , The Fly ( Blu - ray Commentary ) , Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment LLC , Los Angeles , CA Jump up ^ `` FILM FREAK CENTRAL takes a look at David Cronenberg 's body of work -- with a little help from the master himself '' . Film Freak Central . Archived from the original on 2003 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Cronenberg on Cronenberg , Chris Rodley , Faber & Faber , 1997 Jump up ^ Jeffrey T. Iverson ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` David Cronenberg Tries Opera '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Gene Siskel 's 10 Best Lists : 1969 to 1998 '' . Caltech.edu . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Fly at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Time Magazine 's All - Time 100 Greatest Movies '' . Time . February 12 , 2005 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Horror Movies '' . Time . October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' . web.archive.org . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Critics ' Scariest Films '' . AltFilmGuide.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills : Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions : Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Quotes : Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jack ( August 27 , 1986 ) . `` Goldblum 's ' Fly ' May Land In Oscar Circle '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Swats ' The Fly ' '' . Chicago Tribune . February 18 , 1987 . Jump up ^ http://videowatchdog.blogspot.com/2016/06/the-story-behind-flies-my-lost-fly.html Jump up ^ Orange , Alan ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` David Cronenberg 's ' The Fly ' Gets a Comic Book Sequel '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Another `` The Fly '' Remake In The Works `` . Horror.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` What The Fly Remake Could Have Been Like ... '' Insomniac Mania. 2006 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` David Cronenberg Remaking The Fly ... Again ? '' . Shock Till You Drop. 2009 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Interview - Empire '' . Readperiodicals.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` David Cronenberg interview : ' Cosmopolis ' , ' Nightbreed ' , ' The Fly ' sequel '' . Digital Spy. 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` David Cronenberg Shares Details Of Canceled ' Eastern Promises 2 ' & ' The Fly ' Remake + '' . Indiewire. 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ed ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Exclusive : Cronenberg Has Written a Sequel to The Fly '' . Shock Till You Drop . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Man is an Insect , Dave Alexander , Rue Morgue , 2011 Jump up ^ Rich , Katey . `` David Cronenberg Reveals Details On The Scrapped The Fly Remake , Eastern Promises 2 '' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ http://geeksoncoffee.com/jeff-goldblum-the-fly-sequel/ External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fly ( 1986 film ) The Fly on IMDb The Fly at AllMovie The Fly at Box Office Mojo The Fly at Rotten Tomatoes The Fly at Metacritic The Fly Original series The Fly ( 1958 ) Return of the Fly ( 1959 ) Curse of the Fly ( 1965 ) Remake series The Fly ( 1986 ) The Fly II ( 1989 ) Other Opera Short story George Langelaan Mel Brooks Awards and nominations Films directed The Producers ( 1967 ) The Twelve Chairs ( 1970 ) Blazing Saddles ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) Silent Movie ( 1976 ) High Anxiety ( 1977 ) History of the World , Part I ( 1981 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) Life Stinks ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : Men in Tights ( 1993 ) Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) Films produced To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) 84 Charing Cross Road ( 1987 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) Television series created Get Smart ( 1965 -- 1970 ) When Things Were Rotten ( 1975 ) The Nutt House ( 1989 ) Spaceballs : The Animated Series ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Musicals written for the stage Shinbone Alley ( 1957 ) All - American ( 1962 ) The Producers ( 2001 ) Young Frankenstein ( 2007 ) Films directed by David Cronenberg Feature films Stereo ( 1969 ) Crimes of the Future ( 1970 ) Shivers ( 1975 ) Rabid ( 1977 ) Fast Company ( 1979 ) The Brood ( 1979 ) Scanners ( 1981 ) Videodrome ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) The Fly ( 1986 ) Dead Ringers ( 1988 ) Naked Lunch ( 1991 ) M. Butterfly ( 1993 ) Crash ( 1996 ) Existenz ( 1999 ) Spider ( 2002 ) A History of Violence ( 2005 ) Eastern Promises ( 2007 ) A Dangerous Method ( 2011 ) Cosmopolis ( 2012 ) Maps to the Stars ( 2014 ) Short films Transfer ( 1966 ) From the Drain ( 1967 ) Camera ( 2000 ) At the Suicide of the Last Jew in the World in the Last Cinema in the World ( 2007 ) Saturn Award for Best Horror Film Blacula ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 / 75 ) Burnt Offerings ( 1976 ) The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane ( 1977 ) The Wicker Man ( 1978 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) The Howling ( 1980 ) An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) Fright Night ( 1985 ) The Fly ( 1986 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Arachnophobia ( 1989 / 90 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Army of Darkness ( 1993 ) Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) From Dusk till Dawn ( 1995 ) Scream ( 1996 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Final Destination ( 2000 ) The Others ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) The Exorcism of Emily Rose ( 2005 ) The Descent ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) Get Out ( 2017 ) GND : 7741842 - 6 VIAF : 220039663 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fly_(1986_film)&oldid=850210431 '' Categories : 1986 films English - language films 1986 horror films 1980s monster movies 1980s romantic drama films 1980s science fiction horror films American film remakes American films American monster movies American romantic drama films American science fiction horror films Body horror films Brooksfilms films Films scored by Howard Shore Films about insects Films about shapeshifting Films based on short fiction Films directed by David Cronenberg Films produced by Mel Brooks Films shot in Toronto Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup 20th Century Fox films Horror film remakes Mad scientist films Romantic horror films Science fiction drama films Genetic engineering in fiction Teleportation in films The Fly Canadian films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 12 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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6080616298516825383 | Houston, we have a problem | Houston , we have a problem - wikipedia Houston , we have a problem Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the misquote itself . For the 2016 docufiction film , see Houston , We Have a Problem ! ( film ) . For the 1974 television film , see Houston , We 've Got a Problem . Houston , we have a problem Origin / etymology Apollo 13 mission Original form `` Uh , Houston , we 've had a problem '' Coined by Jack Swigert `` Houston , we have a problem '' is a popular but erroneous quote from the radio communications between the Apollo 13 astronaut John ( `` Jack '' ) Swigert and the NASA Mission Control Center ( `` Houston '' ) during the Apollo 13 spaceflight , as the astronauts asked about their discovery of the explosion that doubted in their spacecraft . The erroneous wording was popularized by the 1995 film Apollo 13 , a dramatization of the Apollo 13 mission , in which actor Tom Hanks , portraying Mission Commander Jim Lovell , uses that wording , which became one of the film 's taglines . The words actually spoken , initially by Jack Swigert , were `` Okay , Houston , we 've had a problem here '' ( emphasis added ) . After being prompted to repeat the transmission by CAPCOM Jack R. Lousma , Lovell responded , `` Uh , Houston , we 've had a problem . '' Houston , we 've had a problem . Swigert and Lovell reporting the incident on April 13 , 1970 ( 2 : 59 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Since then , the phrase has become popular , being used to account , informally , the emergence of an unforeseen problem . Contents ( hide ) 1 The message 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 External links The message ( edit ) The dialogue occurred between the base and the astronaut was as follows : Swigert : `` Okay , Houston , I believe we 've had a problem here . '' Lousma : `` This is Houston . Say again , please . '' Lovell : `` Uh , Houston , we 've had a problem . '' Lovell : `` We 've had a MAIN B BUS UNDERVOLT . '' Lousma : `` Roger , MAIN B UNDERVOLT . '' Lousma : `` Okay , stand by , Thirteen , we 're looking at it . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Houston , We 've Had a Problem '' . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Por qué la frase : Houston , tenemos un problema ? '' ( Why the phrase : Houston , we have a problem ? ) . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Houston , tenemos un problema '' -- Jack Swigert '' ( `` Houston , we have a problem '' -- Jack Swigert ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The meaning and origin of the expression : Houston , we have a problem '' . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Lovell , Jim ; Kluger , Jeffrey ( 1994 ) . Lost Moon . ISBN 0395670292 . External links ( edit ) `` ¿ Cuándo se pronunció la famosa frase `` Houston , tenemos un problema '' ? '' ( When uttered the famous phrase `` Houston , we have a problem '' ? ) ( in Spanish ) . `` Spacelog Apollo 13 '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston,_we_have_a_problem&oldid=841161236 '' Categories : Phrases Apollo 13 Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 11 : 18 . About Wikipedia | where does the term houston we have a problem | [] | [] |
-2878859195343408262 | It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year | It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the year - wikipedia It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the year Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Most Wonderful Time of the Year ( disambiguation ) . `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' Song by Andy Williams from the album The Andy Williams Christmas Album Released October 14 , 1963 Genre Christmas music Songwriter ( s ) Edward Pola and George Wyle `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' is a popular Christmas song written in triple time in 1963 by Edward Pola and George Wyle . It was recorded and released that year by pop singer Andy Williams for his first Christmas album , The Andy Williams Christmas Album . However , the song was not released as a promotional single by Williams ' record label ( Columbia Records ) that year , as they instead opted to promote his cover of `` White Christmas '' as the official promo single from the album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Other notable versions 3 Use in advertising and parodies 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) The song is a celebration and description of activities associated with the Christmas season , focusing primarily on get - togethers between friends and families . Among the activities included in the song is the telling of `` scary ghost stories , '' a Victorian Christmas tradition that has mostly fallen into disuse , but survives in the seasonal popularity of numerous adaptations of Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol . Other activities mentioned include hosting parties , spontaneous visits from friends , universal social gaiety , spending time with loved ones , sledding for children , roasting marshmallows , sharing stories about previous Christmases , and singing Christmas carols in winter weather . In a 2005 interview , Williams discusses how The Andy Williams Show figured into his recording of `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' : `` George Wyle , who is a vocal director , who wrote all of the choir stuff and all of the duets and trios and things that I did with all the guests , he wrote a song just for the show -- I think the second Christmas show we did -- called `` Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' . So I did that , you know , every Christmas , and then other people started doing it . And then suddenly it 's become -- not suddenly but over 30 years -- it 's become a big standard . I think it 's one of the top 10 Christmas songs of all time now . '' In the issue of Billboard magazine dated November 28 , 2009 , the list of the `` Top 10 Holiday Songs ( Since 2001 ) '' places the Williams recording of `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' at No. 5 . 2001 also marked the first year in which the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) started compiling data regarding the radio airplay of holiday songs , and although the Williams classic started out at No. 25 of twenty - five songs that were ranked that year , it gained steam over the next ten years , reaching No. 18 in 2002 , No. 13 in 2003 , and eventually getting to No. 4 in 2010 . The song was selected as the theme song for Christmas Seals in both 2009 and 2012 . Other notable versions ( edit ) 1999 : Garth Brooks released a version of the song on his second holiday album , Garth Brooks and the Magic of Christmas . Brooks also became the first artist to chart a version of the song in North America , as his country remake peaked at No. 56 on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . 2003 / 2004 : Williams re-records song in a shorter , more upbeat version for the movie Surviving Christmas 2008 : Harry Connick Jr. released a version of the song on his third holiday album , What a Night ! A Christmas Album . This recording peaked at No. 9 on Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . BarlowGirl also recorded a version of this song on their Christmas album , Home for Christmas . This recording peaked at No. 21 on Billboard 's Christian Songs chart . Use in advertising and parodies ( edit ) For years , the song was used humorously in the Staples office supply retail chain 's annual back to school advertising campaign . In the commercials , the parents joyously shop for school supplies to this song in anticipation of the upcoming school year while their children sullenly follow . The Johnny Mathis rendition of the song is used to comic effect in the 1996 film , `` Jingle All the Way '' . Williams returned to the UK singles charts with his 1963 recording in December 2007 , thanks to an advertisement for Marks & Spencer , reaching No. 21 in its first appearance in the British charts , also reaching No. 108 on the EU Top 200 . It was also used for a Marks & Spencer Christmas advert in 2002 . BarlowGirl 's cover of the song was used to promote Christmas at the White House : An Oprah Winfrey Special . In the Autumn and early winter of 2011 , Nissan Motors advertising for their annual sale included a production number featuring an Andy Williams - like voice actor , with lyrics modified to promote the sale event . A 2013 YouTube video promoting the Disneyland Resort 's Halloween celebrations humorously used the song over shots of various Disney villains spreading mischief throughout resort 's theme parks . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 - 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Telling ghost stories is a lost tradition on Christmas Eve , By Jeffrey Peterson , Deseret News Thursday , Dec. 23 2010 Jump up ^ Told After Supper , Jerome K. Jerome Jump up ^ Williams , Andy . Interviewed by Karen Herman . Archive of American Television , A Program of the Television Academy Foundation . emmytvlegends.org , 19 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Cheer '' . Billboard. 2009 - 11 - 28 . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces Top 25 Holiday Songs -- Irving Berlin 's `` White Christmas '' Tops List `` . findarticles.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Updates Top 25 Holiday Song List -- `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting ) '' Tops List `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces the Top 25 Holiday Songs -- `` Santa Claus Is Coming To Town '' Tops List `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sleigh Ride '' Tops ASCAP 's List of Most - Played Holiday Songs in 2010 `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ http://mp3lemon.ws/song/504289/01_-_Andy_Williams_-_The_Most_Wonderful_Time_Of_The_Year Jump up ^ `` Harry Connick , Jr . Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116705/soundtrack Jump up ^ `` Banderas set for Christmas ad '' . Metro. 2 Nov 2007 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Antonio Banderas leading man in new M&S Christmas campaign '' . Daily Mail . London . 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Laing , Dave ( 26 September 2012 ) . `` Andy Williams obituary '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas at the White House An Oprah Primetime Special '' . YouTube . December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_the_Most_Wonderful_Time_of_the_Year&oldid=802510982 '' Categories : 1963 songs American Christmas songs Andy Williams songs Songs with lyrics by Edward Pola Songs with music by George Wyle Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 16 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings most wonderful time of the year | [
"\n\n\"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\"\n\n\nSong by Andy Williams\n\n\nfrom the album The Andy Williams Christmas Album\n\n\nReleased\nOctober 14, 1963\n\n\nGenre\nChristmas music\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nEdward Pola and George Wyle\n\n"
] | [
"Andy Williams"
] |
6972201901834622519 | Pan-American Highway | Pan-American Highway - wikipedia Pan-American Highway Jump to : navigation , search `` Panamericana '' redirects here . For the film , see Panamericana ( film ) . Not to be confused with CANAMEX Corridor . The Pan-American Highway from Prudhoe Bay , U.S.A. to Quellón , Chile and Ushuaia , Argentina , with selected official and unofficial routes shown through the United States and Canada . The Pan-American Highway is a network of roads measuring about 30,000 kilometres ( 19,000 mi ) in total length . Except for a rainforest break of approximately 160 km ( 100 mi ) , called the Darién Gap , the road links almost all of the countries of the Americas with a Pacific coast in a connected highway system . According to Guinness World Records , the Pan-American Highway is the world 's longest `` motorable road '' . However , because of the Darién Gap , it is not possible to cross between South America and Central America , alternatively being able to circumnavigate this terrestrial stretch by sea . The Pan-American Highway passes through many diverse climates and ecological types , from dense jungles , to arid deserts , some of which are passable only during the dry season , and in many regions driving is occasionally hazardous . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development and construction 2 Countries served 3 Hemispheric overview 4 Northern section 4.1 Alaska , Canada and the contiguous 48 states of the United States 4.2 Mexico 4.3 Central America 5 Darién Gap 6 Southern section 6.1 Colombia and Venezuela 6.2 Ecuador , Peru , Chile , Argentina and Paraguay 6.3 Brazil and Uruguay 6.4 Guyana , Suriname and French Guyana 7 West Indies section 8 Art and culture 9 Photo gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 External links Development and construction ( edit ) The concept of an overland route from one tip of the Americas to the other was originally proposed at the First Pan-American Conference in 1889 as a railroad ; however , this proposal was never realized . The idea of building a highway emerged at the Fifth International Conference of American States in 1923 . The first conference regarding construction of the highway occurred on October 5 , 1925 . Finally , on July 29 , 1937 , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Peru , Canada , and the United States signed the Convention on the Pan-American Highway , whereby they agreed to speedy construction , by all adequate means . In 1950 , Mexico became the first Latin American country to complete its portion of the highway . Countries served ( edit ) Map of the Alaska Highway portion ( in red ) of the Pan-American Highway system . The Northern Pan-American Highway travels through 9 countries : Canada ( unofficial ) United States ( interstate system official ) Mexico Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama The Southern Pan-American Highway travels through 8 countries : Suriname Guyana Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Peru Chile Argentina Important spurs also lead into 4 countries : Bolivia Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Hemispheric overview ( edit ) The Pan-American Highway system is physically mostly complete and extends in de facto terms from Prudhoe Bay , Alaska , in North America to the lower reaches of South America . Several southern highway termini are claimed to exist , including the cities of Puerto Montt and Quellón in Chile and Ushuaia in Argentina . West and north of the Darien Gap , it is also known as the Inter-American Highway through Central America and Mexico where it splits into several spurs leading to the Mexico -- US border . The entire Interstate Highway System in the United States has been officially designated part of the Pan American system by the Federal Highway Administration , although this has never been reflected in any of the official interstate signage . Of the many freeways that make up this very comprehensive system , there are several that stand out because of their mainly north - south orientation and their links to the main Mexican route and its spurs . These include the following : Interstate 8 indirectly connects Interstate 19 and its Mexican spur at Nogales with I - 5 and Interstate 15 , each of which leads on separate routes towards the Alaska Highway . I - 5 links indirectly with British Columbia highway 97 which becomes the Alaska Highway at Dawson Creek , while I - 15 indirectly links to Alberta Highway 2 that eventually crosses into British Columbia and ends at the southern terminus of the Alaska Highway . All routes north of the contiguous 48 states are unofficial . Interstate 25 runs north from Interstate 10 at Las Cruces , New Mexico to Interstate 90 in Wyoming . This route has no direct extension into Canada , but links indirectly to Interstate 15 which leads to Alberta Highway 2 . Interstate 35 is a northerly continuation of the original Pan-American highway following Mexican Federal Highway 85 . It extends from Laredo , Texas to the Canada -- United States border north of Duluth , Minnesota with a spur , Interstate 29 , that leads further west towards Winnipeg , Manitoba . An additional route only partially complete is Interstate 69 which will eventually run northeasterly from the same Laredo border crossing to the Windsor - Quebec City Corridor in Canada , the only NAFTA country where no official routes for the Pan-American Highway System have yet been defined . Northern section ( edit ) Alaska , Canada and the contiguous 48 States of the United States ( edit ) Interstate 35 in the U.S. state of Iowa . I - 35 is a de facto branch of the Pan-American Highway In Canada , no particular road has been officially or unofficially designated as the Pan-American Highway ( the Trans - Canada Highway , which runs mostly east - west , is the country 's only official interprovincial highway system ) . However , some unofficial claims have been made based on routes that are a natural extension of several key American highways that reach the Canada -- US border . British Columbia Highway 97 and Highway 2 to Alberta both pick up where the southern end of the Alaska highway leaves off . Highway 97 becomes U.S. Route 97 at the Canada -- US border and eventually ends at Interstate 5 in northern California . British Columbia Highway 99 provides an alternate route from Highway 97 just north of Cache Creek that runs through Whistler and Vancouver before ending at the Canada -- US border at the north end of Interstate 5 in Washington State , the beginning of the official Pan-American route south of British Columbia . Meanwhile , Alberta Highway 2 runs south and east to Alberta Highway 3 leading into Lethbridge , then south on Alberta Highway 4 to the Canada -- US border where it becomes Interstate 15 in Montana , the first official stretch of the Pan-American Highway south of the Alberta route . I - 15 runs south all the way to San Diego where it converges with Interstate 5 then heads east as Interstate 8 . This links indirectly via a short stretch of Interstate 10 to Interstate 19 that becomes a spur of the Pan-American highway through Mexico at the Nogales border crossing . In 1966 , the Federal Highway Administration designated the entire Interstate Highway System part of the Pan-American Highway System . However comprehensive this designation , there are certain interstates and other smaller highways that attract particular attention because of special names that have been officially or unofficially attached or identity claims that have been made . The section of Interstate 35 in San Antonio , Texas is referred to as the Pan Am Expressway by locals . I - 35 is a northerly continuation of Mexico Highway 85 , the original official Mexican route , ending in Duluth , Minnesota , where Minnesota State Highway 61 continues to the Canada -- US border near Thunder Bay , Ontario . As a result , the Trans - Canada Highway from Alberta to Thunder Bay has been considered as a possible route for the Pan-American Highway . Interstate 25 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , was named the Pan-American Freeway , as an extension of highway 45 , the Mexican spur linking El Paso to the original route along highway 85 north of Mexico City . This portion of I - 25 largely follows the historic Camino Real , and thus serves a culturally significant portion of the Pan American system . Like I - 35 , the complete route of Interstate 25 is an official northerly continuation towards Alberta , where Highway 2 provides a direct ( but unofficial ) link to the Alaska Highway . The Pan American Highway Association claims U.S. Route 81 from its main point of separation from I - 35 south of McPherson , Kansas , to Watertown , South Dakota , where it merges with I - 29 running north to the Canada -- US border near Winnipeg . There it links with the Thunder Bay - Alberta section of the Trans - Canada . Unlike the interstate highways through San Antonio and Albuquerque , the claim for Highway 81 remains unofficial . Beyond Alberta , the Alaska Highway through Alaska , Yukon and British Columbia is also claimed as a de facto part of the Pan-American Highway , as well as the Dalton Highway in Alaska , which is the only year - round road in North America to reach the Arctic Ocean . The ice road from Inuvik , Canada also reaches the Arctic Ocean but is not claimed as part of the Pan-American system . Several intra-North American routes have names that make no direct reference to the Pan-American Highway : CanAm Highway - U.S. Route 85 , which follows Interstate 25 from El Paso to Denver , Colorado , then continues into to the Canadian province of Saskatchewan , following parts of provincial highways 35 , 39 , 6 , 3 , and 2 in succession before terminating at La Ronge . This route was first proposed during the 1920s but was never properly promoted nor developed . A section of the CanAm in southern Saskatchewan has regressed to the point where it is no longer a paved highway . CANAMEX Corridor - similarly designated through the western United States from Arizona north to Montana , and continuing as Alberta Highway 2 . NAFTA Superhighway - Interstate 69 from the Canada -- US border at Port Huron , Michigan , to Indianapolis , Indiana , and its partly built extension southward , along with Ontario Highway 402 in Canada . It will have a spur linking to the original Pan-American route through Mexico to Laredo , Texas , and additional branches extending to the Mexican spurs that cross the border at Pharr , Texas , and Brownsville , Texas . When completed , I - 69 will become another official route of the Pan American Highway , this time connecting the Mexican routes with the Windsor - Quebec City Corridor in Canada . However , the Canadian extension will have no official status unless so proclaimed by the Ontario and Quebec governments . Mexico ( edit ) 1933 map of the Inter-American Highway portion of the Pan-American Highway . The official route of the Pan-American Highway through Mexico ( where it is known as the Inter-American Highway ) starts at Nuevo Laredo , Tamaulipas ( opposite Laredo , Texas ) and goes south to Mexico City along Mexican Federal Highway 85 . Later branches were built to the border as follows : Nogales spur -- Mexican Federal Highway 15 from Mexico City El Paso spur -- Mexican Federal Highway 45 from Highway 85 north of Mexico City to Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua ) Eagle Pass spur -- unknown , possibly Mexican Federal Highway 57 from Mexico City to Piedras Negras , Coahuila Pharr spur -- Mexican Federal Highway 40 from Monterrey to Reynosa , Tamaulipas Brownsville spur -- Mexican Federal Highway 101 from Ciudad Victoria to Matamoros , Tamaulipas From Mexico City to the border with Guatemala , the highway follows Mexican Federal Highway 190 . Central America ( edit ) Pan-American Highway in Chimaltenango ( Guatemala ) , 2001 . Pan-American Highway at David , Chiriquí The Pan-American ( or Inter-American ) highway passes through the Central American countries with the highway designation of CA - 1 ( Central American Highway 1 ) . In Guatemala , it passes through 10 departments , including The Department Of Guatemala , where it passes through Guatemala City . In El Salvador , it passes through the cities of Santa Ana , Santa Tecla , Antiguo Cuscatlán , San Salvador , San Martín , San Miguel , and crosses the border into Honduras at Amatillo . From Honduras , it passes into Nicaragua , passing though the Nicaraguan cities of Chinandega , Estelí , Sebaco Matagalpa , León , and Managua , before entering Costa Rica at Peñas Blancas . In Costa Rica , it passes through Liberia , San José , Cartago , Pérez Zeledón , Palmares , Neily , before crossing into Panama at Paso Canoas . In Panama , it crosses the Panama Canal via the Centennial Bridge , and ends at Yaviza , at the edge of the Darién Gap . The road had formerly ended at Cañita , Panama , 110 miles ( 180 km ) north of its current end . United States government funding was particularly significant to complete the high - level Bridge of the Americas over the Panama Canal , during the years when the canal was administered by the United States . Belize was supposedly included in the route at one time , after it switched to driving on the right . Prior to independence , as British Honduras , it was the only Central American country to drive on the left side of the road . Darién Gap ( edit ) Main article : Darién Gap The Pan-American Highway is interrupted between Panama and Colombia by a 100 km ( 60 mi ) stretch of marshland known as the Darién Gap . On the South American side , the highway terminates at Turbo , Colombia , while on the Panamanian side , the road terminus is the town of Yaviza . Because of swamps , marshes , and rivers , construction would be very expensive . Efforts have been made for decades to eliminate the gap in the Pan-American highway , but have been controversial . Planning began in 1971 with the help of United States funding , but this was halted in 1974 after concerns raised by environmentalists . Another effort to build the road began in 1992 , but by 1994 a United Nations agency reported that the road , and the subsequent development , would cause extensive environmental damage . There is evidence that the Darién Gap has prevented the spread of diseased cattle into Central and Northern America , which have not seen foot - and - mouth disease since 1954 , and since at least the 1970s this has been a substantial factor in preventing a road link through the Darién Gap . The Embera - Wounaan and Kuna have also expressed concern that the road could bring about the potential erosion of their cultures . The Darien Gap has challenged adventurers for many years . A 1971 - 72 British expedition from Alaska to Argentina attempted to transit the Gap with two standard production Range Rovers , supported by a team of Land Rovers . They barely succeeded in thrashing a passage through the extreme terrain . A 1962 expedition with Chevrolet Corvair rear - engine cars failed . In 1979 a team led by Mark Smith drove standard production CJ7 - model Jeeps from South to North , traversing the Gap - with difficulty . One proposed option to bridge the gap is a short ferry link from Colombia to a new ferry port in Panama , with an extension of the existing Panama highway that would complete the highway without violating these environmental concerns . Southern section ( edit ) Main article : Pan-American Highway ( South America ) A Vía PanAm shield sign is sometimes found on routes in South American countries ( such as Chile ) associated with the Pan-American Highway . Sculpture of a native man standing at the entrance of Fusagasugá , Colombia , over the Highway 40 . Colombia and Venezuela ( edit ) The southern part of the highway begins in northwestern Colombia , from where it follows Colombia Highway 62 to Medellín . At Medellín , Colombia Highway 56 leads to Bogotá , but Colombia Highway 25 turns south for a more direct route . Colombia Highway 72 is routed southwest from Bogotá to join Highway 25 at Murillo . Highway 25 continues all the way to the border with Ecuador . Another route , known as the Simón Bolívar Highway , runs from Bogotá ( Colombia ) to Guiria ( Venezuela ) . It begins by using Colombia Highway 71 all the way to the border with Venezuela . From there it uses Venezuela Highway 1 to Caracas and Venezuela Highway 9 to its end at Guiria . Ecuador , Peru , Chile , Argentina and Paraguay ( edit ) Monument on the Equator on the highway near Cayambe , Ecuador . Ecuador Highway 35 runs the whole length of that country . Peru Highway 1 carries the Pan-American Highway all the way through Peru to the border with Chile . In Chile , the highway follows Chile Route 5 south to a point north of Santiago ( Llaillay ) , where the highway splits into two parts , one of which goes through Chilean territory to Puerto Montt , where it splits again , to Quellón on Chiloé Island , and to its continuation as the Carretera Austral . The other part goes east along Chile Route 60 , which becomes Argentina National Route 7 at the Argentinian border and continues to Buenos Aires , the end of the main highway . The highway network also continues south of Buenos Aires along Argentina National Route 3 towards the city of Ushuaia in Tierra del Fuego . Another branch , from Buenos Aires to Asunción in Paraguay , heads out of Buenos Aires on Argentina National Route 9 . It switches to Argentina National Route 11 at Rosario , which crosses the border with Paraguay right at Asunción . Other branches probably exist across the center of South America . Almost all Pan-American sections in Gran Buenos Aires are modern and fast main highways Brazil and Uruguay ( edit ) A continuation of the Pan-American Highway to the Brazilian cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro uses a ferry from Buenos Aires to Colonia in Uruguay and Uruguay Highway 1 to Montevideo . Uruguay Highway 9 and Brazil Highway 471 route to near Pelotas , from where Brazil Highway 116 leads to Brazilian main cities . Guyana , Suriname and French Guyana ( edit ) The highway does not have official segments to Belize , Guyana , Suriname and French Guiana , nor to any of the island nations in the Americas . However , highways from Venezuela link to Brazilian Trans - Amazonian highway that provides a southwest entrance to Guyana , route to the coast , and follow a coastal route through Suriname to French Guiana . West Indies section ( edit ) Plans have been discussed for including the West Indies in the Pan American Highway system . According to these , a system of ferries would be established to connect terminal points of the highway . Travelers would then be able to ferry from Key West to Havana , drive to the eastern tip of Cuba , ferry to Haiti , drive through Haiti and the Dominican Republic , and ferry again to Puerto Rico . Included in this system would also be a ferry from the western tip of Cuba to the Yucatán Peninsula . Mexico has already surveyed a route which will run across the Yucatán , Campeche , and Chiapas to San Cristobal de Las Casas , on the Pan American Highway . ( `` The Pan American Highway System '' by Travel Division Pan American Union , Washington D.C. October 1947 ) Art and culture ( edit ) Travel writer Tim Cahill wrote a book , Road Fever , about his record - setting 24 - day drive from Ushuaia in the Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego to Prudhoe Bay in the U.S. state of Alaska with professional long - distance driver Garry Sowerby , much of their route following the Pan-American Highway . In the British motoring show Top Gear , the presenters drove on a section of the road in their off - road vehicles in the Bolivian Special . In 2003 , Kevin Sanders , a long - distance rider , broke the Guinness World Record for the fastest traversal of the highway by motorcycle in 34 days . Photo gallery ( edit ) The northern end of the Pan-American Highway at Deadhorse , Alaska Interstate 25 ( Pan-American Freeway ) approaching the Big I interchange in Albuquerque , New Mexico , USA Pan-American Highway through San Martin , El Salvador . Another view of the Pan-American Highway in El Salvador . Pan-American Highway in El Salvador between Lourdes and Santa Ana ; this flat 1.5 km long straight section can be used as an airstrip and it was used during El Salvador Civil War . Highway in Guanacaste , Costa Rica ( going towards the Nicaraguan border , still many kilometres away . ) Pan-American Highway in Tres Rios , Costa Rica , right before the toll plaza ( about 337 more km to go until the Panamanian border ) . Panamericana -- Pan American Highway -- in Pichincha , Ecuador , near Cashapamba Panamericana -- northern Peru near Pacasmayo Panamericana near Puerto De Lomas , Peru Panamericana in the Atacama Desert northern Chile GMC Suburban traveled all of the Pan-American Highway . Patagonia , Chile . Panamericana - Pan American Highway - in the Cordillera de los Andes , southern Ecuador , near to Catacocha , 2500m / 8000 ft Elev . See also ( edit ) CANAMEX Corridor Continental 1 Trans - Siberian Highway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ French : Route / Autoroute Panaméricaine / Transaméricaine , Portuguese : Rodovia / Auto - estrada Pan-americana , Spanish : Autopista / Carretera / Ruta Panamericana Jump up ^ `` A Gap in the Andes : Image of the Day '' . earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Text of the Convention . Jump up ^ name = Silverstein > `` Highway Run '' . Harper 's : 70 -- 80 . July 2006 . Jump up ^ American Automobile Association , American Motorist , ca . 1974 Jump up ^ New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department , State of New Mexico Memorial Designations and Dedications of Highways , Structures and Buildings , 2007 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Bryan , Howard ( 1989 ) . Albuquerque Remembered . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0826337821 . OCLC 62109913 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Datos Viales de Hidalgo '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Dirección General de Servicios Técnicos , Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. 2011 . p. 5 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ' Super corridor ' theories simply updated old idea '' . The Star Phoenix . August 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Definition '' . Canamex coalition . Jump up ^ `` Datos Viales de Puebla '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Dirección General de Servicios Técnicos , Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. 2011 . pp. 2 -- 3 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Cruce fronterizo vehicular formal : Ciudad Cuauhtémoc , México -- La Mesilla , Guatemala '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Comisión Internacional de Límites y Aguas , Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` República de Guatemala -- Red Vial con Distancias '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Instituto Geografico National ( IGN ) ; Ministerio de Comunicaciones Infraestructura y Vivienda ( CIV ) . 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.range-rover-classic.com/Home/range-rover-darien-gap Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrhH1U_NAcM Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QrPbBkr44PU Jump up ^ `` The Coming Era of Mega Systems , Part 1 -- Transportation '' . DaVinci Institute -- Futurist Speaker . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pan-American Highway -- MSN Encarta '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Cahill , Tim ( 1992 ) . Road Fever . Vintage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 75837 - 4 . Jump up ^ Walker , Tim ( 29 September 2005 ) . `` How to have a real adventure : Take a train or get on a bike to experience the thrill of travel as it used to be '' . The Independent ( UK ) . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Sources ( edit ) Plan Federal Highway System , New York Times May 15 , 1932 page XX7 Reported from the Motor World , New York Times January 26 , 1936 page XX6 Hemisphere Road is Nearer Reality , New York Times January 7 , 1953 page 58 1997 -- 98 AAA Caribbean , Central America and South America map Popular Mechanics , March 1943 , Longest Road In The World External links ( edit ) Media related to Pan-American Highway at Wikimedia Commons Pan-American Highway travel guide from Wikivoyage Geographic data related to Pan-American Highway at OpenStreetMap Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan-American_Highway&oldid=815566230 '' Categories : Pan-American Highway Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 16 : 45 . 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-5700922555918572234 | List of National Football League career rushing yards leaders | List of National Football League career rushing yards Leaders - wikipedia List of National Football League career rushing yards Leaders Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of National Football League running backs by total career rushing yards . This list includes all running backs who have rushed for at least 10,000 yards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Players with at least 10,000 rushing yards 2 Active players with 9,000 -- 9,999 yards 3 Historical rushing yards leaders 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Players with at least 10,000 rushing yards ( edit ) Key Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame * Denotes player who is still active in the NFL Through end of 2017 season . Rank Player Team ( s ) by season Carries Yards Average Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 4,409 18,355 4.2 Walter Payton Chicago Bears ( 1975 -- 1987 ) 3,838 16,726 4.4 Barry Sanders Detroit Lions ( 1989 -- 1998 ) 3,062 15,269 5.0 Curtis Martin New England Patriots ( 1995 -- 1997 ) New York Jets ( 1998 -- 2005 ) 3,518 14,101 4.0 5 Frank Gore San Francisco 49ers ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2018 -- present ) 3,226 14,026 4.3 6 LaDanian Tomlinson San Diego Chargers ( 2001 -- 2009 ) New York Jets ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 3,174 13,684 4.3 7 Jerome Bettis St. Louis / L.A. Rams ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 3,479 13,662 3.9 8 Eric Dickerson Los Angeles Rams ( 1983 -- 1987 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Los Angeles Raiders ( 1992 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 1993 ) 2,996 13,259 4.4 9 Tony Dorsett Dallas Cowboys ( 1977 -- 1987 ) Denver Broncos ( 1988 ) 2,936 12,739 4.3 10 Jim Brown Cleveland Browns ( 1957 -- 1965 ) 2,359 12,312 5.2 11 Marshall Faulk Indianapolis Colts ( 1994 -- 1998 ) St. Louis Rams ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2,836 12,279 4.3 12 Adrian Peterson Minnesota Vikings ( 2007 -- 2016 ) New Orleans Saints ( 2017 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2017 ) 2,574 12,276 4.8 13 Edgerrin James Indianapolis Colts ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2009 ) 3,028 12,246 4.0 13 Marcus Allen Los Angeles Raiders ( 1982 -- 1992 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1993 -- 1997 ) 3,022 12,243 4.1 15 Franco Harris Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1972 -- 1983 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 1984 ) 2,949 12,120 4.1 16 Thurman Thomas Buffalo Bills ( 1988 -- 1999 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2000 ) 2,877 12,074 4.2 17 Fred Taylor Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1998 -- 2008 ) New England Patriots ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 2,534 11,695 4.6 18 Steven Jackson St. Louis Rams ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 2013 -- 2014 ) New England Patriots ( 2015 ) 2,764 11,438 4.1 19 John Riggins New York Jets ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Washington Redskins ( 1976 -- 1985 ) 2,916 11,352 3.9 20 Corey Dillon Cincinnati Bengals ( 1997 -- 2003 ) New England Patriots ( 2004 -- 2006 ) 2,618 11,241 4.3 21 O.J. Simpson Buffalo Bills ( 1969 -- 1977 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1978 -- 1979 ) 2,404 11,236 4.7 22 Warrick Dunn Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2008 ) 2,669 10,967 4.1 23 Ricky Watters San Francisco 49ers ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 2,622 10,643 4.1 24 Jamal Lewis Baltimore Ravens ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Cleveland Browns ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 2,542 10,607 4.2 25 Thomas Jones Arizona Cardinals ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2003 ) Chicago Bears ( 2004 -- 2006 ) New York Jets ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 2,678 10,591 4.0 26 Tiki Barber New York Giants ( 1997 -- 2006 ) 2,217 10,449 4.7 27 Eddie George Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2004 ) 2,865 10,441 3.6 28 Ottis Anderson St. Louis Cardinals ( 1979 -- 1986 ) New York Giants ( 1986 -- 1992 ) 2,562 10,273 4.0 29 LeSean McCoy Philadelphia Eagles ( 2009 -- 2014 ) Buffalo Bills ( 2015 -- present ) 2,185 10,092 4.6 30 Ricky Williams New Orleans Saints ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2002 -- 2003 ) , ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2011 ) 2,431 10,009 4.1 31 Marshawn Lynch Buffalo Bills ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2017 -- present ) 2,251 10,003 4.3 Active players with 9,000 -- 9,999 yards ( edit ) Through end of 2017 season . Chris Johnson , 9,651 Historical rushing yards Leaders ( edit ) Seven players have been recognized as having held the career rushing yards record in the NFL . Since reliable yardage statistics were not recorded prior to 1932 , the first NFL player recognized as the career leader in rushing yards was Cliff Battles , who played from 1932 to 1937 for the Boston Braves / Boston Redskins / Washington Redskins . He led the NFL with 576 yards in 1932 and held on to the record throughout his career . Emmitt Smith has held the record since surpassing Walter Payton 's long - standing total in 2002 . Reign Player Team ( s ) by season Carries Yards Average 1932 -- 1941 ( 9 years ) Cliff Battles Washington Redskins ( 1932 -- 1937 ) 839 3,511 4.2 1941 -- 1949 ( 8 years ) Clarke Hinkle Green Bay Packers ( 1932 -- 1941 ) 1,171 3,860 3.3 1949 -- 1958 ( 9 years ) Steve Van Buren Philadelphia Eagles ( 1944 -- 1951 ) 1,320 5,860 4.4 1958 -- 1963 ( 5 years ) Joe Perry San Francisco 49ers ( 1948 -- 1960 , 1963 ) Baltimore Colts ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 1,737 8,378 4.8 1963 -- 1984 ( 21 years ) Jim Brown Cleveland Browns ( 1957 -- 1965 ) 2,359 12,312 5.2 1984 -- 2002 ( 18 years ) Walter Payton Chicago Bears ( 1975 -- 1987 ) 3,838 16,726 4.4 2002 -- present ( 15 years ) Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 4,409 18,355 4.2 See also ( edit ) List of National Football League records ( individual ) List of National Football League rushing champions List of National Football League career rushing touchdowns leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1995 , the Los Angeles Rams became known as the St. Louis Rams after the franchise relocated ; they returned in 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickerson was traded mid-season in 1987 ; he played three games for the Rams and nine for the Colts . Jump up ^ In the 1996 season , George 's first , the Tennessee Titans were known as the Houston Oilers ; the franchise relocated prior to the commencement of the 1997 season . Jump up ^ Anderson was traded mid-season in 1986 ; he played four games for the Cardinals and eight for the Giants . References ( edit ) General `` NFL History -- Rushing Leaders '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . `` NFL Rushing Yards Career Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Footnotes Jump up ^ Frye , Brian ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` History of the Career Rushing Yards Record '' . thegridfe.com . GridFe . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Smith 's Firm Hold on Coveted Record '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ( hide ) National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 400 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Kickoff return yards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_career_rushing_yards_leaders&oldid=832856527 '' Categories : National Football League records and achievements American football running backs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 10 : 56 . About Wikipedia | who has the most rushing yards in football | [
"Seven players have been recognized as having held the career rushing yards record in the NFL. Since reliable yardage statistics were not recorded prior to 1932, the first NFL player recognized as the career leader in rushing yards was Cliff Battles, who played from 1932 to 1937 for the Boston Braves / Boston Redskins / Washington Redskins.[1] He led the NFL with 576 yards in 1932 and held on to the record throughout his career. Emmitt Smith has held the record since surpassing Walter Payton's long-standing total in 2002.[2]"
] | [
"Emmitt Smith"
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-9004373565569868918 | Higher education in the United States | Higher education in the United States - wikipedia Higher education in the United States Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal 2008 -- 2012 Bachelor 's Degree or Higher ( 5 - year estimate ) by County ( percent ) People 25 Years and Over Who Have Completed an Advanced Degree by State ( percent ) ( 2012 ) Higher education in the United States is an optional final stage of formal learning following secondary education . Higher education , also referred to as post-secondary education , third stage , third level , or tertiary education occurs most commonly at one of the 4,627 Title IV degree - granting institutions , either colleges or universities in the country . These may be public universities , private universities , liberal arts colleges , community colleges , or for - profit colleges . Higher education in the United States is loosely regulated by a number of third - party organizations that vary in quality . High visibility issues include rising tuition and increasing student loan debt , greater use of the Internet , competency - based education , sexual assault , cutbacks in state and local spending , the adjunctification of academic labor , and student poverty and hunger . According to the National Student Clearinghouse , US college enrollment has declined for six consecutive years . Enrollment is projected to continue declining or be stagnant for the next two decades . This decline , partially attributable to falling birth rates and fewer foreign students , amounts to 2.6 million fewer students from the peak year of 2010 -- 11 . Strong research and funding have helped make America 's elite colleges and universities among the world 's most prestigious , making them particularly attractive to international students , professors and researchers in the pursuit of academic excellence . Other countries , however , are now offering incentives to take away researchers as funding is threatened . The United States higher education system has also been blighted by fly - by - night schools , diploma mills , visa mills , and predatory for - profit colleges . According to Pew Research Center and Gallup poll surveys conducted in 2017 , public opinion about US colleges has been declining , especially among Republicans and the white working class . The higher education industry has been criticized for being unnecessarily expensive , providing a difficult - to - measure service which is seen as vital but in which providers are paid for inputs instead of outputs , and which is beset with federal regulations which drive up costs , and with payments not coming from users but from third parties.In 2018 , a Pew survey found that 61 percent of those polled said that US higher education was headed in the wrong direction . Unlike the tertiary education system of the UK and Australia , American education is unique in the world to place strong emphasis on Liberal Arts education in its higher education curriculum . Contents 1 Statistics 1.1 Declining numbers 2 Types of colleges and universities 2.1 Community colleges 2.2 Colleges 2.2. 1 College accessibility and success for Latinos in New York City 2.2. 2 Accessibility to college readiness programs 2.2. 3 Rates of enrollment , graduation and dropping out 2.3 Liberal arts colleges 2.4 Technical Schools 2.5 Universities 2.6 For - profit colleges 3 Student funding 3.1 Grant , scholarship , and work study program facts 3.2 Student loans 3.2. 1 Federal student loans 3.2. 2 Private student loans 3.2. 3 Education tax credits 3.3 Free college tuition 4 History 4.1 Colonial era 4.1. 1 Enslavement and exclusion 4.2 19th century 4.3 Impact of 19th - century colleges 4.4 Law and medical schools 4.5 20th century 4.5. 1 Catholic colleges and universities 4.5. 2 Community colleges 4.5. 3 Student activism and grade inflation 4.5. 4 For - profit colleges 4.6 21st century 4.6. 1 Mergers and downsizing 4.6. 2 Technology 4.6. 3 Protests and political clashes 5 Funding of schools 5.1 Concentration of wealth 6 Admission process 7 International study and student exchange 8 Government coordination 8.1 Coordination institutions 8.2 Academic employment and adjunctification 9 Selected issues 9.1 Rankings of tertiary institutions 9.1. 1 2007 movement 9.2 Financial value of degrees 9.2. 1 College major by underemployment rate 9.2. 2 Financial value of skilled trades 9.3 Socioeconomic status 9.3. 1 Enrollment 9.3. 2 Persistence and performance 9.4 Race 9.4. 1 Enrollment 9.4. 2 Miscellaneous Issues 9.5 Gender 9.6 Undocumented students 9.7 Rural , urban , and suburban 9.8 MOOC 10 Criticism 10.1 Cost and finances 10.1. 1 Issues related to financial aid 10.2 For - profit schools and visa mills 10.3 Student loan debt 10.4 Graduation rates 10.5 Academic standards 10.6 Political views 10.6. 1 Professor Watchlist 10.7 Geographic considerations 10.8 Skepticism about higher education 10.9 Declining accessibility and high cost 10.10 Ending affirmative action 10.11 Sexual assault 10.12 Student poverty and hunger 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Statistics ( edit ) In 2012 , the US peaked at a total of 4,726 Title IV - eligible , degree - granting institutions : 3,026 4 - year institutions and 1,700 2 - year institutions . By 2014 -- 15 , the total had declined to 4,627 institutions . In 2010 , the US peaked at more than 21 million students in higher education , roughly 5.7 % of the total population . About 13 million of these students were enrolled full - time which was 81,000 students lower than 2010 . Total enrollment had fallen to 20.4 million students by fall 2015 . A US Department of Education longitudinal survey of 15,000 high school students in 2002 , and again in 2012 at age 27 , found that 84 % of the 27 - year - old students had some college education , but only 34 % achieved a bachelor 's degree or higher ; 79 % owe some money for college and 55 % owe more than $10,000 ; college dropouts were three times more likely to be unemployed than those who finished college ; 40 % spent some time unemployed and 23 % were unemployed for six months or more ; and 79 % earned less than $40,000 per year . Declining numbers ( edit ) Falling birth rates have meant fewer young people are graduating from high school . The number of high school graduates grew 30 % from 1995 to 2013 , then peaked at 3.5 million and projections show it holding at about that level in the next decade . According to the National Student Clearinghouse and the National Center for Education Statistics , enrollment has been declining since 2010 -- 11 . According to the National Student Clearinghouse , enrollment in 2016 was down about 2.4 million from the peak year . The US Department of Education , National Center for Education Statistics , has also reported a loss of more than 800,000 students from 2010 to 2014 . Enrollment numbers continued to decline in 2017 and 2018 . The number of Title - IV - eligible institutions has also declined by 17.8 % since 2012 -- 13 . In 2018 , the National Center for Education Statistics projected stagnant enrollment patterns until at least 2027 . Types of colleges and universities ( edit ) Harvard University : Harvard Yard with freshman dorms in the background . See also : List of American institutions of higher education and List of state universities in the United States Colleges and universities in the U.S. vary in terms of goals : some may emphasize a vocational , business , engineering , or technical curriculum ( like polytechnic universities and land - grant universities ) while others may emphasize a liberal arts curriculum . Many combine some or all of the above , being a comprehensive university . In the US , the term `` college '' refers to either one of three types of education institutions : stand - alone higher level education institutions that are not components of a university , including 1 ) community colleges , 2 ) liberal arts colleges , or 3 ) a college within a university , mostly the undergraduate institution of a university . Unlike colleges versus universities in other portions of the world , a stand - alone college is truly stand - alone and is not part of a university , and is also not affiliated with an affiliating university . The Great Dome of Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , a university adopting the polytechnic university model . Almost all colleges and universities are coeducational . During a dramatic transition in the 1970s , all but a handful of men 's colleges started accepting women . Over 80 % of the women 's colleges of the 1960s have closed or merged , leaving fewer than 50 in operation . Over 100 historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) operate , both private ( such as Morehouse College ) and public ( such as North Carolina A&T State University ) . Higher education has led to the creation of accreditation organizations , independent of the government , to vouch for the quality of competing degrees . The accreditation agencies rate universities and colleges on criteria such as academic quality , the quality of their libraries , the publishing records of their faculty , the degrees which their faculty hold , and their financial solvency . Accrediting agencies have been criticized for possible conflicts of interest that lead to favorable results . Non-accredited institutions exist , but the students are not eligible for federal loans . Community colleges ( edit ) Community colleges are often , though not always , two - year colleges . They have open admissions , with generally lower tuition fees than other state or private schools . Graduates receive an associate 's degree , such as an Associate of Arts ( A.A. ) , upon graduating . Many students earn an associate degree at a two - year institution before transferring to a four - year institution to complete studies for a bachelor 's degree . Four - year colleges usually have a larger number of students , offer a greater range of studies , and provide the bachelor 's degree ( most commonly the Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) or Bachelor of Science ( B.S. ) ) . They are primarily either undergraduate institutions ( i.e. Liberal Arts Colleges ) , or the undergraduate institution of a university ( such as Harvard College and Yale College ) . The DeSeversky Mansion on the Old Westbury campus of New York Institute of Technology . According to National Student Clearinghouse data , community college enrollment has dropped by 1.6 million students since its peak year of 2010 -- 11 . According to one survey , 88 % of community colleges were facing declining enrollments . A report in The New York Times in 2017 suggested that of the nation 's 18 million undergraduates , 40 % were attending community college ; of these students , 62 % were attending community college full - time , and 40 % of them worked at least 30 hours a week or more , and more than half lived at home as a way to save money . Colleges ( edit ) Some U.S. states ( such as Washington ) now offer tertiary education at `` colleges '' , many of which were formerly called `` community colleges '' . The elevation in status comes from a cooperation between the community college and a local university . There are two primary distinctions between colleges and community colleges that arise from this arrangement . The first is an increased standardization of curricula and adherence to some university guidelines at the colleges , thereby improving the chances that ( former ) community college credits are transferred to in - state universities . The aim is to maximize the number of transferred credits , as this has traditionally been a frequent issue that forces students to take redundant coursework , pay more tuition unnecessarily , as well as giving them unfair competitive advantage at university . The second primary distinction is that the renamed colleges , in cooperation with a university , can offer courses that go beyond the 2 - year - level of education that is typical of community colleges . Some colleges go so far as to offer particular , specialized 4 - year bachelor 's degrees on behalf of the university . College accessibility and success for Latinos in New York City ( edit ) According to Pew Research Center , 66 % of Hispanic students who do not enroll into college after high school cited that the reason behind their decision was their need to support their families . Yet there are factors which contribute to those who do in fact decide to enroll into college despite their socioeconomic status . The cultural resources looked at were ethnic identity , family interdependence and parental support to distinguish how these factors helped Latino students , not only during the enrollment process to colleges , but also , to see if it were advantageous towards them having a positive college experience . The students looked at for the survey in the Journal of Adolescence were 123 Latino college students , mainly consisting of 84 females and 39 males . It was based on information in which the student 's parents needed to provide , such as their occupations , educational levels , as well as information that needed to be provided by students , such as , if they were either native or foreign born , and in which socioeconomic background the students would be coming from ; this could vary between very low , moderately low or medium / average which were important attributes to the study being done . The family interdependence served those in low socioeconomic statuses in a positive direction while most Latinos hold a part - time or full - time job and balance the responsibilities of their lives including work and family . Most Latino college students have a strong desire to succeed in their education as a repayment to not only their parents , but also the sacrifices their families made when immigrating to the United States . Ethnic identity can be a process when one explores the implication they have in their ethnicity which result in a stronger , more secure sense of self that helps in their decision making not only in college , but throughout their lives . Some disadvantages that lead to a negative college experience can range from such conditions of language barriers , stress , broader social and community networks within which Latino families are embedded . However , in Minding / Mending the Puerto Rican education pipeline in New York City , much of the Latino youth is living in poverty , specifically Puerto Rican youth , whom make much of the 21.5 % of students enrolled in New York State public schools . According to the article , New York State public middle schools were reported having the least experienced teachers , most teachers teaching out of certification and even the highest rate of teacher turnover . The disadvantages highlighted in the article that focus on Latinos in middle school are pertinent because it shows just how early the Latino communities are faced with handicaps in the educational system . The High Schools in New York City as of 2002 were considered a weak promoting point because the students are seen to have less than a 50 / 50 chance of graduating on time or even at all . These city High Schools can be overly populated with majority being minority who happen to not be receiving the same attention as those in the white suburban counterparts . The students are provided with the bare minimum of information towards continuing their education , many being left wondering what they should do resulting in having to do research on their own because of the lack of information given relating to resources including financial aid and college life . Accessibility to college readiness programs ( edit ) As ways to promote college to Latino students in New York City , programs such as CREAR Futuros and ASPIRA were created to assist Latino students who have little knowledge about the benefits of an education past secondary school . Programs like ASPIRA , founded by Dr. Antonia Pantoja in 1961 , were founded as a way to address the ever - growing issues such as drop - out rates and low educational attainment amongst the Latino community . The program was built off of the belief that Puerto Ricans could be freed from poverty by emphasizing a focus on educating the youth , developing leadership skills , as well as establishing a stronger sense of cultural identity in the community . Much like ASPIRA , CREAR Futuros is a coalition established to combat the ever - growing educational gaps observed in the Latino communities in New York City . After discovering the educational gap between whites and Latinos , the coalition aimed to promote practices and policies that would improve educational equity and level of accessibility to higher learning institutions amongst the Latino communities . In being developed , these programs set out to educate and support Latino communities through means of informal and formal educational and intervention programs . ASPIRA is a prime example of an organization that prioritized these educational efforts . In doing so , ASPIRA set out to establish themselves as a formal education service , creating charter schools in inner cities to improve the educational gap within the Latino communities . These programs were not only created to further educate the youth , they also aimed to incorporate the parents and families of the children into their education , urging the schools to rework parent - teacher nights as well as increase roles amongst the parent coordinators . CREAR Futuros was a group that placed a heavy emphasis on such movements . The coalition not only placed a heavy concern on parental involvement in the child 's education , it also aimed to make college accessible to those students who are immigrants and have no access to federal student aid and tuition assistance programs , despite being a part of the public - school system for most of their lives . CREAR Futuros is a strong example of an awareness program that supports the Latino communities in New York City . This is because of their strong presence in City University of New York ( CUNY ) public schools ; having been established in Lehman College and Borough of Manhattan Community College ( BMCC ) . This program is implemented in these schools with the purpose of providing mentorship for students and social networking amongst students and professors . ASPIRA first began as a small non-profit organization in New York in 1961 . As mentioned earlier , it was founded to improve the education of Puerto Ricans and Latino communities . It also aimed to provide opportunities for the youth and their families that they might not have been presented with before . Their facilities are found in midtown Manhattan at 15 W 36th Street . Rates of enrollment , graduation and dropping out ( edit ) This graph shows the educational attainment since 1940 . Latinos are making huge advances in college enrollment . In 2014 , 35 % of Latinos , ages 18 to 24 were enlisted in a two - or four - year school , up from 22 % out of 1993 . That added up to 2.3 million Latino undergrads in 2014 . Despite the fact that more Latinos are getting a postsecondary education than any time in recent memory , they still slack when compared to other ethnic groups in acquiring a four - year degree . Starting in 2014 , among Latinos ages 25 to 29 , only 15 % of them have a four - year college education or higher . By examination , among a similar age gathering , around 41 % of whites have a four - year college education or higher ( as do 22 % of blacks and 63 % of Asians ) . Even though the rate of college attendance has risen over the years , it is still more unusual for Latinos , more than any other ethnic group , to enlist in senior colleges and achieve a four - year degree . Over the previous decade , the Latino high school dropout rate has dropped significantly . The rate achieved a new low in 2014 , dropping from 32 % in the year 2000 to 12 % in the year 2014 among the ages 18 to 24 . This helped bring down the national dropout rate from 12 % to 7 % over the same period of time and age range . However , the Latino dropout rate remains higher than that of blacks ( 7 % ) , whites ( 5 % ) and Asians ( 1 % ) . The decrease in the Latino dropout rate is especially important , given the substantial increase in enrollment in U.S. open and tuition based schools . Between the years 1999 and 2016 , the quantity of Latinos selected in the open and private nursery schools , from K -- 12 schools and colleges expanded 80 % , from 9.9 million to 17.9 million . Despite the drop - out rates decreasing throughout the country in high schools , in 2011 , in New York City community colleges , there were an alarming rate of students who are not prepared for college immediately out of public high schools . This was seen in the number of students needing to take remedial reading , writing and math classes after entering from high school . Hostos Community College in the South Bronx has the city 's lowest two - year graduation rate -- at 1.4 % . Also , within six years 51 % have dropped out from what are supposed to be two - year degree - granting institutions . About 28 % actually manage to get a degree six years after enrolling at Kingsborough , Queensborough , LaGuardia , Hostos , Bronx or Borough of Manhattan Community Colleges . Liberal arts colleges ( edit ) Four - year institutions in the U.S. emphasizing the liberal arts are liberal arts colleges , entirely undergraduate institutions and stand - alone . They traditionally emphasize interactive instruction , although student research projects are of growing importance . They are known for being residential and for having smaller enrollment , class size , and higher teacher - student ratios than universities . These colleges encourage a high level of teacher - student interaction , at the center of which are classes taught by full - time faculty , rather than graduate student teaching assistants ( TAs ) , who often teach classes at some Research I universities and other universities . Most are private , although there are public liberal arts colleges . Some offer experimental curricula , such as Hampshire College , Beloit College , Bard College at Simon 's Rock , Pitzer College , Sarah Lawrence College , Grinnell College , Bennington College , New College of Florida , and Reed College . Technical schools ( edit ) Technical schools are four - year institutions that emphasize a particular trade or set of technical skills , primarily for the sake of employability . Universities ( edit ) Saint Anselm College , a New England liberal arts college Universities are research - oriented educational institutions which provide both undergraduate and graduate programs . For historical reasons , some universities such as Boston College , Dartmouth College , and The College of William & Mary and College of Charleston have retained the term `` college '' instead of `` university '' as their name . Graduate programs grant a variety of master 's degrees ( like the Master of Arts ( M.A. ) , Master of Science ( M.S. ) , Master of Business Administration ( M.B.A. ) or Master of Fine Arts ( M.F.A. ) ) in addition to doctorates such as the Ph. D . The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education distinguishes among institutions on the basis of the prevalence of degrees they grant and considers the granting of master 's degrees necessary , though not sufficient , for an institution to be classified as a university . Public California State University , Office of the Chancellor in Long Beach , California Some universities have professional schools . Examples include journalism school , business school , medical schools which award either the M.D. or D.O. , law schools ( J.D. ) , veterinary schools ( D.V.M. ) , pharmacy schools ( Pharm. D . ) , and dental schools . A common practice is to refer to different units within universities as colleges or schools , what is referred to outside the U.S. as faculties . Some colleges may be divided into departments , including an anthropology department within a college of liberal arts and sciences , within a larger university . Few universities adopt the term `` college '' as names of academic organizations . For example , Purdue University is composed of multiple colleges -- among others , the College of Agriculture and the College of Engineering . Of these Purdue breaks the College of Agriculture down into departments , such as the Department of Agronomy or the Department of Entomology , whereas Purdue breaks down the College of Engineering into schools , such as the School of Electrical Engineering , which enrolls more students than some of its colleges do . As is common in this scheme , Purdue categorizes both its undergraduate students ( and faculty and programs ) and its post-graduate students ( and faculty and programs ) via this scheme of decomposition , being a topical decomposition that focuses on an academic sector of directly related academic disciplines . Ezekiel W. Cullen Building on the campus of the University of Houston The American university system is largely decentralized . Public universities are administered by the individual states and territories , usually as part of a state university system . Except for the United States service academies and staff colleges , the federal government does not directly regulate universities . However it can offer federal grants and any institution that receives federal funds must certify that it has adopted and implemented a drug prevention program that meets federal regulations . Each state supports at least one state university and several support many more . California , for example , has three public higher education systems : the 10 - campus University of California , the 23 - campus California State University , and the 112 - campus California Community Colleges System . Public universities often have a large student body , with introductory classes numbering in the hundreds , and some undergraduate classes taught by graduate students . Tribal colleges operated on Indian reservations by some federally recognized tribes are also public institutions . Many private universities also exist . Among these , some are secular while others are involved in religious education . Some are non-denominational and some are affiliated with a certain sect or church , such as Roman Catholicism ( with different institutions often sponsored by particular religious institutes such as the Jesuits ) or religions such as Lutheranism or Mormonism . Seminaries are private institutions for those preparing to become members of the clergy . Most private schools ( like all public schools ) are non-profit , although some are for - profit . For - profit colleges ( edit ) For - profit higher education ( known as for - profit college or proprietary education in some instances ) refers to higher education educational institutions operated by private , profit - seeking businesses . University of Phoenix has been the largest for - profit college in the US . Since 2010 , for - profit colleges have received greater scrutiny and negative attention from the US government , state Attorneys General , the media , and scholars . Student funding ( edit ) In 2016 , average estimated annual student costs ( excluding books ) were $16,757 at public institutions , $43,065 at private nonprofit institutions , and $23,776 at private for - profit institutions . Between 2006 and 2016 , prices at public colleges and universities rose 34 percent above inflation , and prices at private nonprofit institutions rose 26 percent above inflation . The Main Building on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin Students often use scholarships , student loans , or grants to supplement their tuition costs , rather than paying all tuition out - of - pocket . Several states offer scholarships that allow students to attend free of tuition or at lower cost , for example the HOPE Scholarship in Georgia and the Bright Futures Scholarship Program in Florida . A considerable number of private liberal arts colleges and universities offer full need - based financial aid , which means that admitted students will only have to pay as much as their families can afford ( based on the university 's assessment of their income ) . This can turn some of the most prestigious institutions into the cheapest options for low - income students . In most cases , the barrier of entry for students who require financial aid is set higher , a practice called need - aware admissions . Universities with exceptionally large endowments may combine need - based financial aid with need - blind admission , in which students who require financial aid have equal chances to those who do not . Financial assistance comes in two primary forms : Grant programs and loan programs . Grant programs consist of money the student receives to pay for higher education that does not need to be paid back , while loan programs consist of money the student receives to pay for higher education that must be paid back . Public higher education institutions ( which are partially funded through state government appropriation ) and private higher education institutions ( which are funded exclusively through tuition and private donations ) offer both grant and loan financial assistance programs . Grants to attend public schools are distributed through federal and state governments , as well as through the schools themselves ; grants to attend private schools are distributed through the school itself ( independent organizations , such as charities or corporations also offer grants that can be applied to both public and private higher education institutions ) . Loans can be obtained publicly through government sponsored loan programs or privately through independent lending institutions . Grant , scholarship , and work study program Facts ( edit ) Grant programs , as well as work study programs , can be divided into two primary categories : Need - based financial awards and merit - based financial awards . Most state governments provide need - based scholarship programs , while a few also offer merit - based aid . Several need - based grants are provided through the federal government based on information provided on a student 's Free Application for Federal Student Aid or FAFSA . The federal Pell Grant is a need - based grant available from the federal government . The federal government also has two other grants that are a combination of need - based and merit - based : the Academic Competitiveness Grant , and the National SMART Grant , but the SMART grant was abolished in 2011 with the last grant awarded in June 2011 . In order to receive one of these grants a student must be eligible for the Pell Grant , meet specific academic requirements , and be a US citizen . A student 's eligibility for work study programs is also determined by information collected on the student 's FAFSA . Need - based financial awards are money or work study jobs provided to students who do not have the financial resources by themselves to pay for higher education . The intent of need - based financial aid is to close the gap between the required cost to pay for the higher education and the money that is available to pay for the education . Merit - based financial awards are money given to a student based on a particular gift , talent , conditional situation , or ability that is worthy of the monetary award , regardless of economic standing . The intent of merit - based financial aid is to encourage and reward students who exhibit these qualities , in the hopes that they will attend the university providing the merit - based award or scholarship . Not only does merit - based assistance benefit the student , but the benefit is seen as reciprocal for the educational institution itself , as students who exhibit exceptional qualities are able to enhance the development of the school itself . Financial aid has also been found to be linked to increased enrollment . A study conducted by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that an increased availability of any amount of financial aid leads to increased enrollment rates . Evidence also suggests that access to financial aid also increases both `` persistence and competition '' . Further benefit has been noted with academic - based scholarships , augmenting the effects of financial aid by incentivizing the scholarship with performance - based requirements . Many companies offer tuition reimbursement plans for their employees , in order to make the benefit package more attractive , to upgrade the skill levels and to increase retention . Student loans ( edit ) Main article : Student loans in the United States In 2012 , student loan debt owed in the United States totaled more than $1 trillion . In 2012 , total student loans exceeded consumer credit card debt for the first time in history . In late 2016 , the total estimated US student loan debt exceeds $1.4 trillion . Many different types of loans can be taken out by a student or the student 's parents in order to pay for higher education . In general these can be divided into two categories : federal student loans and private student loans . Federal student loans ( edit ) There are four kinds of student loans available through the government : subsidized Stafford Loans , unsubsidized Stafford Loans , direct loans , and PLUS loans . A student 's eligibility for any of these loans , as well as the amount of the loan itself is determined by information on the student 's FAFSA . The interest rate and whether or not interest accrues on the loan while the student is in school depends of the type of federal loan . For example , subsidized Stafford Loans do not accrue interest while a student is enrolled in a university , whereas unsubsidized Stafford Loans accrue interest as soon as a student receives them . In 2017 , the Federal Perkins Loan program expired . n November 2016 , the US Department of Education issued a new regulation of student loan repayments known as `` Borrower Defense . '' This rule was intended to reform the Direct Loan Program so student loans would be easier to repay . On July 25 , 2018 , US Secretary of Education Betsy Devos issued a rule declaring that the Borrow Defense rule would be repealed effective July 1 , 2019 A stricter repayment policy will take its place . Private student loans ( edit ) Students can also acquire loans privately , through banks , credit unions , savings and loan associations , or other finance companies ( ref . article p. 3 ) . Private loans are typically used to supplement federal student loans , which have a yearly borrowing limit . However , private loans typically have more rigid repayment policies . Education tax credits ( edit ) US taxpayers may be eligible for tax credits designed to help make higher education more affordable . There are two different tax credits meant to help defray the costs of higher education : the Hope Tax Credit and the Lifetime Learning Tax Credit . Free college tuition ( edit ) Rhode Island , Tennessee , and Oregon offer free tuition for community college students . Community college tuition was free in California from 1960 to 1984 . The City University of New York also offered free tuition from 1970 to 1976 . Legislation for free community college has been proposed in 11 other states : Arizona , California , Hawaii , Illinois , Kentucky , Maryland , Massachusetts , Mississippi , Oklahoma , Washington , and Wisconsin . History ( edit ) Main article : History of higher education in the United States This article appears to contradict the article History of higher education in the United States . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Colonial era ( edit ) Religious denominations established most early colleges in order to train ministers . Harvard College was founded by the colonial legislature in 1636 . In 1659 , Polish Aleksander Karol Kurcjusz first established higher education in New Amsterdam ( Bobr - Tylingo 1982 , 145 ) . Harvard initially focused on training young men for the ministry , and won general support from the Puritan government , some of whose leaders had attended either Oxford or Cambridge . The College of William & Mary was founded by Virginia government in 1693 , with 20,000 acres ( 81 km ) of land for an endowment , and a penny tax on every pound of tobacco , together with an annual appropriation . James Blair , the leading Church of England minister in the colony , was president for 50 years , and the college won the broad support of the Virginia gentry . It trained many of the lawyers , politicians , and leading planters . Yale College was founded in 1701 , and in 1716 was relocated to New Haven , Connecticut . The conservative Puritan ministers of Connecticut had grown dissatisfied with the more liberal theology of Harvard , and wanted their own school to train orthodox ministers . New Light Presbyterians in 1747 set up the College of New Jersey , in the town of Princeton , which later was renamed Princeton University . Enslavement and exclusion ( edit ) Several colleges , including Brown University , Harvard , Dartmouth , William and Mary , University of Virginia , Georgetown University , University of Alabama , University of South Carolina , Clemson University and Rutgers University held enslaved people -- and relied on captives to operate . 19th century ( edit ) Share of all bachelor 's degrees awarded by field Many Protestant denominations , as well as the Catholics , opened small colleges in the nineteenth century . The Catholics , especially , opened a number of women 's colleges in the early twentieth century . All of the schools were small , with a limited undergraduate curriculum based on the liberal arts . Students were drilled in Greek , Latin , geometry , ancient history , logic , ethics and rhetoric , with few discussions and no lab sessions . Originality and creativity were not prized , but exact repetition was rewarded . The college president typically enforced strict discipline , and the upperclassman enjoyed hazing the freshman . Many students were younger than 17 , and most of the colleges also operated a preparatory school . There were no organized sports , or Greek - letter fraternities , but literary societies were active . Tuition was very low and scholarships were few . Many of their students were sons of clergymen ; most planned professional careers as ministers , lawyers or teachers . Impact of 19th - century colleges ( edit ) Summarizing the research of Burke and Hall , Katz concludes that in the 19th century : . The nation 's many small colleges helped young men make the transition from rural farms to complex urban occupations . These colleges especially promoted upward mobility by preparing ministers and thereby provided towns across the country with a core of community leaders . The elite colleges became increasingly exclusive and contributed relatively little to upward social mobility . By concentrating on the offspring of wealthy families , ministers and a few others , the elite Eastern colleges , especially Harvard , played an important role in the formation of a Northeastern elite with great power . Law and medical schools ( edit ) There were no schools of law in the early British colonies , thus no schools of law were in America in colonial times . A few lawyers studied at the highly prestigious Inns of Court in London , while the majority served apprenticeships with established American lawyers . Law was very well established in the colonies , compared to medicine , which was in rudimentary condition . In the 18th century , 117 Americans had graduated in medicine in Edinburgh , Scotland , but most physicians in the colonies learned as apprentices . In Philadelphia , the Medical College of Philadelphia was founded in 1765 , and became affiliated with the university in 1791 . In New York , the medical department of King 's College was established in 1767 , and in 1770 awarded the first American M.D. degree . 20th century ( edit ) At the beginning of the 20th century , fewer than 1,000 colleges with 160,000 students existed in the United States . The number of colleges skyrocketed in waves , during the early and mid 20th century . State universities grew from small institutions of fewer than 1000 students to gigantic campuses with 40,000 more students , as well as a network of regional campuses around the state . In turn the regional campuses broke away and became separate universities . To handle the explosive growth of K -- 12 education , every state set up a network of teachers ' colleges , beginning with Massachusetts in the 1830s . After 1950 , they became state colleges and then state universities With a broad curriculum . Catholic colleges and universities ( edit ) Main article : History of Catholic education in the United States § Colleges and universities The Main Building at the University of Notre Dame , the best known Catholic university in the United States The Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities was founded in 1899 and continues to facilitate the exchange of information and methods . Vigorous debate in recent decades has focused on how to balance Catholic and academic roles , with conservatives arguing that bishops should exert more control to guarantee orthodoxy . Community colleges ( edit ) Major new trends included the development of the junior colleges . They were usually set up by City school systems starting in the 1920s . By the 1960s they were renamed as `` community colleges . '' Junior colleges grew from 20 in number In 1909 , to 170 in 1919 . By 1922 , 37 states had set up 70 junior colleges , enrolling about 150 students each . Meanwhile , another 137 were privately operated , with about 60 students each . Rapid expansion continued in the 1920s , with 440 junior colleges in 1930 enrolling about 70,000 students . The peak year for private institutions came in 1949 , when there were 322 junior colleges in all ; 180 were affiliated with churches , 108 were independent non-profit , and 34 were private Schools run for - profit . Many factors contributed to rapid growth of community colleges . Students parents and businessmen wanted nearby , low - cost schools to provide training for the growing white collar labor force , as well as for more advanced technical jobs in the blue collar sphere . Four year colleges were also growing , albeit not as fast ; however many of them were located in rural or small - town areas away from the fast - growing metropolis . Community colleges continue as open enrollment , low - cost institutions with a strong component of vocational education , as well as a low - cost preparation for transfer students into four - year schools . They appeal to a poorer , older , less prepared element . Student activism and grade inflation ( edit ) College students were involved in social movements long before the 20th century , but the most dramatic student movements rose in the 1960s . In the 1960s , students organized for civil rights and against the Vietnam War . In the 1970s , students led movements for women 's rights and gay rights , as well as protests against South African apartheid The same period saw a distinct rise in student GPAs . For - profit colleges ( edit ) Main article : For - profit higher education in the United States While for - profit colleges originated during Colonial times , growth in these schools was most apparent from the 1980s to about 2011 . For - profit college enrollment , however , has declined significantly since 2011 , after several federal investigations . For - profit colleges were criticized for predatory marketing and sales practices . The failures of Corinthian Colleges and ITT Technical Institute were the most remarkable closings . In 2018 , the documentary Fail State chronicled the boom and bust of for - profit colleges , highlighting the abuses that led to their downfall . 21st century ( edit ) Students of a U.S. university with their professor on the far right , 2009 Changing technology and politics have resulted in dramatic changes in US higher education during the 21st century . Mergers and downsizing ( edit ) Hundreds of colleges are expected to close or merge , according to research from Ernst & Young . Technology ( edit ) In 2017 , about 15 % of all students attend exclusively online , and competition for online students has been increasing Protests and political clashes ( edit ) Student protests and clashes between left and right appeared on several US campuses in 2017 . On August 11 , 2017 , White nationalists and members of the alt - right rallied at the University of Virginia , protesting the removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee . The following day , one person died during protests in Charlottesville . Following this event , speaking engagements by Richard Spencer were canceled at Texas A&M and University of Florida . Funding of schools ( edit ) According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities , `` years of cuts in state funding for public colleges and universities '' have made college less affordable and less accountable for students . As a result , public colleges and universities must close campuses , retain fewer professors and staff , and drive up tuition costs . The decline in funding for these public institutions since the Great Recession is nearly `` $9 billion below its 2008 level , after adjusting for inflation . '' The long - term consequences of a decline in state funding for public colleges and universities are fewer low - income students , more non-residents of the state ( non-resident tuition is typically three times resident tuition ) , and higher tuition . Since the Great Recession , U.S. universities have transitioned from federal grants to corporate funds and have been `` increasingly reliant on private philanthropy '' . At the University of Maryland , Northrop Grumman has funded a cybersecurity concentration , designs the curriculum in cybersecurity , provides computers and pays some cost of a new dorm . At Ohio State , IBM partnered to teach big data analytics . Murray State University 's engineering program was supported by computer companies . The College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering at State University of New York in Albany , received billions of dollars in private sector investment . ITT Educational Services Inc , a big operator of For - Profit Schools , warned in July 2014 that it could face restricted funding from the U.S. government for failing to file timely financial reports . Concentration of wealth ( edit ) The top 25 US schools have 52 % of all endowment wealth . Admission process ( edit ) Main article : College admissions in the United States Students can apply to some colleges using the Common Application . With a few exceptions , most undergraduate colleges and universities maintain the policy that students are to be admitted to ( or rejected from ) the entire college , not to a particular department or major . ( This is unlike college admissions in many European countries , as well as graduate admissions . ) Some students , rather than being rejected , are `` wait - listed '' for a particular college and may be admitted if another student who was admitted decides not to attend the college or university . The five major parts of admission are ACT / SAT scores , grade point average , college application , essay , and letters of recommendation . The SAT 's usefulness in the admissions process is controversial . It may or may not be biased , and it may or may not serve as a check on grade inflation in secondary schools . Nevertheless , some colleges are making the SAT optional for applying students . Further information : Transfer admissions in the United States International study and student exchange ( edit ) Columbia University Low Memorial Library . In 2007 -- 08 , American students numbering 262,416 studied outside the country with more than 140,000 of these studying in Europe . The US is the most popular country in the world in terms of attracting students from other countries , according to UNESCO , with 16 % of all international students going to the US ( the next highest is the UK with 11 % ) . 671,616 foreign students enrolled in American colleges in 2008 -- 09 . This figure rose to 723,277 in 2010 -- 11 . The largest number , 157,558 , came from China . According to Uni in the USA , despite `` exorbitant '' costs of US universities , higher education in America remains attractive to international students due to `` generous subsidies and financial aid packages that enable students from even the most disadvantaged backgrounds to attend the college of their dreams '' . Government coordination ( edit ) Coordination institutions ( edit ) Every state has an entity designed to promote coordination and collaboration between higher education institutions . A few are listed : Alabama Commission on Higher Education , California Postsecondary Education Commission , Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board , Washington State Higher Education Coordinating Board , The Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education . Academic employment and adjunctification ( edit ) In the 1980s and 1990s significant changes in the economics of academic life began to be felt , identified by some as a catastrophe in the making and by others as a new era with potentially huge gains for the university . Some critics identified the changes as a new `` corporatization of the university . '' Academic jobs have been traditionally viewed by many intellectuals as desirable , because of the autonomy and intellectual freedom they allow ( especially because of the tenure system ) , despite their low pay compared to other professions requiring extensive education . And until the mid-1970s , when federal expenditures for higher education fell sharply , there were routinely more tenure - track jobs than Ph. D. graduates . In 2012 , by contrast , despite rising tuition rates and growing university revenues ( especially in the U.S. ) well - paid professorial positions were rarer , replaced with poorly paid adjunct positions and graduate - student labor . People with doctorates in the sciences , and , to a lesser extent , mathematics , often found jobs outside of academia ( or worked , part - time , in industry to supplement their incomes ) . A Ph. D. in the humanities and many social sciences prepared the student primarily for academic employment . However , a large proportion of such Ph. D.s -- ranging from 30 % to 60 % -- were unable to obtain tenure - track jobs . They chose between adjunct positions , which paid less and lacked job security ; teaching jobs in community colleges or in high schools , where little research is done ; the non-academic job market , where they will tend to be overqualified ; or some other course of study , such as law or business . In 2017 , 17 % of faculty was tenured. 89 % of adjunct professors worked at more than one job . An adjunct was paid an average of $2,700 for a single course . 31 % of the faculty lived below the poverty level . While student - faculty ratios remained the same since 1975 , administrator - student ratio went from 1 -- 84 to 1 -- 68 . student - professional staff ratios fell from 50 : 1 to 21 : 1 . The money that colleges have been receiving have gone into administration and staff and not teaching . Academics seem to think that the business world is in a feudal environment characterized by huge status differences and abusive treatment of underlings . They think that because , to be honest , that 's a pretty good characterization of ... the modern university , where serfs , in the form of adjunct professors toil in the vineyards With academic institutions producing Ph. D.s in greater numbers than the number of tenure - track professorial positions they intended to create , there was little question that administrators were cognizant of the economic effects of this arrangement . The sociologist Stanley Aronowitz wrote : `` Basking in the plenitude of qualified and credentialed instructors , many university administrators see the time when they can once again make tenure a rare privilege , awarded only to the most faithful and to those whose services are in great demand '' . Aggravating the problem , those few academics who do achieve tenure are often determined to stay put as long as possible , refusing lucrative incentives to retire early . In 2015 , some believed that , as a number of Baby Boomer professors retired , the academic job market would rebound . However , others predicted that this would not result in an appreciable growth of tenure - track positions , as universities would fill their needs with low - paid adjunct positions . Aronowitz ascribed this problem to the economic restructuring of academia as a whole : In fact , the program of restructuring on university campuses , which entails reducing full - time tenure - track positions in favor of part - time , temporary , and contingent jobs , has literally `` fabricated '' this situation . The idea of an academic `` job market '' based on the balance of supply and demand in an open competitive arena is a fiction whose effect is to persuade the candidate that ( he or she ) simply lost out because of bad luck or lack of talent . The truth is otherwise . Selected issues ( edit ) Rankings of tertiary institutions ( edit ) Universitas 21 ranked the country as having the best higher education system in the world in 2012 . Cost was not considered in the rankings . Numerous organizations produce rankings of universities in the United States each year . A 2010 University of Michigan study has confirmed that the rankings in the United States have significantly affected colleges ' applications and admissions . Referred to as the `` granddaddy of the college rankings '' , America 's best -- known American college and university rankings have been compiled since 1983 by U.S. News & World Report and are widely regarded as the most influential of all college rankings . 2007 Movement ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of college and university rankings ( 2007 United States ) On 19 June 2007 , during the annual meeting of the Annapolis Group , members discussed the letter to college presidents asking them not to participate in the `` reputation survey '' section of the U.S. News & World Report survey ( this section comprises 25 % of the ranking ) . As a result , `` a majority of the approximately 80 presidents at the meeting said that they did not intend to participate in the U.S. News reputational rankings in the future . '' However , the decision to fill out the reputational survey or not will be left up to each individual college as : `` the Annapolis Group is not a legislative body and any decision about participating in the US News rankings rests with the individual institutions . '' The statement also said that its members `` have agreed to participate in the development of an alternative common format that presents information about their colleges for students and their families to use in the college search process . '' This database will be web - based and developed in conjunction with higher education organizations including the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities and the Council of Independent Colleges . On 22 June 2007 , U.S. News & World Report editor Robert Morse issued a response in which he argued , `` in terms of the peer assessment survey , we at U.S. News firmly believe the survey has significant value because it allows us to measure the `` intangibles '' of a college that we ca n't measure through statistical data . Plus , the reputation of a school can help get that all - important first job and plays a key part in which grad school someone will be able to get into . The peer survey is by nature subjective , but the technique of asking industry leaders to rate their competitors is a commonly accepted practice . The results from the peer survey also can act to level the playing field between private and public colleges . '' In reference to the alternative database discussed by the Annapolis Group , Morse also argued , `` It 's important to point out that the Annapolis Group 's stated goal of presenting college data in a common format has been tried before ( ... ) U.S. News has been supplying this exact college information for many years already . And it appears that NAICU will be doing it with significantly less comparability and functionality . U.S. News first collects all these data ( using an agreed - upon set of definitions from the Common Data Set ) . Then we post the data on our website in easily accessible , comparable tables . In other words , the Annapolis Group and the others in the NAICU initiative actually are following the lead of U.S. News . '' Financial value of degrees ( edit ) Selection of a four - year college as compared to a two - year junior college , even by marginal students such as those with a C+ grade average in high school and SAT scores in the mid 800s , increases the probability of graduation and confers substantial economic and social benefits for most undergraduates . However , the admission of so many marginal students does impact graduation rates , partly due to the need for these students to take noncredit remedial courses in English , reading , math or science . Some fields of study produce many more graduates than the professions can take in . Due to the resulting higher education bubble , these graduates often have to consider jobs for which they are overqualified , or that have no academic requirements . Employers have responded to the oversupply of graduates by raising the academic requirements of many occupations higher than is really necessary to perform the work . People with higher education have always tended to have higher salaries and less unemployment than people with less education . However , the type of degree has a large impact on future earnings . Average annual earnings range from $27,000 for high school dropouts to $80,000 for those with a graduate degree . Undergraduate earnings range from $46,000 in education to $85,000 in architecture and engineering . Graduate earnings for those same majors are $61,000 and $107,000 respectively . It must be kept in mind , however , that these figures are only averages . There is a significant amount of overlap in the earning power of different levels of education , and the different fields of study . Although vocational education is usually less financially lucrative in the long term than a bachelor 's degree , it can still provide a respectable income at much less cost in time and money , sometimes with the option of upgrading to a bachelor 's degree at a later date . Even ten years after graduation , there are many people with a certificate or associate degree who earn more money than those with a B.A. It can also benefit university graduates , since some four - year schools fail to prepare their graduates for the kinds of jobs that are available in their surrounding regions . Over seven percent of the nation 's community college students already possess a bachelor 's degree . College major by underemployment rate ( edit ) College majors ranked in ascending order by the percentage of college graduates with degrees in those fields who are employed in jobs that do not require a college degree . Data is from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York , the United States Census Bureau , and the American Community Survey . Note : The unemployment and underemployment rates are for recent college graduates ( between the ages 22 and 27 ) . National unemployment and underemployment rates come from the Bureau of Labor Statistics . National percentage of graduate school completion is from the American Community Survey . College Major Unemployment rate Underemployment rate Median Wage Early Career Median Wage Mid-Career Share with Graduate Degree National rates 4.4 % 8.5 % N / A N / A 11.5 % Nursing 2.3 % 11.1 % $50,000 $68,000 26.1 % Miscellaneous education 2.5 % 14.9 % $36,000 $48,000 54.1 % Early childhood education 2.3 % 16.1 % $31,000 $40,000 37.2 % Elementary education 2 % 16.3 % $35,000 $42,900 46.2 % Industrial engineering 1.7 % 17.4 % $64,000 $88,000 40.9 % Special education 1.3 % 17.7 % $35,000 $45,000 59.3 % Civil engineering 2.3 % 18.9 % $56,000 $90,000 37.1 % Chemical engineering 3.8 % 19.1 % $70,000 $103,000 49.8 % Computer engineering 2.8 % 20.3 % $67,000 $105,000 37.9 % General education 2.2 % 21.4 % $36,000 $45,000 46.7 % Electrical engineering 4 % 21.6 % $64,000 $100,000 44 % Mechanical engineering 3.5 % 22.1 % $62,000 $98,000 40.3 % Miscellaneous engineering 3.7 % 24.3 % $60,000 $90,000 44.2 % Aerospace engineering 3.4 % 24.4 % $65,000 $100,000 51.6 % General engineering 2.4 % 24.7 % $60,000 $89,000 36.7 % Secondary education 2.7 % 24.7 % $35,000 $49,900 47.5 % Accounting 2.8 % 25.2 % $48,000 $72,000 28.2 % Computer science 4.4 % 26 % $60,000 $90,000 31.6 % Pharmacy 5.3 % 27 % $45,000 $115,000 57.5 % Architecture 2.8 % 29 % $42,000 $73,000 38.2 % Social services 3.4 % 30.4 % $30,000 $42,000 46.1 % Construction services 4.7 % 31.5 % $54,000 $80,000 9.8 % Mathematics 5.6 % 32 % $48,000 $80,000 52.5 % Physics 3.5 % 33.1 % $46,000 $90,000 70.6 % Treatment therapy 2.7 % 34.2 % $34,500 $68,000 44.1 % Chemistry 3.6 % 34.3 % $40,000 $70,000 65.7 % Biochemistry 3.7 % 34.4 % $40,000 $75,000 71 % Miscellaneous Physical sciences 3.9 % 35.1 % $50,000 $70,000 55.4 % Economics 4.5 % 37.4 % $53,000 $85,000 41.4 % Commercial art and graphic design 5 % 38.3 % $40,000 $59,000 10.7 % Business analytics 3.2 % 38.4 % $55,000 $85,000 24 % Finance 3.7 % 38.4 % $52,000 $85,000 30.9 % Engineering technologies 5.5 % 39.1 % $50,000 $78,000 23 % Journalism 4.6 % 41.6 % $37,000 $70,000 23.9 % Information systems and management 5.3 % 41.8 % $50,000 $75,000 24.5 % Overall 4.1 % 43.4 % $40,000 $65,000 37.3 % Biology 5 % 44.2 % $33,000 $63,000 63.5 % Family and consumer sciences 3.5 % 44.6 % $32,000 $48,000 32.4 % Advertising and public relations 3.4 % 45.7 % $40,000 $70,000 18 % Health services 3.6 % 46.8 % $35,000 $55,000 51.6 % Earth sciences 5.8 % 47.4 % $40,000 $62,000 46.2 % Nutrition sciences 5.4 % 48.1 % $35,000 $60,000 45.8 % Theology and religion 2.7 % 48.5 % $28,000 $49,000 44 % Geography 4.3 % 48.8 % $40,000 $65,000 33.2 % General social sciences 5.6 % 49 % $35,000 $60,000 38.4 % Miscellaneous biological sciences 4.9 % 49.2 % $33,000 $65,000 59.9 % Foreign language 5.2 % 49.4 % $32,500 $60,000 48.6 % Philosophy 6.2 % 49.5 % $35,000 $60,000 56.1 % Psychology 4.9 % 49.7 % $33,500 $55,000 49.9 % English language 6.4 % 49.8 % $35,000 $60,000 45.7 % International relations 4.7 % 49.9 % $42,000 $76,000 42.5 % Environmental studies 4.6 % 50 % $35,000 $62,000 31.5 % Ethnic studies 4.8 % 50.5 % $37,000 $57,000 50.6 % Political science 5 % 50.6 % $40,000 $75,000 51.5 % Interdisciplinary studies 5.1 % 51 % $36,000 $60,000 36.7 % History 5.5 % 51.2 % $36,000 $65,000 49.2 % Sociology 4.8 % 52.1 % $35,000 $55,000 36.2 % Marketing 3 % 53.3 % $42,000 $75,000 17.2 % Agriculture 2.5 % 54.7 % $40,000 $60,000 21 % Medical technicians 0.9 % 54.8 % $43,000 $60,000 22.5 % Communications 3.9 % 54.8 % $38,000 $67,000 23.4 % Art history 3.2 % 55.4 % $35,000 $62,000 42.1 % Animal and plant sciences 3.8 % 55.7 % $35,000 $60,000 33.2 % General business 3.5 % 56 % $43,800 $70,000 24 % Mass Media 7.4 % 56.1 % $35,000 $60,000 19.3 % Liberal arts 6.3 % 57 % $35,000 $57,000 27.9 % Fine arts 6.4 % 58.5 % $32,000 $56,000 22.7 % Business management 4.2 % 59.6 % $40,000 $65,000 23 % Anthropology 5.7 % 60.6 % $30,000 $60,000 48 % Miscellaneous technologies 3.3 % 62.2 % $35,000 $74,000 17 % Leisure and hospitality 4.2 % 63.6 % $32,000 $55,000 29.1 % Performing arts 4.2 % 65.5 % $30,000 $55,000 38.3 % Public policy and law 3.9 % 66.2 % $38,000 $59,000 45.4 % Criminal justice 4.6 % 75.5 % $36,000 $60,000 22.8 % Financial value of skilled trades ( edit ) Wages and expected job openings of skilled trades with educational requirements ranging from an associate degree to a high school diploma . Data is from the Bureau of Labor Statistics . Occupation Required education Median annual wage in May 2010 Projected job openings from 2010 to 2020 Required work experience in a related occupation On - the - job training Air traffic controller Associate degree $108,040 10,200 None Long - term on - the - job training General manager or Operations manager Associate degree $94,400 410,100 1 to 5 years None Construction management Associate degree $83,860 120,400 More than 5 years None Radiation therapist Associate degree $74,980 6,700 None None Nuclear medicine technologist Associate degree $68,560 7,500 None None Dental hygienist Associate degree $68,250 104,900 None None Nuclear technician Associate degree $68,090 3,300 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Registered nurse Associate degree $64,690 1,207,400 None None Diagnostic medical sonographer Associate degree $64,380 31,700 None None Aerospace engineering technologist Associate degree $58,080 1,700 None None Engineering technologist Associate degree $58,020 16,800 None None Electrical engineering technician or Electronics engineering technician Associate degree $56,040 31,800 None None Radiologic technician Associate degree $54,340 95,100 None None Funeral service manager , director , mortician , or undertaker Associate degree $54,330 10,700 None Apprenticeship Respiratory therapist Associate degree $54,280 52,700 None None Geological and petroleum technician Associate degree $54,020 7,000 None Moderate - term on - the - job training . Electrical and electronics drafter Associate degree $53,020 7,200 None None Occupational therapy assistant Associate degree $51,010 16,800 None None Precision instrument and equipment repairer Associate degree $50,910 5,500 None Long - term on - the - job training Mechanical engineering technician Associate degree $50,110 10,400 None None First - line supervisor of firefighters and fire prevention workers Postsecondary non-degree award $68,240 33,100 1 to 5 years None Commercial pilot Postsecondary non-degree award $67,500 19,300 None None Electrical and electronics repairer ( powerhouse , substation , and relay ) Postsecondary non-degree award $65,230 6,900 None Long - term on - the - job training Insurance appraiser ( automotive ) Postsecondary non-degree award $56,230 2,700 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Telecommunications equipment installer and repairer , except line installer Postsecondary non-degree award $54,710 59,300 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Aircraft maintenance technician Postsecondary non-degree award $53,420 45,200 None None Railroad switch and signal repairer Postsecondary non-degree award $53,230 1,300 None Moderate - term on - the - job training First - line supervisor of production and operating workers Postsecondary non-degree award $53,090 87,900 1 to 5 years None Avionics technician Postsecondary non-degree award $52,320 5,800 None None Electrical and electronics repairer ( commercial and industrial equipment ) Postsecondary non-degree award $51,820 17,700 None Long - term on - the - job training Commercial diver Postsecondary non-degree award $51,360 1,300 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Manager High school diploma $96,450 249,400 1 to 5 years None Transportation , storage , and distribution manager High school diploma $80,210 33,700 More than 5 years None First - line supervisor of police and detectives High school diploma $78,260 38,700 1 to 5 years Moderate - term on - the - job training Administrative services manager ( payroll , benefits , etc . ) High school diploma $77,890 99,800 1 to 5 years None Nuclear power reactor operator High school diploma $75,650 2,000 None Long - term on - the - job training Elevator mechanic High school diploma $70,910 8,200 None Apprenticeship Power station distributor and dispatcher High school diploma $68,900 3,600 None Long - term on - the - job training First - line supervisor of non-retail sales workers High school diploma $68,880 123,500 More than 5 years None Detective High school diploma $68,820 30,100 1 to 5 years Moderate - term on - the - job training Fashion designer High school diploma $64,530 6,700 None Long - term on - the - job training Power station operator High school diploma $63,080 14,400 None Long - term on - the - job training Business operations specialist High school diploma $62,450 327,200 Less than 1 year Long - term on - the - job training Media and communication equipment worker High school diploma $61,680 3,300 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Agriculture manager High school diploma $60,750 234,500 More than 5 years None Postmaster or mail superintendent High school diploma $60,300 4,800 1 to 5 years Moderate - term on - the - job training Oil refinery operator High school diploma $60,040 14,400 None Long - term on - the - job training First - line supervisor of mechanics , installers , and repairers High school diploma $59,150 164,900 1 to 5 years None Artists and related workers High school diploma $58,840 4,800 None Long - term on - the - job training First - line supervisor of construction workers or natural resource extraction workers High school diploma $58,680 259,700 More than 5 years None Claims adjuster , examiner or investigator High school diploma $58,620 79,900 None Long - term on - the - job training Lineman High school diploma $58,030 52,700 None Long - term on - the - job training Gas plant operator High school diploma $57,200 4,500 None Long - term on - the - job training Rapid transit driver High school diploma $56,880 2,800 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Purchasing manager High school diploma $56,580 91,200 None Long - term on - the - job training Loan officer High school diploma $56,490 115,200 None Moderate - term on - the - job training First - line supervisor of corrections officers High school diploma $55,910 16,500 1 to 5 years Moderate - term on - the - job training Chemical plant operator High school diploma $55,490 14,100 None Long - term on - the - job training Real estate broker High school diploma $54,910 29,700 1 to 5 years None Boilermaker High school diploma $54,640 11,800 None Apprenticeship Transit policeman or Railroad policeman High school diploma $54,330 1,100 None Short - term on - the - job training Agricultural purchasing agent High school diploma $54,220 3,200 None Long - term on - the - job training Mail carrier High school diploma $53,860 103,400 None Short - term on - the - job training Police officer High school diploma $53,540 249,400 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Indoor postal worker High school diploma $53,100 15,500 None Short - term on - the - job training Postal service mail sorter , processor , or processing machine operator High school diploma $53,080 7,500 None Short - term on - the - job training First - line supervisor of transportation and material - moving machine and vehicle operators High school diploma $52,720 69,300 1 to 5 years None Sales representative , wholesale and manufacturing , except technical and scientific products High school diploma $52,440 559,900 None Moderate - term on - the - job training Building code inspector High school diploma $52,360 48,600 More than 5 years Moderate - term on - the - job training Fire marshal High school diploma $52,230 4,700 More than 5 years Moderate - term on - the - job training Stationary engineer High school diploma $52,140 10,600 None Long - term on - the - job training Plant or system operator High school diploma $51,980 3,700 None Long - term on - the - job training Paralegal High school diploma $51,800 9,600 None Short - term on - the - job training Property manager High school diploma $51,480 82,300 1 to 5 years None Telecommunications line installer or repairer High school diploma $50,850 51,400 None Long - term on - the - job training Sales representative High school diploma $50,620 270,100 None Short - term on - the - job training Socioeconomic status ( edit ) Socioeconomic status can play a significant role in an individual 's enrollment , performance , and completion of their college degree and pursuit of higher education . Enrollment ( edit ) The National Center for Education Statistics reports that in 2009 high school graduates from low - income families enrolled in college immediately at a rate of 55 % . In comparison , 84 % of high school graduates from high - income families enrolled immediately into college . Middle - class families also saw lower rates with 67 % enrolling in college immediately . It also found that a high percentage of students who delayed enrollment in college attended high schools that had a high level of participation in the free and reduced lunch program . Students who work long hours in high school are less likely to pursue post-secondary education . Students who had access to financial aid contacts were more likely to enroll in higher education than students who did not have these contacts . When considering how a college degree affects labor market outcomes , it is especially important to consider differences in socioeconomic status ( SES ) . For example , research shows that students of low SES are more likely than their high SES peers to delay entering a college . This delay can cause different effects for different students . For example , research shows that students who delayed at least one year after high school were 64 % less likely to complete their degree as opposed to those who enroll immediately after high school . In the same study , Bozick and DeLuca found that the average time delay for students in the lowest SES quartile was 13 months , while for students in higher SES quartiles averaged about 4 months . Research in the area of delayed college enrollment is not extensive , however , a clear theme emerges in that lower SES students constitute a much larger percentage of students that delay enrollment , while students of higher SES tend to enroll immediately after high school . According to a similar study `` an increase in family income of $10,000 decreases a student 's odds of planning to delay by about 3 % , and having a parent with a bachelor 's degree decreases the odds of planning to delay by about 34 % . '' This is significant , because by delaying enrollment low SES students are less likely to earn a college degree , and therefore they do not receive the benefits associated with completion . For example , studies have shown that earning a bachelor 's degree will increase lifetime earnings by 31 % more than an associate degree , and 74 % more than those with a high school diploma . These benefits extend beyond lifetime income and include a lower incidence of poverty , higher likelihood of being insured , higher retirement income , higher job safety , higher life expectancy , lower probability of being jailed , and more . Completing a college degree also provides a communal benefit . For example , for example a decrease in crime , greater philanthropic contributions , lower government expenditures , higher voter turnout , and greater participation in overall community spaces . By delaying college enrollment , students of lower SES are less likely to reap these benefits . Persistence and performance ( edit ) A 2011 national study found that college students with a high socioeconomic status persisted in college 25 % more than students with a low socioeconomic status . In fact , students with a high socioeconomic status are 1.55 times more likely to persist in college than students with a low socioeconomic status . Attaining even higher degrees than a bachelor 's degree can also be affected by socioeconomic status . A 2008 study reports that 11 % of students with low socioeconomic status report earning a master 's , medical , or law degree compared to 42 % of high socioeconomic students . Analyst Jeffrey Selingo wondered whether higher education had less and less ability to level the playing field . A 2007 study found that 52 % of low - income students who qualified for college enrolled within 2 years of graduation compared to 83 % of high - income students . Socioeconomic status can also influence performance rates once at a university . According to a 2008 study , students with a low socioeconomic status study less , work more hours , have less interaction with faculty , and are less likely to join extra-curricular activities . 