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-7831784150407309729 | Chemical weapons in World War I | Chemical weapons in World War I - wikipedia Chemical weapons in World War I Jump to : navigation , search British troops blinded by poison gas during the Battle of Estaires , 1918 Although the use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years , the first large scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I. They were primarily used to demoralize , injure , and kill entrenched defenders , against whom the indiscriminate and generally very slow - moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective . The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals , such as tear gas , to lethal agents like phosgene , chlorine , and mustard gas . This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century . The killing capacity of gas was limited , with about ninety thousand fatalities from a total of some 1.3 million casualties caused by gas attacks . Gas was unlike most other weapons of the period because it was possible to develop countermeasures , such as gas masks . In the later stages of the war , as the use of gas increased , its overall effectiveness diminished . The widespread use of these agents of chemical warfare , and wartime advances in the composition of high explosives , gave rise to an occasionally expressed view of World War I as `` the chemist 's war '' and also the era where weapons of mass destruction were created . The use of poison gas performed by all major belligerents throughout World War I constituted war crimes as its use violated the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited the use of `` poison or poisoned weapons '' in warfare . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of poison gas in World War I 1.1 1914 : Tear gas 1.2 1915 : Large - scale use and lethal gases 1.2. 1 Effectiveness and countermeasures 1.2. 2 British gas attacks 1.3 1915 : More deadly gases 1.4 1916 : Austrian use 1.5 1917 : Mustard gas 1.6 Post-war 1.6. 1 Effect on World War II 2 Casualties 2.1 British casualties 2.2 Civilian casualties 3 Countermeasures 4 Delivery systems 5 Unexploded weapons 6 Gases used 7 Long - term health effects 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History of poison gas in World War I ( edit ) See also : Weapons of World War I 1914 : tear gas ( edit ) The earliest military uses of chemicals were tear - inducing irritants rather than fatal or disabling poisons . During World War I , the French army was the first to employ gas , using 26 mm grenades filled with tear gas ( ethyl bromoacetate ) in August 1914 . The small quantities of gas delivered , roughly 19 cm3 per cartridge , were not even detected by the Germans . The stocks were rapidly consumed and by November a new order was placed by the French military . As bromine was scarce among the Entente allies , the active ingredient was changed to chloroacetone . In October 1914 , German troops fired fragmentation shells filled with a chemical irritant against British positions at Neuve Chapelle , though the concentration achieved was so small that it too was barely noticed . None of the combatants considered the use of tear gas to be in conflict with the Hague Treaty of 1899 , which prohibited the launching of projectiles containing asphyxiating or poisonous gas . 1915 : large - scale use and lethal gases ( edit ) The first instance of large - scale use of gas as a weapon was on 31 January 1915 , when Germany fired 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas on Russian positions on the Rawka River , west of Warsaw during the Battle of Bolimov . However , instead of vaporizing , the chemical froze and failed to have the desired effect . The first killing agent used by the German military was chlorine . Chlorine is a powerful irritant that can inflict damage to the eyes , nose , throat and lungs . At high concentrations and prolonged exposure it can cause death by asphyxiation . German chemical companies BASF , Hoechst and Bayer ( which formed the IG Farben conglomerate in 1925 ) had been producing chlorine as a by - product of their dye manufacturing . In cooperation with Fritz Haber of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin , they began developing methods of discharging chlorine gas against enemy trenches . According to the fieldpost letter of Major Karl von Zingler , the first chlorine gas attack by German forces took place before 2 January 1915 : `` In other war theaters it does not go better and it has been said that our Chlorine is very effective . 140 English officers have been killed . This is a horrible weapon ... '' . By 22 April 1915 , the German Army had 168 tons of chlorine deployed in 5,730 cylinders from Langemark -- Poelkapelle , north of Ypres . At 17 : 30 , in a slight easterly breeze , the gas was released , forming a gray - green cloud that drifted across positions held by French Colonial troops from Martinique , as well as the 1st Tirailleurs and the 2nd Zouaves from Algeria . Faced with an unfamiliar threat these troops broke ranks , abandoning their trenches and creating an 8,000 - yard ( 7 km ) gap in the Allied line . However , the German infantry were also wary of the gas and , lacking reinforcements , failed to exploit the break before the 1st Canadian Division and assorted French troops reformed the line in scattered , hastily prepared positions 1,000 -- 3,000 yards ( 910 -- 2,740 m ) apart . The Entente governments quickly claimed the attack was a flagrant violation of international law but Germany argued that the Hague treaty had only banned chemical shells , rather than the use of gas projectors . In what became the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans used gas on three more occasions ; on 24 April against the 1st Canadian Division , on 2 May near Mouse Trap Farm and on 5 May against the British at Hill 60 . The British Official History stated that at Hill 60 , `` 90 men died from gas poisoning in the trenches or before they could be got to a dressing station ; of the 207 brought to the nearest dressing stations , 46 died almost immediately and 12 after long suffering . '' On August 6 , German troops used chlorine gas against Russian troops defending the Fortress of Osowiec . Surviving defenders drove back the attack and retained the fortress . Germany used chemical weapons on the eastern front in an attack at Rawka , south of Warsaw . The Russian army took 9,000 casualties , with more than 1,000 fatalities . In response , the artillery branch of the Russian army organized a commission to study the delivery of poison gas in shells . Effectiveness and countermeasures ( edit ) British emplacement after German gas attack ( probably phosgene ) It quickly became evident that the men who stayed in their places suffered less than those who ran away , as any movement worsened the effects of the gas , and that those who stood up on the fire step suffered less -- indeed they often escaped any serious effects -- than those who lay down or sat at the bottom of a trench . Men who stood on the parapet suffered least , as the gas was denser near the ground . The worst sufferers were the wounded lying on the ground , or on stretchers , and the men who moved back with the cloud . Chlorine was less effective as a weapon than the Germans had hoped , particularly as soon as simple countermeasures were introduced . The gas produced a visible greenish cloud and strong odour , making it easy to detect . It was water - soluble , so the simple expedient of covering the mouth and nose with a damp cloth was somewhat effective at reducing the effect of the gas . It was thought to be even more effective to use urine rather than water , as it was known at the time that chlorine reacted readily with urea ( present in urine ) to form dichloro urea . Chlorine required a concentration of 1,000 parts per million to be fatal , destroying tissue in the lungs , likely through the formation of hydrochloric acid when dissolved in the water in the lungs ( 2Cl + 2H O → 4HCl + O ) . Despite its limitations , however , chlorine was an effective psychological weapon -- the sight of an oncoming cloud of the gas was a continual source of dread for the infantry . Countermeasures were quickly introduced in response to the use of chlorine . The Germans issued their troops with small gauze pads filled with cotton waste , and bottles of a bicarbonate solution with which to dampen the pads . Immediately following the use of chlorine gas by the Germans , instructions were sent to British and French troops to hold wet handkerchiefs or cloths over their mouths . Simple pad respirators similar to those issued to German troops were soon proposed by Lieutenant - Colonel N.C. Ferguson , the A.D.M.S. of the 28th Division . These pads were intended to be used damp , preferably dipped into a solution of bicarbonate kept in buckets for that purpose , though other liquids were also used . Because such pads could not be expected to arrive at the front for several days , army divisions set about making them for themselves . Locally available muslin , flannel and gauze were used , officers were sent to Paris to buy more and local French women were employed making up rudimentary pads with string ties . Other units used lint bandages manufactured in the convent at Poperinge . Pad respirators were sent up with rations to British troops in the line as early as the evening of 24 April . In Britain the Daily Mail newspaper encouraged women to manufacture cotton pads , and within one month a variety of pad respirators were available to British and French troops , along with motoring goggles to protect the eyes . The response was enormous and a million gas masks were produced in a day . Unfortunately , the Mail 's design was useless when dry and caused suffocation when wet -- the respirator was responsible for the deaths of scores of men . By 6 July 1915 , the entire British army was equipped with the far more effective `` smoke helmet '' designed by Major Cluny MacPherson , Newfoundland Regiment , which was a flannel bag with a celluloid window , which entirely covered the head . The race was then on between the introduction of new and more effective poison gases and the production of effective countermeasures , which marked gas warfare until the armistice in November 1918 . British gas attacks ( edit ) British infantry advancing through gas at Loos , 25 September 1915 Football team of British soldiers with gas masks , Western front , 1916 A British gas bomb from 1915 The British expressed outrage at Germany 's use of poison gas at Ypres but responded by developing their own gas warfare capability . The commander of II Corps , Lieutenant General Sir Charles Ferguson , said of gas : It is a cowardly form of warfare which does not commend itself to me or other English soldiers ... We can not win this war unless we kill or incapacitate more of our enemies than they do of us , and if this can only be done by our copying the enemy in his choice of weapons , we must not refuse to do so . The first use of gas by the British was at the Battle of Loos , 25 September 1915 , but the attempt was a disaster . Chlorine , codenamed Red Star , was the agent to be used ( 140 tons arrayed in 5,100 cylinders ) , and the attack was dependent on a favorable wind . However , on this occasion the wind proved fickle , and the gas either lingered in no man 's land or , in places , blew back on the British trenches . This debacle was compounded when the gas could not be released from all the British canisters because the wrong turning keys were sent with them . Subsequent retaliatory German shelling hit some of those unused full cylinders , releasing more gas among the British troops . Exacerbating the situation were the primitive flannel gas masks distributed to the British . The masks got hot , and the small eye - pieces misted over , reducing visibility . Some of the troops lifted the masks to get some fresh air , causing them to be gassed . 1915 : more deadly gases ( edit ) Plate I , Microscopic section of human lung from phosgene shell poisoning , American Red Cross and Medical Research Committee , An Atlas of Gas Poisoning , 1918 The deficiencies of chlorine were overcome with the introduction of phosgene , which was prepared by a group of French chemists led by Victor Grignard and first used by France in 1915 . Colourless and having an odor likened to `` mouldy hay , '' phosgene was difficult to detect , making it a more effective weapon . Although phosgene was sometimes used on its own , it was more often used mixed with an equal volume of chlorine , with the chlorine helping to spread the denser phosgene . The Allies called this combination White Star after the marking painted on shells containing the mixture . Phosgene was a potent killing agent , deadlier than chlorine . It had a potential drawback in that some of the symptoms of exposure took 24 hours or more to manifest . This meant that the victims were initially still capable of putting up a fight ; although this could also mean that apparently fit troops would be incapacitated by the effects of the gas on the following day . In the first combined chlorine -- phosgene attack by Germany , against British troops at Wieltje near Ypres , Belgium on 19 December 1915 , 88 tons of the gas were released from cylinders causing 1069 casualties and 69 deaths . The British P gas helmet , issued at the time , was impregnated with sodium phenolate and partially effective against phosgene . The modified PH Gas Helmet , which was impregnated with phenate hexamine and hexamethylene tetramine ( urotropine ) to improve the protection against phosgene , was issued in January 1916 . Around 36,600 tons of phosgene were manufactured during the war , out of a total of 190,000 tons for all chemical weapons , making it second only to chlorine ( 93,800 tons ) in the quantity manufactured : Germany 18,100 tons France 15,700 tons United Kingdom 1,400 tons ( although they also used French stocks ) United States 1,400 tons ( although they also used French stocks ) Although phosgene was never as notorious in public consciousness as mustard gas , it killed far more people , about 85 % of the 100,000 deaths caused by chemical weapons during World War I . 1916 : Austrian use ( edit ) Italian dead after the Austrian gas attack on Monte San Michele On 29 June 1916 , Austrian forces attacked the Italian lines on Monte San Michele with a mix of phosgene and chlorine gas . Thousands of Italian soldiers died in this first chemical weapons attack on the Italian Front . 