42 % of students with low socioeconomic status indicated that they worked more than 16 hours a week during school , with a high percentage working up to 40 hours a week , although such students may benefit since potential employers assign great importance to a graduate 's work experience . This is also evidence of a positive relation between socioeconomic status and social integration at university . In other words , middle - class students take part in more formal and informal social activities and have a greater sense of belonging to their universities than do working - class students . Completion Suzanne Mettler notes in her book , Degrees of Inequality , that in 1970 40 % of US students in top income quartile had achieved a bachelor 's degree by the age of 24 . By 2013 , this percentage rose to 77 % . For students in the bottom income quartile , only 6 % had earned a bachelor 's degree in 1970 . By 2013 , this percentage was still at a marginal 9 % . Unfortunately , there have been and continue to be many barriers for students of lower socioeconomic status to get access . There are certain organizations and programs that have capitalized on the idea that attaining a college degree , specifically at a top tier university , is critical to social mobility . Organizations like QuestBridge , a non-profit focused on helping students of low socioeconomic status and minority background , have helped historically underrepresented groups attain a significant degree of social advantage . QuestBridge is partnered with the nation 's top 38 colleges and has helped over 13,000 students gain entrance into these universities since 2004 . However , even these accomplishments are minuscule , when we recognize that there are between 25,000 and 35,000 low income students that are qualified to gain entrance into the nation 's top universities each year , but do not even apply . By these standards , QuestBridge has served less than 4 % of the students that they focus on . Race ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Jewish quota and Asian quota Since the 1950s , the United States higher education system has been increasingly viewed as a vehicle for social mobility and economic equality . As a result , there has been a clear struggle to try and open access to higher education for the wider population so that more individuals can benefit from this economic good . Programs like affirmative action have been at the forefront of this struggle , to help under - represented racial groups gain greater access to higher education . By increasing access to diverse and minority populations , greater social mobility is expected . However , a recent report by the Georgetown 's Center on Education and the Workforce demonstrates that progress has not yet been adequately made . The report actually makes clear that higher education has been a source of increasing racial inequality in the United States . The authors , Anthony Carnevale and Jeff Strohl , focused on Latinos and African American minority groups . Through their research they show that overall access for minority enrollment has increased at a greater rate than enrollment for white students , but this growth is heavily concentrated in the poorest , and least selective colleges and universities . This difference is very important to note , because growing inequality between universities has an effect on graduation rates and time to complete a degree for students . The study shows that more selective universities provide their students with better resources . The authors show that the 82 most selective colleges spend $27,900 / student on average , while the least selective open access two - and four - year colleges ( where Latinos and African Americans are over-represented ) spend $6,000 / student on average . Open - access colleges , are colleges that admit at least 80 % of their students and typically include community colleges , for - profit schools , and some public universities . Unsurprisingly , graduation rates are the highest in the more selective universities , where more resources are available to students inside and outside of the universities . They further demonstrate that persistence and completion rates at more selective universities are higher regardless of race or ethnicity . The end product of this is the increased reproduction of educational inequalities across generations . Furthermore , consider that roughly 34 % of African American and Hispanic students who earn bachelor 's degrees at the top 468 colleges attain graduate degrees , compared with 23 % who attend open - access colleges . The effect that top colleges have on minority students not only leads to better graduation rates for undergraduate students , but also makes the completion of a graduate education more likely . It is very important to note that this data presents a serious challenge to proponents of `` mismatch '' theory . This theory was advocated very heavily during the Supreme Court Case , Fisher v. University of Texas in 2013 . It claims that affirmative action causes more harm than benefit , because it provides access opportunities to students that are not prepared well enough to succeed at more elite institutions . Proponents of `` mismatch '' theory argue that affirmative action should therefore be repealed , because it is not achieving its intended effect . This data shows that the opposite is true , in that many minority students are attending less selective universities , and are therefore not being given enough resources to succeed . These resources include , `` substantial labor market advantages , including more than $2 million dollars per student in higher lifetime earnings , and access to professional and managerial elite jobs , as well as careers that bring personal and social empowerment . '' The issue is not that they are attending more selective universities and failing , its that they are attending the least selective universities that are overcrowded and underfunded . Enrollment ( edit ) Race can also play a role in which students enroll in college . A 2007 study found that African Americans are more likely to delay enrolling in college . The National Center for Education Statistics reports that between 2003 and 2009 rates of immediate college enrollment increased for Asian Americans and whites , but not for African Americans . The 2011 Condition of Education study found that in 2008 , 63 % of college students were white , while 14 % were African American and 12 % were Hispanic . Minority groups tend to remain the most underrepresented at more selective universities . This is despite programs like affirmative action that seek to provide underrepresented students with greater access to colleges . According to the National Center for Education Statistics , African American students suffer the most in regards to under - representation at more selective universities . Consider that the cumulative percent change for African American students at open access universities has increased by 113.6 % since 1994 , but that at top tier universities it has barely changed , having gone down by 0.3 % . At Harvard , 6.5 % of undergraduates were black in 2013 , while it was 7.4 % in 1994 . At universities focusing on bachelors , and graduate degrees African American enrollment in 2013 had only increased by 3 % since 1994 . According to the Pew Research Center , Hispanic students college enrollment has increased by 240 % since 1996 , more than their African American or White counterparts . However , this growth is similarly at the open access colleges and does not translate into enrollment at four - year colleges . A study by the Pew Research Center , claimed that `` Young Hispanic college students are less likely than their white counterparts to enroll in a four - year college ( 56 % versus 72 % ) , they are less likely to attend a selective college , less likely to be enrolled in college full time , and less likely to complete a bachelor 's degree . '' Given this information , it is clear that increased college enrollment may not mean that Hispanic students are reaping the benefits of completing a college degree . Miscellaneous issues ( edit ) Race can play a part in a student 's persistence rate in college : Drop - out rates are highest with the Native American and African American population , both greater than 50 % . Caucasians and Asian Americans had the lowest dropout rates . Another issue related to race is faculty representation at universities . According to data from the U.S. Department of Education , full - time faculty remain heavily white at universities across the country . In 2013 , 78 % of full - time faculty members nationwide were white . Gender ( edit ) In discussing student 's access to education in the United States , one area of concentration that current research has focused on in the last half century is the differences that exist between students entry and completion rates based on gender . In a study done by Bailey & Dynarski ( 2011 ) it was observed that the increase in inequality that has been observed in the last 40 + years has been predominantly driven by women . In 2010 -- 11 , 33 % more bachelor 's degrees were conferred on females than males . This gender gap is projected to increase to 37 % by 2021 -- 22 , and is already over 50 % for master 's and associate degrees . Degrees conferred in United States since 1970 by year , degree type , and gender . Dashed lines are projected . Since 1982 more bachelor 's degrees have been conferred on women . First label letters : F = female , M = male . Second label letters : A = Associate 's , B = Bachelor 's , M = Master 's , D = Doctorate and professional degree . Within higher - income families that are sending more children to universities and colleges , women make up a greater percentage ( 15 % compared to 7 % ) of this growth . While the largest gap of educational attainment between men and women is seen in the highest income group , women are attaining higher levels of education than men in every income group . This observation poses a unique and confusing problem : if educational attainment has a positive correlation to familial income , why are more women entering and completing college than men ? Bailey and Dynarski proposed that the observed educational gap by gender may be due to differing incentives to accumulate human capital . Men and women may participate in what they term `` segregated labor markets '' and `` asymmetric marriage markets , '' and perhaps , to make up for those perceived market differences , females are more motivated to obtain higher levels of education . The gap of educational attainment between men and women is starting at a young age and affecting students access to higher education later on in life . According to Bailey & Dynarski , there are two main explanations for the gender differences in educational attainment and inequality . First , men and women respond in different and gender - specific ways to family and / or school circumstances , and second , the differences in circumstances across men and women of the same family income and race have shaped inequality in educational attainment for some time . More specifically , the bulk of primary and secondary teachers are female and women run most single parent households . The absence of a strong male role model affects males differently from females . Studies by Bailey & Dynarski have shown that teachers provide role models to demographically similar students , and their unintended biases affect their interactions and assessments of their students . When comparing graduation rates between men and women , in children born after 1960 , more white women were graduating from college than white men , which was a change from children born before this time . Undocumented students ( edit ) It is estimated that 65,000 undocumented immigrants graduate from high school each year . These graduates have lived in the United States for more than 5 years and most were often brought to the United States by their parents as young children . This leaves the U.S. Government with the question of what rights to give the undocumented immigrants after their graduation , particularly with access to higher education . A 2010 study conducted at the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) on undocumented immigrants and higher education : Installing pathways to higher education and in - state tuition for undocumented students in the United States presents both opportunities and constraints in developing practices that promote social justice , equity , and equality . Those who are sympathetic to the challenges facing undocumented students may support opportunities to promote the potential of those who are deserving of incorporation and membership in U.S. society . On the other hand , proponents of tighter borders and tougher immigration laws may view all undocumented people , including model , hardworking young people , as `` illegals '' or temporary workers and consider them to be drains on the resources of society . This puts educational administrators in precarious positions since they are professionals who are trained to promote and support students in their pursuit of knowledge and self - improvement . Therefore , many professionals are left with little choice but to search for individuals and resources already established within outlaw cultures . '' In 1996 , the United States passed a law banning states from offering residency benefits to undocumented immigrants that they did n't then also offer to every U.S. citizen . This basically made it so that states could not offer in - state tuition to undocumented immigrants , even if they technically qualified based on residency status . States have argued the clarity of this law and many have enacted their own laws allowing in - state tuition to be given on the claims that it is based on high school attendance and not explicitly residency . This law is especially important since undocumented immigrants are also unable to obtain governmental financial aid and are unable to legally work , leaving them without sources to help pay for out - of - state tuition . The DREAM Act was introduced in 2001 and aims to give more access to higher education for undocumented immigrants by repealing the law 1996 law . It also aimed to set up pathways for students who obtain higher education to become legal residents . The act has been introduced in many states and many different times , but has still not been passed . Critics of the act argue that it encourages more undocumented immigration , that schools will engage in grade inflation so that border - line students can take advantage of the act , and that a financial burden could be placed on taxpayers . Proponents argue the opposite , emphasizing that giving the undocumented immigrants an opportunity at higher education means they will be more self - sufficient in the future , contributing more to taxes and relying less on state resources . They also claim that children should not be punished for the actions of their parents and that giving them this opportunity would encourage them to be contributing and law - abiding citizens . Whether this act would have positive effects on undocumented immigrants attending college is still hard to see since not many states have actually done it and the time span has not been enough for thorough research . The 2010 UNLV study recommends key policy changes to support undocumented immigrants access to higher education . In general , practitioners need to weigh opportunities against constraints and consider the potential opportunities to promote social justice , equality , and equity in higher education access . Rather than considering undocumented students as `` illegals '' and restricting their access to legitimate educational pathways , it is recommended that , at the very least , those in positions of power adopt an outlaw cultural framework to support the strengths inherent within diversity as well as pursue avenues of social justice for undocumented students who are seeking to access higher education to improve their future and secure permanent membership in U.S. society . Rural , urban , and suburban ( edit ) A slightly lower percentage of college - age Americans from rural areas go to college : in 2015 , 67 % from suburban high schools , 62 % from urban high schools , and 59 % from rural high schools . The difference is even larger for higher - income schools ( 73 % suburban , 72 % urban , 61 % rural ) . MOOC ( edit ) Main article : MOOC A MOOC is a massive open online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web . It became popular in 2010 -- 14 . In addition to traditional course materials such as filmed lectures , readings , and problem sets , many MOOCs provide interactive user forums to support community interactions between students , professors , and teaching assistants . Robert Zemsky ( 2014 ) notes that they at first seemed to be an extremely inexpensive method of bringing top teachers at low cost directly to students . However , very few students -- usually under 5 % -- were able to finish a MOOC course . He argues that they have passed their peak : `` They came ; they conquered very little ; and now they face substantially diminished prospects . '' Criticism ( edit ) Cost and finances ( edit ) Critics contend that tuition increases have outpaced inflation . Because schools are assured of receiving their fees no matter what happens to their students , they have felt free to raise their fees to very high levels , to accept students of inadequate academic ability , and to produce too many graduates in some fields of study . Despite the vast expense and economic distortions that result from student aid , the proportion of graduates who come from poor backgrounds has actually declined since 1970 . Analyst Robert E. Wright predicted cost increases without matching increases in quality would continue until professors were encouraged to own colleges in private partnerships ; he predicted that would not happen until barriers to entry are decreased and government education subsidies are paid directly to students instead of to colleges and universities . A report in The Economist criticized American universities for generally losing sight of how to contain costs . Analyst Jeffrey Selingo in the Chronicle of Higher Education blamed rising costs on unnecessary amenities such as private residence rooms , luxury dining facilities , climbing walls , and sometimes even so - called lazy rivers similar to ones found in amusement parks . The 2014 documentary Ivory Tower described colleges as participating in an `` arms race '' to provide the best luxury facilities , and asked whether college was worth the expense in an era of `` predatory loan systems '' and job scarcity and rampant inequality . One analyst argued that second - tier schools with Ivy League Envy had become `` so obsessed with rising up the academic hierarchy '' that they focused too heavily on research while neglecting undergraduate education , and argued that schools should embrace Internet technology and online software to streamline costs . Amenities such as a lazy river at a dorm at the University of North Florida are reputed to be driving up costs for undergraduate education . Another issue is the rising cost of textbooks . There are textbook exchanges for students who will accept a used text at a lower price . Lower priced alternatives offered by Flat World Knowledge are now available but have yet to make a significant impact on overall textbook prices . The total cost of all higher education in 2002 was $289 billion . One theory for the continual increase in tuition is that universities prioritize endowment growth over educational interests . A possible explanation for this is that universities are concerned with intergenerational equity for the benefit of future generations of students , as well as the overall benefit to society . This means that the universities will usually seek to grow their endowments to sustain their level of activity well into the future . Arguments against this justification mainly focus on the idea that the intergenerational equity theory does not accurately reflect the behavior of institutions with large endowments . Peter Conti - Brown , for example , describes how many of the elite universities cut their budgets during the recession despite sitting atop multibillion - dollar endowments , which were theoretically supposed to act as cushions during such economic downturns . Still , tuition increases may not be completely the responsibility of the higher education institutions . Instead , an article written by Archibald and Feldman suggests that tuition increases simply reflect the increasing costs of producing higher education . According to the cost - disease theory , it would be difficult to achieve cuts in per - student cost without the deterioration of quality in the education . While the decision - making of college administrators does come into play , the argument is that there are more fundamental and economy - wide factors that result in cost increases . A general economic trend is that costs in service industries grow more rapidly than in manufacturing industries , and increase in higher education costs is simply a reflection of this phenomenon . Some universities describe being caught in a dilemma where they are pressured to offer broader curricula and improve facilities to attract new students on one hand , but on the other hand these universities must raise tuition to compensate for state spending cuts and rising expenses . Annual undergraduate tuition varies widely from state to state , and many additional fees apply . Listed tuition prices generally reflect the upper bound that a student may be charged for tuition . In many cases , the `` list price '' of tuition -- that is , the tuition rate broadcast on a particular institution 's marketing platforms -- may turn out to be different from the actual ( or net ) tuition charged per student . A student that has applied for institution - based funding will know his or her net tuition upon receipt of a financial aid package . Since tuition does not take into account other expenses such as the cost of living , books , supplies and other expenses , such additional amounts can cause the overall cost of college to exceed the tuition rate multiplied by the number of courses the student is planning to take . In 2009 , average annual tuition at a public university ( for residents of the state ) was $7,020 . Tuition for public school students from outside the state is generally comparable to private school prices , although students can often qualify for state residency after their first year . Private schools are typically much higher , although prices vary widely from `` no - frills '' private schools to highly specialized technical institutes . Depending upon the type of school and program , annual graduate program tuition can vary from $15,000 to as high as $50,000 . Note that these prices do not include living expenses ( rent , room / board , etc . ) or additional fees that schools add on such as `` activities fees '' or health insurance . These fees , especially room and board , can range from $6,000 to $12,000 per academic year ( assuming a single student without children ) . Such fees are not at all government - regulated , allowing a theoretically enormous increase each year . While tuition is monitored to some degree in legislatures and is often publicly discussed , fees on the side are frequently overlooked in public opinion and regulatory policies . Although tuition costs have risen , the rising costs have had little effect on transfer rates and overall enrollment . In a study on effects of rising tuition costs , analysis revealed that the rising costs of colleges have `` weak or no effects '' on enrollment . Rising tuition costs have not deterred enrollment `` as long as students believe the potential return of a college education is much greater than the cost '' . In addition to tuition , living expenses , books , supplies and fees , students also face a less - acknowledged opportunity cost in years of missed potential income . A high school educated person could expect to earn about $84,000 for four years of work ; in choosing to attend and pay for college , an individual forgoes those earnings . Study comparing college revenue per student by tuition and state funding in 2008 dollars . In 2010 , community colleges cost an average of $2,544 per year for tuition and fees . A private four - year college cost an average of $26,273 annually for tuition and fees . College costs are rising while state appropriations for aid are shrinking . This has led to debate over funding at both the state and local levels . From 2002 to 2004 alone , tuition rates at public schools increased by just over 14 % , largely due to dwindling state funding . A more moderate increase of 6 % occurred over the same period for private schools . Between 1982 and 2007 , college tuition and fees rose three times as fast as median family income , in constant dollars . In the 2012 fiscal year , state and local financing declined to $81.2 billion , a drop in funding compared to record - high funding in 2008 of $88 billion in a pre-recession economy . To combat costs colleges have hired adjunct professors to teach . In 2008 these teachers cost about $1,800 per 3 - credit class as opposed to $8,000 per class for a tenured professor . Two - thirds of college instructors were adjuncts , according to one estimate ; a second estimate from NBC News in 2013 was that 76 % of college professors were in `` low - paying , part - time jobs or insecure , non-tenure positions , '' often lacking health insurance . There are differences of opinion on whether these adjuncts teach more or less effectively than regular tenured or tenure - track professors . There is some suspicion that student evaluation of adjuncts , along with doubts on the part of teachers about subsequent continued employment , can lead to grade inflation . Additionally , schools are increasingly using price discrimination as a strategy across different programs to increase revenue ( i.e. , employing strategies like a for - profit business ) . Yet the school is still fundamentally different from a for - profit business entity in that it is restricted by its school mission . For example , a school may charge particular types of students ( such as low - income or moderate - income students ) less tuition in order to help them . Another example is merit - based aid , in which the school will grant high - achieving students money . Because of the decrease in public funding , public research universities have tried to compensate for those losses by increasing tuition revenue by enrolling more out of state students . According to a 2011 -- 12 survey the average in state tuition was $8,775 while the out of state tuition was $27,539 . On average the increase in non resident enrollments has gone up from 20.7 % of total freshman enrollment in 2003 to 24.7 % in 2013 . In some states the increase has been significantly higher , particularly in higher ranking universities . In the University of California Los Angeles the enrollment went up from 7.7 % in 2003 to 28.5 % in 2013 . In state students that would have previously been accepted at that high ranking university where no longer able to attend . Aside from compensating for the decreases in funding , the increase in out of state admission has also allows universities to address the ever - present concern in rankings as they are able to increase the academic requirements for admission due to the rising number of applicants . In higher ranking universities the increases in out of state admissions has had a significant effect on admission of in state low income and underrepresented minority students . Princeton sociologists Thomas Espenshade and Alexandria Walton Radford published a book - length study of admissions that found that an upper - middle - class white applicant was three times as likely to be admitted to an American college as a lower - class white with similar qualification . New York Times columnist Ross Douthat has cited this as an example of how U.S. universities can exacerbate wealth inequality . A 2006 report by Future of Children , a collaboration of Princeton and the Brookings Institution , concluded that `` the current process of admission to , enrollment in , and graduation from colleges and universities contributes to economic inequality as measured by income and wealth . '' According to Suzanne Mettler of Cornell , government policy towards higher education has an effect of deepening inequality and disadvantaging students from the lower classes . Athletics have been increasingly subsidized by tuition . Fewer than one in eight of the 202 Division 1 colleges actually netted more money than they spent on athletics between the years 2005 and 2010 . At the few money - making schools , football and sometimes basketball sales support the school 's other athletic programs . Athletes , on average , cost six times what it cost to educate the non-athlete . Spending per student varied from $10,012 to $19,225 ; while the spending per athlete varied from $41,796 to $163,931 . Issues related to financial aid ( edit ) Main article : Student financial aid in the United States The portion of state budget funding spent on higher education has decreased by 40 % since 1978 , while at the same time most tuition fees have significantly increased . Between 2000 and 2010 , the cost of tuition and room and board at public universities increased by 37 % . There is a misconception that there was no similar increase in financial aid to help cover the costs of tuition . This is incorrect . In 1965 , $558 million was available for financial aid . In 2005 more than $129 billion was available . As college costs have risen , so has the amount of money available to finance a college education . However , the proportion of gift aid and self - help funding has shifted : loans and work make up a larger percentage of aid packages than they once did . During the early 1980s , higher education funding saw a shift from reliance on state and federal government funding to a greater reliance on family contributions and student loans . Pell Grants , which were created to offset the cost of college for low - income students , started funding more middle - class students , stretching the funds thinner for everyone . During the mid-1990s 34 % of the cost for college was covered by the maximum offered Pell Grant , compared to 84 % during the 1970s . During Clinton 's presidency , funding for higher education was focused on creating tax benefits tied to attending college . These proposed policies put less emphasis on developing grants to allow students to attend college . Some have argued that this approach did not adequately provide aid to those students most in need of it . Furthermore , there was fear that tax deductions or credits would actually work to drive up tuition costs . The federal government also began funding fewer grant programs and more loan programs , leaving students with higher amounts of debt . In 2003 , almost 70 % of federal student aid awarded was student loans , which was a much higher percentage than just a decade before . In fact , the National Center for Education Statistics reports that during the 2007 -- 08 school year , 66 % of degree recipients had borrowed money to complete their degree ; 36 % of these graduates had to borrow from state or private sources , averaging total loan amounts of $13,900 ; 95 % of these loans were private . On average , a student borrowed $24,700 during the 2007 -- 08 school year . One estimate of total debt of all ex-students in 2011 was $1 trillion . Furthermore , the economic troubles of the recent decade have left higher education funding shifted toward other needs because higher education institutions have the ability to gain extra funds through raising tuition and private donations . Policy changes in higher education funding raise questions about the impact on student performance and access to higher education . Many early studies focused on social integration and a person 's individual attributes as the factors for degree completion . More recent studies have begun to look at larger factors including state funding and financial support . It has been found that providing need - based aid proved to increase degree completion in 48 states . There has also been a positive correlation between providing merit - based aid and degree completion . Also , as the level to qualify for state need - based aid is lowered , the probability of persistence increases . Low - income families now have to pay more to attend college , making it harder for such populations to attain higher education . In 1980 , low - income families had to use 13 % of their income to pay for one year of college . In 2000 , this proportion grew to 25 percent of their income , while high - income families use less than 5 % of their income . Thus , fully understanding how need and merit ( non-need ) aid is determined is critical when looking to ensure greater access to higher education . It is clear that at both private and public colleges and universities family income has a significant impact on need - based financial aid . As colleges and universities compete for students , the demarcation between merit - based aid and need - based aid is less clear . While there has been a traditional distinction between need - based and merit - based funding , recent trends indicate that these two categories are more blurred than their labels would suggest . Specifically , research confirms that merit - based financial aid often takes into account student need and vice versa . Controversy has also risen regarding performance - based funding . Performance - based funding is a system in which the state 's higher education budget is allocated to various institutions by several measures to best determine allocation of funds . This system has been criticized due to the complexity of the measurements as well as the resulting changed environment and goals of campuses . Many have criticized performance - funding , noting an overemphasis of test scores without consideration of other possible measures . A 2006 report by Michael S. McPherson and Morton Owen Schapiro indicated that financial aid to students in the 1990s held the strongest correlation with student SAT scores . The report was conducted in the interest of looking directly at the relationship between financial aid grants and various factors , with specific focus on the variables of family income level and SAT scores and minor focus on personal variables , such as race and gender . The reason these factors were given greater consideration was that , according to McPherson and Schapiro , the information was readily available and it led to a more meaningful comparison across students than variables like high school GPA . The report also made clear that it ignored the distinctions that universities make between `` need - based '' and `` merit - based '' aid . McPherson and Schapiro argued , `` Although it is commonplace to track the importance of merit as opposed to need - based aid based on the responses given by college and university administrators on survey forms , we have argued that the distinction between ' need - based ' and ' non-need - based ' student grants is a slippery one . '' The findings in the report indicated that `` the principle of awarding financial aid strictly in relation to ability to pay is becoming an increasingly less important factor in the distribution of aid in America 's private colleges and universities . '' Some low - income students have to work and study at the same time . This may adversely impact their performance in school . Most discussions on how higher education funding is determined have focused on the economic and demographic influences ; however , according to a 2010 study on the relationship between politics and state funding many political factors influence higher education funding . First , as the number of interest groups for higher education in a state grows , so does the amount of money given to higher education . Second , states with a more liberal political ideology give more funding to higher education . Third , governors with more control over the state budget tend to award less money to higher education . This is attributed again to the fact that higher education funding is considered to be tradable with other programs . Fourth , a more professional state legislature correlates with more funding for higher education . ( Professional in here refers to a legislature that acts much as the U.S. Congress does in that members have many staff members and spend more time in session . ) Fifth , the more diverse a state population becomes , the less support there will be for higher education funding . For - profit schools and visa mills ( edit ) From 1972 to 2009 , there was rapid growth of for - profit schools . Government funding in 1972 and government deregulation in 1998 fueled a dramatic rise in for - profit college enrollment . Government oversight and scrutiny since 2010 as well as competition from non-profit and public education has led to a dramatic decrease in enrollment . At its peak , The University of Phoenix was the largest US for - profit college , with an enrollment of more than 500,000 students nationwide . Other large institutions included Devry University , ITT Technical Institute , the Art Institutes , Kaplan University , Ashford University , Colorado Technical Institute , Ashford University , Strayer University , Lincoln Tech , and Walden University . Altogether , at their peak , for - profit colleges enrolled about 11 % of the students , but created approximately 47 % of all the student loan defaults . Critics of for - profit colleges have pointed to the heavy dependence on federal loans and grants to students , the low student completion rate , and the inability of the majority of graduates to pay their student loans because they failed to secure high - paying jobs . For - profit colleges have aggressively recruited among military veterans , and in 2010 received 36 % of all the tuition aid paid by the federal government . The University of Phoenix received 88 % of its income from federal aid to students ; the maximum allowed is 90 % . The National Center for Education Statistics reported a 52 % rate of default on student loans at for - profit colleges . The 12 - year student loan default rate for African Americans is 65.7 % . Visa mills are colleges with low standards that recruit foreigners . The politically conservative Center for Immigration Studies has identified 55 US schools that it calls `` the very dregs of higher education in this country . '' Student loan debt ( edit ) The amount of debt that students have after graduation has become an issue of concern , especially given the weak job market after 2008 . Nearly all loans are financed by the federal government at an artificially low rate , but students sometimes obtain private loans ( which generally have higher interest rates and start accumulating interest immediately ) . Several studies and news reports have detailed the effects of student loan debt on reducing first time home buying and child bearing -- and ultimately slowing down the US economy . In 2010 , the U.S. Department of Education announced stricter eligibility rules for federal financing of loans to student at for - profit schools , which were experiencing higher default rates . Student loans total more than $1.3 trillion , averaging $25,000 each for 40 million debtors . The debtors average age is 33 . Forty percent of the debt is owed by people 40 or older . A 2013 poll by NBC News found that more than 40 % of college graduates from 2011 to 2012 were underemployed , and that some were `` heavily in debt because of the cost of their education . '' In a 2017 report by the National Center for Education Statistics , the researchers found that 27 % of all student loans resulted in default within 12 years . Children in poor families were particularly vulnerable , still maintaining an average balance that was 91 % of the original loan . In 2018 , a poll by Lake Research Partners and Chesapeake Beach Consulting found `` an overwhelming concern among voters regarding the level of student debt . '' Graduation rates ( edit ) Six years after entering a four - year program , 58 % of students at public colleges will have graduated , 65 % of students at private non-profit colleges will have graduated , while 27 % of students at for - profit colleges will have graduated . Six - year graduation rates of four - year programs depend to a great extent on a college 's entrance requirements , ranging from 89 % at those which accept less than one - quarter of applicants to 36 % at those with an open admissions policy . Academic standards ( edit ) Grade inflation has been a pernicious aspect of American college life since the 1960s . Between 1965 and 1975 , GPAs sharply increased so that the most common letter grade went from a long - standing C to a B. Since the mid-1990s it has been an A. On average , private colleges have been more subject to this phenomenon than public colleges , as have the humanities compared to STEM courses , post-graduate courses compared to undergraduate courses , and courses taught by women compared to courses taught by men . Although standardized tests are certainly imperfect measures of aptitude , comparing trends in scoring with those in grades is revealing . Unlike GPAs , overall test scores have remained relatively steady over time , demonstrating that the grade inflation is artificial . Graduate literacy has also remained constant . A graduate may take pride in having a straight - A transcript , but his or her potential employers know that factors such as internships , work experience , choice of major , volunteering , choice of extracurricular activity and relevance of coursework are all more reliable indicators of aptitude and attitude . In 1961 , the average full - time student at a four - year college studied for about twenty - four hours per week , while his modern counterpart in all demographic subgroups averages only fourteen hours per week . This can not be explained by technological innovations such as the internet , since most of the decline predates the innovations that are most relevant to education . The most plausible explanation for these findings is a general decline in academic standards . Longitudinal data indicate that the few students who take full academic advantage of their time in college earn more in the long run . In Academically Adrift , Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa draw on transcript data , the Collegiate Learning Assessment , and survey responses from more than 2,300 undergraduates at twenty - four institutions in their first semester and again at the end of their second year . Their analysis reveals that 45 % of these students demonstrated no significant improvement in a range of skills -- including critical thinking , complex reasoning , and writing -- during their first two years of college . Financial pressures have made college administrations increasingly reluctant to lose the tuition obligations of students who might otherwise be failed or expelled , and to fill their classrooms they must accept students who will certainly not be able to complete a four - year degree in four years . Disruptive , immature or otherwise irresponsible behavior on the part of some of these students can impede the learning experiences of other students . In addition to the skills that are specific to any degree , employers in any profession are looking for evidence of critical thinking and analytical reasoning skills , teamworking skills , information literacy , ethical judgment , decision - making skills , fluency in speaking and writing , problem solving skills , and a wide knowledge of liberal arts and sciences . However , employers consider the average graduate to be more or less deficient in all of these areas . Political views ( edit ) See also : Liberal bias in academia , Academic bias , and Universities and antisemitism Research since the 1970s has consistently found that professors are more liberal and Democratic than the general population . Surveys conducted in the last 10 years indicate that between 44 -- 62 % faculty self - identify as liberal , while 9 -- 18 % self - identify as conservative . Conservative self - identification is higher in two - year colleges than other categories of higher education but has been declining overall . Those in natural sciences , engineering , and business were less liberal than those in the social sciences and humanities . A 2005 study found that liberal views had increased compared to the older studies . 15 % in the survey described themselves as right of center . While the humanities and the social sciences are still the most left leaning , 67 % of those in other fields combined described themselves as left of center . In business and engineering , liberals outnumber conservatives by a 2 : 1 ratio . The study also found that more women , practicing Christians , and Republicans were employed to teach at lower ranked schools ( such as two - year community colleges or medium - sized universities ) than would be expected from their professional accomplishments , measured objectively . One conservative critic has suggested that liberal `` Groupthink '' explains why liberals appear to be overrepresented . A 2007 study criticized some recent surveys , such as the above 2005 study , on methodological grounds as well as being motivated by conservative concerns . It also pointed to the influence of conservative think tanks outside academia . In its own survey , it found that while conservatives were rare , there was a large centrist group between those self - identifying as liberals or conservatives . More moderate views were more common in younger professors , although also in this age group liberals were several times more common than conservatives . The age group with most liberal professors were the professors who were teenagers or young adults in the radical 1960s . Of all surveyed , 3 % identified themselves as Marxists with the highest numbers being in social sciences ( 17 % ) and humanities ( 5 % ) . A 2011 study disagreed with younger professors being more moderate and instead argued that the average view may shift further left in the future . The study also found that the years of college education had little effect on the political view of undergraduates . There was little evidence that right leaning professors were treated poorly . Regarding the cause of the apparent liberal overrepresentation , it found that conservative students preferred to major in fields leading to immediate employment , such as hotel management or accounting , rather than further studies . Self - selection has also been suggested by others as the main explanation . In a 2011 nationwide study conducted by the Higher Education Research Institute ( HERI ) of UCLA , it found that compared to its previous 2008 study of professors nationwide , that more professors in 2011 self - identified as liberal ( 50.3 % ) compared to in the 2008 study ( 47 % ) . In the study , 62.7 % of responding professors self - identify as being politically liberal or `` far left '' . According to an article published in Academe , the impact of having more liberal professors meant that fewer conservative students were likely to pursue advanced or doctoral degrees . According to Stephen Hayward , the fewer conservative professors results in fewer conservative students being mentored and supported to seek graduate level education , creating a `` self - reinforcing '' cycle . In one study the researchers sent out e-mails to graduate studies directors at top ranked departments . They claimed to be an undergraduate asking for guidance regarding if this was a suitable department . The e-mails differed regarding which presidential campaign the undergraduate had worked for . There was no statistical difference in the replies . On the other hand , a survey of sociology professors found that one quarter stated that they would be more likely to vote for hiring a declared Democrat and less likely to vote for hiring a declared Republican . Around 40 % stated that they would be less likely to vote for hiring an Evangelical or a member of the National Rifle Association . Another survey found a similar situation for humanities and other social sciences professors . A 2007 poll found that 58 % of Americans thought that college professors ' political bias was a `` serious problem '' . This varied depending on the political views of those asked . 91 % of `` very conservative '' adults agreed compared with 3 % of liberals . In 2012 , Tilburg University psychologists Yoel Inbar and Joris Lammers conducted anonymous random surveys of 800 members of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology and found that 85 % of respondents self - identified as liberal and 6 % self - identified as conservative . Respondents that self - identified as either conservative or moderate were found to be significantly more reluctant to express their political views to their colleagues for fear of negative consequences , and were more likely to believe that their colleagues would actively discriminate against them on the basis of their political beliefs . Self - identified conservative respondents were also more likely to feel that there was a hostile climate directed towards their political beliefs , while self - identified liberal respondents did not believe that there was a hostile climate directed towards conservative beliefs , and the more liberal the respondent self - identified as being , the less likely they were to believe that there was a hostile climate . The respondents were also asked four questions assessing ( along a 1 - to - 7 integer scale ) their personal stated willingness to discriminate against conservatives , along with how willing they thought other members of their academic department would be to discriminate against conservatives . For all but one of the questions where the respondents were speaking for themselves , and for every question where the respondent was speaking for the rest of their department , the statistical mean for the responses was more than a standard deviation above the lowest option ( `` not at all '' willing to discriminate ) . The percentage of responses from the middle to the highest option ( `` somewhat '' to `` very much '' willing to discriminate ) ranged from 14 to 44 % for each question whether respondents were speaking for themselves or for their departmental colleagues , and the highest percentages for both were to the question about hiring a conservative job applicant in their academic department if the applicant was equally qualified with a liberal applicant . Also , the more liberal the respondent self - identified as being , the more they reported being willing to discriminate against conservatives on each question . In January 2015 , a major literature review co-written by psychologists José L. Duarte , Jarret T. Crawford , Jonathan Haidt , Lee Jussim , Philip E. Tetlock and sociologist Charlotta Stern summarized numerous studies of how academic psychology has little ideological diversity , that the ratio of liberal - to - conservative or Democratic - to - Republican professors has dramatically increased since 1990 , that the disparity is undermining the quality of research in psychology , and that the main causes of the lack of ideological diversity are self - selection , hostile climate , and discrimination . In 2014 , survey data from HERI indicated that the ratio of liberal - to - conservative college professors increased from 2 : 1 in 1995 to roughly 5 : 1 in 2014 . In 2016 , psychologists Bill von Hippel and David Buss surveyed 335 members of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology ( along a 1 - to - 11 integer scale ) and found that 89.3 % of respondents self - identified as liberal , 8.3 % self - identified as centrist or moderate , and 2.5 % self - identified as conservative . 94.7 % of respondents voted for Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election , 1.2 % of respondents voted for Mitt Romney , and 4 % of respondents voted for other candidates . After averaging the scores of the respondents on nine major political issues , 96 % of respondents were categorized as left of center , 3.7 % were categorized as centrist or moderate , and 0.3 % were categorized as conservative . In September 2016 , a replication and extension of the 2012 Inbar and Lammers study conducted by psychologists Nathan Honeycutt and Laura Freberg surveyed 618 faculty members of four California State University campuses and confirmed the previous finding of a hostile climate towards conservative professors in academic psychology departments , but also extended their study to 76 other academic departments spanning agricultural , business , education , arts and letters , engineering , and science colleges and found that there are sizable percentages of professors willing to discriminate against conservative academics in every academic department that they surveyed . Professor Watchlist ( edit ) In 2016 , the conservative campus group Turning Point USA began publishing its Professor Watchlist to expose faculty who they claim `` discriminate against conservative students , promote anti-American values and advance leftist propaganda in the classroom . '' Charlie Kirk , TPUSA 's president , has criticized college campuses as `` islands of totalitarianism '' filled with liberal students and faculty members who force their worldview upon those around them . Polls by Pew and Gallup in 2017 indicate that this belief is common among political conservatives . Geographic considerations ( edit ) While many private liberal arts colleges are located in the Midwest and Northeast , population growth of 18 - year - olds is strongest in the South and Southwest , making it more difficult to attract potential students to `` fly halfway across the country '' to get a degree , according to Jeffrey Selingo of the Chronicle of Higher Education . Skepticism about higher education ( edit ) A 2017 poll funded by House Majority PAC found that white working - class voters were skeptical about higher education . The key findings : 57 % said a college degree `` would result in more debt and little likelihood of landing a good - paying job . '' 83 % said a college degree was `` no longer any guarantee of success in America . '' Declining accessibility and high cost ( edit ) According to an analysis of social mobility and higher education in the US by Equality of Opportunity , `` colleges that offered many low - income students pathways to success are becoming less accessible over time . '' According to a Public Agenda poll , only 43 % of Americans say private , nonprofit universities and colleges are worth the cost . Ending affirmative action ( edit ) According to multiple sources , the Trump administration 's Department of Justice will be conducting investigations to ensure that African Americans and Latinos are not favored over whites and Asians . Sexual assault ( edit ) Campus sexual assault is a common and underreported crime . Among undergraduate students , 23.1 % of females and 5.4 % of males experience rape or sexual assault through physical force , violence , or incapacitation . However , the Trump administration has rescinded Obama era measures to reduce sexual assault . Student poverty and hunger ( edit ) Research by Sara Goldrick - Rab and others found that more than half of all community - college students surveyed struggle with food insecurity . A follow up study found more that a third of college students do n't always have enough to eat and lack stable housing . Nine percent of those surveyed were homeless . See also ( edit ) Academic ranks in the United States Association of American Universities Campus carry in the United States Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education Center for Excellence in Higher Education College admissions in the United States Education in the United States G.I. American Universities Hispanic - serving institution Historically black colleges and universities History of education in the United States History of education in the United States : Bibliography Land - grant university Liberal arts colleges in the United States List of Roman Catholic universities and colleges in the United States Men 's colleges in the United States Morrill Land - Grant Acts National Collegiate Athletic Association Transfer admissions in the United States Undermatching Women 's colleges in the United States Work college References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Center for Education Statistics ( December 2012 ) . `` Table 5 Number of educational institutions , by level and control of institution : Selected years , 1980 -- 81 through 2010 -- 11 '' . U.S. Department of Education . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ3zBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=accreditation+us+loosely+regulated&source=bl&ots=MCujrrKE9h&sig=aTbezMZMllR0kULfZZai5t1X8rI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiztbPYiZPdAhUyxVkKHbNFAlcQ6AEwDnoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=accreditation%20us%20loosely%20regulated&f=false ^ Jump up to : NPR Staff , interview with Jeffrey J. Selingo , with David Greene , May 8 , 2013 , With Gorgeous Dorms But Little Cash , Colleges Must Adapt , Accessed May 9 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/01/the-hidden-hunger-on-college-campuses/424047/ Jump up ^ https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Great-Shame-of-Our/239148 ^ Jump up to : https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/12/20/national-enrollments-decline-sixth-straight-year-slower-rate Jump up ^ `` College and university enrollment is down for fifth straight year '' . Hechingerreport.org . The Hechinger Report . 19 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Universities and colleges struggle to stem big drops in enrollment '' . Hechingerreport.org . The Hechinger Report . 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.insidehighered.com/admissions/article/2018/01/08/new-book-argues-most-colleges-are-about-face-significant-decline Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/2018/05/25/614315950/why-is-undergraduate-college-enrollment-declining ^ Jump up to : https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2018/2018144.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2018/05/31/intensive-english-enrollments-us-drop-20 Jump up ^ Phil Baty ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` The World University Rankings : Measure by measure : the US is the best of the best '' . TSL Education Ltd . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Several countries launch campaigns to recruit research talent from U.S. and elsewhere '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Appropriations Bill Cuts NSF Funding '' . Insidehighered.com . Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Proposal on indirect costs would put research universities in an impossible situation ( essay ) '' . Insidehighered.com . Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam Vets and a New Student Loan Program Bring New College Scams '' . 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Onion , Rebecca ( 27 July 2016 ) . `` 19th - Century For - Profit Colleges Spawned Trump University '' -- via Slate . ^ Jump up to : https://www.theepochtimes.com/55-colleges-accused-of-being-visa-mills-for-foreign-students_2295806.html Jump up ^ Turnage , Clara ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` Most Republicans Think Colleges Are Bad for the Country . Why ? '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Jump up ^ `` Republicans do n't trust higher ed . That 's a problem for liberal academics '' . Latimes.com. 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hartle , Terry W. ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Why Most Republicans Do n't Like Higher Education '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . ^ Jump up to : `` New data explain Republican loss of confidence in higher education '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Daniels , February 6 , 2018 , Washington Post , Health care is n't our only ludicrously expensive industry , Retrieved February 7 , 2018 , `` ... by evading accountability for quality , regulating it heavily , and opening a hydrant of public subsidies in the form of government grants and loans , we have constructed another system of guaranteed overruns ... pricing categories that have outpaced health care over recent decades are college tuition , room and board , and books ... '' Jump up ^ https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/07/27/survey-most-americans-think-higher-ed-headed-wrong-direction Jump up ^ `` What is Liberal Arts Education ? '' . Topuniversities.com. 28 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digest of Education Statistics , 2015 '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : NCES ( 2014 ) . `` Degree - granting postsecondary institutions , by control and level of institution : Selected years , 1949 -- 50 through 2012 -- 13 '' . U.S. Department of Education . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ NCES . `` Table 301.10 . Enrollment , staff , and degrees / certificates conferred in degree - granting and non-degree - granting postsecondary institutions , by control and level of institution , sex of student , type of staff , and level of degree : Fall 2015 and 2014 -- 15 '' . Jump up ^ `` Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 ( ELS : 2002 ) : A First Look at 2002 High School Sophomores 10 Years Later First Look '' ( PDF ) . NCES 2014 - 363 . U.S. Department of Education . January 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan Weissmann , Atlantic Monthly , January 14 , 2014 , Highly Educated , Highly Indebted : The Lives of Today 's 27 - Year - Olds , In Charts : A new study by the Department of Education offers up a statistical picture of young - adult life in the wake of the Great Recession , Accessed Jan. 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ see `` Knocking at the College Door , 9th Edition : Projections of High School Graduates '' Dec 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Jon ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Many small colleges face big enrollment drops . Here 's one survival strategy in Ohio '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Heather . `` U.S. college enrollment is dropping . Bad sign ? '' . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Ong , Anthony ; Phinney , Jean ; Dennis , Jessica ( December 2006 ) . `` Competence under challenge : Exploring the protective influence of parental support and ethnic identity in Latino college students '' . Journal of Adolescence. 29 ( 6 ) : 961 -- 979 . doi : 10.1016 / j. adolescence. 2006.04. 010 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Luis ( Fall 2012 ) . `` Minding / mending the Puerto Rican education pipeline in New York City '' . CENTRO : Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies . 29 ( 2 ) : 140 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . ASPIRA . webmaster . ^ Jump up to : `` A Stronger New York City : Increasing College Access , Retention and Graduation '' . Hispanic Federation . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASPIRA 's Educational Management Organization '' . ASPIRA . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Communities of Care Student Achievement Model Program '' . CREAR Futuros . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . ASPIRA of New York . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Camille ; Siebens , Julie ( March 2016 ) . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2015 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gramlich , John . `` Hispanic dropout rate hits new low , college enrollment at new high '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Tuakli , Foluke . `` Latino Dropout Rate Plummets as College Enrollment Hits Record High '' . NBC News . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CUNY dropout rates show public schools are n't preparing kids '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Classification Technical Details '' . Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . n.d . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Yoder , Dezarae ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Marijuana illegal on campus despite Amendment 64 '' . The Scribe . 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Jump up ^ Berman , Jillian . `` Watch America 's student - loan debt grow $2,726 every second '' . Marketwatch.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Perkins Loan Program Expires After Extension Bill is Blocked '' . The Student Loan Report . 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://www2.ed.gov/policy/highered/reg/hearulemaking/2016/index.html Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/betsy-devos-borrower-defense-703541/ Jump up ^ https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4618001-Education-Dept-Borrower-Defense-Proposed-Rule.html#document/p7/a442247 Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Makes Community College Free '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Free Community College Studied by Tennessee , Oregon '' . Pewtrusts.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Free Community College '' . Ncsl.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ John R. Thelin , A History of American Higher Education ( 2004 ) pp. 1 -- 40 Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer ( 18 October 2013 ) . `` ' Ebony and Ivy , ' About How Slavery Helped Universities Grow '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Book review : ' Ebony & Ivy : Race , Slavery , and the Troubled History of America 's Universities ' by Craig Steven Wilder '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Top Colleges and Universities Have a Hidden Legacy of Slavery ( INTERVIEW ) '' . historynewsnetwork.org . Jump up ^ Swarns , Rachel L. ( 16 April 2016 ) . `` 272 Slaves Were Sold to Save Georgetown . What Does It Owe Their Descendants ? '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jamon Smith . `` Slavery marks University 's past '' . Tuscaloosanews.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Campus Slaves & Slavery -- Slavery at South Carolina College , 1801 -- 1865 '' . library.sc.edu . Jump up ^ Love , David ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Enslaved Black People Helped Build America 's Top Universities -- How Should the Colleges Right These Wrongs ? '' . Atlantablackstar.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rutgers confronts ties to slavery by renaming buildings , walkway '' . Nj.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ David B. Potts , `` American colleges in the nineteenth century : From localism to denominationalism . '' History of Education Quarterly ( 1971 ) : 363 -- 380 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ David B. Potts , Baptist colleges in the development of American society , 1812 -- 1861 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Frederick Rudolph , The American College and University : A History ( 1991 ) pp. 3 -- 22 Jump up ^ Michael Katz , `` The Role of American Colleges in the Nineteenth Century '' , History of Education Quarterly , Vol. 23 , No. 2 ( Summer , 1983 ) , pp. 215 -- 223 in JSTOR , summarizing Colin B. Burke , American Collegiate Populations : A Test of the Traditional View ( New York University Press , 1982 ) and Peter Dobkin Hall , The Organization of American Culture : Private Institutions , Elites , and the Origins of American Nationality ( New York University Press , 1982 ) Jump up ^ Anton - Hermann Chroust , Rise of the Legal Profession in America ( 1965 ) vol. 1 ch. 1 - 2 Jump up ^ Genevieve Miller , `` A Physician in 1776 '' , Clio Medica , Oct 1976 , Vol. 11 Issue 3 , pp. 135 -- 146 Jump up ^ Jacob Ernest Cooke , ed . Encyclopedia of the North American colonies ( 3 vol 1992 ) 1 : 214 Jump up ^ LaBelle , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . Catholic Colleges in the 21st Century : A Road Map for Campus Ministry . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 1893757899 . Jump up ^ John Rodden , `` Less ' Catholic , ' More ' catholic ' ? American Catholic Universities Since Vatican II . '' Society ( 2013 ) 50 # 1 pp. 21 -- 27 . Jump up ^ S.J. Currie , and L. Charles . `` Pursuing Jesuit , Catholic identity and mission at US Jesuit colleges and universities . '' Catholic Education : A Journal of Inquiry and Practice ( 2011 ) 14 # 3 pp. 4ff online Jump up ^ Matthew Thomas Larsen , The Duty and Right of the Diocesan Bishop to Watch Over the Preservation and Strengthening of the Catholic Character of Catholic Universities in His Diocese '' ( PhD dissertation Catholic University of America , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Leonard V. Koos , The Junior College Movement ( 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Cohen and Brawer , The American Community College ( 4th ed. 2003 ) pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Jesse P. Bogue , ed . American Junior Colleges ( American council on education , 1948 ) Jump up ^ Cohen and Brawer , The American Community College ( 6th ed. 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` 11 Past and Present Social Movements Led By College Students '' . Freshu.io . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grade Inflation at American Colleges and Universities '' . GradeInflation.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Angulo , A.J. ( 27 January 2016 ) . `` Diploma Mills : How For - Profit Colleges Stiffed Students , Taxpayers , and the American Dream '' . JHU Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Korn , Melissa ( 7 September 2016 ) . `` ITT Technical Institute Shuts Down After Government Cut Off New Funding '' . Wsj.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.texasobserver.org/fail-state-delves-shadowy-world-profit-colleges/ Jump up ^ `` Networked U. 's : This Is What Will Save Higher Ed '' . 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reports finds rising competition in online education market '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Behind Berkeley 's Semester of Hate '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` White supremacy is turning up on campus in speeches and leaflets '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` More Diversity Means More Demands '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colleges brace for more violence in wake of Charlottesville rally '' . Cbsnews.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` College students unmasked as ' Unite the Right ' protesters '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Stripling , Jack ; Gluckman , Nell ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` UVa Employee Suffers a Stroke After Campus Clash With White Supremacists '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Jump up ^ `` Opinion -- What U.Va . Students Saw in Charlottesville '' . Nytimes.com. 13 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public universities are on solid ground to cancel Richard Spencer events , legal experts say '' . Insidehighered.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Funding Down , Tuition Up '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. 2016 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` A Lost Decade in Higher Education Funding '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. 2017 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` State Funding : A Race to the Bottom '' . Acenet.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Belkin , Douglas ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` Corporate Cash Alters University Curricula '' . WSJ . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( 2 July 2014 ) . `` Corinthian Colleges , ITT Educational Face U.S. Government Sanctions '' . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . Jump up ^ CCAP . `` The 25 Wealthiest Universities In The U.S. '' Forbes . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Jack ; Letukas , Lynn ; Wildavsky , Ben ( 2017 ) , Measuring Success : Testing , Grades , and the Future of College Admissions , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 344 , ISBN 9781421424965 Jump up ^ Coates , Ken ; Morrison , Bill ( 2015 ) , What to Consider If You 're Considering College : New Rules for Education and Employment , Dundurn , p. 280 , ISBN 978 - 1459723726 Jump up ^ Marklein , Mary Beth ( 15 November 2010 ) . `` Learning abroad suffers '' . Melbourne , Florida : Florida Today . pp. 4A . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Flow of Tertiary - Level Students '' . UNESCO Institute for Statistics . 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marklein , Mary Beth ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` More U.S. students going abroad , and vice versa '' . USA Today . pp. 5D . Jump up ^ Marklein , Mary Beth ( November 14 , 2010 ) . `` More foreign students in USA '' . Melbourne , Florida : Florida Today . pp. 4A . Jump up ^ `` Paying for US uni '' . UNI. in the USA and Beyond . 2012 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stainburn , Samantha ( 3 January 2010 ) . `` The Case of the Vanishing Full - Time Professor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Glenn Harlan ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` President Trump should take pity on poor PhD '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 19A . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aronowitz , Stanley . The Knowledge Factory : Dismantling the Corporate University and Creating True Higher Learning , p. 76 . ISBN 0807031232 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Jon ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Aging faculty who wo n't leave thwart universities ' attempts to cut costs '' . Hechinger Report . Teachers College at Columbia University . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Protected by tenure that prevents them from being dismissed without cause , and with no mandatory retirement age , a significant proportion of university faculty is n't going anywhere . Jump up ^ Aronowitz , The Knowledge Factory 75 -- 76 . year ? Jump up ^ Kingkade , Tyler ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` United States Ranked To Have Best Higher Education System In The World '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Bowman , Nicholas and Michael Bastedo , personal.umich.edu `` Getting on the Front Page : Organizational Reputation , Status Signals , and the Impact of U.S. News & World Report Rankings on Student Decisions '' Retrieved June 29 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` US News Best Colleges Rankings 2011 : Changes in Methodology Make Them Less Helpful ! '' . Annaivey.com . Ivey Files . Archived from the original on 16 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. News College Rankings 2011 Are Out ! '' . Education-portal.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaschik , Scott ( 20 June 2007 ) . `` More Momentum Against ' U.S. News ' '' . Inside Higher Ed . ^ Jump up to : `` Annapolis Group Statement on Rankings and Ratings '' . Annapolis Group . 19 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Robert ( 22 June 2007 ) . `` About the Annapolis Group 's Statement '' . U.S. News and World Report . Archived from the original on 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ David Leonhardt ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` College for the Masses '' ( Upshot blog ) . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Only about a third of young adults today receive a bachelor 's degree . The new research confirms that many more teenagers have the ability to do so -- and would benefit from it Jump up ^ Joshua Goodman ; Michael Hurwitz ; Jonathan Smith ( February 2015 ) . `` College Access , Initial College Choice and Degree Completion '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . doi : 10.3386 / w20996 . Jump up ^ Seth Zimmerman ( May 2013 ) . `` The Returns to College Admission for Academically Marginal Students '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Students with grades just above a threshold for admissions eligibility at a large public university in Florida are much more likely to attend any university than below - threshold students . The marginal admission yields earnings gains of 22 % between eight and fourteen years after high school completion . These gains outstrip the costs of college attendance , and are largest for male students and free lunch recipients . Jump up ^ `` The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions ( National Center for Education Statistics ) '' . Nces.ed.gov . Jump up ^ `` Reforming Remedial Education '' . National Conference of State Legislatures. 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Derek ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` Fear of a College - Educated Barista : Is there really a Millennial underemployment crisis ? Yes , but only among liberal - arts majors '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pappano , Laura ( 22 July 2011 ) . `` The Master 's as the New Bachelor 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PayScale College Salary Report '' . Payscale . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Jennifer ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` What 's the value of a college education ? It depends '' . CNBC . Retrieved 27 June 2015 ... while students can up their odds of success , college remains a risky , and expensive investment for families -- and one whose value diminishes if costs increase faster than wages . At some point , if tuition costs continues to climb , the benefits simply may not be worth the price of admission for some . Jump up ^ Carnevale , Anthony ; Cheah , Ban ( 2018 ) , Five Rules of the College and Career Game , Georgetown University , retrieved 16 May 2018 Jump up ^ Barshay , Jill ( 25 May 2015 ) . `` Many community college grads continue to out - earn B.A. holders a decade after graduation '' . Hechinger Report . Teachers College , Columbia University . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . It 's not the degree that matters , but what you got the degree in and , to some extent , where you got it Jump up ^ `` Occupational Outlook Handbook '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Department of Labor . 17 December 2015 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . The OOH can help you find career information on duties , education and training , pay , and outlook for hundreds of occupations . Jump up ^ `` Good Jobs That Pay Without a BA '' . Center on Education and the Workforce . Georgetown University . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Although the decline in the manufacturing economy eliminated many good jobs for high school graduates , there are still 30 million good jobs in the U.S. that pay well without a BA . Jump up ^ Krupnick , Matt ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` Graduates of four - year universities flock to community colleges for job skills '' . Hechinger Report . Teachers College , Columbia University . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . There 's a lot of disciplines universities are n't offering . Jump up ^ `` Outcomes by Major '' , The Labor Market for Recent College Graduates , Federal Reserve Bank of New York , January 12 , 2018 , retrieved January 26 , 2018 Jump up ^ Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey , Bureau of Labor Statistics , July 23 , 2018 , retrieved July 23 , 2018 Jump up ^ Alternative Measures of Labor Underutilization for States , 2017 Annual Averages , Bureau of Labor Statistics , January 26 , 2018 , retrieved July 23 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT 2012 - 2016 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Torpey , Elka ( 2012 ) . `` High wages after high school -- without a bachelor 's degree '' ( PDF ) . Occupational Outlook Quarterly . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aud , S. , Hussar , W. , Kena , G. , Bianco , K. , Frohlich , L. , Kemp , J. , Tahan , K. ( 2011 ) . The Condition of Education 2011 ( NCES 2011 - 033 ) . U.S. Department of Education , National Center for Education Statistics . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Carr , RV ; Wright , JD ; Brody , CJ ( 1996 ) . `` Effects of high school work experiences a decade later : Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey '' . Sociology of Education . 69 : 61 -- 81 . doi : 10.2307 / 2112724 . JSTOR 2112724 . ^ Jump up to : Rowan - Kenyon , H.T. ( 2007 ) . `` Predictors of Delayed College Enrollment and the Impact of Socioeconomic Status '' . Journal of Higher Education . 78 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 214 . doi : 10.1353 / jhe. 2007.0012 . ^ Jump up to : Wells , Ryan S. ; Lynch , Cassie M. ( 2012 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Delayed College Entry and the Socioeconomic Gap : Examining the Roles of Student Plans , Family Income , Parental Education , and Parental Occupation '' . The Journal of Higher Education . 83 ( 5 ) : 671 -- 697 . doi : 10.1353 / jhe. 2012.0028 . ISSN 1538 - 4640 . ^ Jump up to : Bozick , Robert ; DeLuca , Stefanie ( 2005 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Better Late Than Never ? Delayed Enrollment in the High School to College Transition '' . Social Forces . 84 ( 1 ) : 531 -- 554 . doi : 10.1353 / sof. 2005.0089 . ISSN 0037 - 7732 . ^ Jump up to : `` Predictors of Delayed College Enrollment and the Impact of Socioeconomic Status on JSTOR '' . Jstor.org . JSTOR 4501202 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Goldrick - Rab , Sara ( 2011 ) . `` Managing to Make It : The College Trajectories of Traditional - age Students with Children '' . The Wisconsin Scholars Longitudinal Study . ^ Jump up to : Carnevale , Anthony . `` The College Payoff '' . Center on Education and the Workforce . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Trostel , Phillip . `` It 's Not Just the Money : The Benefits of College Education to Individuals and to Society '' ( PDF ) . Lumina Foundation . Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center & School of Economics University of Maine . ^ Jump up to : Chen , R. ; St ; John , E.P. ( 2011 ) . `` £ State Financial Policies and College Student Persistence : A National Study £ '' . Journal of Higher Education . 82 ( 5 ) : 629 -- 660 . doi : 10.1353 / jhe. 2011.0032 . Jump up ^ Walpole , MaryBeth ( 2008 ) . `` Emerging from the Pipeline : African American Students , Socioeconomic Status , and College Experiences and Outcomes '' . Research in Higher Education . 49 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 255 . doi : 10.1007 / s11162 - 007 - 9079 - y . Jump up ^ Walpole , M ( 2008 ) . `` Emerging from the Pipeline : African American Students , Socioeconomic Status , and College Experiences and Outcomes '' . Research in Higher Education . 49 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 255 . doi : 10.1007 / s11162 - 007 - 9079 - y . Jump up ^ Thompson , Derek ( December 2012 ) . `` The Role of Higher Education in Career Development : Employer Perceptions '' ( PDF ) . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Rubin , M ( 2012 ) . `` Social class differences in social integration among students in higher education : A meta - analysis and recommendations for future research '' . Journal of Diversity in Higher Education . 5 : 22 -- 38 . doi : 10.1037 / a0026162 . Jump up ^ Mettler , Suzanne ( 2014 ) . Degrees of Inequality : How the Politics of Higher Education Sabotaged the American Dream . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465044962 . Jump up ^ Hoxby , Caroline M. ; Avery , Christopher ( 2013 ) . `` The Missing ' One - Offs ' : The Hidden Supply of High - Achieving , Low - Income Students '' . Brookings Papers on Economic Activity . 2013 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 65 . doi : 10.1353 / eca. 2013.0000 . ^ Jump up to : Carnevale , Anthony ( July 2013 ) . `` Separate & Unequal '' ( PDF ) . Center on Education and the Workforce . Georgetown Public Policy Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . 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Deprez , `` Apollo , Education Shares Plunge on Enrollment Outlook '' Bloomberg Oct. 14 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Danilova , Maria . `` More than half of students at for - profit colleges defaulted on loans , study finds '' . Chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Americans Twice as Likely as Whites to Default on Student Debt '' . Bloomberg.com. 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Decline of the ' Great Equalizer ' '' Reuters , December 19 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` For Poor , Leap to College Often Ends in a Hard Fall '' New York Times , December 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Education Bubble , Part 3 : ' Shared Responsibility ' To Shrink Student Debt '' . Wbur.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vedder , Richard ( May -- June 2012 ) . `` Federal Student Aid and the Law of Unintended Consequence '' . Imprimis. 41 ( 5 / 6 ) : 1 -- 5 . 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'' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Babcock , Philip ; Marks , Mindy ( 2010 ) , Leisure College , USA : The Decline in Student Study Time , American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research , retrieved 8 May 2015 Jump up ^ Arum , Richard ; Roksa , Josipa ( 2011 ) , Academically adrift : limited learning on college campuses , University of Chicago Press , p. 259 , ISBN 978 - 0226028552 Jump up ^ `` Address Problematic Student Behavior '' . Design and Teach Your Course . Carnegie Mellon University . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Black , Lisa ( 6 September 2009 ) . `` Rude behavior in college classrooms is often a matter of course '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Yet professors also find they must devote space in the syllabus to ask students to refrain from surfing the Web , texting or answering cell phones during a lecture . Some have to remind students that , when making a presentation , they should remove the backward baseball cap and save the bare midriff for a beach party . Others complain that students randomly leave and enter the classroom during class . Jump up ^ `` Employers Judge Recent Graduates Ill - Prepared for Today 's Workplace , Endorse Broad and Project - Based Learning as Best Preparation for Career Opportunity and Long - Term Success '' ( Press release ) . Washington , DC : Association of American Colleges and Universities. 20 January 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Everett Carll Ladd and Seymour Martin Lipset , Academics , politics , and the 1972 election ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Schuster , Jack ; Finkelstein , Martin ( 2008 ) , The American Faculty : The Restructuring of Academic Work and Careers , Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 600 , ISBN 978 - 0801891038 Jump up ^ Horowitz , David ; Laskin , Jacob ( March 2009 ) , One - Party Classroom : How Radical Professors at America 's Top Colleges Indoctrinate Students and Undermine Our Democracy , New York : Random House , p. 336 , ISBN 978 - 0307452559 Jump up ^ Menand , Louis ( 2010 ) . The Marketplace of Ideas : Reform and Resistance in the American University . Norton . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0393339161 . Jump up ^ Maranto , Redding , Hess ( 2009 ) . The Politically Correct University : Problems , Scope , and Reforms ( PDF ) . The AEI Press . pp. 25 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0844743172 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rothman , S. ; Lichter , S.R. ; Nevitte , N. 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Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mele , Christopher ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Professor Watchlist Is Seen as Threat to Academic Freedom '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Valerie ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` ' The sort of company we wish to keep ' : More than 1,500 academics ask to join controversial ' Professor Watchlist ' '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Glatter , Hayley. `` Student - Government Politics and Identity Politics : This Week 's Top 7 Education Stories '' . Theatlantic.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mobility Report Cards : The Role of Colleges in Intergenerational Mobility '' ( PDF ) . Equality-of-opportunity.org. 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` They still value a degree , but Americans increasingly question the cost '' . Hechingerreport.org . The Hechinger Report . 11 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Justice Dept. to Take On Affirmative Action in College Admissions '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Selingo , Jeffrey J. ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` Perspective -- Trump administration is taking aim at affirmative action in college admissions . Why it wo n't fix what 's broken '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Campus Sexual Violence : Statistics '' . Rainn.org . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ https://www.wabe.org/hunger-and-homelessness-are-widespread-among-college-students-study-finds/ Further reading ( edit ) Main article : History of higher education in the United States § Further reading Bogue , E. Grady and Aper , Jeffrey . Exploring the Heritage of American Higher Education : The Evolution of Philosophy and Policy . Oryx , 2000 . 272 pp . Brint , S. , & Karabel , J. The Diverted Dream : Community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America , 1900 -- 1985 . Oxford University Press . ( 1989 ) . Carney , Cary Michael . Native American Higher Education in the United States . Transaction , 1999 . 193 pp . Cohen , Arthur M. ( 1998 ) . The Shaping of American Higher Education : Emergence and Growth of the Contemporary System . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . Dorn , Charles . For the Common Good : A New History of Higher Education in America ( Cornell UP , 2017 ) 308 pp Eisenmann , Linda . Higher Education for Women in Postwar America , 1945 -- 1965 . Johns Hopkins U. Press , 2006 . 304 pp . Faragher , John Mack and Howe , Florence , ed . Women and Higher Education in American History . Norton , 1988 . 220 pp . Geiger , Roger L. Research and Relevant Knowledge : American Research Universities Since World War II . Oxford University Press . ( 2001 ) . Gleason , Philip . Contending with Modernity : Catholic Higher Education in the Twentieth Century . Oxford U. Press , 1995 . 434 pp . Ihle , Elizabeth L. , ed . Black Women in Higher Education : An Anthology of Essays , Studies , and Documents . Garland , 1992 . 341 pp . Lucas , C.J. American higher education : A history . ( 1994 ) . Ruben , Julie . The Making of the Modern University : Intellectual Transformation and the Marginalization of Morality . University Of Chicago Press . ( 1996 ) . Rudolph , Frederick . The American College and University : A History ( 1991 ) , a standard survey Thelin , John R. A History of American Higher Education . Johns Hopkins U. Press , 2004 . 421 pp . Veysey Lawrence R . The emergence of the American university . ( 1965 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Touring prestigious and notable universities in the U.S. . U.S. Department of Education college navigator Guide to U.S. higher education for international students Guide to U.S. higher education for UK students Frank L. Tolman ( 1920 ) . `` Education , Higher , in the United States '' . Encyclopedia Americana . `` Colleges , American '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . Higher education in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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-1524213696652660865 | How to Save a Life | How to Save a Life - wikipedia How to Save a Life For other uses , see How to Save a Life ( disambiguation ) . `` How to Save a Life '' Single by The Fray from the album How to Save a Life Released March 26 , 2006 Format Digital download CD Genre Alternative rock Length 4 : 23 ( album version ) 3 : 58 ( radio edit ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Isaac Slade Joe King Producer ( s ) Mike Flynn Aaron Johnson The Fray singles chronology `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 ) `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 ) The Fray UK singles chronology `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2007 ) `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2007 ) Audio sample file help `` How to Save a Life '' is a song by American pop rock band The Fray . It was released as the second single from their debut studio album of the same name . The song is one of the band 's most popular airplay songs and peaked in the top 3 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . It became the joint seventh longest charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 , tying with Santana 's `` Smooth '' ( 1999 ) , at 58 consecutive weeks . The song has been certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA , and has sold 4.7 million downloads as of January 2015 , the fourth best - selling rock song in digital history . It is the band 's highest - charting song to date , topping the Adult Top 40 chart for 15 consecutive weeks and topping the Canadian Airplay Chart . It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 2007 , but lost to `` Dani California '' by Red Hot Chili Peppers . Contents 1 Song meaning 2 Commercial success 3 In popular culture 4 Music videos 5 Track listings 6 Personnel 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 7.4 Certifications 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Song meaning ( edit ) According to lead singer Isaac Slade , the song was composed and influenced by his experience while working as a mentor at a camp for troubled teenagers : `` One of the youngsters I was paired up with was a musician . Here I was , a protected suburbanite , and he was just 17 and had all these problems . And no one could write a manual on how to save him . '' Slade claims that the song is about all of the people that tried to reach out to the boy but were unsuccessful . As Slade says in an interview , the boy 's friends and family approached him by saying , `` Quit taking drugs and cutting yourself or I wo n't talk to you again , '' but all he needed was some support . The boy was losing friends and going through depression . He lost his best friend and could not deal with it . The verses of the song describe an attempt by an adult to confront a troubled teen . In the chorus , the singer laments that he himself was unable to save a friend because he did not know how . While this was the original intent of the song , the band has opened the song to interpretation . They created a website where fans were welcome to submit music videos they had made for the song . This arose from the response that Slade got from the song : `` I got a lot of e-mails about it ( ... ) One boy died in a car accident , and I guess it had been the last song he downloaded from his computer . They played it at his funeral , and some of his friends got Save a life tattooed on their arms . The response has been overwhelming . '' During an interview in Sauce , Bob Wilson asked Slade , `` ' How to Save a Life ' was apparently inspired by an experience you had as a mentor to a boy who had a drug problem . What 's the story behind that ? '' Slade answered : `` Well there 's a group home here in Denver called Shelterwood , and it takes in teens who 've had a tough time ; their parents do n't want to send them to jail , but they ca n't keep track of them themselves ... A friend of mine was actually the president for that particular school , so he asked Joe and I to come up for one of their weekend retreats ... I was paired up with one boy in particular . His story was just amazing -- all the relationships that he had put at risk because of the decisions he made , and eventually losing the relationships ... the cost of his lifestyle and his choices , and kind of relating them to my own life and my own stories ; seeing all the relationships I 've threatened for one reason or another . It was a really inspiring weekend . '' Commercial success ( edit ) The song is the band 's first to achieve significant popularity outside of the United States . `` How to Save a Life '' was a top five hit in Australia , Canada , Ireland , Italy , Spain , Sweden and the United Kingdom . Due to an early leak by BBC Radio 1 in the United Kingdom , where it was the band 's debut single , the song was released in the territory five weeks earlier than planned . It debuted at number twenty nine on the UK Singles Chart on January 21 , 2007 via downloads alone . Instead of its planned release date which was to be March 26 , 2007 , the single was physically released in the United Kingdom on February 28 and gradually rose up the chart , reaching number five on February 25 , staying there for four weeks . It eventually peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart on April 8 and became Britain 's eleventh biggest - selling song of 2007 . On March 29 , `` How to Save a Life '' peaked at number 1 in Ireland , becoming their first and only number one single in the country to date . The song only stayed at the top spot for a week but sales still proved strong after it fell from number 1 . The song was ranked No. 24 on Billboard 's Best Adult Pop Songs of the Decade , and No. 47 on Billboard 's Top 100 Digital Tracks of the Decade . It was also ranked No. 58 on Billboard 's Hot 100 Songs of the Decade and No. 56 on Rhapsody 's list of the Top 100 Tracks of the Decade . The song was the 25th most downloaded song of all time on iTunes as of February 2010 . The song has sold over 4.7 million copies in the US as of January 2015 . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) The song was first featured on ABC 's Grey 's Anatomy , after Alexandra Patsavas , the music supervisor for the show , saw the band perform in Los Angeles . Alexandra then incorporated the song into `` Superstition '' , an episode of the show 's second season ( first aired on March 19 , 2006 ) . After its usage in the episode , the song became a minor Hot 100 hit . The song became an `` unofficial theme '' for the other members of the Grey 's Anatomy production after the episode aired , leading to the decision that the song would be used in the main promotion for the third season in the show . Grey 's Anatomy is credited with bringing popularity to the song . The song also featured prominently in the season five Scrubs episode `` My Lunch '' on April 25 , 2006 . Music videos ( edit ) The original music video , which premiered on VH1 on 12 September 2006 , featured the recurring themes of light and stopped time . This music video shows the scene of a car crash and all of its presumed victims in pause . There is a recurring light throughout the video shining brightly in the dark woods that the video takes place in . Scenes of the band playing in a dark warehouse are intercut with the story going on outside . This version of the video was placed at No. 21 of the year by VH1 's `` Top 40 Videos of 2006 '' . Another version of the music video juxtaposes scenes from Grey 's Anatomy to scenes of the original music video . However , all the scenes of the presumed car crash victims are excluded and only scenes of The Fray playing in a warehouse are shown . A third music video , directed by Mark Pellington , was released for the song on 6 December 2006 . The video features various adolescents , most of which seem to be between 12 -- 18 in age , all who appear to be depressed and suicidal , or possibly mourning the loss of a loved one . All of these children have lost a significant loved one prior to the video , and many of them cry and scream in the video , all against a white background . Scenes of the band playing the song against this same white background are also shown throughout the video . Many numbered steps are shown alongside them , such as `` Remember '' , `` Cry '' , or `` Let It Go '' . The video ends with each child finding a catharsis and making peace with themselves or others . This version of the video debuted on MTV 's Total Request Live ( TRL ) at No. 9 , and went on to top the countdown at No. 1 on 21 December 2006 , becoming the band 's first TRL No. 1 , and also becoming the last No. 1 video on TRL for 2006 . Track listings ( edit ) UK CDS 1 `` How to Save a Life '' `` She Is '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real UK CDS 2 `` How to Save a Life '' `` How to Save a Life '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real `` She Is '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real `` How to Save a Life '' -- CD - Rom Personnel ( edit ) The Fray Isaac Slade -- Lead vocals , piano Dave Welsh -- Lead guitar Joe King -- Rhythm guitar , backing vocals Dan Battenhouse -- Bass guitar Ben Wysocki -- Drums Production Produced by Aaron Johnson , Mike Flynn Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 17 European Singles Chart 14 France ( SNEP ) 35 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 45 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy Digital Singles ( FIMI ) 5 Italy Physical Singles ( FIMI ) 29 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Portugal ( Billboard ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 83 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 31 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 34 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 27 Chart ( 2007 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 40 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 93 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 - 2009 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 58 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 20,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 7,500 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 748,702 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,700,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 900,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2007 ( Ireland ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2007 ( U.S. ) 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 ( song ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 14 October 2006 ) . `` Billboard '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Recording Industry Association of America '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Polk , Christopher ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` The 15 Most Downloaded Songs in Rock History '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa ( July 12 , 2006 ) . `` Debut ' How to Save a Life ' takes on a life of its own '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diving Into -- The Fray '' ( PDF ) . Sauce . June 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ BBC Music . `` Top 40 Singles of the Year 2007 `` . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s : Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s : Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Rhapsody ( 2009 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Top 100 Tracks of the Decade -- Rhapsody : The Mix '' . Blog.rhapsody.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Dave ( 2010 - 02 - 25 ) . `` The Fray , Frank E and Ryan Tedder make list of Top 25 iTunes downloads -- Denver Music -- Backbeat '' . Blogs.westword.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Rock songs downloaded ( Of all time ) '' . i99radio.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` How ' Grey 's ' got that catchy new `` theme '' song `` . New York Post . 24 September 2006 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray - How To Save A Life '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` The Fray - How To Save A Life '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 13 , 2007 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital Download -- Classifica settimanale dal 11 / 05 / 2007 al 17 / 05 / 2007 '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica Mix e Singoli -- Classifica settimanale dal 24 / 08 / 2007 al 30 / 08 / 2007 '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Fray '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs -- Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200650 into search . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Year End 2006 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2007 '' . ARIA . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2007 '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of singles 2007 '' . IRMA . IRMA . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2007 '' . NZTop40 . Recorded Music New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2007 '' . Hitlistan ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official UK Singles Chart of 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Year - End 2007 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Decade End Charts -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2007 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i August '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Singles -- RadioScope New Zealand '' . Radioscope.net.nz . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter How to Save a Life in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- The Fray -- How To Save a Life '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Full lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics . The Fray Isaac Slade Joe King Dave Welsh Ben Wysocki Jeremy McCoy Jeff Linsenmaier Zach Johnson Caleb Slade Mike Ayars Dan Battenhouse Jimmy Stofer Dan Lavery Studio albums How to Save a Life The Fray Scars & Stories Helios Compilation albums Through the Years : The Best of the Fray Live albums Live at the Electric Factory : Bootleg No. 1 Acoustic in Nashville : Bootleg No. 2 Live from the 9 : 30 Club : Bootleg No. 3 EPs Movement Reason Christmas Singles `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` Look After You '' `` All at Once '' `` You Found Me '' `` Never Say Never '' `` Heartless '' `` Syndicate '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Run for Your Life '' `` Love Do n't Die '' `` Break Your Plans '' Concert tours Kelly Clarkson / The Fray Tour Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Save_a_Life&oldid=855682992 '' Categories : 2005 songs 2006 singles 2007 singles The Fray songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles 2000s ballads Rock ballads Songs about death Songs about suicide Songs written by Joe King ( guitarist ) Songs written by Isaac Slade Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Music videos directed by Mark Pellington Epic Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with trivia sections from September 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 02 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | whats the fray how to save a life about | [
"Slade claims that the song is about all of the people that tried to reach out to the boy but were unsuccessful. As Slade says in an interview, the boy's friends and family approached him by saying, \"Quit taking drugs and cutting yourself or I won't talk to you again,\" but all he needed was some support. The boy was losing friends and going through depression. He lost his best friend and could not deal with it. The verses of the song describe an attempt by an adult to confront a troubled teen. In the chorus, the singer laments that he himself was unable to save a friend because he did not know how.\n"
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"an attempt by an adult to confront a troubled teen"
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-3525623882730767752 | There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly | There was an old lady who swallowed a fly - wikipedia There was an old lady who swallowed a fly This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly ( also known as I Know an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly and There Was an Old Woman Who Swallowed a Fly ) is a children 's rhyme and nonsense song of a kind known as cumulative . The song tells the nonsensical story of an old woman who swallowed increasingly large animals , each to catch the previously swallowed animal , but died after swallowing a horse . The humour of the song stems from the absurdity that the woman is able to inexplicably and impossibly swallow animals of preposterous sizes without dying , suggesting that she is both superhuman and immortal ; however , the addition of a horse is finally enough to kill her . Her inability to survive after swallowing the horse is an event that abruptly and unexpectedly applies real - world logic to the song , directly contradicting her formerly established logic - defying animal - swallowing capability . There are many variations of phrasing in the lyrics , especially for the description of swallowing each animal . The spider and fly are described in each verse , but the other animals are only described when they are introduced starting with the bird . Three versions of the rhyme were collected in the journal Hoosier Folklore in December 1947 , beginning respectively `` There was an old lady -- she swallowed a fly '' , `` Poor little old lady , she swallowed a fly '' and `` A little old lady swallowed a fly '' . All three list the progression from fly to spider , bird , cat , dog and cow , finishing with the horse , with variations to the rhymes for each animal . The definitive version was written by Rose Bonne ( lyrics ) and Canadian / English folk artist Alan Mills and copyrighted in 1952 . At that time it was entitled simply `` I Know an Old Lady . '' A widely distributed version of the song was released on Brunswick Records in 1953 , where it was sung by Burl Ives . Ives ' rendition appears on his album , Folk Songs , Dramatic and Humorous -- which debuted in late summer , 1953 . The 1961 illustrated book by Rose Bonne also indicates that the lyrics are hers , whereas the music was composed by Alan Mills . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Representative renditions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The following is one form of the lyrics , that are representative of the nature of this cumulative lyric : There was an old lady who swallowed a fly ; I do n't know why she swallowed a fly - perhaps she 'll die ! There was an old lady who swallowed a spider ; That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her ! She swallowed the spider to catch the fly ; I do n't know why she swallowed a fly - Perhaps she 'll die ! There was an old lady who swallowed a bird ; How absurd to swallow a bird ! She swallowed the bird to catch the spider ; That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her ! She swallowed the spider to catch the fly ; I do n't know why she swallowed a fly - Perhaps she 'll die ! There was an old lady who swallowed a cat ; Imagine that ! She swallowed a cat ! She swallowed the cat to catch the bird , She swallowed the bird to catch the spider ; That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her ! She swallowed the spider to catch the fly ; I do n't know why she swallowed a fly - Perhaps she 'll die ! There was an old lady that swallowed a dog ; What a hog , to swallow a dog ! She swallowed the dog to catch the cat , She swallowed the cat to catch the bird , She swallowed the bird to catch the spider ; That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her ! She swallowed the spider to catch the fly ; I do n't know why she swallowed a fly - Perhaps she 'll die ! There was an old lady who swallowed a goat ; She just opened her throat and swallowed a goat ! She swallowed the goat to catch the dog , She swallowed the dog to catch the cat , She swallowed the cat to catch the bird , She swallowed the bird to catch the spider ; That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her ! She swallowed the spider to catch the fly ; I do n't know why she swallowed a fly - Perhaps she 'll die ! There was an old lady who swallowed a cow ; I do n't know how she swallowed a cow ! She swallowed the cow to catch the goat , She swallowed the goat to catch the dog , She swallowed the dog to catch the cat , She swallowed the cat to catch the bird , She swallowed the bird to catch the spider ; That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her ! She swallowed the spider to catch the fly ; I do n't know why she swallowed a fly - Perhaps she 'll die ! There was an old lady who swallowed a horse ; ... She died , of course ! Representative renditions ( edit ) Pete Seeger released a version on the Birds Bugs and Little Fishes LP ( Folkways Records FC7610 ) in 1955 Composer Alan Mills recorded a version for Scholastic Records released in 1956 on Animals , Vol. 1 The song was used for an animated cartoon sung by Burl Ives . Ives 's version included an extra verse , involving a pig , following that involving the goat and preceding that involving the cow . The song 's lyrics were used as the text of a children 's book by Simms Taback . A video version of the song by the publisher was sung by Cyndi Lauper . Both these versions also feature the animals and the artist talking . A cow stands in the middle of one of the pages surrounded by flowers , a carton of milk , a Hershey milk chocolate bar , some different types of cheese , a bar of butter and containers of cream cheese and sour cream . So the famous moral is `` never swallow a horse '' . The song and its title are the basis of a children 's book that has been in print since the early 1970s , from illustrator Pam Adams . The song has been adapted into a stage musical written by Steven Lee and produced by The People 's Theatre Company . A version of this song was recorded by San Francisco punk band , Flipper and released on a 7 '' single . The song was performed by Judy Collins and Statler and Waldorf with shadow puppets , on a 1977 episode of The Muppet Show . This was parodied in one scene in the 2005 film The Brothers Grimm . Seth Brundle ( Jeff Goldblum ) said the first lyrics of the song after he learned of his condition in the 1986 version of The Fly . The song appeared in an episode of Desperate Housewives in the season 5 finale . In a PBS television concert Peter , Paul & Mommy , Too , Paul Stookey and Peter Yarrow of Peter , Paul and Mary perform this song . In Disney / Pixar 's A Bug 's Life , a cricket mentions the first verse of this song at the bar . In an Arthur episode entitled `` Emily Swallows a Horse , '' the song is used as an analogy for the increasingly complex and incredible lies that the character must use to cover her original falsehood . The lyrics about the bird catching the spider form part of the theme song for the popular children 's show Round the Twist . In Mr. Holland 's Opus , Mr. Holland ( Richard Dreyfuss ) is playing and singing the song to his wife and son . The Bill Nye the Science Guy episode `` Food Web '' featured a segment called `` Uncle Fran 's Playhouse '' which featured part of this song . One of Russell Bates 's rejected scripts for Star Trek : The Animated Series , `` The Patient Parasites , '' when it was finally published in Star Trek : The New Voyages 2 , included the song 's two earliest verses , those involving the fly and the spider in that order , in the `` tag , '' or `` epilogue , '' of the story . In The Kids in the Hall sketch `` Needed Elsewhere '' , a coked - up Scott Thompson yells at a cat off - camera . When one of the guests replies that she thought he had a dog , he briefly recites a paraphrasing of the song . Pete Seeger did a parody of the song as `` I know an old lady who swallowed a lie '' during a 1980 concert at the Sanders Theater in Boston . In the song , towards the very end , she coughs up the lie . ( SOURCE : CD `` Pete Seeger Singalong '' 1981 . Smithsonian Folkways Records ) On a Sesame Street episode , the lyrics of that song were changed to `` perhaps she 'll cry '' in order to make the song tamer for children , with Telly singing that repeated refrain including the final line : `` She cried , of course '' . A derivative version by post-punk death rockers Death Valley High was included on the 2016 LP titled `` CVLT AS FVK '' . Vocalist Reyka Osburn simulates a `` classroom '' full of monsters reciting and singing along . ( SOURCE : CD `` CVLT AS FVK '' 2016 on MinusHEAD Records ) See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Chad Gadya , another cumulative song example . The Twelve Days of Christmas ( song ) Phage therapy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rhymes.org Staff ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) . `` There was an Old Lady nursery song lyrics '' . rhymes.org.uk . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly '' . Hoosier Folklore. 6 ( 4 ) : 153 -- 156 . December 1947 . JSTOR 27649913 . Jump up ^ Catalog of Copyright Entries , Third Series , Volume 6 , Part 5B , No. 1 , January -- June , 1952 ( US Copyright Office ) , p. 86 . The submission date is given as March 28 , 1952 . The 1954 edition relists it , providing the same date and giving Alan Mills as a pseudonym for Albert Miller . Jump up ^ Decca DL 5467 , reviewed in Billboard , September 12 , 1953 , p. 36 . The record label also indicates the Mills - Bonne credit . Jump up ^ M.B.K. ( 1961 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Songs with Pictures ( review of I Know an Old Lady , `` words by Rose Bonne ; music by Alan Mills ; illustrated by Abner Graboff ... '' ) '' ( children 's book review ) . Chicago Sunday Tribune , Magazine of Books ( Books for Children ) . No . Part 4 , Section 2 . Chicago , IL : Chicago Tribune . p. 34 , col. 3 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bonne , Rose ( 1961 ) . I Know an Old Lady . Alan Mills , music ; Abner Graboff , illustrations . Skokie , IL : Rand McNally . ^ Jump up to : For a further example remaining in print , see Adams , Pam ( 1973 ) . There was an Old Lady who Swallowed a Fly . Classic books with holes . Swindon , UK : Child 's Play ( International ) . ISBN 0859530213 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Birds , Beasts , Bugs and Fishes ( Little and Big ) - Smithsonian Folkways '' . Smithsonian Folkways Recordings . Jump up ^ `` Animals , Vol. 1 - Smithsonian Folkways '' . Smithsonian Folkways Recordings . Jump up ^ `` There was an Old Lady who Swallowed a Fly - The People 's Theatre Company '' . Jump up ^ Daniel Celano ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Peter , Paul and Mary - I Know an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Round The Twist - ClassicKidsTv.co.uk '' . www.classickidstv.co.uk . External links ( edit ) Childrens Songs and Stories with the Muppets ( 1985 ) on IMDb . Compilation containing the Judy Collins 1977 episode of The Muppet Show . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There_Was_an_Old_Lady_Who_Swallowed_a_Fly&oldid=849898038 '' Categories : Children 's songs Picture books Cumulative songs Songs about animals Fictional flies 1961 children 's books Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 04 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | i know and old lady who swallowed a fly lyrics | [] | [] |