1917 : mustard gas ( edit ) Plate X , Microscopic section of human lung from mustard gas poisoning , American Red Cross and Medical Research Committee , An Atlas of Gas Poisoning , 1918 The most widely reported and , perhaps , the most effective gas of the First World War was mustard gas . It was a vesicant that was introduced by Germany in July 1917 prior to the Third Battle of Ypres . The Germans marked their shells yellow for mustard gas and green for chlorine and phosgene ; hence they called the new gas Yellow Cross . It was known to the British as HS ( Hun Stuff ) , while the French called it Yperite ( named after Ypres ) . A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns , 1917 / 1918 Mustard gas is not a particularly effective killing agent ( though in high enough doses it is fatal ) but can be used to harass and disable the enemy and pollute the battlefield . Delivered in artillery shells , mustard gas was heavier than air , and it settled to the ground as an oily liquid resembling sherry . Once in the soil , mustard gas remained active for several days , weeks , or even months , depending on the weather conditions . The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered , their eyes became very sore and they began to vomit . Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes , stripping off the mucous membrane . This was extremely painful . Fatally injured victims sometimes took four or five weeks to die of mustard gas exposure . One nurse , Vera Brittain , wrote : `` I wish those people who talk about going on with this war whatever it costs could see the soldiers suffering from mustard gas poisoning . Great mustard - coloured blisters , blind eyes , all sticky and stuck together , always fighting for breath , with voices a mere whisper , saying that their throats are closing and they know they will choke . '' The polluting nature of mustard gas meant that it was not always suitable for supporting an attack as the assaulting infantry would be exposed to the gas when they advanced . When Germany launched Operation Michael on 21 March 1918 , they saturated the Flesquières salient with mustard gas instead of attacking it directly , believing that the harassing effect of the gas , coupled with threats to the salient 's flanks , would make the British position untenable . Gas never reproduced the dramatic success of 22 April 1915 ; however , it became a standard weapon which , combined with conventional artillery , was used to support most attacks in the later stages of the war . Gas was employed primarily on the Western Front -- the static , confined trench system was ideal for achieving an effective concentration . Germany also made use of gas against Russia on the Eastern Front , where the lack of effective countermeasures resulted in deaths of over 56,000 Russians , while Britain experimented with gas in Palestine during the Second Battle of Gaza . Russia began manufacturing chlorine gas in 1916 , with phosgene being produced later in the year . However , most of the manufactured gas was never used . The British Army believed that the use of gas was needed , but did not use mustard gas until November 1917 at Cambrai , after their armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard - gas shells . It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard gas weapon , with production of the chemicals centred on Avonmouth Docks . ( The only option available to the British was the Despretz -- Niemann -- Guthrie process ) . This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of the Hindenburg Line with the Hundred Days ' Offensive . The Allies mounted more gas attacks than the Germans in 1917 and 1918 because of a marked increase in production of gas from the Allied nations . Germany was unable to keep up with this pace despite creating various new gases for use in battle , mostly as a result of very costly methods of production . Entry into the war by the United States allowed the Allies to increase mustard gas production far more than Germany . Also the prevailing wind on the Western Front was blowing from west to east , which meant the British more frequently had favorable conditions for a gas release than did the Germans . When the United States entered the war , it was already mobilizing resources from academic , industry and military sectors for research and development into poison gas . A Subcommittee on Noxious Gases was created by the National Research Committee , a major research center was established at Camp American University , and the 1st Gas Regiment was recruited . The 1st Gas Regiment eventually served in France , where it used phosgene gas in a number of attacks . The Artillery used Mustard gas with significant effect during the Meuse Argonne Offensive on at least three occasions . The United States began large - scale production of an improved vesicant gas known as Lewisite , for use in an offensive planned for early 1919 . By the time of the armistice on 11 November , a plant near Willoughby , Ohio was producing 10 tons per day of the substance , for a total of about 150 tons . It is uncertain what effect this new chemical would have had on the battlefield , however , as it degrades in moist conditions . Post-war ( edit ) By the end of the war , chemical weapons had lost much of their effectiveness against well trained and equipped troops . At that time , chemical weapon agents inflicted an estimated 1.3 million casualties . Nevertheless , in the following years , chemical weapons were used in several , mainly colonial , wars where one side had an advantage in equipment over the other . The British used poison gas , possibly adamsite , against Russian revolutionary troops beginning on August 27 , 1919 and contemplated using chemical weapons against Iraqi insurgents in the 1920s ; Bolshevik troops used poison gas to suppress the Tambov Rebellion in 1920 , Spain used chemical weapons in Morocco against Rif tribesmen throughout the 1920s and Italy used mustard gas in Libya in 1930 and again during its invasion of Ethiopia in 1936 . In 1925 , a Chinese warlord , Zhang Zuolin , contracted a German company to build him a mustard gas plant in Shenyang , which was completed in 1927 . Public opinion had by then turned against the use of such weapons which led to the Geneva Protocol , an updated and extensive prohibition of poison weapons . The Protocol , which was signed by most First World War combatants in 1925 , bans the use ( but not the stockpiling ) of lethal gas and bacteriological weapons . Most countries that signed ratified it within around five years , although a few took much longer -- Brazil , Japan , Uruguay , and the United States did not do so until the 1970s , and Nicaragua ratified it only in 1990 . The signatory nations agreed not to use poison gas in the future , stating `` the use in war of asphyxiating , poisonous or other gases , and of all analogous liquids , materials or devices , has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world . '' Although chemical weapons have been used in at least a dozen wars since the end of the First World War , they were not used in combat on a large scale until mustard gas and the more deadly nerve agents were used by Iraq during the 8 - year Iran -- Iraq War . It killed around 20,000 Iranian troops ( and injured another 80,000 ) , which is around a quarter of the number of deaths caused by chemical weapons during the First World War . Effect on World War II ( edit ) Although all major combatants stockpiled chemical weapons during the Second World War , the only reports of its use in the conflict were the Japanese use of relatively small amounts of mustard gas and lewisite in China , and very rare occurrences in Europe ( for example some sulfur mustard bombs were dropped on Warsaw on 3 September 1939 , which Germany acknowledged in 1942 but indicated had been accidental ) . Mustard gas was the agent of choice , with the British stockpiling 40,719 tons , the Soviets 77,400 tons , the Americans over 87,000 tons and the Germans 27,597 tons . The destruction of an American cargo ship containing mustard gas led to many casualties in Bari , Italy , in December 1943 . In both Axis and Allied nations , children in school were taught to wear gas masks in case of gas attack . Germany developed the poison gases tabun , sarin , and soman during the war , and used Zyklon B in their extermination camps . Neither Germany nor the Allied nations used any of their war gases in combat , despite maintaining large stockpiles and occasional calls for their use . Poison gas played an important role in the Holocaust . Britain made plans to use mustard gas on the landing beaches in the event of an invasion of the United Kingdom in 1940 . The United States considered using gas to support their planned invasion of Japan . Casualties ( edit ) The contribution of gas weapons to the total casualty figures was relatively minor . British figures , which were accurately maintained from 1916 , recorded that only 3 % of gas casualties were fatal , 2 % were permanently invalid and 70 % were fit for duty again within six weeks . It was remarked as a joke that if someone yelled ' Gas ' , everyone in France would put on a mask ... Gas shock was as frequent as shell shock . -- H. Allen , Towards the Flame , 1934 John Singer Sargent 's 1918 painting Gassed Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! -- An ecstasy of fumbling , Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time ; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling , And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim , through the misty panes and thick green light , As under a green sea , I saw him drowning . In all my dreams , before my helpless sight , He plunges at me , guttering , choking , drowning . -- Wilfred Owen , `` Dulce et Decorum est '' , 1917 Plate III , Pallid type of asphyxia from phosgene poisoning , with circulatory failure , American Red Cross and Medical Research Committee , An Atlas of Gas Poisoning , 1918 Death by gas was often slow and painful . According to Denis Winter ( Death 's Men , 1978 ) , a fatal dose of phosgene eventually led to `` shallow breathing and retching , pulse up to 120 , an ashen face and the discharge of four pints ( 2 litres ) of yellow liquid from the lungs each hour for the 48 of the drowning spasms . '' A common fate of those exposed to gas was blindness , chlorine gas or mustard gas being the main causes . One of the most famous First World War paintings , Gassed by John Singer Sargent , captures such a scene of mustard gas casualties which he witnessed at a dressing station at Le Bac - du - Sud near Arras in July 1918 . ( The gases used during that battle ( tear gas ) caused temporary blindness and / or a painful stinging in the eyes . These bandages were normally water - soaked to provide a rudimentary form of pain relief to the eyes of casualties before they reached more organized medical help . ) The proportion of mustard gas fatalities to total casualties was low ; only 2 % of mustard gas casualties died and many of these succumbed to secondary infections rather than the gas itself . Once it was introduced at the third battle of Ypres , mustard gas produced 90 % of all British gas casualties and 14 % of battle casualties of any type . Estimated gas casualties Nation Fatal Total ( Fatal & Non-fatal ) Russia 56,000 419,340 Germany 9,000 200,000 France 8,000 190,000 British Empire ( includes Canada ) 8,109 188,706 Austria - Hungary 3,000 100,000 United States 1,462 72,807 Italy 4,627 60,000 Total 90,198 1,230,853 Mustard gas was a source of extreme dread . In The Anatomy of Courage ( 1945 ) , Lord Moran , who had been a medical officer during the war , wrote : After July 1917 gas partly usurped the role of high explosive in bringing to head a natural unfitness for war . The gassed men were an expression of trench fatigue , a menace when the manhood of the nation had been picked over . Mustard gas did not need to be inhaled to be effective -- any contact with skin was sufficient . Exposure to 0.1 ppm was enough to cause massive blisters . Higher concentrations could burn flesh to the bone . It was particularly effective against the soft skin of the eyes , nose , armpits and groin , since it dissolved in the natural moisture of those areas . Typical exposure would result in swelling of the conjunctiva and eyelids , forcing them closed and rendering the victim temporarily blind . Where it contacted the skin , moist red patches would immediately appear which after 24 hours would have formed into blisters . Other symptoms included severe headache , elevated pulse and temperature ( fever ) , and pneumonia ( from blistering in the lungs ) . Many of those who survived a gas attack were scarred for life . Respiratory disease and failing eyesight were common post-war afflictions . Of the Canadians who , without any effective protection , had withstood the first chlorine attacks during 2nd Ypres , 60 % of the casualties had to be repatriated and half of these were still unfit by the end of the war , over three years later . In reading the statistics of the time , one should bear the longer term in mind . Many of those who were fairly soon recorded as fit for service were left with scar tissue in their lungs . This tissue was susceptible to tuberculosis attack . It was from this that many of the 1918 casualties died , around the time of the Second World War , shortly before sulfa drugs became widely available for its treatment . British casualties ( edit ) British forces gas casualties on the Western Front Date Agent Casualties ( official ) Fatal Non-fatal April -- May 1915 Chlorine 350 7,000 May 1915 -- June 1916 Lachrymants 0 0 December 1915 -- August 1916 Chlorine 1,013 4,207 July 1916 -- July 1917 Various 532 8,806 July 1917 -- November 1918 Mustard gas 4,086 160,526 April 1915 -- November 1918 Total 5,981 180,539 A British nurse treating mustard gas cases recorded : They can not be bandaged or touched . We cover them with a tent of propped - up sheets . Gas burns must be agonizing because usually the other cases do not complain even with the worst wounds but gas cases are invariably beyond endurance and they can not help crying out . A postmortem account from the British official medical history records one of the British casualties : Case four . Aged 39 years . Gassed 29 July 1917 . Admitted to casualty clearing station the same day . Died about ten days later . Brownish pigmentation present over large surfaces of the body . A white ring of skin where the wrist watch was . Marked superficial burning of the face and scrotum . The larynx much congested . The whole of the trachea was covered by a yellow membrane . The bronchi contained abundant gas . The lungs fairly voluminous . The right lung showing extensive collapse at the base . Liver congested and fatty . Stomach showed numerous submucous haemorrhages . The brain substance was unduly wet and very congested . Civilian casualties ( edit ) The distribution of gas cloud casualties was not only limited to the front . Nearby towns were at risk from winds blowing the poison gases through . Civilians rarely had a warning system put into place to alert their neighbours of the danger . In addition to poor warning systems , civilians often did not have access to effective gas masks . Also , when the gas came to the towns over the wind , it could easily get into houses through open windows and doors . An estimated 100,000 - 260,000 civilian casualties were caused by chemical weapons during the conflict and tens of thousands ( along with military personnel ) died from scarring of the lungs , skin damage , and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended . Many commanders on both