-4943690490922053906 | Grace Under Fire | Grace Under Fire - wikipedia Grace Under Fire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American sitcom . For the Hong Kong martial arts drama , see Grace Under Fire ( 2011 TV series ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Grace Under Fire The season 4 characters of Grace Under Fire ( from left to right ) , Floyd , Nadine , Wade , Libby , Grace , Patrick , Quentin , Jean , and Russell . Created by Chuck Lorre Starring Brett Butler Dave Thomas Julie White Casey Sander Jon Paul Steuer Sam Horrigan Kaitlin Cullum Dylan and Cole Sprouse Peggy Rea Charles Hallahan Don `` D.C. '' Curry Lauren Tom Theme music composer Michael O'Brien Opening theme `` Lady Madonna '' by Aretha Franklin , first run episodes 1993 - 1996 ; `` Perfect World '' by Michael O'Brien , first run episodes 1996 - 1998 and all episodes in syndication Composer ( s ) Dennis C. Brown Mark Hayes Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 112 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Carsey - Werner Productions Release Original network ABC Original release September 29 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 29 ) -- February 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 17 ) Grace Under Fire is an American sitcom that aired on ABC from September 29 , 1993 , to February 17 , 1998 . The show starred Brett Butler as a single mother learning how to cope with raising her three children alone after finally divorcing her abusive husband . The series was created by Chuck Lorre and produced by Carsey - Werner Productions . Grace Under Fire was the highest rated new comedy of the 1993 -- 94 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise of show 2 Cast 3 Episodes 3.1 Viva Las Vegas 4 Ratings 5 Awards and nominations 6 Controversy and cancellation 7 Syndication 8 Home video release 9 International remakes 10 References 11 External links Premise of show ( edit ) Grace Under Fire , produced by Carsey - Werner International , was part of a wave of shows in the late 1980s and 1990s that were built around a comedian ( and in some cases , closely based on his or her comedy routine ) . As for Carsey - Werner , many of their shows were based on non-traditional , non-nuclear families . Grace Under Fire followed a similar formula ; set in a small Missouri town , Butler starred as Grace Kelly , a divorced single mother and recovering alcoholic . The show begins after the main character divorces her abusive alcoholic husband of eight years in an attempt to start life anew and prevent her children from making the same mistakes she did . The show revolved around Grace ; her children , mischievous Quentin ( Noah Segan , pilot ; Jon Paul Steuer , seasons 1 - 3 ; Sam Horrigan , seasons 4 - 5 ) , happy - go - lucky Libby ( Kaitlin Cullum ) , and infant Patrick ( Dylan and Cole Sprouse ) ; her happily married best friends and neighbors , Nadine and Wade Swoboda ( Julie White and Casey Sander ) ; and the town 's bachelor pharmacist , Russell Norton ( Dave Thomas ) . All of them helped Grace keep whatever shreds of sanity she had left . In the first three seasons , the show had a very blue - collar appeal due to Grace 's chosen line of work , post-divorce ; she operated pipelines at the local oil refinery , and had a second family of fellow crew workers down at the plant . Among them were heavy - set Dougie Boudreau ( Walter Olkewicz ) , friendly Vic ( Dave Florek ) , and Carl ( Louis Mandylor ) . Their gruff boss was Bill Davis ( Charles Hallahan ) . Both Bill and Carl were dropped after the first season ; while Carl had n't a permanent on - screen replacement , the crew 's new boss was John Shirley ( Paul Dooley ) starting in the second season . Russell 's friendship with Grace , and their on - and - off dating rituals , became a running theme in the series . Throughout their friendship they often dated other people ; for a time in 1994 , Grace dated Ryan Sparks ( William Fichtner ) , a quirky chemist who worked in the oil refinery 's labs . In season three , Grace entered into a relationship with suave plant executive Rick Bradshaw ( Alan Autry ) . As with Ryan , the affair between Grace and Rick occurred despite their radically different places in the company ladder . When the fourth season opened , Grace moved on from the oil refinery and took an entry - level position with an ad agency , working her way up to being a white - collar professional . That job only lasted a month , but she then took on similar business work for a construction company owned by D.C. ( Don `` D.C. '' Curry ) . In the final season , Russell found some romantic interest in Dottie ( Lauren Tom ) , a gossiping makeup artist . Throughout the entire five - year run , Grace 's ex-husband Jimmy Kelly ( Geoff Pierson ) showed up , sometimes causing problems and at others miraculously clean and sober , trying to win Grace back . A reconciliation never quite happened , but the two did settle on a good friendship for the sake of the kids . In the midst of Jimmy 's attempts to get straight , his father Emmett ( guest star Matt Clark ) died . In the aftermath of his death , it was revealed that Emmett was gay . At this time , Jimmy 's mother Jean ( Peggy Rea ) , Grace 's disapproving and moralizing former mother - in - law , offered to move in and help Grace raise the kids ( Rea had previously guest starred as Jean a few times since the series premiered ) . Russell eventually reconciled with his estranged dad , Floyd ( Tom Poston ) , who ended up moving in with him and working with him in the pharmacy . As far as Grace 's own kin and past life went , she had a regular source of support from her sister Faith ( Valri Bromfield ) in the first two seasons . Another development came when Grace was contacted by her first child , Matthew ( guest star Tom Everett Scott ) , whom she gave up for adoption before meeting Jimmy . Matthew had questions about his ancestry and ended up meeting his biological father . In early 1998 , Grace 's old friend Bev Henderson ( Julia Duffy ) came back to town and ended up moving in with the Kellys . In the intervening years , Bev had become quite successful and wealthy . She briefly moved in with Grace to get in touch with her working - class roots . Grace and Bev 's personal reunion was unexpectedly the last major storyline of the series . Although she was joining the cast full - time , Duffy only appeared in two network - aired episodes of Grace Under Fire before the series was abruptly canceled in mid-February . Cast ( edit ) Brett Butler as Grace Kelly Dave Thomas as Russell Norton Julie White as Nadine Swoboda ( 1993 -- 1997 ) Casey Sander as Wade Swoboda Jon Paul Steuer as Quentin Kelly ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Sam Horrigan as Quentin Kelly ( 1996 - 1998 ) Kaitlin Cullum as Elizabeth Louise `` Libby '' Kelly Dylan and Cole Sprouse as Patrick Kelly Walter Olkewicz as Dougie Boudreau ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Dave Florek as Vic ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Louis Mandylor as Carl ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Charles Hallahan as Bill Davis ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Valri Bromfield as Faith Burdette ( 1993 -- 1995 ) William Fichtner as Ryan Sparks ( 1994 ) Paul Dooley as John Shirley ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Peggy Rea as Jean Kelly ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Tom Poston as Floyd Norton ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Alan Autry as Rick Bradshaw ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Don `` D.C. '' Curry as D.C. ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Lauren Tom as Dot ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Julia Duffy as Bev Henderson ( 1998 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grace Under Fire episodes Viva Las Vegas ( edit ) See also : Coach ( TV series ) § Viva Las Vegas , The Drew Carey Show § Viva Las Vegas , and Ellen ( TV series ) § Viva Las Vegas The episode `` Vega $ '' is part of a crossover with Coach , The Drew Carey Show and Ellen set in Las Vegas . It features Drew Carey as Drew Carey , Joely Fisher as Paige Clark , Jeremy Piven as Spence Kovak and Jerry Van Dyke as Luther Van Damme . Ratings ( edit ) The show was the highest rated new show in its first season . In the month before Grace Under Fire first aired , Showtime broadcast the Carsey Werner - produced Brett Butler Special , a half - hour comedy performance by Butler . 1993 -- 1994 : # 5 ( 17.9 rating ) 1994 -- 1995 : # 4 ( 18.8 rating ) 1995 -- 1996 : # 13 ( 13.2 rating ) 1996 -- 1997 : # 45 ( tie ) ( 9.1 rating ) 1997 -- 1998 : # 68 ( tie ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Grace Under Fire was nominated for three Golden Globe awards : Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series Comedy / Musical in 1995 and 1997 and Best TV Series Comedy / Musical in 1995 . Jean Stapleton was nominated for the 1995 Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy series Emmy Award for playing Aunt Vivian in the episode `` The Road to Paris Texas . '' Diane Ladd was nominated for the same award the previous year for playing Louise Burdett in the episode entitled `` Things Left Undone '' written by Brett Butler and Wayne Lemon . Controversy and cancellation ( edit ) As the third season concluded in the spring of 1996 , Jon Paul Steuer left the series . Sources have speculated that Steuer 's mother pulled him out of the show after an incident with Butler , who allegedly flashed her breasts at the 12 - year - old actor . At the start of Season 4 , Sam Horrigan became the third actor to play Quentin Kelly , and with him in the role , the character 's age advanced to 16 . In the fourth and fifth seasons of the show , Butler was fighting a painkiller addiction , for which she eventually sought medical help . Cast member Julie White left the show after Season 4 , also citing Butler 's behavior as the reason . The show , which had been a Top 20 series for its first three seasons , began to take a significant drop in the ratings during season four , from 13th place to 45th . Butler 's first round of treatment and rehab delayed the start of the 1997 -- 98 season until November . After Grace Under Fire resumed production on season five , a newly clean Butler struggled to stay that way ; the morale on the set was little better than in the previous season , due to the star 's erratic behavior . Around the holidays , Butler relapsed again , and although the producers were as committed as ever to continuing the show , ABC was becoming concerned about Butler 's overall health , and was less patient with her accelerated amount of missed tapings . The show 's ratings continued to fall dramatically , which may have well been attributed to Butler 's reputation in the press , the longer - than - usual hiatus the series took between seasons four and five , and the fact that the character of Grace Kelly no longer went through the kinds of struggles that had made the show successful earlier on . The addition of Julia Duffy several episodes into the fifth season was a last - ditch attempt to improve the ratings , but with Butler in her current state , the network was not inspired to continue on . Rather abruptly , with the February 17 , 1998 telecast , ABC canceled the series . The three - month - long final season averaged at # 68 in the 1997 - 98 Nielsen ratings . Syndication ( edit ) The series aired in syndication on the Oxygen Network in the United States , and TVtropolis in Canada . In the United Kingdom , the series was picked up by BBC2 where it aired from 1994 to 1999 . The show was added to Hulu on March 1 , 2014 . The series is currently running on the Laff digital broadcast network that went on the air on April 15 , 2015 . Home video release ( edit ) On May 4 , 2015 , it was announced that Visual Entertainment ( VEI ) had acquired the rights to the series in Region 1 . It was subsequently announced that they will release Grace Under Fire : Complete Collection on DVD on October 6 , 2015 . International remakes ( edit ) The show was remade in Russia as Lyuba , Children and the Factory in 2005 . A Polish adaptation , Hela w opałach ( Hela Under Fire ; Hela is short form from Helen ) , aired on TVN in September 2006 . Also there is another Russian adaptation as Ольга ( Olga ) . The show premiered on TNT on September 5 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ De Vries , Hilary ( September 18 , 1994 ) . `` Funny Lady , Tv Diva '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Carsey , Marcy '' . Museum.tv . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2002 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Watson , Bret ( June 30 , 1995 ) . `` Nyet - Work Television '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( October 7 , 1994 ) . `` Brett Butler : More Power To Her '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Diane K. Shah ( 1 October 1995 ) . `` Grace under pressure . ( Brett Butler , star of the hit TV sitcom ' Grace Under Fire ' ) '' . Playboy via Highbeam . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . In chronicling the life of Grace Kelly , a divorced mother of three living in a small Missouri town , it has given sitcom humor a new twist . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( 1997 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Sad Fall From ' Grace ' '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Under Fire A Television Heaven Review '' . Televisionheaven.co.uk . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Butler 's Problems Halt ` Grace Under Fire ' '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( February 17 , 1998 ) . `` Why ' Grace ' Tumbled Under Fire '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Comedy Guide - Grace Under Fire '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2005 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Under Fire DVD news : DVD Plans for Grace Under Fire '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2015 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Under Fire DVD news : Box Art for Grace Under Fire - The Complete Collection '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2015 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Under Fire DVD news : Release Date and Price for Grace Under Fire - The Complete Collection '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2015 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Москва Нью - Йорк Лондон . `` Кинокомпания Амедиа '' . Amediafilm.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ОЛЬГА . Премьера ТНТ 2016 ! . `` GoodStoryMedia '' . goodstorymedia.com . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ ОЛЬГА . `` Official page on website TNT '' . olga.tnt-online.ru . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Carsey / Werner.net Grace Under Fire on IMDb Grace Under Fire at TV.com Polish version official website Fame , Fire and Surrender : Interview with Brett Butler Television series produced or created by Chuck Lorre Frannie 's Turn ( 1992 ) Grace Under Fire ( 1993 -- 98 ) Cybill ( 1995 -- 98 ) Dharma & Greg ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Two and a Half Men ( 2003 -- 15 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2007 -- present ) Mike & Molly ( 2010 -- 16 ) Mom ( 2013 -- present ) Disjointed ( 2017 -- present ) Young Sheldon ( 2017 -- present ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Comedy The Love Boat ( 1978 ) Mork & Mindy ( 1979 ) Too Close for Comfort ( 1981 ) Private Benjamin ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Webster ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) ALF ( 1987 ) A Different World / My Two Dads ( 1988 ) Roseanne ( 1989 ) Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1990 ) In Living Color / The Simpsons ( 1991 ) Home Improvement ( 1992 ) Martin ( 1993 ) Frasier / Grace Under Fire ( 1994 ) Ellen / Friends ( 1995 ) Caroline in the City ( 1996 ) Cosby ( 1997 ) Veronica 's Closet / Dharma & Greg ( 1998 ) Jesse / Will & Grace ( 1999 ) Stark Raving Mad ( 2000 ) Ed ( 2001 ) My Wife and Kids ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) Two and a Half Men ( 2004 ) Joey ( 2005 ) My Name Is Earl ( 2006 ) The Class ( 2007 ) Samantha Who ? ( 2008 ) Gary Unmarried ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) $ h * ! My Dad Says ( 2011 ) 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) Scream Queens ( 2016 ) Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Under_Fire&oldid=821193491 '' Categories : 1990s American sitcoms 1993 American television series debuts 1998 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs Television series by Carsey - Werner Productions Television shows set in Missouri Television series created by Chuck Lorre Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 23 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played grace's boyfriend on grace under fire | [] | [] |
-6075358682444559928 | Supremacy Clause | Supremacy Clause - wikipedia Supremacy Clause Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism The Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution ( Article VI , Clause 2 ) establishes that the Constitution , federal laws made pursuant to it , and treaties made under its authority , constitute the supreme law of the land . It provides that state courts are bound by the supreme law ; in case of conflict between federal and state law , the federal law must be applied . Even state constitutions are subordinate to federal law . In essence , it is a conflict - of - laws rule specifying that certain federal acts take priority over any state acts that conflict with federal law . In this respect , the Supremacy Clause follows the lead of Article XIII of the Articles of Confederation , which provided that `` Every State shall abide by the determination of the United States in Congress Assembled , on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them . '' A constitutional provision announcing the supremacy of federal law , the Supremacy Clause assumes the underlying priority of federal authority , at least when that authority is expressed in the Constitution itself . No matter what the federal government or the states might wish to do , they have to stay within the boundaries of the Constitution . This makes the Supremacy Clause the cornerstone of the whole American political structure . Contents 1 Text 2 Background 2.1 The Federalist Papers 3 Preemption doctrine 4 Supreme Court interpretations 5 See also 6 References Text ( edit ) This Constitution , and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof ; and all Treaties made , or which shall be made , under the Authority of the United States , shall be the supreme Law of the Land ; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby , any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding . Background ( edit ) The Federalist papers ( edit ) In Federalist No. 44 , James Madison defends the Supremacy Clause as vital to the functioning of the nation . He noted that state legislatures were invested with all powers not specifically defined in the Constitution , but also said that having the federal government subservient to various state constitutions would be an inversion of the principles of government , concluding that if supremacy were not established `` it would have seen the authority of the whole society everywhere subordinate to the authority of the parts ; it would have seen a monster , in which the head was under the direction of the members '' . Preemption doctrine ( edit ) The constitutional principle derived from the Supremacy Clause is federal preemption . Preemption applies regardless of whether the conflicting laws come from legislatures , courts , administrative agencies , or constitutions . For example , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , an act of Congress , preempts state constitutions , and Food and Drug Administration regulations may preempt state court judgments in cases involving prescription drugs . Congress has preempted state regulation in many areas . In some cases , such as the 1976 Medical Device Regulation Act , Congress preempted all state regulation . In others , such as labels on prescription drugs , Congress allowed federal regulatory agencies to set federal minimum standards , but did not preempt state regulations imposing more stringent standards than those imposed by federal regulators . Where rules or regulations do not clearly state whether or not preemption should apply , the Supreme Court tries to follow lawmakers ' intent , and prefers interpretations that avoid preempting state laws . Supreme Court interpretations ( edit ) In Ware v. Hylton , 3 U.S. ( 3 Dall . ) 199 ( 1796 ) , the United States Supreme Court for the first time applied the Supremacy Clause to strike down a state statute . Virginia had passed a statute during the Revolutionary War allowing the state to confiscate debt payments by Virginia citizens to British creditors . The Supreme Court found that this Virginia statute was inconsistent with the Treaty of Paris with Britain , which protected the rights of British creditors . Relying on the Supremacy Clause , the Supreme Court held that the treaty superseded Virginia 's statute , and that it was the duty of the courts to declare Virginia 's statute `` null and void '' . In Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. 137 ( 1803 ) , the Supreme Court held that Congress can not pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution , and it is the role of the Judicial system to interpret what the Constitution permits . Citing the Supremacy Clause , the Court found Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 to be unconstitutional to the extent it purported to enlarge the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court beyond that permitted by the Constitution . In Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 14 U.S. 304 ( 1816 ) , and Cohens v. Virginia , 19 U.S. 264 ( 1821 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Supremacy Clause and the judicial power granted in Article III give the Supreme Court the ultimate power to review state court decisions involving issues arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States . Therefore , the Supreme Court has the final say in matters involving federal law , including constitutional interpretation , and can overrule decisions by state courts . In McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) , the Supreme Court reviewed a tax levied by Maryland on the federally incorporated Bank of the United States . The Court found that if a state had the power to tax a federally incorporated institution , then the state effectively had the power to destroy the federal institution , thereby thwarting the intent and purpose of Congress . This would make the states superior to the federal government . The Court found that this would be inconsistent with the Supremacy Clause , which makes federal law superior to state law . The Court therefore held that Maryland 's tax on the bank was unconstitutional because the tax violated the Supremacy Clause . In Ableman v. Booth , 62 U.S. 506 ( 1859 ) , the Supreme Court held that state courts can not issue rulings that contradict the decisions of federal courts , citing the Supremacy Clause , and overturning a decision by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin . Specifically , the court found it was illegal for state officials to interfere with the work of U.S. Marshals enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act or to order the release of federal prisoners held for violation of that Act . The Supreme Court reasoned that because the Supremacy Clause established federal law as the law of the land , the Wisconsin courts could not nullify the judgments of a federal court . The Supreme Court held that under Article III of the Constitution , the federal courts have the final jurisdiction in all cases involving the Constitution and laws of the United States , and that the states therefore can not interfere with federal court judgments . In Pennsylvania v. Nelson , 350 U.S. 497 ( 1956 ) the Supreme Court struck down the Pennsylvania Sedition Act , which made advocating the forceful overthrow of the federal government a crime under Pennsylvania state law . The Supreme Court held that when federal interest in an area of law is sufficiently dominant , federal law must be assumed to preclude enforcement of state laws on the same subject ; and a state law is not to be declared a help when state law goes farther than Congress has seen fit to go . In Reid v. Covert , 354 U.S. 1 ( 1957 ) , the Supreme Court held that international treaties and laws made pursuant to them must comply with the Constitution . In Cooper v. Aaron , 358 U.S. 1 ( 1958 ) , the Supreme Court rejected attempts by Arkansas to nullify the Court 's school desegregation decision , Brown v. Board of Education . The state of Arkansas , acting on a theory of states ' rights , had adopted several statutes designed to nullify the desegregation ruling . The Supreme Court relied on the Supremacy Clause to hold that the federal law controlled and could not be nullified by state statutes or officials . In Edgar v. MITE Corp. , 457 U.S. 624 ( 1982 ) , the Supreme Court ruled : `` A state statute is void to the extent that it actually conflicts with a valid Federal statute '' . In effect , this means that a State law will be found to violate the Supremacy Clause when either of the following two conditions ( or both ) exist : Compliance with both the Federal and State laws is impossible `` State law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress '' In 1920 , the Supreme Court applied the Supremacy Clause to international treaties , holding in the case of Missouri v. Holland , 252 U.S. 416 , that the Federal government 's ability to make treaties is supreme over any state concerns that such treaties might abrogate states ' rights arising under the Tenth Amendment . The Supreme Court has also held that only specific , `` unmistakable '' acts of Congress may be held to trigger the Supremacy Clause . Montana had imposed a 30 percent tax on most sub-bituminous coal mined there . The Commonwealth Edison Company and other utility companies argued , in part , that the Montana tax `` frustrated '' the broad goals of the federal energy policy . However , in the case of Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana , 453 U.S. 609 ( 1981 ) , the Supreme Court disagreed . Any appeal to claims about `` national policy '' , the Court said , were insufficient to overturn a state law under the Supremacy Clause unless `` the nature of the regulated subject matter permits no other conclusion , or that the Congress has unmistakably so ordained '' . However , in the case of California v. ARC America Corp. , 490 U.S. 93 ( 1989 ) , the Supreme Court held that if Congress expressly intended to act in an area , this would trigger the enforcement of the Supremacy Clause , and hence nullify the state action . The Supreme Court further found in Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council , 530 U.S. 363 ( 2000 ) , that even when a state law is not in direct conflict with a federal law , the state law could still be found unconstitutional under the Supremacy Clause if the `` state law is an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of Congress 's full purposes and objectives '' . Congress need not expressly assert any preemption over state laws either , because Congress may implicitly assume this preemption under the Constitution . See also ( edit ) Federal preemption Intergovernmental immunity Interposition Necessary and Proper Clause States ' rights Section 109 of the Constitution of Australia -- analogous section of the Constitution of Australia Paramountcy ( Canada ) -- analogous doctrine in Canadian constitutional law Primacy of European Union law -- analogous doctrine in European Union law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cornell University Law School . `` Supremacy Clause '' . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Burnham , William ( 2006 ) . Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States , 4th ed . St. Paul : Thomson West . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary . `` Essays on Article V : Supremacy Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Alan B. ( 1998 ) . `` Preemption Controversies '' . Fundamentals of American law . Oxford University Press US . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 876405 - 2 . Jump up ^ Skousen , W. Cleon ( 1985 ) . The Making of America -- The Substance and Meaning of the Constitution . Washington D.C. : National Center for Constitutional Studies . p. 657 . Jump up ^ Drahozal , Christopher R. ( 2004 ) . The Supremacy Clause : A Reference Guide to the United States Constitution . Praeger . p. xiv . Jump up ^ Cornell University Law School . `` Preemption '' . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Dow Chemical Co. v. Exxon Corp. , 139 F. 3d 1470 ( Fed Cir 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana , 453 U.S. 609 , 634 , quoting Florida Lime & Avocado Growers , Inc. v. Paul , 373 U.S. 132 , 142 ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council , 530 U.S. 363 , 372 - 374 . Jump up ^ Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council , 530 U.S. 363 , 386 - 388 . United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supremacy_Clause&oldid=855686645 '' Categories : Article Six of the United States Constitution Clauses of the United States Constitution Legal history of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 03 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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5553598177584469943 | President of the Senate of Nigeria | President of the Senate of Nigeria - wikipedia President of the Senate of Nigeria The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria , elected by its membership . The Senate President is second in line for succession to the Nigerian presidency , after the Vice President of Nigeria . The current President of the Senate is Bukola Saraki . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Senate Presidents 2 Trivia 3 See also 4 References List of Senate Presidents ( edit ) Senate Presidents of Nigeria Senate President Term Party Nnamdi Azikiwe 1960 NCNC Dennis Osadebay 1960 - 1963 NCNC Nwafor Orizu 1963 -- 1966 NCNC Joseph Wayas 1979 -- 1983 NPN Iyorchia Ayu 1992 -- 1993 SDP Ameh Ebute SDP Evan Enwerem 1999 PDP Chuba Okadigbo 1999 -- 2000 PDP Anyim Pius Anyim 2000 -- 2003 PDP Adolphus Wabara 2003 -- 2005 PDP Ken Nnamani 2005 -- 2007 PDP David Mark 2007 - 2015 PDP Bukola Saraki 2015 - present APC Trivia ( edit ) Nwafor Orizu was the only Senate President of Nigeria ever to ascend to the Nigerian presidency through the constitutional order of succession . He was later forced to handover power to Aguiyi - Ironsi military junta . David Mark became the first person to retain the Presidency of the Senate and serve a second term in 2011 . He and his deputy were re-nominated without contest . David Mark was the longest serving senate president ( 2007 - 2015 ) and his deputy , Ike Ekweremadu is still the longest serving deputy senate president ( 2007 - present ) . See also ( edit ) Deputy President of the Nigerian Senate References ( edit ) Official Website of the Nigerian Senate The Making of a Senate President hide Presidents of the Nigerian Senate Nnamdi Azikiwe Dennis Osadebay Nwafor Orizu Joseph Wayas Iyorchia Ayu Ameh Ebute Evan Enwerem Chuba Okadigbo Anyim Pius Anyim Adolphus Wabara Ken Nnamani David Mark Bukola Saraki Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Senate_of_Nigeria&oldid=839916349 '' Categories : Presidents of the Senate ( Nigeria ) Government of Nigeria Chairs of upper houses Lists of Members of the Senate ( Nigeria ) Senate ( Nigeria ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 15 : 14 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the president of the senate in nigeria | [
"The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria, elected by its membership. The Senate President is second in line for succession to the Nigerian presidency, after the Vice President of Nigeria. The current President of the Senate is Bukola Saraki.\n"
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5540681708940143986 | U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present) | U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) - wikipedia U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) For the previous protests , see U.S. national anthem protests . U.S. national anthem protests Colin Kaepernick with the San Francisco 49ers ( 2013 ) Date August 14 , 2016 -- ongoing ( 2 years , 2 months and 2 weeks ) Location National Football League stadiums Goals Protest police brutality and racial inequality in the United States Methods Peaceful protest Since August 2016 , some U.S. athletes have silently protested against systematic oppression , equality and social injustice , racism and injustice in the criminal system , oppression of people of color in the United States , and to not `` show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color '' during the playing of the U.S. national anthem . Many players since 2017 have started to protest against the attacks of President Donald Trump to those involved in the protest . The demonstrations have generated mixed reactions . Some have described them as politically urgent or patriotic , some other have criticized the fact their attention is attracted to such social problems during sports , while others have called the protests unpatriotic and disrespectful of the U.S. flag , the national anthem , the police , and the military . The protests began in the National Football League ( NFL ) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick sat and later knelt during the anthem , before his team 's preseason games of 2016 . Throughout the following seasons , members of various NFL and other sports teams have engaged in similar silent protests . On September 24 , 2017 , the NFL protests became more widespread when over 200 players sat or knelt in response to President Donald Trump 's calling for owners to `` fire '' the protesting players . Contents 1 Meaning behind protesting the U.S. national anthem and kneeling 2 Reasons for the protest and related charity 2.1 Trump calls for firing protesting players 3 NFL protests 3.1 2016 preseason 3.2 2016 season 3.3 2017 season 3.4 2018 preseason 4 Other athletes join 4.1 Soccer 4.2 College 4.3 High school 4.4 Baseball 4.5 Basketball 4.6 Ice hockey 5 Reactions 5.1 Political figures 5.2 Corporations 5.3 Athletes and sports media 5.4 Entertainment 5.5 Colleges 6 See also 7 References Meaning behind protesting the U.S. national anthem and kneeling ( edit ) Further information : U.S. national anthem protests It is a tradition in the United States to play `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem , before sporting events . According to the United States Code , those present should stand at attention with right hand over heart . It 's noteworthy , this tradition only acquired widespread practice after the year 2001 , while National Football League ( NFL ) players were not mandated to be on the field for the playing of the national anthem until 2009 . In 2016 the NFL stated that `` players are encouraged but not required to stand during the playing of the National Anthem '' ; its game operations manual reads that players `` should stand '' for the anthem . The people of the United States is divided on the intended meaning of the anthem . Some believe it salutes military and police officers who have died on duty ; for others , it honors the United States generally . Between 2012 and 2015 , the Department of Defense gave $6.8 million to teams across all major sports in exchange for holding various military and patriotic events at their games , including the performance of the national anthem . Kaepernick and his 49ers teammate Eric Reid say they choose to kneel during the anthem to call attention to the issues of racial inequality and police brutality . `` After hours of careful consideration , and even a visit from Nate Boyer , a retired Green Beret and former NFL player , we came to the conclusion that we should kneel , rather than sit , ... during the anthem as a peaceful protest , '' said Reid . `` We chose to kneel because it 's a respectful gesture . I remember thinking our posture was like a flag flown at half - mast to mark a tragedy . '' Some regard kneeling as disrespectful to those who have died or been wounded in service of the United States , such as police officers or military veterans . Torrey Smith , a wide receiver for the Philadelphia Eagles , said in an interview : `` I understand why people are offended by people protesting the National Anthem . My father served 25 years . When he dies , he 's going to be wrapped in an American flag . But my dad is also out of the Army , and he drives trucks all over the country , and he 's a black man everywhere he goes , and sometimes he has racial incidents still today . That does n't protect him , just because he served our country . And I think that 's important . '' Reasons for the protest and related charity ( edit ) Criminal justice reform is one of the top issues that NFL players have been supporting in their protests . Kaepernick was initially moved to protest by the deaths of African Americans at the hands of police or while in police custody . These deaths gained prominence through the media and the Black Lives Matter movement in the years immediately preceding the protest . During a post-game interview on August 26 , 2016 , he stated , `` I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color . To me , this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way . There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder '' , adding that he would continue to protest during the anthem until he feels like `` ( the United States flag ) represents what it 's supposed to represent . '' After that interview , Kaepernick pledged to donate the first $1 million of his $11.9 million salary from the 2016 -- 2017 season to different organizations that help communities in need . He pledged to donate $100,000 per month for 10 months to various organizations . Days later , the San Francisco 49ers matched Kaepernick by pledging $1 million to two organizations addressing racial and social inequality . Kaepernick has been following through on his commitment and has donated $900,000 as of September 2017 to groups including Meals on Wheels , United We Dream , Black Veterans for Social Justice and many others . Kaepernick has also held `` Know Your Rights '' camps for young people of color . The camps include legal education from attorneys that give advice on how to interact with police when being detained and lectures from prominent academics on the history of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States . The National Football League Players Association ( NFLPA ) named Kaepernick the Week One MVP in September 2017 for his charity work related to the protest . Trump calls for firing protesting players ( edit ) See also : Protests against Donald Trump President Trump meeting with the players and staff of New England Patriots at the White House on April 19 , 2017 following their Super Bowl LI win over the Atlanta Falcons . In September 2017 , U.S. President Donald Trump , speaking at a rally in Huntsville , Alabama , said NFL owners should fire players who kneel during the national anthem , and encouraged fans to walk out . Trump tried to use his position at the administration to advise NFL owners to say `` Get that son of a bitch off the field right now , out , he 's fired . He 's fired ! '' Trump called the players ' protest `` a total disrespect of our heritage '' . He went on to say that new NFL safety rules meant to protect players from concussions are ruining the game for the public . His statement came after new research indicates NFL players are at high risk for chronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE ) due to the likelihood of multiple head injuries . Trump denied his criticism of the protesters was related to race . `` This has to do with respect for our country and respect for our flag , '' he said . In the games immediately following Trump 's statements , the protest gained broader participation when over 200 players sat or knelt during the anthem , others linked arms with their teammates or raised fists , and three teams chose to stay in the locker room for the anthem . However , the response was more a reaction to Trump than Kaepernick 's original protests of racial injustice . Reasons cited by players , owners , and coaches included supporting freedom of speech and opposing what they considered intimidation by Trump . Others said they took offense to Trump demeaning the integrity of their primarily African American colleagues , when a month earlier he had called the white nationalists who protested in Charlottesville , Virginia , `` Very fine people '' . The reaction to Trump 's remarks overshadowed other ongoing issues his administration was facing , including failed attempts at healthcare reform , the primary election loss of Trump - backed candidate Luther Strange for the Alabama seat in the U.S. Senate , recovery efforts for Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico and Hurricane Harvey in Houston , and relations with North Korea over their nuclear and missile testing . Many players beyond the 2017 season have knelt or raised fists in protest against the policies of President Donald Trump . In May 2018 on an in interview President Donald Trump went as far to say `` You have to stand proudly for the national anthem , or you should n't be playing , you should n't be there . Maybe you should n't be in the country '' . He went from his previous opinion that these NFL players should be fired to that they should `` maybe '' be deported . Trump applauded the new policy that NFL players must either stand for the anthem or stay back in the locker room , but felt that this policy was not strict enough . NFL protests ( edit ) 2016 preseason ( edit ) Kaepernick began sitting during the national anthem at the start of the 2016 NFL preseason . His actions went unnoticed for two weeks before he was questioned by the media . In the 49ers ' final 2016 preseason game on September 1 , 2016 , after talking to Boyer , Kaepernick opted to kneel during the U.S. national anthem rather than sit as he did in their previous games . He explained his decision to switch was an attempt to show more respect to former and current U.S. military members while still protesting during the anthem . Eric Reid joined Kaepernick in kneeling during the national anthem during the final preseason game . Seattle Seahawks player Jeremy Lane also did not stand for the anthem during his final preseason game the same day , stating , `` It 's something I plan to keep on doing until justice is being served . '' 2016 season ( edit ) In Week 1 , eleven NFL players joined Kaepernick 's protests . Denver Broncos player Brandon Marshall knelt during the national anthem prior to the start of the Kickoff game , which was broadcast on NBC . The act of kneeling as protest has been referred to as `` taking a knee '' . Kaepernick and Marshall were teammates at the University of Nevada . On September 11 , Kansas City Chiefs player Marcus Peters raised his fist while the rest of the team interlocked their arms showing solidarity . Two members of the New England Patriots , Devin McCourty and Martellus Bennett , raised their fists on Sunday Night Football . The entire Seattle Seahawks team stood and interlocked arms . Jelani Jenkins , Arian Foster , Kenny Stills , and Michael Thomas of the Miami Dolphins all knelt during the National Anthem . At the same time , a group of Jacksonville Jaguars players , led by cornerback Prince Amukamara , initially planned to join the protest but chose not to do so after photographs of Kaepernick wearing socks with a crude anti-police message during training camp were made public . On November 13 , 2016 , 5 days after Donald Trump was elected President , Tampa Bay Buccaneers wide - receiver Mike Evans decided to sit during the national anthem . According to Sports Illustrated , Evans said , `` If this happens , then America 's not right right now . I said this a long time ago . When he ran , I thought it was a joke , and the joke continues . I 'm not a political person that much , but I got common sense . And I know when something 's not right . '' However , his protest began the day following Veterans Day , so he received criticism . He quickly changed his method of protesting and joined his teammates during the following game against the Kansas City Chiefs . He apologized to veterans and other members of the military for his actions -- citing that the timing of his protest was poor . `` On the field , I 'm going to continue to do what I do -- play hard . I 'm playing hard because I 've got this right -- freedom , because of the vets . I 'm going to reach out to organizations , organizations that I feel are doing the best job to help the minority ... women , LGBT , African Americans , Latinos , people that are in fear of Donald Trump and his presidency . '' 2017 season ( edit ) Oakland Raiders players kneeling in week 3 Cleveland Browns tight end Seth DeValve became the first white football player to kneel or sit during the anthem on the team 's August 21 , 2017 preseason game against the New York Giants . Washington Redskins players kneeling before the game with the Oakland Raiders Members of the San Francisco 49ers kneeling during the National Anthem before a game against the Washington Redskins in week 6 In Week 3 of the season the majority of games were played two days after Trump made his statements . The protest gained broader participation when over 200 players sat or knelt during the anthem . Many players , coaches and NFL teams protested and / or issued statements expressing dismay with Trump 's comments : Twenty - seven members of the Baltimore Ravens and Jacksonville Jaguars knelt during the American National Anthem at their game at Wembley Stadium in London . Retired Ravens star and honorary Team Captain Ray Lewis knelt with members of his team . All of the players stood for the British national anthem `` God Save the Queen '' with many remaining in locked arms . Several members of the Philadelphia Eagles raised their fists during the anthem before their game against the New York Giants . Before the same game , various Giants players stood with arms locked while others knelt . The Seattle Seahawks and the Tennessee Titans did not take the field during the playing of the anthem , staying in their locker rooms until it concluded . The players of the Seahawks released a statement saying , `` We will not stand for the injustice that has plagued people of color in this country . Out of love for our country and in honor of the sacrifices made on our behalf , we unite to oppose those that would deny our most basic freedoms . '' Meghan Linsey , the Nashville singer who performed the anthem , knelt when she completed the song . Before the opening of their game against the Houston Texans , various New England Patriots players and staff also expressed their concerns , including quarterback Tom Brady locking arms with Phillip Dorsett , and head coach Bill Belichick crossing his arms in front of him . Sixteen members of the Patriots knelt during the anthem . Patriots owner Robert Kraft said he was disappointed at the tone in which Trump 's comments were made . Several members of the Miami Dolphins wore `` # IMWITHKAP '' T - shirts on the field during the pregame warmup , in support of Kaepernick 's actions . The team locked arms during the anthem , with five members kneeling . The opposing team , the New York Jets , also linked arms during the anthem . All Pittsburgh Steelers players except Alejandro Villanueva , who served as an Army Ranger , refused to leave the locker room during the anthem . On the sideline , the Chicago Bears players locked their arms while the anthem was performed . Villanueva has since expressed regret for his actions . The majority of the Oakland Raiders either sat or knelt during the anthem , with several members of the opposing Washington Redskins either kneeling or joining arms as well . Thirty - two members of the Denver Broncos knelt during the anthem . At least ten members of the Buffalo Bills also knelt during the anthem , while other team members locked arms . Running back LeSean McCoy said `` My message to him ( Trump ) is , be a president , be respectful , man . You know , us Americans , we are together . Stop trying to divide us . '' McCoy performed stretches during the national anthem . The Dallas Cowboys and Arizona Cardinals players locked arms during the anthem , while everyone on the Cowboys , including owner and general manager Jerry Jones , knelt before the anthem was played . The New Orleans Saints established a plan with their team prior to their game against the Miami Dolphins on how they will handle the national anthem before the game . Drew Brees stood and stated the thoughts of his team as a whole by tweeting `` As a way to show respect to all , our # Saints team will kneel in solidarity prior to the national anthem & stand together during the anthem . '' More than ten Indianapolis Colts and about 20 Cleveland Browns players knelt on one knee while the remaining players locked arms during the playing of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' in Indianapolis , Indiana . The actions were met by boos from the crowd at Lucas Oil Stadium . Indiana is the home state of Vice President Mike Pence , who weeks later intentionally walked out of a Colts game against the 49ers . On October 16 , 2017 Colin Kaepernick filed a grievance for collusion against NFL owners . Instead of using the NFLPA , Kaepernick hired Mark Geragos to be his attorney . As of August 31 , 2018 , an arbitrator ruled that there is sufficient evidence that the case can continue . In Week 8 at Seattle , the majority of the Texans players knelt during the anthem after Houston owner Bob McNair had commented about having the `` inmates running the prison '' during a league owner meeting regarding the ongoing protest . McNair had apologized , stating that he was not referring to the players , but rather to the `` relationship between the league office and team owners '' . It was the first time a Texans player had knelt during the anthem . 2018 preseason ( edit ) On May 23 , 2018 , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell and all NFL team owners except for two owners that abstained from voting in a show of hand voting process , approved a new policy requiring all players to stand during the national anthem or be given the option to stay in the locker room during the national anthem . The vote took place without consulting the NFLPA . Any players from all NFL teams who protest the anthem while on the field will become subject to discipline from the league . In addition , the teams as a whole will be subject to punishment and other forms of discipline from the NFL as a result . In disagreement with the policy , several players on the Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles indicated they would decline an invitation from Trump to visit the White House on June 5 , leading the President to rescind the offer the day before the event . The Eagles were the second sports franchise that Trump had uninvited , joining the 2017 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) champion Golden State Warriors , whose visit was cancelled after several players publicly declined to attend . On July 19 , the NFL and the players association issued a joint statement that `` no rules relating to the anthem will be issued for the next several weeks . '' This came after the Associated Press had reported earlier in the day that Miami team rules stated that improper anthem conduct could result in a player suspension of up to four games , more than some players receive for violating the league 's domestic violence policy . The following day , Trump tweeted that players should be suspended for one game the first time kneeling , and for the entire season without pay after a second offense . Other athletes join ( edit ) Soccer ( edit ) Megan Rapinoe in 2011 Seattle Reign FC and U.S. women 's national soccer team player Megan Rapinoe knelt during the national anthem in a game on September 5 , 2016 , explaining that her decision was a `` nod to Kaepernick and everything that he 's standing for right now '' . In a subsequent match at the Washington Spirit , Spirit owner Bill Lynch -- anticipating Rapinoe 's protest -- moved the national anthem 's performance without warning or notice to occur before the players ' appearances on the pitch . Jeff Plush , the league 's commissioner , was present at the game and told reporters that he was unaware of Lynch 's plans and disagreed with the act of moving the anthem 's performance . The Spirit 's players issued a joint statement also disagreeing with Lynch 's decision to move the anthem without first consulting the team 's players or coaches . As a member of the U.S. women 's national soccer team , Rapinoe also knelt before an international friendly match against Thailand on September 16 , despite public statements of disagreement with her protest methods issued before the match by the U.S. Soccer Federation and her coach Jill Ellis . U.S. Soccer proceeded to pass a policy that now requires all of its players to stand `` respectfully '' during the national anthem making it the first American sports league or governing body to do so . Major League Soccer ( MLS ) have released a statement in September 2017 regarding any potential protests `` The march of players , officials and children into our stadiums and singing of the anthem has been a pre-match tradition since our first game in 1996 . The National Anthem provides our clubs and fans an important and time - honored opportunity to salute our country and stand up for its principles -- whether in the United States or in Canada . '' MLS to date , has yet to encounter national anthem protests . The protest had supporters outside the U.S. as well : In an October 2017 match against Schalke 04 , players and staff of German football club Hertha BSC took the knee in solidarity . Herta BSC has a few American players on their roster . College ( edit ) On September 7 , 2016 , three volleyball players from West Virginia Tech knelt during the national anthem . On October 1 , at East Carolina University , about 19 members of the band knelt , while about another two held the American flag during the national anthem at the beginning of the football game against the University of Central Florida . There have been almost no such incidents involving college football players , for the simple reason that college players and coaches are typically in the locker room when the anthem is played . There has been at least one exception to the rule , however . During a September 2016 away game at Northwestern , where players are traditionally on the field during the anthem , three Nebraska players knelt on the sideline . The NCAA football rulebook does not address the issue of pregame ceremonies ( patriotic or otherwise ) at all , except to say that team captains must be present for a coin toss three minutes before the first - half kickoff . College of the Ozarks president Jerry Davis announced in September 2017 that his college 's teams would refuse to play any team whose players knelt during the anthem . In response , the NAIA chose to move its Division II men 's basketball champion game away from College of the Ozarks ' Keeter Gymnasium ( where the championship game had been held since 2000 ) to Sanford Pentagon , South Dakota . High School ( edit ) On September 2 , 2016 , a football player at Brunswick High School in Ohio knelt during the national anthem after he heard his teammates saying `` nigger '' . After his protest , the player received racial threats . On September 9 , high school players across the country knelt during the national anthem . On September 23 , four players from Withrow High School , three black and one white , in Cincinnati knelt during the national anthem before their football game . In September 2017 , Principal Waylon Bates of Parkway High School in Louisiana referred to the national anthem protests as a `` disruption '' and threatened to kick any player out of the football team if he knelt during the national anthem . Two black students on the Victory & Praise Christian Academy football team protested during the anthem . Immediately after the anthem concluded , their coach removed them from the team , having them take off their uniforms on the sidelines . Baseball ( edit ) On September 23 , 2017 , Bruce Maxwell of the Oakland Athletics knelt during the national anthem , becoming the first MLB player to join the protest . His team backed him up by saying , `` The Oakland A 's pride ourselves on being inclusive . We respect and support all of our players ' constitutional rights and freedom of expression . '' Maxwell received a standing ovation from A 's fans before his first at - bat following his protest . The MLB has no policy regarding the national anthem other than it has to be played before games . Basketball ( edit ) On September 24 , 2017 , prior to Game 1 of the 2017 WNBA Finals , players from the Los Angeles Sparks chose to stay in the locker room during the national anthem , while members of the Minnesota Lynx locked arms on the court . The NBA has a policy that requires players to stand up during the national anthem in their CBA , however many prominent players have expressed support for the NFL protests on social media or in interviews . Ice Hockey ( edit ) On October 7 , 2017 , J.T. Brown of the Tampa Bay Lightning raised his fist while standing on the bench during the national anthem . He had also done the same in a preseason game , in an attempt to `` bring awareness to police brutality against minorities and racial inequality '' . He stated that he had `` received death threats '' after the protest . Reactions ( edit ) Political figures ( edit ) Vice President Pence stands for anthem prior to leaving after players knelt In September 2016 , President Barack Obama stated that Kaepernick was `` exercising his constitutional right '' to protest . He went on : `` I do n't doubt his sincerity . I think he cares about some real , legitimate issues that have to be talked about . If nothing else , he 's generated more conversation about issues that have to be talked about . '' Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg criticized the protest as `` dumb and disrespectful '' , stating that athletes have the right to protest `` if they want to be stupid '' . The Supreme Court later issued a statement from Ginsburg stating that her comments were `` inappropriately dismissive and harsh . I should have declined to respond . '' On September 25 , 2017 , U.S. Representative Sheila Jackson Lee knelt on the floor of the House of Representatives . Fellow congressman Mark Pocan knelt on the floor of the House the next day . On September 26 , 2017 , Louisiana Lt. Gov. Billy Nungesser told The Times - Picayune that he would not be attending the New Orleans Saints game against the Miami Dolphins , which was going to be taking place in London . Although he was going to be in London during the time of the game , he told the newspaper that he would not attend because he was `` disappointed in the NFL . '' He added that `` it is disgraceful that anybody would use that as a time to protest . '' On October 8 , 2017 , Vice President Mike Pence left a game between the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the San Francisco 49ers , members of which had knelt during the anthem , `` because President Trump and I will not dignify any event that disrespects our soldiers , our Flag , or our National Anthem . '' Oklahoma senator James Lankford said Russian internet trolls , seeking to polarize Americans , helped fuel a debate . We watched , even this weekend , the Russians and their troll farms , their internet folks , start hashtagging out # TakeAKnee and also hashtagging out # BoycottNFL , '' he said during a hearing on threats faced by the United States . `` They were taking both sides of the argument this weekend ... to try to raise the noise level of America and make a big issue seem like an even bigger issue as they are trying to push divisiveness in this country . '' Corporations ( edit ) Major sports sponsors Nike , Under Armour , and Ford all issued statements in support of athletes ' freedom of expression after Trump 's comments regarding the NFL . Nike 's statement read , `` Nike supports athletes and their right to freedom of expression on issues that are of great importance to our society . '' In September 2016 , after Brandon Marshall knelt during the national anthem , Century Link and Air Academy Federal Credit Union dropped him as a paid sponsor . Radio station WFAY dropped a broadcast of an East Carolina University football game on the station after the marching band took part in the protest , calling it an insult to the U.S. Armed Forces . John Schnatter of sponsor Papa John 's Pizza blamed the protests for a drop in sales and a 24 % fall in stock during 2017 , saying that the `` controversy is polarizing the customer , polarizing the country '' . Later that day , the company announced that the NFL shield or `` official sponsor '' designation on Papa John 's commercials and advertising would be removed . In December 2017 Sanderson Farms CEO questioned whether the NFL protests were to blame for falling chicken wing prices . After his first kneel in 2016 , Nike was well on its way to sever its four year long partnership with NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick . Nigel Powell , chief communications executive of Nike , convinced the company to maintain their partnership with Kaepernick which eventually led to the launch of the politically and socially controversial advertisement released in 2018 , `` Nike - Dream Crazy '' , with Kaepernick as their face of the campaign . Despite the prevalent backlash on social media of people who criticized Kaepernick 's actions burning and cutting up their Nike brand clothing , Nike sales increased by 31 % within five days after the advertisement was released . This campaign did result in a temporary drop of 2.2 % in stock price though . Athletes and sports media ( edit ) Throughout the remainder of the 2016 season , Kaepernick received public backlash for his protest , with an anonymous NFL executive calling Kaepernick `` a traitor '' . He also stated that he received death threats . Sportscaster Bob Costas offered support for Kaepernick stating , `` Patriotism comes in many forms and what has happened is it 's been conflated with a bumper - style kind of flag - waving and with the military only so that people can not see that in his own way Colin Kaepernick , however imperfectly , is doing a patriotic thing . '' Trent Dilfer criticized Kaepernick . `` The big thing that hit me through all this was this is a backup quarterback whose job is to be quiet , and sit in the shadows and get the starter ready to play Week 1 , '' Dilfer said on Sunday NFL Countdown . `` Yet he chose a time where all of a sudden he became the center of attention . And it has disrupted that organization . It has caused friction . And it 's torn at the fabric of the team . '' Stemming from the Kaepernick controversy , before the beginning of the 2016 World Cup of Hockey tournament in Toronto , Canada , Team USA coach John Tortorella told in an interview that if any one of his players were to sit out during the anthem , they would sit on the bench for the entire duration of the game . The September 2016 police shootings of Terence Crutcher and Keith Lamont Scott bolstered support for his protest . Kaepernick said of the Terence Crutcher shooting , `` this is a perfect example of what this is about . '' Boxer Floyd Mayweather , criticized Kaepernick , stating , `` You know , a lot of times , we get stuck , and we are followers . When you hear one person say ' black lives matter ' or ' blue lives matter , ' all lives matter . '' Adding moments later , `` With me being a fighter , and my hands being registered , if I hit a guy for breaking in my house , or breaking in my car , it 's gon na cost me more money , so I got ta work smarter , not harder . I 'm gon na call the cops . '' Discussion continued throughout August 2017 . Baseball Hall of Famer Hank Aaron said , `` I think he 's getting a raw deal '' from the NFL . That same month , Pro Football Hall of Famer and longtime civil rights activist Jim Brown , who a year earlier supported Kaepernick `` 100 percent '' , now criticized him , suggesting Kaepernick ought to decide whether to be an athlete or an activist . `` I 'm an American , '' said Brown . `` I do n't desecrate my flag and my national anthem. ... This is my country , and I 'll work out the problems , but I 'll do it in an intelligent manner . '' Jim Harbaugh , Kaepernick 's former coach , penned a strong statement of support for him as part of Time 's `` 100 Most Influential People '' series . Harbaugh wrote , `` His willingness to take a position at personal cost is now part of our American story . How lucky for us all and for our country to have among our citizens someone as remarkable as Colin Kaepernick . '' NASCAR team owners Richard Petty and Richard Childress have supported Trump and said that they would fire drivers and employees who would not stand for the national anthem . Petty said , `` Anybody that do n't stand up for the anthem ought to be out of the country . Period . '' Childress said , `` It 'll get you a ride on a Greyhound bus '' if anyone on his team protested the anthem . Driver Dale Earnhardt Jr. , however , expressed support for the peaceful protests , quoting President John F. Kennedy , `` Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable . '' NASCAR released a statement on September 25 in response to the protests that said , `` Sports are a unifying influence in our society , bringing people of differing backgrounds and beliefs together . Our respect for the national anthem has always been a hallmark of our pre-race events . Thanks to the sacrifices of many , we live in a country of unparalleled freedoms and countless liberties , including the right to peacefully express one 's opinion . '' Jemele Hill , an ESPN anchor who called Trump a `` white supremacist '' in a series of tweets earlier in the month , tweeted , `` Just so we 're clear : the president 's comments will only incite more player protests , not quell them . '' following Trump 's initial response to the protests . Hill was later put on a two - week suspension for `` a second violation of our social media guidelines '' , after Hill suggested people direct their disagreements towards advertisers of Dallas Cowboys owner , Jerry Jones , after Jones stated he would bench any player who protested the national anthem on October 9 , 2017 . On September 25 , 2017 , Bill Russell posted a photo to Twitter while kneeling and wearing his Presidential Medal of Freedom . On September 26 , 2017 , Joey Odoms , the national anthem singer for the home games of the Ravens , resigned citing the `` tone / actions of a large number of NFL fans in the midst of our country 's cultural crisis '' . Former Chicago Bears coach Mike Ditka commented , `` If you do n't respect our country , then you should n't be in this country playing football ... So I would say , adios . '' He added that he was `` not condemning anybody or criticizing anybody '' in his remarks . According to Ditka , `` there has been no oppression in the last 100 years that I know of . '' Entertainment ( edit ) Stevie Wonder knelt during the 2017 Global Citizen Festival on September 23 , saying `` Tonight , I 'm taking a knee for America '' . Eddie Vedder , Pharrell Williams , Dave Matthews , John Legend and Roger Waters knelt to support the protests during concerts on September 24 . The same day Sonequa Martin - Green posted in her Instagram account a picture of several members from Star Trek : Discovery 's cast alongside producer Akiva Goldsman and herself kneeling . Shonda Rhimes posted a photo kneeling with the cast of Grey 's Anatomy . The X-Files actors Gillian Anderson and David Duchovny posted a photo on Twitter of themselves kneeling with arms locked on September 26 . Colleges ( edit ) Colin Kaepernick has recently been awarded the W.E.B Du Bois Medal , and accepted the award on October 11 , 2018 at Harvard University during the Hutchins Center Honors sponsored by the Hutchins Center for African & African American Research . The award is going to be given for his `` significant contributions and African - American history and culture '' , and for his support `` for intercultural understanding and human rights in an increasingly global and interconnected world '' . Some might think that the award is significant because it shows what he has sacrificed for starting and upholding the national anthem protest , and gives credibility to him as an activist based on the criteria for the award and past honorees such as Muhammad Ali . See also ( edit ) 2010s portal 1968 Olympics Black Power salute United States Flag Code Quarterback kneel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fortin , Jacey ; Haag , Matthew ( September 4 , 2018 ) . `` Nike 's Deal With Kaepernick Draws Cheers and Pictures of Burning Shoes '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL players protest during anthem ; Colin Kaepernick , President Trump respond ' '' . Sporting News . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers sticks up for player protests during national anthem ' '' . USAToday . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton defends kneeling NFL players , says ' that 's not against our anthem or flag ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Everything you need to know about NFL protests during the national anthem '' . SBNation . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick explains why he sat during national anthem ' '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Jackson : ' Kaepernick Effect ' to Blame for NFL 's Ratings Decline '' . FoxNews.com . September 23 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mindock , Clark ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taking a knee : Why are NFL players protesting and when did they start kneeling ? '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hafner , Josh ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Anthem kneeling is n't aimed at veterans , and other NFL protest misconceptions '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sandritter , Mark . `` A timeline of Colin Kaepernick 's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him '' . SB Nation . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL player protests sweep league after President Donald Trump 's hostile remarks '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brady , Erik ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` How national anthem became essential part of sports '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301 Jump up ^ `` Title 36 United States Code : § 301 . National Anthem '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What must Americans do during the anthem ? '' . BBC News . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Willingham , AJ ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` The national anthem in sports ( spoiler : it was n't always this way ) '' . CNN.com . Time Warner . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Nick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` NFL rulebook does not require players to stand for national anthem ; Game Operations manual does '' . MassLive.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Har , Janie ; Contreras , Russell ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Diverse America divided on flag , anthem , other symbols '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCain , John ; Flake , Jeff ( 2015 ) . `` Tackling Paid Patriotism '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Reid , Eric ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Opinion Eric Reid : Why Colin Kaepernick and I Decided to Take a Knee '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacQuarrie , Brian ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Military veterans divided over NFL protests '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , AJ Willingham , . `` The # TakeAKnee protests have always been about race . Period '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Reid , Jason ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` NFL owners , players are moving in the wrong direction '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stern , Mark Joseph ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg Was Never Really `` Notorious RBG '' `` . Slate . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wyche , Steve ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` Colin Kaepernick explains why he sat during national anthem '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nick Allen ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Colin Kaepernick : NFL Black Lives Matter protests recall rebellious spirit of 1960s sporting greats '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Colin Kaepernick to donate $1 million to charities that aid communities in need '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Biderman , Chris . `` Colin Kaepernick to donate $100 ka month for 10 months '' ( September 20 , 2016 ) . USA Today . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loumena , Dan ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` 49ers to donate $1 million to charities that focus on racial issues cited by Colin Kaepernick '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick has donated $800 k to empower oppressed communities '' . For The Win . August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury . `` Do n't Ignore This Positive PR Twist To Colin Kaepernick '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- Know Your Rights Camp '' . knowyourrightscamp.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Zirin , Dave ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Colin Kaepernick 's Message to Chicago Youth : ' Know Your Rights ' '' . The Nation . ISSN 0027 - 8378 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bieler , Des ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Colin Kaepernick holds ' Know Your Rights ' camp for underprivileged Bay Area kids '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Payne , Marissa ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` NFL players ' union names Colin Kaepernick its Week 1 MVP for his charity work '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian . `` With ' son of a bitch ' comments , Trump tried to divide NFL and its players '' . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Brent D. ; Jackson , Henry C. ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Trump sparks war with NFL -- and LeBron '' . Politico . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump to NFL owners : Fire players who kneel during national anthem '' . CBS News . September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Payne , Marissa ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Congresswoman : Trump endangering NFL players with ' reckless ' comments about safety '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Study : CTE Found In Nearly All Donated NFL Player Brains '' . NPR.org . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Bryan Armen ; Pengelly , Martin ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` NFL players kneel for anthem in unprecedented defiance of Trump '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cowboys are one of six NFL teams that have n't had a player kneel , sit or raise a fist during national anthem '' . The Dallas Morning News . September 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Mather , Victor ; Fortin , Jacey ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` After Trump Blasts N.F.L. , Players Kneel and Lock Arms in Solidarity '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Sam ; King , Laura ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` As Trump continues his attacks , NFL players protest by kneeling or locking arms '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jonathan ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` A Gesture of Support by NFL Owners Is Meaningless without Them Taking Real Action '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL players respond with heat to Donald Trump 's comments about protests '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL player who started anti-Trump movement : ' He refers to us with slurs but Charlottesville neo-Nazis as ' very fine people ' '' . The Independent . September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump fuels NFL anthem row by tweeting year old video '' . The Telegraph . October 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-says-nfl-players-who-kneel-during-national-anthem-maybe-n876996 Jump up ^ Levin , Josh ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Colin Kaepernick 's Protest Is Working '' . Slate . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Colin Kaepernick joined by Eric Reid in kneeling for national anthem protest '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seahawks ' Jeremy Lane joins Colin Kaepernick 's protest , sits during national anthem '' . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breech , John . `` Here are the 11 players who joined Colin Kaepernick 's protest in Week 1 '' . CBS News . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Nate . `` Broncos linebacker Brandon Marshall takes knee during national anthem '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion What the NFL take - a-knee protests mean '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ CNN , Alexandra King , . `` Bob Costas : Stand for anthem , then take a knee '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about why NFL players are taking a knee and where it came from '' . The Independent . 2017 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gajanan , Mahita . `` Kansas City Chiefs Cornerback Marcus Peters Raises Fist During National Anthem '' . Time . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Geoffrey . `` Seattle Seahawks lock arms during national anthem '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Habib , Hal . `` 4 Miami Dolphins kneel during national anthem '' . ajc . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars players considered protest , but pig socks scuttled plans '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Evans sat during anthem to protest Donald Trump presidency '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bucs ' Mike Evans ends protest , stands for national anthem '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baccellieri , Emma . `` Seth DeValve Is The First White Player To Kneel for the National Anthem '' . Jump up ^ Graham , Bryan . `` Donald Trump blasts NFL anthem protesters : ' Get that son of a bitch off the field ' '' . theguardian . Guardian News . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL players who protested during the national anthem in Week 3 '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wembley , Sean Ingle at ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Donald Trump defied at Wembley as Jaguars and Ravens kneel for anthem '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zrebiec , Jeff . `` Some Ravens and Jaguars take knee during national anthem in wake of comments by President Trump '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Don ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` NFL players in London kneel for the US national anthem but stand for the British one '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Belson , Ken ; Manchester , Sam ; Mather , Victor ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady Joins Anthem Demonstration as N.F.L. Protests Trump Comments '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Linsey kneels after singing national anthem at Titans - Seahawks game '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL player protests sweep league after President Donald Trump 's hostile remarks '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why did Stills kneel Sunday ? Because he felt Trump tried to ' scare ' or ' intimidate ' him '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From Chicago to London , NFL players react to Trump 's protest critiques '' . WGN - TV . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Villanueva on anthem flap : ' It was n't me stepping forward ' '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice . `` Most of the Raiders took a seat during national anthem '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Von Miller among 32 Broncos players who take a knee for national anthem '' . The Denver Post . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills lock arms during national anthem in response to Donald Trump '' . NewYorkUpstate.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeSean McCoy says Donald Trump should ' be a president , ' ' be respectful ' '' . PennLive.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Archer , Todd ; Weinfuss , Josh ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys , Cardinals lock arms for national anthem in show of unity '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees : Saints plan to kneel before national anthem , stand during it on Sunday '' . 2017 NOLA media group . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colts kneel , lock arms in show of unity against Donald Trump 's comments '' . WRTV . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL players who protested during the national anthem in Week 3 '' . ESPN . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Dakota ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` What is cost for Mike Pence to leave the Colts - 49ers game '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kaepernick files grievance claiming collusion '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick 's Grievance Against NFL Moves Forward '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Barshop , Sarah ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Texans ' Duane Brown on kneeling for anthem : Team felt sense of unity playing for each other '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickersham , Seth ; Van Natta Jr. , Don ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Gaffes , TV ratings concerns dominated as NFL , players forged anthem peace '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Aaron ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Texans ' Duane Brown says Bob McNair meeting ' did n't go too well ' '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Healy , John ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` NFL admits there was no official vote on national anthem policy , instead informal show of hands '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` NFL expected to enact national anthem policy for ' 18 '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises , LLC . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Goodell 's statement on national anthem policy '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises , LLC . May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump calls off Eagles ' White House visit over national anthem dispute '' . Yahoo Sports . Oath Inc . ( Verizon ) . June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fragile egomaniac ' : Philly Mayor responds to Trump 's White House snub '' . Fox Sports . June 5 , 2018 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Orr , Connor ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` The Five Hours That Forced the NFL to Reconsider Its Anthem Policy '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ West , Jenna ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Trump Suggests Players Kneeling for Anthem Should Be Suspended for Entire Season '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McKirdy , Euan ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Megan Rapinoe takes knee in solidarity with Kaepernick '' . CNN . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steven Goff ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Megan Rapinoe does n't get chance to kneel for national anthem . It was played with teams in locker room '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steven Goff ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Washington Spirit players unhappy with owner 's anthem move '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USWNT 's Megan Rapinoe kneels for national anthem before Thailand match '' . Sports Illustrated . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Soccer banned Megan Rapinoe 's national anthem protest without caring to understand it '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/20848575/rules-national-anthem-differ-sports-leagues Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` Hertha Berlin players take knee during German anthem '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Gunderson , Kalea ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` West Virginia Tech volleyball players kneel during national anthem '' . ABC . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbs , Lindsay . `` Tracking the Kaepernick Effect : The anthem protests are spreading '' . think progress . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ECU chancellor , Gov. McCrory speak out about band members kneeling '' . WITN - TV . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Why protests are n't as common in college football '' . SB Nation . Jump up ^ Christopherson , Brian . `` Prior to game , Rose - Ivey told team of his decision to kneel for anthem '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Jump up ^ Riley , Claudette ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` If you kneel , the game is over , C of O tells opposing teams '' . Springfield News - Leader . Jump up ^ `` Anthem protest policy moves NAIA basketball tournament away from College of the Ozarks '' . Springfield News - Leader . October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Kevin . `` First home game for Brunswick High School since player said he received racial threats '' . Fox . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogage , Jacob ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Louisiana high school will kick students off team if they do n't stand for national anthem '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` Local high school football players kicked off team after protest during anthem '' . sfgate.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A 's Bruce Maxwell first MLB player to kneel for anthem '' . Jump up ^ Madani , Doha ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` MLB 's First Player Just Took A Knee During The National Anthem '' . HuffPost . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In his first at - bat after taking a knee , Bruce Maxwell got a standing ovation from fans '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Theisen , Lauren ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles Sparks Leave Court Before National Anthem in Game 1 of WNBA Finals '' . Deadspin . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/celtics/2018/06/04/why-don-players-have-problem-with-nba-national-anthem-policy/RDqhgKaScJL2DPLLSuWiVM/story.html Jump up ^ Smith , Joe ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Lightning 's J.T. Brown raises fist in protest during anthem before Panthers game '' . tampabay.com . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Livingstone , Flip ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Lightning 's Brown : ' I have received death threats ' after protest '' . TheScore.com . Score Media Ventures Inc . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hjelmgaard , Kim . `` 24095 924 494 Obama defends Kaepernick 's national anthem protest '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg apologizes for criticizing anthem protests '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chason , Rachel . `` ' That is racism ' : Black lawmaker condemns Trump , kneels in Congress to honor NFL players '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Another Democrat takes a knee on House floor to support NFL protests '' . TheHill . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seraaj , Intisar ; Zdanowicz , Christina . `` '' From Jersey burnings to players being uninvited , backlash to the # TakeAKnee protest grows `` '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Romo , Vanessa ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Defends Pence 's NFL Protest Amid Claims It Was A Publicity Stunt '' . NPR . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Devlin Barrett ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Lawmaker : Russian trolls trying to sow discord in NFL kneeling debate '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russian trolls using NFL protests to sow discord online , GOP senator says '' . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Russian internet trolls pushed national anthem controversy , # TakeAKnee : Senator '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Nike , an NFL sponsor , takes clear side in Trump vs NFL '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Curtis . `` Brandon Marshall picks up new endorsement after losing two following anthem kneel '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Nick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . Local ESPN Radio Station To Drop ECU Game After Band Protest . Deadspin . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meyersohn , Nathaniel ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Papa John 's says NFL protests are hurting sales '' . CNN Money . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Papa John 's says anthem protests are hurting deal with NFL '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durisin , Megan ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Chicken Wing Company Says NFL Player Protests Are Hurting Sales '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nike Nearly Dropped Colin Kaepernick Before Embracing Him '' . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nike ( 2018 - 09 - 05 ) , Nike - Dream Crazy , retrieved 2018 - 09 - 28 Jump up ^ `` Nike Sales Increase 31 % After Kaepernick Ad Despite Backlash '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Turner , Dymond Green , Ashley ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Some people may hate Nike 's marketing campaigns -- but the brand keeps adding billions to its bottom line '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike . `` Kaepernick Anger Intense in NFL Front Offices '' . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : US : Colin Kaepernick says he has received death threats . Al Jazeera . September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas puts the entire national anthem debate in perspective with one powerful segment '' . For The Win . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Inman , Cam . `` Colin Kaepernick told by ESPN 's Trent Dilfer to ' be quiet , sit in the shadows ' '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tortorella ' will sit ' any Team USA player who protests anthem - Sportsnet.ca '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Francis ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Silence From Kaepernick Critics Speaks Volumes '' . HuffPost . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Payne , Marissa ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Floyd Mayweather advises people to ' follow order ' because ' all lives matter ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Axisa , Mike ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` MLB Hall of Famer Hank Aaron says Colin Kaepernick is ' getting a raw deal ' from NFL '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Sports . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Brown : I 'm with Colin Kaepernick ' 100 percent ' '' . National Football League . August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Brown says ' I do n't desecrate my flag , ' thinks Colin Kaepernick should pick football or activism '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Brown on Colin Kaepernick : ' I do n't desecrate my flag and my national anthem ' '' . USA Today . August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick : The World 's 100 Most Influential People '' . Time . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parco , Nicholas ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` NASCAR owners threaten to fire any drivers who kneel during national anthem '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bieler , Des ; Hamilton , Tracee ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Richard Petty , other NASCAR owners decry protests , but Dale Earnhardt Jr. offers support '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR 's Dale Earnhardt Jr. voices support for peaceful protests in America '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR statement '' . NASCAR.com . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN says it accepts Jemele Hill 's apology after anti-Trump tweets '' . CNN . September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Jemele Hill : Trump 's NFL remarks will only make more players protest '' . The Hill . September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Jones : Cowboys will bench any player who ' disrespects ' flag '' . ESPN . October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN suspends Jemele Hill over tweets '' . CNNMoney . October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics legend Bill Russell takes knee in photo with Presidential Medal of Freedom '' . WHDH 7News . February 13 , 2011 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zrebiec , Jeff ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ravens national anthem singer Joey Odoms , a combat veteran , informs team he is resigning '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Ditka on NFL Protests : There 's Been No Oppression in U.S. in Last 100 Years '' . NBC News . October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Kristine ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' I 'm taking a knee for America ' : Stevie Wonder joins a movement Trump deplores '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Eddie Vedder , Roger Waters Take Knee Onstage in Protest '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery cast takes a knee in premiere night protest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast , Creator Take a Knee in Instagram Post '' . variety.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gael Fashingbauer Cooper ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' X-Files ' stars Gillian Anderson , David Duchovny take a knee '' . CNET . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/09/kaepernick-and-chappelle-among-eight-du-bois-medalists-at-harvard/ Jump up ^ https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/21/us/harvard-honors-kaepernick-trnd/index.html Black Lives Matter People Patrisse Cullors Alicia Garza Opal Tometi Elle Hearns DeRay Mckesson Shaun King Marissa Johnson Nekima Levy - Pounds Johnetta Elzie Brittany Packnett Samuel Sinyangwe Blair Imani Gregory McKelvey Erica Garner Muhiyidin Moye Melina Abdullah Events Ferguson unrest 2015 Baltimore protests 2015 -- 16 University of Missouri protests 2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest Deaths protested 2009 -- 2013 Oscar Grant Aiyana Jones James Craig Anderson Mark Duggan Kenneth Chamberlain Sr . Anthony Lamar Smith Ramarley Graham Trayvon Martin Rekia Boyd Jordan Davis Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams Larry Jackson Jr . Jonathan Ferrell Renisha McBride 2014 Dontre Hamilton Eric Garner John Crawford III Michael Brown Ezell Ford Laquan McDonald Akai Gurley Tamir Rice Antonio Martin Jerame Reid 2015 Natasha McKenna Charley Leundeu Keunang Tony Robinson Anthony Hill Meagan Hockaday Eric Harris Walter Scott Freddie Gray William Chapman The Charleston Nine Jonathan Sanders Sandra Bland Samuel DuBose Jeremy McDole Corey Jones Jamar Clark 2016 Alton Sterling Philando Castile Joseph Mann Abdirahman Abdi Paul O'Neal Korryn Gaines Sylville Smith Elijah Doughty Terence Crutcher Keith Lamont Scott Alfred Olango Deborah Danner 2017 Jocques Clemmons Jordan Edwards Edson Da Costa Rashan Charles Patrick Harmon 2018 Anthony Weber Stephon Clark Antwon Rose Jr . Markeis McGlockton Other cases protested 2015 Texas pool party incident Abdullahi Omar Mohamed Charles Kinsey Media 3 1 / 2 Minutes , 10 Bullets `` Alright '' Bars4Justice `` Cop vs. Phone Girl '' `` Do n't Shoot '' `` Lavender ( Nightfall Remix ) '' Rest in Power : The Trayvon Martin Story Stay Woke : The Black Lives Matter Movement Taking a Stand in Baton Rouge Whose Streets ? Supportive groups Assata 's Daughters Campaign Zero Do n't Shoot Portland Mothers of the Movement Movement for Black Lives Say Her Name Groups associated with opposition All Lives Matter Blue Lives Matter Related Criminal stereotype of African Americans Driving while black Ferguson effect Hands up , do n't shoot Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Police brutality in the United States Shopping while black U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Woke Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._national_anthem_protests_(2016 -- present ) &oldid = 866102296 '' Categories : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 beginnings 2016 controversies in the United States 2016 in American sports 2016 protests 2017 controversies in the United States 2017 in American sports 2017 protests 2018 protests 2018 controversies in the United States African - American sports history Anti-racism in the United States Civil rights protests in the United States Criticism of police brutality Flag controversies in the United States Kneeling Media - related controversies in the United States Music and politics National Football League controversies Ongoing protests Police brutality in the United States Politics and race in the United States Politics and sports Protests against Donald Trump Sports controversies The Star - Spangled Banner Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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7482089512158557857 | Corpus delicti | Corpus delicti - wikipedia Corpus delicti Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a legal term . For the Gothic rock band , see Corpus Delicti ( band ) . Corpus delicti ( Latin : `` body of the crime '' ; plural : corpora delicti ) is a term from Western jurisprudence referring to the principle that a crime must be proved to have occurred before a person can be convicted of committing that crime . For example , a person can not be tried for larceny unless it can be proven that property has been stolen . Likewise , in order for a person to be tried for arson it must be proven that a criminal act resulted in the burning of a property . Black 's Law Dictionary ( 6th ed . ) defines `` corpus delicti '' as : `` the fact of a crime having been actually committed '' . In the Anglo - American legal system , the concept has its outgrowth in several principles . Many jurisdictions hold as a legal rule that a defendant 's out - of - court confession , alone , is insufficient evidence to prove the defendant 's guilt beyond reasonable doubt . A corollary to this rule is that an accused can not be convicted solely upon the testimony of an accomplice . Some jurisdictions also hold that without first showing independent corroboration that a crime happened , the prosecution may not introduce evidence of the defendant 's statement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Murder investigation 2 Specific offences 3 Misinterpretation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Murder investigation ( edit ) Corpus delicti is one of the most important concepts in a murder investigation . When a person disappears and can not be contacted , many police agencies initiate a missing person case . If , during the course of the investigation , detectives believe that he / she has been murdered , then a `` body '' of evidentiary items , including physical , demonstrative and testimonial evidence , must be obtained to establish that the missing individual has indeed been murdered before a suspect can be charged with homicide . The best and easiest evidence establishment in these cases is the physical body of the deceased . However , in the event that a physical body is not present or has not yet been discovered , it is possible to prove a crime took place if sufficient circumstantial evidence is presented to prove the matter beyond a reasonable doubt . For example , the presence at a missing person 's home of spilled human blood , identifiable as that person 's , in sufficient quantity to indicate exsanguination , demonstrates -- even in the absence of a corpse -- that the possibility that no crime has occurred , and the missing person is merely missing , is not reasonably credible . Specific offences ( edit ) In general , all corpus delicti requires at a minimum : The occurrence of the specific injury ; and some intentional , knowing act as the source of the injury . For example : Homicide : 1 ) An individual has died 2 ) as a result of action ( or inaction ) by another person . Larceny : 1 ) Property is missing 2 ) because it was stolen . In essence corpus delicti of crimes refers to evidence that a violation of law occurred , no literal ' body ' is needed . Rights are of two kinds , namely `` of the person '' ( jura personarum ) and `` to control external objects '' ( jura rerum ) . Wrongs are also of two kinds and they are either public or private . Public wrongs are called crimes or public offenses whereas private wrongs are called torts and either involve the breach of a duty of care , a wrongful trespass against the person or property of another , and breaches of agreement or contract . This difference forms the distinction between criminal law ( regarding crime ) and civil law ( regarding torts ) . For a more in - depth explanation , see Sir William Blackstone 's Commentaries , Book 1 beginning about page 52 . Misinterpretation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2016 ) Evidence in the case of British serial killer John George Haigh indicated that he decided to destroy the bodies of his victims with acid because he had the mistaken belief that , in the absence of a corpse , murder could not be proven because there was no corpus delicti . Haigh had misinterpreted the Latin word corpus as a literal body rather than a figurative one . This had previously been the case , under Lord Hale 's Rule of `` no body , no crime '' , but in the twentieth century , the law expanded to allow prosecution for murder solely on circumstantial evidence . See also ( edit ) Corroboration in Scots law Element ( criminal law ) Murder conviction without a body References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Wong Sun v. United States , 371 U.S. 471 , 497 n. 14 , 83 S. Ct. 407 , 9 L. Ed. 2d 441 ( 1963 ( citing to corpus delicti rule and stating : `` For the history and development of the corroboration requirement , see 7 Wigmore , Evidence ( 3d ed. 1940 ) , § § 2070 -- 2071 ; Note , Proof of the Corpus Delicti Aliunde the Defendant 's Confession , 103 U. of Pa . L. Rev. 638 -- 649 ( 1955 ) . For the present scope and application of the rule , see 2 Underhill , Criminal Evidence ( 5th ed. 1956 ) , § § 402 -- 403 . For a comprehensive collection of cases , see Annot. , 45 A.L.R. 2d 1316 ( 1956 ) . '' ) Jump up ^ Press , Margaret . A Scream on the Water : A True Story of Murder in Salem . Jump up ^ B. Berg , Criminal Investigation , McGraw - Hill Humanities / Social Sciences / Languages , 2007 External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of corpus delicti at Wiktionary ( hide ) Law Core subjects Administrative law Constitutional law Contract Criminal law Deed Equity Evidence International law Law of obligations Procedure Civil Criminal Property law Public law Restitution Statutory law Tort Other subjects Agricultural law Aviation law Banking law Bankruptcy Commercial law Competition law Conflict of laws Construction law Consumer protection Corporate law Cyberlaw Election law Energy law Entertainment law Environmental law Family law Financial law Financial regulation Health law Immigration law Intellectual property International criminal law International human rights International slavery laws Labour Law of war Legal archaeology Legal fiction Maritime law Media law Military law Probate Estate Will and testament Product liability Public international law Space law Sports law Tax law Transport law Trust law Women in law Sources of law Charter Constitution Custom Divine right Human rights Natural and legal rights Case law Precedent Law making Ballot measure Codification Decree Edict Executive order Proclamation Legislation Delegated legislation Regulation Rulemaking Promulgation Repeal Treaty Statutory law Statute Act of Parliament Act of Congress ( US ) Legal systems Civil law Common law Chinese law Legal pluralism Religious law Canon law Hindu law Jain Law Jewish law Sharia Roman law Socialist law Statutory law Xeer Yassa Legal theory Critical legal studies Comparative law Feminist Law and economics Legal formalism History Natural law International legal theory Principle of legality Rule of law Sociology Jurisprudence Adjudication Administration of justice Criminal justice Court - martial Dispute resolution Fiqh Lawsuit / Litigation Legal opinion Legal remedy Judge Justice of the peace Magistrate Judgment Judicial review Jurisdiction Jury Justice Practice of law Attorney Barrister Counsel Lawyer Legal representation Prosecutor Solicitor Question of fact Question of law Trial Trial advocacy Trier of fact Verdict Legal institutions Bureaucracy The bar The bench Civil society Court Election commission Executive Judiciary Law enforcement Legal education Law school Legislature Military Police Political party Tribunal Index Outline Portal . i . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus_delicti&oldid=821263758 '' Categories : Criminal law Evidence law Latin legal terminology Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from July 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Slovenčina Svenska Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 11 : 14 . About Wikipedia | what is the corpus delicti of a crime | [] | [] |
-5133189621681393562 | Sara Tancredi | Sara Tancredi - wikipedia Sara Tancredi Jump to : navigation , search Sara Tancredi Prison Break character First appearance `` Pilot '' Portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies Information Aliases Kelli Foster ( S2E10 ) Stephanie Reed ( S4E03 ) Occupation Former prison doctor Family Frank Tancredi ( father , deceased ) Michael Scofield ( husband ) Michael ( Mike ) Scofield , ( son ) Lincoln Burrows ( brother - in - law ) L.J. Burrows ( nephew ) Jacob Anton - Ness ( ex-husband ) Spouse ( s ) Michael Scofield Dr. Sara Scofield ( nee Tancredi ) is a fictional character from the American television series , Prison Break . She is played by Sarah Wayne Callies . Her role in the first season of the series is a prison physician . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Appearances 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 3 Characteristics 4 Concept and creation 4.1 Character development 4.2 Portrayal 5 Production details 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Raised in Chicago , Sara Tancredi 's ambitions to be a doctor began when she was very young . While at Northwestern University , where she was a Phi Beta Kappa , she was introduced to the works of Mahatma Gandhi and decided to become a humanitarian , which later influenced her decision to work at Fox River State Penitentiary . Another factor which contributed to her occupational choice was her past morphine addiction , culminating in being unable to help a boy after he was run over , because she was high , which was revealed in a flashback episode of the first season , `` Brother 's Keeper '' . At 29 years old , Dr. Sara Tancredi was one of the few doctors working at Fox River . Her chosen occupation became a constant source of stress for her father . Sara is the only child of the Governor of Illinois , Frank Tancredi ( portrayed by John Heard ) . Due to her father 's hectic political career and vastly differing beliefs , she did not have a close relationship with him . In episode `` Buried '' , it was revealed that her mother has already died . Appearances ( edit ) In the first season , Sara is mostly featured in scenes with Michael Scofield , while in the second season , Sara has mainly appeared in scenes with Frank Tancredi , Paul Kellerman or by herself . She has appeared in every episode of seasons 1 , 2 and 4 except for second season episodes , `` Otis '' and `` John Doe ''. Her death was faked early in the third season , apparently beheaded by Gretchen Morgan , and her `` head '' was delivered in a box to Lincoln Burrows . In season 4 it is discovered that the head was a ploy and that Sara is alive . Season 1 ( edit ) Sara is introduced to the series when Michael Scofield first visits the infirmary in the pilot episode . In the first and second episode , their interactions are cordial but formal . However , Sara 's curiosity is awakened when he attempts to charm her , and after she checks his academic record , she is surprised that he had graduated with a master 's degree . In `` Allen '' , she notices his nervousness as she tests for his glucose count to confirm his diabetes . However , she dismisses it after his test apparently passed ( but only because Michael had taken insulin blockers to raise his blood sugar ) . Michael 's regular visits to the infirmary becomes an important plot point , as it represents a major step in his plan . Sara treats Michael after two of his toes are cut off in the episode `` Cell Test '' , and the subsequent bonding between them turns their relationship into a more personal one . Most episodes feature Sara interacting with Michael during these visits , initially careful to deflect all his attempts to charm her . However , after Michael rescues Sara from inmates ' intent to rape and kill her in `` Riots , Drills , and the Devil '' , she begins to grow more comfortable around him . This is not without duality , though , as another plot point includes Sara discovering that Michael lied about a PI assignment . However , she is strengthened in her belief that Michael is different from the other prisoners , and several episodes has her trying to obtain information about him , such as when she is required to conduct a medical check - up on Michael 's brother Lincoln Burrows ( Dominic Purcell ) , and questions him on Michael 's background . She also visits Michael 's former psychiatrist in `` Tweener '' . As Sara 's character searches for clues about Michael , and though she knows that something is very suspicious , she ca n't stop herself from being attracted to him . In later episodes , though , Sara attempts to distance herself from Michael . After she discovers that he is married and had a conjugal visit in the episode `` And Then There Were 7 '' , she announces that they will now be doctor - patient only . In the following episodes , her tone with Michael is more distant , though she continues to help him in subsequent episodes despite their relationship . After meeting with Lincoln Burrows ' lawyers on his execution day in episode `` The Rat '' , Sara becomes convinced that Lincoln is innocent and attempts to persuade her father to ask him to review Lincoln 's case after Michael pleads with her . Her father denies the appeal , but additional information emerges to postpone the execution . Sara 's character plays a critical role in the episode `` The Key '' , where Michael must take possession of a key to the infirmary door . He ultimately kisses her as a distraction to steal her keys , but is caught up in the moment and unable to go through with it . Instead , he has his wife meet Sara and steal the keys . His plan backfires when she discovers that Michael 's wife has stolen the keys from her , and becomes very cold towards him . At the end of the episode , she has the locks to the infirmary door changed , thwarting his efforts . Michael is then forced to come clean in `` Tonight '' and reveals to her his intent to break Lincoln out of prison . Sara is confronted with the decision whether she should help Michael or not . Eventually , Sara returns to Fox River and unlocks the infirmary door . Horribly distressed at what she has done , Sara injects herself with morphine from the infirmary . Suspected for being an accessory to the escape , police officers charge into her apartment with an emergency warrant in the Season Finale to find her nearly dead from a morphine overdose . The character 's fate is left unresolved at the end of the first season . Season 2 ( edit ) After recovering from her drug overdose in `` Manhunt '' , Sara loses her medical license and becomes a target of The Company - the mysterious organization behind Lincoln 's murder setup . Posing as Lance , a homosexual addict at a Narcotics Anonymous meeting , Agent Kellerman ( Paul Adelstein ) attempts to befriend Sara to find out the whereabouts of Michael Scofield . Learning that six other convicts joined Michael 's escape , Sara feels betrayed by him , and the two characters initially have a strained relationship . After her father alerts her of Kellerman 's suspicious identity and her father 's subsequent death in episode `` Buried '' , Sara becomes part of the show 's conspiracy plot as she holds the key ( left by her father ) to information that may exonerate Lincoln . Following this , several attempts on Sara 's life are made by The Company , which force her to find Michael via his coded messages . She meets with Michael in the episode `` Rendezvous '' at Gila , New Mexico but their reunion is short - lived when Kellerman and Agent Mahone ( William Fichtner ) find out about their rendezvous point . At first , Sara is reluctant to leave with Michael to Panama but is captured by Kellerman shortly after . Kellerman proceeds to torture Sara in episode `` Bolshoi Booze '' , in an effort to obtain information about a USB drive he thinks her father gave her . Sara escapes from Kellerman and decides to change her appearance and throws her wallet and ID away . Two episodes later , Sara returns in `` The Message '' . She reunites with Michael in Evansville , Indiana in `` Chicago '' . Together with the brothers , Sara travels to Chicago where her father has hidden the audio file that can help prove Lincoln 's innocence . On the train to Chicago , Sara admits to Michael that she has fallen in love with him , and they kiss . Later in the episode , Michael admits he has fallen in love with her . Michael , Sara and Lincoln eventually retrieve the audio file but discover that it 's not legally valid as evidence . They decide to use it to blackmail President Reynolds for a presidential pardon instead . When this fails , Michael and Lincoln are forced to leave the country . When Sara realizes she is being tailed by the FBI , she surrenders herself in order to let the brothers escape . Sara is then faced with a 12 - year prison sentence but as she is about to plead guilty , Kellerman comes forward to testify on her behalf . His testimony exonerates Sara and Lincoln in `` Sona '' , and Sara reunites with the brothers in Panama and tells them of the news . However , when Agent Kim suddenly appears and tries to kill Lincoln and capture Michael , Sara shoots Kim in the chest . With nowhere to run , Michael and Sara surrender themselves to the Panamanian police but to Sara 's surprise , Michael confesses to Kim 's killing instead of her . She is last seen in a crowd by Lincoln . Season 3 ( edit ) In this season , standbys are used to portray the character , including Katie A. Keane in the photographs for the episode `` Call Waiting '' . She is revealed to have been kidnapped by The Company , and is said in `` Good Fences '' to have been murdered in response to a failed rescue attempt . She was decapitated and her head was sent to Lincoln Burrows in a box . Michael swears to avenge her death . Season 4 ( edit ) In Season 4 , Sara 's death is retconned and she returns as a main cast member for all 24 episodes . After Gretchen reveals to Michael in the season premiere that Sara 's death was faked , Michael contacts Bruce Bennett , the former aide of Governor Tancredi ( Sara 's father ) and asks him for help tracking down Sara . The two are reunited later in the episode . Much of Sara 's plotline in the fourth season focuses on the character processing what happened to her in Panama and making a new life with Michael . After they are tracked down by the Company hitman Wyatt , Sara escapes with Michael and Lincoln and accompanies them as they strike a deal with , they must get their hands on Scylla , The Company 's little black book . Sara joins the rest of team as they work to copy the cards , such as in `` Breaking and Entering '' where she slips , most notably in `` Eagles and Angels '' where Sara is informed that Bruce Bennett was found dead and goes out to a bar . She manages not to drink , and instead tells the bartender stories from her childhood and the importance Bruce had for her . In the next episode , she realizes that Wyatt is following her back from the bar and manages to lose him . In `` Five the Hard Way '' Sara 's character takes part in holding the general 's daughter , Lisa , hostage . The team is then betrayed by Self , who takes Scylla for himself to sell it to a buyer . Other homeland security agents chase after them to arrest them for the murder of Trishanne and Self ( Self murdered Trishanne , faked his own death and framed the Scylla team for all of it ) . Michael offers Sara and Sucre to take a bus back to Chicago , although they decided to stay and help . In the next episode , Sara finds it increasingly difficult to watch as Michael neglects his health to continue chasing after Scylla . Sara urges him to get medical attention , but he resists despite her insistence , and refuses to have the necessary operation until Scylla has been acquired . She is forced to provide temporary relief from his condition through a series of injections . However she warns him that he is developing a tolerance , and that they are no substitute for proper medical attention . Nevertheless , Sara helps the team to track down Gretchen and Self . Despite their best efforts , they are unsuccessful and lose both the missing piece of Scylla , and Michael , who is captured by The Company at the end of `` Just Business '' . In the last third of the season , Sara becomes Michael 's only remaining ally , as Lincoln makes a deal with The Company to get Scylla back in exchange for Michael 's surgery . Michael refuses to accept this deal , and escapes from The Company 's clutches after the surgery with Sara 's help . The plot of the next few episodes see Michael and Lincoln 's teams working against each other to acquire Scylla . Sara 's character gives critical help to Michael , such as distracting a guard at the airport where they capture Vincent Sandinsky , a scientist that appears to have ties to The Company . Sara also attempts to comfort Michael after he learns that his mother , Christina Rose Scofield , is still alive and a Company operative and the buyer of Scylla . In the same episode it is revealed that Sara is pregnant with Michael 's child . In `` Cowboys and Indians '' , Michael and Lincoln put their differences aside and work together to steal Scylla from Christina . Meanwhile , Sara is kidnapped by The Company to hold Michael at ransom . In this and the next episode `` Rate of Exchange '' , Sara shares screen - time with T - Bag for the first time . She is almost raped by him , but is rescued by Michael at the last minute . In the series finale , they hand Scylla over to the UN and are all exonerated . Their happiness is short - lived when it is revealed that Michael 's tumor is back . In the epilogue of the series set four years later , Sara is shown living in Panama with her son , Michael Scofield Jr. ( presumably she is forced to relocate there after her escape from prison as documented in the Final Break ) . She then appears at Michael 's grave with her son at the reunion of many of the series ' principal characters - Lincoln , Mahone and Sucre . She lays flowers on Michael 's grave and the series ends with all the characters walking towards the seaside in the sun . Characteristics ( edit ) Sara is shown in the series as a compassionate yet introverted doctor who treated each one of them with the same cordiality and respect . Given this fact , she has little sense of humour and is incorruptible . In the episode `` The Rat '' , Sara 's father questions her motive for helping Lincoln Burrows , to which she replies , `` It 's my job to advocate for ( my patients ) . '' Sarah Wayne Callies , who portrays Sara Tancredi , remarks that the character `` feels a certain level of responsibility to these guys . Partly because who her father is ... she 's the kind of person who would rather take a stand and sleep well at night than have a peaceful family . '' In the second season , Sara becomes part of the conspiracy plot of the show after her involvement in Michael and Lincoln 's escape , and her father 's later pursuit of information concerning Lincoln 's case . She is continuously chased by covert agents after the death of her father in `` Buried '' . Sara later confides in Michael in episode `` Chicago '' that the two things keeping her going are her feelings for him and that she wants to seek justice for her father 's death . The character is described by Jay Bobbin from Zap2it.com as `` gutsy '' , while TV Guide 's Maya Schechter remarks that Sara is `` one tough cookie '' . Regarding her character 's change in the second season , Callies says , `` She 's just someone who has really rushed at life and absorbed experience with real enthusiasm . She 's getting a lot more than she bargained for right now , and I certainly do n't think she 'll be the same person after this . '' Concept and creation ( edit ) Character development ( edit ) Sara Tancredi was introduced to the series as the daughter of the Illinois governor and the prison doctor who the protagonist frequently visits to obtain his insulin shot . The background story of the character , revealed in the sixteenth episode of the first season , was not actually conceived along with the original conception of the series . Callies commented in an interview that it was the `` very first inkling '' that she had about the character 's past . Also in the same interview , the actress mentioned that during the production of the series pilot , she had suggested to Prison Break creator Paul Scheuring that `` it would be interesting to play her as a recovering alcoholic '' . The character 's continuation as a major role in the second season was a `` surprise '' to Callies since the second season revolves around the lives of the eight fugitives outside the prison . The actress states that it is `` some of the most creative storytelling for women on TV right now '' and that she was given `` lot of latitude in establishing a sense of who ( the character ) is '' . As the characterization of Sara continues to develop , Scheuring describes the character as `` one of ( the series ' ) strongest components '' . Towards the end of the production of the second season of Prison Break , Callies ' pregnancy was announced . With the pregnancy not incorporated into the show , the story was written in such a way to account for Sara 's disappearance during Callies ' maternity leave . At the time Paul Scheuring commented , `` It actually fits into what we were already planning . '' He also claimed that the original treatment would have included `` explanations for why she was n't in the first ( batch ) of episodes '' of the third season , later revealing that it would set up a planned 13 - episode story arc that would ultimately culminate with her character 's death . However , due to Callies and the show 's producers being unable to agree on a new contract , the character was suddenly `` killed off '' in the fourth episode , much earlier than planned . Her sparse appearances during the season ( including the use of stand - ins with their faces obscured ) and her gruesome , off screen death was the result of working around the inability to film additional scenes with the actress , as well as for dramatic and emotional impact . However , Sara 's fate was retconned due to `` fan backlash '' and she returned to the series with an active role in Season 4 . Portrayal ( edit ) The character Sara Tancredi was portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies who was the first actress the producers saw at the audition for the role . Incidentally , Callies was also the first to become a principal cast member . In season 3 , other actresses were used to portray the role , though their faces were never shown on screen . Production details ( edit ) A newspaper article about Sara Tancredi is visible and readable in the Pilot episode of the series ( as one of the many that Michael tears off the walls of his apartment ) . The article gives Sara 's middle name as `` Wayne '' ( the same as that of the actress portraying her ) . It also says that she is the `` second - eldest daughter of Frank Tancredi '' ( later retconned in the episode `` Buried '' ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fox Broadcasting Company , Dr. Sara Tancredi 's biography , Official site of Prison Break . Jump up ^ Dialogue spoken by Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi in `` The Rat '' , Prison Break season 1 episode 14 . Jump up ^ Ryan , M , `` In the Big House with the ' Prison Break ' cast . Chicago Tribune . August 24 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bobbin , J , `` ' Prison Break ' Breaks More Rules '' . Zap2it.com . January 22 , 2007 . Retrieved on March 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schechter , M , `` November 20 , 2006 : Disconnect '' . TV Guide . November 21 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , M.W. , `` Prison Break : Is the Doctor ( Gulp ) Out ? '' , TV Guide . May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved on February 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , M. , `` Exclusive ! Prison Break Leading Lady Pregnant ! '' , TV Guide . January 23 , 2007 . Retrieved on February 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , M. , `` Prison Break Exclusive : The Real Story Behind Sara 's Death '' , TV Guide . Retrieved on October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Prison Break DVD News , Season 2 Preview ! . TV Guide . August 8 , 2006 . Retrieved on September 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Riots , Drills and the Devil ( Part 1 ) , Prison Break Season 1 DVD commentary , Paul Scheuring and cast . External links ( edit ) Mitovich , M.W. , `` Sarah Wayne Callies : Prison Break 's Sara Is in Deep Water '' , TV Guide . November 20 , 2006 . ( hide ) Prison Break Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Allen '' `` Cute Poison '' `` English , Fitz or Percy '' `` Riots , Drills and the Devil '' `` Manhunt '' `` Rendezvous '' `` Bolshoi Booze '' `` Disconnect '' `` The Killing Box '' `` John Doe '' `` The Message '' `` Chicago '' `` Panama '' `` Fin Del Camino '' `` Scylla '' `` Breaking & Entering '' `` Shut Down '' `` Eagles & Angels '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Blow Out '' `` Five the Hard Way '' `` The Price '' `` Greatness Achieved '' `` The Legend '' `` Quiet Riot '' `` Selfless '' `` Ogygia '' `` Kaniel Outis '' `` The Liar '' `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma Characters Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Brad Bellick Lincoln Burrows Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Paul Kellerman Alexander Mahone Michael Scofield Fernando Sucre Sara Tancredi Minor characters Cast members Universe Fox River State Penitentiary Penitenciaría Federal de Sona The Company Other media The Final Break ( movie ) Proof of Innocence The Conspiracy Soundtracks Seasons 1 & 2 Seasons 3 & 4 Related Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sara_Tancredi&oldid=800470182 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Illinois Fictional criminals Fictional physicians Fictional murderers Prison Break characters Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional prison escapees Fictional drug addicts Revived fictional characters Fictional alcohol abusers Fictional female doctors Prison medicine Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Română Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 19 : 06 . About Wikipedia | prison break what episode do michael and sara kiss | [
"In later episodes, though, Sara attempts to distance herself from Michael. After she discovers that he is married and had a conjugal visit in the episode \"And Then There Were 7\", she announces that they will now be doctor-patient only. In the following episodes, her tone with Michael is more distant, though she continues to help him in subsequent episodes despite their relationship. After meeting with Lincoln Burrows' lawyers on his execution day in episode \"The Rat\", Sara becomes convinced that Lincoln is innocent and attempts to persuade her father to ask him to review Lincoln's case after Michael pleads with her. Her father denies the appeal, but additional information emerges to postpone the execution. Sara's character plays a critical role in the episode \"The Key\", where Michael must take possession of a key to the infirmary door. He ultimately kisses her as a distraction to steal her keys, but is caught up in the moment and unable to go through with it. Instead, he has his wife meet Sara and steal the keys. His plan backfires when she discovers that Michael’s wife has stolen the keys from her, and becomes very cold towards him. At the end of the episode, she has the locks to the infirmary door changed, thwarting his efforts. Michael is then forced to come clean in \"Tonight\" and reveals to her his intent to break Lincoln out of prison. Sara is confronted with the decision whether she should help Michael or not. Eventually, Sara returns to Fox River and unlocks the infirmary door. Horribly distressed at what she has done, Sara injects herself with morphine from the infirmary. Suspected for being an accessory to the escape, police officers charge into her apartment with an emergency warrant in the Season Finale to find her nearly dead from a morphine overdose. The character's fate is left unresolved at the end of the first season."
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"The Key"
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-3084033028984285943 | Sunset | Sunset - wikipedia Sunset Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sunset ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Sunrise , Evening , or Dusk . The Sun , about a minute before sunset , Portugal , October 2007 Sunset or sundown is the daily disappearance of the Sun below the horizon as a result of Earth 's rotation . The Sun will set exactly due west at the equator on the spring and fall equinoxes , each of which occurs only once a year . Subcategories of twilight The time of sunset is defined in astronomy as the moment when the trailing edge of the Sun 's disk disappears below the horizon . Near to the horizon , atmospheric refraction causes the ray path of light from the Sun to be distorted to such an extent that geometrically the Sun 's disk is already about one diameter below the horizon when a sunset is observed . Sunset is distinct from twilight , which has three phases , the first being civil twilight , which begins once the Sun has disappeared below the horizon , and continues until it descends to 6 degrees below the horizon ; the second phase is nautical twilight , between 6 and 12 degrees below the horizon ; and the third is astronomical twilight , which is the period when the Sun is between 12 and 18 degrees below the horizon . Dusk is at the very end of astronomical twilight , and is the darkest moment of twilight just before night . Night occurs when the Sun reaches 18 degrees below the horizon and no longer illuminates the sky . Locations north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle experience no sunset or sunrise on at least one day of the year , when the polar day or the polar night persists continuously for 24 hours . Sunset creates unique atmospheric conditions such as the often intense orange and red colors of the Sun and the surrounding sky . Contents ( hide ) 1 Occurrence 2 Colors 3 Names of compass points 4 Historical view 5 Planets 5.1 Mars 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Occurrence ( edit ) See also : Analemma The spinning Earth lit by the Sun as seen from far above the North Pole . All along the terminator , the rays from the sun hit Earth horizontally , neglecting any atmospheric effects and Earth 's orbital motion . The full cycle of a sunset on the High Plains of the Mojave Desert . The time of sunset varies throughout the year , and is determined by the viewer 's position on Earth , specified by longitude and latitude , and elevation . Small daily changes and noticeable semi-annual changes in the timing of sunsets are driven by the axial tilt of Earth , daily rotation of the Earth , the planet 's movement in its annual elliptical orbit around the Sun , and the Earth and Moon 's paired revolutions around each other . During winter and spring , the days get longer and sunsets occur later every day until the day of the latest sunset , which occurs after the summer solstice . In the Northern Hemisphere , the latest sunset occurs late in June or in early July , but not on the summer solstice of June 21 . This date depends on the viewer 's latitude ( connected with the Earth 's slower movement around the aphelion around July 4 ) . Likewise , the earliest sunset does not occur on the winter solstice , but rather about two weeks earlier , again depending on the viewer 's latitude . In the Northern Hemisphere , it occurs in early December or late November ( influenced by the Earth 's faster movement near its perihelion , which occurs around January 3 ) . Likewise , the same phenomenon exists in the Southern Hemisphere , but with the respective dates reversed , with the earliest sunsets occurring some time before June 21 in winter , and latest sunsets occurring some time after December 21 in summer , again depending on one 's southern latitude . For a few weeks surrounding both solstices , both sunrise and sunset get slightly later each day . Even on the equator , sunrise and sunset shift several minutes back and forth through the year , along with solar noon . These effects are plotted by an analemma . Neglecting atmospheric refraction and the Sun 's non-zero size , whenever and wherever sunset occurs , it is always in the northwest quadrant from the March equinox to the September equinox , and in the southwest quadrant from the September equinox to the March equinox . Sunsets occur almost exactly due west on the equinoxes for all viewers on Earth . Exact calculations of the azimuths of sunset on other dates are complex , but they can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by using the analemma . As sunrise and sunset are calculated from the leading and trailing edges of the Sun , respectively , and not the center , the duration of a daytime is slightly longer than nighttime ( by about 10 minutes , as seen from temperate latitudes ) . Further , because the light from the Sun is refracted as it passes through the Earth 's atmosphere , the Sun is still visible after it is geometrically below the horizon . Refraction also affects the apparent shape of the Sun when it is very close to the horizon . It makes things appear higher in the sky than they really are . Light from the bottom edge of the Sun 's disk is refracted more than light from the top , since refraction increases as the angle of elevation decreases . This raises the apparent position of the bottom edge more than the top , reducing the apparent height of the solar disk . Its width is unaltered , so the disk appears wider than it is high . ( In reality , the Sun is almost exactly spherical . ) The Sun also appears larger on the horizon , an optical illusion , similar to the moon illusion . Locations north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle experience no sunset or sunrise at least one day of the year , when the polar day or the polar night persist continuously for 24 hours . Colors ( edit ) Evening twilight in Joshua Tree , California , USA displaying the separation of yellow colors in the direction from the Sun below the horizon to the observer , and the blue components scattered from the surrounding sky As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to an observer , some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles , changing the final color of the beam the viewer sees . Because the shorter wavelength components , such as blue and green , scatter more strongly , these colors are preferentially removed from the beam . At sunrise and sunset , when the path through the atmosphere is longer , the blue and green components are removed almost completely , leaving the longer wavelength orange and red hues we see at those times . The remaining reddened sunlight can then be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles to light up the horizon red and orange . The removal of the shorter wavelengths of light is due to Rayleigh scattering by air molecules and particles much smaller than the wavelength of visible light ( less than 50 nm in diameter ) . The scattering by cloud droplets and other particles with diameters comparable to or larger than the sunlight 's wavelengths ( > 600 nm ) is due to Mie scattering and is not strongly wavelength - dependent . Mie scattering is responsible for the light scattered by clouds , and also for the daytime halo of white light around the Sun ( forward scattering of white light ) . Sunset colors are typically more brilliant than sunrise colors , because the evening air contains more particles than morning air . Ash from volcanic eruptions , trapped within the troposphere , tends to mute sunset and sunrise colors , while volcanic ejecta that is instead lofted into the stratosphere ( as thin clouds of tiny sulfuric acid droplets ) , can yield beautiful post-sunset colors called afterglows and pre-sunrise glows . A number of eruptions , including those of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 and Krakatoa in 1883 , have produced sufficiently high stratospheric sulfuric acid clouds to yield remarkable sunset afterglows ( and pre-sunrise glows ) around the world . The high altitude clouds serve to reflect strongly reddened sunlight still striking the stratosphere after sunset , down to the surface . Sometimes just before sunrise or after sunset a green flash can be seen . Illuminated downdraft wind shear clouds in the eastern sky near dusk mimic aurora borealis in the Mojave Desert Some of the most varied colors at sunset can be found in the opposite or eastern sky after the Sun has set during twilight . Depending on weather conditions and the types of clouds present , these colors have a wide spectrum , and can produce unusual results . Names of compass points ( edit ) In some languages , points of the compass bear names etymologically derived from words for sunrise and sunset . The English words `` orient '' and `` occident '' , meaning `` east '' and `` west '' , respectively , are descended from Latin words meaning `` sunrise '' and `` sunset '' . The word `` levant '' , related e.g. to French `` ( se ) lever '' meaning `` lift '' or `` rise '' ( and also to English `` elevate '' ) , is also used to describe the east . In Polish , the word for east wschód ( vskhud ) , is derived from the morpheme `` ws '' -- meaning `` up '' , and `` chód '' -- signifying `` move '' ( from the verb chodzić -- meaning `` walk , move '' ) , due to the act of the Sun coming up from behind the horizon . The Polish word for west , zachód ( zakhud ) , is similar but with the word `` za '' at the start , meaning `` behind '' , from the act of the Sun going behind the horizon . In Russian , the word for west , запад ( zapad ) , is derived from the words за -- meaning `` behind '' , and пад -- signifying `` fall '' ( from the verb падать -- padat ' ) , due to the act of the Sun falling behind the horizon . Historical view ( edit ) The 16th - century astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to present to the world a detailed and eventually widely accepted mathematical model supporting the premise that the Earth is moving and the Sun actually stays still , despite the impression from our point of view of a moving Sun . Planets ( edit ) Sunset on Mars Sunsets on other planets appear different because of differences in the distance of the planet from the Sun and non-existent or differing atmospheric compositions . Mars ( edit ) On Mars , the setting Sun appears about two - thirds the size it appears on Earth because of its greater distance from the Sun , but at least some Martian sunsets last significantly longer and appear far redder than is typical on Earth . The reasons for the colors of the Martian sunset are different to the processes occurring on Earth . Mars has a thin atmosphere , lacking oxygen and nitrogen , so the light scattering is not dominated by a Rayleigh Scattering process . Instead the air is full of red dust which is hoisted into the atmosphere from the ground by high speed winds so its sky color is mainly determined by a Mie Scattering process . One study also reported that Martian dust high up in the atmosphere can reflect sunlight up to two hours after the sun has set , casting a diffuse glow across the land . Gallery ( edit ) Just after sunset , Woodlands , Singapore Sunset in Brela , Croatia Fiji A red sunset near Swifts Creek , Australia Minutes before sunset near Gulf of Paria , Trinidad and Tobago Silhouettes of fishermen during a sunset in Payallar , Alanya Sunset in Fernando de Noronha Archipelago , Brazil Sunset view of the Paranal Observatory , featuring two comets that were moving across the southern skies The very beginning of sunset over the Mojave Desert during extreme haze due to fires in California in the summer of 2016 Twenty minutes before sunset in Ağva , Istanbul , 2017 See also ( edit ) Afterglow Analemma Astronomy on Mars Dawn Daytime Diffuse sky radiation Dusk Earth 's shadow , visible at sunset Golden hour Sundown town Sunrise Sunrise equation Twilight References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definitions from the US Astronomical Applications Dept ( USNO ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Full definition of Dusk '' . Jump up ^ Starry Night Times -- January 2007 ( explains why Sun appears to cross slow before early January ) Jump up ^ The analemma , elliptical orbit effect . ' July 3rd to October 2nd the sun continues to drift to the west until it reaches its maximum `` offset '' in the west . Then from October 2 until January 21 , the sun drifts back toward the east ' ^ Jump up to : K. Saha ( 2008 ) . The Earth 's Atmosphere -- Its Physics and Dynamics . Springer . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 78426 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : B. Guenther , ed. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Modern Optics . Vol. 1 . Elsevier . p. 186 . Jump up ^ `` Hyperphysics , Georgia State University '' . Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Craig Bohren ( ed . ) , Selected Papers on Scattering in the Atmosphere , SPIE Optical Engineering Press , Bellingham , WA , 1989 Jump up ^ Corfidi , Stephen F. ( February 2009 ) . `` The Colors of Twilight and Sunset '' . Norman , OK : NOAA / NWS Storm Prediction Center . Jump up ^ `` Atmospheric Aerosols : What Are They , and Why Are They So Important ? '' . nasa.gov . August 1996 . ^ Jump up to : E. Hecht ( 2002 ) . Optics ( 4th ed . ) . Addison Wesley . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 18878 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sunset , Green Flash '' . Jump up ^ `` The Earth Is the Center of the Universe : Top 10 Science Mistakes '' . Science.discovery.com. 2012 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` A Moment Frozen in Time '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . June 10 , 2005 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds . ( June 20 , 2005 ) . `` Sunset Over Gusev Crater '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sunset Look up sunset in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sunset . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sunset . Full physical explanation in simple terms The colors of twilight and sunset Complete Sun and Moon Data for One Day by The United States Naval Observatory ( hide ) Parts of a day Dawn -- Twilight -- Sunrise Morning Daytime Evening Sunset -- Twilight -- Dusk Night Related articles : Belt of Venus Blue hour Golden hour Terminator Daylight Forenoon Noon Afternoon Midnight Midnight sun Polar night Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunset&oldid=815881366 '' Categories : Earth phenomena Parts of a day Solar phenomena Daily events Evening Hidden categories : Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Articles prone to spam from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Aymar aru Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 20 : 24 . 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-6739408015586512058 | Pippi in the South Seas (film) | Pippi in the South Seas ( film ) - Wikipedia Pippi in the South Seas ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Pippi in the South Seas DVD cover Directed by Olle Hellbom Produced by Olle Nordemar Written by Astrid Lindgren ( novel ) Olle Hellbom ( screenplay ) Starring Inger Nilsson Maria Persson Pär Sundberg Music by Georg Riedel , Jan Johansson , Astrid Lindgren Songs : Kalle Teodor , Mor är rar , Märja mojsi , Här kommer Pippi Långstrump , Kom an , kom an , pirater , Sjörövar Fabbe , Sov alla Edited by Jan Persson Distributed by Beta Film Release date 24 January 1970 ( Sweden ) June 1974 ( USA ) ( Limited ) 1 September 1975 ( USA ) Running time 86 minutes Country Sweden Language Swedish Pippi in the South Seas ( original title : Pippi Långstrump på de sju haven ) is a 1970 Swedish movie , based on the eponymous children 's books by Astrid Lindgren with the cast of the 1969 TV series Pippi Longstocking . It was released in the USA in 1975 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 References 4 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Pippi , with friends Tommy and Annika , adventures on the South Seas to hunt for her father , who has been kidnapped by pirates . Cast ( edit ) Inger Nilsson - Pippi Longstocking Maria Persson - Narrator / Annika Pär Sundberg - Tommy Beppe Wolgers - Captain Efraim Longstocking Martin Ljung - Jocke with the Knife Jarl Borssén - Blood - Svente Öllegård Wellton - Annika 's and Tommy 's Mother Fredrik Ohlsson - Annika 's and Tommy 's Father Staffan Hallerstam - Marko Tor Isedal - Pedro Håkan Serner - Franco Alfred Schieske - Innkeeper Wolfgang Völz - Oscar Nikolaus Schilling - Pirate Olle Nordemar - Pirate Gunnar Lantz - Pirate Carl Schwartz - Pirate Per Bakke - Pirate Kelvin Leonard - Pirate Ingemar Claesson - Pirate Olle Nyman - Pirate Nibbe Malmqvist - Pirate Åke Hartwig - Pirate Thor Heyerdahl - Pirate Arne Ragneborn - Pirate Per Møystad Backe - Pirate Douglas ( parrot ) - the parrot Rosalinda References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Editorial Reviews of the movie of Amazon.com Jump up ^ Helle , Knut ( ed . ) . `` Per Backe '' . Norsk biografisk leksikon ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo : Kunnskapsforlaget . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Pippi in the South Seas on Swedish Film Database Pippi in the South Seas on IMDb Pippi in the South Seas at the TCM Movie Database Astrid Lindgren 's Pippi Longstocking Books Pippi Longstocking Pippi Goes on Board Pippi in the South Seas Pippi on the Run Television Pippi Longstocking ( 1969 ) Pippi Longstocking ( 1997 ) Films Pippi Longstocking ( 1949 ) Pippi Longstocking ( 1969 ) Pippi Goes on Board Pippi in the South Seas Pippi on the Run The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking Pippi Longstocking ( 1997 ) Characters Pippi Longstocking Annika Tommy Mr. Nilsson Other Astrid Lindgren Villa Villekulla Works by Astrid Lindgren Novels Emil of Lönneberga Madicken Ronia , the Robber 's Daughter The Six Bullerby Children / The Children of Noisy Village Mio , My Son The Brothers Lionheart Most Beloved Sister Kajsa Kavat Series Pippi Longstocking Pippi Longstocking ( 1945 ) Pippi Goes on Board ( 1946 ) Pippi in the South Seas ( 1948 ) Bill Bergson Bill Bergson , Master Detective ( 1946 ) Bill Bergson Lives Dangerously ( 1951 ) Bill Bergson and the White Rose Rescue ( 1953 ) Karlsson - on - the - Roof Karlsson - on - the - Roof ( 1955 ) Karlsson Flies Again ( 1962 ) Karlsson - on - the - Roof Is Sneaking Around Again ( 1968 ) Songs `` Lille katt '' `` Sjörövar Fabbe '' `` Idas sommarvisa '' Other works `` Pomperipossa in Monismania '' Sia lives on Kilimanjaro Films directed by Olle Hellbom Bill Bergson Lives Dangerously ( 1957 ) Raggare ! ( 1959 ) The Children of Bullerbyn Village ( 1960 ) Bara roligt i Bullerbyn ( 1961 ) Tjorven , Båtsman och Moses ( 1964 ) Tjorven och Skrållan ( 1965 ) Tjorven och Mysak ( 1966 ) Skrållan , Ruskprick och Knorrhane ( 1967 ) Pippi Longstocking ( 1969 ) Pippi Goes on Board ( 1969 ) Pippi in the South Seas ( 1970 ) Pippi on the Run ( 1970 ) Emil i Lönneberga ( 1971 ) Nya hyss av Emil i Lönneberga ( 1972 ) Emil and the Piglet ( 1973 ) Världens bästa Karlsson ( 1974 ) The Brothers Lionheart ( 1977 ) Rasmus på luffen ( 1981 ) This film article about a 1970s comedy is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to Swedish film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pippi_in_the_South_Seas_(film)&oldid=806299178 '' Categories : Swedish - language films 1970 films 1970s adventure films 1970s comedy films Swedish adventure films Swedish comedy films Swedish films West German films Pirate films Films directed by Olle Hellbom Films set in Sweden Films set in Oceania Films based on Pippi Longstocking 1970s comedy film stubs Swedish film stubs Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Íslenska Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 01 : 58 . About Wikipedia | where was pippi in the south seas filmed | [] | [] |
6113780184178237394 | Sexual selection | Sexual selection - wikipedia Sexual selection Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the evolutionary concept . For the artificial selection of the sex of offspring , see sex selection . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sexual selection creates colourful differences between sexes in Goldie 's bird - of - paradise . Male above ; female below . Painting by John Gerrard Keulemans ( d. 1912 ) Sexual selection is a form of natural selection where one sex prefers a specific characteristic in an individual of the other sex . Peafowls exhibit sexual selection in that peahens look for peacocks with more `` eyes '' on their tail feathers . This causes the peacocks with fewer eyes to die out and those with more to become more common . Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with ( intersexual selection ) , and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex ( intrasexual selection ) . These two forms of selection mean that some individuals have better reproductive success than others within a population , either from being more attractive or preferring more attractive partners to produce offspring . For instance in the breeding season sexual selection in frogs occurs with the males first gathering at the water 's edge and making their mating calls : croaking . The females then arrive and choose the males with the deepest croaks and best territories . Generalizing , males benefit from frequent mating and monopolizing access to a group of fertile females . Females have a limited number of offspring they can have and they maximize the return on the energy they invest in reproduction . The concept was first articulated by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace who described it as driving speciation and that many organisms had evolved features whose function was deleterious to their individual survival , and then developed by Ronald Fisher in the early 20th century . Sexual selection can lead typically males to extreme efforts to demonstrate their fitness to be chosen by females , producing sexual dimorphism in secondary sexual characteristics , such as the ornate plumage of birds such as birds of paradise and peafowl , or the antlers of deer , or the manes of lions , caused by a positive feedback mechanism known as a Fisherian runaway , where the passing on of the desire for a trait in one sex is as important as having the trait in the other sex in producing the runaway effect . Although the sexy son hypothesis indicates that females would prefer male offspring , Fisher 's principle explains why the sex ratio is 1 : 1 almost without exception . Sexual selection is also found in plants and fungi . The maintenance of sexual reproduction in a highly competitive world is one of the major puzzles in biology given that asexual reproduction can reproduce much more quickly as 50 % of offspring are not males , unable to produce offspring themselves . Many non-exclusive hypotheses have been proposed , including the positive impact of an additional form of selection , sexual selection , on the probability of persistence of a species . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Darwin 1.2 Ronald Fisher 2 Theory 2.1 Reproductive success 2.2 Modern interpretation 2.3 Toolkit of natural selection 2.4 Sexual dimorphism 3 In different taxa 4 References 4.1 Citations 4.2 Sources 5 External links History ( edit ) Darwin ( edit ) Sexual selection was first proposed by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species ( 1859 ) and developed in The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex ( 1871 ) , as he felt that natural selection alone was unable to account for certain types of non-survival adaptations . He once wrote to a colleague that `` The sight of a feather in a peacock 's tail , whenever I gaze at it , makes me sick ! '' His work divided sexual selection into male - male competition and female choice . ... depends , not on a struggle for existence , but on a struggle between the males for possession of the females ; the result is not death to the unsuccessful competitor , but few or no offspring . ... when the males and females of any animal have the same general habits ... but differ in structure , colour , or ornament , such differences have been mainly caused by sexual selection . These views were to some extent opposed by Alfred Russel Wallace , mostly after Darwin 's death . He accepted that sexual selection could occur , but argued that it was a relatively weak form of selection . He argued that male - male competitions were forms of natural selection , but that the `` drab '' peahen 's coloration is itself adaptive as camouflage . In his opinion , ascribing mate choice to females was attributing the ability to judge standards of beauty to animals ( such as beetles ) far too cognitively undeveloped to be capable of aesthetic feeling . Ronald Fisher ( edit ) Ronald Fisher , the English statistician and evolutionary biologist developed a number of ideas about sexual selection in his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection including the sexy son hypothesis and Fisher 's principle . The Fisherian runaway describes how sexual selection accelerates the preference for a specific ornament , causing the preferred trait and female preference for it to increase together in a positive feedback runaway cycle . In a remark that was not widely understood for another 50 years he said : ... plumage development in the male , and sexual preference for such developments in the female , must thus advance together , and so long as the process is unchecked by severe counterselection , will advance with ever - increasing speed . In the total absence of such checks , it is easy to see that the speed of development will be proportional to the development already attained , which will therefore increase with time exponentially , or in geometric progression . -- Ronald Fisher , 1930 Male long - tailed widowbird This causes a dramatic increase in both the male 's conspicuous feature and in female preference for it , until practical , physical constraints halt further exaggeration . A positive feedback loop is created , producing extravagant physical structures in the non-limiting sex . A classic example of female choice and potential runaway selection is the long - tailed widowbird . While males have long tails that are selected for by female choice , female tastes in tail length are still more extreme with females being attracted to tails longer than those that naturally occur . Fisher understood that female preference for long tails may be passed on genetically , in conjunction with genes for the long tail itself . Long - tailed widowbird offspring of both sexes inherit both sets of genes , with females expressing their genetic preference for long tails , and males showing off the coveted long tail itself . Richard Dawkins presents a non-mathematical explanation of the runaway sexual selection process in his book The Blind Watchmaker . Females that prefer long tailed males tend to have mothers that chose long - tailed fathers . As a result , they carry both sets of genes in their bodies . That is , genes for long tails and for preferring long tails become linked . The taste for long tails and tail length itself may therefore become correlated , tending to increase together . The more tails lengthen , the more long tails are desired . Any slight initial imbalance between taste and tails may set off an explosion in tail lengths . Fisher wrote that : The exponential element , which is the kernel of the thing , arises from the rate of change in hen taste being proportional to the absolute average degree of taste . -- Ronald Fisher , 1932 The peacock tail in flight , the classic example of a Fisherian runaway The female widow bird chooses to mate with the most attractive long - tailed male so that her progeny , if male , will themselves be attractive to females of the next generation - thereby fathering many offspring that carry the female 's genes . Since the rate of change in preference is proportional to the average taste amongst females , and as females desire to secure the services of the most sexually attractive males , an additive effect is created that , if unchecked , can yield exponential increases in a given taste and in the corresponding desired sexual attribute . It is important to notice that the conditions of relative stability brought about by these or other means , will be far longer duration than the process in which the ornaments are evolved . In most existing species the runaway process must have been already checked , and we should expect that the more extraordinary developments of sexual plumage are not due like most characters to a long and even course of evolutionary progress , but to sudden spurts of change . -- Ronald Fisher , 1930 Since Fisher 's initial conceptual model of the ' runaway ' process , Russell Lande and Peter O'Donald have provided detailed mathematical proofs that define the circumstances under which runaway sexual selection can take place . Theory ( edit ) Reproductive success ( edit ) Extinct Irish elk ( Megaloceros giganteus ) . These antlers span 2.7 metres ( 8.9 ft ) and have a mass of 40 kg ( 88 lb ) . The reproductive success of an organism is measured by the number of offspring left behind , and their quality or probable fitness . Sexual preference creates a tendency towards assortative mating or homogamy . The general conditions of sexual discrimination appear to be ( 1 ) the acceptance of one mate precludes the effective acceptance of alternative mates , and ( 2 ) the rejection of an offer is followed by other offers , either certainly , or at such high chance that the risk of non-occurrence is smaller than the chance advantage to be gained by selecting a mate . The conditions determining which sex becomes the more limited resource in intersexual selection can be best understood by way of Bateman 's principle which states that the sex which invests the most in producing offspring becomes a limiting resource over which the other sex competes `` , illustrated by the greater nutritional investment of an egg in a zygote , and the limited capacity of females to reproduce ; for example in humans a woman can only give birth every ten months whereas in theory a male can become a father every day . Modern interpretation ( edit ) Male mountain gorilla , a tournament species The sciences of evolutionary psychology , human behavioural ecology , and sociobiology study the influence of sexual selection in humans . Darwin 's ideas on sexual selection were met with scepticism by his contemporaries and not considered of great importance in the early 20th century , until in the 1930s biologists decided to include sexual selection as a mode of natural selection . Only in the 21st century have they become more important in biology . The theory however is generally applicable and analogous to natural selection . Flour beetle Tungara frog Research in 2015 indicates that sexual selection , including mate choice , `` improves population health and protects against extinction , even in the face of genetic stress from high levels of inbreeding '' and `` ultimately dictates who gets to reproduce their genes into the next generation - so it 's a widespread and very powerful evolutionary force . '' The study involved the flour beetle over a ten - year period where the only changes were in the intensity of sexual selection . Another theory , the handicap principle of Amotz Zahavi , Russell Lande and W.D. Hamilton , holds that the fact that the male is able to survive until and through the age of reproduction with such a seemingly maladaptive trait is taken by the female to be a testament to his overall fitness . Such handicaps might prove he is either free of or resistant to disease , or that he possesses more speed or a greater physical strength that is used to combat the troubles brought on by the exaggerated trait . Zahavi 's work spurred a re-examination of the field , which has produced an ever - accelerating number of theories . In 1984 , Hamilton and Marlene Zuk introduced the `` Bright Male '' hypothesis , suggesting that male elaborations might serve as a marker of health , by exaggerating the effects of disease and deficiency . In 1990 , Michael Ryan and A.S. Rand , working with the tungara frog , proposed the hypothesis of `` Sensory Exploitation '' , where exaggerated male traits may provide a sensory stimulation that females find hard to resist . Subsequently , the theories of the `` Gravity Hypothesis '' by Jordi Moya - Larano et al. ( 2002 ) , invoking a simple biomechanical model to account for the adaptive value for smaller male spiders of speed in clmbing vertical surfaces , and `` Chase Away '' by Brett Holland and William R. Rice have been added . In the late 1970s , Janzen and Mary Willson , noting that male flowers are often larger than female flowers , expanded the field of sexual selection into plants . In the past few years , the field has exploded to include other areas of study , not all of which fit Darwin 's definition of sexual selection . These include cuckoldry , nuptial gifts , sperm competition , infanticide ( especially in primates ) , physical beauty , mating by subterfuge , species isolation mechanisms , male parental care , ambiparental care , mate location , polygamy , and homosexual rape in certain male animals . Focusing on the effect of sexual conflict , as hypothesized by William Rice , Locke Rowe et Göran Arnvist , Thierry Lodé argues that divergence of interest constitutes a key for evolutionary process . Sexual conflict leads to an antagonistic co-evolution in which one sex tends to control the other , resulting in a tug of war . Besides , the sexual propaganda theory only argued that mate were opportunistically lead , on the basis of various factors determining the choice such as phenotypic characteristics , apparent vigour of individual , strength of mate signals , trophic resources , territoriality etc. and could explain the maintenance of genetic diversity within populations . Several workers have brought attention to the fact that elaborated characters that ought to be costly in one way or another for their bearers ( e.g. , the tails of some species of Xiphophorus fish ) do not always appear to have a cost in terms of energetics , performance or even survival . One possible explanation for the apparent lack of costs is that `` compensatory traits '' have evolved in concert with the sexually selected traits . Toolkit of natural selection ( edit ) Protarchaeopteryx - skull based on Incisivosaurus and wings on Caudipteryx Sexual selection may explain how certain characteristics ( such as feathers ) had distinct survival value at an early stage in their evolution . Geoffrey Miller proposes that sexual selection might have contributed by creating evolutionary modules such as Archaeopteryx feathers as sexual ornaments , at first . The earliest proto - birds such as China 's Protarchaeopteryx , discovered in the early 1990s , had well - developed feathers but no sign of the top / bottom asymmetry that gives wings lift . Some have suggested that the feathers served as insulation , helping females incubate their eggs . But perhaps the feathers served as the kinds of sexual ornaments still common in most bird species , and especially in birds such as peacocks and birds - of - paradise today . If proto - bird courtship displays combined displays of forelimb feathers with energetic jumps , then the transition from display to aerodynamic functions could have been relatively smooth . Sexual selection sometimes generates features that may help cause a species ' extinction , as has been suggested for the giant antlers of the Irish elk ( Megaloceros giganteus ) that became extinct in Pleistocene Europe . However , sexual selection can also do the opposite , driving species divergence - sometimes through elaborate changes in genitalia - such that new species emerge . Sexual dimorphism ( edit ) Main article : Sexual dimorphism Sex differences directly related to reproduction and serving no direct purpose in courtship are called primary sexual characteristics . Traits amenable to sexual selection , which give an organism an advantage over its rivals ( such as in courtship ) without being directly involved in reproduction , are called secondary sex characteristics . The rhinoceros beetle is a classic case of sexual dimorphism . Plate from Darwin 's Descent of Man , male at top , female at bottom In most sexual species the males and females have different equilibrium strategies , due to a difference in relative investment in producing offspring . As formulated in Bateman 's principle , females have a greater initial investment in producing offspring ( pregnancy in mammals or the production of the egg in birds and reptiles ) , and this difference in initial investment creates differences in variance in expected reproductive success and bootstraps the sexual selection processes . Classic examples of reversed sex - role species include the pipefish , and Wilson 's phalarope . Also , unlike a female , a male ( except in monogamous species ) has some uncertainty about whether or not he is the true parent of a child , and so is less interested in spending his energy helping to raise offspring that may or may not be related to him . As a result of these factors , males are typically more willing to mate than females , and so females are typically the ones doing the choosing ( except in cases of forced copulations , which can occur in certain species of primates , ducks , and others ) . The effects of sexual selection are thus held to typically be more pronounced in males than in females . Differences in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of a species are referred to as sexual dimorphisms . These can be as subtle as a size difference ( sexual size dimorphism , often abbreviated as SSD ) or as extreme as horns and colour patterns . Sexual dimorphisms abound in nature . Examples include the possession of antlers by only male deer , the brighter coloration of many male birds in comparison with females of the same species , or even more distinct differences in basic morphology , such as the drastically increased eye - span of the male stalk - eyed fly . The peacock , with its elaborate and colourful tail feathers , which the peahen lacks , is often referred to as perhaps the most extraordinary example of a dimorphism . Male and female black - throated blue warblers and Guianan cock - of - the - rocks also differ radically in their plumage . Early naturalists even believed the females to be a separate species . The largest sexual size dimorphism in vertebrates is the shell dwelling cichlid fish Neolamprologus callipterus in which males are up to 30 times the size of females . Many other fish such as guppies also exhibit sexual dimorphism . Extreme sexual size dimorphism , with females larger than males , is quite common in spiders and birds of prey . In different taxa ( edit ) SEM image of lateral view of a love dart of the land snail Monachoides vicinus . The scale bar is 500 μm ( 0.5 mm ) . Sexual selection in birds - mammals - humans - scaled reptiles - amphibians - insects - spiders - major histocompatibility complex Human spermatozoa can reach 250 million in a single ejaculation Sexual selection has been observed to occur in plants , animals and fungi . In certain hermaphroditic snail and slug species of molluscs the throwing of love darts is a form of sexual selection . Certain male insects of the lepidoptera order of insects cement the vaginal pores of their females . A male bed bug ( Cimex lectularius ) traumatically inseminates a female bed bug ( top ) . The female 's ventral carapace is visibly cracked around the point of insemination . Today , biologists say that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by intraspecific competition - competition between members of the same species - distinguishing between competition before or after sexual intercourse . Illustration from The Descent of Man showing the tufted coquette Lophornis ornatus : female on left , ornamented male on right Before copulation , intrasexual selection - usually between males - may take the form of male - to - male combat . Also , intersexual selection , or mate choice , occurs when females choose between male mates . Traits selected by male combat are called secondary sexual characteristics ( including horns , antlers , etc . ) , which Darwin described as `` weapons '' , while traits selected by mate ( usually female ) choice are called `` ornaments '' . Due to their sometimes greatly exaggerated nature , secondary sexual characteristics can prove to be a hindrance to an animal , thereby lowering its chances of survival . For example , the large antlers of a moose are bulky and heavy and slow the creature 's flight from predators ; they also can become entangled in low - hanging tree branches and shrubs , and undoubtedly have led to the demise of many individuals . Bright colourations and showy ornamenations , such as those seen in many male birds , in addition to capturing the eyes of females , also attract the attention of predators . Some of these traits also represent energetically costly investments for the animals that bear them . Because traits held to be due to sexual selection often conflict with the survival fitness of the individual , the question then arises as to why , in nature , in which survival of the fittest is considered the rule of thumb , such apparent liabilities are allowed to persist . However , one must also consider that intersexual selection can occur with an emphasis on resources that one sex possesses rather than morphological and physiological differences . For example , males of Euglossa imperialis , a non-social bee species , form aggregations of territories considered to be leks , to defend fragrant - rich primary territories . The purpose of these aggregations is only facultative , since the more suitable fragrant - rich sites there are , the more habitable territories there are to inhabit , giving females of this species a large selection of males with whom to potentially mate . After copulation , male -- male competition distinct from conventional aggression may take the form of sperm competition , as described by Parker in 1970 . More recently , interest has arisen in cryptic female choice , a phenomenon of internally fertilised animals such as mammals and birds , where a female can get rid of a male 's sperm without his knowledge . Victorian cartoonists quickly picked up on Darwin 's ideas about display in sexual selection . Here he is fascinated by the apparent steatopygia in the latest fashion . Finally , sexual conflict is said to occur between breeding partners , sometimes leading to an evolutionary arms race between males and females . Sexual selection can also occur as a product of pheromone release , such as with the stingless bee , Trigona corvina . Female mating preferences are widely recognized as being responsible for the rapid and divergent evolution of male secondary sexual traits . Females of many animal species prefer to mate with males with external ornaments - exaggerated features of morphology such as elaborate sex organs . These preferences may arise when an arbitrary female preference for some aspect of male morphology -- initially , perhaps , a result of genetic drift -- creates , in due course , selection for males with the appropriate ornament . One interpretation of this is known as the sexy son hypothesis . Alternatively , genes that enable males to develop impressive ornaments or fighting ability may simply show off greater disease resistance or a more efficient metabolism , features that also benefit females . This idea is known as the good genes hypothesis . Darwin conjectured that heritable traits such as beards and hairlessness in different human populations are results of sexual selection in humans . Geoffrey Miller has hypothesized that many human behaviours not clearly tied to survival benefits , such as humour , music , visual art , verbal creativity , and some forms of altruism , are courtship adaptations that have been favoured through sexual selection . In that view , many human artefacts could be considered subject to sexual selection as part of the extended phenotype , for instance clothing that enhances sexually selected traits . Some argue that the evolution of human intelligence is a sexually selected trait , as it would not confer enough fitness in itself relative to its high maintenance costs . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cecie Starr ( 2013 ) . Biology : The Unity & Diversity of Life ( Ralph Taggart , Christine Evers , Lisa Starr ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 281 . Jump up ^ Vogt , Yngve ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Large testicles are linked to infidelity '' . Phys.org . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles ; A.R. Wallace ( 1858 ) . `` On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London . Zoology. 3 : 46 -- 50 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1858. tb02500. x . Jump up ^ Hartfield , Matthew ; P.D. Keightley ( 2012 ) . `` Current hypotheses for the evolution of sex and recombinationn '' ( PDF ) . Integrative Zoology. 7 : 192 -- 209 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 4877.2012. 00284. x . ^ Jump up to : Population benefits of sexual selection explain the existence of males phys.org May 18 , 2015 Report on a study by the University of East Anglia Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles ( 1859 ) . On the Origin of Species ( 1st edition ) . Chapter 4 , page 88 . `` And this leads me to say a few words on what I call Sexual Selection . This depends ... '' http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=F373&pageseq=12 Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles ( 1859 ) . On the Origin of Species ( 1st edition ) . Chapter 4 , page 89 . http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=F373&pageseq=12 Jump up ^ Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1892 ) . `` Note on Sexual Selection ( S459 : 1892 ) '' . Smith , Charles . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dawkins , Richard ( 1986 ) . The Blind Watchmaker . Longman , London . Published in Penguin Books 1988 , 1991 , and 2006 . Chapter 8 , Explosions and Spirals . Jump up ^ Andersson , M , Sexual Selection , Princeton University Press , Princeton , 1994 . Jump up ^ Ronald Fisher in a letter to Charles Galton Darwin , 22 November 1932 , cited in Fisher , R.A. , Bennett , J.H. 1999 . The genetical theory of natural selection : A complete variorum edition , Oxford University Press , Oxford , p. 308 Jump up ^ Lande , R. ( 1981 ) . `` Models of speciation by sexual selection on polygenic traits '' . PNAS. 78 ( 6 ) : 3721 -- 3725 . PMC 319643 . PMID 16593036 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 78.6. 3721 . http://www.pnas.org/content/78/6/3721 Jump up ^ O'Donald , Peter ( 1980 ) . Genetic Models of Sexual Selection . Cambridge University Press , New York , NY . 250 pp . Jump up ^ Miller , Geoffey , The Mating Mind , p. 24 Jump up ^ Sexual Selection and the Mind Jump up ^ Hosken , David J. ; House , Clarissa M. ( January 2011 ) . `` Sexual Selection '' . Current Biology . 21 : R62 -- R65 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2010.11. 053 . Jump up ^ Moya - Laraño , J. ( 2007 ) . `` Gravity still matters '' . Functional Ecology. 21 : 1178 -- 1181 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2435.2007. 01335. x . Jump up ^ Thierry Lodé ( 2006 ) . `` La guerre des sexes chez les animaux '' Eds Odile Jacob , Paris . ISBN 2 - 7381 - 1901 - 8 Jump up ^ Sexual Selection Costs & Compensations ^ Jump up to : Miller , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) . The Mating Mind . Anchor Books , a division of Random House , Inc . ( First Anchor Books Edition , April 2001 ) . New York , NY . Anchor ISBN 0 - 385 - 49517 - X Jump up ^ Gould , Stephen J. ( 1974 ) . `` Origin and Function of ' Bizarre ' Structures - Antler Size and Skull Size in ' Irish Elk ' , Megaloceros giganteus '' . Evolution. 28 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 220 . doi : 10.2307 / 2407322 . Jump up ^ Eberhard , W.G. ( 1985 ) . Sexual Selection and Animal Genitalia . Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Mass . Jump up ^ Nieuwenhuis , B.P.S. ( 2012 ) . `` Sexual selection in fungi '' . Journal of Evolutionary Biology . 25 : 2397 -- 2411 . doi : 10.1111 / jeb. 12017 . Jump up ^ Tales of two snails : sexual selection and sexual conflict in Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix aspersa Oxford Journals Jump up ^ von Byern , Janek ; Grunwald , Ingo . Biological Adhesive Systems : From Nature to Technical and Medical Application . Springer Science & Business Media , 2011 . p. 124 . ISBN 9783709102862 . Jump up ^ Campbell , N.A. ; J.B. Reece ( 2005 ) . Biology . Benjamin Cummings . p. 1230 . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 7146 - X . Jump up ^ Kimsey , Lynn Siri ( 1980 ) . `` The behaviour of male orchid bees ( Apidae , Hymenoptera , Insecta ) and the question of leks '' . Animal Behaviour. 28 ( 4 ) : 996 -- 1004 . doi : 10.1016 / s0003 - 3472 ( 80 ) 80088 - 1 . Jump up ^ Parker , Geoffrey A. ( 1970 ) . `` Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects '' . Biological Reviews . 45 : 525 -- 567 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 185x. 1970. tb01176. x . Jump up ^ Eberhard , WG. ( 1996 ) Female control : Sexual selection by cryptic female choice . Princeton , Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Locke Rowe , Göran Arnvist. ( 2013 ) Sexual conflict , Princeton Univ Press . Jump up ^ Jarau , Stefan ; Dambacher , Jochen ; Twele , Robert ; Aguilar , Ingrid ; Francke , Wittko ; Ayasse , Manfred ( 2010 ) . `` The Trail Pheromone of a Stingless Bee , Trigona corvina ( Hymenoptera , Apidae , Meliponini ) , Varies between Populations '' . Chemical Senses. 35 ( 7 ) : 593 -- 601 . ISSN 0379 - 864X . PMID 20534775 . doi : 10.1093 / chemse / bjq057 . Jump up ^ Andersson M ( 1994 ) . Sexual Selection . Princeton Univ Press , Princeton , NJ . Jump up ^ PLoS ONE : Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Brain Size in Primates Sources ( edit ) Andersson , M. ( 1994 ) Sexual selection . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00057 - 3 Arnqvist , G. & Rowe , L. ( 2013 ) Sexual conflict . Princeton University Press Lande , C.F.R. ( 1981 ) . `` Models of speciation by sexual selection on polygenic traits '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78 ( 6 ) : 3721 -- 5 . PMC 319643 . PMID 16593036 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 78.6. 3721 . Cronin , H. ( 1991 ) The ant and the peacock : altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today . Cambridge University Press . Darwin , C. ( 1871 ) The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex . John Murray , London . Eberhard , W.G. ( 1996 ) Female control : Sexual selection by cryptic female choice . Princeton , Princeton University Press . Fisher , R.A. ( 1930 ) The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection . Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 850440 - 3 , Chapter 6 Memeoid.net Lodé , T. ( 2006 ) La guerre des sexes chez les animaux . Eds Odile Jacob . ISBN 2 - 7381 - 1901 - 8 Miller , G.F. ( 1998 ) How mate choice shaped human nature : A review of sexual selection and human evolution . In : C. Crawford & D. Krebs ( Eds . ) Handbook of evolutionary psychology : Ideas , issues , and applications . Lawrence Erlbaum , pp. 87 -- 129 Miller , G.F. ( 2000 ) The Mating Mind : How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature . Heinemann , London . ISBN 0 - 434 - 00741 - 2 Rosenberg , J. & Tunney , R.J. ( 2008 ) . Human vocabulary use as display . Evolutionary Psychology , 6 , 538 - 549 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sexual selection . Look up sexual selection in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 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-6603912349592802252 | Julie Andrews | Julie Andrews - wikipedia Julie Andrews Jump to : navigation , search Dame Julie Andrews DBE Dame Julie Andrews , May 2013 , in Sydney Australia . Julia Elizabeth Wells ( 1935 - 10 - 01 ) 1 October 1935 ( age 82 ) Walton - on - Thames , England Occupation Actress , singer , author , dancer Years active 1945 -- present Spouse ( s ) Tony Walton ( m . 1959 ; div. 1967 ) Blake Edwards ( m . 1969 ; his death 2010 ) Children 3 , including Emma Walton Hamilton Dame Julia Elizabeth `` Julie '' Andrews , DBE ( née Wells ; born 1 October 1935 ) is an English actress , singer , and author . Andrews , a child actress and singer , appeared on the West End in 1948 and made her Broadway debut in The Boy Friend ( 1954 ) . She rose to prominence starring in Broadway musicals such as My Fair Lady ( 1956 ) , playing Eliza Doolittle , and Camelot ( 1960 ) , playing Queen Guinevere . In 1957 , Andrews starred in the premiere of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's written - for - television musical Cinderella , a live , network broadcast seen by over 100 million viewers . Andrews made her feature film debut in Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the title role . She starred in The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , playing Maria von Trapp , and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical . Between 1964 and 1986 , she starred in The Americanization of Emily ( 1964 ) , Hawaii ( 1966 ) , Torn Curtain ( 1966 ) , Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 1967 ) , Star ! ( 1968 ) , The Tamarind Seed ( 1974 ) , 10 ( 1979 ) , Victor / Victoria ( 1982 ) , That 's Life ! ( 1986 ) , and Duet for One ( 1986 ) . In 2000 , Andrews was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the performing arts . In 2002 , she was ranked # 59 in the BBC 's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons . In 2003 , she revisited her first Broadway success , this time as a stage director , with a revival of The Boy Friend . From 2001 to 2004 , Andrews starred in The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) , The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) . From 2004 to 2010 , she lent her voice to the Shrek animated films and Despicable Me ( 2010 ) . Andrews has won an Academy Award , a BAFTA , five Golden Globes , three Grammys , two Emmys , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award , the Kennedy Center Honors Award , and the Disney Legends Award . Apart from her musical career , she is also an author of children 's books and has published an autobiography , Home : A Memoir of My Early Years ( 2008 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career in Britain 2.2 Early career in the United States 2.3 Film stardom 2.4 Mid-career 2.5 Loss of singing voice 2.6 Career revival 2.7 2010 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Voice 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Stage 6 Accolades 6.1 Honorary degrees 7 Bibliography 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Julia Elizabeth Wells was born on 1 October 1935 in Walton - on - Thames , Surrey , England . Her mother , Barbara Ward Wells ( née Morris ) ( 1910 -- 1984 ) was born in Chertsey and married Edward Charles `` Ted '' Wells ( 1908 -- 1990 ) , a teacher of metalwork and woodwork in 1932 . However , Andrews was conceived as a result of an affair her mother had with a family friend believed to be Alfred Westmacott , a boat builder who designed the popular XOD sailboat . Andrews discovered her true parentage from her mother in 1950 , although it was not publicly disclosed until her 2008 autobiography . With the outbreak of World War II , Barbara and Ted Wells went their separate ways and were soon divorced . They both remarried : Barbara to Ted Andrews , in 1943 , and Ted Wells , in 1944 , to Winifred Maud ( Hyde ) Birkhead , a war widow and former hairstylist working a lathe at a war work factory that employed them both in Hinchley Wood , Surrey . Ted Wells assisted with evacuating children to Surrey during the Blitz , while Barbara joined Ted Andrews in entertaining the troops through the Entertainments National Service Association ( ENSA ) . Andrews lived briefly with Ted Wells and her brother John in Surrey . In 1940 , Ted Wells sent young Julia to live with her mother and stepfather , who , the elder Wells thought , would be better able to provide for his talented daughter 's artistic training . According to her 2008 autobiography Home , while Julie had been used to calling Ted Andrews `` Uncle Ted '' , her mother suggested it would be more appropriate to refer to her stepfather as `` Pop '' , while her father remained `` Dad '' or `` Daddy '' to her . Julie disliked this change . The Andrews family was `` very poor and we lived in a bad slum area of London , '' Andrews recalled , adding , `` That was a very black period in my life . '' According to Andrews , her stepfather was violent and an alcoholic . Ted Andrews twice , while drunk , tried to get into bed with his stepdaughter , resulting in Andrews fitting a lock on her door . But , as the stage career of Ted and Barbara Andrews improved , they were able to afford to move to better surroundings , first to Beckenham and then , as the war ended , back to the Andrews ' hometown of Hersham . The Andrews family took up residence at the Old Meuse , in West Grove , Hersham , a house ( now demolished ) where Andrews ' maternal grandmother had served as a maid . Andrews ' stepfather sponsored lessons for her , first at the Cone - Ripman School ( now known commonly as ArtsEd ) , an independent arts educational school in London , then with concert soprano and voice instructor Madame Lilian Stiles - Allen . `` She had an enormous influence on me '' , Andrews said of Stiles - Allen , adding , `` She was my third mother -- I 've got more mothers and fathers than anyone in the world . '' In her memoir Julie Andrews -- My Star Pupil , Stiles - Allen records : `` The range , accuracy , and tone of Julie 's voice amazed me ... she had possessed the rare gift of absolute pitch '' ( though Andrews herself refutes this in her 2008 autobiography Home ) . According to Andrews : `` Madame was sure that I could do Mozart and Rossini , but , to be honest , I never was '' . Of her own voice , she says `` I had a very pure , white , thin voice , a four - octave range -- dogs would come for miles around . '' After Cone - Ripman School , Andrews continued her academic education at the nearby Woodbrook School , a local state school in Beckenham . Career ( edit ) Early career in Britain ( edit ) Beginning in 1945 , and for the next two years , Julie Andrews performed spontaneously and unbilled on stage with her parents . `` Then came the day when I was told I must go to bed in the afternoon because I was going to be allowed to sing with Mummy and Pop in the evening , '' Andrews explained . She would stand on a beer crate to sing into the microphone , sometimes a solo or as a duet with her stepfather , while her mother played piano . `` It must have been ghastly , but it seemed to go down all right . '' Julie Andrews gained her big break when her stepfather introduced her to Val Parnell , whose Moss Empires controlled prominent venues in London . Andrews made her professional solo debut at the London Hippodrome singing the difficult aria `` Je suis Titania '' from Mignon as part of a musical revue called `` Starlight Roof '' on 22 October 1947 . She played the Hippodrome for one year . Andrews recalled : `` Starlight Roof '' saying , `` There was this wonderful American person and comedian , Wally Boag , who made balloon animals . He would say , ' Is there any little girl or boy in the audience who would like one of these ? ' And I would rush up onstage and say , ' I 'd like one , please . ' And then he would chat to me and I 'd tell him I sang ... I was fortunate in that I absolutely stopped the show cold . I mean , the audience went crazy . '' On 1 November 1948 , Julie Andrews ( aged 13 ) became the youngest solo performer ever to be seen in a Royal Command Variety Performance before King George VI and Queen Elizabeth at the London Palladium , where she performed along with Danny Kaye , the Nicholas Brothers , and the comedy team George and Bert Bernard . Julie Andrews followed her parents into radio and television . She performed in musical interludes of the BBC Light Programme comedy show Up the Pole and later Educating Archie , of which she was a cast member from 1950 to 1952 . She reportedly made her television début on the BBC programme RadiOlympia Showtime on 8 October 1949 . Andrews appeared on West End theatre at the London Casino , where she played one year each as Princess Badroulbadour in Aladdin and the egg in Humpty Dumpty . She also appeared on provincial stages in Jack and the Beanstalk and Little Red Riding Hood , as well as starring as the lead role in Cinderella . In 1952 , she voiced Princess Zeila in the English dub of the Italian animated movie The Singing Princess ( La Rosa di Bagdad , 1949 ) , in her first film and first venture into voice - over work . Early career in the United States ( edit ) Andrews as Eliza Doolittle meets Rex Harrison as Professor Henry Higgins in the musical adaptation of Pygmalion , My Fair Lady On 30 September 1954 on the eve of her 19th birthday , Julie Andrews made her Broadway debut portraying Polly Browne in the already highly successful London musical The Boy Friend . To the critics , Andrews was the stand - out performer in the show . Near the end of her Boy Friend contract , as a Londoner Andrews was asked to audition for the role of Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle in My Fair Lady on Broadway and got the part . In November 1955 , Andrews was signed to appear with Bing Crosby in what one source calls the first made - for - television film , High Tor , which aired on the Ford Star Jubilee in March 1956 . Andrews auditioned for a part in the Richard Rodgers musical Pipe Dream . Although Rodgers wanted her for Pipe Dream , he advised her to take the part in the Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner musical My Fair Lady if it were offered to her . In 1956 , she appeared on stage in My Fair Lady as Eliza Doolittle to Rex Harrison 's Henry Higgins . Rodgers was so impressed with Andrews ' talent that concurrent with her run in My Fair Lady she was featured in the Rodgers and Hammerstein television musical , Cinderella . Andrews as Queen Guinevere with Richard Burton as King Arthur in the musical Camelot Cinderella was broadcast live on CBS on 31 March 1957 under the musical direction of Alfredo Antonini and had an estimated 107 million viewers . The show was broadcast in colour from CBS Studio 72 , at 2248 Broadway in New York City . Only a black - and - white kinescope remains , which has been released on DVD . Andrews was nominated for an Emmy Award for her performance . In 1957 , Andrews released her debut solo album , The Lass with the Delicate Air , which harked back to her British music hall days . The album includes performances of English folk songs as well as the World War II anthem , `` London Pride '' , a patriotic song written by Noël Coward in 1941 during the Blitz , which Andrews herself had survived . Between 1956 and 1962 , Andrews guest - starred on The Ed Sullivan Show ( 15 July 1956 ) , and also appeared on The Dinah Shore Chevy Show , What 's My Line ? , The Jack Benny Program , The Bell Telephone Hour and The Garry Moore Show . In June 1962 , Andrews co-starred in Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall , a CBS special with Carol Burnett . In 1960 , Lerner and Loewe again cast her in a period musical as Queen Guinevere in Camelot , along with Richard Burton ( as King Arthur ) and newcomer Robert Goulet . However , because film studio head Jack L. Warner decided Andrews lacked sufficient name recognition for her casting in the film version of My Fair Lady , Eliza was instead played by the established film actress Audrey Hepburn . As Warner later recalled , the decision was easy , `` In my business , I have to know who brings people and their money to a cinema box office . Audrey Hepburn had never made a financial flop . '' Film stardom ( edit ) Andrews in Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) In 1963 , Andrews began her work in the title role of Disney 's musical film Mary Poppins . Walt Disney had seen her performance as Queen Guinevere and thought she would be perfect for the role of the British nanny who is `` practically perfect in every way ! '' Andrews initially declined because of pregnancy , returning to London to give birth , but Disney firmly insisted , saying , `` We 'll wait for you . '' Mary Poppins became the biggest box - office draw in Disney history . Andrews won the 1964 Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical for her performance . She and her co-stars also won the 1965 Grammy Award for Best Album for Children . As a measure of `` sweet revenge , '' as Poppins songwriter Richard M. Sherman put it , Andrews closed her acceptance speech at the Golden Globes by saying , `` And , finally , my thanks to a man who made a wonderful movie and who made all this possible in the first place , Mr. Jack Warner . '' My Fair Lady was in direct competition for the awards . Andrews ' `` Maria '' dress and Goya guitar from The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) Andrews starred opposite James Garner in The Americanization of Emily ( 1964 ) , for which she was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress in a Leading Role . A comedy - drama war film set in London during World War II , Andrews has described it as her favourite film , a sentiment shared by her co-star Garner . In 1965 , Andrews starred in The Sound of Music , which was the highest - grossing film of the year . It was also the biggest hit in the history of 20th Century Fox . In 2013 , it was the third highest - grossing film of all time in the US , adjusted for inflation . For her performance as Maria von Trapp , Andrews won her second Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical . She was nominated a second time for the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress in a Leading Role and was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , though in both awards she lost to Julie Christie , for Darling . After completing The Sound of Music , Andrews appeared as a guest star on the NBC - TV variety series The Andy Williams Show . She followed this television appearance with an Emmy Award - winning special , The Julie Andrews Show , which featured Gene Kelly and the New Christy Minstrels as guests . It aired on NBC - TV in November 1965 . In 1966 , Andrews starred in Hawaii , the second highest - grossing film of its year . Also in 1966 , she starred opposite Paul Newman in Torn Curtain , which was directed by Alfred Hitchcock . The following year , she played the title character in Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 1967 ) , for which she received a Golden Globe nomination . At the time , Thoroughly Modern Millie and Torn Curtain were the biggest and second biggest hits in Universal Pictures history , respectively . Mid-career ( edit ) Rock Hudson and Andrews kissing in Darling Lili ( 1970 ) Andrews next appeared in two of Hollywood 's most expensive flops : Star ! ( 1968 ) , a biopic of Gertrude Lawrence ; and Darling Lili ( 1970 ) , co-starring Rock Hudson and directed by her second husband , Blake Edwards . In 1970 , Andrews was the first choice to play the English witch Eglantine Price in Disney 's Bedknobs and Broomsticks , with the role eventually going to Angela Lansbury . Andrews continued working in television . In 1969 , she shared the spotlight with singer Harry Belafonte for an NBC - TV special , An Evening with Julie Andrews and Harry Belafonte . In 1971 , she appeared as a guest for the Grand Opening Special of Walt Disney World , and that same year she and Carol Burnett headlined a CBS special , Julie and Carol At Lincoln Center . In 1972 -- 73 , Andrews starred in her own television variety series , The Julie Andrews Hour , on the ABC network . The show won seven Emmy Awards but was cancelled after one season . Between 1973 and 1975 , Andrews continued her association with ABC by headlining five variety specials for the network . She guest - starred on The Muppet Show in 1977 , and the following year , she appeared again with the Muppets on a CBS television variety special . The programme , Julie Andrews : One Step Into Spring , aired in March 1978 , to mixed reviews and mediocre ratings . She made only two other films in the 1970s , The Tamarind Seed ( 1974 ) and 10 ( 1979 ) . In February 1980 , Andrews headlined `` Because We Care '' , a CBS - TV special with 30 major stars raising funds for Cambodian Famine victims through Operation California ( now Operation USA , on whose Board she serves ) . Later that year , she starred in the film Little Miss Marker . In 1981 , she appeared in Blake Edwards ' S.O.B. ( 1981 ) in which she played Sally Miles , a character who agrees to `` show my boobies '' in a scene in the film - within - a-film . That was Andrews 's first on - screen nude scene and got much attention as she poked fun at her own squeaky - clean image . In 1982 , Andrews played a dual role of Victoria Grant and Count Victor Grezhinski in the film Victor / Victoria once again playing opposite James Garner . Her performance earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical , as well as a nomination for the 1982 Academy Award for Best Actress , her third Oscar nomination . In 1983 , Andrews was chosen as the Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year by the Harvard University Theatrical Society . That year , she co-starred with Burt Reynolds in The Man Who Loved Women . Her next two films were That 's Life ! and Duet for One ( both 1986 ) , which earned her Golden Globe nominations . Julie Andrews ' star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame In December 1987 , Andrews starred in an ABC Christmas special , Julie Andrews : The Sound Of Christmas , which went on to win five Emmy Awards . Two years later , she was reunited for the third time with Carol Burnett for a variety special which aired on ABC in December 1989 . In 1991 , Andrews made her television dramatic debut in the ABC made - for - TV film , Our Sons , co-starring Ann - Margret . Andrews was named a Disney Legend within the year . In the summer of 1992 , Andrews starred in her first television sitcom , the short - lived Julie aired on ABC for only seven episodes and co-starred James Farentino . In December 1992 , she hosted the NBC holiday special , Christmas In Washington . In 1993 , she starred in a limited run at the Manhattan Theatre Club in the American premiere of Stephen Sondheim 's revue , Putting It Together . Between 1994 and 1995 Andrews recorded two solo albums -- the first saluted the music of Richard Rodgers and the second paid tribute to the words of Alan Jay Lerner . In 1995 , she starred in the stage musical version of Victor / Victoria . It was her first appearance in a Broadway show in 35 years . Opening on Broadway on 25 October 1995 at the Marquis Theatre , it later went on the road for a world tour . When she was the only Tony Award nominee for the production , she declined the nomination saying that she could not accept because she felt the entire production was snubbed . Loss of singing voice ( edit ) Andrews was forced to quit the show towards the end of the Broadway run in 1997 when she developed hoarseness in her voice . She subsequently underwent surgery at New York 's Mount Sinai Hospital to remove non-cancerous nodules from her throat . ( However , Andrews has recently stated that it was due to `` a certain kind of muscular striation ( that ) happens on the vocal cords '' as a result of strain from Victor / Victoria , adding `` I did n't have cancer , I did n't have nodules , I did n't have anything . '' ) She emerged from the surgery with permanent damage that destroyed the purity of her singing and gave a rasp to her speaking voice . In 1999 she filed a malpractice suit against the doctors at Mount Sinai Hospital , including Scott Kessler and Jeffrey Libin , who had operated on her throat . Originally , the doctors assured Andrews that she should regain her voice within six weeks , but Andrews ' stepdaughter Jennifer Edwards said in 1999 `` it 's been two years , and it ( her singing voice ) still has n't returned . '' The lawsuit was settled in September 2000 for an undisclosed amount . Andrews admits that she has never recovered from the botched attempt to remove nodules from her vocal cords back in 1997 . Her famous , four - octave soprano was then reduced to a fragile alto -- she was quoted at the time as saying `` I can sing the hell out of `` Old Man River . '' Subsequently , from 2000 onwards , Steven M. Zeitels , director of the Massachusetts General Hospital ( MGH ) Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation , operated on her four times and while able to improve her speaking voice , was unable to restore her singing . Despite the loss of her singing voice , she kept busy with many projects . In 1998 , she appeared in a stage production of Dr. Dolittle in London . As recounted on the Julie Andrews website , she performed the voice of Polynesia the parrot and `` recorded some 700 sentences and sounds , which were placed on a computer chip that sat in the mechanical bird 's mouth . In the song ' Talk to the Animals , ' Polynesia the parrot even sings . '' The next year Andrews was reunited with James Garner for the CBS made - for - TV film , One Special Night , which aired in November 1999 . In the 2000 New Year Honours List , Andrews was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) for services to the performing arts by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace . In 2002 , Andrews was among the guests at the Queen 's Golden Jubilee Hollywood party held at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel . She also appears at No. 59 on the 2002 poll of the `` 100 Greatest Britons '' sponsored by the BBC and chosen by the British public . In 2001 , Andrews received Kennedy Center Honors . The same year , she reunited with Sound of Music co-star Christopher Plummer in a live television performance of On Golden Pond ( an adaptation of the 1979 play ) . Career revival ( edit ) In 2001 , Andrews appeared in The Princess Diaries , her first Disney film since Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) . She starred as Queen Clarisse Marie Renaldi and reprised the role in a sequel , The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) . In The Princess Diaries 2 , Andrews sang on film for the first time since having throat surgery . The song , `` Your Crowning Glory '' ( a duet with teen idol Raven - Symoné ) , was set in a limited range of an octave to accommodate her recovering voice . The film 's music supervisor , Dawn Soler , recalled that Andrews `` nailed the song on the first take . I looked around and I saw grips with tears in their eyes . '' Andrews continued her association with Disney when she appeared as the nanny in two television films based on the Eloise books , a series of children 's books by Kay Thompson about a child who lives in the Plaza Hotel in New York City . Eloise at the Plaza premiered in April 2003 , and Eloise at Christmastime was broadcast in November 2003 ; Andrews was nominated for an Emmy Award . The same year she made her debut as a theatre director , directing a revival of The Boy Friend , the musical in which she made her 1954 Broadway debut , at the Bay Street Theatre in Sag Harbor , New York . Her production , which featured costume and scenic design by her former husband Tony Walton , was remounted at the Goodspeed Opera House in 2005 and went on a national tour in 2006 . Julie Andrews in 2003 From 2005 to 2006 , Andrews served as the Official Ambassador for Disneyland 's 18 - month - long , 50th - anniversary celebration , the `` Happiest Homecoming on Earth '' , travelling to promote the celebration , and recording narration and appearing at several events at the park . On 17 March 2005 , Andrews appeared onstage during the curtain calls for the musical of Mary Poppins at the Prince Edward Theatre in London 's West End , where she gave a speech recalling her own memories from making the film and praised the cast for their new interpretation . In 2004 , Andrews performed the voice of Queen Lillian in the animated blockbuster Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) , reprising the role for its sequels , Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) and Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) . Later , in 2007 , she narrated Enchanted , a live - action Disney musical comedy that both poked fun at and paid homage to classic Disney films such as Mary Poppins . In January 2007 , Andrews was honoured with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Screen Actors Guild 's awards and stated that her goals included continuing to direct for the stage and possibly to produce her own Broadway musical . She published Home : A Memoir of My Early Years , which she characterised as `` part one '' of her autobiography , on 1 April 2008 . Home chronicles her early years in Britain 's music hall circuit and ends in 1962 with her winning the role of Mary Poppins . For a Walt Disney video release , she again portrayed Mary Poppins and narrated the story of The Cat That Looked at a King in 2004 . In July through early August 2008 , Andrews hosted Julie Andrews ' The Gift of Music , a short tour of the United States where she sang various Rodgers and Hammerstein songs and symphonised her recently published book , Simeon 's Gift . These were her first public singing performances in a dozen years , due to her failed vocal cord surgery . In January 2009 , Andrews was named on The Times ' list of the top 10 British Actresses of all time . The list included Helen Mirren , Helena Bonham Carter , Judi Dench , and Audrey Hepburn . On 8 May 2009 , Andrews received the honorary George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Achievement in Music at the annual UCLA Spring Sing competition in Pauley Pavilion . 2010 -- present ( edit ) The handprints of Julie Andrews in front of Grauman 's Chinese Theatre In January 2010 , Andrews was the official United States presenter for the Great Performances From Vienna : The New Year 's Celebration 2010 concert . This was her second appearance in this role , after presenting the previous year 's concert . Andrews also had a supporting role in the film Tooth Fairy , which opened to unfavourable reviews although the box office receipts were successful . On her promotion tour for the film , she also spoke of Operation USA and the aid campaign to the Haiti disaster . On 8 May 2010 , Andrews made her London comeback after a 21 - year absence ( her last performance there was a Christmas concert at the Royal Festival Hall in 1989 ) . She performed at The O2 Arena , accompanied by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and an ensemble of five performers . Earlier ( on 15 December 2009 and on many other occasions ) , she appeared on British television saying that rumours that she would be singing at the performance were not true and that she would be doing a form of `` speak singing '' . Yet she actually sang two solos and several duets and ensemble pieces . The evening , though well received by the 20,000 fans present , who gave her standing ovation after standing ovation , did not convince the critics . On 18 May 2010 , Andrews ' 23rd book ( this one also written with her daughter Emma ) was published . In June 2010 the book , entitled The Very Fairy Princess , reached number 1 on the New York Times Best Seller List for Children 's Books . On 21 May 2010 , her film Shrek Forever After was released ; in it Andrews reprises her role as the Queen . On 9 July 2010 , Despicable Me , an animated film in which Andrews lent her voice to Marlena , the thoughtless and soul - crushing mother of the main character Gru ( voiced by Steve Carell ) , opened to rave reviews and strong box office . On 28 October 2010 , Andrews appeared , along with the actors who portrayed the cinematic von Trapp family members , on Oprah to commemorate the film 's 45th anniversary . A few days later , her 24th book , Little Bo in Italy , was published . On 15 December 2010 , Andrews ' husband Blake Edwards died at the age of 88 , of complications of pneumonia at the Saint John 's Health Center in Santa Monica , California . Andrews was by her husband 's side when he died . In February 2011 , Andrews received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and , with her daughter Emma , a Grammy for best spoken - word album for children ( for A Collection of Poems , Songs and Lullabies ) , at the 53rd Grammy Awards . At the age of 77 , Andrews undertook her first tour of Australia and New Zealand in 2013 , hosted by Nicholas Hammond who was a boy of 14 when they appeared together in The Sound of Music . In place of singing , she planned a series of speaking engagements in Australia 's five mainland state capitals . There were security concerns surrounding the event at New Zealand . The following year she took the same show on a tour of England , culminating in two shows in London . In 2015 Andrews made a surprise appearance at the Oscars , greeting Lady Gaga who paid her homage by singing a medley from The Sound of Music . This became a social media sensation , trending all over the world . Lyndon Terracini announced in August 2015 that Andrews will direct My Fair Lady in 2016 for Opera Australia at the Sydney Opera House . In 2016 Andrews created the preschool television series Julie 's Greenroom with her daughter , Emma Walton Hamilton and Judy Rothman . Andrews is joined by her assistant Gus ( Giullian Yao Gioiello ) and `` Greenies , '' a cast of original puppets built by The Jim Henson Company . The series premiered on Netflix in 2017 . Personal Life ( edit ) Andrews has been married twice , first to set designer Tony Walton from 1959 until 1967 , then to director Blake Edwards from 1969 until his death in 2010 . Andrews married Walton on 10 May 1959 in Weybridge , Surrey . They had first met in 1948 when Andrews was appearing at the London Casino in the show Humpty Dumpty . Andrews and Walton headed back to London in September 1962 to await the birth of daughter Emma Katherine Walton , who was born in London two months later . Andrews married Edwards in 1969 ; his children from a previous marriage , Jennifer and Geoffrey , were 3 and 5 years older than Emma , Andrews ' daughter with Tony Walton . In the 1970s , Edwards and Andrews adopted two daughters ; Amy in 1974 and Joanna in 1975 . Andrews is a grandmother to nine and great - grandmother to three . Voice ( edit ) Termed `` Britain 's Youngest Prima Donna '' , Andrews ' classically trained soprano , lauded for its `` pure and clear '' sound , has been described as light , bright and operatic in tone . When a young Andrews was taken by her parents to be examined by a throat specialist , the doctor concluded that she had `` an almost adult larynx . '' In spite of the fact that her voice teacher , English soprano Lilian Stiles - Allen , continually encouraged her to pursue opera , Andrews herself felt that her voice was unsuited for the genre and `` too big a stretch for ( her ) '' . At the time , Andrews described her own voice as `` extremely high and thin '' , feeling that it lacked `` the necessary guts and weight for opera '' , preferring musical theatre instead . As Andrews aged , so did her voice , which began to naturally deepen . Losing her vast upper register , her `` top notes '' became increasingly difficult to sing while `` her middle register matured into the warm golden tone '' for which she has become known , according to Tim Wong of The Daily Telegraph . Musically , Andrews had always preferred singing music that was `` bright and sunny '' , choosing to avoid songs that were sad , depressing , upsetting , or written in a minor key , for fear of losing her voice `` in a mess of emotion '' . She cited this as yet another reason for avoiding opera . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1949 La Rosa di Bagdad Princess Zeila Dubbed voice for the 1952 English - language version 1964 Mary Poppins Mary Poppins Academy Award for Best Actress BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Grammy Award for Best Album for Children Golden Laurel Award for Best Female Musical Performance Nominated -- Golden Laurel Award for Female Star ( 3rd place ) Nominated -- New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress ( 2nd place ) Americanization of Emily , The The Americanization of Emily Emily Barham Nominated -- BAFTA Award for Best British Actress 1965 Salzburg Sight and Sound Herself Short subject Sound of Music , The The Sound of Music Maria von Trapp Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Golden Laurel Award for Best Female Musical Performance David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated -- BAFTA Award for Best British Actress Nominated -- New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress ( 2nd place ) 1966 Torn Curtain Dr. Sarah Louise Sherman Hawaii Jerusha Bromley 1967 Think Twentieth Herself Short subject Thoroughly Modern Millie Millie Dillmount Golden Laurel Award for Best Female Comedy Performance Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 1968 Star ! Gertrude Lawrence Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 1970 Darling Lili Lili Smith ( Schmidt ) Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 1971 Moviemakers , The The Moviemakers Herself ( uncredited ) Short subject 1972 Julie Herself Documentary Tamarind Seed , The The Tamarind Seed Judith Farrow The Return of the Pink Panther Maid Scene cut 1976 The Pink Panther Strikes Again Ainsley Jarvis ( singing voice , uncredited ) 1979 10 Samantha Taylor Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 1980 Little Miss Marker Amanda Worthington 1981 S.O.B. Sally Miles 1982 Victor / Victoria Victoria Grant / Count Victor Grezhinski Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actress Trail of the Pink Panther Charwoman ( uncredited ) Man Who Loved Women , The The Man Who Loved Women Marianna 1986 That 's Life ! Gillian Fairchild Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Duet for One Stephanie Anderson Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama 1991 Fine Romance , AA Fine Romance Mrs. Pamela Piquet Cin cin -- United States title Our Sons Audrey 1992 The King & I Anna TV musical 1995 Victor / Victoria Victoria Grant / Count Victor Grezhinski TV movie 2000 Relative Values Felicity Marshwood 2001 Princess Diaries , The The Princess Diaries Queen Clarisse Renaldi Kids ' Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actress 2003 Eloise at the Plaza Nanny Eloise at Christmastime Nanny Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Shrek 2 Queen Lillian Voice Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement , The The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Queen Clarisse Renaldi 2007 Shrek the Third Queen Lillian Voice Enchanted Narrator Voice Tooth Fairy Lily Shrek Forever After Queen Lillian Voice Despicable Me Marlena Voice 2017 Despicable Me 3 Marlena Voice Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1956 Ford Star Jubilee Lise High Tor with Bing Crosby 1957 Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella Cinderella TV spectacular Original live broadcast , 31 March Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Best Actress in a Single Performance -- Lead or Support 1959 The Gentle Flame Trissa BBC broadcast on 25 December 1961 The Ed Sullivan Show Herself CBS broadcast on 19 March ; special tribute to Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe ; performed songs from Brigadoon , My Fair Lady and Camelot 1962 Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall 1964 The Andy Williams Show Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment -- Actors and Performers 1965 Julie Andrews Show , The The Julie Andrews Show Host 1969 World in Music , AA World in Music Herself Episode : `` An Evening with Julie Andrews and Harry Belafonte '' 1971 Julie and Carol at Lincoln Center Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Program -- Variety or Musical -- Variety and Popular Music 1972 -- 73 Julie Andrews Hour , The The Julie Andrews Hour Host Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Musical Series Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series 1973 Julie on Sesame Street Herself Julie and Dick at Covent Garden Julie and Jackie : How Sweet It Is Julie : My Favorite Things 1977 The Muppet Show 1978 Julie Andrews : One Step Into Spring Herself -- host 1981 The CBS Festival of Lively Arts for Young People Herself Nominated -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Children 's Programming -- Performers Julie Andrews : The Sound of Christmas Julie & Carol : Together Again Julie Andrews in Concert 1991 Our Sons Audrey Grant aka Too Little , Too Late 1992 Julie Julie Carlisle Series cancelled after 3 months 1993 Sound of Orchestra Host 1995 The Sound of Julie Andrews Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Victor / Victoria Victoria Grant / Count Victor Grezhinski TV movie 1999 One Special Night Catherine 2001 On Golden Pond Ethel Thayer 2003 Eloise at the Plaza Nanny TV movie Eloise at Christmastime TV movie Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Broadway : The American Musical Herself Narrator / Host of six - part PBS documentary series about Musical Theatre Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series 2009 - 10 , 2012 -- 15 Great Performances : `` From Vienna : The New Year 's Celebration 2009 '' Narrator / Host , succeeding Walter Cronkite Todos contra Juan Argentinian TV sitcom 2012 The Colbert Report Guest 2014 The Graham Norton Show Guest 2017 Julie 's Greenroom Co-creator ; Netflix series Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1954 -- 55 Boy Friend , The The Boy Friend Polly Brown Theatre World Award for Outstanding Broadway Debut 1956 -- 59 My Fair Lady Eliza Doolittle Nominated -- Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical 1960 -- 62 Camelot Queen Guinevere Nominated -- Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical 1993 Putting It Together Amy 1995 -- 97 Victor / Victoria Victoria Grant / Count Victor Grezhinski Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical Nominated -- Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical ( nomination declined ) Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Result For 1955 Theatre World Award Outstanding Broadway Debut Won Boy Friend , The The Boy Friend 1957 Tony Award Best Actress in a Musical Nominated My Fair Lady 1958 Emmy Award Best Actress in a Single Performance -- Lead or Support Nominated Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella ( CBS ) 1961 Tony Award Best Actress in a Musical Nominated Camelot 1964 New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actress ( 2nd place ) Nominated Mary Poppins 1965 Academy Award Best Actress Won Golden Globe Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Won BAFTA Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Won Laurel Awards Best Female Musical Performance Won Female Star ( 3rd place ) Nominated Grammy Awards Best Recording for Children Won Mary Poppins ( album ) Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment -- Actors and Performers Nominated The Andy Williams Show New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actress ( 2nd place ) Nominated The Sound of Music 1966 Academy Award Best Actress Nominated Golden Globe Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Won David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Actress ( Migliore Attrice Straniera ) Won Laurel Awards Best Female Musical Performance Won Female Star ( 2nd place ) Nominated BAFTA Best British Actress Nominated The Americanization of Emily , The Sound of Music 1967 Golden Globe Henrietta Award ( World Film Favorite -- Female ) Won Laurel Awards Female Star Won Best Female Comedy Performance Won Thoroughly Modern Millie 1968 Golden Globe Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Nominated Golden Globe Henrietta Award ( World Film Favorite -- Female ) Won 1969 Golden Globe Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Nominated Star ! Henrietta Award ( World Film Favorite -- Female ) Nominated 1970 Golden Globe Henrietta Award ( World Film Favorite -- Female ) Nominated Laurel Awards Female Star ( 6th place ) Nominated 1971 Golden Globe Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Nominated Darling Lili Henrietta Award ( World Film Favorite -- Female ) Nominated Laurel Awards Female Star ( 10th place ) Nominated 1972 Emmy Award Outstanding Single Program -- Variety or Musical -- Variety and Popular Music Nominated Julie and Carol at Lincoln Center 1973 Golden Globes Best TV Actress -- Musical / Comedy Nominated The Julie Andrews Hour Emmy Award Outstanding Variety Musical Series Won Outstanding New Series Nominated 1979 Hollywood Walk of Fame Motion Pictures Inducted 1980 Golden Globe Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Nominated 10 1981 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Achievement in Children 's Programming -- Performers Nominated The CBS Festival of Lively Arts for Young People 1982 Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actress Won Victor / Victoria Academy Award Best Actress Nominated Golden Globe Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Won David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Actress ( Migliore Attrice Straniera ) Won Sant Jordi Awards Best Performance in a Foreign Film ( Mejor Interpretación en Película Extranjera ) Nominated Hasty Pudding Theatricals Woman of the Year Won People 's Choice Award Favorite Movie Actress Won Golden Globe Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Nominated That 's Life ! Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Nominated Duet for One 1991 Disney Legends In Film Won 1993 Women in Film Crystal Award Won 1995 Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Nominated The Sound of Julie Andrews Tony Award Best Actress in a Musical † Nominated Victor / Victoria Drama Desk Award Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical Won Grammy Award Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album Nominated Broadway : The Music Of Richard Rodgers 1998 Grammy Award Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album Nominated Here I 'll Stay 2001 Kennedy Center Honors Kennedy Center Honoree Won Society of Singers Society of Singers Life Achievement Won San Sebastian International Film Festival Donostia Award Won 2002 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress Nominated The Princess Diaries Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Nominated Eloise at Christmastime Golden Plate Award The Arts Won 2005 Emmy Award Outstanding Nonfiction Series Won Broadway : The American Musical Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards The William Holden Lifetime Achievement Award Won 2006 Screen Actors Guild Award Life Achievement Award Won 2009 UCLA George and Ira Gershwin Award Lifetime Musical Achievement Won 2011 Prince Rainier Award Outstanding contribution to motion picture , television and theatre arts Won Grammy Awards Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award Won Best Spoken Word Album For Children Won Julie Andrews ' Collection of Poems , Songs and Lullabies 2017 Hamptons Film Festival Lifetime Achievement Award Won Helpmann Awards Best Direction of a Musical Nominated My Fair Lady ( Opera Australia & John Frost ) † Mrs Andrews declined the nomination for her role in Victor / Victoria citing that she felt that the rest of the company had been overlooked Honorary Degrees ( edit ) Andrews has received many honorary degrees in recognition of her distinguished career in entertainment . These include : 1970 : University of Maryland -- Doctor of Fine Arts 1999 : Yale University -- Doctor of Fine Arts 2012 : Stony Brook University -- Doctor of Letters Bibliography ( edit ) Andrews has published several books ( mainly children 's books and also autobiographies ) under her name , as well as the pen names Julie Andrews Edwards and Julie Edwards . Andrews , Julie . Home : A Memoir of My Early Years . Hyperion 2008 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6565 - 2 . Andrews , Julie and Emma Walton Hamilton ( Authors ) and Christine Davenier ( Illustrator ) . Very Fairy Princess . Little Browne 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 04050 - 1 . Andrews , Julie and Emma Walton Hamilton ( Authors ) and James McMullan ( Illustrator ) . Julie Andrews ' Collection of Poems , Songs , and Lullabies . Little Brown 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 04049 - 5 . Edwards , Julie Andrews ( Author ) and Judith Gwyn Brown ( Illustrator ) . Mandy. Harper & Row , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 440296 - 7 . Edwards , Julie Andrews ( Author ) and Johanna Westerman ( Illustrator ) . `` Mandy : 35th Anniversary Edition '' . HarperCollins 2006 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 113162 - 8 . Edwards , Julie . The Last of the Really Great Whangdoodles . New York : Harper and Row. 1974 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 184461 - X . Edwards , Julie Andrews . Little Bo : The Story of Bonnie Boadicea . Hyperion 1999 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 0514 - 5 . ( several others in this series ) Edwards , Julie Andrews and Emma Walton Hamilton . Dumpy the Dumptruck ) . Hyperion 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 0609 - 5 . ( several others in the Dumpy series ) Edwards , Julie Andrews and Emma Walton Hamilton , ( Authors ) . Gennady Spirin ( Illustrator ) . Simeon 's Gift. 2003 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 008914 - 8 . Edwards , Julie Andrews and Emma Walton Hamilton . Dragon : Hound of Honor . HarperTrophy 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 057121 - 7 . Edwards , Julie Andrews and Emma Walton Hamilton ( Authors ) and Tony Walton ( Illustrator ) . The Great American Mousical . HarperTrophy 2006 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 057918 - 8 . Edwards , Julie Andrews and Emma Walton Hamilton . Thanks to You : Wisdom from Mother and Child . Julie Andrews Collection 2007 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 124002 - 8 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dame Julie : The Sound of Music '' . BBC . 31 December 1999 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Julie Andrews '' . Reel Classics . Jump up ^ `` Biography and Video Interview of Julie Andrews at Academy of Achievement '' . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ General Register Office ( GRO ) Register of Births : DEC 1935 2a 435 Surrey NW -- Julia E Wells , mmn = Morris Jump up ^ GRO Register of Births : SEP 1910 2a 51 Chertsey -- Barbara W Morris , mmn = not given Jump up ^ GRO Register of Marriages : DEC 1932 2a 190 Chertsey -- Edward C. Wells = Barbara W. Morris ^ Jump up to : Spindle , Les . Julie Andrews : A Bio-Bibliography . Greenwood Press ( 1989 ) ) ISBN 0 - 313 - 26223 - 3 . pp. 1 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Windeler ( 1970 ) , pp 20 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Brockes , Emma ( 30 March 2008 ) . `` Books About Julie Andrews -- Memoir -- Biography '' . The New York Times . New York City . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ GRO Register of Marriages : DEC 1943 1a 888 Westminster -- Edward V Andrews = Barbara W Morris or Wells Jump up ^ Andrews , Julie ( 2008 ) . Home : a memoir of my early years , Doubleday , p. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ GRO Register of Marriages : JUN 1944 2a 316 Surrey NE -- Edward C Wells = Winifred M Birkhead Jump up ^ GRO Register of Births : JUN 1938 2a 564 Surrey NW -- John D. Wells , mmn = Morris Jump up ^ Stirling , Richard ; Julie Andrews : An Intimate Biography ; Portrait , 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7499 - 5135 - 1 ; p. 22 Jump up ^ Windeler ( 1970 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 ^ Jump up to : Stirling , p. 24 Jump up ^ Timothy White ( 1998 ) The Entertainers p. 111 . Billboard Books , 1998 Jump up ^ Windeler ( 1970 ) , pp 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Spindle , p. 2 , suggests that Andrews began a few years of stage work with her parents in 1946 . Jump up ^ Windeler ( 1970 ) , pp 24 -- 26 Jump up ^ Boag , Wally and Sands , Gene . Wally Boag , Clown Prince of Disneyland , Disney Enterprises , Inc. 2009 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Windeler ( 1970 ) , p. 26 . `` Julie , who was described in the official announcement 14 October as ' a 13 - year - old coloratura soprano with the voice of an adult , ' was the youngest solo performer ever chosen to perform before royalty at the Palladium . She sang the British National Anthem . She ran onto stage in front of Danny Kaye wearing a white A-frame dress and begins to sing , the audience join in . The evening was held in the presence of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth ( The Queen Mother ) . The show was presented by Val Parnell . '' ^ Jump up to : Spindle , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Windeler ( 1970 ) , pp 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . Julie Andrews Biography Archived 1 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... All - Music Guide article from Legacy Recordings . Jump up ^ Jack Zipes , Pauline Greenhill , Kendra Magnus - Johnston ( 2015 ) . `` Fairy - Tale Films Beyond Disney : International Perspectives '' . p. 101 Routledge ^ Jump up to : Spindle , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` In Step With : Julie Andrews '' . Parade Magazine . 17 October 2004 . Jump up ^ Windeler , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Julie Andrews Cinderella to Air on PBS in December '' Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill. 6 October 2004 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Irving . `` The Theatre World Brings A Few Musical and a Stage Success to Television This Week '' . The New York Times , 31 March 1957 . ^ Jump up to : `` Julie Andrews '' . Television Academy . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lass with the Delicate Air '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 Jump up ^ Andrews , Julie ( 2008 ) . Home : a memoir of my early years , Doubleday , p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) at Reel Classics '' . Retrieved 18 December 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Poppins 40th Anniversary Edition DVD . Jump up ^ Hollywood Be Thy Name : The Warner Brothers Story -- 1966 . The University Press of Kentucky Report . 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 0958 - 9 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Blank , Ed . Andrews , as Maria -- a result of ' happy circumstances ' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . 17 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Times Online 's 2005 review of Dame Julie Andrews ' career Jump up ^ `` All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Mell , Ella ( 2005 ) . Casting Might - Have - Beens : A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered for Roles Given to Others . McFarland . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Garlen , Jennifer C. ; Graham , Anissa M. ( 2009 ) . Kermit Culture : Critical Perspectives on Jim Henson 's Muppets . McFarland & Company . p. 218 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 4259 - X . ^ Jump up to : Julie Andrews : A Life Of Achievements . CBS News . 26 January 2007 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 7 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( 9 May 1996 ) . `` Adding Drama to a Musical , Andrews Spurns the Tonys '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music Reunion '' . The Oprah Winfrey Show . Season 25 . 28 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews sues over lost voice . BBC News . 15 December 1999 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Julie Andrews settles lawsuit , Chicago Sun - Times , 9 September 2000 ^ Jump up to : Paget , Clive : Julie Andrews to tour Australia at Limelight , 18 May 2013 Jump up ^ Colapinto , John ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Giving Voice : A Surgeon Pioneers Methods to Help Singers Sing Again '' . The New Yorker . p. 56 . Jump up ^ `` Dame Julie : The sound of music '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Queen honours movie Dames '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Film capital to mark Queen 's Golden Jubilee with Grand Ball '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 1 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` BBC -- 100 great British heroes '' . BBC News . 21 August 2002 . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Singing comeback for Dame Julie . 19 March 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Inverne , James ( 18 March 2005 ) . `` Julie Andrews Makes Stage Appearance at Mary Poppins '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 29 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Julie Andrews Collection '' . The Julie Andrews Collection . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video Library '' . cbs2.com . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Christopher , James ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` The best British film actresses of all time '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PBS.org '' . PBS.org. 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ PBS.org , PBS.org , 9 December 2008 , retrieved 2 August 2010 Jump up ^ `` Rottentomatoes.com '' . Uk.rottentomatoes.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box office mojo '' . Box office mojo . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vue '' . Opusa.org. 26 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dame Julie Andrews to make UK stage return ' '' . BBC News . 25 November 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Clements ( 9 May 2010 ) Review : Dame Julie Andrews at The O2 Arena . The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ `` Dame Julie Andrews returns to British stage after 30 years '' . The Daily Telegraph . 9 May 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Clements , Paul ( 9 May 2010 ) . `` Review : Dame Julie Andrews at the O2 Arena '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Books '' . The New York Times . 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Shrek ' Shrinks with Fourth Movie '' . Box Office Mojo. 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rotten Tomatoes '' . Uk.rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 8 February 2010 ) . `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Hills are Alive ! Julie Andrews and The Sound of Music Cast Reunite on Oprah '' . Broadway.com . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music cast reunite on Oprah Winfrey show '' . BBC News . 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Jill Serjeant Julie Andrews has favourite things Reuters Jump up ^ Joe Neumair ( 16 December 2010 ) Blake Edwards , ' Pink Panther ' director and husband to Julie Andrews , is dead at age 88 Daily News ( New York ) Jump up ^ Julie Andrews to get lifetime Grammy . BBC News . 22 December 2010 Jump up ^ Julie Andrews , Dolly Parton Win Lifetime Grammys , ABC News . 23 December 2010 Jump up ^ Julie Andrews to tour Australia for the first time ABC News , 16 May 2013 Jump up ^ Dow , Steve Australia to come alive to the story of Julie Andrews at Sydney Morning Herald , 9 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` Julie Andrews -- Released Immigration New Zealand Documents '' . saunalahti.fi . Jump up ^ Buncombe , Andrew `` Lady Gaga stuns Oscars viewers with Sound of Music medley as Julie Andrews praises singer '' , The Independent , 23 February 2015 Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya . `` Lady Gaga , Julie Andrews notch Oscars ' top social media moment '' , Reuters , 23 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Julie Andrews to direct Sydney Opera House production of My Fair Lady '' by Alexandra Spring , The Guardian , 5 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` Netflix Sets ' Julie 's Greenroom ' Preschool Series From Julie Andrews , Jim Henson Co '' . Variety . 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Spindle , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Edwards , Prolific Comedy Director , Dies at 88 '' . The New York Times . 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Windeler , Robert ( 1998 ) , Julie Andrews : a life on stage and screen , Thorndike Press , p. 149 Jump up ^ Current biography yearbook , Volume 44 p. 127 . H.W. Wilson Co. , 1983 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , Barbara . `` The Pristine Princess '' , People , 14 March 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' , tcmdb.com . Retrieved 15 August 2010 Jump up ^ Laws , Roz ( 28 March 2014 ) . `` An Evening With Julie Andrews comes to Birmingham NIA '' . Birmingham Post . Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Julie Andrews reveals secrets behind ' Mary Poppins ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ O'connor , John J. ( 25 October 1995 ) . `` TELEVISION REVIEW ; Julie Andrews , With Tough Edges '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Broadway soprano : the lineage and evolution from Julie Andrews to Kristin Chenoweth '' . TheFreeLibrary.com . Farlex , Inc. 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Julie Andrews honoured in Gstaad '' . Swissinfo. 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Tim ( 26 May 2014 ) . `` Julie Andrews , the operatic sensation that never was '' . The Daily Telegraphy . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sikov , Ed . Mr. Strangelove : A Biography of Peter Sellers ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` The Julie Andrews Hour '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( 2 June 2016 ) . `` Netflix Sets ' Julie 's Greenroom ' Preschool Series From Julie Andrews , Jim Henson Co '' . Jump up ^ Spindle , pp. 123 -- 29 Jump up ^ `` Past Recipients : Crystal Award '' . Women In Film . Archived from the original on 30 June 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Probst , Andy. `` Julie Andrews to Receive Prince Rainier III Award at Princess Grace Awards Gala '' theatermania.com , 3 October 2011 Jump up ^ `` Julie Andrews Declines Tony Nomination Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary Degrees A -- K '' . University of Maryland , College Park . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SUNY Honorary Degrees '' . University at Albany , SUNY . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Julie Andrews . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Julie Andrews Dame Julie Andrews at Encyclopædia Britannica Julie Andrews at AllMovie Julie Andrews at the British Film Institute 's Screenonline Julie Andrews at the Internet Broadway Database Julie Andrews on IMDb Julie Andrews at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Julie Andrews at the TCM Movie Database Julie Andrews discography at Discogs Works by or about Julie Andrews in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Julie Andrews : Prim and Improper Official site for The Very Fairy Princess by Julie Andrews and Emma Walton Hamilton Awards for Julie Andrews Academy Award for Best Actress 1928 -- 1950 Janet Gaynor ( 1928 ) Mary Pickford ( 1929 ) Norma Shearer ( 1930 ) Marie Dressler ( 1931 ) Helen Hayes ( 1932 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1933 ) Claudette Colbert ( 1934 ) Bette Davis ( 1935 ) Luise Rainer ( 1936 ) Luise Rainer ( 1937 ) Bette Davis ( 1938 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1939 ) Ginger Rogers ( 1940 ) Joan Fontaine ( 1941 ) Greer Garson ( 1942 ) Jennifer Jones ( 1943 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1944 ) Joan Crawford ( 1945 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1946 ) Loretta Young ( 1947 ) Jane Wyman ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Vivien Leigh ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Simone Signoret ( 1959 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1960 ) Sophia Loren ( 1961 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1962 ) Patricia Neal ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Christie ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1966 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1967 ) Katharine Hepburn / Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Maggie Smith ( 1969 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1974 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Faye Dunaway ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Sally Field ( 1984 ) Geraldine Page ( 1985 ) Marlee Matlin ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Kathy Bates ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Most Promising Newcomer to Film Claire Bloom ( 1952 ) Norman Wisdom ( 1953 ) David Kossoff ( 1954 ) Paul Scofield ( 1955 ) Eli Wallach ( 1956 ) Eric Barker ( 1957 ) Paul Massie ( 1958 ) Hayley Mills ( 1959 ) Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Albert Finney ( 1960 ) Rita Tushingham ( 1961 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1962 ) James Fox ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Judi Dench ( 1965 ) Vivien Merchant ( 1966 ) Faye Dunaway ( 1967 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1968 ) Jon Voight ( 1969 ) David Bradley ( 1970 ) Dominic Guard ( 1971 ) Joel Grey ( 1972 ) Peter Egan ( 1973 ) Georgina Hale ( 1974 ) Valerie Perrine ( 1975 ) Jodie Foster ( 1976 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 1977 ) Christopher Reeve ( 1978 ) Dennis Christopher ( 1979 ) Most Outstanding Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Judy Davis ( 1980 ) Joe Pesci ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Most Outstanding Newcomer to Film Phyllis Logan ( 1983 ) Haing S. Ngor ( 1984 ) David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress 1957 -- 1975 Ingrid Bergman ( 1957 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1959 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1960 ) Brigitte Bardot ( 1961 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1962 ) Geraldine Page ( 1963 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1964 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1965 ) Julie Andrews ( 1966 ) Julie Christie / Elizabeth Taylor ( 1967 ) Faye Dunaway / Katharine Hepburn ( 1968 ) Mia Farrow / Barbra Streisand ( 1969 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1970 ) Ali MacGraw ( 1971 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1972 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1973 ) Barbra Streisand / Tatum O'Neal ( 1974 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 1996 Isabelle Adjani / Glenda Jackson ( 1976 ) Faye Dunaway / Annie Girardot ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda / Simone Signoret ( 1978 ) Ingrid Bergman / Liv Ullmann ( 1979 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 1980 ) Catherine Deneuve ( 1981 ) Diane Keaton ( 1982 ) Julie Andrews ( 1983 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1984 ) Meryl Streep ( 1985 ) Meryl Streep ( 1986 ) Norma Aleandro ( 1987 ) Cher ( 1988 ) Jodie Foster ( 1989 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1990 ) Anne Parillaud ( 1991 ) Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon ( 1992 ) Emmanuelle Béart / Tilda Swinton / Emma Thompson ( 1993 ) Emma Thompson ( 1994 ) Jodie Foster ( 1995 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1996 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical Imelda de Martin ( 1964 ) no award ( 1965 - 1968 ) Dorothy Loudon / Bernadette Peters ( 1969 ) Lauren Bacall / Sandy Duncan / Ethel Merman ( 1970 ) Helen Gallagher / Alexis Smith ( 1971 ) Jonelle Allen ( 1972 ) Glynis Johns / Michele Lee ( 1973 ) Ruby Lynn Reyner ( 1974 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1975 ) Donna McKechnie ( 1976 ) Clamma Dale ( 1977 ) Nell Carter ( 1978 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1979 ) Patti LuPone ( 1980 ) Lena Horne ( 1981 ) Jennifer Holliday ( 1982 ) Natalia Makarova ( 1983 ) Chita Rivera ( 1984 ) No award ( 1985 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1986 ) Teresa Stratas ( 1987 ) Patti LuPone ( 1988 ) Toni DiBuono ( 1989 ) Tyne Daly ( 1990 ) Lea Salonga ( 1991 ) Faith Prince ( 1992 ) Chita Rivera ( 1993 ) Donna Murphy ( 1994 ) Glenn Close ( 1995 ) Julie Andrews ( 1996 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1997 ) Natasha Richardson ( 1998 ) Carolee Carmello / Bernadette Peters ( 1999 ) Heather Headley ( 2000 ) Marla Schaffel ( 2001 ) Sutton Foster ( 2002 ) Marissa Jaret Winokur ( 2003 ) Donna Murphy ( 2004 ) Victoria Clark ( 2005 ) Christine Ebersole ( 2006 ) Audra McDonald / Donna Murphy ( 2007 ) Patti LuPone ( 2008 ) Allison Janney ( 2009 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones / Montego Glover ( 2010 ) Sutton Foster ( 2011 ) Audra McDonald ( 2012 ) Laura Osnes ( 2013 ) Jessie Mueller ( 2014 ) Kristin Chenoweth ( 2015 ) Cynthia Erivo ( 2016 ) Bette Midler ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) June Allyson ( 1951 ) Susan Hayward ( 1952 ) Ethel Merman ( 1953 ) Judy Garland ( 1954 ) Jean Simmons ( 1955 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1956 ) Kay Kendall / Taina Elg ( 1957 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1958 ) Marilyn Monroe ( 1959 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1960 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1961 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1962 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Andrews ( 1965 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1966 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1967 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Patty Duke ( 1969 ) Carrie Snodgress ( 1970 ) Twiggy ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Raquel Welch ( 1974 ) Ann - Margret ( 1975 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton / Marsha Mason ( 1977 ) Ellen Burstyn / Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Bette Midler ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1981 ) Julie Andrews ( 1982 ) Julie Walters ( 1983 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1984 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1985 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Julia Roberts ( 1990 ) Bette Midler ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Angela Bassett ( 1993 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1994 ) Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Madonna ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Annette Bening ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Amy Adams ( 2013 ) Amy Adams ( 2014 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year 1951 -- 1975 Gertrude Lawrence ( 1951 ) Barbara Bel Geddes ( 1952 ) Mamie Eisenhower ( 1953 ) Shirley Booth ( 1954 ) Debbie Reynolds ( 1955 ) Peggy Ann Garner ( 1956 ) Carroll Baker ( 1957 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1958 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1959 ) Carol Lawrence ( 1960 ) Jane Fonda ( 1961 ) Piper Laurie ( 1962 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1963 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1964 ) Lee Remick ( 1965 ) Ethel Merman ( 1966 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1967 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1968 ) Carol Burnett ( 1969 ) Dionne Warwick ( 1970 ) Carol Channing ( 1971 ) Ruby Keeler ( 1972 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1973 ) Faye Dunaway ( 1974 ) Valerie Harper ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Bette Midler ( 1976 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1977 ) Beverly Sills ( 1978 ) Candice Bergen ( 1979 ) Meryl Streep ( 1980 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1981 ) Ella Fitzgerald ( 1982 ) Julie Andrews ( 1983 ) Joan Rivers ( 1984 ) Cher ( 1985 ) Sally Field ( 1986 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1987 ) Lucille Ball ( 1988 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1989 ) Glenn Close ( 1990 ) Diane Keaton ( 1991 ) Jodie Foster ( 1992 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1993 ) Meg Ryan ( 1994 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1995 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1996 ) Julia Roberts ( 1997 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1998 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1999 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Drew Barrymore ( 2001 ) Sarah Jessica Parker ( 2002 ) Anjelica Huston ( 2003 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2004 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2005 ) Halle Berry ( 2006 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2007 ) Charlize Theron ( 2008 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2009 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2010 ) Julianne Moore ( 2011 ) Claire Danes ( 2012 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2013 ) Helen Mirren ( 2014 ) Amy Poehler ( 2015 ) Kerry Washington ( 2016 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2017 ) Kennedy Center Honorees ( 2000s ) 2000 Mikhail Baryshnikov Chuck Berry Plácido Domingo Clint Eastwood Angela Lansbury 2001 Julie Andrews Van Cliburn Quincy Jones Jack Nicholson Luciano Pavarotti 2002 James Earl Jones James Levine Chita Rivera Paul Simon Elizabeth Taylor 2003 James Brown Carol Burnett Loretta Lynn Mike Nichols Itzhak Perlman Warren Beatty Ossie Davis & Ruby Dee Elton John Joan Sutherland John Williams 2005 Tony Bennett Suzanne Farrell Julie Harris Robert Redford Tina Turner 2006 Zubin Mehta Dolly Parton Smokey Robinson Steven Spielberg Andrew Lloyd Webber 2007 Leon Fleisher Steve Martin Diana Ross Martin Scorsese Brian Wilson 2008 Morgan Freeman George Jones Barbra Streisand Twyla Tharp Pete Townshend & Roger Daltrey 2009 Mel Brooks Dave Brubeck Grace Bumbry Robert De Niro Bruce Springsteen Complete list 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award 1962 : Eddie Cantor 1963 : Stan Laurel 1965 : Bob Hope 1966 : Barbara Stanwyck 1967 : William Gargan 1968 : James Stewart 1969 : Edward G. Robinson 1970 : Gregory Peck 1971 : Charlton Heston 1972 : Frank Sinatra 1973 : Martha Raye 1974 : Walter Pidgeon 1975 : Rosalind Russell 1976 : Pearl Bailey 1977 : James Cagney 1978 : Edgar Bergen 1979 : Katharine Hepburn 1980 : Leon Ames 1982 : Danny Kaye 1983 : Ralph Bellamy 1984 : Iggie Wolfington 1985 : Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward 1986 : Nanette Fabray 1987 : Red Skelton 1988 : Gene Kelly 1989 : Jack Lemmon 1990 : Brock Peters 1991 : Burt Lancaster 1992 : Audrey Hepburn 1993 : Ricardo Montalbán 1994 : George Burns 1995 : Robert Redford 1996 : Angela Lansbury 1997 : Elizabeth Taylor 1998 : Kirk Douglas 1999 : Sidney Poitier 2000 : Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee 2001 : Ed Asner 2002 : Clint Eastwood 2003 : Karl Malden 2004 : James Garner 2005 : Shirley Temple 2006 : Julie Andrews 2007 : Charles Durning 2008 : James Earl Jones 2009 : Betty White 2010 : Ernest Borgnine 2011 : Mary Tyler Moore 2012 : Dick Van Dyke 2013 : Rita Moreno 2014 : Debbie Reynolds 2015 : Carol Burnett 2016 : Lily Tomlin 2017 : Morgan Freeman VIAF : 90664199 LCCN : n50023954 ISNI : 0000 0003 6853 7325 GND : 118992406 SELIBR : 285845 SUDOC : 133510751 BNF : cb121075627 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 16bdc7b3 - 6bfc - 4f1c - 89ad - d0756af40327 NDL : 00431527 BNE : XX1167767 CiNii : DA11664964 IATH : w6g76rfs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julie_Andrews&oldid=815911399 '' Categories : 1935 births 20th - century English actresses 20th - century British women writers 21st - century English musicians 21st - century English novelists 21st - century English singers 21st - century British women writers Actresses awarded British damehoods Actresses from Surrey American Theater Hall of Fame inductees BAFTA winners ( people ) Best Actress Academy Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire Donaldson Award winners English child actresses English child singers English children 's writers English expatriates in Switzerland English expatriates in the United States English female singers English film actresses English memoirists English musical theatre actresses English musical theatre directors English sopranos English television actresses English voice actresses English women novelists Grammy Award winners Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Kennedy Center honorees Living people Musicians from Surrey People educated at the Arts Educational Schools People educated at Tring Park School for the Performing Arts People from Walton - on - Thames Primetime Emmy Award winners Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award Singers awarded knighthoods Singers with a four - octave vocal range Women memoirists Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2017 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Use British English from November 2012 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 00 : 40 . 