sides knew that such weapon would cause major harm to civilians as wind would blow poison gases into nearby civilian towns but nonetheless continued to use them throughout the war . British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote in his diary : `` My officers and I were aware that such weapon would cause harm to women and children living in nearby towns , as strong winds were common on the battlefront . However , because the weapon was to be directed against the enemy , none of us were overly concerned at all . '' Countermeasures ( edit ) A Smelling Case to allow officers to identify the gas by smell and thus act appropriately for protection and treatment None of the First World War 's combatants were prepared for the introduction of poison gas as a weapon . Once gas was introduced , development of gas protection began and the process continued for much of the war producing a series of increasingly effective gas masks . Even at Second Ypres , Germany , still unsure of the weapon 's effectiveness , only issued breathing masks to the engineers handling the gas . At Ypres a Canadian medical officer , who was also a chemist , quickly identified the gas as chlorine and recommended that the troops urinate on a cloth and hold it over their mouth and nose . The first official equipment issued was similarly crude ; a pad of material , usually impregnated with a chemical , tied over the lower face . To protect the eyes from tear gas , soldiers were issued with gas goggles . British Vickers machine gun crew wearing PH gas helmets with exhaust tubes The next advance was the introduction of the gas helmet -- basically a bag placed over the head . The fabric of the bag was impregnated with a chemical to neutralize the gas -- however , the chemical would wash out into the soldier 's eyes whenever it rained . Eye - pieces , which were prone to fog up , were initially made from talc . When going into combat , gas helmets were typically worn rolled up on top of the head , to be pulled down and secured about the neck when the gas alarm was given . The first British version was the Hypo helmet , the fabric of which was soaked in sodium hyposulfite ( commonly known as `` hypo '' ) . The British P gas helmet , partially effective against phosgene and with which all infantry were equipped with at Loos , was impregnated with sodium phenolate . A mouthpiece was added through which the wearer would breathe out to prevent carbon dioxide build - up . The adjutant of the 1 / 23rd Battalion , The London Regiment , recalled his experience of the P helmet at Loos : The goggles rapidly dimmed over , and the air came through in such suffocatingly small quantities as to demand a continuous exercise of will - power on the part of the wearers . A modified version of the P Helmet , called the PH Helmet , was issued in January 1916 , and was additionally impregnated with hexamethylenetetramine to improve the protection against phosgene . Australian infantry wearing Small Box Respirators , Ypres , September 1917 Self - contained box respirators represented the culmination of gas mask development during the First World War . Box respirators used a two - piece design ; a mouthpiece connected via a hose to a box filter . The box filter contained granules of chemicals that neutralised the gas , delivering clean air to the wearer . Separating the filter from the mask enabled a bulky but efficient filter to be supplied . Nevertheless , the first version , known as the Large Box Respirator ( LBR ) or `` Harrison 's Tower '' , was deemed too bulky -- the box canister needed to be carried on the back . The LBR had no mask , just a mouthpiece and nose clip ; separate gas goggles had to be worn . It continued to be issued to the artillery gun crews but the infantry were supplied with the `` Small Box Respirator '' ( SBR ) . The Small Box Respirator featured a single - piece , close - fitting rubberized mask with eye - pieces . The box filter was compact and could be worn around the neck . The SBR could be readily upgraded as more effective filter technology was developed . The British - designed SBR was also adopted for use by the American Expeditionary Force . The SBR was the prized possession of the ordinary infantryman ; when the British were forced to retreat during the German Spring Offensive of 1918 , it was found that while some troops had discarded their rifles , hardly any had left behind their respirators . Humans were not the only ones that needed protection from gas clouds . Horses and mules were important methods of transportation that could be endangered if they came into close contact with gas . This was not so much of a problem until it became common to launch gas great distances . This caused many researchers to develop masks that could be used on animals such as dogs , horses , mules , and even carrier pigeons . The following are some examples of improvised animal gas masks that were implemented : A dog wearing a gas mask in WWI . A WWI pigeon loft equipped with gas protection . For mustard gas , which could cause severe damage by simply making contact with skin , no effective countermeasure was found during the war . The kilt - wearing Scottish regiments were especially vulnerable to mustard gas injuries due to their bare legs . At Nieuwpoort in Flanders some Scottish battalions took to wearing women 's tights beneath the kilt as a form of protection . Gas alert by Arthur Streeton , 1918 Gas alert procedure became a routine for the front - line soldier . To warn of a gas attack , a bell would be rung , often made from a spent artillery shell . At the noisy batteries of the siege guns , a compressed air strombus horn was used , which could be heard nine miles ( 14 km ) away . Notices would be posted on all approaches to an affected area , warning people to take precautions . Other British attempts at countermeasures were not so effective . An early plan was to use 100,000 fans to disperse the gas . Burning coal or carborundum dust was tried . A proposal was made to equip front - line sentries with diving helmets , air being pumped to them through a 100 ft ( 30 m ) hose . However , the effectiveness of all countermeasures is apparent . In 1915 , when poison gas was relatively new , less than 3 % of British gas casualties died . In 1916 , the proportion of fatalities jumped to 17 % . By 1918 , the figure was back below 3 % , though the total number of British gas casualties was now nine times the 1915 levels . Various gas masks employed on the Western Front during the war Delivery systems ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A British cylinder release at Montauban on the Somme , June 1916 -- part of the preparation for the Battle of the Somme . The first system employed for the mass delivery of gas involved releasing the gas cylinders in a favourable wind such that it was carried over the enemy 's trenches . The Hague Convention of 1899 prohibited the use of poisons gasses delivered by projectiles . The main advantage of this method was that it was relatively simple and , in suitable atmospheric conditions , produced a concentrated cloud capable of overwhelming the gas mask defences . The disadvantages of cylinder releases were numerous . First and foremost , delivery was at the mercy of the wind . If the wind was fickle , as was the case at Loos , the gas could backfire , causing friendly casualties . Gas clouds gave plenty of warning , allowing the enemy time to protect themselves , though many soldiers found the sight of a creeping gas cloud unnerving . Also gas clouds had limited penetration , only capable of affecting the front - line trenches before dissipating . Finally , the cylinders had to be emplaced at the very front of the trench system so that the gas was released directly over no man 's land . This meant that the cylinders had to be manhandled through communication trenches , often clogged and sodden , and stored at the front where there was always the risk that cylinders would be prematurely breached during a bombardment . A leaking cylinder could issue a telltale wisp of gas that , if spotted , would be sure to attract shellfire . German gas attack on the eastern front . A British chlorine cylinder , known as an `` oojah '' , weighed 190 lb ( 86 kg ) , of which only 60 lb ( 27 kg ) was chlorine gas , and required two men to carry . Phosgene gas was introduced later in a cylinder , known as a `` mouse '' , that only weighed 50 lb ( 23 kg ) . Delivering gas via artillery shell overcame many of the risks of dealing with gas in cylinders . The Germans , for example , used 5.9 - inch ( 150 mm ) artillery shells ( `` five - nines '' ) . Gas shells were independent of the wind and increased the effective range of gas , making anywhere within reach of the guns vulnerable . Gas shells could be delivered without warning , especially the clear , nearly odorless phosgene -- there are numerous accounts of gas shells , landing with a `` plop '' rather than exploding , being initially dismissed as dud HE or shrapnel shells , giving the gas time to work before the soldiers were alerted and took precautions . Loading a battery of Livens gas projectors The main flaw associated with delivering gas via artillery was the difficulty of achieving a killing concentration . Each shell had a small gas payload and an area would have to be subjected to a saturation bombardment to produce a cloud to match cylinder delivery . Mustard gas , however , did not need to form a concentrated cloud and hence artillery was the ideal vehicle for delivery of this battlefield pollutant . The solution to achieving a lethal concentration without releasing from cylinders was the `` gas projector '' , essentially a large - bore mortar that fired the entire cylinder as a missile . The British Livens projector ( invented by Captain W.H. Livens in 1917 ) was a simple device ; an 8 - inch ( 200 mm ) diameter tube sunk into the ground at an angle , a propellant was ignited by an electrical signal , firing the cylinder containing 30 or 40 lb ( 14 or 18 kg ) of gas up to 1,900 meters . By arranging a battery of these projectors and firing them simultaneously , a dense concentration of gas could be achieved . The Livens was first used at Arras on 4 April 1917 . On 31 March 1918 the British conducted their largest ever `` gas shoot '' , firing 3,728 cylinders at Lens . Unexploded weapons ( edit ) Phosgene delivery system unearthed at the Somme , 2006 Over 16,000,000 acres ( 65,000 km ) of France had to be cordoned off at the end of the war because of unexploded ordnance . About 20 % of the chemical shells were duds , and approximately 13 million of these munitions were left in place . This has been a serious problem in former battle areas from immediately after the end of the War until the present . Shells may be , for instance , uncovered when farmers plough their fields ( termed the ' iron harvest ' ) , and are also regularly discovered when public works or construction work is done . An additional difficulty is the current stringency of environmental legislation . In the past , a common method of getting rid of unexploded chemical ammunition was to detonate or dump it at sea ; this is currently prohibited in most countries . The problems are especially acute in some northern regions of France . The French government no longer disposes of chemical weapons at sea . For this reason , piles of untreated chemical weapons accumulated . In 2001 , it became evident that the pile stored at a depot in Vimy was unsafe ; the inhabitants of the neighboring town were evacuated , and the pile moved , using refrigerated trucks and under heavy guard , to a military camp in Suippes . The capacity of the plant is meant to be 25 tons per year ( extensible to 80 tons at the beginning ) , for a lifetime of 30 years . Germany has to deal with unexploded ammunition and polluted lands resulting from the explosion of an ammunition train in 1919 . Aside from unexploded shells , there have been claims that poison residues have remained in the local environment for an extended period , though this is unconfirmed ; well known but unverified anecdotes claim that as late as the 1960s trees in the area retained enough mustard gas residue to injure farmers or construction workers who were clearing them . Gases used ( edit ) Name First use Type Used by Xylyl bromide 1914 Lachrymatory , toxic Both Chlorine 1915 Corrosive . Lung Irritant Both Phosgene 1915 Irritant - Skin and mucous membranes . Corrosive , toxic Both Benzyl bromide 1915 Lachrymatory Central Powers Chloromethyl chloroformate 1915 Irritant - Eyes , skin , lungs Both Trichloromethyl chloroformate 1916 Severe irritant , causes burns Both Chloropicrin 1916 Irritant , lachrymatory , toxic Both Stannic chloride 1916 Severe irritant , causes asphyxiating Allies Ethyl iodoacetate 1916 Lachrymatory , toxic Allies Bromoacetone 1916 Lachrymatory , irritant Both Monobromomethyl ethyl ketone 1916 Lachrymatory , irritant Central Powers Acrolein 1916 Lachrymatory , toxic Central Powers Hydrogen cyanide ( Prussic acid ) 1916 Toxic , Chemical Asphyxiant Allies Hydrogen sulfide ( Sulphuretted hydrogen ) 1916 Irritant , toxic Allies Diphenylchloroarsine ( Diphenyl chlorasine ) 1917 Irritant / Sternutatory ( causes sneezing ) Central Powers α - chlorotoluene ( Benzyl chloride ) 1917 Irritant , lachrymatory Central Powers Mustard gas ( Bis ( 2 - chloroethyl ) sulfide ) 1917 Vesicant ( blistering agent ) , lung irritant Both Bis ( chloromethyl ) ether ( Dichloromethyl ether ) 1918 Irritant , can blur vision Central Powers Ethyldichloroarsine 1918 Vesicant Central Powers N - Ethylcarbazole 679 1918 Irritant Central Powers Long - term Health effects ( edit ) Soldiers who claimed to have been exposed to chemical warfare have often presented with unusual medical conditions which has led to much controversy . The lack of information has left doctors , patients , and their families in the dark in terms of prognosis and treatment . Nerve agents such as sarin , tabun , and soman are believed to have the most significant long - term health effects . Chronic fatigue and memory loss have been reported to last up to three years after exposure . In the years following World War One , there were many conferences held in attempts to abolish the use of chemical weapons all together , such as The Washington Conference ( 1921 -- 22 ) , Geneva Conference ( 1923 -- 25 ) and the World Disarmament Conference ( 1933 ) . Although the United States was an original signatory of the Geneva Protocol in 1925 , the US Senate did not formally ratify it until 1975 . Although the health effects are generally chronic in nature , the exposures were generally acute . A positive correlation has been proven between exposure to mustard agents and skin cancers , other respiratory and skin conditions , leukemia , several eye conditions , bone marrow depression and subsequent immunosuppression , psychological disorders and sexual dysfunction . Chemicals used in the production of chemical weapons have also left residues in the soil where the weapons were used . The chemicals that have been detected can cause cancer and can affect the brain , blood , liver , kidneys and skin . Despite the evidence in support of long - term health effects , there are studies that show just the opposite . Some US veterans who were closely affected by chemical weapons showed no neurological evidence in the following years . These same studies showed that one single contact with chemical weapons would be enough to cause long - term health effects . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The U.S. reportedly had about 135,000 tons of chemical warfare agents during WW II ; Germany had 70,000 tons , Britain 40,000 and Japan 7,500 tons . The German nerve gases were deadlier than the old - style suffocants ( chlorine , phosgene ) and blistering agents ( mustard gas ) in Allied stockpiles . Churchill , and several American Generals reportedly called for their use against Germany and Japan , respectively ( Weber , 1985 ) . Jump up ^ See the Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft and the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adrienne Mayor ( 29 September 2003 ) . Greek Fire , Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs : Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World . Overlook Books . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 348 - X . Jump up ^ Andre Richardt ( 26 December 2012 ) . CBRN Protection : Managing the Threat of Chemical , Biological , Radioactive and Nuclear Weapons . Wiley - VCH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 32413 - 2 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Chris ( 2 April 2007 ) . `` The Growing Menace of Chemical War '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Saffo , Paul ( 2000 ) . `` Paul Saffo presentation '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Telford Taylor ( 1 November 1993 ) . The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials : A Personal Memoir. Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 83400 - 9 . Jump up ^ Thomas Graham ; Damien J. Lavera ( May 2003 ) . Cornerstones of Security : Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era . University of Washington Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98296 - 9 . Jump up ^ Haber , Ludwig Fritz ( 1986 ) . The Poisonous Cloud : Chemical Warfare in the First World War . Oxford University press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 858142 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Charles E ( September 1984 ) . `` Chemical Warfare in World War I : The American Experience , 1917 -- 1918 '' . US Army Command and General Staff College Jump up ^ Taylor , L.B. ; Taylor , C.L. ( 1992 ) . Chemical and Biological Warfare ( Revised ed . ) . Franklin Watts . ISBN 0 - 531 - 13029 - 0 . Jump up ^ Romano , James A. ; Lukey , Brian J. ; Salem , Harry ( 2007 ) . Chemical warfare agents : chemistry , pharmacology , toxicology , and therapeutics ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 5 . ISBN 1 - 4200 - 4661 - 6 . Jump up ^ Legg , J. ; Parker , G. ( 2002 ) . `` The Germans develop a new weapon : the gas cloud '' . The Great War . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Fritz Haber '' . Science History Institute . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Abelshauser , Werner ( 2003 ) . German Industry and Global Enterprise , BASF : The History of a Company . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82726 - 4 . Jump up ^ Aksulu , N. Melek ( May 2006 ) . `` Die Feldpostbriefe Karl v. Zinglers aus dem Ersten Weltkrieg '' ( PDF ) . Nobilitas , Zeitschrift für deutsche Adelsforschung Folge . IX ( 41 ) : 57 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Rousselare 2 Januar 15 ... Auf anderen Kriegsschauplätzen ist es ja auch nicht besser und die Wirkung von unserem Chlor soll ja sehr gut sein . Es sollen 140 englische Offiziere erledigt worden sein . Es ist doch eine furchtbare Waffe ... Jump up ^ General R. Hure , page 283 , L'Armee d'Afrique 1830 - 1962 , Charles - Lavauzelle 1972 Jump up ^ Tucker , Jonathan B. ( 2006 ) . War of Nerves : Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al - Queda . Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42229 - 3 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 29 July 2004 ) . `` On the Western Front , Ypres 1915 '' . Veteran Affairs Canada . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lefebure , Victor ; Wilson , Henry ( 2004 ) . The Riddle of the Rhine : Chemical Strategy in Peace and War . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 3546 - 4 . Jump up ^ Edmonds and Wynne ( 1927 ) : p. 289 . ^ Jump up to : Kojevnikov , A. ( June 2002 ) . `` The Great War , the Russian Civil War , and the Invention of Big Science '' ( PDF ) . Science in Context. 15 ( 2 ) : 239 -- 275 . doi : 10.1017 / S0269889702000443 . PMID 12467271 . Jump up ^ Edmonds and Wynne ( 1927 ) : pp. 177 -- 8 . Jump up ^ For example , see : Chattaway , Frederick Daniel ( 22 December 1908 ) . `` The Action of Chlorine upon Urea Whereby a Dichloro Urea is Produced '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . 81 ( 549 ) : 381 -- 388 . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1908.0094 . JSTOR 93011 . Jump up ^ O'Leary , Donal ( 2000 ) . `` Chlorine '' . University College Cork . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jones , E. ; Everitt , B. ; Ironside , S. ; Palmer , I. ; Wessely , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Psychological effects of chemical weapons : a follow - up study of First World War veterans '' . Psychological Medicine . 38 ( 10 ) : 1419 -- 26 . doi : 10.1017 / S003329170800278X . PMID 18237455 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Edmonds and Wynne ( 1927 ) : p. 217 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tim ( 1999 ) . No Place to Run : The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War . UBC Press . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0740 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Gas '' . Weaponry . First World War . Jump up ^ Warner , Philip ( 2000 ) . The Battle of Loos . Wordsworth Military Library . Wordsworth Editions . p. 37 . ISBN 1 - 84022 - 229 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nye , Mary Jo ( 1999 ) . Before big science : the pursuit of modern chemistry and physics , 1800 -- 1940 . Harvard University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 06382 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2004 ) . `` Choking Agent : CG '' . CBWInfo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kiester , Edwin ; et al. ( 2007 ) . An Incomplete History of World War I. 1 . Murdoch Books . p. 74 . ISBN 1 - 74045 - 970 - 9 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 22 February 2006 ) . `` Facts About Phosgene '' . CDC . Archived from the original on 17 April 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Haber , Ludwig Fritz ( 1986 ) . The poisonous cloud : chemical warfare in the First World War . Oxford University Press . p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 858142 - 4 . Jump up ^ Patnaik , Pradyot ( 2007 ) . A comprehensive guide to the hazardous properties of chemical substances ( 3rd ed . ) . Wiley - Interscience . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 71458 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` A SHORT HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WARFARE DURING WORLD WAR I '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 1999 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Rauchensteiner , Manfried , The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy , 1914 - 1918 ( Vienna , Austria : Böhlau Verlag , 2014 ) , pp. 543 - 544 . Jump up ^ Hoenig , Steven L. ( 2002 ) . Handbook of Chemical Warfare and Terrorism . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32407 - 7 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 22 February 2006 ) . `` Facts About Sulfur Mustard '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on 9 August 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sidell , F.R. ; Urbanetti , J.S. ; Smith , W.J. ; Hurst , C.G. ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 7 . Vesicants '' . In Sidell , F.R. ; Takafuji , E.T. ; Franz , D.R. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare . Office of The Surgeon General , Department of the Army , United States of America . ISBN 99973 - 209 - 1 - 3 . LCCN 97022242 . OCLC 489185423 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Brittain , Vera ( 1933 ) . Testament of Youth : An Autobiographical Study of the Years 1900 -- 1925 . New York : The Macmillan Company . ISBN 0 - 14 - 012251 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Michael ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Weapons of War - Poison Gas '' . firstworldwar.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dolev , Eran ; Lillywhite , Louis ( 2007 ) . Allenby 's military medicine : life and death in World War I Palestine . I.B. Tauris . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 290 - 3 . Jump up ^ Edited by David Large . The Port of Bristol , 1848 - 1884 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Photographic Archive of Avonmouth Bristol BS11 '' . BristolPast.co.uk . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Crowell , Benedict ; Wilson , Robert Forrest ( 1921 ) . The Armies of Industry : Our Nation 's Manufacture of Munitions for a World in Arms , 1917 -- 1918 . 5 . Yale University Press . pp. 491 , 500 . ISBN 1 - 60105 - 114 - X . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Daniel A. ( Spring 2015 ) . `` Chemical Warfare : From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory '' . Distillations. 1 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 23 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lockwood , John C. ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 3 . The Earth 's Climates '' . In Hewitt , C.N. ; Jackson , A.V. Handbook of Atmospheric Science : Principles and Applications . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 72 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 632 - 05286 - 4 . Jump up ^ Addison , James Thayer ( 1919 ) . The story of the First gas regiment . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin company . pp. 50 , 146 , 158 , 168 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Secretary of War , 1919 , pages 4386 - 87 Jump up ^ D. Hank Ellison ( August 24 , 2007 ) . Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents , Second Edition . CRC Press . p. 456 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1434 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hershberg , James G. ( 1993 ) . James B. Conant : Harvard to Hiroshima and the making of the nuclear age . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2619 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Barry R. ( February 28 , 1999 ) . Future War and Counterproliferation : U.S. Military Responses to NBC . Praeger , p. 84 ; ISBN 0 - 275 - 96278 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Winston Churchill 's shocking use of chemical weapons '' . The Guardian . 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blister Agent : Sulfur Mustard ( H , HD , HS ) '' . CBWInfo. 2005 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenheck , Dan ( 25 August 2003 ) . `` WMDs : the biggest lie of all '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Protocol '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Third Geneva Convention ( 17 June 1925 ) . `` Text of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention '' . Brigham Young University . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fassihi , Farnaz ( 27 October 2002 ) . `` In Iran , grim reminders of Saddam 's arsenal '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` History of Chemical and Biological Warfare : 1901 -- 1939 A.D '' . Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response , Pinal County . 2003 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930s '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bellamy , Christopher ( 1996 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Sixty secret mustard gas sites uncovered '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical Weapons against Invasion '' . Council for British Archaeology . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Barton J. ( August -- September 1985 ) . `` Why We Did n't Use Poison Gas in World War II '' . American Heritage . 36 ( 5 ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Charles McMoran ( Lord Moran ) ( 1945 ) . The Anatomy of Courage ( 1st ed . ) . London : Constable . Jump up ^ Cook , Tim ( 1999 ) . No Place to Run : The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War . UBC Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0740 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harris , T ; Paxman , J. ( 2002 ) . A higher form of killing : the secret history of chemical and biological warfare . Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6653 - 8 . Jump up ^ L.F. Haber ( February 20 , 1986 ) . The Poisonous Cloud : Chemical Warfare in the First World War . Clarendon Press . pp. 106 -- 108 . ISBN 0 - 1985 - 8142 - 4 . Jump up ^ Joel A. Vilensky ( February 20 , 1986 ) . Dew of Death : The Story of Lewisite , America 's World War I Weapon of Mass . Indiana University Press . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 0 - 2533 - 4612 - 6 . Jump up ^ D. Hank Ellison ( August 24 , 2007 ) . Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents , Second Edition . CRC Press . pp. 567 -- 570 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1434 - 8 . Jump up ^ Max Boot ( August 16 , 2007 ) . War Made New : Weapons , Warriors , and the Making of the Modern World . Gotham . pp. 245 -- 250 . ISBN 1 - 5924 - 0315 - 8 . Jump up ^ Warner , Philip ( 2000 ) . The Battle of Loos . Wordsworth Editions . p. 103 . ISBN 1 - 84022 - 229 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Gerard ( April 2008 ) . `` Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I '' . American Journal of Public Health . 98 ( 4 ) : 611 -- 625 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2007.11930 . PMC 2376985 . PMID 18356568 . Jump up ^ Croddy , Eric ( 2002 ) . Chemical and Biological Warfare : A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen . Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 95076 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bothe , Michael ; Ronzitti , Natalino ; Rosas , Allan ( 1998 ) . The new Chemical Weapons Convention -- implementation and prospects . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 208 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 1099 - 2 Jump up ^ J.C. ( 17 April 2001 ) . `` Sécurité . Les 55 tonnes d'obus chimiques sont stockées au camp militaire de Suippes '' ( in French ) . L'Humanité . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : J.C. ( 17 April 2001 ) . `` Déminage '' ( in French ) . Sénat . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Browne , Malcomb W. ( 1995 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Terror in Tokyo : The Poison ; Sarin Just One of Many Deadly Gases Terrorists Could Use '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Cowell , E.M. ( October 1939 ) . `` Chemical Warfare and the Doctor '' . The British Medical Journal . 