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7594157894525356021 | Fifty Shades of Grey (film) | Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Fifty Shades of Grey Theatrical release poster Directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson Produced by Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Screenplay by Kelly Marcel Based on Fifty Shades of Grey by E.L. James Starring Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan Jennifer Ehle Marcia Gay Harden Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Debra Neil - Fisher Anne V. Coates Lisa Gunning Production companies Michael De Luca Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Focus Features Release date February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) ( Los Angeles ) February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $571 million Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2015 American erotic romantic drama film directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson , with a screenplay by Kelly Marcel . The film is based on the eponymous 2011 novel by British author E.L. James and stars Dakota Johnson as Anastasia Steele , a college graduate who begins a sadomasochistic relationship with young business magnate Christian Grey , played by Jamie Dornan . The film premiered at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival on February 11 , 2015 and was released on February 13 , 2015 , by Universal Pictures and Focus Features . Despite receiving generally unfavorable reviews , it was an immediate box office success , breaking numerous box office records and earning over $571 million worldwide . The film was the most awarded at the 36th Golden Raspberry Awards , winning five of six nominations , including Worst Picture ( tied with Fantastic Four ) and both leading roles . In contrast , Ellie Goulding 's single `` Love Me like You Do '' was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , while The Weeknd 's single `` Earned It '' was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . It is the first film in the Fifty Shades film series and was followed by two sequels , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) and Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Direction 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Rating and censorship 5.3 Opposition campaign 5.4 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Pornographic - adaptation lawsuit 8 Sequels 9 Parody 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Twenty - one - year - old Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele ( Dakota Johnson ) is an English literature major at Washington State University ( `` WSU '' ) 's satellite campus near Vancouver , Washington . When her roommate , Kate Kavanagh ( Eloise Mumford ) , becomes ill and is unable to interview Christian Grey ( Jamie Dornan ) , a 27 - year - old billionaire entrepreneur , for the college newspaper , Ana agrees to go in her place . At Christian 's Seattle headquarters , Ana stumbles her way through the meeting . Christian , who is that year 's WSU commencement speaker , takes an interest in her ; soon after , he visits the hardware store where Ana works . He agrees to Ana 's request for a photo shoot to accompany the article . Christian invites Ana for coffee , but he leaves abruptly , saying he is not the man for her . Christian later sends Ana first edition copies of two Thomas Hardy novels , including Tess of the d'Urbervilles , as a gift . Ana and her friends celebrate graduation at a local bar . After drinking too much , Ana spontaneously calls Christian , saying she is returning the books and berates his behavior towards her . Christian goes to the bar and finds Ana , who passes out . She wakes up the next morning in Christian 's hotel room , relieved they were not intimate . Ana and Christian begin seeing each other , though he insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement preventing her from revealing details about their dalliance . Christian explains that he only has interrelations involving bondage that is clearly defined in a signed contract . Ana reveals that she is a virgin . While considering the agreement and negotiating her own terms , and after visiting his `` playroom '' , a room stocked with a variety of BDSM toys , furniture , and gear , she and Christian have sex . Christian bestows Ana with gifts and favors , such as a new car and laptop computer . After Ana and Kate move to Seattle , Ana continues seeing Christian . During dinner at Christian 's parents , Ana suddenly mentions she is leaving the next day to visit her mother in Georgia . Later , Christian becomes frustrated when Ana expresses she wants more than the one - sided relationship he proposes . She is shocked when Christian unexpectedly arrives in Georgia , they have sex again but he leaves soon afterward , to tend to an emergency in Seattle . After returning home , Ana continues seeing Christian , who wants further sexual experimentation . Ana initially consents , but Christian keeps emotionally distant , upsetting her . While still considering the contract , and in an effort to understand Christian psychologically , Ana asks him to demonstrate how he would `` punish '' her for rule breaking . Christian whips Ana 's buttocks six times with a belt . Upset and disgusted , Ana leaves Christian after concluding that his practices border on being deviant and excessive . In an alternative ending , both Ana and Christian experience flashbacks . Christian jogs in the rain , while Ana sobs in her apartment . Christian encounters a gift Ana gave him with the note : `` This reminded me of a happy time . -- Ana '' . Cast ( edit ) Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson . Dakota Johnson as Anastasia ' Ana ' Steele , a 21 - year - old English Literature student attending Washington State University . Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey , a 27 - year - old billionaire , entrepreneur , and CEO of Grey Enterprises Holdings Inc . Eloise Mumford as Katherine `` Kate '' Kavanagh , Anastasia 's best friend / roommate who begins a relationship with Christian 's older brother , Elliot Grey . Jennifer Ehle as Carla Wilks , Anastasia 's mother . Marcia Gay Harden as Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey , Christian 's adoptive mother . Victor Rasuk as Jose Rodriguez , one of Anastasia 's close friends . Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey , Christian 's adopted older brother . Rita Ora as Mia Grey , Christian 's adopted younger sister . Max Martini as Jason Taylor , Christian 's bodyguard and head of his security . Callum Keith Rennie as Ray Steele , Anastasia 's father . Andrew Airlie as Carrick Grey , Christian 's adoptive father . Dylan Neal as Bob Adams , Anastasia 's stepfather . Anthony Konechny as Paul Clayton , the brother of the owner of Clayton 's Hardware Store . Emily Fonda as Martina Rachel Skarsten as Andrea , Christian 's assistant Production ( edit ) By early 2013 , several Hollywood studios were keen to obtain film rights to The New York Times bestselling Fifty Shades trilogy of novels . Warner Bros. , Sony , Paramount , Universal , and Mark Wahlberg 's production company submitted bids for the film rights . Universal Pictures and Focus Features secured the rights to the trilogy in March 2013 . Author James sought to retain some control during the movie 's creative process . James chose The Social Network producers Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti to produce the film . Although American Psycho writer Bret Easton Ellis publicly expressed his desire to write the screenplay for Fifty Shades of Grey , Kelly Marcel , screenwriter of Saving Mr. Banks , was hired for the job . Patrick Marber was brought in by Taylor - Wood to polish the screenplay , specifically to do some `` character work '' . Universal hired Mark Bomback for script doctoring . Mark Bridges served as the costume designer . Entertainment Weekly estimated the film 's budget as `` $40 million - or - so '' . Direction ( edit ) By May 9 , 2013 , the studio was considering Joe Wright to direct , but this proved unworkable due to Wright 's schedule . Other directors who had been under consideration included Patty Jenkins , Bill Condon , Bennett Miller , and Steven Soderbergh . In June 2013 , E.L. James announced Sam Taylor - Johnson would direct the film adaptation . Johnson was paid over $2 million for directing the film . 91⁄2 Weeks , Last Tango in Paris , and Blue Is the Warmest Colour were all cited by Taylor - Johnson as inspirations for the film . Casting ( edit ) Bret Easton Ellis stated that Robert Pattinson had been James ' first choice for the role of Christian Grey , but James felt that casting Pattinson and his Twilight co-star Kristen Stewart in the film would be `` weird '' . Ian Somerhalder and Chace Crawford both expressed interest in the role of Christian . Somerhalder later admitted if he had been considered , the filming process would ultimately have conflicted with his shooting schedule for The CW 's series The Vampire Diaries . On September 2 , 2013 , James revealed that Charlie Hunnam and Dakota Johnson had Even cast as Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele , respectively . The short list of other actresses considered for the role of Anastasia included Alicia Vikander , Imogen Poots , Elizabeth Olsen , Shailene Woodley , and Felicity Jones . Keeley Hazell auditioned for an unspecified role . Lucy Hale also auditioned for the film . Emilia Clarke was also offered the role of Anastasia but turned down the part because of the nudity required . Taylor - Johnson would give every actress who auditioned for the role of Anastasia four pages to read of a monologue from Ingmar Bergman 's Persona . The studio originally wanted Ryan Gosling for Christian , but he was not interested in the role . Garrett Hedlund was also considered , but he could not connect with the character . Stephen Amell said he would not have wanted to play the role of Grey because `` I actually did n't find him to be that interesting ... nothing about Christian Grey really spoke to me . '' Hunnam initially turned down the role of Christian but later reconsidered it , following a meeting with studio heads . Hunnam said of the audition process : `` I felt really intrigued and excited about it so I went and read the first book to get a clearer idea of who this character was , and I felt even more excited at the prospect of bringing him to life . We ( Taylor - Johnson and I ) kind of both suggested I do a reading with Dakota , who was her favorite , and as soon as we got in the room and I started reading with Dakota I knew that I definitely wanted to do it . There 's just like a tangible chemistry between us . It felt exciting and fun and weird and compelling . '' In response to the negative fan reaction the casting drew , producer Dana Brunetti said : `` There is a lot that goes into casting that is n't just looks . Talent , availability , their desire to do it , chemistry with other actor , etc . So if your favorite was n't cast , then it is most likely due to something on that list . Keep that in mind while hating and keep perspective . '' During October 2013 , actress Jennifer Ehle was in talks for the role of Anastasia 's mother Carla . On October 12 , 2013 , Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had exited the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his FX series Sons of Anarchy . Alexander Skarsgård , Jamie Dornan , Theo James , François Arnaud , Scott Eastwood , Luke Bracey , and Billy Magnussen were at the top of the list to replace Hunnam as Christian Grey . Finally , on October 23 , 2013 , Dornan was cast as Christian Grey . On October 31 , 2013 , Victor Rasuk was cast as José Rodriguez , Jr . On November 22 , 2013 , Eloise Mumford was cast as Kate Kavanagh . On December 2 , 2013 , singer Rita Ora was cast as Christian 's younger sister Mia . Ora originally wanted to work on the soundtrack . On December 3 , 2013 , Marcia Gay Harden was cast as Christian 's mother , Grace . Filming ( edit ) In September , filming was scheduled to start on November 5 , 2013 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . The following month , producer Michael De Luca announced filming would begin on November 13 , 2013 . Principal photography was again delayed and eventually started on December 1 , 2013 . Scenes were filmed in the Gastown district of Vancouver . Bentall 5 was used as the Grey Enterprises building . The University of British Columbia serves as Washington State University Vancouver , from which Ana graduates . The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver was used as the Heathman Hotel . The film was also shot at the North Shore Studios . The production officially ended on February 21 , 2014 . Reshoots involving scenes between Dornan and Johnson took place in Vancouver during the week of October 13 , 2014 . The film was shot under the working title `` The Adventures of Max and Banks . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack James said that the film 's soundtrack would be released on February 10 , 2015 . The first single , `` Earned It '' , by The Weeknd , was released on December 24 , 2014 . On January 7 , 2015 , the second single , `` Love Me like You Do '' by Ellie Goulding was released , later reaching the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 , and becoming a hit for the soundtrack . A promotional single , `` Salted Wound '' by Australian recording artist Sia , was released on January 27 , 2015 . To date , the soundtrack has sold 516,000 copies in the United States . Release ( edit ) Jamie Dornan at the world premiere of Fifty Shades of Grey , Berlinale 2015 In February 2013 , Universal chairman Adam Fogelson said the film `` could be ready to release ... as early as next summer . '' The studio initially announced an August 1 , 2014 , release . However , in November 2013 , it was pushed back to February 13 , 2015 , in time for Valentine 's Day . Fifty Shades of Grey was first screened at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival on February 11 , 2015 . The film was released in 75 IMAX screens across the US on February 13 , 2015 . Marketing ( edit ) On January 25 , 2014 , more than a year prior to release , Universal displayed posters with the phrase , `` Mr. Grey will see you now '' , in five locations across the United States . On February 14 , 2014 , the first photograph of Johnson as Anastasia was released . On June 18 , 2014 , the film 's official Twitter account released the first still of Dornan as Christian in honor of Christian 's birthday . On July 9 , 2014 , the book 's author , E.L. James , said on Twitter that the film 's trailer would be released on July 24 , 2014 . Beyoncé debuted a teaser for the trailer on her Instagram account five days before the trailer 's release . On July 24 , Dornan and Johnson were on The Today Show to present part of the trailer appropriate for morning television ; the full trailer , which contained more racy scenes , was released later the same day on the internet ( 200 days before its initial theatrical release ) . The trailer featured a new version of `` Crazy in Love '' by Beyoncé , which was scored and arranged by her frequent collaborator Boots . The trailer was viewed 36.4 million times in the week after its July 24 release . This made it the most viewed trailer on YouTube in 2014 , until it was surpassed in October by the trailer for Avengers : Age of Ultron . However , in mid-December the trailer reached 93 million views and was again the most viewed of 2014 . The trailer accumulated over 100 million views in its first week of release through different channels and websites , becoming the biggest trailer ever released in history . By February 2015 , the trailer had been viewed more than 193 million times on YouTube alone . And by late February , Fifty Shades of Grey related material garnered over 329 million views including 113 million views for its official trailer . A second trailer was released on November 13 , 2014 . A third trailer aired during Super Bowl XLIX , on February 1 , 2015 . The film was promoted through an ad campaign that asked people whether they were `` curious '' . Nick Carpou , Universal 's president of domestic distribution , said : `` Our campaign gave people permission to see the film . '' `` Valentines is a big deal for couples and a great relationship event , and the date with the long Presidents Day weekend created a perfect storm for us . This date positioned us to take full advantage of the romance angle , which is how we sold the film in our marketing campaign , '' he said . Rating and censorship ( edit ) There was initial speculation that the film could receive an NC - 17 rating in the United States . Studios typically steer away from the adults - only rating due to the impact the classification has on a film 's commercial viability , with some theater chains refusing to exhibit NC - 17 rated films . While screenwriter Marcel said she expected the film to be NC - 17 rated , producer De Luca anticipated the less restrictive R rating . On January 5 , 2015 , the MPAA did give the film an R rating , basing its decision on `` strong sexual content including dialogue , some unusual behavior and graphic nudity , and language . '' On January 30 , in Australia , the film was rated MA15+ by the ACB for `` strong sex scenes , sexual themes and nudity '' . On February 2 , 2015 , the British BBFC classified the film an 18 certificate , mentioning `` strong sex '' . In Canada , Ontario , Manitoba , Alberta , and British Columbia , the film was rated at 18A by the OFRB , MFCB , AFR , and BCFCO respectively due to its `` occasional upsetting or disturbing scenes , and partial or full nudity in a brief sexual situation . '' In Quebec , the Régie du cinéma rated the movie under the 16 + category for its eroticism . In France , the film earned a 12 rating . In Lebanon , the film earned an NC - 21 rating . In Argentina , the Advisory Commission of Cinematographic Exhibition ( the rating arm of the INCAA ) rated the film SAM16 / R . Anti-pornography watchdog group Morality in Media argued that the film 's R rating `` severely undermines the violent themes in the film and does not adequately inform parents and patrons of the film 's content '' , and that the MPAA was encouraging sexual violence by letting the film by without an NC - 17 rating . The film was scheduled for a February 12 , 2015 , release in Malaysia , but it was denied a certificate by the Malaysian Film Censorship Board ( LPF ) for its `` unnatural '' and `` sadistic '' content . The LPF chairman , Abdul Halim Abdul Hamid , said Fifty Shades was `` more pornography than a movie . '' The film was also banned in Indonesia , Kenya , Russia 's North Caucasus , the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) , Papua New Guinea , Cambodia , and India . The film was released in Nigeria for a week , before being removed from cinemas by the National Film and Video Censors Board ( NFVCB ) . Studios will not pursue a theatrical release in China . The film 's sex scenes were censored after protests from various religious groups in the Philippines , and as a result it is in limited release in that country with an R - 18 rating from the MTRCB . A similarly cut version was released in Zimbabwe . Roughly 20 minutes were cut from the film for screening in Vietnam , leaving no sex scenes . The scene in which Ana is beaten with a belt is skipped entirely . Opposition campaign ( edit ) On January 28 , 2015 , a campaign in the United States by the National Center on Sexual Exploitation started two petitions to boycott the film 's release . Their website makes more than 50 allegations that the film has a negative impact on the community . It said , `` Hollywood is advertising the Fifty Shades story as an erotic love affair , but it is really about sexual abuse and violence against women . The porn industry has poised men and women to receive the message that sexual violence is enjoyable . Fifty Shades models this porn message and Hollywood cashes the check . '' By February 7 , one of the petitions had garnered more than 53,000 signatures . On February 2 , in Michigan , a man petitioned to halt the film 's release at a local Celebration ! Cinema . Despite the man 's efforts , the president of the cinemas declined to cancel the release of the film . He said , `` We 've been in business for 70 years and people often times object to content , and it 's not our job to censor the content of a widespread movie . It 's not in our best interest . It 's not in the community 's best interest . '' The film sold 3,000 tickets before the release and was expected to sell a total of 10,000 tickets . The American Family Association called for theaters not to show the film : `` The irony is not lost that the film 's main character is named , ' Christian , ' while this film presents anything but a ' Christian ' view of intimacy ... It is the epitome of elevating abuse , and we call on all theaters to reject promoting such abuse on their screens . '' Thomas Williams of the Notre Dame Center for Ethics and Culture commented on the release of the film in the United States on Saint Valentine 's Day , stating `` The irony of Universal Pictures ' decision to release its bondage - erotica film Fifty Shades of Grey on the day dedicated to honoring a Christian martyr has not gone unnoticed to many observers , who seem to find the choice unclassy at best . '' Home Media ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey was released via DVD and Blu - ray on May 8 , 2015 . The Blu - ray edition features an unrated cut of the film ; the version includes an additional three minutes of footage , the bulk of which are in the form of an alternate ending . Upon its release on home media in the U.S. , the film topped both the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks combined Blu - ray Disc and DVD sales , as well as the Blu - ray Disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks up to the week ending May 17 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey grossed $166.2 million in North America and $404.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $571 million , against a budget of $40 million . It is the fourth - highest - grossing film directed by a woman ( behind Kung Fu Panda 2 , Wonder Woman and Mamma Mia ! ) , and the fourth - highest - grossing R - rated film of all - time . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $256.55 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . Tickets went on sale in the United States from January 11 , 2015 . According to ticket - selling site Fandango , Fifty Shades of Grey is the fastest selling R - rated title in the site 's 15 - year history , surpassing Sex and the City 2 . It also had the biggest first week of ticket sales on Fandango for a non-sequel film , surpassing 2012 's The Hunger Games . It is fourth overall on Fandango 's list of top advance ticket sales behind The Twilight Saga : New Moon , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , and The Hunger Games . The demand prompted US theatre owners to add new showtimes . Weeks before the film 's release , several box office analysts suggested as much as a $60 million domestic four - day opening while Box Office Mojo reported that a $100 million opening could be possible . Outside the United States , Fifty Shades of Grey pre-sold 4.5 million tickets in 39 markets . In the UK , it sold £ 1.3 million ( $1.9 million ) worth of tickets a week before release . On release , it set several records at the box office , including : Box office record Record details Previous record holder Previous record holder details Ref ( s ) February opening weekend $85,171,450 The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 , $83.8 million ) President 's Day 4 - Day opening weekend for any film $93,010,350 Valentine 's Day ( 2010 , $63.1 million ) President 's Day 4 - Day weekend for any film $93,010,350 Valentine 's Day ( 2010 , $63.1 million ) Widest R - rated opening 3,646 theaters The Hangover Part II ( 2011 , 3,615 theaters ) Valentine 's Day gross $36,752,460 Valentine 's Day ( 2010 , $23,392,046 ) Opening weekend for a female directed film $85,171,450 Twilight ( 2008 , $69,637,740 ) Overseas opening weekend for an R - rated film $156 million The Matrix Revolutions ( 2003 , $117 million ) Highest - grossing Universal 's R - rated film overseas $385.1 million Ted ( 2012 , $330 million ) North America ( edit ) In the U.S. and Canada , it is the highest - grossing sex film , the seventeenth highest - grossing film of 2015 , and the fourth - highest - grossing romantic film of all time . It opened in the U.S. and Canada simultaneously with Kingsman : The Secret Service on Thursday , February 12 , 2015 , across 2,830 theaters and was widened to 3,646 theaters the next day making it the widest R - rated opening ( surpassed by Mad Max : Fury Road ) , and the fourth widest R - rated release of all time . It earned $8.6 million from Thursday night previews which is the second highest late - night gross for a film released in February ( behind Deadpool ) and the third - highest for an R - rated film ( behind Deadpool and The Hangover Part II ) . The film topped the box office on its opening day grossing $30.2 million ( including Thursday previews ) from 3,646 theaters setting a record for highest February opening day ( previously held by The Passion of the Christ ) and fourth - highest overall among R - rated films . During its traditional three - day opening the film opened at No. 1 at the box office earning $85.1 million , setting records for the biggest opening weekend for a film released in February ( a record previously held by The Passion of the Christ ) . Women comprised 82 % of the total audiences during its opening day , and 68 % on Valentine 's Day . Revenue from the second weekend dropped massively by 73.9 % to $22.25 million , which is the second - biggest drop for a 3,000 + screen release ( only behind Friday the 13th 's 80.4 % drop ) and the biggest for a 3,500 + screen release . It is just the eighth film to open on more than 3,000 screens to drop by 70 % or more . The film topped the box office for two consecutive weekends before falling to No. 4 in its third weekend while Focus took the top spot . Outside North America ( edit ) Outside the U.S. and Canada , box office analysts were predicting as much as $158 million opening . It opened Wednesday , February 11 , 2015 , in 4 countries , earning $3.7 million . It opened in 34 more countries on February 12 , earning $28.6 million in two days . The film set opening day records for Universal Pictures in 25 markets and opening day records for an R - rated film in 34 territories . Through Sunday , February 15 , it earned an opening - weekend total of $156 million from 58 countries from 10,979 screens ( $173.6 million through Monday ) where it opened at No. 1 in 54 of the 58 countries , marking the biggest overseas opening for an R - rated film , the fourth - biggest of 2015 , and Universal 's third - biggest overseas opening weekend ever . The film set an all - time opening record in 13 markets , Universal 's biggest opening weekend ever in 30 markets and biggest opening for any R - rated film in 31 markets . The biggest opener outside of the United States was witnessed in the UK , Ireland and Malta , where it earned £ 13.55 million ( $20.8 million ) in its opening weekend , which is the biggest debut ever for an 18 - rated film and the second biggest for a non-sequel film ( behind I Am Legend ) . In just 10 days of release it became the highest - grossing 18 - rated film of all time . It topped the UK box office for two consecutive weekends . Other high openings include Germany ( $14.1 million ) , France ( $12.3 million ) , Russia ( $11 million ) , Italy ( $10.1 million ) , Spain ( $8.7 million ) , Brazil ( $8.3 million ) , Mexico ( $8.1 million ) , Australia ( $8 million ) . In Japan , the film was unsuccessful opening at No. 5 with $682,000 but falling out of the top 10 the following week . The Hollywood Reporter cited out possible reasons for the film 's failure , attributing it to the `` delayed release of the new Japanese - language editions of the books , poor timing for the film release and an R - 15 , re-edit blurring out parts of the sex scenes . '' It topped the box office outside of North America for three consecutive weekends until it was overtaken by Warner Bros . ' Jupiter Ascending in its fourth weekend . It became Universal Pictures ' highest - grossing R - rated film of all time overseas ( breaking Ted 's record ) , Universal Pictures ' highest - grossing film in 14 countries , and Universal Pictures ' eight - highest - grossing film overseas . In total earnings , its largest markets overseas are the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $52.5 million ) , Germany ( $43.7 million ) , Brazil , ( $31.3 million ) , France ( $29.5 million ) and Spain ( $22.6 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey was criticized for its acting , writing , and pacing ; however , some critics noted it as an improvement over the book and praised the performance of Dakota Johnson . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 25 % based on 251 reviews , with an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While creatively better endowed than its print counterpart , Fifty Shades of Grey is a less than satisfying experience on the screen . '' The review aggregator website Metacritic gave the film a score of 46 out of 100 , based on 46 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` C + '' on an A+ to F scale . Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote that `` the dialogue is laughable , the pacing is sluggish and the performances are one - note . '' Moira Macdonald of The Seattle Times wrote : `` Fifty Shades of Grey the movie , for the record , is not quite as bad as Fifty Shades of Grey the book . But that 's not saying much . '' We Got This Covered critic Isaac Feldberg gave the film one and a half stars out of five and wrote that it `` feels like two , distinct films grappling for dominance over the screen : one a sensual and stylish romance , and the other a numbingly explicit Harlequin bodice - ripper brought to life . Regrettably , the latter and lesser of the two ends up on top . '' . The Guardian lead film critic Peter Bradshaw gave the film one star out of five , calling it `` the most purely tasteful and softcore depiction of sadomasochism in cinema history '' with `` strictly daytime soap '' performances . A.O. Scott of The New York Times called the movie `` terrible '' , but wrote that `` it might nonetheless be a movie that feels good to see , whether you squirm or giggle or roll your eyes or just sit still and take your punishment . '' In a positive review for The Daily Telegraph , Robbie Collin called the film `` sexy , funny and self - aware in every way the original book is n't . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of New York 's Daily News praised the directing , screenplay , and Johnson 's performance , but called Dornan 's performance , the leads ' chemistry , and the supporting cast `` underused '' . She praised the film for honoring the essence of its source and the director 's way of balancing `` atmosphere with action '' . In The Guardian , Jordan Hoffmann awarded the film three out of five stars , writing , `` this big screen adaptation still manages to be about people , and even a little bit sweet '' , and that the sex scenes `` are there to advance the plot , and only the most buttoned - up prude will be scandalised . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B − , writing : `` This perfectly normal way of consuming erotica suggests that the movie Fifty Shades of Grey will work better as home entertainment , when each viewer can race past the blah - blah about how well Christian plays the piano and pause on the fleeting image of the man minus his pants . '' In The Sydney Morning Herald , Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that `` the film provides a language for decision - making around violence more developed than most Hollywood fodder '' , and that `` film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like ' consent ' into a living , breathing , and at times , uncomfortable interpersonal experience . It dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one 's limits and having them respected . '' Various critics have noted the similarities between Fifty Shades of Grey and Adrian Lyne 's 91⁄2 Weeks ( 1986 ) . Both films are literary adaptations , centering on a sadomasochistic affair . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Awards Award Recipients and nominees Result Ref Academy Awards Best Original Song Belly , Stephan Moccio , Jason Quenneville , and The Weeknd for `` Earned It '' Nominated Brit Awards British Single of the Year Ellie Goulding for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Savan Kotecha , Max Martin , Tove Lo , Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Michael De Luca , Dana Brunetti , E.L. James Won Worst Director Sam Taylor - Johnson Nominated Worst Actor Jamie Dornan Won Worst Actress Dakota Johnson Won Worst Screen Combo Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson Won Worst Screenplay Kelly Marcel Won Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Best Song Written for Visual Media Savan Kotecha , Max Martin , Tove Lo , Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Ahmad Balshe , Stephan Moccio , Jason Queenneville and Abel Tesfaye for `` Earned It '' Nominated MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Performance Dakota Johnson Nominated Best Kiss Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Fifty Shades of Grey Nominated Satellite Awards Best Original Song `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Pornographic - adaptation lawsuit ( edit ) In June 2012 , the film company Smash Pictures announced its intent to film a pornographic version of the Fifty Shades trilogy , entitled Fifty Shades of Grey : An XXX Adaptation . A release date of January 10 , 2013 , was announced . In November 2012 , Universal , which had secured the Fifty Shades film rights , filed a lawsuit against Smash Pictures , stating that the film violated its copyright in that it was not filmed as a parody adaptation but `` copies without reservation from the unique expressive elements of the Fifty Shades trilogy , progressing through the events of Fifty Shades of Grey and into the second book , Fifty Shades Darker '' . The lawsuit asked for an injunction , for the profits from all sales of the film , as well as damages , saying that `` a quickly and cheaply produced pornographic work ( ... ) is likely to cause Plaintiffs irreparable harm by poisoning public perception of the Fifty Shades Trilogy and the forthcoming Universal films . '' Smash Pictures responded to the lawsuit by issuing a counterclaim and requesting a continuance , stating that `` much or all '' of the Fifty Shades material was part of the public domain because it was originally published in various venues as a fan fiction based on the Twilight series . A lawyer for Smash Pictures further commented that the federal copyright registrations for the books were `` invalid and unenforceable '' and that the film `` did not violate copyright or trademark laws '' . The lawsuit was eventually settled out of court for an undisclosed sum and Smash Pictures agreed to stop any further production or promotion of the film . Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades Darker ( film ) In April 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that E.L. James ' husband , Niall Leonard , was enlisted to write the script for the film 's sequel . In the same month , at the 2015 Universal CinemaCon in Las Vegas , Universal announced the release dates of the sequels , with Fifty Shades Darker being released on February 10 , 2017 , and Fifty Shades Freed scheduled for February 9 , 2018 . However , the sequels will not see Sam Taylor - Johnson returning as director . On August 20 , 2015 , the U.S. House of Cards director James Foley was a frontrunner to direct the sequel . In November 2015 , Universal Studios announced that both films will be shot back - to - back . Parody ( edit ) A spoof version of the film , Fifty Shades of Black , was released on January 29 , 2016 , in North America . Marlon Wayans and Rick Alvarez wrote the script , in which Wayans stars as Christian Black . The film was distributed by SquareOne Entertainment in Germany and Open Road Films in the United States ; IM Global produce and finance it , as well as handling international releases . Kali Hawk parodied the role of Anastasia Steele , with supporting cast including Affion Crockett , Mike Epps , Jane Seymour and Fred Willard . Principal photography began on August 11 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , with a production budget of around $5 million . See also ( edit ) Film portal Washington portal Sex in film Wild Orchid ( film ) , 1989 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It is Universal Pictures ' highest - grossing film of all time in Brazil , Denmark , Italy , Poland , Venezuela , Croatia , Czech Republic , Estonia , Paraguay , Romania , Serbia / Montenegro , Slovakia , Slovenia and Ukraine . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Julie ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey 's alternative ending revealed '' . Melty.com . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' : Eloise Mumford Tapped to Play Anastasia Steele 's Roommate '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Ehle Joining ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' As Anastasia Steele 's Mother '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Adds Marcia Gay Harden as Christian Grey 's Mother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Casts ' How to Make It in America ' Star Victor Rasuk as Jose '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' True Blood ' Actor Joins ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rita Ora ( @ RitaOra ) ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` It 's official ! I 've been cast in @ FiftyShades of Grey as Christian 's sister Mia . # FiftyShades '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Max Martini to Play Christian Grey 's Bodyguard in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Movie Casts Callum Keith Rennie '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Dylan Neal to Play Anastasia 's step - father in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Feature : Rachel Skarsten Talks `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' and Her Big Decision `` . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ; Zeitchik , Steven ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` 50 Shades of Grey has studios hot and bothered '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wahlberg Talks Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Yahoo ! Movies . June 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deahl , Rachel ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` British Erotica Series Catches Hollywood 's Eye '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E.L. James Making Unprecedented Demands for Film Rights to Fifty Shades of Grey ) '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Feature Film Releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Shades Of Patrick Bateman : Bret Easton Ellis Would n't Mind Writing `` Grey '' Screenplay `` . Lais . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Movie Hires Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fifty Shades ' Movie Hires Writer for Script Work '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Writer Mark Bomback to Polish ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Screenplay '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scharf , Lindzi ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Meet ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' costume designer Mark Bridges '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Cover Story : Fit To Be Tied '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Wright Joins ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Director Derby '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Toldja ! No Go on Joe Wright and ' 50 Shades of Grey ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Flirts With Director Joe Wright '' . Variety . PMC . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' announces director : Sam Taylor - Johnson '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Salaries 2016 : Who Got Raises ( and Who Did n't ) , From Movie Stars to Showrunners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Ford ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Director : Working With EL James Was `` Really , Really Frustrating '' ( Q&A ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : Bret Easton Ellis tweets that Robert Pattinson was E.L. James ' first choice for Christian '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Noble , Melissa ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Author Says ' No ' to Casting Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart '' . OK ! . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Michael ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Ian Somerhalder Talks ' Vampire Diaries ' Kiss & ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Casting Rumors ( AUDIO ) '' . RyanSeacrest.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tie me up , please ! Chace Crawford guns for ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Somerhalder Is Not Angry He Was n't Cast In ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` 50 Shades film : Jamie dorman and Dakota Johnson cast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Casting : Shailene Woodley and Other Surprise Names That Passed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Susannah ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Keeley Hazell : ' I auditioned twice for Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Lucy Hale on Her Country Career , Fifty Shades of Grey Audition and Pretty Little Liars Plans '' . People . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Star Emilia Clarke Turned Down ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff , Sneider ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : Dakota Johnson Is Strapped In , Hunnam or No Hunnam '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Dakota Johnson , Charlie Hunnam to Star in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( September 8 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam on Fifty Shades of Grey Co-Star Dakota Johnson : `` There 's Just a Tangible Chemistry '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fans petition `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' casting , producer defends choices `` . CBS News . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Durham , Jessica ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Christian Grey Casting Madness : Shirtless Scott Eastwood vs Francois Arnaud in ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Movie ? Actor Hints Rumors on Twitter , 2014 Trailer Release Date in Jeopardy ? '' . Fashion & Style . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TheWrap , Staff ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : Jamie Dornan , Billy Magnussen First to Test for Christian Grey '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Shades of Grey : Rita Ora cast as Jamie Dornan 's sister '' . Daily Telegraph . December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' : Hear The Surprising Story Behind Rita Ora 's Part '' . MTV . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Alyssa ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Gets a Start Date -- Find Out When Filming Begins ! '' . E ! News . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' producer : Christian Grey should be ' fresh face ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Heigl , Alex ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Starts Filming '' . People . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crawley , Joanna ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Photos : Jamie Dornan And Dakota Johnson Start Shooting Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie '' . Entertainmentwise.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christine ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' filming location updates from Vancouver '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns Bentall 5 Tower into Grey House '' . Yvrshoots.com . December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns University of British Columbia into Washington State University , Vancouver '' . Yvrshoots . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` # FiftyShades of Grey filming in the Hotel Vancouver today '' . TwitPic . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Movie Cast Shoots Charlie Tango , Clayton 's Hardware Store Scenes ( PHOTOS ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey begins filming in Vancouver 's Gastown '' . Vancouver Sun . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Returns as Christian Grey ( With the Silk Tie ! ) for Fifty Shades of Grey Reshoots '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie 2016 Production Schedule , Location And Possible Smaller Budget Revealed '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James , EL ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Movie Tie - in Edition Now Available & Soundtrack Coming Soon ! '' . eljamesauthor.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kozak , Oktay Ege ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Soundtrack Features Beyoncé , The Rolling Stones , Frank Sinatra , Sia , And More '' . Indie Wire . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Hear The Weeknd 's ' Earned It ' from ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Listen To Ellie Goulding 's Sexy New Song From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Artists , Various ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Fifty Shades ' Album Whips Past Half - Million in Sales '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Belloni , Matthew ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Universal Chairman Wants ' Fifty Shades ' for Summer 2014 , More ' Bourne ' and ' Van Helsing ' Reboot ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' Movie Release Date Announced ... But Who 's the Cast ? '' . Extra . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' release moved to Valentine 's Day 2015 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' to Make International Debut at Berlin Film Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nolan Feenay ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey IMAX Screenings Prove That Size Really Does Matter '' . TIME . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Set for 75 Imax Screens '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive new ' Fifty Shades ' image : A billboard - size Christian Grey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fahy , Colette ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Dakota Johnson seen in her first official Fifty Shades of Grey movie pictures & # 124 '' . Mail Online . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EL James on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the full ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' trailer : What we could n't show on TV '' . Today.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan Feeney ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey : The Story Behind Beyoncé 's `` Crazy In Love '' Update `` . TIME . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nostro , Lauren ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : BOOTS Talks About Reworking Beyoncé 's `` Crazy In Love '' and Scoring the `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' Trailer `` . Complex . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' is a YouTube Phenomenon , Even if Viewers Wo n't Admit It '' . Variety . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andrew ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer Report : ' Fifty Shades ' Preview Is Most Viewed Trailer of 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andy Lewis ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` The Most Viewed Trailers of 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jen Yamato ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Universal : ' Fifty Shades ' Trailer Scores Historic 100M Views In First Week '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Tracking $60 M Bow ; Strong Ticket Sales In The South & Midwest '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Goes Shirtless as Christian Grey in New Fifty Shades of Grey Teaser '' . People Magazine . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arlene Washington ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` New ' 50 Shades ' Trailer Brags : We 've Racked Up 250 Million Views So Far '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartzel , Erich ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Nets $94.4 Million in Debut '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Final Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Ties Up Record $94.4 M Debut in U.S. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Dominates Box Office With Record $90 Million U.S. Debut '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Exley , Jennifer ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Screenwriter Plans NC - 17 Rating '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Producer Talks Sex '' . VH1 . October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Has Officially Been Rated ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFTY SHADES OF GREY ( DCP ) '' . Australian Film Classification . January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Gets 18A Rating From Canadian Censors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recent Films '' . consumerprotectionbc.ca . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Showtimes ( Fifty Shades of Grey ) '' . Cinexplex.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` France Gives ' Fifty Shades ' Lenient 12 Rating '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie details '' . Cinema City . Jump up ^ `` Cincuenta Sombras es Apta para mayores de 16 años con reservas ¿ Qué significa ? '' . Hoyts ( in Spanish ) . Argentina . February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Esther Zuckerman ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Morality in Media Criticizes R - rating for Fifty Shades of Grey '' . TIME . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Josh Gardner ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Morality group blasts R rating for ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' and says film is so violent Motion Picture Association should have made it NC - 17 '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Banned in Malaysia '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey movie banned in Malaysia for being ' unnatural ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Richwine , Lisa ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' goes global , but film too hot for some countries '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kozlov , Vladimir ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Banned in Russia 's North Caucasus ( Report ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' will not be released in UAE cinemas '' . Emirates 24 / 7 . February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey film banned in Papua New Guinea due to sexual content '' . ABC Online . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Fifty Shades '' banned in Cambodia `` . Yahoo News . February 11 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Naman Ramachandran ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` India Bans Edited Version of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Izuzu , Chidumga ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` National Film and Video Censors Board bans movie from cinemas '' . Pulse.ng . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe 's censorship board demands that erotic scenes of Fifty Shades of Grey film be edited '' . U.S. News & World Report . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey : In the censored Vietnam version there is no sex at all '' . The Independent . UK . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Ugly Truth About ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Movie '' . Charisma News . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Say no to porn . Boycott 50 Shades of Grey , the movie : sign the petition '' . Lifesitenews.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Dani ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Petitions want ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' showings canceled '' . WoodTV . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Francis , Derek ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Local man starts petition to stop `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' from coming to Celebration ! Cinema `` . Fox 17 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guess Who 's Boycotting ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Ahead of the Film 's Release ? '' . Alternet . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Thomas ( 14 February 2015 ) . `` Christians Offended by ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Hijack of Saint Valentine 's Day -- Breitbart '' . Breitbart News . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` News : Fifty Shades of Grey ( US DVD R1 / BD RA ) '' . DVDActive . March 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Still on Top of Home Video Charts '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Tops $100 M US , $300 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Becomes 6th R - Rated Film To Top $500 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` No. 7 ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Is Fastest - Selling R - Rated Title in Fandango History '' . Variety . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hilary Lewis ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Is Fastest - Selling R - Rated Movie in Fandango History '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Scores Record Valentine 's Day Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lily Harrison ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Is Already Fandango 's Fastest - Selling R - Rated Movie in History '' . E ! Online . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Tracking for $45 M - Plus Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Could Nab $45 M Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' vs. ' Kingsman ' : A Box - Office Battle for Date Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Marketing : More Sizzle Than Sex '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Forecast : ' Fifty Shades ' to Dominate Valentine 's Day Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Arousing Overseas Audiences Too '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Association ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades takes £ 1.3 million at box office before opening '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Opeing Weekends by Month -- February '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 4 - Day President 's Day Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST OPENINGS BY MPAA RATING ( R ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandon Gray ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Valentine 's Day ' Massacres Presidents ' Day Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Grey ' Makes Green Over Valentine 's Day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Scores Biggest Opening in History for a Female Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Higher In Global Bow At $266.6 M ; Record R - Rated Opening Overseas -- Tuesday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' 50 Shades ' Now Uni 's Biggest R - Rated Film Overseas ; Nears $500 M Global B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Drops Record 73 % For $23.2 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romantic Drama '' . Box Office Mojo . March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Posts Second Best R - Rated Preview Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' vs. ' Kingsman ' : A Box - Office Battle for Date Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST OPENINGS BY MPAA RATING ( R ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST RELEASES BY MPAA RATING ( R ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Ryan Reynolds ' ' Deadpool ' Opens to Record $12.7 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office Dominatrix : ' Fifty Shades ' Nabs $30.2 M Friday for Record $80 M - Plus Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Report : Moviegoers Submit to ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Posting A $81.7 M Weekend , $90.7 M Four - Day ; ' Kingsman ' Strong With $35.6 M -- Sunday Final Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BROOKS BARNES and MICHAEL CIEPLY ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` In a Shift , ' Shades ' Dominates Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : Moviegoers Flee From ' Fifty Shades ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Lower With $22.26 M ; ' Hot Tub 2 's Tracking Off -- Monday B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BIGGEST SECOND WEEKEND DROPS ( Wide Releases That Fell 60 % or More ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Drops Record 73 % For $23.2 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Will Smith 's ' Focus ' Lower In Actuals With $18.69 M Opening -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Focus ' Pulls Off Minor Heist at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Global Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Heads for $235 M - Plus World Domination '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Heating Up International Box Office With Record $158 Million Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Eyes $158 M+ Opening Weekend Overseas ; Biggest - Ever For An R - Rated Film '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Ties Up Universal Records In Overseas Debuts ; $100 M+ Weekend ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Cumes $28.6 M Overseas In Two Days ; Whips Opening Records '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of pure UK box - office gold '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED KINGDOM AND IRELAND AND MALTA ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Becomes Highest - Grossing 18 - Rated Film Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Exotic Marigold ' Sequel Topples ' Fifty Shades ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Opens in Fifth , ' Big Hero 6 ' Passes $70 Million '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' American Sniper ' Opens on Top , ' Fifty Shades ' Drops Out of Top 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Why ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Failed to Hit the Mark in Japan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` Mr Grey Dominates , Mr Smith 's ' Focus ' Pulls & Ms Smith 's ' Exotic Marigold Hotel ' Upgrades : More International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jupiter ' Ascends To Top Of International B.O. ; ' Chappie ' Lively In Asia -- Update '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cinderella ' Tops International Box Office As ' Fifty Shades ' Joins Uni 's Top 10 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey -- International Gross '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Euro Summer Box Office 's Rosy Outlook : Admissions Up , Soccer Off -- Chart '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey -- International gross '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Flixster ) . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Mr. Grey To Beat ' Christ ' February Opening Day ; Industry Projects $91 M Bow -- Late Night Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' lacks gray matter , as well as heat '' . USA Today . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015. > Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : A few shades better than the book '' . The Seattle Times . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015. > Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Pete ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Review '' . We Got This Covered . London . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey review -- making a bad fist of it '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. `` Review '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey premiere : ' the most raucous audience reaction since Mamma Mia ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Weitzman ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' movie review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey first look review : some pleasure , occasional pain '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : EW movie review '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015. > Jump up ^ Laurie , Timothy ; Kean , Jessica ( 2015 ) . `` Why consenting adults should see 50 Shades of Grey -- and take their teens '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . February 19 Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades Of Grey -- movie review '' . IndieWire . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 9 1⁄2 Weeks : the story of the original 50 Shades of Grey '' . The Telegraph . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Before ' Fifty Shades , ' How ' 9 1 / 2 Weeks ' Director Put S&M Onscreen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sarah ( November 2012 ) . `` Who Was the Real Woman Behind ' Nine and a Half Weeks ' ? '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars 2016 : Complete List of Nominees '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics Choice Award Winners List '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ; Yahr , Emily ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes nominations 2016 : Complete list '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.razzies.com/history/2016/2016-noms-press-release.html Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' , ' Fifty Shades ' Songs Score Multiple Grammy Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Author Jamie Lovett @ JamieLovett ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Deadpool , Avengers , And Star Wars Nominated For MTV Movie Awards '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 Nominees Announced ; ' Avengers : Age of Ultron , ' ' Jurassic World , ' ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Lead Film Nominations '' . Realty Today . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Song -- Categories -- International Press Academy '' . Satellite Awards . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davenporte , Barbie ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Porn Parody Will Be Written / Directed by Mr. Filth . How Romantic . '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Romero , Dennis ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades Porn Parody Targeted In Big Hollywood Lawsuit '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Company behind ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' porn sued by Universal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Universal files lawsuit against ' Fifty Shades ' porn ' rip - off ' '' . Times Live . November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Costanza , Justine Ashley ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Porn Lawsuit Heats Up : Is The XXX Adaptation Illegal ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Porn Parody Countersuit Claims Books Are In Public Domain ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` '' Fifty Shades '' porn parody lost its lawsuit , but everyone wins `` . Daily Dot . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ; Kim Masters ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` EL James ' Husband Writing ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock , Rebecca Ford ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` CinemaCon : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequel to Hit Theaters in 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Director Sam Taylor - Johnson Wo n't Direct Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Foley Frontrunner To Direct ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Sequel For Universal '' . Deadline.com . August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Roxborough ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` SquareOne Takes Marlon Wayans ' ' Fifty Shades ' Spoof for Germany '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ali Jaafar ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' 50 Shades Of Black ' Starts Shooting ; iQiYi To Distribute ' Talking To Hollywood With Betty Zhou ' - Global Briefs '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( 2015 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Production begins on ' Fifty Shades Of Black ' '' . Screendaily.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) . 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1355719463649025320 | Scary Movie 2 | Scary Movie 2 - wikipedia Scary Movie 2 Jump to : navigation , search Scary Movie 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans Produced by Eric L. Gold Written by Thomas Craig Greg Grabianski Dave Polsky Michael Anthony Snowden Craig Wayans Marlon Wayans Shawn Wayans Starring Shawn Wayans Marlon Wayans Anna Faris Regina Hall Chris Masterson Kathleen Robertson James Woods Tim Curry Tori Spelling Chris Elliott Cinematography Steven Bernstein Edited by Tom Nordberg Richard Pearson Peter Teschner Production companies Dimension Films Brillstein - Grey Entertainment Gold / Miller Productions Wayans Bros. Entertainment Brad Grey Pictures Distributed by Miramax Films Release date July 4 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 04 ) Running time 82 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $45 million Box office $141.2 million Scary Movie 2 is a 2001 American horror comedy film and the second film in the Scary Movie franchise . The film stars Anna Faris , Regina Hall , Shawn Wayans , and Marlon Wayans ( all reprising their roles from the first film , despite their characters having been killed off ) , as well as Tim Curry , Tori Spelling , Chris Elliott , Chris Masterson , Kathleen Robertson , David Cross , and James Woods . Where the original film was mainly based on the slasher films of the ' 90s , Scary Movie 2 parodies an array of supernatural and haunted house films from various decades , including The Haunting ( 1999 ) , The Exorcist ( 1973 ) , The Amityville Horror ( 1979 ) , Poltergeist ( 1982 ) , The Legend of Hell House ( 1973 ) , House on Haunted Hill ( both the 1959 and 1999 versions ) , and The Changeling ( 1980 ) . It also spoofs some contemporary films , such as Hannibal ( 2001 ) , and Hollow Man ( 2000 ) . The film is the last in the series to feature the involvement of stars Marlon and Shawn Wayans , and director Keenen Ivory Wayans . However , the Wayans would eventually go on to produce a similar horror - themed parody , A Haunted House , and its sequel , both starring Marlon Wayans . Despite generally negative reviews from critics , Scary Movie 2 was a box office success , grossing $141.2 million worldwide from a $45 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A teenage girl named Megan Voorhees ( Natasha Lyonne ) becomes possessed by the spirit of Hugh Kane ( Richard Moll ) , the house 's previous owner . During a formal dinner party she emerges in her pajamas , insults her mother and the guests , then proceeds to urinate profusely on the floor . In response , Megan 's mother ( Veronica Cartwright ) seeks help from two priests , Father McFeely ( James Woods ) and Father Harris ( Andy Richter ) . After paying a trip to the bathroom , the men attempt to drive Hugh 's ghost out , but the exorcism does not go as planned . After a chain of projectile vomits and various instances of pedophilia , Megan insults Father McFeely 's mother . He responds by pulling out a gun and shooting Megan . Meanwhile , Cindy Campbell ( Anna Faris ) , Brenda Meeks ( Regina Hall ) , Ray Wilkins ( Shawn Wayans ) , and Shorty Meeks ( Marlon Wayans ) are at college , trying to live new lives since the events of the first film . Cindy and Brenda get tagged by a socially maladjusted girl , Alex ( Tori Spelling ) . Shorty is still the same stoner he was before . Ray , still confused about his sexuality , has two new male friends , Tommy ( James DeBello ) and Buddy ( Christopher Masterson ) . Buddy becomes romantically interested in Cindy , but she rebuffs him . Professor Oldman ( Tim Curry ) and his charming paraplegic assistant , Dwight Hartman ( David Cross ) , plan to study the paranormal activity at a local haunted mansion called Hell House . They use Cindy and her friends as test subjects . At the mansion , Cindy encounters a foul - mouthed parrot and Hanson ( Chris Elliott ) , the caretaker with a badly malformed hand . Later , the group is joined by newcomer Theo ( Kathleen Robertson ) . They sit down for dinner , but soon lose their appetite due to Hanson 's repulsive antics . Later that night , Cindy hears voices directing her to a secret room , where she and Buddy discover the diary of Hugh Kane 's wife . Seeing her portrait , they note Cindy 's resemblance to her . Meanwhile , other teens also experience bizarre encounters . Hugh Kane 's ghost has sex with Alex in her bedroom , but retreats when Alex expresses her interest in becoming the new Mrs. Kane . Cindy gets involved in a fistfight with the house cat , Mr. Kittles . A toy clown ( Suli McCullough ) attempts to kill Ray , but in a strange turn of events , the clown doll gets raped by Ray instead . A weed - monster rolls Shorty into a joint . It tries to smoke him , but gets distracted by munchies and lets him escape . Tim Curry is seduced and killed by the ghost of Hugh 's mistress . Shorty later encounters the same ghost , but seduces and has sex with her . After Dwight equips the teens with weapons that can injure their spectral enemy , they are pursued throughout the mansion . Buddy and Cindy get locked in the walk - in freezer . Cindy gives Buddy a handjob and `` revives '' him , resuting him to release semen blasting Cindy to the door . Cindy then uses a collection of random objects in the room to produce a Caterpillar tractor and escapes the freezer . Hanson gets possessed by Kane and kidnaps Shorty , who is high on drugs . In the dining room , Hanson sets up a cooker and cuts off the top of Shorty 's head . Instead of a brain , there is a small man rapping ( Beetlejuice ) inside . Cindy , Brenda , and Theo team up to fight Hanson , but wind up defeated . Dwight regroups with the teens . Cindy acts as bait to lure Kane into a device that will destroy him . The plan succeeds , freeing the group from the house 's curse . Two months later , Cindy and Buddy are in a relationship . They are out on a walk when Buddy disappears and Hanson shows up . As he closes in menacingly , he gets hit by a car . The car 's driver is Shorty , who is receiving a blowjob from the ghost that he seduced earlier . Cast ( edit ) Anna Faris as Cindy Campbell Regina Hall as Brenda Meeks Shawn Wayans as Ray Wilkins Marlon Wayans as Shorty Meeks Chris Masterson as Buddy Sanderson Kathleen Robertson as Theo David Cross as Dwight Hartman James Woods as Father McFeely Tim Curry as Tim Curry Tori Spelling as Alex Monday Chris Elliott as Hanson Andy Richter as Father Harris Richard Moll as Hugh Kane ( Hell House Ghost ) Veronica Cartwright as Mrs. Voorhees Natasha Lyonne as Megan Voorhees James DeBello as Tommy Beetlejuice as Shorty 's brain Matt Friedman ( voice ) as Polly the parrot Vitamin C ( voice ) as herself Suli McCullough ( voice ) as Clown Background ( edit ) The film is a sequel to Scary Movie . According to director Keenen Ivory Wayans , the makers of the film watched over 130 horror films for background research . Marlon Brando was originally cast as Father McFeely and completed one day of filming before he had to leave the production due to illness . He was replaced by James Woods who was paid $1 million for four days work . Charlton Heston has also turned down the James Woods part . Because Miramax had not greenlit this sequel until the massive box office success of the original , the film faced a punishing production schedule that involved coming up with a script and tearing through production and post-production in a total of less than 9 months , roughly half the average time for all those steps to be completed on a standard Hollywood production in 2000 - 01 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) In North America , the film grossed $ 71,308,997 . Worldwide , it grossed $141,220,678 . Although it was a hit , out of the first four Scary Movie films , this was the least successful to date -- until the fifth film was released twelve years later . Critical response ( edit ) Scary Movie 2 received generally mixed to negative reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 15 % based on 109 reviews with an average rating of 3.4 / 10 The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Instead of being funny , this gross - out sequel plays like a sloppy , rushed - out product . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 29 out of 100 based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Home media ( edit ) The film premiered on DVD on December 18 , 2001 . It was later released on Blu - ray a decade later on September 20 , 2011 , after Lionsgate purchased Miramax and Dimension Films 's catalogues . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scary Movie 2 ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 16 , 2001 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) '' . Jump up ^ Brook , Tom ( 6 July 2001 ) . `` Scary sequel ' out - grosses ' first '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( 15 June 2001 ) . `` Brando 's ' Scary ' Scene '' . people.com . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant up for Harry Potter role '' . theguardian.com. 29 June 2001 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for April 12 - 14 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scary Movie 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Wallis , J. Doyle ( December 26 , 2001 ) . `` Scary Movie 2 '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scary Movie 2 Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Scary Movie 2 Official website Scary Movie 2 on IMDb Scary Movie 2 at Box Office Mojo Scary Movie 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Scary Movie 2 at Metacritic Scary Movie Scary Movie ( 2000 ) Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) Scary Movie 3 ( 2003 ) Scary Movie 4 ( 2006 ) Scary Movie 5 ( 2013 ) Films by Keenen Ivory Wayans Directed I 'm Gonna Git You Sucka ( 1988 ) A Low Down Dirty Shame ( 1994 ) Scary Movie ( 2000 ) Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) White Chicks ( 2004 ) Little Man ( 2006 ) Produced Eddie Murphy Raw ( 1987 ) Do n't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood ( 1996 ) White Chicks ( 2004 ) Little Man ( 2006 ) Dance Flick ( 2009 ) TV series created In Living Color Film in the United States portal Horror portal Comedy portal 2000s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scary_Movie_2&oldid=813848737 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2001 horror films 2000s comedy horror films 2000s ghost films 2000s parody films 2000s sequel films American films American comedy horror films American haunted house films American parody films American sequel films Films about exorcism Films directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans Films shot in Vancouver Mad scientist films Dimension Films films Scary Movie ( film series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 15 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the butler in scary movie 2 | [
"Professor Oldman (Tim Curry) and his charming paraplegic assistant, Dwight Hartman (David Cross), plan to study the paranormal activity at a local haunted mansion called Hell House. They use Cindy and her friends as test subjects. At the mansion, Cindy encounters a foul-mouthed parrot and Hanson (Chris Elliott), the caretaker with a badly malformed hand. Later, the group is joined by newcomer Theo (Kathleen Robertson). They sit down for dinner, but soon lose their appetite due to Hanson's repulsive antics."
] | [
"Chris Elliott"
] |
1532686066278430228 | His Eye Is on the Sparrow | His eye is on the Sparrow - wikipedia His eye is on the Sparrow Jump to : navigation , search `` His Eye is on the Sparrow '' Song Published 1905 Songwriter ( s ) Civilla D. Martin Composer ( s ) Charles H. Gabriel `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' is a Gospel hymn . The song was written in 1905 by lyricist Civilla D. Martin and composer Charles H. Gabriel . It is most associated with actress - singer Ethel Waters who used the title for her autobiography . Mahalia Jackson 's recording of the song was honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Notable performances 3 Whitney Houston version 4 Later published arrangements 5 Footnotes 6 External links Inspiration ( edit ) The theme of the song is inspired by the words of David in the Psalms and Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew in the Bible : `` I will instruct thee and teach thee in the way which thou shalt go : I will guide thee with mine eye ( Psalm 32 : 8 ) . `` Look at the birds of the air ; they neither sow nor reap nor gather into barns , and yet your heavenly Father feeds them . Are you not of more value than they ? '' ( Matthew 6 : 26 ) and `` Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing ? and one of them shall not fall on the ground without your Father . But the very hairs of your head are all numbered . Fear ye not therefore , ye are of more value than many sparrows '' ( Matthew 10 : 29 -- 31 ) . Civilla Martin , who wrote the lyrics , said about her inspiration to write the song based on the scriptures : Early in the spring of 1905 , my husband and I were sojourning in Elmira , New York . We contracted a deep friendship for a couple by the name of Mr. and Mrs. Doolittle -- true saints of God . Mrs. Doolittle had been bedridden for nigh twenty years . Her husband was an incurable cripple who had to propel himself to and from his business in a wheel chair . Despite their afflictions , they lived happy Christian lives , bringing inspiration and comfort to all who knew them . One day while we were visiting with the Doolittles , my husband commented on their bright hopefulness and asked them for the secret of it . Mrs. Doolittle 's reply was simple : `` His eye is on the sparrow , and I know He watches me . '' The beauty of this simple expression of boundless faith gripped the hearts and fired the imagination of Dr. Martin and me . The hymn `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' was the outcome of that experience . Notable performances ( edit ) The song has been performed extensively by both Christian and secular artists . 1951 : Sister Rosetta Tharpe with Marie Knight ; 45 single ( found on Complete Sister Rosetta Tharpe , Vol. 4 ) ( traditional gospel ) 1952 : Ethel Waters in the film The Member of the Wedding 1956 : Mahalia Jackson ; Bless This House ( traditional gospel ) 1958 : Carmen McRae ; Birds of a Feather ( jazz ) 1962 : Josh White ; Empty Bed Blues ( blues ) 1967 : Dottie West ; Sings Sacred Ballads ( country ) 1968 : Marvin Gaye ; 45 single ( found on In Loving Memory ( compilation album ) ) ( R&B ) 1978 : Mickey Newbury ; His Eye Is on the Sparrow ( country ) 1984 : George Adams - Don Pullen Quartet ; Decisions ( jazz ) 1986 : Jennifer Holliday ; TV special hosted by Paul Simon ( gospel ) 1993 : Lauryn Hill and Tanya Blount in the film Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit 1993 : Brentwood Jazz Quartet in the album Living In The Here And Now 1997 : Andy Griffith ; Just As I Am : 30 Favorite Old Time Hymns ( country ) 1999 : Selah ; Be Still My Soul ( contemporary gospel ) 2000 : Shirley Caesar ; The First Lady of Gospel ( re-release ; original album unknown ) ( traditional ) 2001 : Jessica Simpson ; Irresistible ( pop ) 2002 : Crystal Lewis ; Holy , Holy , Holy ( contemporary gospel ) 2002 : Scott Amendola Band ; Cry ( jazz ) 2002 : Elena Gadel on the Spanish talent show Operación Triunfo 2009 : Gladys Knight at the funeral service of Michael Jackson 2010 : Abigail Washburn The Sparrow Quartet 2011 : Judith Durham ; Colours of My Life 2012 : Agnez Mo at her residency concert in her homeland , Indonesia 2012 : Carol Channing and Lulu Roman ( of Hee Haw fame ) on Channing 's album True to the Red , White and Blue 2014 : Darlene Love at the Oscars while accepting an award for 20 Feet from Stardom 2014 : Anja Nissen on her debut album Anja Nissen 2014 : Ha * Ash on their album Primera fila : Hecho realidad Whitney Houston version ( edit ) `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Single by Whitney Houston from the album Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released June 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 08 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2011 Length 3 : 32 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Civilla D. Martin Charles H. Gabriel Producer ( s ) R. Kelly Whitney Houston singles chronology `` Celebrate '' ( 2012 ) `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' ( 2012 ) `` I Look to You '' ( 2012 ) `` Celebrate '' ( 2012 ) `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' ( 2012 ) `` I Look to You '' ( 2012 ) Whitney Houston recorded a version for the soundtrack of the 2012 remake of the 1976 musical film Sparkle . RCA Records released the song as the second single from the album on June 8 , 2012 , four months after Houston 's death . This version is Houston 's last original single , and second posthumous one . The song made its debut only one day after the premiere of `` Celebrate '' . AllMusic called it a `` piano , organ , and choir '' showcase for Houston , citing it as a highlight of the soundtrack although admitting `` Houston sounds as commanding as one can expect from a later recording . '' Entertainment Weekly editor Melissa Maerz called it `` a gorgeously rippling solo '' with Houston `` testif ( ying ... ) that Jesus is watching over her . '' Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone panned the cover , saying `` Houston sings -- and croaks -- in a voice octaves lower than in her prime . At times the song has a ravaged magnificence , but mostly it 's painful . '' Later published arrangements ( edit ) There are many arrangements of the hymn that have been produced since its original publication . These include : 1963 , in The Reader 's Digest Family Songbook of Faith and Joy 1975 , in The Josh White Songbook 1986 : Five American Gospel Songs for solo voice and piano by Luigi Zaninelli includes a concert arrangement of it 1999 : Six Gospel Hymn Preludes has an arrangement for solo organ by Wilbur Held 2007 , in Songs of Comfort and Hope : Vocal Solos for Memorial and Funeral Services Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Waters , Ethel , with Charles Samuels , His Eye Is On The Sparrow : An Autobiography , New York , 1951 , reprinted by Da Capo Press , 1992 Jump up ^ Vincent D. Homan ( 2013 ) . A Foot in Two Worlds : A Pastor 's Journey From Grief to Hope . WestBow Press . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 1449774813 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/His-Eye-Is-The-Sparrow/dp/B00880IT98/ Jump up ^ Andy Kellman . `` Sparkle ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . ew.com . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Album Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Fox , ed. , Pleasantville , N.Y. : Reader 's Digest Association Jump up ^ Walter Raim , Walter , ed. , Chicago , Quadrangle Books Jump up ^ Published by Harold Flammer , Inc. / Shawnee Press , Delaware Water Gap , Pennsylvania Jump up ^ Published by MorningStar Music Publishers , Fenton , Missouri Jump up ^ Mark Hayes , ed. , Lorenz Publisher , Dayton , Ohio External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : His Eye Is on the Sparrow Civilla Durfee Martin Selected Songs by Charles H. Gabriel texts and MIDI sequences of 44 songs , including `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Piano version and background of His Eye Is On The Sparrow Free MP3 piano version of `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Book Portal Mahalia Jackson Studio albums The World 's Greatest Gospel Singer ( 1955 ) EPs `` Peace in the Valley '' `` Take My Hand , Precious Lord '' `` Move On Up a Little Higher '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` How I Got Over '' Related Black , Brown and Beige Mahalia Jackson Theater of the Performing Arts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=His_Eye_Is_on_the_Sparrow&oldid=800141854 '' Categories : Christian songs American Christian hymns Gospel songs 1905 songs 2012 singles Whitney Houston songs Song recordings produced by R. Kelly Metaphors referring to birds Songs released posthumously Pace Jubilee Singers songs Mahalia Jackson songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano 日本 語 Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 18 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was his eye is on the sparrow written | [
"\"His Eye Is on the Sparrow\" is a Gospel hymn. The song was written in 1905 by lyricist Civilla D. Martin and composer Charles H. Gabriel. It is most associated with actress-singer Ethel Waters who used the title for her autobiography.[1] Mahalia Jackson's recording of the song was honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 2010."
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"1905"
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1269246054783704615 | Waivers (NHL) | Waivers ( NHL ) - wikipedia Waivers ( NHL ) Jump to : navigation , search Former NHL All - Star Wade Redden was waived in 2010 by the New York Rangers Waivers is a National Hockey League ( NHL ) labor management procedure by which an NHL team makes a professional ice hockey player 's contract and rights available to all other NHL teams . Other NHL teams `` waive '' any claim to a player designated for assignment in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) or designated for release . The process is typically referred to as `` being placed on waivers . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Minor league assignment procedure 2 Re-entry waivers 3 Return waivers 4 Unconditional waivers 5 Use of waivers in salary cap era 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Minor league assignment procedure ( edit ) In the NHL , each player signs what is , or is a variation of , a standard NHL player 's contract . The contract specifies that the team has exclusive rights to the player playing in the NHL . Once an NHL player has played in a certain number of games or a set number of seasons has passed since the signing of his first NHL contract ( see here ) , that player must be offered to all of the other NHL teams before he can be assigned to a minor league affiliate . In the 2005 Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) assignment waivers applies only to loans from an NHL club to its American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate . After a player has been designated for assignment , the other 30 NHL teams can put in a claim or waive their claim for that player . The claims process starts at noon Eastern Time and ends 24 hours later . If only one team makes a claim for the player , then he will be transferred to the claiming team . If more than one team makes a claim , then the player will be transferred to the team having the lowest percentage of possible points in league standings at the time of the request for waivers . When a waiver claim has been secured , the claiming team must pay a transfer fee to the original club , though this fee is not counted against the salary cap . If waivers are requested outside the playing season , or before November 1 , then the player shall be transferred to the team with the lowest points in the preceding season . If no team places a claim , the player can be sent to a minor league affiliate . When a player clears waivers and is sent down and then is called up again , he does not have to clear waivers to be sent down again unless he has played ten games or has been `` up '' for 30 days . Re-entry waivers ( edit ) The 2005 NHL - NHLPA collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) introduced `` re-entry waivers . '' With limited exceptions , any player who was subject to waivers before assignment to the minors must clear re-entry waivers before being called back up if said player is on a one - way contract or a two - way contract with an AHL salary in excess of $105,000 . Exceptions are players who have played in over 320 professional games ( 180 for goaltenders ) and have not spent more than 80 games on an NHL roster in the past two seasons or 40 games during the previous season . The procedure to make a claim on re-entry waivers is the same ; however , teams who claim players on re-entry waivers are only responsible for half the salary and cap hit , while the original team is responsible for the other half , unless the claimed player is later assigned to the AHL again before his contract has expired , in which case the salary and cap hit comes off the books of both teams . The CBA ratified in January 2013 eliminated re-entry waivers . Return waivers ( edit ) Players who play ice hockey outside North America during a regular season and who are not on loan from or whose playing rights are not already owned by an NHL club ( that is , the player is not already on a team 's 90 - player reserve list such as a qualified restricted free agent or a draft pick ) must also be placed on waivers if they are signed to play in the NHL . If the player is picked up by another NHL club on waivers , the player must be placed on waivers again before a further trade or loan can take place . Unconditional waivers ( edit ) A third type of waivers , `` unconditional waivers , '' applies when a player is to be given an unconditional release from his contract . NHL teams give notice to the player and the league that they intend to buy - out a player 's rights under the terms of the CBA . In this case , the waiver period is 48 hours . These waivers can only be requested during two periods : Between June 15 , or 48 hours after the conclusion of the Stanley Cup Final series if it ends later , and June 30 of each year . If a club has team - or player - elected salary arbitration cases , within 48 hours of the last arbitration award or settlement of the last arbitration case prior to the arbitration hearing . Such a player must have been on a club 's 90 - player reserve list at the previous trade deadline . Use of waivers in salary cap era ( edit ) Further information : NHL salary cap Salaries of players playing for an NHL team count against its salary cap , while the salaries of players playing for a team 's minor league affiliates do not . NHL teams have waived players with high salaries , thereby freeing up salary cap space for other signings . In 2010 , Wade Redden of the New York Rangers , Sheldon Souray of the Edmonton Oilers and Jeff Finger of the Toronto Maple Leafs were all assigned to their team 's AHL affiliate without any other team putting in a claim . In a more interesting case , following the 2011 NHL pre-season , forward Sean Avery of the New York Rangers was waived to the AHL . As Avery had been claimed off re-entry waivers from the Dallas Stars , the cap hit had been split between the Rangers and Stars , but when Avery was demoted to the AHL again , the cap hit came off both teams ' books . As a result , the Stars , who had been using Avery 's re-entry waiver loss to reach the salary floor for the 2011 -- 12 season , had to trade for winger Eric Nystrom to reach the salary floor . Under the 2005 CBA , if an NHL player is being sent to an NHL affiliate team in the AHL and is put through waivers and clears successfully , then his salary will not count against the respective NHL team 's salary cap . The player is still paid his full salary . There is an exception to this rule ; if the player has a contract that took effect after a player 's 35th birthday , then that player 's salary would still count against the NHL cap . Under the 2013 CBA , a team only derives a specific savings from demoting a player on a one - way contract to the AHL . This savings is calculated as league minimum plus $375,000 . If a player is claimed on waivers , then the claiming team is responsible for the rest of their contract . Re-entry waivers had existed under the 2005 CBA , under which if a player cleared waivers and was sent down to the minors , and then recalled during the season , and his salary was more than $105,000 in the AHL ( essentially , any player not on an entry - level or two - way contract ) , he was subject to re-entry waivers where if a team claimed him they are only responsible for half the salary for the remainder of the contract . Re-entry waivers were eliminated in the 2013 CBA . See also ( edit ) Waivers ( disambiguation ) NHL salary cap NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers Waive Redden '' . NHL.com . September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2007 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ NHL & NHLPA 2005 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : `` NHLSCAP.com -- Information on Waivers '' . nhlscap.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mirtle , James ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lesser known gains for NHL players in the new CBA '' . Globe & Mail . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NHL & NHLPA 2005 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ NHL & NHLPA 2005 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Hockey 411 : Roster Limits -- Committed Indians Committed Indians Jump up ^ `` Finger Being A Mentor For Young Marlies '' . Toronto Maple Leafs . November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Podnieks , Andrew ( 2007 ) . The Complete Hockey Dictionary . Fenn Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55168 - 309 - 6 . NHL ; NHLPA ( 2005 ) , Collective Bargaining Agreement Between National Hockey League and National Hockey League Players ' Association ( PDF ) External links ( edit ) Collective Bargaining Agreement between the NHL and the NHLPA NHLSCAP.com : Waivers and re-entry waivers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waivers_(NHL)&oldid=803633809 '' Categories : National Hockey League labor relations Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 18 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what happens when an nhl player is put on waivers | [
"Waivers is a National Hockey League (NHL) labor management procedure by which an NHL team makes a professional ice hockey player's contract and rights available to all other NHL teams. Other NHL teams \"waive\" any claim to a player designated for assignment in the American Hockey League (AHL) or designated for release. The process is typically referred to as \"being placed on waivers.\""
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"an NHL team makes a professional ice hockey player's contract and rights available to all other NHL teams"
] |
-6204987942634760665 | Need You Now (Lady Antebellum song) | Need You Now ( Lady Antebellum song ) - wikipedia Need You Now ( Lady Antebellum song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Need You Now '' US single cover Single by Lady Antebellum from the album Need You Now Released August 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 11 ) Format Digital download Genre Country pop Length 4 : 37 ( album version ) 3 : 56 ( single version ) Label Capitol Nashville Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Hillary Scott Charles Kelley Dave Haywood Josh Kear Producer ( s ) Lady Antebellum Paul Worley Lady Antebellum singles chronology `` I Run to You '' ( 2009 ) `` Need You Now '' ( 2009 ) `` American Honey '' ( 2010 ) `` I Run to You '' ( 2009 ) `` Need You Now '' ( 2009 ) `` American Honey '' ( 2010 ) Alternative cover International single cover `` Need You Now '' is a country pop song performed by American country music trio Lady Antebellum . The band co-wrote the song with Josh Kear , and produced it with Paul Worley . It serves as the lead - off single and title track to their second studio album , Need You Now ( 2010 ) , and was first released in the US on August 11 , 2009 . The song also served as their debut single in the UK and Europe , where it was released April 23 , 2010 . It won four Grammy Awards in 2011 , including for Song of the Year and Record of the Year , the first country song to win both honors since `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by the Dixie Chicks won both in 2006 , and only the second ever . The song spent five weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in late 2009 . Thereafter , `` Need You Now '' crossed over onto various pop and adult contemporary music charts , becoming a top five hit in Canada , Ireland , and New Zealand , as well as a top ten hit in the Netherlands and Norway . The song won Single of the Year and Song of the Year at the 2010 Academy of Country Music Awards , as well as Group Video of the Year at the 2010 CMT Music Awards . For the chart week of March 30 , 2010 , the song became the group 's highest - charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 , reaching No. 2 , the best position for a country song by a band on that chart since Lonestar 's `` Amazed '' topped the tally at the beginning of the decade . The single has been certified sextuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . A music video was shot for the song , directed by Dave McClister . In the video the song has an extended piano intro , and features all members of the group acting out scenes related to the storyline . The song was initially released only to the country radio format in the United States and Canada on August 24 , 2009 , but was remixed and re-released to all other formats domestically and internationally at the beginning of 2010 . The song gained prominence internationally , in Europe and South America . The trio re-recorded the song again in Simlish to accompany the release of the Sims 3 expansion pack Ambitions . By April 17 , 2011 , the song became the ninth most downloaded song in history , moving 5,000,000 copies , and surpassed Taylor Swift 's `` Love Story '' as the most downloaded country song in history . It has since sold over 6 million copies in the US . The song was used in television series such as Hellcats and The Glades . `` Need You Now '' has also been covered by several artists , including Adele with Darius Rucker , Boyce Avenue and Glee Cast . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic included the chorus in `` Polka Face '' , the polka medley from his 2011 album Alpocalypse . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Reception 3 Chart performance 4 Music video 5 Cover versions and media usage 6 Track listing 7 Credits and personnel 8 Awards and nominations 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Content ( edit ) The lyrics describe placing a call to someone in the middle of the night due to being lonely and longing for companionship . Hillary Scott commented on the song , saying that `` All three of us know what it 's like to get to that point where you feel lonely enough that you make a late night phone call that you very well could regret the next day . '' Charles Kelley told The Boot that the band 's record executives initially had concerns regarding using the lyrics `` I 'm a little drunk '' , but convinced the executives to leave the content in the song . Reception ( edit ) `` Need You Now '' has received positive reviews from music critics . It won the 2011 Grammy award for Record of the Year and Song of the Year . The song received a `` thumbs up '' review from Jim Malec of the 9513 . He said that although Charles Kelley 's voice had a `` surprisingly stuffy tone , '' lead singer Hillary Scott 's voice fit perfectly for `` dark '' songs like `` Need You Now . '' He said that both singers had a rawness in their voices that made the song feel `` real '' . It also received a positive review from Ken Tucker of Billboard , who said , `` the song finds alto Scott trading lead vocals with a soulful Kelley , and it will connect with anyone who 's ever dumped a significant other and regretted it in the early morning hours . '' Bobby Peacock of Roughstock gave a positive review as well , comparing its sound favorably to that of `` I Run to You . '' He also thought the traded - off lead vocals gave the song `` more depth , '' and that Kelley and Scott sang more strongly than on the debut album . Critics in Europe and North America have pointed to similarities between `` Need You Now '' and 1982 's `` Eye in the Sky '' by The Alan Parsons Project . Hillary Scott responded saying that she `` had never even heard of him '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Need You Now '' ( 2009 ) A 27 - second sample of Lady Antebellum 's `` Need You Now . '' The song is a country ballad . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The song became the trio 's second No. 1 hit on the Hot Country Songs chart for the chart dated November 28 , 2009 , where it stayed for five weeks , making it the first song to hold the No. 1 position for more than four weeks since Taylor Swift 's `` Our Song '' spent six weeks at No. 1 between December 2007 and January 2008 . In the Billboard Hot 100 chart , the song peaked at No. 2 and stayed there for two weeks ( kept from the top spot by a combination of `` Break Your Heart '' by Taio Cruz featuring Ludacris and `` Rude Boy '' by Rihanna ) making it their highest charting single on that chart and their first top 5 . On the Canadian Hot 100 , it also peaked at No. 2 , making it their highest charting and first top five single there as well . It is only the second country song to reach No. 1 on the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart , the first being Faith Hill 's `` Breathe '' , which reached the top position in 2000 . For the Billboard tracking period of March 29 -- April 4 , 2010 , `` Need You Now '' broke the record held by Hoobastank 's hit `` The Reason '' for most spins in one week on the Adult Top 40 chart . The song debuted at No. 28 on the UK Singles Chart in its first week of release . It was covered in a live performance for Queen Elizabeth II 's Diamond Jubilee Concert in June 2012 by English singers Gary Barlow and Cheryl Cole which saw the song re-enter the UK Charts . Over a month later it climbed to No. 15 , its highest UK chart position and after 53 weeks in the chart . On December 9 , 2010 , the song was named the No. 2 Hot 100 song of the year by Billboard , behind `` Tik Tok '' by Kesha , marking the highest position a country song has ever reached since Faith Hill 's `` Breathe '' was ranked No. 1 in the year - end chart of the year 2000 . In April 2011 , Need You Now replaced Taylor Swift 's `` Love Story '' as the best - selling country song of all time in the U.S. It is also the second country song to sell over 5 million digital copies ( after Swift 's `` Love Story '' ) . It has sold over 6 million copies by January 2013 , the first country song to do so . As of June 2016 , it had sold 6.7 million units in the U.S. Due to the band winning four Grammys , `` Need You Now '' debuted at No. 32 on the German Singles Chart in February 2011 , 10 months after the digital release of the single . Before that happened , the song did not sell enough to enter the chart . Music video ( edit ) A still from the music video showing Hillary Scott singing while leaning out of a taxi . David McClister directed the `` Need You Now '' music video , using a treatment he wrote in 10 minutes . The video features all three members of Lady Antebellum acting out scenes pertaining to the storyline . It begins in a hallway of a hotel where Kelley is sitting against a wall and Scott is in her room , with Haywood playing the piano . Kelley goes to a cafe and has a coffee , where Haywood arrives with his love interest . Scott then leaves her room and hails a taxi . Kelley leaves the cafe and goes outside to walk to a costume ball , to which Scott is also traveling . When they arrive at the ball , they both see their love interests wearing masks and embrace them . Haywood soon arrives at the ball with his love interest . The video ends with all three members embracing their love interests . The video was filmed at the King Edward Hotel in Toronto , Ontario . Of the changes between the song and its music video , one of the most noted is Kelley drinking coffee instead of whiskey , since the song states the character is intoxicated . In response , McClister admitted he simply did not want the video to be a literal adaptation of the song , as he felt sitting in a diner in the middle of the night was lonelier . Cover versions and Media usage ( edit ) In December 2010 , Adele and Darius Rucker performed the song at the CMT Artists of the Year . The song was featured in the 2012 film Zero Dark Thirty . The song is featured in the first episode of Hellcats , and it also appeared in episode 12 of The Glades . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic included the chorus in `` Polka Face '' , the polka medley from his 2011 album Alpocalypse . In 2017 , Shane Filan of Westlife included this song on his album Love Always which reached Top 3 in Scottish Albums Chart and Top 5 in UK Albums Chart and Irish Albums Chart . This was released as a promotional single in East Asia with a new arrangement and a duet with a Filipina bossa nova music artist Sitti . The said single charted in iTunes Top Songs in Laos , Philippines , Indonesia , Vietnam , Cambodia , Malaysia . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Need You Now '' -- 3 : 57 Other versions `` Need You Now '' ( Jason Nevins Elektrotek Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 31 `` Need You Now '' ( Jason Nevins Hands Up Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 33 `` Need You Now '' ( Jason Nevins Rhythmic Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 29 `` Need You Now '' ( DJ Dark Intensity Remix ) -- 4 : 22 52nd Annual Grammy Awards `` Need You Now '' 53rd Annual Grammy Awards `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now / American Honey / Need You Now '' Credits and personnel ( edit ) Adapted from the album liner notes . Chad Cromwell -- drums Jason `` Slim '' Gambill -- electric guitar Dave Haywood -- background vocals , acoustic guitar Charles Kelley -- lead vocals Rob McNelley -- electric guitar ( solo ) Michael Rojas -- piano , synthesizer Hillary Scott -- lead vocals Paul Worley -- acoustic guitar , electric guitar Craig Young -- bass guitar Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result Academy of Country Music Single Record of the Year Won Song of the Year Won Video of the Year Nominated CMT Music Awards Group Video of the Year Won Video of the Year Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Music : Country Song Nominated Country Music Association Awards Single of the Year Won Music Video of the Year Nominated American Country Awards Single of the Year Won Single by a Duo / Group Won Music Video of the Year Nominated Video by Duo / Group Won 2011 Grammy Awards Record of the Year Won Song of the Year Won Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals Won Best Country Song Won Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 -- 12 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 27 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 37 Brazil ( ABPD ) 25 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil ) 11 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 Canada Country ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 17 France ( SNEP ) 56 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 32 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 17 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 11 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 30 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 15 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 9 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 ) Chart Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 48 Chart ( 2010 ) Chart Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 18 Japan ( Japanese Top 100 ) 80 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 50 US Billboard Hot 100 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 24 US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 48 Chart ( 2012 ) Chart Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 94 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,700,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Cowboy Casanova '' by Carrie Underwood Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single November 28 -- December 26 , 2009 Succeeded by `` Consider Me Gone '' by Reba Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States August 11 , 2009 Digital download Capitol Nashville August 24 , 2009 Country radio January 3 , 2010 Adult contemporary radio Capitol Nashville Capitol January 24 , 2010 Hot adult contemporary radio Germany April 23 , 2010 Digital download Capitol Nashville Italy United Kingdom April 30 , 2010 Parlophone Canada June 29 , 2010 Digital download ( Jason Nevins Dance Remix ) Capitol Nashville United States See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` '' Need You Now '' US release date `` . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Need You Now -- Single by Lady Antebellum '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country top 10 for chart week of November 28 , 2009 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country top 10 for chart week of December 26 , 2009 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miranda Lambert , Lady Antebellum , Carrie Underwood Reign at ACM Awards '' . CMT.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 CMT Music Awards : Nominees '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 top 10 for chart week of March 30 , 2010 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 top 10 for chart week of March 4 , 2000 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA - Gold & Platinum - February 12 , 2010 : Lady Antebellum certified singles '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music video of `` Need You Now '' `` . CMT.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum records `` Need You Now '' in Simlish `` . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Lady A Makes Country History '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending April 17 , 2011 . Songs : Youth Will Be Served '' . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Grein ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Week Ending Dec. 30 , 2012 . Songs : Taylor Knew Bruno Was Trouble '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo Music . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Need You Now '' song facts `` . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Malec , Jim ( 2009 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Lady Antebellum -- `` Need You Now '' `` . The 9513 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( September 3 , 2009 ) . `` Lady Antebellum , `` Need You Know '' `` . Billboard . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bobby Peacock ( 2009 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Lady Antebellum -- `` Need You Now '' `` . Roughstock . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ RODGERS , D. PATRICK , `` Alan Parsons ' Camp Alleges Lady Antebellum Rip - Off , '' Nashville Scene ( NOV 11 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` Is this an Awards Show or What ? '' . NOW Toronto . 14 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Country top 10 for chart week of January 26 , 2008 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Top 40 top 10 for chart week of April 22 , 2000 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard chart beat '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` '' Need You Now '' UK Singles Chart `` . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Analysis : Newton Faulkner needs just 16k sales to hit No. 1 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year - end Hot 100 songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending April 3 , 2011 . Songs : Born Hot '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Week Ending April 17 , 2011 . Songs : Youth Will Be Served '' . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on 15 February 2014 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Report : June 28 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Roxette gelingt grandioses Comeback '' . Media Control Charts . February 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Need You Now : Lady Antebellum : Amazon.de : MP3 - Downloads '' . amazon.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Josh ( 2011 - 08 - 01 ) . `` How David McClister shot LeAnn Rimes ( in a music video ) '' . KnowTheArtist.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Paxman , Bob ( 2009 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Pulling an All - Nighter : Lady Antebellum 's video shoot for `` Need You Now '' was an after - hours blast in Toronto `` . Country Weekly . 16 ( 33 ) : 25 . ISSN 1074 - 3235 . Jump up ^ `` Adele And Maroon 5 Add A Pop Twist To CMT Artist Of The Year Performances '' . Idolator . December 5 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adele and Darius Rucker : Better Than Lady Antebellum ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . December 6 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hellcats Music -- Season 1 Episode 1 '' . The CW. 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://magicmusicmagazine.com/2018/02/08/shanefilan-4/ Jump up ^ Need You Now ( CD liner notes ) . Lady Antebellum . Capitol Records Nashville . 2010 . 032062 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 ACM AWARDS '' . CMT.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards '' . TeenChoice . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` CMA Awards Nominees . See Who Wins Wed. , Nov 10 on ABC ! '' . CMA . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Country Awards Nominees Announced '' . Country Music Fever . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grammy Awards -- Nominees . Awards night on Sunday , 02 - 13 - 11 on CBS ! '' . Grammy . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Brazil : BPP : 86 . July 2010 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum : Need You Now '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Lady Antebellum Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 18 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum Album & Song Chart History -- Japan Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 29 , 2010 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201014 into search . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2009 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Year End : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl -- Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien / hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` レコード 協会 調べ 2009 年 12 月 16 日 ~ 2010 年 12 月 14 日 「 着うた フル ( R ) 」 2010 年 有料 音楽 配信 「 年間 チャート 」 ( 通称 : レコ 協 チャート ) '' ( Record Association Analysis : December 16 , 2009 -- December 14 , 2010 Full - length Cellphone Download 2010 paid digital sales `` Yearly Chart '' ( Abbreviated : RIAJ Chart ) ) ( PDF ) . RIAJ . December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2010 '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Year - end Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Year - end Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Year - end Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Year - end Country Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 2012 '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC Online . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Singles -- RadioScope New Zealand '' . Radioscope.net.nz . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Need You Now in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Lady Antebellum -- Need You Now '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` R&R : : Going For Adds : : Country '' . Radio & Records . Archived from the original ( Week Of : August 24 , 2009 ) on 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` R&R : : Going For Adds : : AC '' . Radio & Records . Archived from the original ( Week Of : January 3 , 2010 ) on 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` R&R : : Going For Adds : : Hot AC '' . Radio & Records . Archived from the original ( Week Of : January 24 , 2010 ) on 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Need You Now : Lady Antebellum : Amazon.de : MP3 - Downloads '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Musica -- Need You Now -- Single di Lady Antebellum '' . iTunes Store ( IT ) . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Need You Now : Lady Antebellum : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Need You Now ( Jason Nevins Dance Remix ) -- Single by Lady Antebellum '' . iTunes Store ( CA ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Need You Now ( Jason Nevins Dance Remix ) -- Single by Lady Antebellum '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lady Antebellum `` Need You Now '' music video at CMT.com Lady Antebellum Hillary Scott Charles Kelley Dave Haywood Studio albums and singles Lady Antebellum `` Love Do n't Live Here '' `` Lookin ' for a Good Time '' `` I Run to You '' Need You Now `` Need You Now '' `` American Honey '' `` Our Kind of Love '' `` Hello World '' Own the Night `` Just a Kiss '' `` We Owned the Night '' `` Dancin ' Away with My Heart '' `` Wanted You More '' Golden `` Downtown '' `` Goodbye Town '' `` Compass '' 747 `` Bartender '' `` Freestyle '' `` Long Stretch of Love '' Heart Break `` You Look Good '' `` Heart Break '' EPs iTunes Session Christmas recordings A Merry Little Christmas On This Winter 's Night Other songs `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` Friday Night '' `` Golden '' ( w / Stevie Nicks ) `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' `` Never Alone '' ( w / Jim Brickman ) `` Slow Rollin ' '' `` Something Better '' ( w / Audien ) Concert tours Need You Now Tour ( 2010 ) Own the Night Tour ( 2011 - 12 ) Take Me Downtown Tour ( 2013 - 14 ) Wheels Up Tour ( 2015 ) You Look Good World Tour ( 2017 ) Related articles Discography Charles Kelley 's solo releases The Driver Hillary Scott 's solo releases Love Remains ( `` Thy Will '' ) Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Need_You_Now_(Lady_Antebellum_song)&oldid=825922124 '' Categories : 2000s ballads 2009 singles 2010 singles 2009 songs Lady Antebellum songs Songs written by Josh Kear Billboard Hot Country Songs number - 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-7212565741352065464 | Socialist economics | Socialist economics - wikipedia Socialist economics Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Socialism Development ( show ) History of socialism Socialist calculation debate Socialist economics Ideas ( show ) Socialist mode of production Calculation in kind Collective ownership Cooperative Common ownership Commune ( model of government ) Economic democracy Economic planning Equal opportunity Free association Industrial democracy Input -- output model Internationalism Labor - time calculation Labour voucher Material balance planning Peer ‐ to ‐ peer economics ( Sharing economy ) Production for use Social dividend Social ownership Socialism in One Country State ownership To each according to his contribution / needs Workplace democracy Workers ' self - management Models ( show ) Decentralized planning Participatory economics Market socialism Lange model Mutualism Planned economy Soviet - type OGAS Project Cybersyn Socialist market economy Socialist - oriented market Variants ( show ) African Arab Agrarian Anarchist Authoritarian Blanquism Communism Democratic Ethical Ecological Feminist Gandhian Guild Liberal Libertarian Market Marhaenism Marxism Municipal Owenism Reformism Religious Revolutionary Ricardian Scientific Social democracy Socialist nationalism State Syndicalism Technocracy Third World Utopian Zionist 21st - century History by country ( show ) Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada Estonia Hong Kong India Iran Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Tunisia United Kingdom United States People ( show ) Thomas More Tommaso Campanella Henri de Saint - Simon François - Noël Babeuf Robert Owen Charles Fourier William Thompson Thomas Hodgskin Étienne Cabet Louis Auguste Blanqui Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Louis Blanc Moses Hess Mikhail Bakunin Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Ferdinand Lassalle William Morris Mary Harris Jones Peter Kropotkin Eduard Bernstein Errico Malatesta Fred M. 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Mikhail Gorbachev Bernie Sanders Muammar Gaddafi Tariq Ali Daniel Ortega Abdullah Öcalan Slavoj Žižek Thomas Sankara Jeremy Corbyn Jack Layton Jean - Luc Mélenchon Cornel West Hugo Chávez Pushpa Kamal Dahal Chris Hedges Evo Morales Yanis Varoufakis Rafael Correa Alexis Tsipras Pablo Iglesias Turrión Organizations ( show ) First International ( International Workingmen 's Association ) Second International Third International ( Comintern ) Fourth International Fifth International Labour and Socialist International Socialist International World Federation of Democratic Youth International Union of Socialist Youth World Socialist Movement International Committee of the Fourth International Progressive Alliance Related topics ( show ) Anarchism Capitalism Communist society Criticism of capitalism Economic system French Left List of socialist economists Nanosocialism Progressivism Right - wing socialism Socialism and LGBT rights Socialist Party Socialist state Socialism portal Economics portal Politics portal Part of a series on Economic systems By ideology ( hide ) Anarchist Capitalist Corporate Dirigist Laissez - faire Mercantilist Neo-mercantilist Protectionist Social market State capitalist Democratic Fascist Feminist Georgist Green Religious Christian Islamic Socialist Communist Market socialist Mutualist Participatory Socialist market Syndicalist Traditionalist Communalist Corporatist Distributist Feudalism By coordination ( show ) Closed ( autarky ) Decentralized Digital Dual Gift Informal Market Mixed Natural Open Planned Robinson Crusoe Subsistence Underground Vertical archipelago Virtual By regional model ( show ) Asian East Asian Chinese Singaporean European Anglo - Saxon German Nordic Rhenish Soviet Sectors ( show ) Common property Private Public Voluntary Property types ( show ) Collective ownership Commons Private ownership Public ownership Social ownership Transition ( show ) Collectivization Communization Corporatization Demutualization Deregulation Expropriation Financialization Liberalization Marketization Municipalization Mutualization Nationalization Privatization Socialization Coordination ( show ) Barter Market Free Open Regulated Planned In kind Cybernetic Indicative Material balancing Price Self - managed Peer - to - peer Shared Open access Other types ( show ) Expeditionary Hunter - gatherer Inclusive Democracy Information Islamic economics Manorialism Newly industrialized Palace Plantation Plutonomy Post-capitalist Post-industrial Post-scarcity Resource - based Token Traditional Transition World Business and economics portal Socialist economics refers to the economic theories , practices , and norms of hypothetical and existing socialist economic systems . A socialist economic system is characterised by social ownership and operation of the means of production that may take the form of autonomous cooperatives or direct public ownership wherein production is carried out directly for use . Socialist systems that utilize markets for allocating inputs and capital goods among economic units are designated market socialism . When planning is utilized , the economic system is designated as a socialist planned economy . Non-market forms of socialism usually include a system of accounting based on calculation - in - kind to value resources and goods . The term `` socialist economics '' may also be applied to the analysis of former and existing economic systems that were implemented in socialist states , such as in the works of Hungarian economist János Kornai . Socialist economics has been associated with different schools of economic thought . Marxian economics provided a foundation for socialism based on analysis of capitalism , while neoclassical economics and evolutionary economics provided comprehensive models of socialism . During the 20th century , proposals and models for both planned economies and market socialism were based heavily on neoclassical economics or a synthesis of neoclassical economics with Marxian or institutional economics . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of socialist economic thought 1.1 Utopian socialism 1.2 Socialism and classical political economy 1.3 Socialist political economy before Marx 1.4 Karl Marx and Das Kapital 1.5 Anarchist economics 1.6 After Marx 2 Characteristics 2.1 Economic planning 2.2 Anti-capitalism 2.3 Economic value theories 3 Economic models and systems 3.1 Economic democracy 3.2 Lange -- Lerner model 3.3 Self - managed economy 3.4 Worker self - directed enterprise 3.5 Democratic planned socialism 3.6 Feasible socialism 3.7 Pragmatic market socialism 3.8 Participatory economy 3.9 Computer - managed allocation 3.10 Peer - to - peer economy and open source 3.11 Negotiated coordination 4 Elements of socialism in practice 4.1 Centrally planned economies 4.1. 1 Soviet Union 4.1. 1.1 Dispute that the Soviet model is socialism 4.1. 2 World socialist economic system 4.1. 3 Achievements of the socialist planned economies 4.1. 4 Economic problems of the socialist planned economies 4.2 Transition to market economies 4.2. 1 Transition economies 4.2. 2 People 's Republic of China 4.2. 3 Other socialist states 4.3 Social democratic mixed economies 4.4 State capitalism 4.4. 1 Singapore 4.4. 2 India 4.5 Paris Commune 4.6 Social ownership and peer - to - peer production 4.6. 1 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 4.6. 2 Self - managed enterprises 4.7 Anarchist Spain 5 Criticisms 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading History of socialist economic thought ( edit ) Main article : History of socialism Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believed that hunter - gatherer societies and some primitive agricultural societies were communal , and called this primitive communism . Engels wrote about this at length in the book The Origin of the Family , Private Property and the State , which was based on the unpublished notes of Marx on the work of Lewis Henry Morgan . Values of socialism have roots in pre-capitalist institutions such as the religious communes , reciprocal obligations , and communal charity of Mediaeval Europe , the development of its economic theory primarily reflects and responds to the monumental changes brought about by the dissolution of feudalism and the emergence of specifically capitalist social relations . As such it is commonly regarded as a movement belonging to the modern era . Many socialists have considered their advocacy as the preservation and extension of the radical humanist ideas expressed in Enlightenment doctrine such as Jean - Jacques Rousseau 's Discourse on Inequality , Wilhelm von Humboldt 's Limits of State Action , or Immanuel Kant 's insistent defense of the French Revolution . Capitalism appeared in mature form as a result of the problems raised when an industrial factory system requiring long - term investment and entailing corresponding risks was introduced into an internationalized commercial ( mercantilist ) framework . Historically speaking , the most pressing needs of this new system were an assured supply of the elements of industry -- land , elaborate machinery , and labour -- and these imperatives led to the commodification of these elements . According to influential socialist economic historian Karl Polanyi 's classic account , the forceful transformation of land , money and especially labour into commodities to be allocated by an autonomous market mechanism was an alien and inhuman rupture of the pre-existing social fabric . Marx had viewed the process in a similar light , referring to it as part of the process of `` primitive accumulation '' whereby enough initial capital is amassed to begin capitalist production . The dislocation that Polyani and others describe , triggered natural counter-movements in efforts to re-embed the economy in society . These counter-movements , that included , for example , the Luddite rebellions , are the incipient socialist movements . Over time such movements gave birth to or acquired an array of intellectual defenders who attempted to develop their ideas in theory . As Polanyi noted , these counter-movements were mostly reactive and therefore not full - fledged socialist movements . Some demands went no further than a wish to mitigate the capitalist market 's worst effects . Later , a full socialist program developed , arguing for systemic transformation . Its theorists believed that even if markets and private property could be tamed so as not to be excessively `` exploitative '' , or crises could be effectively mitigated , capitalist social relations would remain significantly unjust and anti-democratic , suppressing universal human needs for fulfilling , empowering and creative work , diversity and solidarity . Within this context socialism has undergone four periods : the first in the 19th century was a period of utopian visions ( 1780s -- 1850s ) ; then occurred the rise of revolutionary socialist and Communist movements in the 19th century as the primary opposition to the rise of corporations and industrialization ( 1830 -- 1916 ) ; the polarisation of socialism around the question of the Soviet Union , and adoption of socialist or social democratic policies in response ( 1916 -- 1989 ) ; and the response of socialism in the neo-liberal era ( 1990 -- ) . As socialism developed , so did the socialist system of economics . Utopian socialism ( edit ) Main article : Utopian socialism The first theories which came to hold the term `` socialism '' began to be formulated in the late 18th century , and were termed `` socialism '' early in the 19th century . The central beliefs of the socialism of this period rested on the exploitation of those who labored by those who owned capital or rented land and housing . The abject misery , poverty and disease to which laboring classes seemed destined was the inspiration for a series of schools of thought which argued that life under a class of masters , or `` capitalists '' as they were then becoming to be called , would consist of working classes being driven down to subsistence wages . ( See Iron law of wages ) . Socialist ideas found expression in utopian movements , which often formed agricultural communes aimed at being self - sufficient on the land . These included many religious movements , such as the Christian socialism of the Shakers in America and the Hutterites . The Zionist kibbutzim and communes of the counterculture are also manifestations of utopian socialist ideas . Utopian socialism had little to offer in terms of a systematic theory of economic phenomena . In theory , economic problems were dissolved by a utopian society which had transcended material scarcity . In practice , small communities with a common spirit could sometimes resolve allocation problems . Socialism and classical political economy ( edit ) The first organized theories of socialist economics were significantly impacted by classical economic theory , including elements in Adam Smith , Robert Malthus and David Ricardo . In Smith there is a conception of a common good not provided by the market , a class analysis , a concern for the dehumanizing aspects of the factory system , and the concept of rent as being unproductive . Ricardo argued that the renting class was parasitic . This , and the possibility of a `` general glut '' , an over accumulation of capital to produce goods for sale rather than for use , became the foundation of a rising critique of the concept that free markets with competition would be sufficient to prevent disastrous downturns in the economy , and whether the need for expansion would inevitably lead to war . Socialist political economy before Marx ( edit ) Charles Fourier , influential early French socialist thinker A key early socialist theorist of political economy was Pierre - Joseph Proudhon . He was the most well - known of nineteenth century mutualist theorists and the first thinker to refer to himself as an anarchist . Others were : Technocrats like Henri de Saint - Simon , agrarian radicals like Thomas Spence , William Ogilvie and William Cobbett ; anti-capitalists like Thomas Hodgskin ; communitarian and utopian socialists like Robert Owen , William Thompson and Charles Fourier ; anti-market socialists like John Gray and John Francis Bray ; the Christian mutualist William Batchelder Greene ; as well as the theorists of the Chartist movement and early proponents of syndicalism . The first advocates of socialism promoted social leveling in order to create a meritocratic or technocratic society based upon individual talent . Count Henri de Saint - Simon was the first individual to coin the term `` socialism '' . Saint - Simon was fascinated by the enormous potential of science and technology , which led him to advocate a socialist society that would eliminate the disorderly aspects of capitalism and which would be based upon equal opportunities . Saint - Simon advocated a society in which each person was ranked according to his or her capacities and rewarded according to his or her work . This was accompanied by a desire to implement a rationally organized economy based on planning and geared towards large - scale scientific and material progress , which embodied a desire for a semi-planned economy . Other early socialist thinkers were influenced by the classical economists . The Ricardian socialists , such as Thomas Hodgskin and Charles Hall , were based on the work of David Ricardo and reasoned that the equilibrium value of commodities approximated producer prices when those commodities were in elastic supply , and that these producer prices corresponded to the embodied labor . The Ricardian socialists viewed profit , interest and rent as deductions from this exchange - value . Karl Marx and Das Kapital ( edit ) Main article : Das Kapital Karl Marx employed systematic analysis in an attempt to elucidate capitalism 's contradictory laws of motion , as well as to expose the specific mechanisms by which it exploits and alienates . He radically modified classical political economic theories . Marx transformed the labor theory of value , which had been worked upon by Adam Smith and David Ricardo , into his `` law of value '' , and used it for the purpose of revealing how commodity fetishism obscures the reality of capitalist society . His approach , which Friedrich Engels would call `` scientific socialism '' , would stand as the branching point in economic theory . In one direction went those who rejected the capitalist system as fundamentally anti-social , arguing that it could never be harnessed to effectively realize the fullest development of human potentialities wherein `` the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all . '' . Marx 's Das Kapital is an incomplete work of economic theory ; he had planned four volumes but completed two and left his collaborator Engels to complete the third . In many ways , the work is modelled on Smith 's Wealth of Nations , seeking to be a comprehensive logical description of production , consumption , and finance in relation to morality and the state . The work of philosophy , anthropology , sociology , and economics includes the following topics : The Law of Value : capitalist production is the production of `` an immense multitude of commodities '' or generalised commodity production . A commodity has two essential qualities firstly , they are useful , they satisfy some human want , `` the nature of such wants , whether , for instance , they spring from the stomach or from fancy , makes no difference '' and secondly they are sold on a market or exchanged . Critically the exchange value of a commodity `` is independent of the amount of labour required to appropriate its useful qualities '' . However , rather depends on the amount of socially necessary labour required to produce it . All commodities are sold at their value , so the origin of the capitalist profit is not in cheating or theft , but in the fact that the cost of reproduction of labour power , or the worker 's wage , is less than the value created during their time at work , enabling the capitalists to yield a surplus value or profit on their investments . Historical Property Relations : historical capitalism represents a process of momentous social upheaval where rural masses were separated from the land and ownership of the means of production by force , deprivation , and legal manipulation , creating an urban proletariat based on the institution of wage - labour . Moreover , capitalist property relations aggravated the artificial separation between city and country , which is a key factor in accounting for the metabolic rift between human beings in capitalism and their natural environment , which is at the root of our current ecological dilemmas . Commodity Fetishism : Marx adapted previous value - theory to show that in capitalism phenomena involved with the price system ( markets , competition , supply and demand ) constitute a powerful ideology that obscures the underlying social relations of capitalist society . `` Commodity fetishism '' refers to this distortion of appearance . The underlying social reality is one of economic exploitation . Economic Exploitation : workers are the fundamental creative source of new value . Property relations affording the right of usufruct and despotic control of the workplace to capitalists are the devices by which the surplus value created by workers is appropriated by the capitalists . Capital accumulation : inherent to capitalism is the incessant drive to accumulate as a response to the competitive forces acting upon all capitalists . In such a context the accumulated wealth which is the source of the capitalist 's social power derives itself from being able to repeat the circuit of Money → Commodity → Money , where the capitalist receives an increment or `` surplus value '' higher than their initial investment , as rapidly and efficiently as possible . Moreover , this driving imperative leads capitalism to its expansion on a worldwide scale . Crises : Marx identified natural and historically specific ( i.e. structural ) barriers to accumulation that were interrelated and interpenetrated one another in times of crises . Different types of crises , such as realization crises and overproduction crises , are expressions of capitalism 's inability to constructively overcome such barriers . Moreover , the upshot of crises is increased centralization , the expropriation of the many capitalists by the few . Centralization : the interacting forces of competition , endemic crises , intensive and extensive expansion of the scale of production , and a growing interdependency with the state apparatus , all promote a strong developmental tendency towards the centralization of capital . Material Development : as a result of its constant drive to optimize profitability by increasing the productivity of labour , typically by revolutionizing technology and production techniques , capitalism develops so as to progressively reduce the objective need for work , suggesting the potential for a new era of creative forms of work and expanded scope for leisure . Socialization and the pre-conditions for Revolution : by socializing the labour process , concentrating workers into urban settings in large - scale production processes and linking them in a worldwide market , the agents of a potential revolutionary change are created . Thus Marx felt that in the course of its development capitalism was at the same time developing the preconditions for its own negation . However , although the objective conditions for change are generated by the capitalist system itself , the subjective conditions for social revolution can only come about through the apprehension of the objective circumstances by the agents themselves and the transformation of such understanding into an effective revolutionary program . Anarchist economics ( edit ) Main article : Anarchist economics Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economics and economic activity within the political philosophy of anarchism . Pierre Joseph Proudhon was involved with the Lyons mutualists and later adopted the name to describe his own teachings . Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought that originates in the writings of Pierre - Joseph Proudhon , who envisioned a society where each person might possess a means of production , either individually or collectively , with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market . Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual - credit bank that would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate , just high enough to cover administration . Mutualism is based on a labor theory of value that holds that when labor or its product is sold , in exchange , it ought to receive goods or services embodying `` the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility '' . Receiving anything less would be considered exploitation , theft of labor , or usury . The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin , influential work which presents the economic vision of anarcho - communism Collectivist anarchism ( also known as anarcho - collectivism ) is a revolutionary doctrine that advocates the abolition of the state and private ownership of the means of production . Instead , it envisions the means of production being owned collectively and controlled and managed by the producers themselves . Once collectivization takes place , workers ' salaries would be determined in democratic organizations based on the amount of time they contributed to production . These salaries would be used to purchase goods in a communal market . Collectivist anarchism is most commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin , the anti-authoritarian sections of the First International , and the early Spanish anarchist movement . Anarchist communism is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state , private property , and capitalism in favor of common ownership of the means of production , direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations , and workers ' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle : `` from each according to ability , to each according to need '' . Unlike mutualism , collectivist anarchism , and Marxism , anarcho - communism as defended by Peter Kropotkin and Errico Malatesta rejected the labor theory of value altogether , instead advocating a gift economy and to base distribution on need . Anarchist communism as a coherent , modern economic - political philosophy was first formulated in the Italian section of the First International by Carlo Cafiero , Emilio Covelli , Errico Malatesta , Andrea Costa , and other ex-Mazzinian Republicans . Out of respect for Mikhail Bakunin , they did not make their differences with collectivist anarchism explicit until after Bakunin 's death . By the early 1880s , most of the European anarchist movement had adopted an anarchist communist position , advocating the abolition of wage labour and distribution according to need . Ironically , the `` collectivist '' label then became more commonly associated with Marxist state socialists who advocated the retention of some sort of wage system during the transition to full communism . Left - wing market anarchism strongly affirm the classical liberal ideas of self - ownership and free markets , while maintaining that , taken to their logical conclusions , these ideas support strongly anti-corporatist , anti-hierarchical , pro-labor positions and anti-capitalism in economics and anti-imperialism in foreign policy . After Marx ( edit ) Non-revolutionary socialists were inspired by the writings of John Stuart Mill , and later John Maynard Keynes and the Keynesians , who provided theoretical justification for state involvement in existing market economies . According to the Keynesians , if business cycles could be smoothed out by national ownership of key industries and state direction of their investment , class antagonism would be effectively tamed . They argue that a compact would form between labour and the capitalist class and that there would be no need for revolution . Joan Robinson and Michael Kalecki formed the basis of a critical post-Keynesian economics that at times went well beyond liberal reformism . Marxist economists developed different tendencies based on conflicting interpretations of Marx 's ideas , such as the ' Law of Value ' and crisis theory . The monopoly capitalist school saw Paul A. Baran and Paul Sweezy attempt to modify Marx 's theory of capitalist development -- which was based upon the assumption of price competition -- to reflect evolution to a stage where both economy and state were subject to the dominating influence of giant corporations . World - systems analysis restated Marx 's ideas about the worldwide division of labour and the drive to accumulate from the holistic perspective of capitalism 's historical development as a global system . Immanuel Wallerstein , wrote in 1979 : There are today no socialist systems in the world - economy any more than there are feudal systems because there is only one world - system . It is a world - economy and it is by definition capitalist in form . Socialism involves the creation of a new kind of world - system , neither a redistributive world - empire nor a capitalist world - economy but a socialist world - government . I do n't see this projection as being in the least utopian but I also do n't feel its institution is imminent . It will be the outcome of a long social struggle in forms that may be familiar and perhaps in very few forms , that will take place in all the areas of the world - economy . Piero Sraffa attempted to construct a value theory that was an explanation of the normal distribution of prices in an economy , as well that of income and economic growth . He found that the net product or surplus in the sphere of production was determined by the balance of bargaining power between workers and capitalists , which was subject to the influence of non-economic , presumably social and political , factors . The mutualist tendency associated with Pierre - Joseph Proudhon also continued , influencing the development of libertarian socialism , anarchist communism , syndicalism and distributivism . Characteristics ( edit ) See also : Socialist mode of production A socialist economy is a system of production where goods and services are produced directly for use , in contrast to a capitalist economic system , where goods and services are produced to generate profit ( and therefore indirectly for use ) . `` Production under socialism would be directly and solely for use . With the natural and technical resources of the world held in common and controlled democratically , the sole object of production would be to meet human needs . '' Goods and services would be produced for their usefulness , or for their use - value , eliminating the need for market - induced needs to ensure a sufficient amount of demand for products to be sold at a profit . Production in a socialist economy is therefore `` planned '' or `` coordinated '' , and does not suffer from the business cycle inherent to capitalism . In most socialist theories , economic planning only applies to the factors of production and not to the allocation of goods and services produced for consumption , which would be distributed through a market . Karl Marx stated that `` lower - stage communism '' would consist of compensation based on the amount of labor one contributes to the social product . The ownership of the means of production varies in different socialist theories . It can either be based on public ownership by a state apparatus ; direct ownership by the users of the productive property through worker cooperative ; or commonly owned by all of society with management and control delegated to those who operate / use the means of production . Management and control over the activities of enterprises is based on self - management and self - governance , with equal power - relations in the workplace to maximize occupational autonomy . A socialist form of organization would eliminate controlling hierarchies so that only a hierarchy based on technical knowledge in the workplace remains . Every member would have decision - making power in the firm and would be able to participate in establishing its overall policy objectives . The policies / goals would be carried out by the technical specialists that form the coordinating hierarchy of the firm , who would establish plans or directives for the work community to accomplish these goals . However , the economies of the former Socialist states , excluding Yugoslavia , were based on bureaucratic , top - down administration of economic directives and micromanagement of the worker in the workplace inspired by capitalist models of scientific management . As a result , some socialist movements have argued that said economies were not socialist due to the lack of equal power - relations in the workplace , the presence of a new `` elite '' , and because of the commodity production that took place in these economies . These economic and social systems have been classified as being either `` bureaucratic collectivist '' , `` state capitalist '' or `` deformed workers ' states '' by its critics . The exact nature of the USSR et al remains unresolved within said socialist movements . However , other socialist movements defend the systems that were in place in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union , remembering , as said above , that public ownership of the means of production can signify many variants . In the case of the Soviet Union and its satellites , it was the State which controlled and managed almost all of the economy as a big huge enterprise . Furthermore , the products that were manufactured in Soviet - type economies were produced directly for use , given the fact that all of them were sold to the public at below - market prices ( i.e. they were sold in deficit to satisfy the needs of the population ) . I am convinced there is only one way to eliminate ( the ) grave evils ( of capitalism ) , namely through the establishment of a socialist economy , accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals . In such an economy , the means of production are owned by society itself and are utilized in a planned fashion . A planned economy , which adjusts production to the needs of the community , would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every man , woman , and child . The education of the individual , in addition to promoting his own innate abilities , would attempt to develop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow - men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society . -- Albert Einstein , Why Socialism ? , 1949 Economic planning ( edit ) Main article : Economic planning Economic planning is a mechanism for the allocation of economic inputs and decision - making based on direct allocation , in contrast to the market mechanism , which is based on indirect allocation . An economy based on economic planning appropriates its resources as needed , so that allocation comes in the form of internal transfers rather than market transactions involving the purchasing of assets by one government agency or firm by another . Decision - making is carried out by workers and consumers on the enterprise - level . Economic planning is not synonymous with the concept of a command economy , which existed in the Soviet Union , and was based on a highly bureaucratic administration of the entire economy in accordance to a comprehensive plan formulated by a central planning agency , which specified output requirements for productive units and tried to micromanage the decisions and policies of enterprises . The command economy is based on the organizational model of a capitalist firm , but applies it to the entire economy . Various advocates of economic planning have been staunch critics of command economies and centralized planning . For example , Leon Trotsky believed that central planners , regardless of their intellectual capacity , operated without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy and understand the local conditions and rapid changes in the economy . Therefore , central planners would be unable to effectively coordinate all economic activity because they lacked this informal information . Economic planning in socialism takes a different form than economic planning in capitalist mixed economies ( such as Dirigisme , Central banking and Indicative planning ) ; in the former case planning refers to production of use - value directly ( planning of production ) , while in the latter case planning refers to the planning of capital accumulation in order to stabilize or increase the efficiency of this process . Anti-Capitalism ( edit ) See also : Socialist critique of capitalism The goal of socialist economics is to neutralize capital ( or , in the case of market socialism , to subject investment and capital to social planning ) , to coordinate the production of goods and services to directly satisfy demand ( as opposed to market - induced needs ) , and to eliminate the business cycle and crises of overproduction that occur as a result of an economy based on capital accumulation and private property in the means of production . Socialists generally aim to achieve greater equality in decision - making and economic affairs , grant workers greater control of the means of production and their workplace , and to eliminate exploitation by directing the surplus value to employees . Free access to the means of subsistence is a requisite for liberty , because it ensures that all work is voluntary and no class or individual has the power to coerce others into performing alienating work . The ultimate goal for Marxist socialists is the emancipation of labor from alienating work , and therefore freedom from having to perform such labor to receive access to the material necessities for life . It is argued that freedom from necessity would maximize individual liberty , as individuals would be able to pursue their own interests and develop their own talents without being coerced into performing labor for others ( the power - elite or ruling class in this case ) via mechanisms of social control , such as the labor market and the state . The stage of economic development in which this is possible is contingent upon advances in the productive capabilities of society . This advanced stage of social relations and economic organization is called pure communism . Economic value theories ( edit ) Socialist economic theories base the value of a good or service on its use value , rather than its cost of production ( labor theory of value ) or its exchange value ( Marginal Utility ) . Other socialist theories , such as mutualism and market socialism , attempt to apply the labor theory of value to socialism , so that the price of a good or service is adjusted to equal the amount of labor time expended in its production . The labor - time expended by each worker would correspond to labor credits , which would be used as a currency to acquire goods and services . Market socialists that base their models on neoclassical economics , and thus marginal utility , such as Oskar Lange and Abba Lerner , have proposed that publicly owned enterprises set their price to equal marginal cost , thereby achieving pareto efficiency . Anarcho - communism as defended by Peter Kropotkin and Errico Malatesta rejected the labor theory of value and exchange value itself , advocated a gift economy and to base distribution on need . Economic models and systems ( edit ) See also : Types of socialism Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert identify five different economic models within socialist economics : Public enterprise centrally planned economy in which all property is owned by the State and all key economic decisions are made centrally by the State , e.g. the former Soviet Union . Public enterprise state - managed market economy , one form of market socialism which attempts to use the price mechanism to increase economic efficiency , while all decisive productive assets remain in the ownership of the state , e.g. socialist market economy in China after reform . A mixed economy , also a capitalist economy where public and private ownership are mixed , and where industrial planning is ultimately subordinate to market allocation , the model generally adopted by social democrats e.g. in twentieth century Sweden . Many different proposals for socialist economic systems call for a type of mixed economy , where multiple forms of ownership over the means of production co-exist with one another . Public enterprise employee managed market economies , another form of market socialism in which publicly owned , employee - managed production units engage in free market exchange of goods and services with one another as well as with final consumers , e.g. mid twentieth century Yugoslavia , Two more theoretical models are Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar 's Progressive Utilization Theory and Economic democracy . Public enterprise participatory planning , an economy featuring social ownership of the means of production with allocation based on an integration of decentralized democratic planning , e.g. stateless communism , libertarian socialism . An incipient historical forebear is that of Catalonia during the Spanish Revolution . More developed theoretical models include those of Karl Polanyi , Participatory Economics , Inclusive Democracy and the negotiated coordination model of Pat Devine , as well as in Cornelius Castoriadis 's pamphlet `` Workers ' Councils and the Economics of a Self - Managed Society '' . János Kornai identifies five distinct types of socialism : Classical / Marxist conception , where socialism is a stage of economic development in which wage labour , private property in the means of production and monetary relations have been made redundant through the development of the productive forces , so that capital accumulation has been superseded by economic planning . Economic planning in this definition means conscious allocation of economic inputs and the means of production by the associated producers to directly maximise use - values as opposed to exchange - values , in contrast to the `` anarchy of production '' of capitalism . Walrasian / Market Socialist which defines socialism as public - ownership or cooperative - enterprises in a market economy , with prices for producer goods set through a trial - and - error method by a central planning board . In this view , socialism is defined in terms of de jure public property rights over major enterprises . Leninist conception , which includes a form of political organisation based on control of the means of production and government by a single political party apparatus that claims to act in the interest of the working class , and an ideology hostile toward markets and political dissent , with coordination of economic activity through centralised economic planning ( a `` command economy '' ) . Social democratic concept , based on the capitalist mode of production , which defines socialism as a set of values rather than a specific type of social and economic organisation . It includes unconditional support for parliamentary democracy , gradual and reformist attempts to establish socialism and support for socially progressive causes . Social democrats are not opposed to the market or private property ; instead they try to ameliorate the effects of capitalism through a welfare state , which relies on the market as the fundamental coordinating entity in the economy and a degree of public ownership / public provision of public goods in an economy otherwise dominated by private enterprise . East Asian model , or socialist market economy , based on a largely free - market , capital accumulation for profit and substantial private ownership along with state - ownership of strategic industries monopolised by a single political party . János Kornai ultimately leaves the classification of this model ( as either socialist or capitalist ) to the reader . Socialism can be divided into market socialism and planned socialism based on their dominant mechanism of resource allocation . Another distinction can be made between the type of property structures of different socialist systems ( public , cooperative or common ) and on the dominant form of economic management within the economy ( hierarchical or self - managed ) . Economic democracy ( edit ) Economic democracy is a model of market socialism primarily developed by the American economist David Schweickart . In Schweickart 's model , enterprises and natural resources are owned by society in the form of public banking , and management is elected by the workers within each firm . Profits would be distributed among the workers of the respective enterprise . Lange -- Lerner model ( edit ) The Lange -- Lerner model involves public ownership of the means of production and the utilization of a trial - and - error approach to achieving equilibrium prices by a central planning board . The Central Planning Board would be responsible for setting prices through a trial - and - error approach to establish equilibrium prices , effectively acting as the abstract Walrasian auctioneer in Walrasian economics . Managers of the state - owned firms would be instructed to set prices to equal marginal cost ( P = MC ) , so that economic equilibrium and Pareto efficiency would be achieved . The Lange model was expanded upon by the American economist Abba Lerner and became known as the Lange -- Lerner theorem , particularly the role of the social dividend . Forerunners of the Lange model include the neoclassical economists Enrico Barone and Fred M. Taylor . Self - managed economy ( edit ) The self - managed economy is a form of socialism where enterprises are owned and managed by their employees , effectively negating the employer - employee ( or wage labor ) dynamic of capitalism and emphasizing the opposition to alienation , self - managing and cooperative aspect of socialism . Members of cooperative firms are relatively free to manage their own affairs and work schedules . This model was developed most extensively by the Yugoslav economists Branko Horvat , Jaroslav Vanek and the American economist Benjamin Ward . Worker self - directed enterprise ( edit ) Worker self - directed enterprise is a recent proposal advocated by the American Marxian economist Richard D. Wolff . This model shares many similarities with the model of socialist self - management in that employees own and direct their enterprises , but places a greater role on democratically elected management within a market economy . Democratic planned socialism ( edit ) Democratic planned socialism is a form of decentralized planned economy . Feasible socialism ( edit ) Feasable socialism was the name Alec Nove gave his outline for socialism in his work The Economics of Feasible Socialism . According to Nove , this model of socialism is `` feasible '' because it can be realized within the lifetime of anyone living today . It involves a combination of publicly owned and centrally directed enterprises for large - scale industries , autonomous publicly owned enterprises , consumer and worker - owned cooperatives for the majority of the economy , and private ownership for small businesses . It is a market - based mixed economy that includes a substantial role for macroeconomic interventionism and indicative economic planning . Pragmatic market socialism ( edit ) The American economist James Yunker detailed a model where social ownership of the means of production is achieved the same way private ownership is achieved in modern capitalism through the shareholder system that separates management functions from ownership . Yunker posits that social ownership can be achieved by having a public body , designated the Bureau of Public Ownership ( BPO ) , owning the shares of publicly listed firms without affecting market - based allocation of capital inputs . Yunker termed this model pragmatic market socialism because it does not require massive changes to society and would leave the existing management system intact , and would be at least as efficient as modern - day capitalism while providing superior social outcomes as public ownership of large and established enterprises would enable profits to be distributed among the entire population in a social dividend rather than going largely to a class of inheriting rentiers . Participatory economy ( edit ) Participatory economics utilizes participatory decision making as an economic mechanism to guide the production , consumption and allocation of resources in a given society . Computer - managed allocation ( edit ) Proposals for utilizing computer - based coordination and information technology for the coordination and optimization of resource allocation ( also known as cybernetics ) within an economy have been outlined by various socialists , economists and computer scientists , including Oskar Lange , the Soviet engineer Viktor Glushkov , and more recently the Paul Cockshott and Allin Cottrell . Peer - to - peer economy and open source ( edit ) The `` networked information age '' has enabled the development and emergence of new forms of organizing the production of value in non-market arrangements that have been termed commons - based peer production along with the negation of ownership and the concept of property in the development of software in the form of open source and open design . Negotiated coordination ( edit ) Economist Pat Devine has created a model of coordination called `` negotiated coordination '' , which is based upon social ownership by those affected by the use of the assets involved , with decisions made by those at the most localised level of production . Elements of socialism in practice ( edit ) Although a number of economic systems have existed with various socialist attributes , or have been deemed socialist by their proponents , almost all of the economic systems listed below have largely retained elements of capitalism such as wage labor , the accumulation of capital , and commodity production . Nonetheless , various elements of a socialist economy have been implemented or experimented with in various economies throughout history . Various forms of socialist organizational attributes have existed as minor modes of production within the context of a capitalist economy throughout history -- examples of this include cooperative enterprises in a capitalist economy , and the emerging free - software movement based on social peer - to - peer production . Centrally planned economies ( edit ) A centrally planned economy combines public ownership of the means of production with centralised state planning . This model is usually associated with the Soviet - style command economy . In a centrally planned economy , decisions regarding the quantity of goods and services to be produced are planned in advance by a planning agency . In the early years of Soviet central planning , the planning process was based upon a selected number of physical flows with inputs mobilized to meet explicit production targets measured in natural or technical units . This material balances method of achieving plan coherence was later complemented and replaced by value planning , with money provided to enterprises so that they could recruit labour and procure materials and intermediate production goods and services . The Soviet economy was brought to balance by the interlocking of three sets of calculation , namely the setting up of a model incorporating balances of production , manpower and finance . The exercise was undertaken annually and involved a process of iteration ( the `` method of successive approximation '' ) . Although nominally a `` centrally planned '' economy , in reality formulation of the plan took place on a more local level of the production process as information was relayed from enterprises to planning ministries . Aside from the USSR and Eastern bloc economies , this economic model was also utilized by the People 's Republic of China , Socialist Republic of Vietnam , Republic of Cuba and North Korea . Soviet Union ( edit ) Main article : Economy of the Soviet Union See also : Ministry of Finance ( Soviet Union ) , Gosplan , and Five - Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union and some of its European satellites aimed for a fully centrally planned economy . They dispensed almost entirely with private ownership over the means of production . However , workers were still effectively paid a wage for their labour . Some believe that according to Marxist theory this should have been a step towards a genuine workers ' state . However , some Marxists consider this a misunderstanding of Marx 's views of historical materialism and his views of the process of socialization . The characteristics of this model of economy were : Production quotas for every productive unit . A farm , mine or factory was judged on the basis of whether its production met the quota . It would be provided with a quota of the inputs it needed to start production , and then its quota of output would be taken away and given to downstream production units or distributed to consumers . Critics of both left and right persuasions have argued that the economy was plagued by incentive - related problems ; claiming , for instance , that the system incentivized enterprise managers to underreport their unit 's productive capacities so that their quotas would be easier to achieve , especially since the manager 's bonuses were linked to the fulfillment of quotas . Allocation through political control . In contrast with systems where prices determined allocation of resources , in the Soviet Union , allocation , particularly of means of production was determined by the bureaucracy . The prices that were constructed were done so after the formulation of the economy plan , and such prices did not factor into choices about what was produced and how it was produced in the first place . Full employment . Every worker was ensured employment . However workers were generally not directed to jobs . The central planning administration adjusted relative wages rates to influence job choice in accordance with the outlines of the current plan . Clearing goods by planning : if a surplus of a product was accumulated , then the central planning authority would either reduce the quota for its production or increase the quota for its use . Five Year Plans for the long - term development of key industries . The planning system in the Soviet Union was introduced under Stalin between 1928 and 1934 . Following the Second World War , in the seven countries with communist governments in Central and Eastern Europe , central planning with five - ( or six - ) year plans on the Soviet model had been introduced by 1951 . The common features were the nationalization of industry , transport and trade , compulsory procurement in farming ( but not collectivization ) and a monopoly on foreign trade . Prices were largely determined on the basis of the costs of inputs , a method derived from the labour theory of value . Prices did not therefore incentivize production enterprises whose inputs were instead purposely rationed by the central plan . This `` taut planning '' began around 1930 in the Soviet Union and was only attenuated after the economic reforms in 1966 -- 1968 when enterprises were encouraged to make profits . The stated purpose of planning according to the communist party was to enable the people through the party and state institutions to undertake activities that would have been frustrated by a market economy ( for example , the rapid expansion of universal education and health care , urban development with mass good quality housing and industrial development of all regions of the country ) . Nevertheless , markets continued to exist in socialist planned economies . Even after the collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union in the 1930s , members of the collective farm and anyone with a private garden plot were free to sell their own produce ( farm workers were often paid in kind ) . Licensed markets operated in every town and city borough where non-state - owned enterprises ( such as cooperatives and collective farms ) were able to offer their products and services . From 1956 / 59 onwards all wartime controls over manpower were removed and people could apply and quit jobs freely in the Soviet Union . The use of market mechanisms went furthest in Yugoslavia , Czechoslovakia and Hungary . From 1975 Soviet citizens had the right to engage in private handicraft and in 1981 collective farmers could raise and sell livestock privately . It should also be noted that households were free to dispose of their income as they chose and incomes were lightly taxed . Dispute that the Soviet model is socialism ( edit ) Various scholars and political economists have criticized the claim that the centrally planned economy , and specifically , the Soviet model of economic development , constitutes a form of socialism . They argue that the Soviet economy was structured upon the accumulation of capital and the extraction of surplus value from the working class by the planning agency in order to reinvest this surplus into the economy -- and to distribute to managers and senior officials , indicating the Soviet Union ( and other Soviet - style economies ) were state capitalist economies . More fundamentally , these economies are still structured around the dynamic of capitalism : the accumulation of capital and production for profit ( as opposed to being based on production for use -- the defining criterion for socialism ) , and have not yet transcended the system of capitalism but are in fact a variation of capitalism based on a process of state - directed accumulation . On the other side of the argument are those who contend that no surplus value was generated from labour activity or from commodity markets in the socialist planned economies and therefore claim that there was no exploiting class , even if inequalities existed . Since prices were controlled and set below market clearing levels there was no element of ' value added ' at the point of sale as occurs in capitalist market economies . Prices were built up from the average cost of inputs , including wages , taxes , interest on stocks and working capital , and allowances to cover the recoupment of investment and for depreciation , so there was no ' profit margin ' in the price charged to customers . Wages did not reflect the purchase price of labour since labour was not a commodity traded in a market and the employing organizations did not own the means of production . Wages were set at a level that permitted a decent standard of living and rewarded specialist skills and educational qualifications . In macroeconomic terms , the plan allocated the whole national product to workers in the form of wages for the workers ' own use , with a fraction withheld for investment and imports from abroad . The difference between the average value of wages and the value of national output per worker did not imply the existence of surplus value since it was part of a consciously formulated plan for the development of society . Furthermore , the presence of inequality in the socialist planned economies did not imply that an exploiting class existed . In the USSR communist party members were able to buy scarce goods in special shops and the leadership elite took advantage of state property to live in more spacious accommodation and sometimes luxury . Although they received privileges not commonly available and thus some additional income in kind there was no difference in their official remuneration in comparison to their non-party peers . Enterprise managers and workers received only the wages and bonuses related to the production targets that had been set by the planning authorities . Outside of the cooperative sector , which enjoyed greater economic freedoms and whose profits were shared among all members of the cooperative , there was no profit - taking class . Other socialist critics point to the lack of socialist social relations in these economies -- specifically the lack of self - management , a bureaucratic elite based on hierarchical and centralized powers of authority , and the lack of genuine worker control over the means of production -- leading them to conclude that they were not socialist but either bureaucratic collectivism or state capitalism . Trotskyists argue they are neither socialist nor capitalist -- but are deformed workers ' states . This analysis is consistent with Lenin 's April Theses , which stated that the goal of the Bolshevik revolution was not the introduction of socialism , which could only be established on a worldwide scale , but was intended to bring production and the state under the control of the Soviets of Workers ' Deputies . Furthermore , these `` Communist states '' often do not claim to have achieved socialism in their countries ; on the contrary , they claim to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism in their countries . For example , the preamble to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 's constitution states that Vietnam only entered a transition stage between capitalism and socialism after the country was re-unified under the Communist party in 1976 , and the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Cuba states that the role of the Communist Party is to `` guide the common effort toward the goals and construction of socialism '' . This view is challenged by Stalinists and their followers , who claim that socialism was established in the Soviet Union after Joseph Stalin came to power and instituted the system of five year plans . The 1936 Constitution of the USSR , known as the Fundamental Law of Victorious Socialism , embodied the claim that the foundations for socialism had been laid . Joseph Stalin introduced the theory of Socialism in one country , which argued that socialism can be built in a single country , despite existing in a global capitalist economic system . Nevertheless , it was recognized that the stage during which developed socialism would be built would be a lengthy one and would not be achieved by the USSR on its own . According to the official textbooks , the first stage of the transition period from capitalism to socialism had been completed by the 1970s in the European socialist countries ( except Poland and Yugoslavia ) , and in Mongolia and Cuba . The next stage of developed socialism would not be reached until `` the economic integration of the socialist states becomes a major factor of their economic progress '' and social relations had been reconstructed on `` collectivist principles '' . Communist writers accepted that during these earlier stages in constructing socialism , the exchange of commodities on the basis of the average socially necessary labour embodied within them occurred and involved the mediation of money . Socialist planned economies were systems of commodity production but this was directed in a conscious way towards meeting the needs of the people and not left to the `` anarchy of the market '' . At the stage of developed socialism , `` the state of dictatorship of the proletariat changes into a state of all people reflecting the increasing homogeneity of society '' and the `` evening out of economic development levels '' within and between socialist countries . It would provide the foundations for a further stage of perfected socialist society , where an abundance of goods permitted their distribution according to need . Only then could the world socialist system progress towards the higher phase of communism . World socialist economic system ( edit ) By the 1980s , the world economic socialist system embraced one - third of the world 's population but generated no more than 15 percent of global economic output . At its height in the mid-1980s , the world socialist system could be said to comprise the following countries with a `` socialist orientation '' , though not all were allies of the Soviet Union : Afghanistan , Albania , Angola , Bulgaria , Cambodia , China , Cuba , Czechoslovakia , Eastern Germany , Ethiopia , Hungary , Mozambique , Nicaragua , North Korea , Laos , Mongolia , Poland , Romania , Vietnam , South Yemen , Yugoslavia and the Soviet Unnion . The system co-existed alongside the world capitalist system but was founded upon the principles of cooperation and mutual assistance rather than upon competition and rivalry The countries involved aimed to even - out the level of economic development and to play an equal part in the international division of labour . An important role was played by the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( CMEA ) or Comecon , an international body set up to promote economic development . It involved joint planning activity , the establishment of international economic , scientific and technical bodies and methods of cooperation between state agencies and enterprises , including joint ventures and projects . Allied to the CMEA were the International Development Bank , established in 1971 ; and the International Bank for Economic Cooperation , founded in 1963 , which had their parallel in the World Bank and the Bank for International Settlements and the International Monetary Fund in the non-socialist world . The main tasks of the CMEA were plan coordination , production specialization and regional trade . In 1961 Nikita Khrushchev , the Soviet leader , put forward proposals for establishing an integrated , centrally planned socialist commonwealth in which each geographic region would specialize production in line with its set of natural and human resources . The resulting document , the `` Basic Principles of the International Socialist Division of Labour '' was adopted at the end of 1961 , despite objections from Romania on certain aspects . The `` Basic Principles '' were never implemented fully and were replaced in 1971 by the adoption of the `` Comprehensive Programme for Further Extension and Improvement of Cooperation and Development of Socialist Economic Integration '' . As a result , many specialization agreements were made between CMEA member states for investment programmes and projects . The importing country pledged to rely on the exporting country for its consumption of the product in question . Production specialization occurred in engineering , automotive , chemicals , computers and automation , telecommunications and biotechnology . Scientific and technical cooperation between CMEA member states was facilitated by the establishment in 1969 of the International Centre for Scientific and Technical Information in Moscow . Trade between CMEA member states was divided into `` hard goods '' and `` soft goods '' . The former could be sold on world markets and the latter could not . Commodities such as food , energy products and raw materials tended to be hard goods and were traded within the CMEA area at world market prices . Manufactures tended to be soft goods and their prices were negotiable and often adjusted to make bilateral payment flows balance . Other countries with privileged affiliation with the CMEA were Algeria , Benin , Burma , Congo , Finland , Madagascar , Mali , Mexico , Nigeria , Seychelles , Syria , Tanzania and Zimbabwe . The Soviet Union also provided substantial economic aid and technical assistance to developing countries including Egypt , India , Iraq , Iran , Somalia and Turkey . It supported developing countries in calling for a New International Economic Order and backed the UN Charter of Economic Rights and Obligations of States adopted by the General Assembly in 1974 . Achievements of the socialist planned economies ( edit ) In the officially sanctioned textbooks describing the socialist planned economies as they existed in the 1980s it was claimed that : Class and national oppression had been totally eradicated . Unemployment , hunger , poverty , illiteracy and uncertainty about the future had been eliminated . Every citizen had a guaranteed right to work , rest , education , health care , abode and security in old age and maintenance in the event of disability . Material standards of living were rising steadily and everyone had free access to knowledge and to the values of world and national culture . Every citizen had a right in practice to take part in discussing and solving any problems in the life of the enterprise , region , republic and the country they lived in , including the rights to free speech , of assembly and to demonstrate . Data collected by the United Nations of indicators of human development in the early 1990s show that a high level of social development was achieved in the former socialist planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CEE / CIS ) . Life expectancy in the CEE / CIS area in the period 1985 -- 1990 was 68 years , while for the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) it was 75 years . Infant mortality in the CEE / CIS area was 25 for every 1,000 live births in 1990 , compared to 13 in the OECD area . In terms of education , the two areas enjoyed universal adult literacy and full enrolment of children in primary and secondary schools . For tertiary education , the CEE / CIS had 2,600 university students per 100,000 population , while in the OECD the comparable figure was 3,550 students . Overall enrolment at primary , secondary and tertiary levels was 75 percent in the CEE / CIS region and 82 percent in the OECD countries . On housing the main problem was over-crowding rather than homelessness in the socialist planned economies . In the USSR the area of residential accommodation was 15.5 square meters per person by 1990 in urban areas but 15 percent of the population were without their own separate accommodation and had to live in communal apartments according to the 1989 census . Housing was generally of good quality in both the CEE / CIS region and in the OECD countries : 98 and 99 percent of the population in the OECD countries had access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation respectively , compared to 93 and 85 percent in the CEE / CIS area by 1990 . Unemployment did not exist officially in the socialist planned economies , though there were people between jobs and a fraction of unemployable people as a result of illness , disability or other problems , such as alcoholism . The proportion of people changing jobs was between 6 and 13 percent of the labour force a year according to employment data during the 1970s and 1980s in Central and Eastern Europe and the USSR . Labour exchanges were established in the USSR in 1967 to help enterprises re-allocate workers and provide information on job vacancies . Compulsory unemployment insurance schemes operated in Bulgaria , Eastern Germany and Hungary but the numbers claiming support as a result of losing their job through no fault of their own numbered a few hundred a year . By 1988 GDP per person , measured at purchasing power parity in US dollars , was $7,519 in Russia and $6,304 for the USSR . The highest income was to be found in Slovenia ( $10,663 ) and Estonia ( $9,078 ) and the lowest in Albania ( $1,386 ) and Tajikistan ( $2,730 ) . Across the whole CEE / CIS area , GDP per person was estimated at $6,162 . This compared to the USA with $20,651 and $16,006 for Germany in the same year . For the OECD area as a whole estimated GDP per person was $14,385 . Thus , on the basis of IMF estimates , national income ( GDP ) per person in the CEE / CIS area was 43 percent of that in the OECD area . Economic problems of the socialist planned economies ( edit ) From the 1960s onwards , CMEA countries , beginning with Eastern Germany , attempted `` intensive '' growth strategies , aiming to raise the productivity of labour and capital . However , in practice this meant that investment was shifted towards new branches of industry , including the electronics , computing , automotive and nuclear power sectors , leaving the traditional heavy industries dependent upon older technologies . Despite the rhetoric about modernization , innovation remained weak as enterprise managers preferred routine production that was easier to plan and brought them predictable bonuses . Embargoes on high technology exports organized through the US - supported CoCom arrangement hampered technology transfer . Enterprise managers also ignored inducements to introduce labour - saving measures as they wished to retain a reserve of personnel to be available to meet their production target by working at top speed when supplies were delayed . Under conditions of `` taut planning '' , the economy was expected to produce a volume of output higher than the reported capacity of enterprises and there was no `` slack '' in the system . Enterprises faced a resource constraint and hoarded labour and other inputs and avoided sub-contracting intermediate production activities , preferring to retain the work in - house . The enterprise , according to the theory promulgated by János Kornai , was constrained by its resources not by the demand for its goods and services ; nor was it constrained by its finances since the government was not likely to shut it down if it failed to meet its financial targets . Enterprises in socialist planned economies operated within a `` soft '' budget constraint , unlike enterprises in capitalist market economies which are demand - constrained and operate within `` hard '' budget constraints , as they face bankruptcy if their costs exceed their sales . As all producers were working in a resource - constrained economy they were perpetually in short supply and the shortages could never be eliminated , leading to chronic disruption of production schedules . The effect of this was to preserve a high level of employment . As the supply of consumer goods failed to match rising incomes ( because workers still received their pay even if they were not fully productive ) , household savings accumulated , indicating , in the official terminology , `` postponed demand '' . Western economists called this `` monetary overhang '' or `` repressed inflation '' . Prices on the black market were several times higher than in the official price - controlled outlets , reflecting the scarcity and possible illegality of the sale of these items . Therefore , although consumer welfare was reduced by shortages , the prices households paid for their regular consumption were lower than would have been the case had prices been set at market - clearing levels . Over the course of the 1980s it became clear that the CMEA area was `` in crisis '' , although it remained viable economically and was not expected to collapse . The `` extensive '' growth model was retarding growth in the CMEA as a whole , with member countries dependent upon supplies of raw materials from the USSR and upon the Soviet market for sales of goods . The decline in growth rates reflected a combination of diminishing returns to capital accumulation and low innovation as well as micro-economic inefficiencies , which a high rate of saving and investment was unable to counter . The CMEA was supposed to ensure coordination of national plans but it failed even to develop a common methodology for planning which could be adopted by its member states . As each member state was reluctant to give up national self - sufficiency the CMEA 's efforts to encourage specialization was thwarted . There were very few joint ventures and therefore little intra-enterprise technology transfer and trade , which in the capitalist world was often undertaken by trans - national corporations . The International Bank for Economic Cooperation had no means of converting a country 's trade surplus into an option to buy goods and services from other CMEA members . Transition to market economies ( edit ) After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc , many of the remaining socialist states presiding over centrally planned economies began introducing reforms that shifted their economies away from centralized planning . In Central and Eastern Europe and the USSR the transition from a planned economy to a market economy was accompanied by the transformation of the socialist mode of production to a capitalist mode of production . In Asia ( China , Laos , North Korea and Vietnam ) and in Cuba market mechanisms were introduced by the ruling communist parties and the planning system was reformed without systemic transformation . The transformation from socialism to capitalism involved a political shift : from a people 's democracy ( see People 's Republic and Communist state ) with a constitutionally entrenched `` leading role '' for the communist and workers ' parties in society to a liberal representative democracy with a separation of legislative , executive and judicial authorities and centres of private power that can act as a brake on the state 's activity . Vietnam adopted an economic model it formally titled the socialist - oriented market economy . This economic system is a form of mixed - economy consisting of state , private , co-operative and individual enterprises coordinated by the market mechanism . This system is intended to be transitional stage in the development of socialism . Transition economies ( edit ) See also : Transition economy The transformation of an economic system from a socialist planned economy to a capitalist market economy in Central and Eastern Europe , the former Soviet Union and Mongolia in the 1990s involved a series of institutional changes . These included : Control over the means of production was removed from the state through privatization and private property rights were re-established . In several countries property was restored to its former owners or their legal successors . If the actual property could not be returned the former owners received compensation . This occurred in Eastern Germany , Czechoslovakia , Hungary and Estonia . In all the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States , the government decided against restoration or compensation on the grounds that too much time had elapsed and in many cases compensation had already been made through bilateral treaties between the USSR and foreign governments representing the former owners . Voucher privatization in which citizens and workers in the enterprises received free or cheap shares was undertaken in most of the transition economies . The decision - making system was de-centralized through the ending of central planning and the privatization of enterprises . Work collectives and trade unions lost much of their influence in enterprise decision - making . Markets became the dominant coordination mechanism following price liberalization and the de-control of foreign trade that permitted more or less unrestricted importation of goods in 1990 / 92 . Queues at retail outlets disappeared as did hoarded inventories at factories . Stock exchanges were established between 1990 and 1995 . Anti-monopoly legislation was introduced . As workers lost their jobs or found their wages unpaid , informal labour markets sprang up along certain streets , particularly for construction trades . The incentive system was modified by the legalization of private enterprise and alteration to employment laws . A large informal sphere developed estimated at comprising 21 to 30 percent of official calculations of GDP . The organizational forms prevailing in the socialist planned economies were restructured by breaking up vertically - integrated industrial and agricultural concerns and closing non-viable undertakings . The hardening of enterprise budget constraints was more significant in driving industrial restructuring than privatization according to some studies . The distribution system became more unequal as price controls on necessities were removed fuelling the growth of poverty among people on fixed incomes such as pensioners and the unemployed . Redistributive measures through taxation and social safety nets proved unable to counteract the growth of poverty and , at the other end of the income scale , the emergence of a rich business elite ( see also business oligarch ) . The public choice mechanism was overhauled to rescind the communist party 's leading role and introduce a liberal constitution entrenching civil rights and representative democracy in almost all transition economies except Belarus , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) Main article : Economy of the People 's Republic of China China embraced a socialist planned economy after the Communist victory in its Civil War . Private property and private ownership of capital were abolished , and various forms of wealth made subject to state control or to workers ' councils . The Chinese economy broadly adopted a similar system of production quotas and full employment by fiat to the Russian model . The Great Leap Forward saw a remarkably large - scale experiment with rapid collectivisation of agriculture , and other ambitious goals . Results were less than expected , ( e.g. , there were food shortages and mass starvation ) and the program was abandoned after three years . In recent decades China has opened its economy to foreign investment and to market - based trade , and has continued to experience strong economic growth . It has carefully managed the transition from a socialist planned economy to a market economy , officially referred to as the socialist commodity market economy , which has been likened to capitalism by some outside observers . The current Chinese economic system is characterized by state ownership combined with a strong private sector that privately owned enterprises that generate about 33 % ( People 's Daily Online 2005 ) to over 50 % of GDP in 2005 , with a BusinessWeek article estimating 70 % of GDP , a figure that might be even greater considering the Chengbao system . Some western observers note that the private sector is likely underestimated by state officials in calculation of GDP due to its propensity to ignore small private enterprises that are not registered . Most of the state and private sectors of economy are governed by free market practices , including a stock exchange for trading equity . The free - market is the arbitrator for most economic activity , which is left to the management of both state and private firms . A significant amount of privately owned firms exist , especially in the consumer service sector . The state sector is concentrated in the ' commanding heights ' of the economy with a growing private sector engaged primarily in commodity production and light industry . Centralized directive planning based on mandatory output requirements and production quotas has been superseded by the free - market mechanism for most of the economy and directive planning is utilized in some large state industries . A major difference from the old planned economy is the privatization of state institutions . 150 state - owned enterprises remain and report directly to the central government , most having a number of subsidiaries . By 2008 , these state - owned corporations had become increasingly dynamic largely contributing to the increase in revenue for the state . The state - sector led the economic recovery process and increased economic growth in 2009 after the financial crises . This type of economic system is defended from a Marxist perspective which states that a socialist planned economy can only be possible after first establishing the necessary comprehensive commodity market economy , letting it fully develop until it exhausts its historical stage and gradually transforms itself into a planned economy . Proponents of this model distinguish themselves from market socialists who believe that economic planning is unattainable , undesirable or ineffective at distributing goods , viewing the market as the solution rather than a temporary phase in development of a socialist planned economy . Other socialist states ( edit ) The Socialist Republic of Vietnam has pursued similar economic reforms , though less extensive , which have resulted in a socialist - oriented market economy , a mixed economy in which the state plays a dominant role intended to be a transitional phase in establishment of a socialist economy . The Republic of Cuba , under the leadership of Raul Castro , has begun to encourage co-operatives and self - employment in a move to reduce the central role of state enterprise and state management over the economy , with the goal of building a co-operative form of socialism . Social democratic mixed economies ( edit ) Main article : Social democracy Many of the industrialized , open countries of Western Europe experimented with one form of social democratic mixed economies or another during the 20th century . These include Britain ( mixed economy and welfare state ) from 1945 to 1979 , France ( state capitalism and indicative planning ) from 1945 to 1982 under dirigisme , Sweden ( social democratic welfare state ) and Norway ( state capitalist mixed economy ) to the present . They can be regarded as social democratic experiments , because they universally retained a wage - based economy and private ownership and control of the decisive means of production . Nevertheless , these western European countries tried to restructure their economies away from a purely private capitalist model . Variations range from social democratic welfare states , such as in Sweden , to mixed economies where a major percentage of GDP comes from the state sector , such as in Norway , which ranks among the highest countries in quality of life and equality of opportunity for its citizens . Elements of these efforts persist throughout Europe , even if they have repealed some aspects of public control and ownership . They are typically characterized by : Nationalization of key industries , such as mining , oil , steel , energy and transportation . A common model is for a sector to be taken over by the state and then one or more publicly owned corporations set up for its day - to - day running . Advantages of nationalization include : the ability of the state to direct investment in key industries , the distribution of state profits from nationalized industries for the overall national good , the ability to direct producers to social rather than market goals , greater control of the industries by and for the workers , and the benefits and burdens of publicly funded research and development are extended to the wider populace . Redistribution of wealth , through both tax and spending policies that aim to reduce economic inequalities . Social democracies typically employ various forms of progressive taxation regarding wage and business income , wealth , inheritance , capital gains and property . On the spending side , a set of social policies typically provides free access to public services such as education , health care and child care , while subsidized access to housing , food , pharmaceutical goods , water supply , waste management and electricity is also common . Social security schemes where workers contribute to a mandatory public insurance program . The insurance typically include monetary provisions for retirement pensions and survivor benefits , permanent and temporary disabilities , unemployment and parental leave . Unlike private insurance , governmental schemes are based on public statutes and not contracts , so that contributions and benefits may change in time and are based on solidarity among participants . Its funding is done on an ongoing basis , without direct relationship with future liabilities . Minimum wages , employment protection and trade union recognition rights for the benefit of workers . The objectives of these policies are to guarantee living wages and help produce full employment . There are a number of different models of trade union protection which evolved , but they all guarantee the right of workers to form unions , negotiate benefits and participate in strikes . Germany , for instance , appointed union representatives at high levels in all corporations and had much less industrial strife than the UK , whose laws encouraged strikes rather than negotiation . National planning for industrial development . Demand management in a Keynesian fashion to help ensure economic growth and employment . State capitalism ( edit ) Various state capitalist economies , which consist of large commercial state enterprises that operate according to the laws of capitalism and pursue profits , have evolved in countries that have been influenced by various elected socialist political parties and their economic reforms . While these policies and reforms did not change the fundamental aspect of capitalism , and non-socialist elements within these countries supported or often implemented many of these reforms themselves , the result has been a set of economic institutions that were at least partly influenced by socialist ideology . Singapore ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Singapore Singapore pursued a state - led model of economic development under the People 's Action Party , which initially adopted a Leninist approach to politics and a broad socialist model of economic development . The PAP was initially a member of the Socialist International . Singapore 's economy is dominated by state - owned enterprises and government - linked companies through Temasek Holdings , which generate 60 % of Singapore 's GDP . Temasek Holdings operates like any other company in a market economy . Managers of the holding are rewarded according to profits with the explicit intention to cultivate an ownership mind - set . The state also provides substantial public housing , free education , health and recreational services , as well as comprehensive public transportation . Today Singapore is often characterized as having a state capitalist economy that combines economic planning with the free - market . While government - linked companies generate a majority of Singapore 's GDP , moderate state planning in the economy has been reduced in recent decades . India ( edit ) Main article : Economy of India After gaining independence from Britain , India adopted a broadly socialist - inspired approach to economic growth . Like other countries with a democratic transition to a mixed economy , it did not abolish private property in capital . India proceeded by nationalizing various large privately run firms , creating state - owned enterprises and redistributing income through progressive taxation in a manner similar to social democratic Western European nations than to planned economies such as the Soviet Union or China . Today , India is often characterized as having a free - market economy that combines economic planning with the free - market . It did however adopt a very firm focus on national planning with a series of broad Five - Year Plans . Paris Commune ( edit ) Main article : Paris Commune The Paris Commune was considered to be a prototype mode of economic and political organization for a future socialist society by Karl Marx . Private property in the means of production was abolished so that individuals and co-operative associations of producers owned productive property and introduced democratic measures where elected officials received no more in compensation than the average worker and could be recalled at any time . Anarchists also participated actively in the establishment of the Paris Commune . George Woodcock manifests that `` a notable contribution to the activities of the Commune and particularly to the organization of public services was made by members of various anarchist factions , including the mutualists Courbet , Longuet , and Vermorel , the libertarian collectivists Varlin , Malon , and Lefrangais , and the bakuninists Elie and Elisée Reclus and Louise Michel . Social ownership and peer - to - peer production ( edit ) Various forms of socialist organization based on co-operative decision making , workplace democracy and in some cases , production directly for use , have existed within the broader context of the capitalist mode of production since the Paris Commune . New forms of socialist institutional arrangements began to take form at the end of the 20th century with the advancement and proliferation of the internet and other tools that allow for collaborative decision - making . Michel Bauwens identifies the emergence of the open software movement and peer - to - peer production as an emergent alternative mode of production to the capitalist economy that is based on collaborative self - management , common ownership of resources , and the ( direct ) production of use - values through the free cooperation of producers who have access to distributed capital . Commons - based peer production generally involves developers who produce goods and services with no aim to profit directly , but freely contribute to a project relying upon an open common pool of resources and software code . In both cases , production is carried out directly for use -- software is produced solely for their use - value . Wikipedia , being based on collaboration and cooperation and a freely associated individuals , has been cited as a template for how socialism might operate . This is a modern example of what the Paris Commune -- a template for possible future organization -- was to Marx in his time . Socialist federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( edit ) Main article : Economy of SFR Yugoslavia Yugoslavia pursued a socialist economy based on autogestion or worker - self management . Rather than implementing a centrally planned economy , Yugoslavia developed a market socialist system where enterprises and firms were socially owned rather than publicly owned by the state . In these organizations , the management was elected directly by the workers in each firm , and were later organized according to Edvard Kardelj 's theory of associated labor . Self - managed enterprises ( edit ) See also : Cooperative The Mondragon Corporation , a federation of cooperatives in the Basque region of Spain , organizes itself as an employee - owned , employee - managed enterprise . Similar styles of decentralized management , which embrace cooperation and collaboration in place of traditional hierarchical management structures , have been adopted by various private corporations such as Cisco Systems , inc . But unlike Mondragon , Cisco remains firmly under private ownership . More fundamentally , employee - owned , self - managed enterprises still operate within the broader context of capitalism and are subject to the accumulation of capital and profit - loss mechanism . Anarchist Spain ( edit ) Main article : Spanish Revolution of 1936 See also : Anarcho - syndicalism In Spain , the national anarcho - syndicalist trade union Confederación Nacional del Trabajo initially refused to join a popular front electoral alliance , and abstention by CNT supporters led to a right wing election victory . But in 1936 , the CNT changed its policy and anarchist votes helped bring the popular front back to power . Months later , the former ruling class responded with an attempted coup causing the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) . In response to the army rebellion , an anarchist - inspired movement of peasants and workers , supported by armed militias , took control of Barcelona and of large areas of rural Spain where they collectivised the land . But even before the fascist victory in 1939 , the anarchists were losing ground in a bitter struggle with the Stalinists , who controlled the distribution of military aid to the Republican cause from the Soviet Union . The events known as the Spanish Revolution was a workers ' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and more broadly libertarian socialist organizational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to three years , primarily Catalonia , Aragon , Andalusia , and parts of the Levante . Much of Spain 's economy was put under worker control ; in anarchist strongholds like Catalonia , the figure was as high as 75 % , but lower in areas with heavy Communist Party of Spain influence , as the Soviet - allied party actively resisted attempts at collectivization enactment . Factories were run through worker committees , agrarian areas became collectivised and run as libertarian communes . Anarchist historian Sam Dolgoff estimated that about eight million people participated directly or at least indirectly in the Spanish Revolution , which he claimed `` came closer to realizing the ideal of the free stateless society on a vast scale than any other revolution in history . '' Criticisms ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of socialism Criticism of socialist economics comes from market economists , including the classicals , neoclassicals and Austrians , as well as from some anarchist economists . Besides this , some socialist economic theories are criticized by other socialists . Libertarian socialist , mutualist , and market socialist economists , for example , criticize centralized economic planning and propose participatory economics and decentralized socialism . Market economists generally criticise socialism for eliminating the free market and its price signals , which they consider necessary for rational economic calculation . They also consider that it causes lack of incentive . They believe that these problems lead to a slower rate of technological advance and a slower rate of growth of GDP . Austrian school economists , such as Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig Von Mises , have argued that the elimination of private ownership of the means of production would inevitably create worse economic conditions for the general populace than those that would be found in market economies . They argue that without the price signals of the market , it is impossible to calculate rationally how to allocate resources . Mises called this the economic calculation problem . Polish economist Oskar Lange and Abba Lerner responded to Mises ' argument by developing the Lange Model during the economic calculation debate . The Lange model argues that an economy in which all production is performed by the state , where there is a functioning price mechanism , has similar properties to a market economy under perfect competition , in that it achieves Pareto efficiency . The neoclassical view is that there is a lack of incentive , not a lack of information in a planned economy . They argue that within a socialist planned economy there is a lack of incentive to act on information . Therefore , the crucial missing element is not so much information as the Austrian school argued , as it is the motivation to act on information . See also ( edit ) Anarchist economics Anarcho - communism Basic income Collectivist anarchism Communism Complexity economics Collectivism Economic calculation debate Economic democracy Economic planning Evolutionary economics Fair trade Feminist economics Gandhian economics History of economic thought Indicative planning Job guarantee Labour economics List of socialist economists Market socialism Marxian economics Mutualism ( economic theory ) Mixed economy Cooperative stock market Nationalization Participatory economics Planned economy Post-capitalism Production for use Public banking Ricardian socialism Syndicalism Social dividend Socialist market economy Socialist mode of production Socialization ( economics ) Welfare economics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sinclair , Upton ( 1918 - 01 - 01 ) . Upton Sinclair 's : A Monthly Magazine : for Social Justice , by Peaceful Means If Possible . Socialism , you see , is a bird with two wings . The definition is ' social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production . ' Jump up ^ Nove , Alec . `` Socialism '' . New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , Second Edition ( 2008 ) . A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated , by state , socialized or cooperative enterprises . The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise , the interrelationships between production units ( plan versus markets ) , and , if the state owns and operates any part of the economy , who controls it and how . Jump up ^ Rosser , Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr . ( July 23 , 2003 ) . Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy . MIT Press . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0262182348 . Socialism is an economic system characterized by state or collective ownership of the means of production , land , and capital . Jump up ^ `` What else does a socialist economic system involve ? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership , social control , or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system '' N. Scott Arnold . The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism : A Critical Study . Oxford University Press . 1998 . p. 8 Jump up ^ Busky , Donald F. ( 20 July 2000 ) . Democratic Socialism : A Global Survey . Praeger . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0275968861 . Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy . It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism . Jump up ^ Bertrand Badie ; Dirk Berg - Schlosser ; Leonardo Morlino ( 2011 ) . International Encyclopedia of Political Science . SAGE Publications , Inc. p. 2456 . ISBN 978 - 1412959636 . Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism , which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources . Jump up ^ Market Socialism : The Debate Among Socialists , by Schweickart , David ; Lawler , James ; Ticktin , Hillel ; Ollman , Bertell. 1998 . From `` The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism '' ( pp. 61 -- 63 ) : `` More fundamentally , a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs ... Exchange - value , prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market . There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare . Under conditions of backwardness , the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology ... It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use - value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist . It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use - values in a rational way , which because there is no duplication , would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality '' ... `` Although money , and so monetary calculation , will disappear in socialism this does not mean that there will no longer be any need to make choices , evaluations and calculations ... Wealth will be produced and distributed in its natural form of useful things , of objects that can serve to satisfy some human need or other . Not being produced for sale on a market , items of wealth will not acquire an exchange - value in addition to their use - value . In socialism their value , in the normal non-economic sense of the word , will not be their selling price nor the time needed to produce them but their usefulness . It is for this that they will be appreciated , evaluated , wanted ... and produced . '' Jump up ^ `` Socialism and Calculation '' ( PDF ) . Worldsocialism.org . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kornai , János : The Socialist System . The Political Economy of Communism . Princeton : Princeton University Press and Oxford : Oxford University Press 1992 ; Kornai , János : Economics of Shortage . Munich : Elsevier 1980 . A concise summary of Kornai 's analysis can be found in Verdery , Katherine : Anthropology of Socialist Societies . In : International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences , ed . Neil Smelser and Paul B. Baltes . Amsterdam : Pergamon Press 2002 , available for download at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Rob Sewell ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Origin of the family : In Defence of Engels and Morgan '' . Marxist.com . Jump up ^ Wallerstein , Immanuel Historical Capitalism Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam Perspectives on Power Jump up ^ Karl Polanyi Primitive , Archaic and Modern Economies Jump up ^ Noel Thomson The Real Rights of Man : Political Economies for the Working Class 1775 -- 1850 , 1998 , Pluto Press ^ Jump up to : `` Adam Smith '' . Fsmitha.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2 : BIRTH OF THE SOCIALIST IDEA '' . Anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150712235906/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/schools/utopia.htm . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090218151908/http://dougdowd.org/NewFiles/articles/lebowitzhi.html . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Karl Marx . `` Economic Manuscripts : Capital Vol . I -- Chapter One '' . Marxists.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Capitalism and Ecology : The Nature of the Contradiction '' . Monthlyreview.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Petras , James and Veltmeyer , Henry Globalization Unmasked : Imperialism in the 21st Century Jump up ^ Woodcock , George . Anarchism : A History Of Libertarian Ideas And Movements . Broadview Press . p. 100 Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Mutualist.org . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Miller , David . 1987 . `` Mutualism . '' The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Thought . Blackwell Publishing . p. 11 Jump up ^ Tandy , Francis D. , 1896 , Voluntary Socialism , chapter 6 , paragraph 15 . Jump up ^ Patsouras , Louis . 2005 . Marx in Context . iUniverse . p. 54 Jump up ^ Bakunin Mikail . Bakunin on Anarchism . Black Rose Books . 1980 . p. 369 Jump up ^ From Politics Past to Politics Future : An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms Alan James Mayne Published 1999 Greenwood Publishing Group 316 pages . Books.google.com . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96151 - 6 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Anarchism for Know - It - Alls . Filiquarian Publishing . 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59986 - 218 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Luggi Fabbri '' . Dwardmac.pitzer.edu. 2002 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Platform : Constructive Section '' . Nestormakhno.info . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Communism is based on free consumption of all while collectivism is more likely to be based on the distribution of goods according to the labour contributed . An Anarchist FAQ Jump up ^ Nunzio Pernicone , `` Italian Anarchism 1864 -- 1892 '' , pp. 111 -- 13 , AK Press 2009 . Jump up ^ James Guillaume , `` Michael Bakunin -- A Biographical Sketch '' Jump up ^ Gary Chartier and Charles W. Johnson ( eds ) . Markets Not Capitalism : Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses , Inequality , Corporate Power , and Structural Poverty . Minor Compositions ; 1st edition ( November 5 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Gary Chartier has joined Kevin Carson , Charles Johnson , and others ( echoing the language of Benjamin Tucker and Thomas Hodgskin ) in maintaining that , because of its heritage and its emancipatory goals and potential , radical market anarchism should be seen -- by its proponents and by others -- as part of the socialist tradition , and that market anarchists can and should call themselves `` socialists . '' See Gary Chartier , `` Advocates of Freed Markets Should Oppose Capitalism , '' `` Free - Market Anti-Capitalism ? '' session , annual conference , Association of Private Enterprise Education ( Cæsar 's Palace , Las Vegas , NV , April 13 , 2010 ) ; Gary Chartier , `` Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace ' Anti-Capitalism ' '' ; Gary Chartier , Socialist Ends , Market Means : Five Essays . Cp . Tucker , `` Socialism . '' Jump up ^ `` But there has always been a market - oriented strand of libertarian socialism that emphasizes voluntary cooperation between producers . And markets , properly understood , have always been about cooperation . As a commenter at Reason magazine 's Hit&Run blog , remarking on Jesse Walker 's link to the Kelly article , put it : `` every trade is a cooperative act . '' In fact , it 's a fairly common observation among market anarchists that genuinely free markets have the most legitimate claim to the label ' socialism . ' `` . '' Socialism : A Perfectly Good Word Rehabilitated '' by Kevin Carson at website of Center for a Stateless Society Jump up ^ Wallerstein , Immanuel , The Capitalist World - Economy , 1979 , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ `` What is Socialism ? -- World Socialist Movement '' . Worldsocialism.org. 2006 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Karl Marx -- Critique of the Gotha Programme. 1875 Full Text . Part 1 : `` Here , obviously , the same principle prevails as that which regulates the exchange of commodities , as far as this is exchange of equal values . Content and form are changed , because under the altered circumstances no one can give anything except his labor , and because , on the other hand , nothing can pass to the ownership of individuals , except individual means of consumption . But as far as the distribution of the latter among the individual producers is concerned , the same principle prevails as in the exchange of commodity equivalents : a given amount of labor in one form is exchanged for an equal amount of labor in another form . '' Jump up ^ The Political Economy of Socialism , by Horvat , Branko. 1982 . ( p. 197 ) : `` The sandglass ( socialist ) model is based on the observation that there are two fundamentally different spheres of activity or decision making . The first is concerned with value judgments , and consequently each individual counts as one in this sphere . In the second , technical decisions are made on the basis of technical competence and expertise . The decisions of the first sphere are policy directives ; those of the second , technical directives . The former are based on political authority as exercised by all members of the organization ; the latter , on professional authority specific to each member and growing out of the division of labor . Such an organization involves a clearly defined coordinating hierarchy but eliminates a power hierarchy . '' Jump up ^ `` What was the USSR ? Part I : Trotsky and state capitalism '' . Libcom.org. 2005 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Why Socialism ? by Albert Einstein , Monthly Review , May 1949 Jump up ^ In Defense of Socialist Planning , by Mandel , Ernest . 1986 . From `` New Left Review '' : `` Planning is not equivalent to ' perfect ' allocation of resources , nor ' scientific ' allocation , nor even ' more humane ' allocation . It simply means ' direct ' allocation , ex ante . As such , it is the opposite of market allocation , which is ex post . '' Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Terms : Co '' . Marxists.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Writings 1932 -- 33 , P. 96 , Leon Trotsky . Jump up ^ Schweickart , David ( Spring 1992 ) . `` Economic Democracy : A Worthy Socialism That Would Really Work '' . Science & Society . 56 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 38 . Jump up ^ `` Why we do n't need money The Socialist Party of Great Britain '' ( PDF ) . Worldsocialism.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert A Quiet Revolution in Welfare Economics Jump up ^ [email protected] ( 2006 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Workers ' Councils and the Economics of a Self - Managed Society '' . Lust-for-life.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.bm.ust.hk/~ced/iea/Hong_Kong_Yingyinek_kikuldott_05june2.doc Jump up ^ Schweickart , David ( July 23 , 2002 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Economic Democracy : Why We Need It ; 5.7 : Ecology , p. 156 '' . After Capitalism . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc . Jump up ^ Campbell , Al ( March 2002 ) . `` Democratic Planned Socialism : Feasible Economic Procedures '' . Science & Society . 66 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 42 . doi : 10.1521 / siso. 66.1. 29.21009 . Jump up ^ Nove , Alec ( 1991 ) . The Economics of Feasible Socialism , Revisited . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0043350492 . Jump up ^ Yunker , James ( April 1992 ) . Socialism Revised and Modernized : The Case for Pragmatic Market Socialism . Praeger . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0275941345 . Jump up ^ Schmitt and Anton , Richard and Anatole ( March 2012 ) . Taking Socialism Seriously . Lexington Books . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0739166352 . Commons - based peer production bears a close family resemblance to the familiar vision of socialism sketched in the first paragraph of this chapter ... In commons - based peer production a critical mass of inputs , and all outputs , are distributed within information networks as free goods rather than as commodities to be sold for profit by capitalist firms . Jump up ^ `` Participatory Planning Through Negotiated Coordination '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Kaser , Soviet Economics , 1970 , London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , pp. 150 -- 51 ISBN 0 - 303 - 17565 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kaser , MC , Soviet Economics , 1970 , London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , p. 102 ISBN 0 - 303 - 17565 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kaser , MC in Economic Reforms in the Socialist World , 1989 , edited by Gomulka , Stanislav , Ha , Yong - Chool and Kim , Cae - One , New York : ME Sharpe , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Kaser , MC , Soviet Economics , 1970 , London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , pp. 172 , 222 ISBN 0 - 303 - 17565 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kaser , MC , Soviet Economics , 1970 , London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , pp. 94 -- 95 , 107 , 111 -- 12 , 127 , 148 , 165 ISBN 0 - 303 - 17565 - 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.rdwolff.com/sites/default/files/attachment/4/State%20Capitalism%20versus%20Communism%20CS%202008.pdf Jump up ^ `` Peter Binns : State Capitalism ( 1986 ) '' . Marxists.de . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Tatyana Volkova and Felix Volkov , What is surplus value ? , 1986 , Moscow : Progress Publishers , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Kaser , MC , Soviet Economics , 1970 ( London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson ) pp. 167 -- 70 ISBN 0 - 303 - 17565 - 6 ; Brown , A , Kaser MC , and Smith GS ( editors ) , The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia and the former Soviet Union , 1994 , Cambridge University Press , p. 429 ISBN 0 - 521 - 35593 - 1 . Jump up ^ John Eaton , Political Economy : A Marxist Textbook , 1949 , London : Lawrence and Wishart , pp. 182 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Robert Service , Comrades -- Communism : A World History , 2007 , London : Pan Macmillan , pp. 156 -- 57 ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 43968 - 8 ; Brown , A , Kaser , MC , and Smith , GS ( editors ) , The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia and the former Soviet Union , 1994 , Cambridge University Press , p. 428 ISBN 0 - 521 - 35593 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Cliff : State Capitalism in Russia ( 1955 / 1974 ) '' . Marxists.org. 2002 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ VN Embassy -- Constitution of 1992 Full Text . From the Preamble : `` On 2 July 1976 , the National Assembly of reunified Vietnam decided to change the country 's name to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ; the country entered a period of transition to socialism , strove for national construction , and unyieldingly defended its frontiers while fulfilling its internationalist duty . '' Jump up ^ Cubanet -- Constitution of the Republic of Cuba , 1992 Full Text . From Article 5 : `` The Communist Party of Cuba , a follower of Martí 's ideas and of Marxism - Leninism , and the organized vanguard of the Cuban nation , is the highest leading force of society and of the state , which organizes and guides the common effort toward the goals of the construction of socialism and the progress toward a communist society , '' Jump up ^ V Kashin and N Cherkasov , What is the Transition Period ? , 1987 , Moscow : Progress Publishers , pp. 140 -- 41 . Jump up ^ V Kashin and N Cherkasov , What is the Transition Period ? , 1987 , Moscow : Progress Publishers , pp. 142 -- 44 ; Sergei Ilyin and Alexander Motylev , What is Political Economy ? , 1986 Moscow : Progress Publishers , p. 325 . Jump up ^ John Eaton , Political Economy : A Marxist Textbook , 1949 , London : Lawrence and Wishart , pp. 179 -- 82 ; Stalin , JV , Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR ( 1952 ) in Selected Works Volume 1 , 2012 , Kolkata : Prometheus , pp. 317 -- 25 . Jump up ^ V Kashin and N Cherkasov , What is the Transition Period ? , 1987 , Moscow : Progress Publishers , p. 144 ; Sergei Ilyin and Alexander Motylev , What is Political Economy ? , 1986 Moscow : Progress Publishers , pp. 323 -- 26 , 330 . Jump up ^ Marie Lavigne , International Political Economy and Socialism , 1991 , Cambridge University Press , pp. 54 -- 55 ISBN 0 - 521 - 33427 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sergei Ilyin and Alexander Motylev , What is Political Economy ? , 1986 , Moscow : Progress Publishers , pp. 322 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Kaser , MC , Comecon : Integration problems of the planned economies , 1967 , Oxford University Press , p. 170 ISBN 0 - 303 - 17565 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jenny Brine , Comecon : The rise and fall of an international socialist organization , 1992 , New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University / Transaction , p. xii ISBN 1 - 56000 - 080 - 5 . Jump up ^ Philip Hanson , The rise and fall of the Soviet economy : An economic history of the USSR , 2003 , Harlow : Pearson Education , pp. 121 , 131 ISBN 0 - 582 - 29958 - 6 . Jump up ^ http://photius.com/ountries/soviet_union_former/government/soviet_union_former/government_countries_of_social-1817.html Jump up ^ Padma Desai , The Soviet Economy : Problems and Prospects , 1990 , Oxford : Basil Blackwell , pp. 258 -- 63 ISBN 0 - 631 - 17183 - 5 Jump up ^ Sergei Ilyin and Alexander Motylev , What is Political Economy ? , 1986 , Moscow : Progress Publishers , pp. 271 -- 72 . Jump up ^ UN Department of Economic & Social Affairs , World Population Prospects : The 2012 Revision , File MORT / 7.1 . Data for 1985 -- 1990 . The world average was 64 years . Jump up ^ UN , 1994 , Demographic Yearbook 1992 , New York : United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis , Tables 4 and 20 . Data is for 1990 . The world average was 58 for every1 , 000 live births . Jump up ^ UNDP , Human Development Report 1997 , Tables 27 and 47 ; figures are for 1992 -- 94 . The world average is 1,490 students per 100,000 people and 60 percent for the gross enrolment ratio , combining all levels of education . It should be noted that countries with a high intake at tertiary level to technical and vocational education such as Western Germany ( 2,320 ) had a similar ratio of university students to the socialist countries , reflecting a higher proportion of manufacturing and construction in their economies . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511997 - 5 . 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Cambridge Journal of Economics . 19 ( 6 ) : 735 -- 759 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. cje. a035339 . Jump up ^ Karl Marx . `` The Civil War in France '' . Marxists.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ George Woodcock . Anarchism : A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ `` The Political Economy of Peer Production '' . CTheory. 2005 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Free Software and Socialism World Socialist Party ( US ) '' . Wspus.org. 2007 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ McGirt , Ellen ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) . `` How Cisco 's CEO John Chambers Is Turning the Tech Giant Socialist Fast Company Business + Innovation '' . Fast Company . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84832 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bolloten , Burnett ( 15 November 1984 ) . The Spanish Civil War : Revolution and Counterrevolution . University of North Carolina Press . p. 1107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1906 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bolloten , Burnett ( 15 November 1984 ) . The Spanish Civil War : Revolution and Counterrevolution . University of North Carolina Press . p. 1107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1906 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dolgoff , S. ( 1974 ) , The Anarchist Collectives : Workers ' Self - Management in the Spanish Revolution . In The Spanish Revolution , the Luger P08 was used as a weapon of choice by the Spanish. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 914156 - 03 - 1 Jump up ^ Dolgoff ( 1974 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ Heilbroner , Robert ( 2008 ) . `` Socialism '' . The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics Library of Economics and Liberty ( 2nd ed . ) . Econlib.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . Further reading ( edit ) Albert , Michael & Hahnel , Robin : The Political Economy of Participatory Economics , Princeton University Press , 1991 . ( Available online ) Amin , Samir : Spectres of Capitalism : A Critique of Current Intellectual Fashions , 1998 , Monthly Review Press Carson , Kevin , Studies in Mutualist Political Economy ( BookSurge Publishing , 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4196 - 5869 - 3 Cole , G.D.H. : Socialist Economics , 1950 , London : Victor Gollancz Ltd . G.A. Cohen : If you 're an Egalitarian , How Come You 're So Rich ? : Harvard UP Horvat , Branko : The Political Economy of Socialism , 1982 , M.E. Sharpe , Inc . Kaser , Michael C : Soviet Economics , 1970 London : World University Library / Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 303 - 17565 - 6 Kennedy , Liam ( ed . ) : Economic Theory of Co-operative Enterprises : Selected Readings , 1983 , The Plunkett Foundation for Co-operative Studies . Lebowitz , Michael A. : Beyond Capital , Marx 's Political Economy of the Working Class , 1992 , 2003 , Palgrave . Noel Thompson Left in the Wilderness : The Political Economy of British Democratic Socialism since 1979 2002 , Acumen Publishing ISBN 1 - 902683 - 54 - 4 Sweezy , Paul M. : The Theory of Capitalist Development , 1942 , Monthly Review Press . Veblen , Thorstein : The Theory of the Leisure Class : An Economic Study of Institutions , 1899 , New York Macmillan Company . Von Mises , Ludwig , Socialism . Makoto Itoh , Political Economy of Socialism . Various authors . The Accumulation of Freedom : Writings on Anarchist Economics . AK Press . 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-7841899701702134878 | Guatemala national football team | Guatemala national football team - wikipedia Guatemala national football team This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Guatemala Nickname ( s ) La Azul y Blanco Los Chapines La Bicolor La Furia Azul Association National Football Federation of Guatemala Confederation CONCACAF ( North America ) Sub-confederation UNCAF ( Central America ) Head coach Walter Claverí Captain Vacant Most caps Carlos Ruíz ( 133 ) Top scorer Carlos Ruiz ( 68 ) Home stadium Estadio Mateo Flores FIFA code GUA First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 146 ( 16 August 2018 ) Highest 50 ( August 2006 ) Lowest 163 ( November 1995 ) Elo ranking Current 79 ( 30 July 2018 ) Highest 40 ( April 1972 ) Lowest 105 ( February 2010 ) First international Guatemala 10 -- 1 Honduras ( Guatemala City , Guatemala ; September 14 , 1921 ) Biggest win Guatemala 10 -- 1 Honduras ( Guatemala City , Guatemala ; September 14 , 1921 ) Biggest defeat Costa Rica 9 -- 1 Guatemala ( San José , Costa Rica ; July 24 , 1955 ) CONCACAF Championship & Gold Cup Appearances 18 ( first in 1963 ) Best result Champions , 1967 The Guatemala national football team ( Spanish : Selección de fútbol de Guatemala ) is governed by the Federación Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala . Founded in 1919 , it affiliated to FIFA in 1946 , and it is a member of CONCACAF . The team has made three Olympic tournament appearances , competing at the 1968 , 1976 , and 1988 Olympic Games . Guatemala have never qualified for a finals tournament of the World Cup , although they have reached the final round of qualification on four occasions . Guatemala won the 1967 CONCACAF Championship and the 2001 UNCAF Nations Cup . The team 's best performance in a CONCACAF Gold Cup was in 1996 , when they finished fourth . Felipe Juan Gaspar their top goal scorer , retired his career after the failure of his team to now win the gold cup . Guatemala has also earned a silver medal at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas , Venezuela . The national team kits are supplied by Umbro . Past kit suppliers include Atletica , Adidas and Puma . Contents 1 History 2 Beginnings and first attempt in the elimination stage of the World Cup 3 Success in the 60 's 3.1 1967 CONCACAF Championship 3.2 1968 Olympic Games 4 21st century 4.1 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 4.2 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification 4.3 2014 World Cup cycle 4.4 2016 suspension 5 Home stadium 6 Competitive record 6.1 FIFA World Cup record 6.2 CONCACAF Gold Cup record 6.3 Copa Centroamericana record 6.4 Olympic record 7 Schedule and recent results 7.1 2016 7.2 2018 8 Players 8.1 Current squad 8.2 Recent call - ups 8.3 Most capped 8.4 Top scorers 9 Managers 10 Honors 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) The national team , nicknamed `` la Azul y Blanco '' ( the blue and white ) , made its debut in the Independence Centenary Games held in Guatemala City in September 1921 , winning their first game 10 -- 1 against Honduras . In the final , Guatemala were defeated 6 -- 0 by Costa Rica . Guatemala entered a World Cup qualification process for the first time in 1958 . Beginnings and first attempt in the elimination stage of the World Cup ( edit ) Guatemala created its first soccer team , made up of 22 players , on August 23 , 1902 . The team was split into two sides , blue and white . With time , clubs were made and eventually the Guatemalan National Team was created in 1921 . Guatemala had its first game on September 14 , 1921 against Honduras . The game was played in Guatemala City and Guatemala beat Honduras 10 to 1 . Guatemala had success in several editions of the CCCF Championship ( Copa CCCF ) , precursor to the Concacaf Gold Cup ( Copa Concacaf ) , by being the runner up in three championships , 1943 , 1946 , and 1948 . In 1958 , Guatemala began participating in the qualifying rounds of the World Cup . It was placed in the first group , along with the teams from Costa Rica and the Netherlands Antilles . It placed last and was unable to score a single point . Success in the 60 's ( edit ) Guatemala 's performance in the qualifying rounds began to improve in the beginning of the 1960s . In 1962 it was able to tie against both Costa Rica ( 4 -- 4 ) , while playing in Guatemala , and Honduras ( 1 -- 1 ) , while playing in Tegucigalpa . However , after being placed in the second group , it once again finished last . Guatemala did not participate in the qualifying round in 1966 . Before the process of elimination began , the FIFA ( International Federation of Association Football ) refused Guatemala 's participation for administrative reasons . The Guatemalan National Team joined Concacaf in 1961 . In 1967 it again showed the progress it had made when it participated in the Concacaf Gold Cup . For the first time and only time in its history , it placed first in the tournament . It was also the runner up in both 1965 and 1969 . 1967 CONCACAF Championship ( edit ) Main article : 1967 CONCACAF Championship In 1967 , Honduras hosted the CONCACAF Championship . Guatemala began the tournament with a 2 -- 1 win against Haiti , followed by a 1 -- 0 win over defending champions Mexico , a 0 -- 0 draw against Honduras , a 2 -- 0 win over Trinidad and Tobago , and a 2 -- 0 win over Nicaragua , being crowned CONCACAF champions for the first time . Forward Manuel `` Escopeta '' Recinos was Guatemala 's top scorer with four goals , including the game - winning goal against Mexico . Results Rank Team Pts Pld GF GA GD Guatemala 9 5 0 7 6 Mexico 8 5 0 10 9 Honduras 6 5 Trinidad and Tobago 5 0 6 10 − 4 5 Haiti 5 0 5 9 − 4 6 Nicaragua 5 0 12 − 9 1968 Olympic Games ( edit ) In 1967 , Guatemala showed some major progress by qualifying for the 1968 Olympic Tournament in Mexico City . In the first round , they won 1 -- 0 against Czechoslovakia , and 4 -- 1 against Thailand , and lost to Bulgaria 2 -- 1 . They went on the next round where they lost to eventual champions Hungary 1 -- 0 . 21st century ( edit ) 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification ( edit ) Prior to the qualification process , many fans saw Carlos Ruiz as the main focus in providing goals for the national team along with his compatriot but elder Juan Carlos Plata . Many other stars such as Fredy , Garcia , Gonzalo Romero , Guillermo Ramirez and Martin Machon were expected to play huge roles as well . In 2006 World Cup qualifying , Guatemala started off well , advancing to the third round by beating Suriname 4 -- 2 in the second round . In the third round they finished second behind Costa Rica in Group B tying at 10 points each , advancing to the final round . In the fourth round they started off well with a 0 -- 0 draw against Panama and a 5 -- 1 win against Trinidad and Tobago . Then followed a 2 -- 0 loss against United States and Mexico and a 3 -- 2 loss against Costa Rica , and after 3 losses in a row they finally won against Panama 2 -- 1 , then lost against Trinidad and Tobago 3 -- 2 , tied against United States 0 -- 0 and then lost to Mexico 5 -- 2 once again . Guatemala had 8 points with one game left , and a win and a Trinidad and Tobago loss against Mexico would get them to the playoff . They won 3 -- 1 against Costa Rica but Trinidad and Tobago beat Mexico 2 -- 1 , ending one of the best runs in Guatemala football history . They finished in 5th place , 2 points away from a possible World Cup spot . Juan Carlos Plata and Martin Machón had announced their retirement from International Football in 2006 . 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification ( edit ) After a third - place finish in the Uncaf Nations Cup in 2007 , having made the knockout stage in the Gold Cup of the same year , and a couple of satisfying friendly matches including a 3 -- 2 win against Mexico , many saw Hernan Dario Gomez as the next coach to lead Guatemala into the Hexagonal in the World Cup qualifying stage . However , after losing 5 -- 0 in early 2008 against a U-23 Argentine team , fans wanted Gomez out as coach and soon the Colombian would do so . In 2010 World Cup qualifying , expectations of being able to qualify for the tournament were set among the national team as Ramon Maradiaga had returned as coach after almost leading Guatemala to the World Cup 2006 . They began well by having advanced to the third round by defeating Saint Lucia in a 9 -- 1 aggregate in the second round . In the third round , Guatemala began with a 1 -- 0 home loss to the United States , with controversies surrounding Panamanian referee Roberto Moreno , who was arbitrating the match , including not awarding a penalty in the first half in the favor of Guatemala after a handball from Steve Cherundolo as well as Gustavo Cabrera being sent off after colliding with Eddie Lewis in the second half . In their second match of round 3 , Los Chapines were able to take home a draw in the closing minutes of the game against Trinidad and Tobago in Port of Spain after Carlos Gallardo deflected a free kick taken by Marco Pappa with his heels . On September 10 , Guatemala welcomed Cuba at home for their third match . Cuba shocked the Guatemala fans by taking the lead after Roberto Linares scored in the 25th minute however by halftime , Carlos Ruiz relieved the team with an equalizer . In the second half Carlos Ruiz scored once more , Mario Rodriguez and youngster Jose Manuel Contreras also scored and finished the game 4 -- 1 . With the win , they were able to collect 4 points , putting them in second place due to having a better goal difference that Trinidad and Tobago . The next two games were crucial in advancing to the next round . On October 11 , many fans have gathered around the Estadio Mateo Flores to support the national team in their home game against Trinidad and Tobago , heavily expecting a win . Despite being reduced to 10 men , the Soca Warriors were able to hold Guatemala to 0 -- 0 stalemate , disgruntling the national team and fans . With hopes of getting a result in Havana four days later , Guatemala were unable to even get a point against Cuba , falling down 1 -- 0 by halftime after Jaime Colome scored a penalty . Marco Pappa volleyed in an equalizer in the 80th minute , replenishing the confidence for the team but Urgelles was able to bring Cuba back on top in the 90th minute , complicating the hopes of Guatemala in qualifying for the World Cup with one game to spare . Meanwhile , the Trinidadians defeated the United States 2 -- 1 at home , putting them in second place . Maradiaga was fired soon right after and Benjamin Monterroso , a less ambitious coach was appointed , focusing on the upcoming edition of the Copa Uncaf the following January . A 2 -- 0 away loss against the US confirmed the elimination of the national team , having finished in third place with 5 points , thus missing out on the final round . In the Uncaf nations cup , Monterroso wanted to introduce more younger players into the starting line up such as Minor Lopez , Ricardo Jerez and Wilson Lalin but everything backfired after losing both group stage matches against Costa Rica and Panama as well as losing astonishingly 2 -- 0 to an inferior Nicaragua team in the play off match for the final berth to attend the next Gold Cup ; Minor Lopez was the lone goal scorer for Los Bicolores . As a result , the national team were inactive for the next two years and Benjamin Monterroso shamefully stepped down after two months in charge . 