2 ( 4109 ) : 736 -- 738 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.4109. 736 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Adelno ( July 1937 ) . `` Chemical Warfare as Developed During the World War -- Probable Future Development '' . Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine . 13 ( 7 ) : 397 -- 421 . PMC 1966130 . PMID 19312026 . Jump up ^ Glyn Volans , `` Long - term effects of chemical weapons , '' The Lancet , 360 , ( December 2002 ) : 36 . Jump up ^ Mary Fox , Frank Curriero , Kathryn Kulbicki , Beth Resnick , Thomas Burke , `` Evaluating the Community Health Legacy of WWI Chemical Weapons Testing , '' Journal of Community Health , 35 , ( November 18 , 2009 ) : 96 . Jump up ^ Mary Fox , Frank Curriero , Kathryn Kulbicki , Beth Resnick , Thomas Burke , `` Evaluating the Community Health Legacy of WWI Chemical Weapons Testing , '' Journal of Community Health , 35 , ( November 18 , 2009 ) : 96 - 97 . Jump up ^ James R. Riddle , `` Chemical Warfare and the Gulf War : A Review of the Impact on Gulf Veterans ' Health , '' Military Medicine , 168 , ( August 2003 ) : 607 . Further reading ( edit ) Freemantle , M. ( 2012 ) . Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! How Chemistry Changed the First World War . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6601 - 9 . MacPherson , W.G. ; Herringham , W.P. ; Elliott , T.R. ; Balfour , A. ( 1923 ) . Medical Services : Diseases of the War : Including the Medical Aspects of Aviation and Gas Warfare and Gas Poisoning in Tanks and Mines . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II . London : HMSO . OCLC 769752656 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Faith , Thomas I. : Gas Warfare , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . The Vermoral Sprayer ( defensive apparatus ) Article on the Ayrton Fan ( defensive apparatus ) Image of an Ayrton Fan ( defensive apparatus ) Chemical Weapons in World War I Gas Warfare Gas - Poisoning , by Arthur Hurst , M.A. , MD ( Oxon ) , FRCP 1917 effects of chlorine gas poisoning Dulce Et Decorum Est - Wilfred Owen 's famous World War I poem on a chlorine gas attack Understanding Chemical Weapons in the First World War World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - 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"The earliest military uses of chemicals were tear-inducing irritants rather than fatal or disabling poisons. During World War I, the French army was the first to employ gas, using 26 mm grenades filled with tear gas (ethyl bromoacetate) in August 1914. The small quantities of gas delivered, roughly 19 cm³ per cartridge, were not even detected by the Germans. The stocks were rapidly consumed and by November a new order was placed by the French military. As bromine was scarce among the Entente allies, the active ingredient was changed to chloroacetone.[7]"
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2785884866355446111 | Action potential | Action potential - wikipedia Action potential As an action potential ( nerve impulse ) travels down an axon there is a change in polarity across the membrane of the axon . In response to a signal from another neuron , sodium - ( Na ) and potassium - ( K ) gated ion channels open and close as the membrane reaches its threshold potential . Na channels open at the beginning of the action potential , and Na moves into the axon , causing depolarization . Repolarization occurs when the K channels open and K moves out of the axon , creating a change in polarity between the outside of the cell and the inside . The impulse travels down the axon in one direction only , to the axon terminal where it signals other neurons . In physiology , an action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific axon location rapidly rises and falls : this depolarisation then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarise . Action potentials occur in several types of animal cells , called excitable cells , which include neurons , muscle cells , endocrine cells , and in some plant cells . In neurons , action potentials play a central role in cell - to - cell communication by providing for -- or , with regard to saltatory conduction , assisting -- the propagation of signals along the neuron 's axon towards synaptic boutons situated at the ends of an axon ; these signals can then connect with other neurons at synapses , or to motor cells or glands . In other types of cells , their main function is to activate intracellular processes . In muscle cells , for example , an action potential is the first step in the chain of events leading to contraction . In beta cells of the pancreas , they provoke release of insulin . Action potentials in neurons are also known as `` nerve impulses '' or `` spikes '' , and the temporal sequence of action potentials generated by a neuron is called its `` spike train '' . A neuron that emits an action potential , or nerve impulse , is often said to `` fire '' . Action potentials are generated by special types of voltage - gated ion channels embedded in a cell 's plasma membrane . These channels are shut when the membrane potential is near the ( negative ) resting potential of the cell , but they rapidly begin to open if the membrane increases to a precisely defined threshold voltage , depolarising the transmembrane potential . When the channels open , they allow an inward flow of sodium ions , which changes the electrochemical gradient , which in turn produces a further rise in the membrane potential . This then causes more channels to open , producing a greater electric current across the cell membrane , and so on . The process proceeds explosively until all of the available ion channels are open , resulting in a large upswing in the membrane potential . The rapid influx of sodium ions causes the polarity of the plasma membrane to reverse , and the ion channels then rapidly inactivate . As the sodium channels close , sodium ions can no longer enter the neuron , and then they are actively transported back out of the plasma membrane . Potassium channels are then activated , and there is an outward current of potassium ions , returning the electrochemical gradient to the resting state . After an action potential has occurred , there is a transient negative shift , called the afterhyperpolarization . In animal cells , there are two primary types of action potentials . One type is generated by voltage - gated sodium channels , the other by voltage - gated calcium channels . Sodium - based action potentials usually last for under one millisecond , but calcium - based action potentials may last for 100 milliseconds or longer . In some types of neurons , slow calcium spikes provide the driving force for a long burst of rapidly emitted sodium spikes . In cardiac muscle cells , on the other hand , an initial fast sodium spike provides a `` primer '' to provoke the rapid onset of a calcium spike , which then produces muscle contraction . In the Hodgkin -- Huxley membrane capacitance model , the speed of transmission of an action potential was undefined and it was assumed that adjacent areas became depolarised due to released ion interference with neighbouring channels . Measurements of ion diffusion and radii have since shown this not to be possible . Moreover , contradictory measurements of entropy changes and timing disputed the capacitance model as acting alone . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Process in a typical neuron 2 Biophysical basis 2.1 Maturation of the electrical properties of the action potential 3 Neurotransmission 3.1 Anatomy of a neuron 3.2 Initiation 3.3 Dynamics 3.4 `` All - or - none '' principle 3.5 Sensory neurons 3.6 Pacemaker potentials 4 Phases 4.1 Stimulation and rising phase 4.2 Peak and falling phase 4.3 Afterhyperpolarization 4.4 Refractory period 5 Propagation 5.1 Myelin and saltatory conduction 5.2 Cable theory 6 Termination 6.1 Chemical synapses 6.2 Electrical synapses 6.3 Neuromuscular junctions 7 Other cell types 7.1 Cardiac action potentials 7.2 Muscular action potentials 7.3 Plant action potentials 8 Taxonomic distribution and evolutionary advantages 9 Experimental methods 10 Neurotoxins 11 History 12 Quantitative models 13 See also 14 Notes 15 Footnotes 16 References 16.1 Books 16.2 Journal articles 16.3 Web pages 17 Further reading 18 External links Overview ( edit ) Shape of a typical action potential . The membrane potential remains near a baseline level until at some point in time , it abruptly spikes upward and then rapidly falls . Nearly all cell membranes in animals , plants and fungi maintain a voltage difference between the exterior and interior of the cell , called the membrane potential . A typical voltage across an animal cell membrane is − 70 mV . This means that the interior of the cell has a negative voltage of approximately one - fifteenth of a volt relative to the exterior . In most types of cells , the membrane potential usually stays fairly constant . Some types of cells , however , are electrically active in the sense that their voltages fluctuate over time . In some types of electrically active cells , including neurons and muscle cells , the voltage fluctuations frequently take the form of a rapid upward spike followed by a rapid fall . These up - and - down cycles are known as action potentials . In some types of neurons , the entire up - and - down cycle takes place in a few thousandths of a second . In muscle cells , a typical action potential lasts about a fifth of a second . In some other types of cells , and also in plants , an action potential may last three seconds or more . The electrical properties of a cell are determined by the structure of the membrane that surrounds it . A cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer of molecules in which larger protein molecules are embedded . The lipid bilayer is highly resistant to movement of electrically charged ions , so it functions as an insulator . The large membrane - embedded proteins , in contrast , provide channels through which ions can pass across the membrane . Action potentials are driven by channel proteins whose configuration switches between closed and open states as a function of the voltage difference between the interior and exterior of the cell . These voltage - sensitive proteins are known as voltage - gated ion channels . An in - depth process of how an action potential will pass through a neuron during neuron transmission including the 4 stages : resting potential , depolarization , re-polarization , and back to resting potential . The diagram shows how sodium ions and potassium ions interact to show how the changing of charge allows the action potential to cross with the use of facilitated diffusion and active transport . Process in a typical neuron ( edit ) Approximate plot of a typical action potential shows its various phases as the action potential passes a point on a cell membrane . The membrane potential starts out at − 70 mV at time zero . A stimulus is applied at time = 1 ms , which raises the membrane potential above − 55 mV ( the threshold potential ) . After the stimulus is applied , the membrane potential rapidly rises to a peak potential of + 40 mV at time = 2 ms . Just as quickly , the potential then drops and overshoots to − 90 mV at time = 3 ms , and finally the resting potential of − 70 mV is reestablished at time = 5 ms . All cells in animal body tissues are electrically polarized -- in other words , they maintain a voltage difference across the cell 's plasma membrane , known as the membrane potential . This electrical polarization results from a complex interplay between protein structures embedded in the membrane called ion pumps and ion channels . In neurons , the types of ion channels in the membrane usually vary across different parts of the cell , giving the dendrites , axon , and cell body different electrical properties . As a result , some parts of the membrane of a neuron may be excitable ( capable of generating action potentials ) , whereas others are not . Recent studies have shown that the most excitable part of a neuron is the part after the axon hillock ( the point where the axon leaves the cell body ) , which is called the initial segment , but the axon and cell body are also excitable in most cases . Each excitable patch of membrane has two important levels of membrane potential : the resting potential , which is the value the membrane potential maintains as long as nothing perturbs the cell , and a higher value called the threshold potential . At the axon hillock of a typical neuron , the resting potential is around -- 70 millivolts ( mV ) and the threshold potential is around -- 55 mV . Synaptic inputs to a neuron cause the membrane to depolarize or hyperpolarize ; that is , they cause the membrane potential to rise or fall . Action potentials are triggered when enough depolarization accumulates to bring the membrane potential up to threshold . When an action potential is triggered , the membrane potential abruptly shoots upward and then equally abruptly shoots back downward , often ending below the resting level , where it remains for some period of time . The shape of the action potential is stereotyped ; this means that the rise and fall usually have approximately the same amplitude and time course for all action potentials in a given cell . ( Exceptions are discussed later in the article ) . In most neurons , the entire process takes place in about a thousandth of a second . Many types of neurons emit action potentials constantly at rates of up to 10 -- 100 per second . However , some types are much quieter , and may go for minutes or longer without emitting any action potentials . Biophysical basis ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Action potentials result from the presence in a cell 's membrane of special types of voltage - gated ion channels . A voltage - gated ion channel is a cluster of proteins embedded in the membrane that has three key properties : It is capable of assuming more than one conformation . At least one of the conformations creates a channel through the membrane that is permeable to specific types of ions . The transition between conformations is influenced by the membrane potential . Thus , a voltage - gated ion channel tends to be open for some values of the membrane potential , and closed for others . In most cases , however , the relationship between membrane potential and channel state is probabilistic and involves a time delay . Ion channels switch between conformations at unpredictable times : The membrane potential determines the rate of transitions and the probability per unit time of each type of transition . Action potential propagation along an axon Voltage - gated ion channels are capable of producing action potentials because they can give rise to positive feedback loops : The membrane potential controls the state of the ion channels , but the state of the ion channels controls the membrane potential . Thus , in