2014 World Cup cycle ( edit ) On May 2010 , Uruguayan born Paraguayan Ever Hugo Almeida was appointed as the next coach for Guatemala . At the 2011 Copa Centroamericana , formerly known as the `` UNCAF Nations Cup '' , Guatemala finished in fifth place , losing to Costa Rica 2 -- 0 and Honduras 3 -- 1 . In the fifth place match , they defeated Nicaragua 2 -- 1 to qualify to the 2011 Gold Cup . At the 2011 Gold Cup , Guatemala drew against Honduras 0 -- 0 despite being reduced to nine men . In the next match , they suffer a loss against a physically superior Jamaica 2 -- 0 but managed to redeem themselves after having won against Grenada 4 -- 0 goals from Jose Javier Del Águila , Marco Pappa , Carlos Ruiz , and Carlos Gallardo . Placing among the best third place , they saw themselves advancing to the quarterfinals , where they lost against the reigning champions Mexico 2 -- 1 although a long ball from Elias Vasquez to Carlos Ruiz gave them the lead in the first half . For the 2014 World Cup qualifiers , Guatemala opened the qualifying campaign in the second round by sweeping six wins in six games , advancing to the third round in the same group as USA , Jamaica and Antigua and Barbuda . Prior to the start of the third round , three of Guatemala 's key players Guillermo Ramirez , Gustavo Cabrera and Yony Flores were sent home during a practice session after teammates Carlos Ruiz and Luis Rodriguez heard of their involvement in money laundering and bribery in fixing multiple fixtures ; they were subsequently banned for life in participating in any football competition abroad or domestic . The team had a rough start in an away loss to Jamaica with Dwight Pezzarossi only managing to pull back one goal in stoppage time . In the next match , Guatemala tied at home after Clint Dempsey managed to get a goal for the US , and Marco Pappa 's free kick later in the game managed to bring Guatemala one point . For the third game in a row , also at home , the team fell behind against Antigua and Barbuda . In the second half with the Antiguan goalkeeper Molvin James sent off for wasting time , Carlos Ruiz was able to score a brace making the game 2 -- 1 ; an additional goal from Dwight Pezzarossi eventually ended the game 3 -- 1 . Four days later , a lone goal from Carlos Ruiz sufficed for an away win against Antigua and Barbuda in North Sound . In the next fixture , Guatemala beat Jamaica at home 2 -- 1 . In their last game , a minimum of a draw would be enough to get Guatemala to the final stage of the qualifiers . After taking the lead 1 -- 0 in the first five minutes thanks to Carlos Ruiz , the USA team returned the favor by scoring 3 goals to crush their hopes . Guatemala finished ten points behind the USA and Jamaica , losing out on goal difference to the Jamaicans . In January 2013 , still led by Ever Almeida , Guatemala participated in the 2013 Copa Centroamericana . Consisted of mostly youngsters , Guatemala could only manage three draws in their group play ( 1 -- 1 against Nicaragua , 0 -- 0 to border rivals Belize and 1 -- 1 against Costa Rica ) , losing out to Belize for direct qualification to the Gold Cup . They faced Panama in the 5th place match for the final slot in the 2013 Gold Cup in the United States but lost 3 -- 1 . Ever Almeida stepped down in favour of technical director Victor Hugo Monzón . 2016 suspension ( edit ) On Oct 28 , 2016 , the Guatemalan football federation was suspended indefinitely by FIFA , after the international football governing body had appointed an oversight committee to look into allegations of corruption . FIFA stated that the Guatemalan federation ( FEDEFUT ) had rejected the committee 's mandate to run FEDEFUT 's business , organize elections , and modernize its statutes , and would remain barred from international competition until FEDEFUT ratified an extension of the mandate . The suspension was lifted on May 31 , 2018 after FEDEFUT 's normalization committee became fully operational . However , as a consequence , the football team missed their chance on qualifing on the 2017 and 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup tournaments as well as the qualifying rounds for the 2019 -- 20 CONCACAF Nations League and the 2017 Copa Centroamericana , as they missed deadlines to have their suspension lifted . Home stadium ( edit ) Main article : Estadio Doroteo Guamuch Flores The Estadio Nacional Mateo Flores , also known as Coloso de la Zona 5 , is a multi-use national stadium in Guatemala City , the largest in Guatemala . It was built in 1948 , to host the Central American and Caribbean Games in 1950 , and was renamed after long - distance runner Mateo Flores , winner of the 1952 Boston Marathon . It has a capacity of 26,000 seats . Used mostly for football matches , the stadium has hosted the majority of the home matches of the Guatemala national football team throughout its history . Competitive record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup record ( edit ) Year Round Pld GF GA 1930 Did not enter 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 Did not qualify 1962 1966 Entry not accepted 1970 Did not qualify 1978 1982 1986 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 To be determined 2026 Total 0 / 21 CONCACAF Gold Cup record ( edit ) Year Round Pld D * GF GA 1963 Round 1 7 6 1965 Runners - up 5 11 5 1967 Champions 5 0 7 1969 Runners - up 5 0 10 1971 Did not qualify 1973 Fifth place 5 0 6 1977 Fifth place 5 8 10 1981 Did not qualify 1985 Round 1 7 1989 Fourth place 6 7 1991 Round 1 0 5 1993 Did not enter Fourth place 0 5 1998 Round 1 0 2000 Round 1 0 5 2002 Round 1 0 0 2003 Round 1 0 2005 Round 1 0 9 2007 Quarter - finals 5 2009 Did not qualify 2011 Quarter - finals 5 2013 Did not qualify 2015 Round 1 0 2017 Disqualified due to FIFA Suspension 2019 Did not enter Total 1 Title 69 19 20 30 82 88 Copa Centroamericana record ( edit ) Year Round GP GS GA 1991 Third place 0 0 1993 Did not enter 1995 Runners - up 0 5 1997 Runners - up 5 0 10 1999 Runners - up 5 5 2001 Champions 5 0 9 5 2003 Runners - up 5 10 2005 Third place 5 10 5 2007 Third place 5 2009 Round 1 0 0 6 2011 Fifth place 0 6 2013 Sixth place 0 5 2014 Runners - up 0 7 2017 Disqualified due to FIFA Suspension Total 1 Title 51 23 14 14 63 48 Olympic record ( edit ) 1896 to 1924 -- Did not enter 1928 to 1964 -- Did not qualify 1968 -- Quarter - finals -- 6th place 1972 -- Did not qualify 1976 -- Round 1 1980 to 1984 -- Did not qualify 1988 -- Round 1 1992 to 2016 -- Did not qualify Note : Football at the Summer Olympics has been an under - 23 tournament since the 1992 edition . Schedule and recent results ( edit ) See also : Guatemala national football team schedule and results Key Win Draw Loss 2016 ( edit ) Guatemala v United States 25 March 2018 FIFA World Cup Q -- Fourth Round Guatemala 2 -- 0 United States show Guatemala City , Guatemala 20 : 06 ( UTC − 6 ) Morales 7 ' Ruiz 16 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( CONCACAF ) Stadium : Estadio Mateo Flores Attendance : 18,313 Referee : Jafeth Perea ( Panama ) United States v Guatemala 29 March 2018 FIFA World Cup Q -- Fourth Round United States 4 -- 0 Guatemala show Columbus , United States 19 : 25 ( UTC − 4 ) Dempsey 12 ' Cameron 35 ' Zusi 46 ' Altidore 89 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( CONCACAF ) Stadium : Mapfre Stadium Attendance : 20,654 Referee : Valdin Legister ( Jamaica ) Guatemala v Armenia 28 May Friendly Guatemala 1 -- 7 Armenia show Carson , United States Ruiz 7 ' Mkhitaryan 39 ' , 60 ' , 70 ' , 72 ' Manucharyan 45 ' Kadymyan 50 ' Badoyan 84 ' Stadium : StubHub Center Attendance : 8,000 Guatemala v Venezuela June 1 Friendly Guatemala 1 -- 1 Venezuela show Fort Lauderdale , United States Cardona 14 ' Tinoco 68 ' Report Rondón 84 ' Stadium : Lockhart Stadium Attendance : 7,217 Referee : Javier Santos ( Puerto Rico ) Trinidad and Tobago v Guatemala 2 September 2018 FIFA World Cup Q -- Fourth Round Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 2 Guatemala show Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago 19 : 00 ( UTC − 4 ) J. Jones 45 + 1 ' , 62 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( CONCACAF ) Ruiz 36 ' , 87 ' Stadium : Hasely Crawford Stadium Attendance : 20,147 Referee : Jhon Pitti ( Panama ) Guatemala v Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6 September 2018 FIFA World Cup Q -- Fourth Round Guatemala 9 -- 3 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines show Guatemala City , Guatemala 18 : 15 ( UTC − 6 ) Tinoco 13 ' Ruiz 20 ' , 27 ' , 36 ' , 57 ' , 59 ' Arreola 55 ' Morales 78 ' Márquez 83 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( CONCACAF ) Anderson 10 ' , 29 ' McBurnette 90 ' Stadium : Estadio Mateo Flores , Guatemala City Attendance : 5,000 Referee : Kimbrell Ward ( Saint Kitts and Nevis ) 2018 ( edit ) Argentina v Guatemala 7 September Friendly Argentina Guatemala show Los Angeles , United States 20 : 00 ( PST ) Stadium : Los Angeles Coliseum Players ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) The following 23 players were called up for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Trinidad and Tobago on 2 September and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines on 6 September 2016 . Caps and goals updated as September 6 , 2016 after the game against Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Ricardo Jerez ( 1986 - 03 - 04 ) March 4 , 1986 ( age 32 ) 46 0 Deportivo Cali 12 1GK Paulo Motta ( 1982 - 03 - 29 ) March 29 , 1982 ( age 36 ) 32 0 Municipal 21 1GK José Carlos García ( 1993 - 11 - 07 ) November 7 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 0 Xelajú 2DF Wilson Lalín ( 1985 - 05 - 03 ) May 3 , 1985 ( age 33 ) 27 Comunicaciones 6 2DF Carlos Mejía ( 1991 - 11 - 13 ) November 13 , 1991 ( age 26 ) 19 Comunicaciones 14 2DF Rafael Morales ( 1985 - 05 - 16 ) May 16 , 1985 ( age 33 ) 17 Comunicaciones 24 2DF Moises Hernandez ( 1992 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1992 ( age 26 ) 15 0 FC Dallas 2DF Cristian Jiménez ( 1995 - 04 - 26 ) April 26 , 1995 ( age 23 ) 8 0 Municipal 2DF Hamilton López ( 1983 - 10 - 26 ) October 26 , 1983 ( age 34 ) 8 0 Xelajú 15 2DF Luis Cardona ( 1990 - 02 - 05 ) February 5 , 1990 ( age 28 ) 6 0 Municipal 5 2DF Jefrey Payeras ( 1993 - 10 - 16 ) October 16 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 0 LA Galaxy II 13 2DF Josué Aragón ( 1984 - 10 - 12 ) October 12 , 1984 ( age 33 ) 0 Marquense 10 3MF José Contreras ( 1986 - 01 - 19 ) January 19 , 1986 ( age 32 ) 73 5 Comunicaciones 16 3MF Marco Pappa ( 1987 - 11 - 15 ) November 15 , 1987 ( age 30 ) 57 11 Municipal 18 3MF Jean Márquez ( 1985 - 03 - 06 ) March 6 , 1985 ( age 33 ) 44 Comunicaciones 23 3MF Jorge Aparicio ( 1992 - 11 - 25 ) November 25 , 1992 ( age 25 ) 13 0 Slaven Belupo 22 3MF Rodrigo Saravia ( 1993 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1993 ( age 25 ) 6 0 Swope Park Rangers 11 3MF Víctor Matta ( 1990 - 03 - 16 ) March 16 , 1990 ( age 28 ) 0 Municipal 19 3MF José Rosales ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) January 1 , 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Malacateco 20 4FW Carlos Ruiz ( Captain ) ( 1979 - 12 - 15 ) December 15 , 1979 ( age 38 ) 133 68 Retired 7 4FW Jairo Arreola ( 1985 - 09 - 20 ) September 20 , 1985 ( age 32 ) 24 0 Comunicaciones 9 4FW Gerson Tinoco ( 1988 - 11 - 02 ) November 2 , 1988 ( age 29 ) 15 5 Comunicaciones 8 4FW Mario Castellanos ( 1982 - 05 - 19 ) May 19 , 1982 ( age 36 ) 15 Cobán Imperial 17 4FW Edi Danilo Guerra ( 1991 - 12 - 24 ) December 24 , 1991 ( age 26 ) 0 Municipal Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players have also been called up to the Guatemala squad within the last twelve months . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK David Guerra ( 1979 - 05 - 28 ) May 28 , 1979 ( age 39 ) 0 Universidad San Carlos v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 DF Jonathan López ( 1988 - 05 - 10 ) May 10 , 1988 ( age 30 ) 34 0 Marquense v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 DF Edwin Fuentes ( 1991 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1991 ( age 27 ) 0 Marquense v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 DF José Carlos Pinto Samayoa ( 1993 - 06 - 16 ) June 16 , 1993 ( age 25 ) 0 Antigua GFC v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 DF Carlos Castrillo ( 1985 - 05 - 16 ) May 16 , 1985 ( age 33 ) 32 0 Comunicaciones v. United States , March 29 , 2016 DF Stefano Cincotta ( 1991 - 02 - 28 ) February 28 , 1991 ( age 27 ) 15 SV Elversberg v. United States , March 29 , 2016 MF Gerardo Arias ( 1985 - 11 - 18 ) November 18 , 1985 ( age 32 ) 9 0 Municipal v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 MF Luis Martínez ( 1991 - 12 - 24 ) December 24 , 1991 ( age 26 ) 6 Antigua GFC v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 MF Julián Priego ( 1988 - 05 - 19 ) May 19 , 1988 ( age 30 ) 0 Universidad San Carlos v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 MF Pedro Samayoa ( 1985 - 11 - 18 ) November 18 , 1985 ( age 32 ) 0 Municipal v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 MF Billy Torres ( 1987 - 02 - 14 ) February 14 , 1987 ( age 31 ) 0 Mictlán v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 MF Mafre Icuté ( 1993 - 11 - 07 ) November 7 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 0 Municipal v. United States , March 29 , 2016 MF Marco Rivas ( 1991 - 04 - 20 ) April 20 , 1991 ( age 27 ) 0 Municipal v. United States , March 29 , 2016 MF Kevin Arriola ( 1991 - 08 - 03 ) August 3 , 1991 ( age 27 ) 0 Xelajú v. United States , March 29 , 2016 FW Kendell Herrarte ( 1992 - 04 - 06 ) April 6 , 1992 ( age 26 ) 18 0 Antigua GFC v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 FW Jonathan Pérez ( 1987 - 02 - 14 ) February 14 , 1987 ( age 31 ) 0 Universidad San Carlos v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 FW Edwin Rivas ( 1992 - 01 - 08 ) January 8 , 1992 ( age 26 ) 0 0 Universidad San Carlos v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 Most capped ( edit ) # Player Caps Career Carlos Ruiz 133 1998 -- 2016 Guillermo Ramírez * 104 1997 -- 2012 Gustavo Cabrera * 103 2000 -- 2012 Fredy Thompson 96 2001 -- 5 Juan Carlos Plata 87 1996 -- 2010 6 Gonzalo Romero 83 2000 -- 2012 7 Julio Girón 82 1992 -- 2006 8 Edgar Estrada 80 1995 -- 2003 9 Mario Rodríguez 79 2003 -- 2013 10 Freddy García 73 2000 -- 2012 Players in bold text are still active with Guatemala . * Banned from Football on suspicions of fixing match results . Top scorers ( edit ) # Player Goals Career Carlos Ruiz 68 1998 -- 2016 Juan Carlos Plata 35 1996 -- 2006 Carlos Toledo 25 1943 -- 1953 Mario Camposeco 23 1943 -- 1951 = Freddy García 23 1998 -- 2012 6 Oscar Enrique Sánchez 19 1976 -- 1990 7 Dwight Pezzarossi 16 2000 -- 2012 = Edwin Westphal 16 1985 -- 1998 = Guillermo Ramírez * 16 1997 -- 2012 10 Juan Manuel Funes 15 1985 -- 2000 Players in bold text are still active with Guatemala . * Banned from Football on suspicions of fixing match results . Managers ( edit ) Name Period Matches Wins Draws Losses Winning % Notes Roberto Figueredo 1930 0 0 00.0 % Jimmy Elliott 1935 5 0 20.0 % Manuel Felipe Carrera 1943 6 66.7 % 1943 CCCF Championship 2nd place Juan Francisco Aguirre 1946 5 60.0 % Juan Francisco Aguirre Manuel Felipe Carrera 1946 6 16.7 % José Alberto Cevasco 1948 8 37.5 % 1948 CCCF Championship 2nd place Enrique Natalio Pascal Palomini 1950 6 50.0 % Juan Francisco Aguirre 1953 Alfredo Cuevas 1955 -- 1957 José Alberto Cevasco 1960 -- 1961 Lorenzo Ausina Tur 1963 César Viccino 1965 Rubén Amorín 1967 1967 CONCACAF Championship César Viccino 1968 -- 1969 Lorenzo Ausina Tur 1969 Carmelo Faraone 1971 Afro Geronazzo 1971 -- 1972 Rubén Amorín 1972 Néstor Valdez Moraga 1972 Rubén Amorín 1976 Carlos Cavagnaro 1976 Carlos Wellmann 1976 José Ernesto Romero 1979 Rubén Amorín 1980 Carlos Cavagnaro Dragoslav Šekularac 1984 -- 1985 Julio César Cortés Jorge Roldán 1988 Rubén Amorín 1989 -- 1990 Haroldo Cordón 1991 Miguel Angel Brindisi 1992 Jorge Roldán 1995 1995 UNCAF Nations Cup 2nd place Juan Ramón Verón 11 6 54.6 % Horacio Cordero 18 7 5 6 48.1 % Miguel Angel Brindisi 1997 -- 1998 23 9 11 39.1 % 1997 UNCAF Nations Cup 2nd place Carlos Bilardo Eduardo Luján Manera 1998 8 25.0 % Benjamín Monterroso 1999 11 5 36.4 % 1999 UNCAF Nations Cup 2nd place Carlos Miloc 2000 5 0 0.0 % Julio César Cortés 2000 -- 2003 33 13 12 7 39.4 % 2001 UNCAF Nations Cup 2003 UNCAF Nations Cup ( Runner - up ) Víctor Manuel Aguado 2003 7 14.3 % Ramón Maradiaga 2004 -- 2005 42 17 9 16 40.5 % Hernán Darío Gómez 2006 -- 2008 21 5 12 23.8 % Ramón Maradiaga 2008 5 50.0 % Benjamín Monterroso 2008 -- 2009 5 0 20.0 % Ever Hugo Almeida 2010 -- 2013 40 16 7 17 45.8 % Víctor Hugo Monzón 2013 0 11.1 % Sergio Pardo 2013 0 0 0.0 % Ivan Franco Sopegno 2014 -- 2015 23 9 10 44.9 % 2014 Copa Centroamericana ( Runner - up ) Walter Claverí 2016 - Present 6 50 % Honors ( edit ) CONCACAF Championship Champions ( 1 ) : 1967 Runner - up ( 2 ) : 1965 , 1969 Copa Centroamericana Champions ( 1 ) : 2001 Runner - up ( 5 ) : 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , 2003 , 2014 Third Place ( 3 ) : 1991 , 2005 , 2007 CONCACAF Men 's Pre-Olympic Tournament Silver Medal ( 2 ) : 1976 , 1988 Pan American Games Silver Medal ( 1 ) : 1983 U.S. Cup Third Place ( 1 ) : 1999 See also ( edit ) Liga Nacional de Guatemala References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Guatemala -- Record International Players RSSSF Jump up ^ `` World Football Elo Ratings '' . eloratings.net . World Football Elo Ratings. 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Courtney , Barrie ( 14 August 2008 ) . `` Guatemala International Soccer Matches Since 1920 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ RSSSF.com : `` Guatemala -- List of International Matches '' ( en inglés ) Jump up ^ Rinke , Stefan ( 2014 ) . The FIFA World Cup 1930 -- 2010 . Wallstein Verlag : Göttingen . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 9783835314573 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminaries North , Central America and Caribbean '' . Fifa.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF NATIONS CUP 1967 '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Menchu , Sofia ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) . `` FIFA suspends Guatemalan soccer federation , citing resistance to oversight '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Guatemala suspended from international football '' . Reuters. 2016 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Convocatoria de la Selección Nacional de México '' . miseleccion.mx . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Central America is seen as especially vulnerable to match - fixing ... 10 / 16 / 2012 Reuters . Retrieved 10 / 18 / 2012 . Jump up ^ Olenev , Maxim ( 15 July 1999 ) . `` Guatemala National Team Coaches '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guatemala , 100 años de Fútbol '' . prensalibre.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guatemala , 100 años de Fútbol '' . prensalibre.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Guatemala , 100 años de Fútbol '' . prensalibre.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Guatemala , 100 años de Fútbol '' . prensalibre.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` La historia del chileno que será el técnico de la selección de Guatemala '' . 9 August 2013 . External links ( edit ) Guatemala National Football Federation ( in Spanish ) GuateFutbol.com ( in Spanish ) Guatemala squads -- CONCACAF Gold Cup Guatemala squad -- 1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup 2 Villavicencio 3 Miranda 4 Mazariegos 6 E. Acevedo 7 Guerrero 8 Castañeda 9 Espel 10 Westphal 11 León 12 Contreras 13 Méndez 14 Ju . Rodas 15 Vargas 16 Valencia 18 Remis 22 Englenton Chuga 24 Marotta Coach : Cordón Guatemala squad -- 1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup Fourth Place 1 Estrada 2 E. Acevedo 3 Miranda 4 Coronado 5 Jo . Rodas 6 Machón 7 Castañeda 8 Lemus 9 Arriaza 10 Funes 11 León 12 M. Ruano 13 Guzman 14 Ju . Rodas 15 Plata 16 Girón 17 G. Ruano 18 Westphal 19 Valencia 20 Englenton Chuga Coach : Verón Guatemala squad -- 1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Estrada 2 Miranda 3 Cáceres 4 Ruano 5 Pérez 6 León 7 Plata 8 Rojas 9 Westphal 10 Funes 11 Machón 12 Moreira 13 Herrera 14 Girón 15 Benítez 16 Ramírez 17 Samayoa 18 Gómez 19 Valencia 20 Abascal Coach : Brindisi Guatemala squad -- 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Estrada 2 Herrera 3 Miranda 4 Gómez 5 Molina 6 Girón 8 R. Ramírez 9 Funes 10 García 11 G. Ramírez 12 Bordon 13 Meda 14 Ju . Rodas 15 Plata 16 Machón 17 J. Pérez 19 Valencia 22 Jo . Rodas 23 E. Acevedo 24 Coronado Coach : Miloc Guatemala squad -- 2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Estrada 2 Chen 3 Melgar 4 Swisher 5 Cabrera 6 Jiménez 7 Benítez 8 Romero 9 Acevedo 10 García 11 Ramírez 14 Albizuris 15 Plata 18 Pérez 19 Thompson 20 C. Ruiz 21 Pivaral 22 Ortiz 23 Donis Coach : Cortés Guatemala squad -- 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Estrada 2 Morales 4 González 6 Monterroso 7 Thompson 8 Rodríguez 9 Acevedo 10 García 13 Martínez 14 Aguirre 15 Plata 16 Machón 18 Romero 19 Valencia 20 C. Ruiz 21 Zacarías 22 Motta Coach : Aguado Guatemala squad -- 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Klee 2 Morales 3 Melgar 4 Chen 5 Hernández 6 Cabrera 7 Thompson 8 Romero 9 Zacarías 10 Villatoro 11 Ramírez 12 Figueroa 13 Martínez 14 Ponciano 17 Pezzarossi 20 Ruiz 21 Gómez 22 Molina 23 Sandoval 24 Dávila 25 Motta 26 Sanabria Coach : Maradiaga Guatemala squad -- 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Trigueño 2 Noriega 3 Melgar 4 Flores 5 Medina 6 Cabrera ( c ) 7 Albizuris 8 Contreras 9 Villatoro 11 Ávila 12 Figueroa 13 Martínez 14 R. Gómez 15 Swisher 16 de Matta 17 Pezzarossi 18 Quiñónez 19 Rodríguez 20 Ruiz 22 Molina 23 Sandoval 25 Motta 27 Arreola Coach : H. Gómez Guatemala squad -- 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Jerez 2 Medina 3 Noriega 4 Castrillo 5 Gallardo 6 Cabrera 7 Vásquez 8 Romero 9 Velásquez 10 Contreras 11 H. López 12 Motta 13 González 14 Figueroa 15 León 16 Pappa 17 Pezzarossi 18 Isaula 19 Águila 20 Ruiz ( c ) 21 Paredes 23 Arreola 24 J. López Coach : Almeida Guatemala squad -- 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Ayala 2 Morales 3 Vásquez 4 Lalín 5 Hernandez 6 Mejía 7 Arreola 8 Márquez 9 Chinchilla 10 Contreras 11 Arias 12 Motta 13 Castrillo 14 Herrarte 15 D. López 16 Pappa 17 de León 18 Cincotta 19 Figueroa 20 Ruiz ( c ) 21 Jerez 22 M. López 23 Aparicio Coach : Sopegno Football in Guatemala National Football Federation of Guatemala National teams Men National team Olympic ( U-23 ) U-20 U-17 Futsal Beach soccer Women National team U-23 U-20 U-17 League system Men Liga Nacional Primera División de Ascenso Segunda División de Ascenso Women Guatemalan women 's football championship Domestic cups Men Copa de Guatemala Awards Footballer of the Year Top scorers Lists Clubs El Clasico Chapin Men 's clubs Women 's clubs Men 's players Women 's players Expatriate players Managers Referees Venues Seasons Records International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-20 U-17 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , CAFA , WAFF ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 Nations League North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Nations League Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-19 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA -- ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IIGA -- Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football National football teams of North America , Central America , and the Caribbean ( CONCACAF ) North America Canada Mexico United States Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guyana Haiti Jamaica Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Martin Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Defunct Netherlands Antilles 1 : Inside the North American zone , but CFU member . 2 : South American country , but affiliated to CONCACAF and CFU . 3 : Full or associate CONCACAF member , but non-FIFA member . CONCACAF Championship & Gold Cup winners CONCACAF Championship 1963 : Costa Rica 1965 : Mexico 1967 : Guatemala 1969 : Costa Rica 1971 : Mexico 1973 : Haiti 1977 : Mexico 1981 : Honduras 1985 : Canada 1989 : Costa Rica CONCACAF Gold Cup 1991 : United States 1993 : Mexico 1996 : Mexico 1998 : Mexico 2000 : Canada 2002 : United States 2003 : Mexico 2005 : United States 2007 : United States 2009 : Mexico 2011 : Mexico 2013 : United States 2015 : Mexico 2017 : United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guatemala_national_football_team&oldid=855803928 '' Categories : Guatemala national football team National sports teams of Guatemala Central American national association football teams Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles with Spanish - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 23 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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-9100461249933254121 | I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings | I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - wikipedia I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Jump to : navigation , search Cover from the first edition of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , published in 1969 by Random House I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a 1969 autobiography about the early years of American writer and poet Maya Angelou . The first in a seven - volume series , it is a coming - of - age story that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome racism and trauma . The book begins when three - year - old Maya and her older brother are sent to Stamps , Arkansas , to live with their grandmother and ends when Maya becomes a mother at the age of 16 . In the course of Caged Bird , Maya transforms from a victim of racism with an inferiority complex into a self - possessed , dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice . Angelou was challenged by her friend , author James Baldwin , and her editor , Robert Loomis , to write an autobiography that was also a piece of literature . Reviewers often categorize Caged Bird as autobiographical fiction because Angelou uses thematic development and other techniques common to fiction , but the prevailing critical view characterizes it as an autobiography , a genre she attempts to critique , change , and expand . The book covers topics common to autobiographies written by Black American women in the years following the Civil Rights Movement : a celebration of Black motherhood ; a critique of racism ; the importance of family ; and the quest for independence , personal dignity , and self - definition . Angelou uses her autobiography to explore subjects such as identity , rape , racism , and literacy . She also writes in new ways about women 's lives in a male - dominated society . Maya , the younger version of Angelou and the book 's central character , has been called `` a symbolic character for every black girl growing up in America '' . Angelou 's description of being raped as an eight - year - old child overwhelms the book , although it is presented briefly in the text . Another metaphor , that of a bird struggling to escape its cage , is a central image throughout the work , which consists of `` a sequence of lessons about resisting racist oppression '' . Angelou 's treatment of racism provides a thematic unity to the book . Literacy and the power of words help young Maya cope with her bewildering world ; books become her refuge as she works through her trauma . Caged Bird was nominated for a National Book Award in 1970 and remained on The New York Times paperback bestseller list for two years . It has been used in educational settings from high schools to universities , and the book has been celebrated for creating new literary avenues for the American memoir . However , the book 's graphic depiction of childhood rape , racism , and sexuality has caused it to be challenged or banned in some schools and libraries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Title 2 Plot summary 3 Style and genre 4 Form 5 Themes 5.1 Identity 5.2 Racism 5.3 Rape 5.4 Literacy 6 Reception and legacy 6.1 Critical reception and sales 6.2 Influence 6.3 Censorship 6.4 Film version 7 Footnotes 8 Notes 9 Sources cited Background ( edit ) The book 's title comes from a poem by African - American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar . The caged bird , a symbol for the chained slave , is an image Angelou uses throughout all her writings . Before writing I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings at the age of forty , Angelou had a long and varied career , holding jobs such as composer , singer , actor , civil rights worker , journalist , and educator . In the late 1950s , she joined the Harlem Writers Guild , where she met a number of important African - American authors , including her friend and mentor James Baldwin . After hearing civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. speak for the first time in 1960 , she was inspired to join the Civil Rights Movement . She organized several benefits for him , and he named her Northern Coordinator of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . She worked for several years in Ghana , West Africa , as a journalist , actress , and educator . She was invited back to the US by Malcolm X to work for him shortly before his assassination in 1965 . In 1968 , King asked her to organize a march , but he too was assassinated on April 4 , which also happened to be her birthday . For many years , Angelou responded to King 's murder by not celebrating her birthday , instead choosing to meet with , call , or send flowers to his widow , Coretta Scott King . Angelou was deeply depressed in the months following King 's assassination , so to help lift her spirits , Baldwin brought her to a dinner party at the home of cartoonist Jules Feiffer and his wife Judy in late 1968 . The guests began telling stories of their childhoods and Angelou 's stories impressed Judy Feiffer . The next day she called Robert Loomis at Random House , who became Angelou 's editor throughout her long writing career until he retired in 2011 , and `` told him that he ought to get this woman to write a book '' . At first , Angelou refused , since she thought of herself as a poet and playwright . According to Angelou , Baldwin had a `` covert hand '' in getting her to write the book , and advised Loomis to use `` a little reverse psychology '' , and reported that Loomis tricked her into it by daring her : `` It 's just as well '' , he said , `` because to write an autobiography as literature is just about impossible '' . Angelou was unable to resist a challenge , and she began writing Caged Bird . After `` closeting herself '' in London , it took her two years to write it . She shared the manuscript with her friend , writer Jessica Mitford , before submitting it for publication . Angelou subsequently wrote six additional autobiographies , covering a variety of her young adult experiences . They are distinct in style and narration , but unified in their themes and stretch from Arkansas to Africa , and back to the US , from the beginnings of World War II to King 's assassination . Like Caged Bird , the events in these books are episodic and crafted as a series of short stories , yet do not follow a strict chronology . Later books in the series include Gather Together in My Name ( 1974 ) , Singin ' and Swingin ' and Gettin ' Merry Like Christmas ( 1976 ) , The Heart of a Woman ( 1981 ) , All God 's Children Need Traveling Shoes ( 1986 ) , A Song Flung Up to Heaven ( 2002 ) , and Mom & Me & Mom ( 2013 , at the age of 85 ) . Critics have often judged Angelou 's later autobiographies `` in light of the first '' , and Caged Bird generally receives the highest praise . Beginning with Caged Bird , Angelou used the same `` writing ritual '' for many years . She would get up at five in the morning and check into a hotel room , where the staff were instructed to remove any pictures from the walls . She wrote on yellow legal pads while lying on the bed , with a bottle of sherry , a deck of cards to play solitaire , Roget 's Thesaurus , and the Bible , and left by the early afternoon . She averaged 10 -- 12 pages of material a day , which she edited down to three or four pages in the evening . Lupton stated that this ritual indicated `` a firmness of purpose and an inflexible use of time '' . Angelou went through this process to give herself time to turn the events of her life into art , and to `` enchant '' herself ; as she said in a 1989 interview with the British Broadcasting Corporation , to `` relive the agony , the anguish , the Sturm und Drang '' . She placed herself back in the time she wrote about , even during traumatic experiences like her rape in Caged Bird , to `` tell the human truth '' about her life . Critic Opal Moore says about Caged Bird : `` ... Though easily read , ( it ) is no ' easy read ' '' . Angelou stated that she played cards to reach that place of enchantment , to access her memories more effectively . She has stated , `` It may take an hour to get into it , but once I 'm in it -- ha ! It 's so delicious ! '' She did not find the process cathartic ; rather , she found relief in `` telling the truth '' . Title ( edit ) When selecting a title , Angelou turned to Paul Laurence Dunbar , an African - American poet whose works she had admired for years . Jazz vocalist and civil rights activist Abbey Lincoln suggested the title . According to Lyman B. Hagen , the title pulls Angelou 's readers into the book while reminding them that it is possible to both lose control of one 's life and to have one 's freedom taken from them . Angelou has credited Dunbar , along with Shakespeare , with forming her `` writing ambition '' . The title of the book comes from the third stanza of Dunbar 's poem `` Sympathy '' : I know why the caged bird sings , ah me , When his wing is bruised and his bosom sore , When he beats his bars and would be free ; It is not a carol of joy or glee , But a prayer that he sends from his heart 's deep core , But a plea , that upward to Heaven he flings -- I know why the caged bird sings . Plot summary ( edit ) See also : List of characters in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings follows Marguerite 's ( called `` My '' or `` Maya '' by her brother ) life from the age of three to seventeen and the struggles she faces -- particularly with racism -- in the Southern United States . Abandoned by their parents , Maya and her older brother Bailey are sent to live with their paternal grandmother ( Momma ) and crippled uncle ( Uncle Willie ) in Stamps , Arkansas . Maya and Bailey are haunted by their parents ' abandonment throughout the book -- they travel alone and are labeled like baggage . The community of Stamps , Arkansas , is the setting for a large portion of the book . Many of the problems Maya encounters in her childhood stem from the overt racism of her white neighbors . Although Mamma is relatively wealthy because she owns the general store at the heart of Stamps ' Black community , the white children of their town hassle Maya 's family relentlessly . One of these `` powhitetrash '' girls , for example , reveals her pubic hair to Momma in a humiliating incident . Early in the book , Momma hides Uncle Willie in a vegetable bin to protect him from Ku Klux Klan raiders . Maya has to endure the insult of her name being changed to Mary by a racist employer . A white speaker at her eighth grade graduation ceremony disparages the Black audience by suggesting that they have limited job opportunities . A white dentist refuses to treat Maya 's rotting tooth , even when Momma reminds him that she had loaned him money during the Depression . The Black community of Stamps enjoys a moment of racial victory when they listen to the radio broadcast of Joe Louis 's championship fight , but generally , they feel the heavy weight of racist oppression . A turning point in the book occurs when Maya and Bailey 's father unexpectedly appears in Stamps . He takes the two children with him when he departs , but leaves them with their mother in St. Louis , Missouri . Eight - year - old Maya is sexually abused and raped by her mother 's boyfriend , Mr. Freeman . He is found guilty during the trial , but escapes jail time and is murdered , presumably by Maya 's uncles . Maya feels guilty and withdraws from everyone but her brother . Even after returning to Stamps , Maya remains reclusive and nearly mute until she meets Mrs. Bertha Flowers , `` the aristocrat of Black Stamps '' , who encourages her through books and communication to regain her voice and soul . This coaxes Maya out of her shell . Later , Momma decides to send her grandchildren to their mother in San Francisco , California , to protect them from the dangers of racism in Stamps . Maya attends George Washington High School and studies dance and drama on a scholarship at the California Labor School . Before graduating , she becomes the first Black female streetcar conductor in San Francisco . While still in high school , Maya visits her father in southern California one summer and has some experiences pivotal to her development . She drives a car for the first time when she must transport her intoxicated father home from an excursion to Mexico . She experiences homelessness for a short time after a fight with her father 's girlfriend . During Maya 's final year of high school , she worries that she might be a lesbian ( which she confuses due to her sexual inexperience with the belief that lesbians are also hermaphrodites ) . She ultimately initiates sexual intercourse with a teenage boy . She becomes pregnant , which on the advice of her brother , she hides from her family until her eighth month of pregnancy in order to graduate from high school . Maya gives birth at the end of the book . Style and genre ( edit ) In addition to being classified as an autobiography , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings has also been called a Bildungsroman , like George Eliot 's The Mill on the Floss . Angelou 's prose works , while presenting a unique interpretation of the autobiographical form , can be placed in the long tradition of African - American autobiography . Her use of fiction - writing techniques such as dialogue , characterization , and thematic development , however , often lead reviewers to categorize her books , including I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , as autobiographical fiction . Other critics , like Lupton , insist that Angelou 's books should be categorized as autobiographies because they conform to the genre 's standard structure : they are written by a single author , they are chronological , and they contain elements of character , technique , and theme . In a 1983 interview with African - American literature critic Claudia Tate , Angelou calls her books autobiographies . At first , Angelou intended to return to poetry and play - writing after completing Caged Bird and write no more autobiographies , but she chose the genre as her primary mode of expression because of its challenge and so that she could `` change it , to make it bigger , richer , finer , and more inclusive in the twentieth century '' . In a 1989 interview , she stated , `` I think I am the only serious writer who has chosen the autobiographical form to carry my work , my expression '' . As she told journalist George Plimpton during a 1990 interview , `` Autobiography is awfully seductive ; it 's wonderful '' . She also told Plimpton that like the tradition begun by Frederick Douglass in slave narratives , she used the literary technique of `` speaking in the first - person singular talking about the first - person plural , always saying I meaning ' we ' '' . As critic Susan Gilbert states , Angelou was reporting not one person 's story , but the collective 's . Scholar Selwyn R. Cudjoe agrees , and sees Angelou as representative of the convention in African - American autobiography as a public gesture that speaks for an entire group of people . Scholar Joanne M. Braxton sees Caged Bird as `` the fully developed black female autobiographical form that began to emerge in the 1940s and 1950s '' . The book presents themes that are common in autobiography by Black American women : a celebration of Black motherhood ; a criticism of racism ; the importance of family ; and the quest for independence , personal dignity , and self - definition . Angelou introduces a unique point of view in American autobiography by revealing her life story through a narrator who is a Black female from the South , at some points a child , and other points a mother . Writer Hilton Als calls Angelou one of the `` pioneers of self - exposure '' , willing to focus honestly on the more negative aspects of her personality and choices . For example , Angelou was worried about her readers ' reactions to her disclosure in her second autobiography , Gather Together in My Name , that she was a prostitute . She went through with it , anyway , after her husband Paul Du Feu advised her to be honest about it . Angelou has recognized that there are fictional aspects to her books , and that she tends to `` diverge from the conventional notion of autobiography as truth '' . Angelou discussed her writing process with Plimpton , and when asked if she changed the truth to improve her story , she admitted that she had . She stated , `` Sometimes I make a diameter from a composite of three or four people , because the essence in only one person is not sufficiently strong to be written about . '' Although Angelou has never admitted to changing the facts in her stories , she has used these facts to make an impact with the reader . As Hagen states , `` One can assume that ' the essence of the data ' is present in Angelou 's work '' . Hagen also states that Angelou `` fictionalizes , to enhance interest '' . For example , Angelou uses the first - person narrative voice customary with autobiographies , told from the perspective of a child that is `` artfully recreated by an adult narrator '' . Angelou uses two distinct voices , the adult writer and the child who is the focus of the book , whom Angelou calls `` the Maya character '' . Angelou reports that maintaining the distinction between herself and the Maya character is `` damned difficult '' , but `` very necessary '' . Scholar Liliane Arensberg suggests that Angelou `` retaliates for the tongue - tied child 's helpless pain '' by using her adult self 's irony and wit . As such , Caged Bird has been called a Bildungsroman or coming - of - age story ; critic Mary Jane Lupton compares it to other Bildungsromans like George Eliot 's novel The Mill on the Floss . According to Lupton , the two books share the following similarities : a focus on young strong - willed heroines who have solid relationships with their brothers , an examination of the role of literature in life , and an emphasis on the importance of family and community life . `` During the months she spent writing the book , ( Angelou ) practically withdrew from the world . She 'd set the bar high . Her ambition was to write a book that would honor the Black experience and affirm the ' human spirit . ' She more than achieved her goal . She wrote a coming - of - age story that has become a modern classic '' . -- Marcia Ann Gillespie , 2008 Form ( edit ) When Angelou wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings at the end of the 1960s , one of the necessary and accepted features of literature , according to critic Pierre A. Walker , was thematic unity . One of Angelou 's goals was to create a book that satisfied this criterion , in order to achieve her political purposes , which were to demonstrate how to resist racism in America . The structure of the text , which resembles a series of short stories , is not chronological but rather thematic . Walker , in his 1993 article about Caged Bird , `` Racial Protest , Identity , Words , and Form '' , focuses on the book 's structure , and describes how it supports her presentation of racism . According to Walker , critics had neglected analyzing its structure , choosing to focus instead on its themes , which he feels neglects the political nature of the book . He states , `` One serves Angelou and Caged Bird better by emphasizing how form and political content work together '' . Angelou structures her book so that it presents a series of lessons about how to resist racism and oppression . The progression Maya goes through thematically unifies the book , something that `` stands in contrast to the otherwise episodic quality of the narrative '' . The way in which Angelou constructs , arranges , and organizes her vignettes often undermined the chronology of her childhood by `` juxtaposing the events of one chapter with the events of preceding and following ones so that they too comment on each other '' . For example , the incident with the `` powhitetrash '' girls takes place in chapter 5 , when Maya was ten years old , well before Angelou 's recounting of her rape in chapter 12 , which occurred when Maya was 8 . Walker explains that Angelou 's purpose in placing the vignettes in this way is that it followed her thematic structure . Angelou 's editor , Robert Loomis , agrees , stating that Angelou could rewrite any of her books by changing the order of her facts to make a different impact on the reader . Hagen sees Angelou 's structure somewhat differently , focusing on Maya 's journey `` to establish a worthwhile self - concept '' , and states that she structures the book into three parts : arrival , sojourn , and departure , which occur both geographically and psychologically . However , Hagen notes that instead of beginning Caged Bird chronologically , with Maya and Bailey 's arrival in Stamps , Angelou begins the book much later chronologically by recounting an embarrassing experience at church , an incident that demonstrates Maya 's diminished sense of self , insecurity , and lack of status . Hagen explains that Angelou 's purpose is to demonstrate Maya 's journey from insecurity to her feelings of worth gained by becoming a mother at the end of the book . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in Maya Angelou 's autobiographies Identity ( edit ) The Black female is assaulted in her tender years by all those common forces of nature at the same time that she is caught in the tripartite crossfire of male prejudice , white illogical hate and Black lack of power . -- Maya Angelou , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings In the course of Caged Bird , Maya , who has been described as `` a symbolic character for every black girl growing up in America '' , goes from being a victim of racism with an inferiority complex to a self - aware individual who responds to racism with dignity and a strong sense of her own identity . Feminist scholar Maria Lauret states that the `` formation of female cultural identity '' is woven into the book 's narrative , setting Maya up as `` a role model for Black women '' . Scholar Liliane Arensberg calls this presentation Angelou 's `` identity theme '' and a major motif in Angelou 's narrative . Maya 's unsettled life in Caged Bird suggests her sense of self `` as perpetually in the process of becoming , of dying and being reborn , in all its ramifications '' . African - American literature scholar Dolly McPherson agrees , stating that Angelou creatively uses Christian mythology and theology to present the Biblical themes of death , regeneration , and rebirth . As Lauret indicates , Angelou and other female writers in the late 1960s and early 1970s used autobiography to reimagine ways of writing about women 's lives and identities in a male - dominated society . Up until this time , Black women were not depicted realistically in African - American fiction and autobiography , meaning that Angelou was one of the first Black autobiographers to present , as Cudjoe put it , `` a powerful and authentic signification of ( African - American ) womanhood in her quest for understanding and love rather than for bitterness and despair '' . Lauret sees a connection between Angelou 's autobiographies , which Lauret calls `` fictions of subjectivity '' and `` feminist first - person narratives '' , and fictional first - person narratives ( such as The Women 's Room by Marilyn French and The Golden Notebook by Doris Lessing ) written during the same period . As French and Lessing do in their novels , Angelou employs the narrator as protagonist and depends upon `` the illusion of presence in their mode of signification '' . As a displaced girl , Maya 's pain is worsened by an awareness of her displacement . She is `` the forgotten child '' , and must come to terms with `` the unimaginable reality '' of being unloved and unwanted ; she lives in a hostile world that defines beauty in terms of whiteness and that rejects her simply because she is a Black girl . Maya internalizes the rejection she has experienced -- her belief in her own ugliness was `` absolute '' . McPherson believes that the concept of family , or what she calls `` kinship concerns '' , in Angelou 's books must be understood in the light of the children 's displacement at the beginning of Caged Bird . Being sent away from their parents was a psychological rejection , and resulted in a quest for love , acceptance , and self - worth for both Maya and Bailey . Angelou uses her many roles , incarnations , and identities throughout her books to illustrate how oppression and personal history are interrelated . For example , in Caged Bird , Angelou demonstrates the `` racist habit '' of renaming African Americans , as shown when her white employer insists on calling her `` Mary '' . Angelou describes the employer 's renaming as the `` hellish horror of being ' called out of ( one 's ) name ' '' . Scholar Debra Walker King calls it a racist insult and an assault against Maya 's race and self - image . The renaming emphasizes Maya 's feelings of inadequacy and denigrates her identity , individuality , and uniqueness . Maya understands that she is being insulted and rebels by breaking Mrs. Cullinan 's favorite dish , but feels vindicated when , as she leaves her employer 's home , Mrs. Cullinan finally gets her name right . Another incident in the book that solidifies Maya 's identity is her trip to Mexico with her father , when she has to drive a car for the first time . Contrasted with her experience in Stamps , Maya is finally `` in control of her fate '' . This experience is central to Maya 's growth , as is the incident that immediately follows it , her short period of homelessness after arguing with her father 's girlfriend . These two incidents give Maya a knowledge of self - determination and confirm her self - worth . Scholar Mary Burgher believes that female Black autobiographers like Angelou have debunked the stereotypes of African - American mothers as `` breeder ( s ) and matriarch ( s ) '' , and have presented them as having `` a creative and personally fulfilling role '' . Lupton believes that Angelou 's plot construction and character development were influenced by the same mother / child motif as is found in the work of Harlem Renaissance poet Jessie Fauset . For the first five years of her life , Maya thinks of herself as an orphan and finds comfort in the thought that her mother is dead . Maya 's feelings for and relationship with her own mother , whom she blames for her abandonment , express themselves in ambivalence and `` repressed violent aggression '' . For example , Maya and her brother destroy the first Christmas gifts sent by their mother . These strong feelings are not resolved until the end of the book , when Maya becomes a mother herself , and her mother finally becomes the nurturing presence for which Maya has longed . The two main maternal influences on Maya 's life change as well ; Vivian becomes a more active participant , while Momma becomes less effective as Maya , by becoming a mother herself , moves from childhood to adulthood . Racism ( edit ) For several years before writing Caged Bird , Angelou worked with Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the 1960s to combat racism . Stamps , Arkansas , as depicted in Caged Bird , has very little `` social ambiguity '' : it is a racist world divided between Black and white , male and female . Als characterizes the division as `` good and evil '' , and notes how Angelou 's witness of the evil in her society , which was directed at Black women , shaped Angelou 's young life and informed her views into adulthood . Angelou uses the metaphor of a bird struggling to escape its cage , described in Paul Laurence Dunbar 's poem , as a prominent symbol throughout her series of autobiographies . Like elements within a prison narrative , the caged bird represents Angelou 's confinement resulting from racism and oppression . The caged bird metaphor also invokes the `` supposed contradiction of the bird singing in the midst of its struggle '' . Scholar Ernece B. Kelley calls Caged Bird a `` gentle indictment of white American womanhood '' ; Hagen expands it further , stating that the book is `` a dismaying story of white dominance '' . Caged Bird has been called `` perhaps the most aesthetically satisfying autobiography written in the years immediately following the Civil Rights era '' . Critic Pierre A. Walker expresses a similar sentiment , and places it in the African - American literature tradition of political protest . Angelou demonstrates , through her involvement with the Black community of Stamps , as well as her presentation of vivid and realistic racist characters and `` the vulgarity of white Southern attitudes toward African Americans '' , her developing understanding of the rules for surviving in a racist society . Angelou 's autobiographies , beginning with Caged Bird , contain a sequence of lessons about resisting oppression . The sequence she describes leads Angelou , as the protagonist , from `` helpless rage and indignation to forms of subtle resistance , and finally to outright and active protest '' . The caged bird sings with a fearful trill of things unknown but longed for still and his tune is heard on the distant hill for the caged bird sings of freedom . -- The final stanza of Maya Angelou 's poem `` Caged Bird '' Walker insists that Angelou 's treatment of racism is what gives her autobiographies their thematic unity and underscores one of their central themes : the injustice of racism and how to fight it . For example , in Angelou 's depiction of the `` powhitetrash '' incident , Maya reacts with rage , indignation , humiliation , and helplessness , but Momma teaches her how they can maintain their personal dignity and pride while dealing with racism , and that it is an effective basis for actively protesting and combating racism . Walker calls Momma 's way a `` strategy of subtle resistance '' and McPherson calls it `` the dignified course of silent endurance '' . Angelou portrays Momma as a realist whose patience , courage , and silence ensured the survival and success of those who came after her . For example , Maya responds assertively when subjected to demeaning treatment by Mrs. Cullinan , her white employer , and , later on in the book , breaks the race barrier to become the first black streetcar operator in San Francisco . In addition , Angelou 's description of the strong and cohesive black community of Stamps demonstrates how African Americans subvert repressive institutions to withstand racism . Arensberg insists that Angelou demonstrates how she , as a Black child , evolves out of her `` racial hatred '' , common in the works of many contemporary Black novelists and autobiographers . At first Maya wishes that she could become white , since growing up Black in white America is dangerous ; later she sheds her self - loathing and embraces a strong racial identity . Rape ( edit ) It should be clear , however , that this portrayal of rape is hardly titillating or `` pornographic . '' It raises issues of trust , truth and lie , love , the naturalness of a child 's craving for human contact , language and understanding , and the confusion engendered by the power disparities that necessarily exist between children and adults . -- Opal Moore Angelou 's description of being raped as an eight - year - old child overwhelms the autobiography , although it is presented briefly in the text . Scholar Mary Vermillion compares Angelou 's treatment of rape to that of Harriet Jacobs in her autobiography Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl . Jacobs and Angelou both use rape as a metaphor for the suffering of African Americans ; Jacobs uses the metaphor to critique slaveholding culture , while Angelou uses it to first internalize , then challenge , twentieth - century racist conceptions of the Black female body ( namely , that the Black female is physically unattractive ) . Rape , according to Vermillion , `` represents the black girl 's difficulties in controlling , understanding , and respecting both her body and her words '' . Arensberg notes that Maya 's rape is connected to the theme of death in Caged Bird , as Mr. Freeman threatens to kill Maya 's brother Bailey if she tells anyone about the rape . After Maya lies during Freeman 's trial , stating that the rape was the first time he touched her inappropriately , Freeman is murdered ( presumably by one of Maya 's uncles ) and Maya sees her words as a bringer of death . As a result , she resolves never to speak to anyone other than Bailey . Angelou connects the violation of her body and the devaluation of her words through the depiction of her self - imposed , five - year - long silence . As Angelou later stated , `` I thought if I spoke , my mouth would just issue out something that would kill people , randomly , so it was better not to talk '' . African - American literature scholar Selwyn R. Cudjoe calls Angelou 's depiction of the rape `` a burden '' of Caged Bird : a demonstration of `` the manner in which the Black female is violated in her tender years and ... the ' unnecessary insult ' of Southern girlhood in her movement to adolescence '' . Vermillion goes further , maintaining that a Black woman who writes about her rape risks reinforcing negative stereotypes about her race and gender . When asked decades later how she was able to survive such trauma , Angelou explained it by stating , `` I ca n't remember a time when I was n't loved by somebody . '' When asked by the same interviewer why she wrote about the experience , she indicated that she wanted to demonstrate the complexities of rape . She also wanted to prevent it from happening to someone else , so that anyone who had been raped might gain understanding and not blame herself for it . Literacy ( edit ) Angelou has described William Shakespeare as a strong influence on her life and works , especially his identification with what she saw as marginalized people , claiming that `` Shakespeare was a black woman '' . As Lupton points out , all of Angelou 's autobiographies , especially Caged Bird and its immediate sequel Gather Together in My Name , are `` very much concerned with what ( Angelou ) knew and how she learned it '' . Lupton compares Angelou 's informal education with the education of other Black writers of the twentieth century , who did not earn official degrees and depended upon the `` direct instruction of African American cultural forms '' . Angelou 's quest for learning and literacy parallels `` the central myth of black culture in America '' : that freedom and literacy are connected . Angelou is influenced by writers introduced to her by Mrs. Flowers during her self - imposed muteness , including Edgar Allan Poe and William Shakespeare . Angelou states , early in Caged Bird , that she , as the Maya character , `` met and fell in love with William Shakespeare '' . Critic Mary Vermillion sees a connection between Maya 's rape and Shakespeare 's `` The Rape of Lucrece '' , which Maya memorizes and recites when she regains her speech . Vermillion maintains that Maya finds comfort in the poem 's identification with suffering . Maya finds novels and their characters complete and meaningful , so she uses them to make sense of her bewildering world . She is so involved in her fantasy world of books that she even uses them as a way to cope with her rape , writing in Caged Bird , `` ... I was sure that any minute my mother or Bailey or the Green Hornet would bust in the door and save me '' . According to Walker , the power of words is another theme that appears repeatedly in Caged Bird . For example , Maya chooses to not speak after her rape because she is afraid of the destructive power of words . Mrs. Flowers , by introducing her to classic literature and poetry , teaches her about the positive power of language and empowers Maya to speak again . The importance of both the spoken and written word also appears repeatedly in Caged Bird and in all of Angelou 's autobiographies . Referring to the importance of literacy and methods of effective writing , Angelou once advised Oprah Winfrey in a 1993 interview to `` do as West Africans do ... listen to the deep talk '' , or the `` utterances existing beneath the obvious '' . McPherson says , `` If there is one stable element in Angelou 's youth it is ( a ) dependence upon books '' . The public library is a `` quiet refuge '' to which Maya retreats when she experiences crisis . Hagen describes Angelou as a `` natural story - teller '' , which `` reflect ( s ) a good listener with a rich oral heritage '' . Hagen also insists that Angelou 's years of muteness provided her with this skill . Angelou was also powerfully affected by slave narratives , spirituals , poetry , and other autobiographies . Angelou read through the Bible twice as a young child , and memorized many passages from it . African - American spirituality , as represented by Angelou 's grandmother , has influenced all of Angelou 's writings , in the activities of the church community she first experiences in Stamps , in the sermonizing , and in scripture . Hagen goes on to say that in addition to being influenced by rich literary form , Angelou has also been influenced by oral traditions . In Caged Bird , Mrs. Flowers encourages her to listen carefully to `` Mother Wit '' , which Hagen defines as the collective wisdom of the African - American community as expressed in folklore and humor . Angelou 's humor in Caged Bird and in all her autobiographies is drawn from Black folklore and is used to demonstrate that in spite of severe racism and oppression , Black people thrive and are , as Hagen states , `` a community of song and laughter and courage '' . Hagen states that Angelou is able to make an indictment of institutionalized racism as she laughs at her flaws and the flaws of her community and `` balances stories of black endurance of oppression against white myths and misperceptions '' . Hagen also characterize Caged Bird as a `` blues genre autobiography '' because it uses elements of blues music . These elements include the act of testimony when speaking of one 's life and struggles , ironic understatement , and the use of natural metaphors , rhythms , and intonations . Hagen also sees elements of African American sermonizing in Caged Bird . Angelou 's use of African - American oral traditions creates a sense of community in her readers , and identifies those who belong to it . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Critical reception and sales ( edit ) I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is the most highly acclaimed of Angelou 's autobiographies . The other volumes in her series of seven autobiographies are judged and compared to Caged Bird . It became a bestseller immediately after it was published . Angelou 's friend and mentor , James Baldwin , maintained that her book `` liberates the reader into life '' and called it `` a Biblical study of life in the midst of death '' . According to Angelou 's biographers , `` Readers , especially women , and in particular Black women , took the book to heart '' . James Baldwin ( 1955 ) , Angelou 's friend and mentor , called Caged Bird `` a Biblical study of life in the midst of death '' . By the end of 1969 , critics had placed Angelou in the tradition of other Black autobiographers . Poet James Bertolino asserts that Caged Bird `` is one of the essential books produced by our culture '' . He insists that `` ( w ) e should all read it , especially our children '' . It was nominated for a National Book Award in 1970 , has never been out of print , and has been published in many languages . It has been a Book of the Month Club selection and an Ebony Book Club selection . In 2011 , Time Magazine placed the book in its list of 100 best and most influential books written in English since 1923 . Critic Robert A. Gross called Caged Bird `` a tour de force of language '' . Edmund Fuller insisted that Angelou 's intellectual range and artistry were apparent in how she told her story . Caged Bird catapulted Angelou to international fame and critical acclaim , was a significant development in Black women 's literature in that it `` heralded the success of other now prominent writers '' . Other reviewers have praised Angelou 's use of language in the book , including critic E.M. Guiney , who reported that Caged Bird was `` one of the best autobiographies of its kind that I have read '' . Critic R.A. Gross praised Angelou for her use of rich and dazzling images . By the mid-1980s , Caged Bird had gone through 20 hardback printings and 32 paperback printings . The week after Angelou recited her poem `` On the Pulse of Morning '' at President Bill Clinton 's 1993 inauguration , sales of the paperback version of Caged Bird and her other works rose by 300 -- 600 percent . Caged Bird had sold steadily since its publication , but it increased by 500 percent . The 16 - page publication of `` On the Pulse of Morning '' became a best - seller , and the recording of the poem was awarded a Grammy Award . The Bantam Books edition of Caged Bird was a bestseller for 36 weeks , and they had to reprint 400,000 copies of her books to meet demand . Random House , which published Angelou 's hardcover books and the poem later that year , reported that they sold more of her books in January 1993 than they did in all of 1992 , marking a 1,200 percent increase . The book 's reception has not been universally positive ; for example , author Francine Prose considers its inclusion in the high school curriculum as partly responsible for the `` dumbing down '' of American society . Prose calls the book `` manipulative melodrama '' , and considers Angelou 's writing style an inferior example of poetic prose in memoir . She accuses Angelou of combining a dozen metaphors in one paragraph and for `` obscuring ideas that could be expressed so much more simply and felicitously '' . Many parents throughout the U.S. have sought to ban the book from schools and libraries for being inappropriate for younger high school students , for promoting premarital sex , homosexuality , cohabitation , and pornography , and for not supporting traditional values . Parents have also objected to the book 's use of profanity and to its graphic and violent depiction of rape and racism . Influence ( edit ) When Caged Bird was published in 1969 , Angelou was hailed as a new kind of memoirist , one of the first African - American women who was able to publicly discuss her personal life . Up to that point , Black women writers were marginalized to the point that they were unable to present themselves as central characters . Writer Julian Mayfield , who called Caged Bird `` a work of art that eludes description '' , has insisted that Angelou 's autobiographies set a precedent for African - American autobiography as a whole . Als insisted that Caged Bird marked one of the first times that a Black autobiographer could , as Als put it , `` write about blackness from the inside , without apology or defense '' . Through the writing of her autobiography , Angelou became recognized as a respected spokesperson for blacks and women . Caged Bird made her `` without a doubt ... America 's most visible black woman autobiographer '' . Although Als considers Caged Bird an important contribution to the increase of Black feminist writings in the 1970s , he attributes its success less to its originality than to `` its resonance in the prevailing Zeitgeist '' of its time , at the end of the American Civil Rights movement . Angelou 's writings , more interested in self - revelation than in politics or feminism , freed many other women writers to `` open themselves up without shame to the eyes of the world '' . Angelou 's autobiographies , especially the first volume , have been used in narrative and multicultural approaches to teacher education . Jocelyn A. Glazier , a professor at George Washington University , has used Caged Bird and Gather Together in My Name when training teachers to appropriately explore racism in their classrooms . Angelou 's use of understatement , self - mockery , humor , and irony causes readers of Angelou 's autobiographies to wonder what she `` left out '' and to be unsure how to respond to the events Angelou describes . These techniques force white readers to explore their feelings about race and their privileged status in society . Glazier found that although critics have focused on where Angelou fits within the genre of African - American autobiography and her literary techniques , readers react to her storytelling with `` surprise , particularly when ( they ) enter the text with certain expectations about the genre of autobiography '' . Educator Daniel Challener , in his 1997 book Stories of Resilience in Childhood , analyzed the events in Caged Bird to illustrate resiliency in children . Challener states that Angelou 's book provides a useful framework for exploring the obstacles many children like Maya face and how a community helps these children succeed as Angelou did . Psychologist Chris Boyatzis has used Caged Bird to supplement scientific theory and research in the instruction of child development topics such as the development of self - concept and self - esteem , ego resilience , industry versus inferiority , effects of abuse , parenting styles , sibling and friendship relations , gender issues , cognitive development , puberty , and identity formation in adolescence . He has called the book a highly effective tool for providing real - life examples of these psychological concepts . Censorship ( edit ) Caged Bird elicits criticism for its honest depiction of rape , its exploration of the ugly specter of racism in America , its recounting of the circumstances of Angelou 's own out - of - wedlock teen pregnancy , and its humorous poking at the foibles of the institutional church . -- Opal Moore Caged Bird has been criticized by many parents , causing it to be removed from school curricula and library shelves . The book was approved to be taught in public schools and was placed in public school libraries through the U.S. in the early 1980s , and was included in advanced placement and gifted student curricula , but attempts by parents to censor it began in 1983 . It has been challenged in 15 U.S. states . Educators have responded to these challenges by removing it from reading lists and libraries , by providing students with alternatives , and by requiring parental permission from students . Some have been critical of its sexually explicit scenes , use of language , and irreverent religious depictions . Caged Bird appeared third on the American Library Association ( ALA ) list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 , sixth on the ALA 's 2000 -- 2009 list , and one of the ten books most frequently banned from high school and junior high school libraries and classrooms . Film version ( edit ) A made - for - TV movie version of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was filmed in Mississippi and aired on April 28 , 1979 on CBS . Angelou and Leonora Thuna wrote the screenplay ; the movie was directed by Fielder Cook . Constance Good played young Maya . Also appearing were actors Esther Rolle , Roger E. Mosley , Diahann Carroll , Ruby Dee , and Madge Sinclair . Two scenes in the movie differed from events described in the book . Angelou added a scene between Maya and Uncle Willie after the Joe Louis fight ; in it , he expresses his feelings of redemption and hope after Louis defeats a white opponent . Angelou also presents her eighth grade graduation differently in the film . In the book , Henry Reed delivers the valedictory speech and leads the Black audience in the Negro national anthem . In the movie , Maya conducts these activities . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Angelou returned to Dunbar 's poem for the title of her sixth autobiography , A Song Flung Up to Heaven ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ There are over 100 references to literary characters in Angelou 's first six autobiographies . Jump up ^ Hagen , in his analysis of Caged Bird , goes through the book and lists all the folk stories and jokes Angelou refers to and uses . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tate , p. 150 ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 19 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Moore , Lucinda ( April 2003 ) . `` Growing Up Maya Angelou '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillespie et al , p. 81 Jump up ^ Minzesheimer , Bob ( 26 March 2008 ) . `` Maya Angelou Celebrates Her 80 Years of Pain and Joy '' . USA Today . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Younge , Gary ( 25 May 2002 ) . `` No Surrender '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dinitia ( 23 January 2007 ) . `` A Career in Letters , 50 Years and Counting '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Italie , Hillel ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` Robert Loomis , Editor of Styron , Angelou , Retires '' . The Washington Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 17 Jump up ^ Neary , Lynn ( 6 April 2008 ) . `` At 80 , Maya Angelou Reflects on a ' Glorious ' Life '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 57 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : `` Maya Angelou : 1929 - 2014 '' . Poetry Foundation . Poetry Magazine . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lupton , p. 15 Jump up ^ Sarler , Carol ( 1989 ) . `` A Life in the Day of Maya Angelou '' . In Elliot , Jeffrey M. Conversations with Maya Angelou. Jackson , Mississippi : University Press . p. 217 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 362 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Maya Angelou I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings '' . World Book Club ( interview ) . BBC World Service . October 2005 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Hagen , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Tate , p. 158 Jump up ^ Dunbar , Paul Laurence ( 1993 ) . Braxton , Joanne M. , ed . The Collected Poetry of Paul Laurence Dunbar . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Press . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1438 - 8 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloom , p. 19 Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 93 Jump up ^ Hagen , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Lupton , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Tate , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Lupton , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Plimpton , George ( Fall 1990 ) . `` Maya Angelou , The Art of Fiction No. 119 '' ( Interview ) . The Paris Review . 116 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Susan ( 1999 ) . `` Paths to Escape '' . In Braxton , Joanne M. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings : A Casebook . New York : Oxford Press . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511607 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cudjoe , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Braxton ( 2004 ) , p. 64 Jump up ^ Lupton , pp. 52 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Als , Hilton ( 5 August 2002 ) . `` Songbird : Maya Angelou takes another look at herself '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 34 ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 18 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Arensberg , p. 114 ^ Jump up to : Gillespie et al , p. 101 Jump up ^ Walker , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 20 Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Hagen , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 265 . ^ Jump up to : Lauret , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Arensberg , p. 115 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Cudjoe , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Lauret , p. 98 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 25 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 91 . Jump up ^ King , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Burgher , p. 115 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Arensberg , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Arensberg , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Richard ( 1 November 2005 ) . `` 35 Who Made a Difference : Maya Angelou '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Lupton , pp. 38 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Braxton ( 1999 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Angelou , Maya ( 1994 ) . The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou , New York : Random House , p. 194 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42895 - X ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 22 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 33 Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Brown , DeNeen L. ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Maya Angelou honored for her first job as a street car conductor in San Francisco '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Arensberg , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Moore , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 67 Jump up ^ Vermillion , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Vermillion , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Vermillion , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Healy , Sarah ( 21 February 2001 ) . `` Maya Angelou Speaks to 2,000 at Arlington Theater '' . The Daily Nexus . UC Santa Barbara . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cudjoe , p. 12 Jump up ^ Vermillion , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Braxton , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Braxton , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Robert ( 2003 ) . Victorian Appropriations of Shakespeare . Cranberry , NJ : Associated University Presses . p. 82 . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3970 - 4 Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Vermillion , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Arensberg , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 24 . Jump up ^ King , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Angelou , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Hagen , pp. 30 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Hagen , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Bertolino , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , p. 56 Jump up ^ Gibson , Megan ( 17 August 2011 ) . `` All - Time 100 Nonfiction Books : I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings '' . Time . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Baisnée , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Colford , Paul D. ( 28 October 1993 ) . `` Angelou Journeys Onto the Bestseller List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillespie et al , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Brozan , Nadine ( 30 January 1993 ) . `` Chronicle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Prose , Francine ( September 1999 ) . `` I Know Why the Caged Bird Cannot Read '' ( PDF ) . Harper 's Magazine . pp. 76 -- 84 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Henry , Peaches M. ( 2001 ) . `` Maya Angelou : I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings '' . In Jones , Derek . Censorship : A World Encyclopedia , Volume 1 - 4 . Routledge Publishers . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 135 - 0 . Jump up ^ Glazier , Jocelyn A. ( Winter 2003 ) . `` Moving Closer To Speaking the Unspeakable : White Teachers Talking about Race '' . Teacher Education Quarterly : 73 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Challener , Daniel D. ( 1997 ) . Stories of Resilience in Childhood . London , England : Taylor & Francis , pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 2800 - 1 Jump up ^ Boyatzis , Chris J. ( February 1992 ) . `` Let the Caged Bird Sing : Using Literature to Teach Developmental Psychology '' . Teaching of Psychology 19 ( 4 ) : 221 -- 222 . doi : 10.1207 / s15328023top1904_5 Jump up ^ Moore , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Foerstel , pp. 195 -- 196 . Jump up ^ `` 100 most frequently challenged books : 1990 -- 1999 '' . Banned and Challenged Books . American Library Association . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Banned / Challenged Books : 2000 - 2009 '' . Banned and Challenged Books . American Library Association . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings ( 1979 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Hal . `` I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings ( 1979 ) : Overview '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Lupton , p. 64 . Sources cited ( edit ) Angelou , Maya ( 1969 ) . I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 50789 - 2 Arensberg , Liliane K. ( 1999 ) . `` Death as Metaphor for Self '' . In Maya Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings : A Casebook , Joanne M. Braxton , ed . New York : Oxford Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511606 - 2 Baisnée , Valérie ( 1994 ) . Gendered Resistance : The Autobiographies of Simone de Beauvoir , Maya Angelou , Janet Frame and Marguerite Duras . Amsterdam : Rodopi . ISBN 90 - 420 - 0109 - 7 Bertolino , James ( 1996 ) . `` Maya Angelou is Three Writers '' . In Modern Critical Interpretations : Maya Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , Harold Bloom , ed . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 4773 - 3 Bloom , Harold , ed. ( 2004 ) . Maya Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7562 - 1 Bloom , Harold . `` Summary and Analysis '' , pp. 18 -- 51 Smith , Sidonie Ann . `` Angelou 's Quest for Self - Acceptance '' , pp. 52 -- 54 Braxton , Joanne M. ( 2004 ) . `` Black Autobiography '' , pp. 63 -- 64 Braxton , Joanne M. , ed. ( 1999 ) . Maya Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings : A Casebook . New York : Oxford Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511606 - 2 Braxton , Joanne M. `` Symbolic Geography and Psychic Landscapes : A Conversation with Maya Angelou '' , pp. 3 -- 20 Moore , Opal . `` Learning to Live : When the Bird Breaks from the Cage '' , pp. 49 -- 58 Vermillion , Mary . `` Reembodying the Self : Representations of Rape in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings '' , pp. 59 -- 76 Tate , Claudia ( 1999 ) . `` Maya Angelou : An Interview '' , pp. 149 -- 158 Burgher , Mary ( 1979 ) . `` Images of Self and Race in the Autobiographies of Black Women '' . In Sturdy Black Bridges , Roseann P. Bell , et al. , ed . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 13347 - 2 Cudjoe , Selwyn ( 1984 ) . `` Maya Angelou and the Autobiographical Statement '' . In Black Women Writers ( 1950 -- 1980 ) : A Critical Evaluation , Mari Evans , ed . Garden City , N.Y : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 17124 - 2 Cullinan , Bernice E. & Diane Goetz Person , eds . `` Angelou , Maya '' . In The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children 's Literature . Continuum International Publishing Group ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1778 - 7 . Foerstel , Herbert N. ( 2002 ) . Banned in the U.S.A. : A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 1 - 59311 - 374 - 9 Gillespie , Marcia Ann , Rosa Johnson Butler , and Richard A. Long ( 2008 ) . Maya Angelou : A Glorious Celebration . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51108 - 7 Hagen , Lyman B. ( 1997 ) . Heart of a Woman , Mind of a Writer , and Soul of a Poet : A Critical Analysis of the Writings of Maya Angelou . Lanham , Maryland : University Press . ISBN 0 - 7618 - 0621 - 0 King , Debra Walker ( 1998 ) . Deep Talk : Reading African American Literary Names . Charlottesville , VA : University Press of Virginia . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1852 - 9 Lauret , Maria ( 1994 ) . Liberating Literature : Feminist Fiction in America . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06515 - 1 Lupton , Mary Jane ( 1998 ) . Maya Angelou : A Critical Companion . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30325 - 8 McPherson , Dolly A. ( 1990 ) . Order out of Chaos : The Autobiographical Works of Maya Angelou . New York : Peter Lang Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 1139 - 6 Walker , Pierre A. ( October 1995 ) . `` Racial Protest , Identity , Words , and Form in Maya Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings '' . In Bloom 's Modern Critical Views : Maya Angelou . New York : Infobase Publishing , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 177 - 2 ( hide ) Works by Maya Angelou Albums Miss Calypso Autobiographies I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Gather Together in My Name Singin ' and Swingin ' and Gettin ' Merry Like Christmas The Heart of a Woman All God 's Children Need Traveling Shoes A Song Flung Up to Heaven Mom & Me & Mom Themes Poetry Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well And Still I Rise Shaker , Why Do n't You Sing ? Now Sheba Sings the Song I Shall Not Be Moved `` On the Pulse of Morning '' The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou Phenomenal Woman : Four Poems Celebrating Women `` A Brave and Startling Truth '' Celebrations , Rituals of Peace and Prayer Mother : A Cradle to Hold Me `` We Had Him '' Essays Would n't Take Nothing for My Journey Now Even the Stars Look Lonesome Letter to My Daughter Cookbooks Hallelujah ! The Welcome Table Great Food , All Day Long Screenplays Georgia , Georgia ( 1972 ) Sister , Sister ( 1982 ) Films Down in the Delta ( 1998 ) Related Honors BNF : cb13620888g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Know_Why_the_Caged_Bird_Sings&oldid=839159118 '' Categories : 1969 American novels African - American autobiographies American autobiographical novels American bildungsromans Books adapted into films Random House books Works by Maya Angelou Hidden categories : Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 17 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8184139070338228737 | Taxpayer Identification Number | Taxpayer Identification number - wikipedia Taxpayer Identification number This article is about identification numbers used in the US tax system . For taxpayer identification numbers used in other countries , see National identification number . Not to be confused with Personal identification number . For other types of identifying numbers , see UID ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on Taxation in the United States of America Federal taxation ( show ) Alternative minimum tax Capital gains tax Corporate tax Estate tax Excise tax Gift tax Income tax Payroll tax Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) Internal Revenue Code ( IRC ) IRS tax forms Revenue by state History Constitutional authority Taxpayer standing Court Protest Evasion State and local taxation ( show ) State income tax Property tax Sales tax Use tax Land value tax State tax levels Federal tax reform ( show ) Automated payment transaction tax 9 -- 9 -- 9 Competitive Tax Plan Efficient Taxation of Income FairTax Flat tax Hall -- Rabushka flat tax Kemp Commission Taxpayer Choice Act USA Tax Value added tax Border - adjustment tax United States portal A Taxpayer Identification Number ( TIN ) is an identifying number used for tax purposes in the United States . It is also known as a Tax Identification Number or Federal Taxpayer Identification Number . A TIN may be assigned by the Social Security Administration or by the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of TINs 1.1 SSNs 1.2 ITNs 1.3 EINs 2 Relevant Internal Revenue Code sections 3 See also 3.1 US taxation 3.2 Number use 4 References 5 External links Types of tins ( edit ) A Taxpayer Identification Number is not itself given out under that name , but instead is the term used to describe any of the governmentally provided numbers that can be used in the US as a unique identifier when interacting with the IRS . A TIN may be : a Social Security number ( SSN ) an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number ( ITIN ) an Employer Identification Number ( EIN ) , also known as a FEIN ( Federal Employer Identification Number ) an Adoption Taxpayer Identification Number , used as a temporary number for a child for whom the adopting parents can not obtain an SSN a Preparer Tax Identification Number , used by paid preparers of U.S. tax returns Ssns ( edit ) SSNs are used by individuals who have ( or had ) the right to work in the United States . Itns ( edit ) ITNs are used by aliens who may or may not have the right to work in the US , such as aliens on temporary visas and non-resident aliens with US income . Often people need the identification number because they have been advised by a bank that no account will be opened without a number , even if the account is being opened by a non-profit organization . Eins ( edit ) EINs are used by employers , sole proprietors , corporations , LLCs , partnerships , non-profit associations , trusts , estates of decedents , government agencies , certain individuals , and other business entities . Relevant Internal Revenue Code sections ( edit ) Section 6109 ( a ) of the Internal Revenue Code provides ( in part ) that `` When required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary ( of the Treasury or his delegate ) ( ... ) Any person required under the authority of this title ( i.e. , under the Internal Revenue Code ) to make a return , statement , or other document shall include in such return , statement or other document such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing proper identification of such person . '' Internal Revenue Code section 6109 ( d ) provides : `` The social security account number issued to an individual for purposes of section 205 ( c ) ( 2 ) ( A ) of the Social Security Act ( codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405 ( c ) ( 2 ) ( A ) ) shall , except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary ( of the Treasury or his delegate ) , be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title ( the Internal Revenue Code , title 26 of the United States Code ) . '' See also ( edit ) US taxation ( edit ) Federal government of the United States Taxation in the United States Number use ( edit ) Personal identification number ( PIN ) Primary key Serial number Single version of the truth Surrogate key Transaction authentication number Unique identifier ( UID ) UID ( disambiguation ) § Identifying numbers VAT identification number References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IRS website : Adoption Taxpayer Identification Number Jump up ^ IRS website : PTIN Requirements for Tax Return Preparers Jump up ^ See subsection ( a ) , paragraph ( 1 ) of 26 U.S.C. § 6109 . Jump up ^ See subsection ( d ) of 26 U.S.C. § 6109 . 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-4812133463532731875 | Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series) | Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya Genre Drama Romance Created by Director 's Kut Productions Written by Sonali Jaffer Dheeraj Sarna Vibha Singh Directed by Pradeep Gupta Romesh Kalra Creative director ( s ) Tanya Mukherjee Starring Kanchi Singh Mishkat Varma Reena Kapoor Pariche Sharma Mayur Mehta Rajeev Singh Opening theme Mohit Pathok Sailesh Suvarna Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 241 Production Producer ( s ) Rajan Shahi Editor ( s ) Sameer Gandhi Running time 22 Minutes Production company ( s ) Director 's Kut Productions Release Original network Zee TV Picture format 720i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 6 January ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) -- 2 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) External links Official website Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya ( English : And I Fell in Love ) ( International title : Love Oh Love ) is an Indian television drama show , which premiered on 6 January 2014 on Zee TV and on Zee World as Love Oh Love on 14 August 2017 . It stars Kanchi Singh and Mishkat Varma . The show is a coming of age story about two young people who have different notions about love . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Plot 3 References 4 External links Cast ( edit ) Mishkat Varma as Raj Vikram Purohit Kanchi Singh as Avni Raj Purohit Parichay Sharma as Abhass Suket Khandelwal ( dead ) Reena Kapoor as Bhavna ( Sangeeta ) Suket Khandelwal Rajeev Singh as Suket Khandelwal Rajeev Verma as Bauji Wasim Mushtaq as Akshat Suket Khandelwal Niketa Agrawal as Arpita Akshat Khandelwal Gunjan Khare as Madhuri Jashan Singh Arora Anup Sharma as Jashan Singh Arora Ashita Dhawan as Savri Shailesh Gulabani as Pratap Vinay Jain as Vikram Purohit Rukhsar Rehman as Anjli Vikram Purohit Mayur Mehta as Amit Neelam Gandhi as Devika Jaanvee Sangwan as Jahnvi Agarwal Navi Bhangu as Samarth ( Avni 's ex-fiancé ) Manasi Salvi as Manasi ( Guest appearances ) Naveen Sainias Mr. Chauhan Plot ( edit ) The story is about a Rajastani business family named Khandewal . Avni , the daughter of the Kandewals , falls in love with Raj , who is an assistant of Avni 's father Suket . Avni 's eldest brother Akshat ( a successful business man like his father ) entered his lover 's picture into the group of photos selected by his mother Bhavana for making Akshat 's wedding , convincing the family that his marriage was arranged . But before their wedding , Avni found the truth that Akshat and Arpita were lovers , but she chose not to expose him . Raj also helped them with the marriage , because Raj was Arpita 's Rakhi brother . After her brother 's marriage , Avni and Raj become more closer , but she does not accept this because her family would disapprove . After many problems , the family agreed to let them marry . Later Avni and Raj found that Avni 's mother ( whose real name was Sangeeta ) and Raj 's father were lovers . Sangeeta 's family never accepted this and they killed the whole family of Purohit ( Raj 's father ) . In reality , the death of Purohit ' family was a game of Virat ( Raj 's maternal uncle ) to avenge Sangeeta for slapping him . To keep his secret , Virat killed Avni 's brother Abhas . Avni and Raj expose Virat 's crime in front of the family , and they send Virat to jail . Afterwards , the two families live happily . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reena Kapoor back with ' Aur Pyar Ho Gaya ' after ' Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki ' '' . India TV News . Jump up ^ `` Reena Kapoor back on telly with Zee TV 's ` Aur ... Pyaar Ho Gaya ` '' . Zee News . < / plot > Jump up ^ `` Come fall in love with ... Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya : Is Kanchi Singh 's so - called daredevil stunt really that scary ? '' . bollywoodlife.com . Jump up ^ `` Mishkat Varma of ' Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya ' mistaken for Ranbir Kapoor '' . Zee News . Jump up ^ `` Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya : Avni , Raj mesmerising dance '' . India TV News . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 10 January 2014 ) . `` New romance in the New Year ! '' . ZEE TV . Jump up ^ `` No forced twists in ' Aur Pyaar ... ' : Reena Kapoor '' . The Times of India . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Programs currently broadcast by Zee TV Soap operas Aap Ke Aa Jane Se Bhootu Kaliren Kumkum Bhagya Kundali Bhagya Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey Piyaa Albela Woh Apna Sa Zindagi Ki Mahek Ishq Subhan Allah Reality shows Dance India Dance Weekend shows Fear Files Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aur_Pyaar_Ho_Gaya_(TV_series)&oldid=832572665 '' Categories : Zee TV television series Indian drama television series 2014 Indian television series debuts Indian television soap operas 2010s Indian television series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 20 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | aur pyaar ho gaya raj mom real name | [] | [] |
-2297269060425101011 | National Football League Rookie of the Year Award | National Football League Rookie of the Year award - wikipedia National Football League Rookie of the Year award Various entities present a National Football League Rookie of the Year Award each season to the top rookie ( s ) in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The NFL considers the rookie of the year awards by the Associated Press ( AP ) to be its official honor . The AP awards and Pepsi 's rookie of the year award are presented each year at the NFL Honors . Contents 1 Associated Press NFL ROTY Award 1.1 Offensive ROTY Winners ( 1967 -- present ) 1.2 Defensive ROTY Winners ( 1967 -- present ) 2 Pepsi NFL ROTY Award 2.1 Winners ( 2002 -- present ) 3 Pro Football Weekly / Pro Football Writers of America NFL ROTY Award 3.1 Overall ROTY Winners 3.2 Offensive ROTY Winners ( 1969 -- present ) 3.3 Defensive ROTY Winners ( 1969 -- present ) 4 Sporting News NFL ROTY Award 4.1 NFL ROTY Winners ( 1955 -- 1959 ) 4.2 AFL ROTY Winners ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 4.3 NFL ROTY Winners ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 4.4 AFC ROTY Winners ( 1970 -- 1979 ) 4.5 NFC ROTY Winners ( 1970 -- 1979 ) 4.6 NFL ROTYS Winners ( 1980 -- present ) 5 Defunct awards 5.1 United Press International NFL ROTY Award 5.1. 1 NFL winners ( 1955 -- 1969 ) 5.1. 2 AFL winners ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 5.1. 3 NFC winners ( 1970 -- 1996 ) 5.1. 4 AFC winners ( 1970 -- 1996 ) 5.2 NEA NFL ROTY Award 5.2. 1 Winners ( 1964 -- 1996 ) 6 References 7 External links Associated Press NFL ROTY Award ( edit ) Main article : Associated Press NFL Rookie of the Year Award Offensive ROTY Winners ( 1967 -- present ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position Ref 1967 Mel Farr Detroit Lions Running back 1968 Earl McCullouch Detroit Lions Wide receiver 1969 Calvin Hill Dallas Cowboys Running back 1970 Dennis Shaw Buffalo Bills Quarterback 1971 John Brockington Green Bay Packers Running back 1972 Franco Harris Pittsburgh Steelers Running back 1973 Chuck Foreman Minnesota Vikings Running back Don Woods San Diego Chargers Running back Mike Thomas Washington Redskins Running back 1976 Sammy White Minnesota Vikings Wide receiver 1977 Tony Dorsett Dallas Cowboys Running back 1978 Earl Campbell Houston Oilers Running back 1979 Ottis Anderson St. Louis Cardinals Running back 1980 Billy Sims Detroit Lions Running back 1981 George Rogers New Orleans Saints Running back 1982 Marcus Allen Los Angeles Raiders Running back Dan Marino Miami Dolphins Quarterback 1984 Louis Lipps Pittsburgh Steelers Wide receiver 1985 Eddie Brown Cincinnati Bengals Wide receiver 1986 Rueben Mayes New Orleans Saints Running back Troy Stradford Miami Dolphins Running back 1988 John Stephens New England Patriots Running back 1989 Barry Sanders Detroit Lions Running back 1990 Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys Running back 1991 Leonard Russell New England Patriots Running back 1992 Carl Pickens Cincinnati Bengals Wide receiver 1993 Jerome Bettis Los Angeles Rams Running back 1994 Marshall Faulk Indianapolis Colts Running back 1995 Curtis Martin New England Patriots Running back Eddie George Houston Oilers Running back 1997 Warrick Dunn Tampa Bay Buccaneers Running back 1998 Randy Moss Minnesota Vikings Wide receiver 1999 Edgerrin James Indianapolis Colts Running back 2000 Mike Anderson Denver Broncos Running back 2001 Anthony Thomas Chicago Bears Running back 2002 Clinton Portis Denver Broncos Running back 2003 Anquan Boldin Arizona Cardinals Wide receiver Ben Roethlisberger Pittsburgh Steelers Quarterback 2005 Cadillac Williams Tampa Bay Buccaneers Running back 2006 Vince Young Tennessee Titans Quarterback 2007 Adrian Peterson Minnesota Vikings Running back 2008 Matt Ryan Atlanta Falcons Quarterback 2009 Percy Harvin Minnesota Vikings Wide receiver Sam Bradford St. Louis Rams Quarterback 2011 Cam Newton Carolina Panthers Quarterback 2012 Robert Griffin III Washington Redskins Quarterback 2013 Eddie Lacy Green Bay Packers Running back 2014 Odell Beckham Jr . New York Giants Wide receiver 2015 Todd Gurley St. Louis Rams Running back 2016 Dak Prescott Dallas Cowboys Quarterback 2017 Alvin Kamara New Orleans Saints Running back Defensive ROTY Winners ( 1967 -- present ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position Ref 1967 Lem Barney Detroit Lions Cornerback 1968 Claude Humphrey Atlanta Falcons Defensive end 1969 Joe Greene Pittsburgh Steelers Defensive tackle 1970 Bruce Taylor San Francisco 49ers Cornerback 1971 Isiah Robertson Los Angeles Rams Linebacker 1972 Willie Buchanon Green Bay Packers Cornerback 1973 Wally Chambers Chicago Bears Defensive tackle Jack Lambert Pittsburgh Steelers Linebacker Robert Brazile Houston Oilers Linebacker 1976 Mike Haynes New England Patriots Cornerback 1977 A.J. Duhe Miami Dolphins Defensive end 1978 Al Baker Detroit Lions Defensive end 1979 Jim Haslett Buffalo Bills Linebacker 1980 Buddy Curry co-winner Al Richardson co-winner Atlanta Falcons Atlanta Falcons Linebacker Linebacker 1981 Lawrence Taylor New York Giants Linebacker 1982 Chip Banks Cleveland Browns Linebacker Vernon Leroy Maxwell Baltimore Colts Linebacker 1984 Bill Maas Kansas City Chiefs Defensive tackle 1985 Duane Bickett Indianapolis Colts Linebacker 1986 Leslie O'Neal San Diego Chargers Defensive end Shane Conlan Buffalo Bills Linebacker 1988 Erik McMillan New York Jets Safety 1989 Derrick Thomas Kansas City Chiefs Linebacker 1990 Mark Carrier Chicago Bears Safety 1991 Mike Croel Denver Broncos Linebacker 1992 Dale Carter Kansas City Chiefs Cornerback 1993 Dana Stubblefield San Francisco 49ers Defensive tackle 1994 Tim Bowens Miami Dolphins Defensive tackle 1995 Hugh Douglas New York Jets Defensive end Simeon Rice Arizona Cardinals Defensive end 1997 Peter Boulware Baltimore Ravens Linebacker 1998 Charles Woodson Oakland Raiders Cornerback 1999 Jevon Kearse Tennessee Titans Defensive end 2000 Brian Urlacher Chicago Bears Linebacker 2001 Kendrell Bell Pittsburgh Steelers Linebacker 2002 Julius Peppers Carolina Panthers Defensive end 2003 Terrell Suggs Baltimore Ravens Linebacker Jonathan Vilma New York Jets Linebacker 2005 Shawne Merriman San Diego Chargers Linebacker 2006 DeMeco Ryans Houston Texans Linebacker 2007 Patrick Willis San Francisco 49ers Linebacker 2008 Jerod Mayo New England Patriots Linebacker 2009 Brian Cushing Houston Texans Linebacker Ndamukong Suh Detroit Lions Defensive tackle 2011 Von Miller Denver Broncos Linebacker 2012 Luke Kuechly Carolina Panthers Linebacker 2013 Sheldon Richardson New York Jets Defensive end 2014 Aaron Donald St. Louis Rams Defensive tackle 2015 Marcus Peters Kansas City Chiefs Cornerback 2016 Joey Bosa San Diego Chargers Defensive end 2017 Marshon Lattimore New Orleans Saints Cornerback Pepsi NFL roty award ( edit ) The Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year award is an annual award given since 2002 to the top rookie in the NFL . The winner is selected by fans through an online voting process at NFL.com . Every week during the NFL regular season , five finalists are chosen for the Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week award , and the winner is determined by fan voting online . Those results are used to help determine the finalists for the Rookie of the Year award . Voting occurs throughout the postseason and concludes the week before the Super Bowl . More than 350,000 votes were cast for the inaugural award in 2002 , 1.002 million votes in 2009 , and more than 1.59 million votes in 2010 . Since 2011 , the winner of the Pepsi Rookie of the Year award is announced at the NFL Honors show the night before the Super Bowl . Winners ( 2002 -- present ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position Ref 2002 Jeremy Shockey New York Giants Tight end 2003 Domanick Davis Houston Texans Running back Ben Roethlisberger Pittsburgh Steelers Quarterback 2005 Cadillac Williams Tampa Bay Buccaneers Running back 2006 Vince Young Tennessee Titans Quarterback 2007 Adrian Peterson Minnesota Vikings Running back 2008 Joe Flacco Baltimore Ravens Quarterback 2009 Percy Harvin Minnesota Vikings Wide receiver Ndamukong Suh Detroit Lions Defensive tackle 2011 Cam Newton Carolina Panthers Quarterback 2012 Russell Wilson Seattle Seahawks Quarterback 2013 Keenan Allen San Diego Chargers Wide receiver 2014 Teddy Bridgewater Minnesota Vikings Quarterback 2015 Jameis Winston Tampa Bay Buccaneers Quarterback 2016 Dak Prescott Dallas Cowboys Quarterback 2017 Alvin Kamara New Orleans Saints Running back Pro Football Weekly / Pro Football Writers of America NFL roty award ( edit ) The Pro Football Weekly / Pro Football Writers Association ( PFW / PFWA ) Rookie of the Year awards have been given annually to an offensive and defensive rookie in the NFL since 1969 , except in 1985 . In 2013 , PFWA began selecting an overall NFL rookie of the year in addition to its offensive and defensive honors . The winners are chosen by Pro Football Weekly writers / editors and PFWA members . Overall ROTY Winners ( edit ) Season Player Team Position Ref 2013 Eddie Lacy Green Bay Packers Running back 2014 Odell Beckham Jr . New York Giants Wide receiver 2015 Todd Gurley St. Louis Rams Running back 2016 Ezekiel Elliott Dallas Cowboys Running back 2017 Kareem Hunt Kansas City Chiefs Running back Offensive ROTY Winners ( 1969 -- present ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position 1969 Calvin Hill ( NFL ) Dallas Cowboys Running back 1969 Greg Cook ( AFL ) Cincinnati Bengals Quarterback 1970 Dennis Shaw Buffalo Bills Quarterback 1971 Jim Plunkett New England Patriots Quarterback 1972 Franco Harris Pittsburgh Steelers Running back 1973 Chuck Foreman Minnesota Vikings Running back Don Woods San Diego Chargers Running back Mike Thomas co-winner Washington Redskins Running back Steve Bartkowski co-winner Atlanta Falcons Quarterback 1976 Sammy White Minnesota Vikings Wide receiver 1977 Tony Dorsett Dallas Cowboys Running back 1978 Earl Campbell Houston Oilers Running back 1979 Ottis Anderson St. Louis Cardinals Running back 1980 Billy Sims Detroit Lions Running back 1981 George Rogers New Orleans Saints Running back 1982 Marcus Allen Los Angeles Raiders Running back Eric Dickerson Los Angeles Rams Running back 1984 Louis Lipps Pittsburgh Steelers Wide receiver 1986 Rueben Mayes New Orleans Saints Running back Troy Stradford Miami Dolphins Running back 1988 John Stephens co-winner New England Patriots Running back 1988 Ickey Woods co-winner Cincinnati Bengals Running back 1989 Barry Sanders Detroit Lions Running back 1990 Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys Running back 1991 Leonard Russell New England Patriots Running back 1992 Jason Hanson Detroit Lions Placekicker 1993 Jerome Bettis Los Angeles Rams Running back 1994 Marshall Faulk Indianapolis Colts Running back 1995 Curtis Martin New England Patriots Running back Eddie George Houston Oilers Running back 1997 Warrick Dunn Tampa Bay Buccaneers Running back 1998 Randy Moss Minnesota Vikings Wide receiver 1999 Edgerrin James Indianapolis Colts Running back 2000 Mike Anderson Denver Broncos Running back 2001 Anthony Thomas Chicago Bears Running back 2002 Clinton Portis Denver Broncos Running back 2003 Anquan Boldin Arizona Cardinals Wide receiver Ben Roethlisberger Pittsburgh Steelers Quarterback 2005 Carnell `` Cadillac '' Williams Tampa Bay Buccaneers Running back 2006 Vince Young Tennessee Titans Quarterback 2007 Adrian Peterson Minnesota Vikings Running back 2008 Matt Ryan Atlanta Falcons Quarterback 2009 Percy Harvin Minnesota Vikings Wide receiver Sam Bradford St. Louis Rams Quarterback 2011 Cam Newton Carolina Panthers Quarterback 2012 Robert Griffin III Washington Redskins Quarterback 2013 Keenan Allen San Diego Chargers Wide receiver 2014 Odell Beckham Jr . New York Giants Wide receiver 2015 Todd Gurley St. Louis Rams Running back 2016 Ezekiel Elliott Dallas Cowboys Running back 2017 Kareem Hunt Kansas City Chiefs Running back Alvin Kamara New Orleans Saints Running back Defensive ROTY Winners ( 1969 -- present ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position 1969 Joe Greene ( NFL ) Pittsburgh Steelers Defensive tackle 1969 Jim Marsalis ( AFL ) Kansas City Chiefs Cornerback 1970 Bruce Taylor San Francisco 49ers Cornerback 1971 Isiah Robertson Los Angeles Rams Linebacker 1972 Sherman White Cincinnati Bengals Defensive end 1973 Wally Chambers Chicago Bears Defensive tackle Jack Lambert Pittsburgh Steelers Linebacker Robert Brazile Houston Oilers Linebacker 1976 Mike Haynes New England Patriots Cornerback 1977 A.J. Duhe Miami Dolphins Defensive end 1978 Al Baker Detroit Lions Defensive end 1979 Jesse Baker Houston Oilers Defensive end 1980 Buddy Curry Atlanta Falcons Linebacker 1981 Lawrence Taylor New York Giants Linebacker 1982 Chip Banks Cleveland Browns Linebacker Vernon Leroy Maxwell Baltimore Colts Linebacker 1984 Tom Flynn Green Bay Packers Safety 1986 Leslie O'Neal co-winner San Diego Chargers Defensive end 1986 John Offerdahl co-winner Miami Dolphins Linebacker Shane Conlan Buffalo Bills Linebacker 1988 Erik McMillan New York Jets Safety 1989 Derrick Thomas Kansas City Chiefs Linebacker 1990 Mark Carrier Chicago Bears Safety 1991 Mike Croel Denver Broncos Linebacker 1992 Dale Carter Kansas City Chiefs Cornerback 1993 Dana Stubblefield San Francisco 49ers Defensive tackle 1994 Tim Bowens Miami Dolphins Defensive tackle 1995 Hugh Douglas New York Jets Defensive end Simeon Rice Arizona Cardinals Defensive end 1997 Peter Boulware Baltimore Ravens Linebacker 1998 Charles Woodson Oakland Raiders Cornerback 1999 Jevon Kearse Tennessee Titans Defensive end 2000 Brian Urlacher Chicago Bears Linebacker 2001 Kendrell Bell Pittsburgh Steelers Linebacker 2002 Julius Peppers Carolina Panthers Defensive end 2003 Terrell Suggs Baltimore Ravens Linebacker Dunta Robinson Houston Texans Cornerback 2005 Shawne Merriman San Diego Chargers Linebacker 2006 DeMeco Ryans Houston Texans Linebacker 2007 Patrick Willis San Francisco 49ers Linebacker 2008 Jerod Mayo New England Patriots Linebacker 2009 Brian Cushing Houston Texans Linebacker Ndamukong Suh Detroit Lions Defensive tackle 2011 Aldon Smith San Francisco 49ers Outside linebacker 2012 Luke Kuechly Carolina Panthers Linebacker 2013 Kiko Alonso Buffalo Bills Linebacker 2014 Aaron Donald St. Louis Rams Defensive tackle 2015 Marcus Peters Kansas City Chiefs Cornerback 2016 Joey Bosa San Diego Chargers Defensive end 2017 Marshon Lattimore New Orleans Saints Cornerback Sporting News NFL roty award ( edit ) The Sporting News NFL Rookie of the Year award is chosen annually by NFL players , coaches , and executives . There were 617 voters in 2010 , 632 voters in 2011 , and over 800 voters in 2012 . NFL ROTY Winners ( 1955 -- 1959 ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position 1955 Alan Ameche Baltimore Colts Fullback 1956 J.C. Caroline Chicago Bears Defensive back 1957 Jim Brown Cleveland Browns Fullback 1958 Bobby Mitchell Cleveland Browns Halfback 1959 Nick Pietrosante Detroit Lions Fullback AFL ROTY Winners ( 1960 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position 1960 Abner Haynes Dallas Texans Halfback 1961 Earl Faison San Diego Chargers Defensive end 1962 Curtis McClinton Dallas Texans Fullback 1963 Billy Joe Denver Broncos Fullback 1964 Matt Snell New York Jets Fullback 1965 Joe Namath New York Jets Quarterback 1966 Bobby Burnett Buffalo Bills Halfback 1967 Dickie Post San Diego Chargers Halfback 1968 Paul Robinson Cincinnati Bengals Running back 1969 Carl Garrett Boston Patriots Halfback NFL ROTY Winners ( 1960 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position 1960 Gail Cogdill Detroit Lions Wide receiver 1961 Mike Ditka Chicago Bears Tight end 1962 Ronnie Bull Chicago Bears Halfback 1963 Paul Flatley Minnesota Vikings Wide receiver 1964 Charley Taylor Washington Redskins Wide receiver 1965 Gale Sayers Chicago Bears Halfback 1966 Tommy Nobis Atlanta Falcons Linebacker 1967 Mel Farr Detroit Lions Halfback 1968 Earl McCullouch Detroit Lions Wide receiver 1969 Calvin Hill Dallas Cowboys Halfback AFC ROTY Winners ( 1970 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position 1970 Dennis Shaw Buffalo Bills Quarterback 1971 Jim Plunkett New England Patriots Quarterback 1972 Franco Harris Pittsburgh Steelers Fullback 1973 Boobie Clark Cincinnati Bengals Fullback Don Woods San Diego Chargers Halfback Robert Brazile Houston Oilers Linebacker 1976 Mike Haynes New England Patriots Cornerback 1977 A.J. Duhe Miami Dolphins Defensive end 1978 Earl Campbell Houston Oilers Running back 1979 Jerry Butler Buffalo Bills Wide receiver NFC ROTY Winners ( 1970 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position 1970 Bruce Taylor San Francisco 49ers Cornerback 1971 John Brockington Green Bay Packers Fullback 1972 Chester Marcol Green Bay Packers Placekicker 1973 Chuck Foreman Minnesota Vikings Running back Wilbur Jackson San Francisco 49ers Running back Steve Bartkowski Atlanta Falcons Quarterback 1976 Sammy White Minnesota Vikings Wide receiver 1977 Tony Dorsett Dallas Cowboys Running back 1978 Al Baker Detroit Lions Defensive end 1979 Ottis Anderson St. Louis Cardinals Running back NFL ROTYS Winners ( 1980 -- present ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position 1980 Billy Sims Detroit Lions Running back 1981 George Rogers New Orleans Saints Running back 1982 Marcus Allen Los Angeles Raiders Running back Dan Marino Miami Dolphins Quarterback 1984 Louis Lipps Pittsburgh Steelers Wide receiver 1985 Eddie Brown Cincinnati Bengals Wide receiver 1986 Reuben Mayes New Orleans Saints Running back Robert Awalt St. Louis Cardinals Tight end 1988 Keith Jackson Philadelphia Eagles Tight end 1989 Barry Sanders Detroit Lions Running back 1990 Richmond Webb Miami Dolphins Offensive tackle 1991 Mike Croel Denver Broncos Linebacker 1992 Santana Dotson Tampa Bay Buccaneers Defensive tackle 1993 Jerome Bettis Los Angeles Rams Running back 1994 Marshall Faulk Indianapolis Colts Running back 1995 Curtis Martin New England Patriots Running back Eddie George Houston Oilers Running back 1997 Warrick Dunn Tampa Bay Buccaneers Running back 1998 Randy Moss Minnesota Vikings Wide receiver 1999 Edgerrin James Indianapolis Colts Running back 2000 Brian Urlacher Chicago Bears Linebacker 2001 Kendrell Bell Pittsburgh Steelers Linebacker 2002 Clinton Portis Denver Broncos Running back 2003 Anquan Boldin Arizona Cardinals Wide receiver Ben Roethlisberger Pittsburgh Steelers Quarterback 2005 Shawne Merriman San Diego Chargers Linebacker 2006 Vince Young Tennessee Titans Quarterback 2007 Adrian Peterson Minnesota Vikings Running back 2008 Matt Ryan Atlanta Falcons Quarterback 2009 Percy Harvin Minnesota Vikings Wide receiver Ndamukong Suh Detroit Lions Defensive tackle 2011 Cam Newton Carolina Panthers Quarterback 2012 Robert Griffin III Washington Redskins Quarterback 2013 Eddie Lacy Green Bay Packers Running back 2014 Odell Beckham Jr . New York Giants Wide receiver 2015 Todd Gurley St. Louis Rams Running Back 2016 Ezekiel Elliott Dallas Cowboys Running Back 2017 Alvin Kamara New Orleans Saints Running Back Defunct awards ( edit ) United Press International NFL roty award ( edit ) United Press International ( UPI ) awarded an annual NFL Rookie of the Year award from 1955 -- 1959 and two annual awards from 1960 to 1996 . From 1960 to 1969 the awards went to a rookie from the NFL and American Football League ( AFL ) , and after the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , the awards went to a rookie from the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and American Football Conference ( AFC ) . NFL winners ( 1955 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position Ref 1955 Alan Ameche Baltimore Colts Fullback 1956 Lenny Moore Baltimore Colts Halfback 1957 Jim Brown Cleveland Browns Fullback 1958 Jimmy Orr Pittsburgh Steelers End 1959 Boyd Dowler Green Bay Packers End 1960 Gail Cogdill Detroit Lions End 1961 Mike Ditka Chicago Bears Tight end 1962 Ronnie Bull Chicago Bears Fullback 1963 Paul Flatley Minnesota Vikings Wide receiver 1964 Charley Taylor Washington Redskins Wide receiver 1965 Gale Sayers Chicago Bears Running back 1966 Johnny Roland St. Louis Cardinals Halfback 1967 Mel Farr Detroit Lions Running back 1968 Earl McCullough Detroit Lions Flanker 1969 Calvin Hill Dallas Cowboys Running back AFL winners ( 1960 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position Ref 1960 Abner Haynes Dallas Texans Halfback 1961 Earl Faison San Diego Chargers Defensive end 1962 Curtis McClinton Dallas Texans Fullback 1963 Billy Joe Denver Broncos Fullback 1964 Matt Snell New York Jets Fullback 1965 Joe Namath New York Jets Quarterback 1966 Bobby Burnett Buffalo Bills Halfback 1967 George Webster Houston Oilers Linebacker 1968 Paul Robinson Cincinnati Bengals Running back 1969 Greg Cook Cincinnati Bengals Quarterback NFC winners ( 1970 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position 1970 Bruce Taylor San Francisco 49ers Defensive back 1971 John Brockington Green Bay Packers Running back 1972 Chester Marcol Green Bay Packers Kicker 1973 Charle Young Philadelphia Eagles Tight end John Hicks New York Giants Guard Mike Thomas Washington Redskins Running back 1976 Sammy White Minnesota Vikings Wide receiver 1977 Tony Dorsett Dallas Cowboys Running back 1978 Al Baker Detroit Lions DE 1979 Ottis Anderson St. Louis Cardinals Running back 1980 Billy Sims Detroit Lions Running back 1981 George Rogers New Orleans Saints RB 1982 Jim McMahon Chicago Bears QB Eric Dickerson Los Angeles Rams RB 1984 Paul McFadden Philadelphia Eagles PK 1985 Jerry Rice San Francisco 49ers Wide receiver 1986 Rueben Mayes New Orleans Saints Running back Robert Awalt St. Louis Cardinals Tight end 1988 Keith Jackson Philadelphia Eagles Tight end 1989 Barry Sanders Detroit Lions Running back 1990 Mark Carrier Chicago Bears Safety 1991 Lawrence Dawsey Tampa Bay Buccaneers Wide receiver 1992 Robert Jones Dallas Cowboys Linebacker 1993 Jerome Bettis Los Angeles Rams Running back 1994 Bryant Young San Francisco 49ers Defensive tackle 1995 Rashaan Salaam Chicago Bears Running back Simeon Rice Arizona Cardinals Defensive end AFC winners ( 1970 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position 1970 Dennis Shaw Buffalo Bills QB 1971 Jim Plunkett New England Patriots QB 1972 Franco Harris Pittsburgh Steelers RB 1973 Boobie Clark Cincinnati Bengals RB Don Woods San Diego Chargers RB Robert Brazile Houston Oilers LB 1976 Mike Haynes New England Patriots DB 1977 A.J. Duhe Miami Dolphins DE 1978 Earl Campbell Houston Oilers RB 1979 Jerry Butler Buffalo Bills WR 1980 Joe Cribbs Buffalo Bills RB 1981 Joe Delaney Kansas City Chiefs RB 1982 Marcus Allen Los Angeles Raiders RB Curt Warner Seattle Seahawks RB 1984 Louis Lipps Pittsburgh Steelers WR 1985 Kevin Mack Cleveland Browns RB 1986 Leslie O'Neal San Diego Chargers DE Shane Conlan Buffalo Bills LB 1988 John Stephens New England Patriots RB 1989 Derrick Thomas Kansas City Chiefs LB 1990 Richmond Webb Miami Dolphins OT 1991 Mike Croel Denver Broncos LB 1992 Dale Carter Kansas City Chiefs CB 1993 Rick Mirer Seattle Seahawks QB 1994 Marshall Faulk Indianapolis Colts RB 1995 Curtis Martin New England Patriots RB Terry Glenn New England Patriots WR NEA NFL roty award ( edit ) The NEA NFL Rookie of the Year award was founded in 1964 by the Newspaper Enterprise Association and was created by Murray Olderman , the senior sports editor for the NEA . From 1971 through 1976 winners for both the American Football Conference and National Football Conference were chosen , except in 1974 . The award was discontinued after the 1996 season . Winners were awarded the Bert Bell Memorial Trophy in honor of former NFL commissioner Bert Bell . Winners ( 1964 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Season Player Team Position 1964 Charley Taylor Washington Redskins Wide receiver 1965 Gale Sayers Chicago Bears Running back 1966 Tommy Nobis Atlanta Falcons Linebacker 1967 Mel Farr Detroit Lions Running back 1968 Earl McCullouch Detroit Lions Wide receiver 1969 Calvin Hill Dallas Cowboys Running back 1970 Raymond Chester Oakland Rainders Tight end 1971 Jim Plunkett ( AFC ) New England Patriots Quarterback 1971 John Brockington ( NFC ) Green Bay Packers Running back 1972 Franco Harris ( AFC ) Pittsburgh Steelers Running back 1972 Willie Buchanon ( NFC ) Green Bay Packers Cornerback 1973 Boobie Clark ( AFC ) Cincinnati Bengals Running back 1973 Chuck Foreman ( NFC ) Minnesota Vikings Running back Don Woods San Diego Chargers Running back Robert Brazile ( AFC ) Houston Oilers Linebacker Steve Bartkowski ( NFC ) Atlanta Falcons Quarterback 1976 Mike Haynes ( AFC ) New England Patriots Cornerback 1976 Sammy White ( NFC ) Minnesota Vikings Patriots Wide receiver 1977 Tony Dorsett Dallas Cowboys Running back 1978 Earl Campbell Houston Oilers Running back 1979 Ottis Anderson St. Louis Cardinals Running back 1980 Billy Sims Detroit Lions Running back 1981 Lawrence Taylor New York Giants Outside linebacker 1982 Marcus Allen Los Angeles Raiders Running back Eric Dickerson Los Angeles Rams Running back 1984 Louis Lipps Pittsburgh Steelers Wide receiver 1985 Eddie Brown Cincinnati Bengals Wide receiver 1986 Rueben Mayes New Orleans Saints Running back Bo Jackson Los Angeles Raiders Running back 1988 John Stephens New England Patriots Running back 1989 Barry Sanders Detroit Lions Running back 1990 Eric Green Pittsburgh Steelers Tight end 1991 Mike Croel Denver Broncos Outside linebacker 1992 Dale Carter Kansas City Chiefs Cornerback 1993 Jerome Bettis Los Angeles Rams Running back 1994 Marshall Faulk Indianapolis Colts Running back 1995 Joey Galloway Seattle Seahawks Wide receiver Eddie George Houston Oilers Running back References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Demovsky , Rob ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Lacy is PFWA 's top rookie ; AP award next ? '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Farr , Barney Best Rookies '' . Alton Evening Telegraph . Associated Press . December 15 , 1967 . p. 21 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL 's Top 2 Rookies Of Year Are Named '' . Ironwood Daily Globe . Associated Press . December 20 , 1968 . p. 5 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Panthers ' Newton voted AP Offensive Rookie of the Year '' . National Football League . Associated Press . February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Griffin III wins Offensive Rookie of the Year '' . National Football League . February 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Tom ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Packers RB Eddie Lacy named AP NFL offensive rookie of the year '' . Milwaukee Journal - Sentinel . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Giants WR Odell Beckham Jr. is top offensive rookie '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Gary ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Rams ' Todd Gurley is NFL 's offensive rookie of the year '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dak Prescott named NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year '' . Fox Sports . Associated Press . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Saints ' Alvin Kamara wins Offensive Rookie of the Year '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Miller wins Defensive Rookie of Year '' ( February 4 , 2012 ) . Fox Sports . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Kuechly wins Defensive Rookie of the Year honors '' . National Football League . February 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rock , Tim ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Jets DT Sheldon Richardson named AP NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year '' . Newsday . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Aaron ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` Aaron Donald named Defensive Rookie of the Year , beating out Ravens ' C.J. Mosley '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Marcus Peters named Defensive Rookie of the Year '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gehlken , Michael ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Honored Joey Bosa sees ' scary ' potential for 2017 '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Marshon Lattimore wins Defensive Rookie of Year '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Pepsi Rookie of the Year 2012 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scout.com : Shockey wins Rookie of the Year '' . Nyg.scout.com . January 22 , 2003 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harvin wins Pepsi rookie of the year award ProFootballTalk '' . Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Alec Baldwin to host ' 2nd Annual NFL Honors ' Super Bowl Eve '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Altavilla , John ( January 23 , 2003 ) . `` Top Rookie Shockey Pledges Better Behavior '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gehlken , Michael ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Fans vote Keenan Allen top NFL rookie '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Craig , Mark ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Bridgewater wins fan - vote rookie of the year ; eager to play in Super Bowl someday '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lam , Quang M. ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Jameis Winston wins Pepsi Rookie of the Year award '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dak Prescott named Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year '' . The Clarion - Ledger . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunne , Tyler ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` PFWA names Eddie Lacy rookie of the year '' . Milwaukee Journal - Sentinel . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Green Bay 's Lacy PFWA Rookie of the Year , Allen OROY , Alonso DROY ; All - Rookie Team named '' ( Press release ) . Professional Football Writers of America . January 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giants ' Beckham Jr . PFWA Rookie / Offensive Rookie of the Year , St. Louis ' Donald Defensive Rookie of the Year ; All - Rookie Team named '' ( Press release ) . Professional Football Writers of America . January 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gurley Named PFWA Rookie of the Year '' . therams.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cowboys ' Elliott PFWA Rookie / Offensive Rookie of the Year , Chargers ' Bosa Defensive Rookie of the Year ; 2016 All - Rookie Team named '' ( Press release ) . Pro Football Writers Association . January 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs ' RB Kareem Hunt Voted PFWA 's Rookie of the Year for 2017 '' . Chiefs.com . Jump up ^ `` Scribes Choose Sammy White Rookie of Year '' . Idaho State Journal . Associated Press . January 9 , 1977 . p. 18 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Dickerson voted top NFL rookie '' . Santa Cruz Sentinel . Associated Press . January 22 , 1984 . p. 50 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Newton chosen as Rookie of the Year '' . ProFootballWeekly.