some situations , a rise in the membrane potential can cause ion channels to open , thereby causing a further rise in the membrane potential . An action potential occurs when this positive feedback cycle proceeds explosively . The time and amplitude trajectory of the action potential are determined by the biophysical properties of the voltage - gated ion channels that produce it . Several types of channels capable of producing the positive feedback necessary to generate an action potential do exist . Voltage - gated sodium channels are responsible for the fast action potentials involved in nerve conduction . Slower action potentials in muscle cells and some types of neurons are generated by voltage - gated calcium channels . Each of these types comes in multiple variants , with different voltage sensitivity and different temporal dynamics . The most intensively studied type of voltage - dependent ion channels comprises the sodium channels involved in fast nerve conduction . These are sometimes known as Hodgkin - Huxley sodium channels because they were first characterized by Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley in their Nobel Prize - winning studies of the biophysics of the action potential , but can more conveniently be referred to as Na channels . ( The `` V '' stands for `` voltage '' . ) An Na channel has three possible states , known as deactivated , activated , and inactivated . The channel is permeable only to sodium ions when it is in the activated state . When the membrane potential is low , the channel spends most of its time in the deactivated ( closed ) state . If the membrane potential is raised above a certain level , the channel shows increased probability of transitioning to the activated ( open ) state . The higher the membrane potential the greater the probability of activation . Once a channel has activated , it will eventually transition to the inactivated ( closed ) state . It tends then to stay inactivated for some time , but , if the membrane potential becomes low again , the channel will eventually transition back to the deactivated state . During an action potential , most channels of this type go through a cycle deactivated → activated → inactivated → deactivated . This is only the population average behavior , however -- an individual channel can in principle make any transition at any time . However , the likelihood of a channel 's transitioning from the inactivated state directly to the activated state is very low : A channel in the inactivated state is refractory until it has transitioned back to the deactivated state . The outcome of all this is that the kinetics of the Na channels are governed by a transition matrix whose rates are voltage - dependent in a complicated way . Since these channels themselves play a major role in determining the voltage , the global dynamics of the system can be quite difficult to work out . Hodgkin and Huxley approached the problem by developing a set of differential equations for the parameters that govern the ion channel states , known as the Hodgkin - Huxley equations . These equations have been extensively modified by later research , but form the starting point for most theoretical studies of action potential biophysics . Ion movement during an action potential . Key : a ) Sodium ( Na ) ion . b ) Potassium ( K ) ion . c ) Sodium channel . d ) Potassium channel . e ) Sodium - potassium pump . In the stages of an action potential , the permeability of the membrane of the neuron changes . At the resting state ( 1 ) , sodium and potassium ions are unable to pass through the membrane , and the neuron has a negative charge inside ( mainly due to the large proteins that are negatively charged ) . Once the action potential is triggered , the depolarization ( 2 ) of the neuron activates the sodium channel , allowing sodium ions to pass through the membrane of the neuron and results in a positive charge in the neuron and a negative charge in the extracellular fluid . After the action potential is reached , the neuron begins repolarization ( 3 ) , where the sodium channels close and the potassium channels open , allowing potassium ions to cross the membrane and flood into the extracellular fluid , resulting in a positive charge in the extracellular fluid and a negative charge that is below the resting potential of the neuron . Finally , to return the neuron to that resting potential after the potassium pump closes , a sodium - potassium pump works to exchange three sodium ions per two potassium ions across the plasma membrane during the refractory period ( 4 ) . Once the Na and K are back where they started , the neuron is back to its resting state ( 1 ) , ready to repeat the process for the next action potential . As the membrane potential is increased , sodium ion channels open , allowing the entry of sodium ions into the cell . This is followed by the opening of potassium ion channels that permit the exit of potassium ions from the cell . The inward flow of sodium ions increases the concentration of positively charged cations in the cell and causes depolarization , where the potential of the cell is higher than the cell 's resting potential . The sodium channels close at the peak of the action potential , while potassium continues to leave the cell . The efflux of potassium ions decreases the membrane potential or hyperpolarizes the cell . For small voltage increases from rest , the potassium current exceeds the sodium current and the voltage returns to its normal resting value , typically − 70 mV . However , if the voltage increases past a critical threshold , typically 15 mV higher than the resting value , the sodium current dominates . This results in a runaway condition whereby the positive feedback from the sodium current activates even more sodium channels . Thus , the cell fires , producing an action potential . The frequency at which a neuron elicits action potentials is often referred to as a firing rate or neural firing rate . Currents produced by the opening of voltage - gated channels in the course of an action potential are typically significantly larger than the initial stimulating current . Thus , the amplitude , duration , and shape of the action potential are determined largely by the properties of the excitable membrane and not the amplitude or duration of the stimulus . This all - or - nothing property of the action potential sets it apart from graded potentials such as receptor potentials , electrotonic potentials , and synaptic potentials , which scale with the magnitude of the stimulus . A variety of action potential types exist in many cell types and cell compartments as determined by the types of voltage - gated channels , leak channels , channel distributions , ionic concentrations , membrane capacitance , temperature , and other factors . The principal ions involved in an action potential are sodium and potassium cations ; sodium ions enter the cell , and potassium ions leave , restoring equilibrium . Relatively few ions need to cross the membrane for the membrane voltage to change drastically . The ions exchanged during an action potential , therefore , make a negligible change in the interior and exterior ionic concentrations . The few ions that do cross are pumped out again by the continuous action of the sodium -- potassium pump , which , with other ion transporters , maintains the normal ratio of ion concentrations across the membrane . Calcium cations and chloride anions are involved in a few types of action potentials , such as the cardiac action potential and the action potential in the single - cell alga Acetabularia , respectively . Although action potentials are generated locally on patches of excitable membrane , the resulting currents can trigger action potentials on neighboring stretches of membrane , precipitating a domino - like propagation . In contrast to passive spread of electric potentials ( electrotonic potential ) , action potentials are generated anew along excitable stretches of membrane and propagate without decay . Myelinated sections of axons are not excitable and do not produce action potentials and the signal is propagated passively as electrotonic potential . Regularly spaced unmyelinated patches , called the nodes of Ranvier , generate action potentials to boost the signal . Known as saltatory conduction , this type of signal propagation provides a favorable tradeoff of signal velocity and axon diameter . Depolarization of axon terminals , in general , triggers the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft . In addition , backpropagating action potentials have been recorded in the dendrites of pyramidal neurons , which are ubiquitous in the neocortex . These are thought to have a role in spike - timing - dependent plasticity . Maturation of the electrical properties of the action potential ( edit ) A neuron 's ability to generate and propagate an action potential changes during development . How much the membrane potential of a neuron changes as the result of a current impulse is a function of the membrane input resistance . As a cell grows , more channels are added to the membrane , causing a decrease in input resistance . A mature neuron also undergoes shorter changes in membrane potential in response to synaptic currents . Neurons from a ferret lateral geniculate nucleus have a longer time constant and larger voltage deflection at P0 than they do at P30 . One consequence of the decreasing action potential duration is that the fidelity of the signal can be preserved in response to high frequency stimulation . Immature neurons are more prone to synaptic depression than potentiation after high frequency stimulation . In the early development of many organisms , the action potential is actually initially carried by calcium current rather than sodium current . The opening and closing kinetics of calcium channels during development are slower than those of the voltage - gated sodium channels that will carry the action potential in the mature neurons . The longer opening times for the calcium channels can lead to action potentials that are considerably slower than those of mature neurons . Xenopus neurons initially have action potentials that take 60 -- 90 ms . During development , this time decreases to 1 ms . There are two reasons for this drastic decrease . First , the inward current becomes primarily carried by sodium channels . Second , the delayed rectifier , a potassium channel current , increases to 3.5 times its initial strength . In order for the transition from a calcium - dependent action potential to a sodium - dependent action potential to proceed new channels must be added to the membrane . If Xenopus neurons are grown in an environment with RNA synthesis or protein synthesis inhibitors that transition is prevented . Even the electrical activity of the cell itself may play a role in channel expression . If action potentials in Xenopus myocytes are blocked , the typical increase in sodium and potassium current density is prevented or delayed . This maturation of electrical properties is seen across species . Xenopus sodium and potassium currents increase drastically after a neuron goes through its final phase of mitosis . The sodium current density of rat cortical neurons increases by 600 % within the first two postnatal weeks . Neurotransmission ( edit ) Main article : Neurotransmission Anatomy of a neuron ( edit ) Structure of a typical neuron Neuron Dendrite Soma Axon Nucleus Node of Ranvier Axon terminal Schwann cell Myelin sheath Several types of cells support an action potential , such as plant cells , muscle cells , and the specialized cells of the heart ( in which occurs the cardiac action potential ) . However , the main excitable cell is the neuron , which also has the simplest mechanism for the action potential . Neurons are electrically excitable cells composed , in general , of one or more dendrites , a single soma , a single axon and one or more axon terminals . Dendrites are cellular projections whose primary function is to receive synaptic signals . Their protrusions , known as dendritic spines , are designed to capture the neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic neuron . They have a high concentration of ligand - gated ion channels . These spines have a thin neck connecting a bulbous protrusion to the dendrite . This ensures that changes occurring inside the spine are less likely to affect the neighboring spines . The dendritic spine can , with rare exception ( see LTP ) , act as an independent unit . The dendrites extend from the soma , which houses the nucleus , and many of the `` normal '' eukaryotic organelles . Unlike the spines , the surface of the soma is populated by voltage activated ion channels . These channels help transmit the signals generated by the dendrites . Emerging out from the soma is the axon hillock . This region is characterized by having a very high concentration of voltage - activated sodium channels . In general , it is considered to be the spike initiation zone for action potentials , i.e. the trigger zone . Multiple signals generated at the spines , and transmitted by the soma all converge here . Immediately after the axon hillock is the axon . This is a thin tubular protrusion traveling away from the soma . The axon is insulated by a myelin sheath . Myelin is composed of either Schwann cells ( in the peripheral nervous system ) or oligodendrocytes ( in the central nervous system ) , both of which are types of glial cells . Although glial cells are not involved with the transmission of electrical signals , they communicate and provide important biochemical support to neurons . To be specific , myelin wraps multiple times around the axonal segment , forming a thick fatty layer that prevents ions from entering or escaping the axon . This insulation prevents significant signal decay as well as ensuring faster signal speed . This insulation , however , has the restriction that no channels can be present on the surface of the axon . There are , therefore , regularly spaced patches of membrane , which have no insulation . These nodes of Ranvier can be considered to be `` mini axon hillocks '' , as their purpose is to boost the signal in order to prevent significant signal decay . At the furthest end , the axon loses its insulation and begins to branch into several axon terminals . These presynaptic terminals , or synaptic boutons , are a specialized area within the axon of the presynaptic cell that contains neurotransmitters enclosed in small membrane - bound spheres called synaptic vesicles . Initiation ( edit ) Before considering the propagation of action potentials along axons and their termination at the synaptic knobs , it is helpful to consider the methods by which action potentials can be initiated at the axon hillock . The basic requirement is that the membrane voltage at the hillock be raised above the threshold for firing . There are several ways in which this depolarization can occur . When an action potential arrives at the end of the pre-synaptic axon ( top ) , it causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules that open ion channels in the post-synaptic neuron ( bottom ) . The combined excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of such inputs can begin a new action potential in the post-synaptic neuron . Dynamics ( edit ) Action potentials are most commonly initiated by excitatory postsynaptic potentials from a presynaptic neuron . Typically , neurotransmitter molecules are released by the presynaptic neuron . These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell . This binding opens various types of ion channels . This opening has the further effect of changing the local permeability of the cell membrane and , thus , the membrane potential . If the binding increases the voltage ( depolarizes the membrane ) , the synapse is excitatory . If , however , the binding decreases the voltage ( hyperpolarizes the membrane ) , it is inhibitory . Whether the voltage is increased or decreased , the change propagates passively to nearby regions of the membrane ( as described by the cable equation and its refinements ) . Typically , the voltage stimulus decays exponentially with the distance from the synapse and with time from the binding of the neurotransmitter . Some fraction of an excitatory voltage may reach the axon hillock and may ( in rare cases ) depolarize the membrane enough to provoke a new action potential . More typically , the excitatory potentials from several synapses must work together at nearly the same time to provoke a new action potential . Their joint efforts can be thwarted , however , by the counteracting inhibitory postsynaptic potentials . Neurotransmission can also occur through electrical synapses . Due to the direct connection between excitable cells in the form of gap junctions , an action potential can be transmitted directly from one cell to the next in either direction . The free flow of ions between cells enables rapid non-chemical - mediated transmission . Rectifying channels ensure that action potentials move only in one direction through an electrical synapse . Electrical synapses are found in all nervous systems , including the human brain , although they are a distinct minority . `` All - or - none '' principle ( edit ) The amplitude of an action potential is independent of the amount of current that produced it . In other words , larger currents do not create larger action potentials . Therefore , action potentials are said to be all - or - none signals , since either they occur fully or they do not occur at all . This is in contrast to receptor potentials , whose amplitudes are dependent on the intensity of a stimulus . In both cases , the frequency of action potentials is correlated with the intensity of a stimulus . Sensory neurons ( edit ) Main article : Sensory neuron In sensory neurons , an external signal such as pressure , temperature , light , or sound is coupled with the opening and closing of ion channels , which in turn alter the ionic permeabilities of the membrane and its voltage . These voltage changes can again be excitatory ( depolarizing ) or inhibitory ( hyperpolarizing ) and , in some sensory neurons , their combined effects can depolarize the axon hillock enough to provoke action potentials . Some examples in humans include the olfactory receptor neuron and Meissner 's corpuscle , which are critical for the sense of smell and touch , respectively . However , not all sensory neurons convert their external signals into action potentials ; some do not even have an axon ! Instead , they may convert the signal into the release of a neurotransmitter , or into continuous graded potentials , either of which may stimulate subsequent neuron ( s ) into firing an action potential . For illustration , in the human ear , hair cells convert the incoming sound into the opening and closing of mechanically gated ion channels , which may cause neurotransmitter molecules to be released . In similar manner , in the human retina , the initial photoreceptor cells and the next layer of cells ( comprising bipolar cells and horizontal cells ) do not produce action potentials ; only some amacrine cells and the third layer , the ganglion cells , produce action potentials , which then travel up the optic nerve . Pacemaker potentials ( edit ) Main article : Pacemaker potential In pacemaker potentials , the cell spontaneously depolarizes ( straight line with upward slope ) until it fires an action potential . In sensory neurons , action potentials result from an external stimulus . However , some excitable cells require no such stimulus to fire : They spontaneously depolarize their axon hillock and fire action potentials at a regular rate , like an internal clock . The voltage traces of such cells are known as pacemaker potentials . The cardiac pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial node in the heart provide a good example . Although such pacemaker potentials have a natural rhythm , it can be adjusted by external stimuli ; for instance , heart rate can be altered by pharmaceuticals as well as signals from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves . The external stimuli do not cause the cell 's repetitive firing , but merely alter its timing . In some cases , the regulation of frequency can be more complex , leading to patterns of action potentials , such as bursting . Phases ( edit ) The course of the action potential can be divided into five parts : the rising phase , the peak phase , the falling phase , the undershoot phase , and the refractory period . During the rising phase the membrane potential depolarizes ( becomes more positive ) . The point at which depolarization stops is called the peak phase . At this stage , the membrane potential reaches a maximum . Subsequent to this , there is a falling phase . During this stage the membrane potential becomes more negative , returning towards resting potential . The undershoot , or afterhyperpolarization , phase is the period during which the membrane potential temporarily becomes more negatively charged than when at rest ( hyperpolarized ) . Finally , the time during which a subsequent action potential is impossible or difficult to fire is called the refractory period , which may overlap with the other phases . The course of the action potential is determined by two coupled effects . First , voltage - sensitive ion channels open and close in response to changes in the membrane voltage V . This changes the membrane 's permeability to those ions . Second , according to the Goldman equation , this change in permeability changes the equilibrium potential E , and , thus , the membrane voltage V. Thus , the membrane potential affects the permeability , which then further affects the membrane potential . This sets up the possibility for positive feedback , which is a key part of the rising phase of the action potential . A complicating factor is that a single ion channel may have multiple internal `` gates '' that respond to changes in V in opposite ways , or at different rates . For example , although raising V opens most gates in the voltage - sensitive sodium channel , it also closes the channel 's `` inactivation gate '' , albeit more slowly . Hence , when V is raised suddenly , the sodium channels open initially , but then close due to the slower inactivation . The voltages and currents of the action potential in all of its phases were modeled accurately by Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley in 1952 , for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963 . However , their model considers only two types of voltage - sensitive ion channels , and makes several assumptions about them , e.g. , that their internal gates open and close independently of one another . In reality , there are many types of ion channels , and they do not always open and close independently . Stimulation and rising phase ( edit ) A typical action potential begins at the axon hillock with a sufficiently strong depolarization , e.g. , a stimulus that increases V . This depolarization is often caused by the injection of extra sodium cations into the cell ; these cations can come from a wide variety of sources , such as chemical synapses , sensory neurons or pacemaker potentials . For a neuron at rest , there is a high concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the extracellular fluid compared to the intracellular fluid while there is a high concentration of potassium ions in the intracellular fluid compared to the extracellular fluid . This concentration gradient along with potassium leak channels present on the membrane of the neuron causes an efflux of potassium ions making the resting potential close to E ≈ -- 75 mV . The depolarization opens both the sodium and potassium channels in the membrane , allowing the ions to flow into and out of the axon , respectively . If the depolarization is small ( say , increasing V from − 70 mV to − 60 mV ) , the outward potassium current overwhelms the inward sodium current and the membrane repolarizes back to its normal resting potential around − 70 mV . However , if the depolarization is large enough , the inward sodium current increases more than the outward potassium current and a runaway condition ( positive feedback ) results : the more inward current there is , the more V increases , which in turn further increases the inward current . A sufficiently strong depolarization ( increase in V ) causes the voltage - sensitive sodium channels to open ; the increasing permeability to sodium drives V closer to the sodium equilibrium voltage E ≈ + 55 mV . The increasing voltage in turn causes even more sodium channels to open , which pushes V still further towards E . This positive feedback continues until the sodium channels are fully open and V is close to E. The sharp rise in V and sodium permeability correspond to the rising phase of the action potential . The critical threshold voltage for this runaway condition is usually around − 45 mV , but it depends on the recent activity of the axon . A membrane that has just fired an action potential can not fire another one immediately , since the ion channels have not returned to the deactivated state . The period during which no new action potential can be fired is called the absolute refractory period . At longer times , after some but not all of the ion channels have recovered , the axon can be stimulated to produce another action potential , but with a higher threshold , requiring a much stronger depolarization , e.g. , to − 30 mV . The period during which action potentials are unusually difficult to evoke is called the relative refractory period . Peak and falling phase ( edit ) The positive feedback of the rising phase slows and comes to a halt as the sodium ion channels become maximally open . At the peak of the action potential , the sodium permeability is maximized and the membrane voltage V is nearly equal to the sodium equilibrium voltage E. However , the same raised voltage that opened the sodium channels initially also slowly shuts them off , by closing their pores ; the sodium channels become inactivated . This lowers the membrane 's permeability to sodium relative to potassium , driving the membrane voltage back towards the resting value . At the same time , the raised voltage opens voltage - sensitive potassium channels ; the increase in the membrane 's potassium permeability drives V towards E. Combined , these changes in sodium and potassium permeability cause V to drop quickly , repolarizing the membrane and producing the `` falling phase '' of the action potential . Afterhyperpolarization ( edit ) The raised voltage opened many more potassium channels than usual , and some of these do not close right away when the membrane returns to its normal resting voltage . In addition , further potassium channels open in response to the influx of calcium ions during the action potential . The potassium permeability of the membrane is transiently unusually high , driving the membrane voltage V even closer to the potassium equilibrium voltage E. Hence , there is an undershoot or hyperpolarization , termed an afterhyperpolarization in technical language , that persists until the membrane potassium permeability returns to its usual value . Refractory period ( edit ) Each action potential is followed by a refractory period , which can be divided into an absolute refractory period , during which it is impossible to evoke another action potential , and then a relative refractory period , during which a stronger - than - usual stimulus is required . These two refractory periods are caused by changes in the state of sodium and potassium channel molecules . When closing after an action potential , sodium channels enter an `` inactivated '' state , in which they can not be made to open regardless of the membrane potential -- this gives rise to the absolute refractory period . Even after a sufficient number of sodium channels have transitioned back to their resting state , it frequently happens that a fraction of potassium channels remains open , making it difficult for the membrane potential to depolarize , and thereby giving rise to the relative refractory period . Because the density and subtypes of potassium channels may differ greatly between different types of neurons , the duration of the relative refractory period is highly variable . The absolute refractory period is largely responsible for the unidirectional propagation of action potentials along axons . At any given moment , the patch of axon behind the actively spiking part is refractory , but the patch in front , not having been activated recently , is capable of being stimulated by the depolarization from the action potential . Propagation ( edit ) Main article : Nerve conduction velocity The action potential generated at the axon hillock propagates as a wave along the axon . The currents flowing inwards at a point on the axon during an action potential spread out along the axon , and depolarize the adjacent sections of its membrane . If sufficiently strong , this depolarization provokes a similar action potential at the neighboring membrane patches . This basic mechanism was demonstrated by Alan Lloyd Hodgkin in 1937 . After crushing or cooling nerve segments and thus blocking the action potentials , he showed that an action potential arriving on one side of the block could provoke another action potential on the other , provided that the blocked segment was sufficiently short . Once an action potential has occurred at a patch of membrane , the membrane patch needs time to recover before it can fire again . At the molecular level , this absolute refractory period corresponds to the time required for the voltage - activated sodium channels to recover from inactivation , i.e. , to return to their closed state . There are many types of voltage - activated potassium channels in neurons . Some of them inactivate fast ( A-type currents ) and some of them inactivate slowly or not inactivate at all ; this variability guarantees that there will be always an available source of current for repolarization , even if some of the potassium channels are inactivated because of preceding depolarization . On the other hand , all neuronal voltage - activated