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` RG3 wins PFW / PFWA Rookie of the Year '' . ProFootballWeekly.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Aldon Smith wins Defensive Rookie of the Year '' . ProFootballWeekly.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kuechly wins PFW / PFWA Defensive Rookie of the Year '' . ProFootballWeekly.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` SN NFL Rookie of the Year : Ndamukong Suh '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Sporting News 2011 NFL awards : Cam Newton , Rookie of the Year '' . Sporting News . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` Sporting News 2012 NFL awards : Robert Griffin III , Rookie of the Year '' . Sporting News . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pietrosante NFL Rookie of Year '' . Lincoln Evening Journal . Associated Press . January 3 , 1960 . p. 32 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Lehman , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Pro Football Historical Abstract ( print ed . ) . Guilford , Connecticut : Lyons Press . pp. 173 , 277 -- 278 . ISBN 9781592289400 . Jump up ^ Lehman 2008 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ World Almanac and Book of Facts ( Microform ed . ) . Mahwah , New Jersey : World Almanac Books . 2013 . ISBN 9781600571824 . Jump up ^ Lehman 2008 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ World Almanac 2013 . Jump up ^ Lehman 2008 , pp. 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Lehman 2008 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Lehman 2008 , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Lehman 2008 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Lehman 2008 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Lehman 2008 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Lehman 2008 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Lehman 2008 , pp. 122 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Lehman 2008 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Ameche Rookie Of Year '' . Pampa Daily News . United Press . December 22 , 1955 . p. 17 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Moore Pro Rookie of Year '' . The Daily Register . United Press . January 3 , 1957 . p. 9 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Wright , Earl ( December 24 , 1957 ) . `` Brown Named Outstanding Grid Rookie In UP Poll '' . The Times Record . United Press . p. 32 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Jim Orr , Steelers Back , Chosen Rookie Of Year '' . Redlands Daily Facts . United Press International . January 5 , 1959 . p. 8 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Dowler Named Rookie Of Year '' . Statesville Record And Landmark . United Press International . January 5 , 1960 . p. 8 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Gail Cogdill Is Rookie of Year '' . The Yuma Daily Sun . United Press International . December 28 , 1960 . p. 5 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Bears ' Mike Ditka Named NFL 's Rookie Of The Year '' . The Times Recorder . United Press International . December 31 , 1961 . p. 18 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Bull Rookie of Year '' . Corvallis Gazette - Times . United Press International . December 28 , 1962 . p. 7 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Bears ' Gale Sayers Rookie Of The Year '' . The Brownsville Herald . United Press International . December 22 , 1965 . p. 13 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Hill Rookie of Year In NFL '' . Valley Morning Star . United Press International . December 21 , 1969 . p. 19 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Rice is the NFC rookie of the year '' . Ukiah Daily Journal . United Press International . January 8 , 1986 . p. 10 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( December 19 , 1965 ) . `` Gale Sayers Wins Award '' . The Herald - Journal . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 5 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . External links ( edit ) Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year National Football League awards and trophies Team Vince Lombardi Trophy Lamar Hunt Trophy ( AFC ) George Halas Trophy ( NFC ) Individual Most Valuable Player Coach of the Year Offensive Player of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Rookie of the Year Comeback Player of the Year Walter Payton Man of the Year `` Whizzer '' White Man of the Year Bert Bell Award Art Rooney Award Super Bowl MVP One - time only 75th Anniversary All - Time Team ( 1994 ) All - Decade Teams Annual presentation NFL Honors NFL Top 100 Awards organizations Kansas City Committee of 101 Maxwell Football Club National Football League Alumni Touchdown Club of Columbus Washington D.C. Touchdown Club Defunct Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy Brunswick - Balke Collender Cup NEA Defensive Player of the Year PFWA Defensive Player of the Year NEA Rookie of the Year UPI AFL - AFC Player of the Year UPI NFC Player of the Year UPI AFL - AFC Rookie of the Year UPI NFL - NFC Rookie of the Year Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Football_League_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=861941281 '' Categories : National Football League trophies and awards National Football League Offensive Rookie of the Year Award winners National Football League Defensive Rookie of the Year Award winners Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 03 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1933249199406596251 | Alexandra Daddario | Alexandra Daddario - wikipedia Alexandra Daddario Alexandra Daddario Daddario in May 2017 Alexandra Anna Daddario ( 1986 - 03 - 16 ) March 16 , 1986 ( age 32 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Alma mater Marymount Manhattan College Occupation Actress Years active 1998 -- present Relatives Matthew Daddario ( brother ) Emilio Q. Daddario ( grandfather ) Alexandra Anna Daddario ( born March 16 , 1986 ) is an American actress . She is known for playing Annabeth Chase in the Percy Jackson film series , Blake Gaines in San Andreas , and Summer Quinn in Baywatch . Daddario also starred in the films Texas Chainsaw 3D and Hall Pass , and has guest starred in television series such as White Collar , It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia , True Detective , New Girl and American Horror Story . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Web 3.4 Music videos 3.5 Video games 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Daddario was born in New York City , the eldest child of Christina , a lawyer , and Richard Daddario , a prosecutor and former head of the New York City Police Department counter-terrorism unit under Mayor Michael Bloomberg . Her brother , Matthew Daddario , is also an actor , and she has a sister named Catharine . Her paternal grandfather was Emilio Q. Daddario , a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives for the state of Connecticut , from 1959 to 1971 . She has Italian , Hungarian , English , and Irish ancestry . Daddario was raised on Manhattan 's Upper East Side . She attended Brearley School as well as the Professional Children 's School . Daddario said she decided to be an actress at the age of eleven . She attended Marymount Manhattan College . She has studied the Meisner acting technique for years . Career ( edit ) Daddario at WonderCon in April 2015 Daddario made her television debut at the age of 16 , when she played victimized teen Laurie Lewis in the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children . Her first major role was as Annabeth Chase in the fantasy adventure film Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) . She also had a recurring role as Neal Caffrey 's love interest Kate Moreau in the USA Network 's procedural drama series White Collar . In 2011 , she co-starred in Hall Pass and had a recurring role as Rachel in NBC 's comedy - drama series Parenthood . In 2012 , she starred in the music video for Imagine Dragons ' song `` Radioactive '' , and had an episode guest stint in the FX sitcom It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia as Ruby Taft . Her first starring role after Percy Jackson was the slasher film Texas Chainsaw 3D ( 2013 ) as the lead character Heather Miller . In the latter part of 2013 , Daddario reprised her role as Annabeth Chase in the film sequel Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters . She then appeared in the romantic horror comedy Burying the Ex with Anton Yelchin and Ashley Greene . Burying the Ex was among the chosen films participating but not competing at the Venice Film Festival in 2014 . In 2014 , Daddario had a short role in the first season of the HBO anthology series True Detective . She appeared in a four - episode arc as Lisa Tragnetti , a court reporter having an extramarital affair with Woody Harrelson 's character . The following year , she had a lead role as Blake Gaines in the disaster film San Andreas , alongside Dwayne Johnson . Also in 2015 , Daddario made a cameo appearance in the pilot of the Fox comedy series The Last Man on Earth created by and starring Will Forte . That same year , she guest starred in the fifth season of the FX anthology series American Horror Story , portraying a fictionalized version of designer Natacha Rambova . Daddario at Austin Film Festival in October 2016 In 2016 , she had a supporting role in the Nicholas Sparks romantic drama film The Choice , directed by Ross Katz . Daddario subsequently starred as one of the leads in the film adaptation of Baywatch ( 2017 ) , reuniting with her San Andreas co-star Dwayne Johnson . She played Summer Quinn , who was portrayed by Nicole Eggert in the original television series . That same year , Daddario portrayed Kate Jeffries , alongside Kate Upton , in the road trip comedy The Layover ( 2017 ) , directed by William H. Macy . In 2018 , Daddario appeared in the music video `` Wait '' by Maroon 5 and starred as Avery Martin in the romantic comedy When We First Met , opposite the film 's co-writer Adam DeVine . She is set to star as Constance Blackwood in We Have Always Lived in the Castle , a Stacie Passon - directed film adaptation of Shirley Jackson 's mystery thriller novel of the same name . Daddario has been cast alongside Henry Cavill and Sir Ben Kingsley in the psychological thriller Nomis , and is also headlining the drama - thriller film I Am Not a Bird . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 The Squid and the Whale Pretty Girl 2006 Pitch Alex Short film 2006 The Hottest State Kim 2007 The Babysitters Barbara Yates 2007 The Attic Ava Strauss Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Annabeth Chase Bereavement Allison Miller 2011 Hall Pass Paige 2013 Texas Chainsaw 3D Heather Miller 2013 Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Annabeth Chase 2013 Life in Text Haley Greene Short film 2014 Burying the Ex Olivia 2015 San Andreas Blake Gaines 2016 The Choice Monica 2016 Baked in Brooklyn Kate Winston 2017 Baywatch Summer Quinn 2017 The House Corsica 2017 The Layover Kate Jeffries 2018 When We First Met Avery Martin Netflix film 2018 Rampage Scuba Diver Deleted scene only 2018 We Have Always Lived in the Castle Constance Blackwood Post-production 2018 Nomis Rachel Post-production 2018 I Am Not a Bird Margaret Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 -- 2003 All My Children Laurie Lewis 43 episodes Law & Order Felicia Episode : `` Enemy '' 2005 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Susie Armstrong Episode : `` In the Wee Small Hours ( Part 1 ) '' 2006 Conviction Vanessa Episode : `` Pilot '' 2006 The Sopranos Another Woman Episode : `` Johnny Cakes '' 2006 Law & Order Samantha Beresford Episode : `` Release '' 2009 Damages Lily Arsenault Episode : `` I Lied , Too '' 2009 Life on Mars Emily `` Rocket Girl '' Wyatt Episode : `` Let All the Children Boogie '' 2009 Nurse Jackie Young Woman Episode : `` Pilot '' 2009 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Lisa Wellesley Episode : `` Salome in Manhattan '' 2009 -- 2011 White Collar Kate Moreau 7 episodes 2011 -- 2012 Parenthood Rachel 5 episodes 2012 It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Ruby Taft Episode : `` Charlie and Dee Find Love '' 2014 True Detective Lisa Tragnetti 4 episodes 2014 New Girl Michelle 2 episodes 2014 Married Ella the Waitress Episode : `` Pilot '' 2015 The Last Man on Earth Victoria Episode : `` Alive in Tucson '' 2015 American Horror Story Natacha Rambova 3 episodes ( Hotel ) 2016 Workaholics Donna Episode : `` Save the Cat '' 2016 Robot Chicken Theresa Johnson / Lena Episode : `` Joel Hurwitz Returns '' 2017 Do You Want To See a Dead Body ? Herself Episode : `` A Body and a Plane '' Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 -- 2010 Odd Jobs Cassie Stetner 3 episodes Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist 2012 `` Radioactive '' Imagine Dragons 2017 `` Judy French '' White Reaper 2018 `` Wait '' Maroon 5 Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref 2015 Battlefield Hardline Dune Alpert Voice and motion capture 2016 Marvel Avengers Academy Janet van Dyne / The Wasp Voice Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2010 Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout Female Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Nominated 2013 2013 MTV Movie Awards MTV Movie Award for Best Scared - As - Shit Performance Texas Chainsaw 3D Nominated 2015 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action / Adventure San Andreas Nominated 2017 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Comedy Baywatch Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alexandra Daddario ( @ AADaddario ) ( April 3 , 2010 ) . `` Alexandra Daddario tweet '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra Daddario '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rao , Priya ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Case of the Missing Bikini '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Matthew Daddario joins Doremus pic '' . Variety . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rawls , Dustin ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` FYI : Apparently Alexandra Daddario and Her Siblings Got First Pick at the Gene Pool Draft '' . Pajiba . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to Date Me '' . GQ . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emilio Daddario , Connecticut Congressman , Dies at 91 '' . The New York Times . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Woodhall , Alex ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Woman Of The Week : Alexandra Daddario '' . The Gentleman 's Journal . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berrie , Nicole ( 8 February 2010 ) . `` The Radar : Alexandra Daddario '' . Orange County . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner , Matthew ( 2010 ) . `` Alexandra Daddario Interview '' . View London . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` Alexandra Daddario on ' True Detective 's ' Misogyny Claims and Her Hollywood Ascent '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Chris ( June 2014 ) . `` Alexandra Daddario '' . Interview . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Up And Comer Alexandra Daddario Joining Percy Jackson '' . ComingSoon.net . March 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Parenthood Exclusive : White Collar Alum Alexandra Daddario Joins the Family Biz '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Guy ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Venice Film Review : ' Burying the Ex ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rao , Priya ( February 22 , 2014 ) . `` Alexandra Daddario Talks True Detective , Boobs , and Fashion '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Alexandra Daddario Talks ' True Detective ' Nude Scene : ' I Just Sort Of Did It ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Up And Comer Alexandra Daddario Lands ' San Andreas ' Lead Opposite The Rock '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Last Man On Earth : `` Alive In Tucson '' / `` The Elephant In The Room '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Emily L. ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story : Hotel does its best work without words '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' True Detective ' actress Alexandra Daddario Joins Nicholas Sparks Adaptation ' The Choice ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Alexandra Daddario Lands ' Baywatch ' Female Lead '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Tim Griffin Joins ' Central Intelligence ' ; Alexandra Daddario In For ' The Layover ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Devine & Alexandra Daddario Will Reminisce About ' When We First Met ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Alexandra Daddario , Taissa Farmiga Join Sebastian Stan in ' We Have Always Lived in the Castle ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Berlin : Ben Kingsley , Henry Cavill to Star in Psychological Thriller ' Nomis ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Alexandra Daddario To Star In ' I Am Not A Bird ' Thriller From Director William Olsson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Avengers Academy Launches with an All - Star Cast '' . IGN . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alexandra Daddario . Alexandra Daddario on IMDb Alexandra Daddario at Rotten Tomatoes Alexandra Daddario at AllMovie BNF : cb16230318v ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 8190 2946 LCCN : no2010103815 SUDOC : 147783364 VIAF : 121874005 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Daddario&oldid=849470480 '' Categories : 1986 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New York City Actresses of Italian descent American child actresses American film actresses American people of Czech descent American people of English descent American people of Irish descent American people of Italian descent American soap opera actresses American television actresses Living people Marymount Manhattan College alumni People from Manhattan People from the Upper East Side Brearley School alumni Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 07 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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-6043613914772980132 | Article One of the United States Constitution | Article one of the United States Constitution - wikipedia Article one of the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search Wikisource has original text related to this article : Article 1 of the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government , the United States Congress . The Congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Section 1 : Legislative power vested in Congress 2 Section 2 : House of Representatives 2.1 Clause 1 : Composition and election of Members 2.2 Clause 2 : Qualifications of Members 2.3 Clause 3 : Apportionment of Representatives and taxes 2.4 Clause 4 : Vacancies 2.5 Clause 5 : Speaker and other officers ; Impeachment 3 Section 3 : Senate 3.1 Clause 1 : Composition ; Election of Senators 3.2 Clause 2 : Classification of Senators ; Vacancies 3.3 Clause 3 : Qualifications of Senators 3.4 Clause 4 : Vice President as President of Senate 3.5 Clause 5 : President pro tempore and other officers 3.6 Clause 6 : Trial of Impeachment 3.7 Clause 7 : Judgment in cases of impeachment ; Punishment on conviction 4 Section 4 : Congressional elections 4.1 Clause 1 : Time , place , and manner of holding 4.2 Clause 2 : Sessions of Congress 5 Section 5 : Procedure 5.1 Clause 1 : Qualifications of Members 5.2 Clause 2 : Rules 5.3 Clause 3 : Record of proceedings 5.4 Clause 4 : Adjournment 6 Section 6 : Compensation , privileges , and restrictions on holding civil office 6.1 Clause 1 : Compensation and legal protection 6.2 Clause 2 : Independence from the executive 7 Section 7 : Bills 7.1 Clause 1 : Bills of revenue 7.2 Clause 2 : From bill to law 7.3 Clause 3 : Presidential veto 8 Section 8 : Powers of Congress 8.1 Enumerated powers 8.2 Commerce Clause 8.3 Other powers of Congress 8.4 Necessary and Proper clause 9 Section 9 : Limits on Congress 9.1 Slave trade 9.2 Civil and legal protections 9.3 Apportionment of direct taxes 9.4 Titles of nobility 10 Section 10 : Limits on the States 10.1 Clause 1 : Contracts Clause 10.2 Clause 2 : Import - Export Clause 10.3 Clause 3 : Compact Clause 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Section 1 : legislative power vested in Congress ( edit ) Opening of the 112th Congress , House of Representatives chamber , January 5 , 2011 All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . Section 1 is a vesting clause that bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress . Similar clauses are found in Articles II and III . The former confers executive power upon the President alone , and the latter grants judicial power solely to the federal judiciary . These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government . This separation of powers , by which each department may exercise only its own constitutional powers and no others , is fundamental to the idea of a limited government accountable to the people . The separation of powers principle is particularly noteworthy in regard to the Congress . The Constitution declares that the Congress may exercise only those legislative powers `` herein granted '' within Article I ( as later limited by the Tenth Amendment ) . It also , by implied extension , prohibits Congress from delegating its legislative authority to either of the other branches of government , a rule known as the nondelegation doctrine . However , the Supreme Court has ruled that Congress does have latitude to delegate regulatory powers to executive agencies as long as it provides an `` intelligible principle '' which governs the agency 's exercise of the delegated regulatory authority . That the power assigned to each branch must remain with that branch , and may be expressed only by that branch , is central to the theory . The nondelegation doctrine is primarily used now as a way of interpreting a congressional delegation of authority narrowly , in that the courts presume Congress intended only to delegate that which it certainly could have , unless it clearly demonstrates it intended to `` test the waters '' of what the courts would allow it to do . Although not specifically mentioned in the Constitution , Congress has also long asserted the power to investigate and the power to compel cooperation with an investigation . The Supreme Court has affirmed these powers as an implication of Congress 's power to legislate . Since the power to investigate is an aspect of Congress 's power to legislate , it is as broad as Congress 's powers to legislate . However , it is also limited to inquiries that are `` in aid of the legislative function ; '' Congress may not `` expose for the sake of exposure . '' It is uncontroversial that a proper subject of Congress 's investigation power is the operations of the federal government , but Congress 's ability to compel the submission of documents or testimony from the President or his subordinates is often - discussed and sometimes controversial ( see executive privilege ) , although not often litigated . As a practical matter , the limitation of Congress 's ability to investigate only for a proper purpose ( `` in aid of '' its legislative powers ) functions as a limit on Congress 's ability to investigate the private affairs of individual citizens ; matters that simply demand action by another branch of government , without implicating an issue of public policy necessitating legislation by Congress , must be left to those branches due to the doctrine of separation of powers . The courts are highly deferential to Congress 's exercise of its investigation powers , however . Congress has the power to investigate that which it could regulate , and the courts have interpreted Congress 's regulatory powers broadly since the Great Depression . Section 2 : House of Representatives ( edit ) Clause 1 : composition and election of members ( edit ) The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States , and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature . Section Two provides for the election of the House of Representatives every second year . Since Representatives are to be `` chosen ... by the People , '' State Governors are not allowed to appoint temporary replacements when vacancies occur in a state 's delegation to the House of Representatives ; instead , the Governor of the state is required by clause 4 to issue a writ of election calling a special election to fill the vacancy . At the time of its creation , the Constitution did not explicitly give citizens an inherent right to vote . Rather , it provided that those qualified to vote in elections for the largest chamber of a state 's legislature may vote in Congressional ( House of Representatives ) elections . Since the Civil War , several constitutional amendments have been enacted that have curbed the states ' broad powers to set voter qualification standards . Though never enforced , clause 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , Representatives in Congress , the Executive and Judicial officers of a State , or the members of the Legislature thereof , is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State , being twenty - one years of age , and citizens of the United States , or in any way abridged , except for participation in rebellion , or other crime , the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty - one years of age in such State . The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race , color , or previous condition of servitude . The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex . The Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax . The Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens , eighteen years of age or older , to vote on account of age . Moreover , since the Supreme Court has recognized voting as a fundamental right , the Equal Protection Clause places very tight limitations ( albeit with uncertain limits ) on the states ' ability to define voter qualifications ; it is fair to say that qualifications beyond citizenship , residency , and age are usually questionable . In the 1960s , the Supreme Court started to view voting as a fundamental right covered by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In a dissenting opinion of a 1964 Supreme Court case involving reapportionment in the Alabama state legislature , Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan II included Minor in a list of past decisions about voting and apportionment which were no longer being followed . In Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Qualifications clause did not prevent Congress from overriding state - imposed minimum age restrictions for voters in Congressional elections . Since clause 3 provides that Members of the House of Representatives are apportioned state - by - state and that each state is guaranteed at least one Representative , exact population equality between all districts is not guaranteed and , in fact , is currently impossible , because while the size of the House of Representatives is fixed at 435 , several states had less than 1 / 435 of the national population at the time of the last reapportionment in 2010 . However , the Supreme Court has interpreted the provision of Clause One that Representatives shall be elected `` by the People '' to mean that , in those states with more than one member of the House of Representatives , each congressional election district within the state must have nearly identical populations . Clause 2 : qualifications of members ( edit ) No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years , and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States , and who shall not , when elected , be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen . The Constitution provides three requirements for Representatives : A Representative must be at least 25 years old , must be an inhabitant of the state in which he or she is elected , and must have been a citizen of the United States for the previous seven years . There is no requirement that a Representative reside within the district in which he or she represents ; although this is usually the case , there have been occasional exceptions . The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a house of Congress exercising its Section 5 authority to `` judge ... the ... qualifications of its own members '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section 4 authority to prescribe the `` times , places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives . '' The Supreme Court , as well as other federal courts , have repeatedly barred states from additional restrictions , such as imposing term limits on members of Congress , allowing members of Congress to be subject to recall elections , or requiring that Representatives live in the congressional district in which they represent . A 2002 Congressional Research Service report also found that no state could implement a qualification that a Representative not be a convicted felon or incarcerated . However , the United States Supreme Court has ruled that certain ballot access requirements , such as filing fees and submitting a certain number of valid petition signatures do not constitute additional qualifications and thus few Constitutional restrictions exist as to how harsh ballot access laws can be . Clause 3 : apportionment of Representatives and taxes ( edit ) Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers , which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons , including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three fifths of all other Persons . The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States , and within every subsequent Term of ten Years , in such Manner as they shall by Law direct . The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made , the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse ( sic ) three , Massachusetts eight , Rhode - Island and Providence Plantations one , Connecticut five , New - York six , New Jersey four , Pennsylvania eight , Delaware one , Maryland six , Virginia ten , North Carolina five , South Carolina five , and Georgia three . After much debate , the framers of the Constitution decided to make population the basis of apportioning the seats in the House of Representatives and the tax liability among the states . To facilitate this , the Constitution mandates that a census be conducted every ten years to determine the population of each state and of the nation as a whole and establishes a rule for who shall be counted or excluded from the count . As the new form of government would become operational prior to the completion of a national census , the Constitution also provides for a temporary apportionment of seats . Originally , the population of each state and of the nation as a whole was ascertained by adding to the whole number of free Persons , three - fifths the number of all other Persons ( i.e. slaves ) , but excluding non-taxed Native Americans . This Constitutional rule , known as the three - fifths compromise , was a compromise between Southern and Northern states in which three - fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes and for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and of taxes among the states . It was , according to Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story ( writing in 1833 ) , a `` matter of compromise and concession , confessedly unequal in its operation , but a necessary sacrifice to that spirit of conciliation , which was indispensable to the union of states having a great diversity of interests , and physical condition , and political institutions '' . Following the completion of each census , Congress is empowered to use the aggregate population in all the states ( according to the prevailing Constitutional rule for determining population ) to determine the relative population of each state to the population of the whole , and , based on its calculations , to establish the appropriate size of the House and to allocate a particular number of representatives to each state according to its share of the national population . Since enactment of the Reapportionment Act of 1929 , a constant 435 House seats have been apportioned among the states according to each census , and determining the size of the House is not presently part of the apportionment process . With one exception , the apportionment of 1842 , the House of Representatives had been enlarged by various degrees from sixty - five members in 1788 to 435 members by 1913 . The determination of size was made based on the aggregate national population , so long as the size of the House did not exceed 1 member for every 30,000 of the country 's total population nor the size of any state 's delegation exceed 1 for every 30,000 of that state 's population . With the size of the House still fixed at 435 , the current ratio , as of the 2010 Census , is around 1 Representative : 700,000 Citizens . Although the first sentence in this clause originally concerned apportionment of both House seats and taxes among the several states , the Fourteenth Amendment sentence that replaced it in 1868 mentioned only the apportionment of House seats . Even so , the constraint placed upon Congress 's taxation power remained , as the restriction was reiterated in Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 . The amount of direct taxes that could be collected by the federal government from the people in any State would still be tied directly to that state 's share of the national population . Due to this restriction , application of the income tax to income derived from real estate and specifically income in the form of dividends from personal property ownership such as stock shares was found to be unconstitutional because it was not apportioned among the states ; that is to say , there was no guarantee that a State with 10 % of the country 's population paid 10 % of those income taxes collected , because Congress had not fixed an amount of money to be raised and apportioned it between the States according to their respective shares of the national population . To permit the levying of such an income tax , Congress proposed and the states ratified the Sixteenth Amendment , which removed the restriction by specifically providing that Congress could levy a tax on income `` from whatever source derived '' without it being apportioned among the States or otherwise based on a State 's share of the national population . Clause 4 : vacancies ( edit ) When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State , the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies . Section two , Clause four , provides that when vacancies occur in the House of Representatives , it is not the job of the House of Representatives to arrange for a replacement , but the job of the State whose vacant seat is up for refilling . Moreover , the State Governor may not appoint a temporary replacement , but must instead arrange for a special election to fill the vacancy . The original qualifications and procedures for holding that election are still valid . Clause 5 : Speaker and other officers ; impeachment ( edit ) The House of Representatives shall chuse ( sic ) their Speaker and other Officers ; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment . Section Two further provides that the House of Representatives may choose its Speaker and its other officers . Though the Constitution does not mandate it , every Speaker has been a member of the House of Representatives . The Speaker rarely presides over routine House sessions , choosing instead to deputize a junior member to accomplish the task . Finally , Section Two grants to the House of Representatives the sole power of impeachment . Although the Supreme Court has not had an occasion to interpret this specific provision , the Court has suggested that the grant to the House of the `` sole '' power of impeachment makes the House the exclusive interpreter of what constitutes an impeachable offense . This power , which is analogous to the bringing of criminal charges by a grand jury , has been used only rarely . The House of Representatives has initiated impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789 , and nineteen federal officials have been formally impeached as a result , including : two Presidents ( Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton ) , one Cabinet Secretary ( William W. Belknap ) , one Senator ( William Blount ) , one Supreme Court Associate Justice ( Samuel Chase ) , and fourteen federal judges . The Constitution does not specify how impeachment proceedings are to be initiated . Until the early 20th century , a House member could rise and propose an impeachment , which would then be assigned to a committee for investigation . Presently , it is the House Judiciary Committee that initiates the process and then , after investigating the allegations , prepares recommendations for the whole House 's consideration . If the House votes to adopt an impeachment resolution , the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee recommends a slate of `` managers , '' whom the House subsequently approves by resolution . These Representatives subsequently become the prosecution team in the impeachment trial in the Senate ( see Section 3 , Clause 6 below ) . Section 3 : Senate ( edit ) Clause 1 : composition ; election of Senators ( edit ) Gilded Age monopolies could no longer control the U.S. Senate ( left ) by corrupting state legislatures ( right ) . The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , chosen by the Legislature thereof , for six Years ; and each Senator shall have one Vote . The first Clause of Section Three provides that each state is entitled to have two Senators , who would be elected by its state legislature ( now by the people of each state ) , serve for staggered six - year terms , and have one vote each . By these provisions , the framers of the Constitution intended to protect the interests of the states as states . This clause has been superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , ratified in 1913 , which , in part , provides as amended , that The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , elected by the people thereof , for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote . Article Five specifies the means by which the Constitution of the United States can be amended . It ends by temporarily shielding three Article I clauses from being amended . This clause is among them . ( The others are first and fourth clauses in Section 9 . ) Article Five provides that `` no State , without its Consent , shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate '' . Thus , no individual state may have its individual representation in the Senate adjusted without its consent . That is to say , an amendment that changed this clause to provide that all states would get only one Senator ( or three Senators , or any other number ) could become valid as part of the Constitution if ratified by three - fourths of the states ; however , one that provided for some basis of representation other than strict numerical equality ( for example , population , wealth , or land area ) , would require the unanimous consent of all the states . Denying the states their intended role as joint partners in the federal government by abolishing their equality in the Senate would , according to Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase ( in Texas v. White ) , destroy the grounding of the Union . This Article V provision has been employed by those opposed to contemplated constitutional amendments that would grant the District of Columbia full representation in the Congress without also granting it statehood . Their argument is that an amendment that would allow a non-state district to have two Senators would deprive the states of their equal suffrage in the Senate and would therefore require unanimous ratification by all the states . Whether unanimous consent of the 50 states would be required for such an amendment to become operative remains an unanswered political question . Clause 2 : classification of Senators ; vacancies ( edit ) Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election , they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes . The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year , of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year , and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year , so that one third may be chosen every second Year ; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation , or otherwise , during the Recess of the Legislature of any State , the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature , which shall then fill such Vacancies . After the first group of Senators was elected to the First Congress ( 1789 -- 1791 ) , the Senators were divided into three `` classes '' as nearly equal in size as possible , as required by this section . This was done in May 1789 by lot . It was also decided that each state 's Senators would be assigned to two different classes . Those Senators grouped in the first class had their term expire after only two years ; those Senators in the second class had their term expire after only four years , instead of six . After this , all Senators from those States have been elected to six - year terms , and as new States have joined the Union , their Senate seats have been assigned to two of the three classes , maintaining each grouping as nearly equal in size as possible . In this way , election is staggered ; approximately one - third of the Senate is up for re-election every two years , but the entire body is never up for re-election in the same year ( as contrasted with the House , where its entire membership is up for re-election every 2 years ) . As originally established , Senators were elected by the Legislature of the State they represented in the Senate . If a senator died , resigned , or was expelled , the legislature of the state would appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the senator 's term . If the State Legislature was not in session , its Governor could appoint a temporary replacement to serve until the legislature could elect a permanent replacement . This was superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , which provided for the Popular Election of Senators , instead of their appointment by the State Legislature . In a nod to the less populist nature of the Senate , the Amendment tracks the vacancy procedures for the House of Representatives in requiring that the Governor call a special election to fill the vacancy , but ( unlike in the House ) it vests in the State Legislature the authority to allow the Governor to appoint a temporary replacement until the special election is held . Note , however , that under the original Constitution , the Governors of the states were expressly allowed by the Constitution to make temporary appointments . The current system , under the Seventeenth Amendment , allows Governors to appoint a replacement only if their state legislature has previously decided to allow the Governor to do so ; otherwise , the seat must remain vacant until the special election is held to fill the seat , as in the case of a vacancy in the House . Clause 3 : qualifications of Senators ( edit ) No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years , and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States , and who shall not , when elected , be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen . A Senator must be at least 30 years of age , must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years before being elected , and must reside in the State he or she will represent at the time of the election . The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a House of Congress exercising its Section . 5 . authority to `` Judge ... the ... Qualifications of its own Members , '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section . 4 . authority to prescribe the `` Times , Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives , ... '' Clause 4 : Vice President as President of Senate ( edit ) See also : List of tie - breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no Vote , unless they be equally divided . Section Three provides that the Vice President is the President of the Senate . Excepting the duty to receive the tally of electoral votes for President , this is the only regular responsibility assigned to the office of the Vice President by the Constitution . When serving in this capacity , the Vice President , who is not a member of the Senate , may cast tie - breaking votes . Early in the nation 's history , Vice Presidents frequently presided over the Senate . In modern times , the Vice President usually does so only during ceremonial occasions or when a tie in the voting is anticipated . Through March 30 , 2017 , a tie - breaking vote has been cast 258 times by 36 different Vice Presidents . Clause 5 : President pro tempore and other officers ( edit ) Republican Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah , current President pro tempore of the United States Senate The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other Officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the Absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the Office of the President of the United States . Clause five provides for a President pro tempore of the Senate , a Senator elected to the post by the Senate , to preside over the body when the Vice President is either absent or exercising the Office of the President . Although the Constitutional text seems to suggest to the contrary , the Senate 's current practice is to elect a full - time President pro tempore at the beginning of each Congress , as opposed to making it a temporary office only existing during the Vice President 's absence . Since World War II , the senior ( longest serving ) member of the majority party has filled this position . As is true of the Speaker of the House , the Constitution does not require that the President pro tempore be a senator , but by convention , a senator is always chosen . Clause 6 : trial of impeachment ( edit ) The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments . When sitting for that Purpose , they shall be on Oath or Affirmation . When the President of the United States is tried , the Chief Justice shall preside : And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present . Clause Six grants to the Senate the sole power to try impeachments and spells out the basic procedures for impeachment trials . The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause to mean that the Senate has exclusive and unreviewable authority to determine what constitutes an adequate impeachment trial . Of the nineteen federal officials formally impeached by the House of Representatives , eleven were acquitted and seven were convicted by the Senate . On one occasion the Senate declined to hold a trial . The impeachment trial of President Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The constitution 's framers vested the Senate with this power for several reasons . First , they believed Senators would be better educated , more virtuous , and more high - minded than Members of the House of Representatives and thus uniquely able to decide responsibly the most difficult of political questions . Second , they believed that the Senate , being a numerous body , would be well suited to handle the procedural demands of an impeachment trial , in which it , unlike judges and the judiciary system , would `` never be tied down by such strict rules , either in the delineation of the offense by the prosecutor , or in the construction of it by judges , as in the common cases serve to limit the discretion of courts in favor of personal security . '' ( Alexander Hamilton , The Federalist No. 65 ) . There are three Constitutionally mandated requirements for impeachment trials . The provision that Senators must sit on oath or affirmation was designed to impress upon them the extreme seriousness of the occasion . The stipulation that the Chief Justice is to preside over presidential impeachment trials underscores the solemnity of the occasion and aims to avoid the possible conflict of interest of a Vice President 's presiding over the proceeding for the removal of the one official standing between him ( or her ) and the presidency . The specification that a two - thirds supermajority vote of those Senators present is necessary in order to convict designed to facilitate serious deliberation and to make removal possible only through a consensus that cuts across factional divisions . Clause 7 : Judgment in cases of impeachment ; punishment on conviction ( edit ) Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor , Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment , Trial , Judgment and Punishment , according to Law . If any officer is convicted on impeachment , he or she is immediately removed from office , and may be barred from holding any public office in the future . No other punishments may be inflicted pursuant to the impeachment proceeding , but the convicted party remains liable to trial and punishment in the courts for civil and criminal charges . Section 4 : congressional elections ( edit ) Clause 1 : time , place , and manner of holding ( edit ) The Times , Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives , shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations , except as to the Places of chusing ( sic ) Senators . The purpose of this clause is twofold . First , it makes clear the division of responsibility with respect to the conduct of the election of federal Senators and Representatives . That responsibility lies primarily with the states and secondarily with Congress . Second , the clause lodges the power to regulate elections in the respective legislative branches of the states and the federal government , not with the executive or judicial . As authorized by this clause , Congress has set a uniform date for federal elections : the Tuesday following the first Monday in November . Presently , as there are no on - point federal regulations , the states retain the authority to regulate the dates on which other aspects of the election process are held ( registration , primary elections , etc . ) and where elections will be held . As for regulating the `` manner '' of elections , the Supreme Court has interpreted this to mean `` matters like notices , registration , supervision of voting , protection of voters , prevention of fraud and corrupt practices , counting of votes , duties of inspectors and canvassers , and making and publication of election returns . '' The Supreme Court has held that States may not exercise their power to determine the `` manner '' of holding elections to impose term limits on their congressional delegation . One of the most significant ways that each state regulates the `` manner '' of elections is through their power to draw electoral districts . Although in theory Congress could draw the district map for each State , it has not exercised this level of oversight . Congress has , however , required the States to conform to certain practices when drawing districts . States are currently required to use a single - member district scheme , whereby the State is divided into as many election districts for Representatives in the House of Representatives as the size of its representation in that body ( that is to say , Representatives can not be elected at - large from the whole State unless the State has only one Representative in the House , nor can districts elect more than 1 Representative ) . The Supreme Court has interpreted `` by the Legislature thereof '' to include voters using the initiative process , in those state whose constitutions provide it , to create an independent redistricting commission . Congress first exercised its power to regulate elections nation - wide 1842 , when the 27th Congress passed a law requiring the election of Representatives by districts . In subsequent years , Congress expanded on the requirements , successively adding contiguity , compactness , and substantial equality of population to the districting requirements . These standards were all later deleted in the Reapportionment Act of 1929 . Congress subsequently reinstated the requirement that districts be composed of contiguous territory , be `` compact , '' and have equal populations within each State . Congress has allowed those requirements to lapse , but the Supreme Court has re-imposed the population requirement on the States under the Equal Protection Clause and is suspicious of districts that do not meet the other `` traditional '' districting criteria of compactness and contiguity . In 1866 , Congress legislated a remedy for a situation under which deadlocks in state legislatures over the election of Senators were creating vacancies in the office . The act required the two houses of each legislature to meet in joint session on a specified day and to meet every day thereafter until a Senator was selected . The first comprehensive federal statute dealing with elections was adopted in 1870 as a means of enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment 's guarantee against racial discrimination in granting suffrage rights . Under the Enforcement Act of 1870 , and subsequent laws , false registration , bribery , voting without legal right , making false returns of votes cast , interference in any manner with officers of election , and the neglect by any such officer of any duty required by state or federal law were made federal offenses . Provision was made for the appointment by federal judges of persons to attend at places of registration and at elections with authority to challenge any person proposing to register or vote unlawfully , to witness the counting of votes , and to identify by their signatures the registration of voters and election tally sheets . Beginning with the Tillman Act of 1907 , Congress has imposed a growing number of restrictions on elections and campaign financing . The most significant piece of legislation has been the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . It was this legislation that was at issue in the Supreme Court 's seminal decision , Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) , which , in the face of a First Amendment challenge , set the ground rules for campaign finance legislation , generally disallowing restrictions on expenditures by candidates , but permitting restrictions on contributions by individuals and corporations . In addition to statutory constraints , Congress and the States have altered the electoral process through amending the Constitution ( first in the above mentioned Fifteenth Amendment ) . The Seventeenth Amendment altered the manner of conducting the elections of Senators ; establishing that they are to be elected by the people of the states . Also , the Nineteenth Amendment prohibits any U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex ; the Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax ; and the Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to U.S. citizens who are at least eighteen years old . Clause 2 : sessions of Congress ( edit ) The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year , and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December , unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day . Clause 2 fixes an annual date upon which Congress must meet . By doing so , the Constitution empowers Congress to meet , whether or not the President called it into session . Article II , Section 3 does grant the president limited authority to convene and adjourn both Houses ( or either of them ) and mandates that it will meet at least once in a year to enact legislation on behalf of the people . Some delegates to the 1787 constitutional convention believed yearly meetings were not necessary , for there would not be enough legislative business for Congress to deal with annually . Nathaniel Gorham of Massachusetts argued that the time should be fixed to prevent disputes from arising within the legislature , and to allow the states to adjust their elections to correspond with the fixed date . A fixed date also corresponded to the tradition in the states of having annual meetings . Finally , Gorham concluded that the legislative branch should be required to meet at least once a year to act as a check upon the executive department . Although this clause provides that the annual meeting was to be on the first Monday in December , the government established by the 1787 Constitution did not begin operations until March 4 , 1789 . As the 1st Congress held its initial meeting on March 4 , that became the date on which new representatives and senators took office in subsequent years . Therefore , every other year , although a new Congress was elected in November , it did not come into office until the following March , with a `` lame duck '' session convening in the interim . This practice was altered in 1933 following ratification of the Twentieth Amendment , which states ( in Section 2 ) that , `` The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year , and such meeting shall begin at noon on the third day of January , unless they shall by law appoint a different day '' . This change virtually eliminated the necessity of there being a lame duck session of Congress . Section 5 : procedure ( edit ) Clause 1 : qualifications of members ( edit ) Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections , Returns and Qualifications of its own Members , and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day , and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members , in such Manner , and under such Penalties as each House may provide . Section Five states that a majority of each House constitutes a quorum to do business ; a smaller number may adjourn the House or compel the attendance of absent members . In practice , the quorum requirement is all but ignored . A quorum is assumed to be present unless a quorum call , requested by a member , proves otherwise . Rarely do members ask for quorum calls to demonstrate the absence of a quorum ; more often , they use the quorum call as a delaying tactic . Sometimes , unqualified individuals have been admitted to Congress . For instance , the Senate once admitted John Henry Eaton , a twenty - eight - year - old , in 1818 ( the admission was inadvertent , as Eaton 's birth date was unclear at the time ) . In 1934 , a twenty - nine - year - old , Rush Holt , was elected to the Senate ; he agreed to wait six months , until his thirtieth birthday , to take the oath . The Senate ruled in that case that the age requirement applied as of the date of the taking of the oath , not the date of election . Clause 2 : rules ( edit ) Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings , punish its Members for disorderly Behavior , and , with the Concurrence of two thirds , expel a member . Each House can determine its own Rules ( assuming a quorum is present ) , and may punish any of its members . A two - thirds vote is necessary to expel a member . Section 5 , Clause 2 does not provide specific guidance to each House regarding when and how each House may change its rules , leaving details to the respective chambers . Clause 3 : record of proceedings ( edit ) Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings , and from time to time publish the same , excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall , at the desire of one fifth of those present , be entered on the Journal . Each House must keep and publish a Journal , though it may choose to keep any part of the Journal secret . The decisions of the House -- not the words spoken during debates -- are recorded in the Journal ; if one - fifth of those present ( assuming a quorum is present ) request it , the votes of the members on a particular question must also be entered . Clause 4 : adjournment ( edit ) Neither House , during the Session of Congress , shall , without the Consent of the other , adjourn for more than three days , nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting . Neither House may adjourn , without the consent of the other , for more than three days . Often , a House will hold pro forma sessions every three days ; such sessions are merely held to fulfill the constitutional requirement , and not to conduct business . Furthermore , neither House may meet in any place other than that designated for both Houses ( the Capitol ) , without the consent of the other House . Section 6 : compensation , privileges , and restrictions on holding civil office ( edit ) Clause 1 : compensation and legal Protection ( edit ) Main article : Speech or Debate Clause The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services , to be ascertained by Law , and paid out of the Treasury of the United States . They shall in all Cases , except Treason , Felony and Breach of the Peace , be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses , and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any Speech or Debate in either House , they shall not be questioned in any other Place . Senators and Representatives set their own compensation . Under the Twenty - seventh Amendment , any change in their compensation will not take effect until after the next congressional election . Members of both Houses have certain privileges , based on those enjoyed by the members of the British Parliament . Members attending , going to or returning from either House are privileged from arrest , except for treason , felony or breach of the peace . One may not sue a Senator or Representative for slander occurring during Congressional debate , nor may speech by a member of Congress during a Congressional session be the basis for criminal prosecution . The latter was affirmed when Mike Gravel published over 4,000 pages of the Pentagon Papers in the Congressional Record , which might have otherwise been a criminal offense . This clause has also been interpreted in Gravel v. United States , 408 U.S. 606 ( 1972 ) to provide protection to aides and staff of sitting members of Congress , so long as their activities relate to legislative matters . Clause 2 : independence from the executive ( edit ) Main article : Ineligibility Clause See also : Saxbe fix No Senator or Representative shall , during the Time for which he was elected , be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States , which shall have been created , or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no Person holding any Office under the United States , shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office . Senators and Representatives may not simultaneously serve in Congress and hold a position in the executive branch . This restriction is meant to protect legislative independence by preventing the president from using patronage to buy votes in Congress . It is a major difference from the political system in the British Parliament , where cabinet ministers are required to be members of parliament . Furthermore , Senators and Representatives can not resign to take newly created or higher - paying political positions ; rather , they must wait until the conclusion of the term for which they were elected . If Congress increases the salary of a particular officer , it may later reduce that salary to permit an individual to resign from Congress and take that position ( known as the Saxbe fix ) . The effects of the clause were discussed in 1937 , when Senator Hugo Black was appointed an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court with some time left in his Senate term . Just prior to the appointment , Congress had increased the pension available to Justices retiring at the age of seventy . It was therefore suggested by some that the office 's emolument had been increased during Black 's Senatorial term , and that therefore Black could not take office as a Justice . The response , however , was that Black was fifty - one years old , and would not receive the increased pension until at least 19 years later , long after his Senate term had expired . Section 7 : bills ( edit ) Clause 1 : bills of revenue ( edit ) Main article : Bills of Revenue All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills . This establishes the method for making Acts of Congress that involve taxation . Accordingly , any bill may originate in either House of Congress , except for a revenue bill , which may originate only in the House of Representatives . In practice , the Senate sometimes circumvents this requirement by substituting the text of a revenue bill previously passed by the House with a substitute text . Either House may amend any bill , including revenue and appropriation bills . This clause of the U.S. Constitution stemmed from an English parliamentary practice that all money bills must have their first reading in the House of Commons . This practice was intended to ensure that the power of the purse is possessed by the legislative body most responsive to the people , although the English practice was modified in America by allowing the Senate to amend these bills . The clause was part of the Great Compromise between small and large states ; the large states were unhappy with the lopsided power of small states in the Senate , and so the clause theoretically offsets the unrepresentative nature of the Senate , and compensates the large states for allowing equal voting rights to Senators from small states . Clause 2 : from bill to law ( edit ) Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate , shall , before it become a Law , be presented to the President of the United States ; If he approve he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it , with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated , who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal , and proceed to reconsider it . If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill , it shall be sent , together with the Objections , to the other House , by which it shall likewise be reconsidered , and if approved by two thirds of that House , it shall become a Law . But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays , and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively . If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days ( Sundays excepted ) after it shall have been presented to him , the Same shall be a Law , in like Manner as if he had signed it , unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return , in which Case it shall not be a Law . This clause is known as the Presentment Clause . Before a bill becomes law , it must be presented to the President , who has ten days ( excluding Sundays ) to act upon it . If the President signs the bill , it becomes law . If he disapproves of the bill , he must return it to the House in which it originated together with his objections . This procedure has become known as the veto , although that particular word does not appear in the text of Article One . The bill does not then become law unless both Houses , by two - thirds votes , override the veto . If the President neither signs nor returns the bill within the ten - day limit , the bill becomes law , unless the Congress has adjourned in the meantime , thereby preventing the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated . In the latter case , the President , by taking no action on the bill towards the end of a session , exercises a `` pocket veto '' , which Congress may not override . In the former case , where the President allows a bill to become law unsigned , there is no common name for the practice , but recent scholarship has termed it a `` default enactment . '' What exactly constitutes an adjournment for the purposes of the pocket veto has been unclear . In the Pocket Veto Case ( 1929 ) , the Supreme Court held that `` the determinative question in reference to an ' adjournment ' is not whether it is a final adjournment of Congress or an interim adjournment , such as an adjournment of the first session , but whether it is one that ' prevents ' the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated within the time allowed . '' Since neither House of Congress was in session , the President could not return the bill to one of them , thereby permitting the use of the pocket veto . In Wright v. United States ( 1938 ) , however , the Court ruled that adjournments of one House only did not constitute an adjournment of Congress required for a pocket veto . In such cases , the Secretary or Clerk of the House in question was ruled competent to receive the bill . Clause 3 : presidential veto ( edit ) Every Order , Resolution , or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary ( except on a question of Adjournment ) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the Same shall take Effect , shall be approved by him , or being disapproved by him , shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives , according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill . In 1996 , Congress passed the Line Item Veto Act , which permitted the President , at the time of the signing of the bill , to rescind certain expenditures . The Congress could disapprove the cancellation and reinstate the funds . The President could veto the disapproval , but the Congress , by a two - thirds vote in each House , could override the veto . In the case Clinton v. City of New York , the Supreme Court found the Line Item Veto Act unconstitutional because it violated the Presentment clause . First , the procedure delegated legislative powers to the President , thereby violating the nondelegation doctrine . Second , the procedure violated the terms of Section Seven , which state , `` if he approve ( the bill ) he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it . '' Thus , the President may sign the bill , veto it , or do nothing , but he may not amend the bill and then sign it . Every bill , order , resolution , or vote that must be passed by both Houses , except on a question of adjournment , must be presented to the President before becoming law . However , to propose a constitutional amendment , two - thirds of both Houses may submit it to the states for the ratification , without any consideration by the President , as prescribed in Article V . Some Presidents have made very extensive use of the veto , while others have not used it at all . Grover Cleveland , for instance , vetoed over four hundred bills during his first term in office ; Congress overrode only two of those vetoes . Meanwhile , seven Presidents have never used the veto power . There have been 2,560 vetoes , including pocket vetoes . Section 8 : powers of Congress ( edit ) Enumerated powers ( edit ) Newly naturalized citizen , Albert Einstein received his certificate of United States citizenship from Judge Phillip Forman . Main article : Enumerated powers Congress 's legislative powers are enumerated in Section Eight : The Congress shall have power To lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common defence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow Money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization , and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin Money , regulate the Value thereof , and of foreign Coin , and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures ; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish Post Offices and post Roads ; To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts , by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ; To constitute Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas , and Offenses against the Law of Nations ; To declare War , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal , and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water ; To raise and support Armies , but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years ; To provide and maintain a Navy ; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces ; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union , suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever , over such District ( not exceeding ten Miles square ) as may , by Cession of particular States , and the Acceptance of Congress , become the Seat of the Government of the United States , and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be , for the Erection of Forts , Magazines , Arsenals , dock - Yards , and other needful Buildings ; -- And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . Congress 's `` power of the purse '' authorizes taxing citizens , spending money , and minting coins . Many powers of Congress have been interpreted broadly . Most notably , the Taxing and Spending , Interstate Commerce , and Necessary and Proper Clauses have been deemed to grant expansive powers to Congress . Congress may lay and collect taxes for the `` common defense '' or `` general welfare '' of the United States . The U.S. Supreme Court has not often defined `` general welfare , '' leaving the political question to Congress . In United States v. Butler ( 1936 ) , the Court for the first time construed the clause . The dispute centered on a tax collected from processors of agricultural products such as meat ; the funds raised by the tax were not paid into the general funds of the treasury , but were rather specially earmarked for farmers . The Court struck down the tax , ruling that the general welfare language in the Taxing and Spending Clause related only to `` matters of national , as distinguished from local , welfare '' . Congress continues to make expansive use of the Taxing and Spending Clause ; for instance , the social security program is authorized under the Taxing and Spending Clause . Congress has the power to borrow money on the credit of the United States . In 1871 , when deciding Knox v. Lee , the Court ruled that this clause permitted Congress to emit bills and make them legal tender in satisfaction of debts . Whenever Congress borrows money , it is obligated to repay the sum as stipulated in the original agreement . However , such agreements are only `` binding on the conscience of the sovereign '' , as the doctrine of sovereign immunity prevents a creditor from suing in court if the government reneges its commitment . Commerce clause ( edit ) Chief Justice John Marshall established a broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause . Main article : Commerce Clause The Congress shall have Power ( ... ) To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; The Supreme Court has seldom restrained the use of the commerce clause for widely varying purposes . The first important decision related to the commerce clause was Gibbons v. Ogden , decided by a unanimous Court in 1824 . The case involved conflicting federal and state laws : Thomas Gibbons had a federal permit to navigate steamboats in the Hudson River , while the other , Aaron Ogden , had a monopoly to do the same granted by the state of New York . Ogden contended that `` commerce '' included only buying and selling of goods and not their transportation . Chief Justice John Marshall rejected this notion . Marshall suggested that `` commerce '' included navigation of goods , and that it `` must have been contemplated '' by the Framers . Marshall added that Congress 's power over commerce `` is complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution '' . The expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause was restrained during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , when a laissez - faire attitude dominated the Court . In United States v. E.C. Knight Company ( 1895 ) , the Supreme Court limited the newly enacted Sherman Antitrust Act , which had sought to break up the monopolies dominating the nation 's economy . The Court ruled that Congress could not regulate the manufacture of goods , even if they were later shipped to other states . Chief Justice Melville Fuller wrote , `` commerce succeeds to manufacture , and is not a part of it . '' The U.S. Supreme Court sometimes ruled New Deal programs unconstitutional because they stretched the meaning of the commerce clause . In Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , ( 1935 ) the Court unanimously struck down industrial codes regulating the slaughter of poultry , declaring that Congress could not regulate commerce relating to the poultry , which had `` come to a permanent rest within the State . '' As Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes put it , `` so far as the poultry here in question is concerned , the flow of interstate commerce has ceased . '' Judicial rulings against attempted use of Congress 's Commerce Clause powers continued during the 1930s . In 1937 , the Supreme Court began moving away from its laissez - faire attitude concerning Congressional legislation and the Commerce Clause , when it ruled in National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Company , that the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 ( commonly known as the Wagner Act ) was constitutional . The legislation under scrutiny , prevented employers from engaging in `` unfair labor practices '' such as firing workers for joining unions . In sustaining this act , the Court , signaled its return to the philosophy espoused by John Marshall , that Congress could pass laws regulating actions that even indirectly influenced interstate commerce . This new attitude became firmly set into place in 1942 . In Wickard v. Filburn , the Court ruled that production quotas under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 were constitutionally applied to agricultural production ( in this instance , home - grown wheat for private consumption ) that was consumed purely intrastate , because its effect upon interstate commerce placed it within the power of Congress to regulate under the Commerce Clause . This decision marked the beginning of the Court 's total deference to Congress ' claims of Commerce Clause powers , which lasted into the 1990s . United States v. Lopez ( 1995 ) was the first decision in six decades to invalidate a federal statute on the grounds that it exceeded the power of the Congress under the Commerce Clause . The Court held that while Congress had broad lawmaking authority under the Commerce Clause , the power was limited , and did not extend so far from `` commerce '' as to authorize the regulation of the carrying of handguns , especially when there was no evidence that carrying them affected the economy on a massive scale . In a later case , United States v. Morrison ( 2000 ) , the justices ruled that Congress could not make such laws even when there was evidence of aggregate effect . In contrast to these rulings , the Supreme Court also continues to follow the precedent set by Wickard v. Filburn . In Gonzales v. Raich it ruled that the Commerce Clause granted Congress the authority to criminalize the production and use of home - grown cannabis even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes . The court held that , as with the agricultural production in the earlier case , home - grown cannabis is a legitimate subject of federal regulation because it competes with marijuana that moves in interstate commerce . Other powers of Congress ( edit ) Congress authorizes defense spending such as the purchase of the USS Bon Homme Richard . Congress may establish uniform laws relating to naturalization and bankruptcy . It may also coin money , regulate the value of American or foreign currency and punish counterfeiters . Congress may fix the standards of weights and measures . Furthermore , Congress may establish post offices and post roads ( the roads , however , need not be exclusively for the conveyance of mail ) . Congress may promote the progress of science and useful arts by granting copyrights and patents of limited duration . Section eight , clause eight of Article One , known as the Copyright Clause , is the only instance of the word `` right '' used in the original constitution ( though the word does appear in several Amendments ) . Though perpetual copyrights and patents are prohibited , the Supreme Court has ruled in Eldred v. Ashcroft ( 2003 ) that repeated extensions to the term of copyright do not constitute perpetual copyright ; also note that this is the only power granted where the means to accomplish its stated purpose is specifically provided for . Courts inferior to the Supreme Court may be established by Congress . Congress has several powers related to war and the armed forces . Under the War Powers Clause , only Congress may declare war , but in several cases it has , without declaring war , granted the President the authority to engage in military conflicts . Five wars have been declared in United States ' history : the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I and World War II . Some historians argue that the legal doctrines and legislation passed during the operations against Pancho Villa constitute a sixth declaration of war . Congress may grant letters of marque and reprisal . Congress may establish and support the armed forces , but no appropriation made for the support of the army may be used for more than two years . This provision was inserted because the Framers feared the establishment of a standing army , beyond civilian control , during peacetime . Congress may regulate or call forth the state militias , but the states retain the authority to appoint officers and train personnel . Congress also has exclusive power to make rules and regulations governing the land and naval forces . Although the executive branch and the Pentagon have asserted an ever - increasing measure of involvement in this process , the U.S. Supreme Court has often reaffirmed Congress 's exclusive hold on this power ( e.g. Burns v. Wilson , 346 U.S. 137 ( 1953 ) ) . Congress used this power twice soon after World War II with the enactment of two statutes : the Uniform Code of Military Justice to improve the quality and fairness of courts martial and military justice , and the Federal Tort Claims Act which among other rights had allowed military service persons to sue for damages until the U.S. Supreme Court repealed that section of the statute in a divisive series of cases , known collectively as the Feres Doctrine . Congress has the exclusive right to legislate `` in all cases whatsoever '' for the nation 's capital , the District of Columbia . Congress chooses to devolve some of such authority to the elected mayor and council of District of Columbia . Nevertheless , Congress remains free to enact any legislation for the District so long as constitutionally permissible , to overturn any legislation by the city government , and technically to revoke the city government at any time . Congress may also exercise such jurisdiction over land purchased from the states for the erection of forts and other buildings . Necessary and proper clause ( edit ) Main article : Necessary and Proper Clause The Congress shall have Power ( ... ) To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . Finally , Congress has the power to do whatever is `` necessary and proper '' to carry out its enumerated powers and , crucially , all others vested in it . This has been interpreted to authorize criminal prosecution of those whose actions have a `` substantial effect '' on interstate commerce in Wickard v. Filburn ; however , Thomas Jefferson , in the Kentucky Resolutions , supported by James Madison , maintained that a penal power could not be inferred from a power to regulate , and that the only penal powers were for treason , counterfeiting , piracy and felony on the high seas , and offenses against the law of nations . The necessary and proper clause has been interpreted extremely broadly , thereby giving Congress wide latitude in legislation . The first landmark case involving the clause was McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , which involved the establishment of a national bank . Alexander Hamilton , in advocating the creation of the bank , argued that there was `` a more or less direct '' relationship between the bank and `` the powers of collecting taxes , borrowing money , regulating trade between the states , and raising and maintaining fleets and navies '' . Thomas Jefferson countered that Congress 's powers `` can all be carried into execution without a national bank . A bank therefore is not necessary , and consequently not authorized by this phrase '' . Chief Justice John Marshall agreed with the former interpretation . Marshall wrote that a Constitution listing all of Congress 's powers `` would partake of a prolixity of a legal code and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind '' . Since the Constitution could not possibly enumerate the `` minor ingredients '' of the powers of Congress , Marshall `` deduced '' that Congress had the authority to establish a bank from the `` great outlines '' of the general welfare , commerce and other clauses . Under this doctrine of the necessary and proper clause , Congress has sweepingly broad powers ( known as implied powers ) not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution . However , the Congress can not enact laws solely on the implied powers , any action must be necessary and proper in the execution of the enumerated powers . Section 9 : limits on Congress ( edit ) The ninth section of Article One places limits on Congress ' powers : The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit , shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight , but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation , not exceeding ten dollars for each Person . The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended , unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it . No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed . No Capitation , or other direct , Tax shall be laid , unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken . No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State . No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another : nor shall Vessels bound to , or from , one State , be obliged to enter , clear , or pay Duties in another . No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury , but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law ; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time . No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them , shall , without the Consent of the Congress , accept of any present , Emolument , Office , or Title , of any kind whatever , from any King , Prince , or foreign State . Slave trade ( edit ) U.S. brig Perry confronting the slave ship Martha off Ambriz on June 6 , 1850 The first clause in this section prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808 . Congress could however , levy a per capita duty of up to ten dollars for each slave imported into the country . This clause was further entrenched into the Constitution by Article V , where it is explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . On March 2 , 1807 , Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the United States , which went into effect January 1 , 1808 , the first day permitted by the Constitution . Civil and legal protections ( edit ) A writ of habeas corpus is a legal action against unlawful detainment that commands a law enforcement agency or other body that has a person in custody to have a court inquire into the legality of the detention . The court may order the person released if the reason for detention is deemed insufficient or unjustifiable . The Constitution further provides that the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus may not be suspended `` unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it '' . In Ex parte Milligan ( 1866 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus in a time of war was lawful , but military tribunals did not apply to citizens in states that had upheld the authority of the Constitution and where civilian courts were still operating . A bill of attainder is a law by which a person is immediately convicted without trial . An ex post facto law is a law which applies retroactively , punishing someone for an act that was only made criminal after it was done . The ex post facto clause does not apply to civil matters . Apportionment of direct taxes ( edit ) Section Nine reiterates the provision from Section Two that direct taxes must be apportioned by state populations . This clause was also explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 by Article V. In 1913 , the 16th Amendment exempted all income taxes from this clause . This overcame the ruling in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. that the income tax could only be applied to regular income and could not be applied to dividends and capital gains . Furthermore , no tax may be imposed on exports from any state . Congress may not , by revenue or commerce legislation , give preference to ports of one state over those of another ; neither may it require ships from one state to pay duties in another . All funds belonging to the Treasury may not be withdrawn except according to law . Modern practice is that Congress annually passes a number of appropriations bills authorizing the expenditure of public money . The Constitution requires that a regular statement of such expenditures be published . Titles of Nobility ( edit ) The Title of Nobility Clause prohibits Congress from granting any title of nobility . In addition , it specifies that no civil officer may accept , without the consent of Congress , any gift , payment , office or title from a foreign ruler or state . However , a U.S. citizen may receive foreign office before or after their period of public service . Section 10 : limits on the States ( edit ) Clause 1 : contracts clause ( edit ) Main article : Contract Clause No State shall enter into any Treaty , Alliance , or Confederation ; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal ; coin Money ; emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; pass any Bill of Attainder , ex post facto Law , or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts , or grant any Title of Nobility . States may not exercise certain powers reserved for the federal government : they may not enter into treaties , alliances or confederations , grant letters of marque or reprisal , coin money or issue bills of credit ( such as currency ) . Furthermore , no state may make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts , which expressly forbids any state government ( but not the federal government ) from `` making a tender '' ( i.e. , authorizing something that may be offered in payment ) of any type or form of money to meet any financial obligation , unless that form of money is coins made of gold or silver ( or a medium of exchange backed by and redeemable in gold or silver coins , as noted in Farmers & Merchants Bank v. Federal Reserve Bank ) . Much of this clause is devoted to preventing the States from using or creating any currency other than that created by Congress . In Federalist no . 44 , Madison explains that `` ... it may be observed that the same reasons which shew the necessity of denying to the States the power of regulating coin , prove with equal force that they ought not to be at liberty to substitute a paper medium in the place of coin . Had every State a right to regulate the value of its coin , there might be as many different currencies as States ; and thus the intercourse among them would be impeded . '' Moreover , the states may not pass bills of attainder , enact ex post facto laws , impair the obligation of contracts , or grant titles of nobility . The Contract Clause was the subject of much contentious litigation in the 19th century . It was first interpreted by the Supreme Court in 1810 , when Fletcher v. Peck was decided . The case involved the Yazoo land scandal , in which the Georgia legislature authorized the sale of land to speculators at low prices . The bribery involved in the passage of the authorizing legislation was so blatant that a Georgia mob attempted to lynch the corrupt members of the legislature . Following elections , the legislature passed a law that rescinded the contracts granted by the corrupt legislators . The validity of the annulment of the sale was questioned in the Supreme Court . In writing for a unanimous court , Chief Justice John Marshall asked , `` What is a contract ? '' His answer was : `` a compact between two or more parties . '' Marshall argued that the sale of land by the Georgia legislature , though fraught with corruption , was a valid `` contract '' . He added that the state had no right to annul the purchase of the land , since doing so would impair the obligations of contract . The definition of a contract propounded by Chief Justice Marshall was not as simple as it may seem . In 1819 , the Court considered whether a corporate charter could be construed as a contract . The case of Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward involved Dartmouth College , which had been established under a Royal Charter granted by King George III . The Charter created a board of twelve trustees for the governance of the College . In 1815 , however , New Hampshire passed a law increasing the board 's membership to twenty - one with the aim that public control could be exercised over the College . The Court , including Marshall , ruled that New Hampshire could not amend the charter , which was ruled to be a contract since it conferred `` vested rights '' on the trustees . The Marshall Court determined another dispute in Sturges v. Crowninshield . The case involved a debt that was contracted in early 1811 . Later in that year , the state of New York passed a bankruptcy law , under which the debt was later discharged . The Supreme Court ruled that a retroactively applied state bankruptcy law impaired the obligation to pay the debt , and therefore violated the Constitution . In Ogden v. Saunders ( 1827 ) , however , the court decided that state bankruptcy laws could apply to debts contracted after the passage of the law . State legislation on the issue of bankruptcy and debtor relief has not been much of an issue since the adoption of a comprehensive federal bankruptcy law in 1898 . Clause 2 : import - export clause ( edit ) Main article : Import - Export Clause No State shall , without the Consent of the Congress , lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports , except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it 's ( sic ) inspection Laws : and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts , laid by any State on Imports or Exports , shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul ( sic ) of the Congress . Still more powers are prohibited of the states . States may not , without the consent of Congress , tax imports or exports except for the fulfillment of state inspection laws ( which may be revised by Congress ) . The net revenue of the tax is paid not to the state , but to the federal Treasury . Clause 3 : Compact clause ( edit ) No State shall , without the Consent of Congress , lay any Duty of Tonnage , keep Troops , or Ships of War in time of Peace , enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State , or with a foreign Power , or engage in War , unless actually invaded , or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay . Under the Compact Clause , states may not , without the consent of Congress , keep troops or armies during times of peace . They may not enter into alliances nor compacts with foreign states , nor engage in war unless invaded . States may , however , organize and arm a militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . ( Article I , Section 8 , enumerated powers of Congress . ) The National Guard , whose members are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U.S.C. § 311 , fulfill this function , as do persons serving in State Militias with federal oversight under 32 U.S.C. § 109 . The idea of allowing Congress to have say over agreements between states traces back to the numerous controversies that arose between various colonies . Eventually compromises would be created between the two colonies and these compromises would be submitted to the Crown for approval . After the American Revolutionary War , the Articles of Confederation allowed states to appeal to Congress to settle disputes between the states over boundaries or `` any cause whatever '' . The Articles of Confederation also required Congressional approval for `` any treaty or alliance '' in which a state was one of the parties . There have been a number of Supreme Court cases concerning what constitutes valid congressional consent to an interstate compact . In Virginia v. Tennessee , 148 U.S. 503 ( 1893 ) , the Court found that some agreements among states stand even when lacking the explicit consent of Congress . ( One example the court gave was a state moving some goods from a distant state to itself , it would not require Congressional approval to contract with another state to use its canals for transport . ) According to the Court , the Compact Clause requires congressional consent only if the agreement among the states is `` directed to the formation of any combination tending to the increase of political power in the States , which may encroach upon or interfere with the just supremacy of the United States '' . The congressional consent issue is at the center of the current debate over the constitutionality of the not yet effective National Popular Vote Interstate Compact entered into by several states plus the District of Columbia . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the hand - written engrossed copy of the Constitution maintained in the National Archives , the British spelling `` defence '' is used in Article One , Section 8 ( See the National Archives transcription and the Archives ' image of the engrossed document . Webpages retrieved on 24 October 2009 . ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Atkins v. United States , 556 F. 2d 1028 , 1062 ( Ct . Cl. 1977 ) ( `` The purpose of the ( Vesting C ) lause is to locate the central source of legislative authority in Congress , rather than the Executive or the Judiciary . '' ) , abrogated on other grounds by INS v. Chadha , 462 U.S. 919 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ See J.W. Hampton , Jr. , & Co. v. United States , 276 U.S. 394 , 406 ( 1928 ) ( `` Our Federal Constitution ... divide ( s ) the governmental power into three branches . The first is the legislative , the second is the executive , and the third is the judicial , and the rule is that in the actual administration of the government Congress ... should exercise the legislative power , the President ... the executive power , and the courts or the judiciary the judicial power ... '' ) Jump up ^ See United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 , 592 ( 1995 ) ( `` ( Certain ) comments of Hamilton and others about federal power reflected the well - known truth that the new Government would have only the limited and enumerated powers found in the Constitution ... Even before the passage of the Tenth Amendment , it was apparent that Congress would possess only those powers ' herein granted ' by the rest of the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Touby v. United States , 500 U.S. 160 , 165 ( 1991 ) ( `` From th ( e language of this section of the Constitution ) the Court has derived the nondelegation doctrine : that Congress may not constitutionally delegate its legislative power to another branch of Government . '' ) . Jump up ^ See J.W. Hampton , Jr. , & Co. , 276 U.S. at 409 ( `` If Congress shall lay down by legislative act an intelligible principle to which the person or body authorized to ( administer a statutory scheme ) is directed to conform , such legislative action is not a forbidden delegation of legislative power . '' ) . Jump up ^ Ginsburg , Douglas H. `` Essays on Article I : Legislative Vesting Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ See Mistretta v. United States , 488 U.S. 361 , 373 n. 7 ( 1989 ) ( nondelegation doctrine takes the form of `` giving narrow constructions to statutory delegations that might otherwise be thought to be unconstitutional '' ) . Jump up ^ UAW v. Occupational Health & Safety Admin. , 938 F. 2d 1310 , 1317 ( D.C. Cir. 1991 ) ( `` In effect ( the nondelegation doctrine as a principle of statutory interpretation is used by the courts to ) require a clear statement by Congress that it intended to test the constitutional waters . '' ) ; cf . Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. v. Fla . Gulf Coast Bldg . & Constr . Trades Council , 485 U.S. 568 , 575 ( 1988 ) ( `` ( W ) here an otherwise acceptable construction of a statute would raise serious constitutional problems , the Court will construe the statute to avoid such problems unless such construction is plainly contrary to the intent of Congress ... This approach not only reflects the prudential concern that constitutional issues not be needlessly confronted , but also recognizes that Congress , like this Court , is bound by and swears an oath to uphold the Constitution . The courts will therefore not lightly assume that Congress intended to infringe constitutionally protected liberties or usurp power constitutionally forbidden it . '' ( citing NLRB v. Catholic Bishop , 440 U.S. 490 , 499 -- 501 , 504 ( 1979 ) , and Grenada County Supervisors v. Brogden , 112 U.S. 261 ( 1884 ) ) ) ; United States v. Bass , 404 U.S. 336 , 349 ( 1971 ) ( `` ( U ) nless Congress conveys its purpose clearly , it will not be deemed to have significantly changed the federal - state balance . '' ) . Jump up ^ Barenblatt v. United States , 360 U.S. 109 , 111 ( 1959 ) ( `` The power of inquiry has been employed by Congress throughout our history , over the whole range of the national interests concerning which Congress might legislate or decide upon due investigation not to legislate ; it has similarly been utilized in determining what to appropriate from the national purse , or whether to appropriate . '' ) ; e.g. , 3 Annals of Congress 490 -- 94 ( 1792 ) ( House committee appointed to investigate the defeat of Gen. St. Clair by Indians empowered to `` call for such persons , papers , and records , as may be necessary to assist their inquiries . '' ) . Jump up ^ See McGrain v. Daugherty , 273 U.S. 135 , 174 -- 75 ( 1927 ) ( `` ( T ) he power of inquiry - with process to enforce it - is an essential and appropriate auxiliary to the legislative function . It was so regarded and employed in American Legislatures before the Constitution was framed and ratified ... A legislative body can not legislate wisely or effectively in the absence of information respecting the conditions which the legislation is intended to affect or change ; and where the legislative body does not itself possess the requisite information - which not infrequently is true - recourse must be had to others who do possess it . Experience has taught that mere requests for such information often are unavailing , and also that information which is volunteered is not always accurate or complete ; so some means of compulsion are essential to obtain what is needed . All this was true before and when the Constitution was framed and adopted . In that period the power of inquiry , with enforcing process , was regarded and employed as a necessary and appropriate attribute of the power to legislate - indeed , was treated as inhering in it . Thus there is ample warrant for thinking ... that the constitutional provisions which commit the legislative function to the two houses are intended to include this attribute to the end that the function may be effectively exercised . '' ) . ^ Jump up to : See Watkins v. United States , 354 U.S. 178 , 187 ( 1957 ) ( `` The power of the Congress to conduct investigations is inherent in the legislative process . That power is broad . It encompasses inquiries concerning the administration of existing laws as well as proposed or possibly needed statutes . It includes surveys of defects in our social , economic or political system for the purpose of enabling the Congress to remedy them . It comprehends probes into departments of the Federal Government to expose corruption , inefficiency or waste . '' ) ; Barenblatt , 360 U.S. at 111 ( `` The scope of the power of inquiry ... is as penetrating and far - reaching as the potential power to enact and appropriate under the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ Kilbourn v. Thompson , 103 U.S. 168 , 189 ( 1881 ) . Jump up ^ Watkins , 354 U.S. at 200 . Jump up ^ See McGrain , 273 U.S. at 170 ( `` ( N ) either house of Congress possesses a ' general power of making inquiry into the private affairs of the citizen ' ; ... the power actually possessed is limited to inquiries relating to matters of which the particular house ' has jurisdiction ' and in respect of which it rightfully may take other action ; ( and ) if the inquiry relates to ' a matter wherein relief or redress could be had only by a judicial proceeding ' it is not within the range of this power , but must be left to the courts , conformably to the constitutional separation of governmental powers ... '' ( quoting Kilbourne , 103 U.S. at 193 ) ) ; see also Sinclair v. United States , 279 U.S. 263 , 295 ( 1929 ) ( `` Congress is without authority to compel disclosures for the purpose of aiding the prosecution of pending suits ... '' ) , overruled on other grounds by United States v. Gaudin , 515 U.S. 506 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Minor v. Happersett , 88 U.S. ( 21 Wall . ) 162 , 178 ( 1875 ) ( `` ( T ) he Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon any one ... '' ) . Jump up ^ See Reynolds v. Sims , 377 U.S. 533 , 561 -- 62 ( 1964 ) ( `` Undoubtedly , the right of suffrage is a fundamental matter in a free and democratic society . '' ) ; Yick Wo v. Hopkins , 118 U.S. 356 , 370 ( 1886 ) ( `` ( Voting ) is regarded as a fundamental political right , because preservative of all rights . '' ) . Jump up ^ See ' Kramer v. Union Free Sch . Dist . No. 15 , 395 U.S. 621 , 626 -- 27 ( 1969 ) ( `` No less rigid an examination ( than close scrutiny ) is applicable to statutes denying the franchise to citizens who are otherwise qualified by residence and age . Statutes granting the franchise to residents on a selective basis always pose the danger of denying some citizens any effective voice in the governmental affairs which substantially affect their lives . '' ) ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ Briffault , Richard ( 2002 ) . `` The Contested Right to Vote '' . Michigan Law Review . 100 : 1521 -- 1522 . Jump up ^ Reynolds v. Sims , 377 U.S. 533 , 612 ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Oregon v. Mitchell , 400 U.S. 112 ( 1970 ) . ^ Jump up to : Wesberry v. Sanders , 376 U.S. 1 , 7 -- 9 , 14 ( 1964 ) ( `` ( C ) onstrued in its historical context , the command ... that Representatives be chosen ' by the People of the several States ' means that as nearly as is practicable one man 's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another 's ... The history of the Constitution ... reveals that those who framed the Constitution meant that ... it was population which was to be the basis of the House of Representatives ... It would defeat the principle solemnly embodied in the Great Compromise - equal representation in the House for equal numbers of people - for us to hold that , within the States , legislatures may draw the lines of congressional districts in such a way as to give some voters a greater voice in choosing a Congressman than others . '' ) ; e.g. , White v. Weiser , 412 U.S. 783 ( 1973 ) ( striking down Texas districting plan with a population deviation between the largest and smallest district of 4.13 % of the population of an `` ideal '' district ) ; see Kirkpatrick v. Preisler , 394 U.S. 526 , 530 -- 31 ( 1969 ) ( `` ( T ) he State ( must ) make a good - faith effort to achieve precise mathematical equality . Unless population variances among congressional districts are shown to have resulted despite such effort , the State must justify each variance , no matter how small ... We can see no nonarbitrary way to pick a cutoff point at which population variances suddenly become de minimis ... Equal representation for equal numbers of people is a principle designed to prevent debasement of voting power and diminution of access to elected representatives . Toleration of even small deviations detracts from these purposes . '' ) ; see also Karcher v. Daggett , 462 U.S. 725 ( 1983 ) ( invalidating a New Jersey congressional districting plan where the deviation between the largest and smallest districts was less than the Census 's margin of error , when the state could offer no acceptable explanation for the differences ) ; Vieth v. Pennsylvania , 195 F. Supp . 2d 672 ( M.D. Pa. 2002 ) ( total deviation of 19 people from largest to smallest district ( 646,380 to 646,361 ) struck down since alternatives with smaller deviations were available ) ; Hastert v. State Bd. of Elections , 777 F. Supp. 634 ( N.D. Ill . 1991 ) ( court selected districting plan where 18 of 20 districts contained 571,530 people and the other two had 571,531 ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , 17 Annals of Cong. 870 -- 902 , 904 -- 20 , 927 -- 47 , 949 -- 50 , 1059 -- 61 , 1231 -- 33 , 1234 -- 38 ( 1807 ) ( House seated William McCreery despite him not satisfying Maryland law requiring Representatives to reside in their district ) . ^ Jump up to : See Powell v. McCormack , 395 U.S. 486 , 550 ( 1969 ) ( invalidating House 's decision not to seat a Member accused of misuse of funds ) ( `` ( I ) n judging the qualifications of its members Congress is limited to the standing qualifications prescribed in the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Exon v. Tiemann , 279 F. Supp. 609 , 613 ( D. Neb . 1968 ) ( `` There being no such requirement in the Constitution itself , a state can not require that a Representative live in the District from which he was nominated . '' ) ; State ex rel . Chavez v. Evans , 446 P. 2d 445 , 448 ( N.M. 1968 ) ( `` ( The New Mexico statute , ) by requiring that each candidate for representative in Congress be a resident of and a qualified elector of the district in which he seeks office , adds additional qualifications to becoming a candidate for that office ... ( W ) e must hold the provisions of the Federal Constitution prevail and that this statute unconstitutionally adds additional qualifications . '' ) ; Hellman v. Collier , 141 A. 2d 908 , 912 ( Md. 1958 ) ( same ) ; cf . U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , 514 U.S. 779 ( 1995 ) ( state may not impose term limits on its congressional delegation ) . ^ Jump up to : See U.S. Term Limits , Inc. , 514 U.S. at 783 ( invalidating provision in the Arkansas Constitution imposing term limits on the State 's congressional delegation ) ( `` Allowing individual States to adopt their own qualifications for congressional service ( , such as term limitations , ) would be inconsistent with the Framers ' vision of a uniform National Legislature representing the people of the United States . If the qualifications set forth in the text of the Constitution are to be changed , that text must be amended . '' ) ; see also Cook v. Gralike , 531 U.S. 510 ( 2001 ) ( invaliding a Missouri constitutional term providing for labels printed on the election ballot next to the names of candidates who had not pledged to support term limits ) . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Candidacy , Incarceration , and the Constitution 's Inhabitancy Qualification '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . August 12 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Story , Commentaries on the Constitution 2 : § § 630 -- 35 , 641 -- 47 , 673 -- 80 '' . The Founder 's Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . 2000 . p. § 677 . Jump up ^ Cf . Prigg v. Pennsylvania , 41 U.S. ( 16 Pet . ) 539 , 619 ( 1842 ) ( dictum ) ( `` ( Congress ) has , on various occasions , exercised powers which were necessary and proper as means to carry into effect rights expressly given , and duties expressly enjoined thereby . The end being required , it has been deemed a just and necessary implication , that the means to accomplish it are given also ; or , in other words , that the power flows as a necessary means to accomplish the end . Thus , for example , although the constitution has declared , that representatives shall be apportioned among the states according to their respective federal numbers ; and for this purpose , it has expressly authorized congress , by law , to provide for an enumeration of the population every ten years ; yet the power to apportion representatives , after this enumeration is made , is nowhere found among the express powers given to congress , but it has always been acted upon , as irresistibly flowing from the duty positively enjoined by the constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Whelan v. Cuomo , 415 F. Supp. 251 , 256 ( E.D.N.Y. 1976 ) ( `` The historical record of the Constitutional Convention supports several conclusions ( , ) ... ( including that ) Congress was given considerable flexibility in determining the actual number of representatives so long as the total did not exceed one representative for every 30,000 inhabitants . '' ) . Jump up ^ See 3 Annals of Cong. 539 ( 1792 ) ( President Washington 's veto of apportionment legislation that would not have exceeded a national average of 1 for every 30,000 inhabitants , but did exceed that ratio for some states ) ; see also U.S. Dep 't of Commerce v. Montana ( Montana II ) , 503 U.S. 442 , 449 -- 50 ( Congress 's response to Washington 's veto was enacting legislation providing for 1 representative per 33,000 of the national population , which avoided exceeding 1 per 30,000 in those states ) . Jump up ^ The United States Code only indirectly provides for a House with 435 members . After each decennial census , the President must submit to Congress a statement `` showing the whole number of Persons in each State '' and , based on this population figure , the number of Representatives the State would have received in the 83rd Congress ( 1951 -- 53 ) . 2 U.S.C. § 2a ( a ) ( 2006 ) . Each State then receives as many representatives in the House as the President 's report provides , until the next decennial census . Id . § 2a ( b ) . The size of the House of Representatives in the 83rd Congress was 435 . Thus , the United States Code currently does not expressly use the number `` 435 , '' but instead ties the current size of the House to the `` then existing number of Representatives '' in the 83rd Congress , which was fixed at 435 by legislation that is now omitted from the United States Code . Compare 2 U.S.C. § 2 ( 1926 ) ( `` ( A ) fter the third day of March , nineteen hundred and thirteen , the House of Representatives shall be composed of four hundred and thirty - five members . '' ) with 2 U.S.C. § 2 ( 1934 ) ( section omitted ) . It has been omitted from every subsequent edition of the United States Code , through the present edition ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , 157 U.S. 429 , modified on rehearing , 158 U.S. 601 ( 1895 ) , superseded by U.S. Const . amend . XVI , as recognized in Brushaber v. Union Pac . R.R. , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) , and overruled on other grounds by South Carolina v. Baker , 485 U.S. 505 ( 1988 ) . ^ Jump up to : Cf. 1 Asher C. Hinds , Hinds ' Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States § 187 , at 113 ( 1907 ) ( `` The Speaker is always a Member of the House ... '' ) . Jump up ^ Cf . Nixon v. United States , 506 U.S. 224 ( 1993 ) ( construing the Senate 's `` sole power '' to `` try all impeachments '' to mean that the Senate 's impeachment procedures are left to its discretion and concluding generally that Congress 's impeachment powers are outside judicial review ) . ^ Jump up to : Presser , Stephen B. `` Essay on Impeachment '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph . `` Essays on Article I : Senate '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States Amendments 11 -- 27 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph Rossum . `` Essays on Article V : Prohibition on Amendment : Equal Suffrage in the Senate '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Tie Votes '' . United States Senate . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Since 1789 , 258 tie - breaking votes have been cast . Jump up ^ Senate Historical Office , President Pro Tempore , http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htm . Jump up ^ See Nixon , 506 U.S. at 230 -- 31 , 233 -- 36 ( holding that the Senate 's sole power to try impeachments made its judgment conclusive as to what constituted an adequate impeachment trial ) ( `` We think that the word ' sole ' is of considerable significance . Indeed , the word ' sole ' appears only one other time in the Constitution - with respect to the House of Representatives ' `` sole Power of Impeachment . '' The commonsense meaning of the word ' sole ' is that the Senate alone shall have authority to determine whether an individual should be acquitted or convicted . The dictionary definition bears this out ... The history and contemporary understanding of the impeachment provisions support our reading of the constitutional language ... ( T ) he Judiciary , and the Supreme Court in particular , were not chosen to have any role in impeachments ... ( J ) udicial review would be inconsistent with the Framers ' insistence that our system be one of checks and balances ... Judicial involvement in impeachment proceedings , even if only for purposes of judicial review , is counterintuitive because it would eviscerate the ' important constitutional check ' placed on the Judiciary by the Framers . ( It would be an improper reading of the Constitution to ) place final reviewing authority with respect to impeachments in the hands of the same body that the impeachment process is meant to regulate ... In addition to the textual commitment argument , ... the lack of finality and the difficulty of fashioning relief counsel against justiciability ... ( O ) pening the door of judicial review to the procedures used by the Senate in trying impeachments would ' expose the political life of the country to months , or perhaps years , of chaos . ' '' ( citations omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ Impeachment History . Infoplease.com . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gerhardt , Michael J. `` Essay on Trial of Impeachment '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cf . Ritter v. United States , 84 Ct . Cl. 293 , 300 ( 1936 ) ( `` While the Senate in one sense acts as a court on the trial of an impeachment , it is essentially a political body and in its actions is influenced by the views of its members on the public welfare . '' ) ; Staff of H. Comm . on the Judiciary , 93d Cong. , Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment 24 ( Comm . Print 1974 ) ( `` The purpose of impeachment is not personal punishment ; its function is primarily to maintain constitutional government . '' ( citation omitted ) ) , reprinted in 3 Lewis Deschler , Deschler 's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives , H.R. Doc . No. 94 ‒ 661 ch. 14 , app . at 2269 ( 1977 ) . ^ Jump up to : Peacock , Anthony . `` Essays on Article I : Election Regulations '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ See Foster v. Love , 522 U.S. 67 , 69 , 71 n. 2 ( 1997 ) ( `` The ( Elections ) Clause is a default provision ; it invests the States with responsibility for the mechanics of congressional elections , but only so far as Congress declines to preempt state legislative choices . Thus it is well settled that the Elections Clause grants Congress ' the power to override state regulations ' by establishing uniform rules for federal elections , binding on the States . ' ( T ) he regulations made by Congress are paramount to those made by the State legislature ; and if they conflict therewith , the latter , so far as the conflict extends , ceases to be operative . ' The Clause gives Congress ' comprehensive ' authority to regulate the details of elections , including the power to impose ' the numerous requirements as to procedure and safeguards which experience shows are necessary in order to enforce the fundamental right involved . ' Congressional authority extends not only to general elections , but also to any ' primary election which involves a necessary step in the choice of candidates for election as representatives in Congress . ' ) ( citations omitted ) ; United States v. Manning , 215 F. Supp. 272 , 284 ( W.D. La . 1963 ) ( '' ' ( T ) he manner of holding elections ' ... must be read as referring to the entire electoral process , from the first step of registering to the last step , the State 's promulgation of honest returns. `` ) . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 7 ( 2006 ) ( prescribing `` Tuesday next after the 1st Monday in November '' as the date for electing Representatives ) ; id. § 1 ( elections for Senators to be held on same date as elections for Representatives ) ; see also 3 U.S.C. § 1 ( 2006 ) ( prescribing `` Tuesday next after the first Monday in November '' as the date for electing presidential Electors ) . Jump up ^ Cook v. Gralike , 531 U.S. 510 , 523 -- 24 ( 2001 ) ( internal quotation marks and citation omitted ) . Jump up ^ See Vieth v. Jubelirer , 541 U.S. 267 , 275 ( 2004 ) ( plurality opinion ) ( `` Article I , § 4 , while leaving in state legislatures the initial power to draw districts for federal elections , permitted Congress to ' make or alter ' those districts if it wished . '' ) . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ See Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission ( 576 U.S. __ ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 127 -- 128 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 3 ( 1934 ) ( `` In each State entitled under this apportionment to more than one Representative , ... ( such Representatives ) shall be elected by districts composed of a contiguous and compact territory , and containing as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Wood v. Broom , 287 U.S. 1 ( 1932 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Shaw v. Reno , 509 U.S. 630 , 642 ( 1993 ) ( `` ( L ) egislation that is so extremely irregular on its face that it rationally can be viewed only as an effort to segregate the races for purposes of voting , without regard for traditional districting principles and without sufficiently compelling justification , '' is subject to strict scrutiny . ) . Jump up ^ Forte , David F. `` Essays on Article I : Meetings of Congress Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` March 4 : A forgotten huge day in American history '' . Philadelphia : National Constitution Center . March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rushing , J. Taylor ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` Senate easily passes bailout '' . The Senate 's action was a dramatic and rare move that circumvented a constitutional requirement that tax legislation must originate in the House Jump up ^ Mulligan , John E. ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` Kennedy 's unintended role in history '' . The Providence Journal . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Once the Senate added those provisions to the rescue bill , it qualified as a tax bill , which the upper chamber is constitutionally prohibited from originating . To get around the Constitution , the leaders turned to the time - honored stratagem of finding a live but dormant House bill -- ( Patrick ) Kennedy 's mental - health parity bill -- to use as a shell . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erik and Monaghan , Henry . The Taxing Power : a Reference Guide to the United States Constitution . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 170 ( 2005 ) ... ISBN 0 - 313 - 31229 - X Jump up ^ See Ross Wilson , A Third Way : The Presidential Non-Signing Statement , http://ssrn.com/abstract=1593862 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Reference Home > Statistics & Lists > Vetoes by President George W. Bush '' . Senate.gov . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See e.g. Perry v. United States , 294 U.S. 330 ( 1935 ) . Jump up ^ Novak , Michael ( 1996 ) . The fire of invention , the fuel of interest : On intellectual property . Washington D.C. : The American Enterprise Institute Press . Jump up ^ Calder v. Bull , 3 U.S. 386 , 399 - 400 ( 1798 ) . Jump up ^ Juilliard v. Greenman , 110 U.S. 421 , 446 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Definition of tender as noun , in Merriam - Webster . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Any '' financial obligation would de facto include financial obligations owed either by or to the state ; see definition of `` any '' as noun ( 5 ) , in Merriam - Webster Jump up ^ 262 U.S. 649 , 659 ( 1923 ) . See also Gwin v. Breedlove , 43 U.S. ( 2 How . ) 29 , 38 ( 1844 ) ; and Griffin v. Thompson , 43 U.S. ( 2 How . ) 244 ( 1844 ) . Jump up ^ Madison , James Federalist Papers No. 44 Jump up ^ Tribe , Laurence ( 2000 ) . American Constitutional Law . West Publishing Company . pp. 649 -- 51 . ISBN 1 - 56662 - 714 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brody , Michael ( February 17 , 2013 ) . `` Circumventing the Electoral College : Why the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Survives Constitutional Scrutiny Under the Compact Clause '' . Legislation and Policy Brief . Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law . 5 ( 1 ) : 40ff . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Irons , Peter H. ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Penguin . External links ( edit ) Davis , Z. ( 2001 ) . `` Presidential Vetoes , 1989 -- 2000 . '' Kilman , J. & Costello , G. ( Eds ) . ( 2000 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . s CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 1 `` Resources Regarding the Origination Clause '' ( from TIFIS ) National Cable Satellite Corporation . ( 2003 ) . `` Capitol Questions . 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