sodium channels inactivate within several milliseconds during strong depolarization , thus making following depolarization impossible until a substantial fraction of sodium channels have returned to their closed state . Although it limits the frequency of firing , the absolute refractory period ensures that the action potential moves in only one direction along an axon . The currents flowing in due to an action potential spread out in both directions along the axon . However , only the unfired part of the axon can respond with an action potential ; the part that has just fired is unresponsive until the action potential is safely out of range and can not restimulate that part . In the usual orthodromic conduction , the action potential propagates from the axon hillock towards the synaptic knobs ( the axonal termini ) ; propagation in the opposite direction -- known as antidromic conduction -- is very rare . However , if a laboratory axon is stimulated in its middle , both halves of the axon are `` fresh '' , i.e. , unfired ; then two action potentials will be generated , one traveling towards the axon hillock and the other traveling towards the synaptic knobs . Myelin and saltatory conduction ( edit ) Main articles : Myelination and Saltatory conduction In saltatory conduction , an action potential at one node of Ranvier causes inwards currents that depolarize the membrane at the next node , provoking a new action potential there ; the action potential appears to `` hop '' from node to node . In order to enable fast and efficient transduction of electrical signals in the nervous system , certain neuronal axons are covered with myelin sheaths . Myelin is a multilamellar membrane that enwraps the axon in segments separated by intervals known as nodes of Ranvier . It is produced by specialized cells : Schwann cells exclusively in the peripheral nervous system , and oligodendrocytes exclusively in the central nervous system . Myelin sheath reduces membrane capacitance and increases membrane resistance in the inter-node intervals , thus allowing a fast , saltatory movement of action potentials from node to node . Myelination is found mainly in vertebrates , but an analogous system has been discovered in a few invertebrates , such as some species of shrimp . Not all neurons in vertebrates are myelinated ; for example , axons of the neurons comprising the autonomous nervous system are not , in general , myelinated . Myelin prevents ions from entering or leaving the axon along myelinated segments . As a general rule , myelination increases the conduction velocity of action potentials and makes them more energy - efficient . Whether saltatory or not , the mean conduction velocity of an action potential ranges from 1 meter per second ( m / s ) to over 100 m / s , and , in general , increases with axonal diameter . Action potentials can not propagate through the membrane in myelinated segments of the axon . However , the current is carried by the cytoplasm , which is sufficient to depolarize the first or second subsequent node of Ranvier . Instead , the ionic current from an action potential at one node of Ranvier provokes another action potential at the next node ; this apparent `` hopping '' of the action potential from node to node is known as saltatory conduction . Although the mechanism of saltatory conduction was suggested in 1925 by Ralph Lillie , the first experimental evidence for saltatory conduction came from Ichiji Tasaki and Taiji Takeuchi and from Andrew Huxley and Robert Stämpfli . By contrast , in unmyelinated axons , the action potential provokes another in the membrane immediately adjacent , and moves continuously down the axon like a wave . Comparison of the conduction velocities of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the cat . The conduction velocity v of myelinated neurons varies roughly linearly with axon diameter d ( that is , v ∝ d ) , whereas the speed of unmyelinated neurons varies roughly as the square root ( v ∝ √ d ) . The red and blue curves are fits of experimental data , whereas the dotted lines are their theoretical extrapolations . Myelin has two important advantages : fast conduction speed and energy efficiency . For axons larger than a minimum diameter ( roughly 1 micrometre ) , myelination increases the conduction velocity of an action potential , typically tenfold . Conversely , for a given conduction velocity , myelinated fibers are smaller than their unmyelinated counterparts . For example , action potentials move at roughly the same speed ( 25 m / s ) in a myelinated frog axon and an unmyelinated squid giant axon , but the frog axon has a roughly 30-fold smaller diameter and 1000-fold smaller cross-sectional area . Also , since the ionic currents are confined to the nodes of Ranvier , far fewer ions `` leak '' across the membrane , saving metabolic energy . This saving is a significant selective advantage , since the human nervous system uses approximately 20 % of the body 's metabolic energy . The length of axons ' myelinated segments is important to the success of saltatory conduction . They should be as long as possible to maximize the speed of conduction , but not so long that the arriving signal is too weak to provoke an action potential at the next node of Ranvier . In nature , myelinated segments are generally long enough for the passively propagated signal to travel for at least two nodes while retaining enough amplitude to fire an action potential at the second or third node . Thus , the safety factor of saltatory conduction is high , allowing transmission to bypass nodes in case of injury . However , action potentials may end prematurely in certain places where the safety factor is low , even in unmyelinated neurons ; a common example is the branch point of an axon , where it divides into two axons . Some diseases degrade myelin and impair saltatory conduction , reducing the conduction velocity of action potentials . The most well - known of these is multiple sclerosis , in which the breakdown of myelin impairs coordinated movement . Cable theory ( edit ) Main article : Cable theory Cable theory 's simplified view of a neuronal fiber . The connected RC circuits correspond to adjacent segments of a passive neurite . The extracellular resistances r ( the counterparts of the intracellular resistances r ) are not shown , since they are usually negligibly small ; the extracellular medium may be assumed to have the same voltage everywhere . The flow of currents within an axon can be described quantitatively by cable theory and its elaborations , such as the compartmental model . Cable theory was developed in 1855 by Lord Kelvin to model the transatlantic telegraph cable and was shown to be relevant to neurons by Hodgkin and Rushton in 1946 . In simple cable theory , the neuron is treated as an electrically passive , perfectly cylindrical transmission cable , which can be described by a partial differential equation τ ∂ V ∂ t = λ 2 ∂ 2 V ∂ x 2 − V ( \ displaystyle \ tau ( \ frac ( \ partial V ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ lambda ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) V ) ( \ partial x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - V ) where V ( x , t ) is the voltage across the membrane at a time t and a position x along the length of the neuron , and where λ and τ are the characteristic length and time scales on which those voltages decay in response to a stimulus . Referring to the circuit diagram on the right , these scales can be determined from the resistances and capacitances per unit length . τ = r m c m ( \ displaystyle \ tau =\ r_ ( m ) c_ ( m ) \ , ) λ = r m r l ( \ displaystyle \ lambda = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( r_ ( m ) ) ( r_ ( \ ell ) ) ) ) ) These time and length - scales can be used to understand the dependence of the conduction velocity on the diameter of the neuron in unmyelinated fibers . For example , the time - scale τ increases with both the membrane resistance r and capacitance c . As the capacitance increases , more charge must be transferred to produce a given transmembrane voltage ( by the equation Q = CV ) ; as the resistance increases , less charge is transferred per unit time , making the equilibration slower . In a similar manner , if the internal resistance per unit length r is lower in one axon than in another ( e.g. , because the radius of the former is larger ) , the spatial decay length λ becomes longer and the conduction velocity of an action potential should increase . If the transmembrane resistance r is increased , that lowers the average `` leakage '' current across the membrane , likewise causing λ to become longer , increasing the conduction velocity . Termination ( edit ) Chemical synapses ( edit ) Main articles : Chemical synapse , Neurotransmitter , Excitatory postsynaptic potential , and Inhibitory postsynaptic potential In general , action potentials that reach the synaptic knobs cause a neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft . Neurotransmitters are small molecules that may open ion channels in the postsynaptic cell ; most axons have the same neurotransmitter at all of their termini . The arrival of the action potential opens voltage - sensitive calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane ; the influx of calcium causes vesicles filled with neurotransmitter to migrate to the cell 's surface and release their contents into the synaptic cleft . This complex process is inhibited by the neurotoxins tetanospasmin and botulinum toxin , which are responsible for tetanus and botulism , respectively . Electrical synapses between excitable cells allow ions to pass directly from one cell to another , and are much faster than chemical synapses . Electrical synapses ( edit ) Main articles : Electrical synapse , Gap junction , and Connexin Some synapses dispense with the `` middleman '' of the neurotransmitter , and connect the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells together . When an action potential reaches such a synapse , the ionic currents flowing into the presynaptic cell can cross the barrier of the two cell membranes and enter the postsynaptic cell through pores known as connexons . Thus , the ionic currents of the presynaptic action potential can directly stimulate the postsynaptic cell . Electrical synapses allow for faster transmission because they do not require the slow diffusion of neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft . Hence , electrical synapses are used whenever fast response and coordination of timing are crucial , as in escape reflexes , the retina of vertebrates , and the heart . Neuromuscular junctions ( edit ) Main articles : Neuromuscular junction , Acetylcholine receptor , and Cholinesterase enzyme A special case of a chemical synapse is the neuromuscular junction , in which the axon of a motor neuron terminates on a muscle fiber . In such cases , the released neurotransmitter is acetylcholine , which binds to the acetylcholine receptor , an integral membrane protein in the membrane ( the sarcolemma ) of the muscle fiber . However , the acetylcholine does not remain bound ; rather , it dissociates and is hydrolyzed by the enzyme , acetylcholinesterase , located in the synapse . This enzyme quickly reduces the stimulus to the muscle , which allows the degree and timing of muscular contraction to be regulated delicately . Some poisons inactivate acetylcholinesterase to prevent this control , such as the nerve agents sarin and tabun , and the insecticides diazinon and malathion . Other cell types ( edit ) Cardiac action potentials ( edit ) Main articles : Cardiac action potential , Electrical conduction system of the heart , Cardiac pacemaker , and Heart arrhythmia Phases of a cardiac action potential . The sharp rise in voltage ( `` 0 '' ) corresponds to the influx of sodium ions , whereas the two decays ( `` 1 '' and `` 3 '' , respectively ) correspond to the sodium - channel inactivation and the repolarizing eflux of potassium ions . The characteristic plateau ( `` 2 '' ) results from the opening of voltage - sensitive calcium channels . The cardiac action potential differs from the neuronal action potential by having an extended plateau , in which the membrane is held at a high voltage for a few hundred milliseconds prior to being repolarized by the potassium current as usual . This plateau is due to the action of slower calcium channels opening and holding the membrane voltage near their equilibrium potential even after the sodium channels have inactivated . The cardiac action potential plays an important role in coordinating the contraction of the heart . The cardiac cells of the sinoatrial node provide the pacemaker potential that synchronizes the heart . The action potentials of those cells propagate to and through the atrioventricular node ( AV node ) , which is normally the only conduction pathway between the atria and the ventricles . Action potentials from the AV node travel through the bundle of His and thence to the Purkinje fibers . Conversely , anomalies in the cardiac action potential -- whether due to a congenital mutation or injury -- can lead to human pathologies , especially arrhythmias . Several anti-arrhythmia drugs act on the cardiac action potential , such as quinidine , lidocaine , beta blockers , and verapamil . Muscular action potentials ( edit ) Main articles : Neuromuscular junction and Muscle contraction The action potential in a normal skeletal muscle cell is similar to the action potential in neurons . Action potentials result from the depolarization of the cell membrane ( the sarcolemma ) , which opens voltage - sensitive sodium channels ; these become inactivated and the membrane is repolarized through the outward current of potassium ions . The resting potential prior to the action potential is typically − 90mV , somewhat more negative than typical neurons . The muscle action potential lasts roughly 2 -- 4 ms , the absolute refractory period is roughly 1 -- 3 ms , and the conduction velocity along the muscle is roughly 5 m / s . The action potential releases calcium ions that free up the tropomyosin and allow the muscle to contract . Muscle action potentials are provoked by the arrival of a pre-synaptic neuronal action potential at the neuromuscular junction , which is a common target for neurotoxins . Plant action potentials ( edit ) Plant and fungal cells are also electrically excitable . The fundamental difference from animal action potentials is that the depolarization in plant cells is not accomplished by an uptake of positive sodium ions , but by release of negative chloride ions . Together with the following release of positive potassium ions , which is common to plant and animal action potentials , the action potential in plants infers , therefore , an osmotic loss of salt ( KCl ) , whereas the animal action potential is osmotically neutral , when equal amounts of entering sodium and leaving potassium cancel each other osmotically . The interaction of electrical and osmotic relations in plant cells indicates an osmotic function of electrical excitability in the common , unicellular ancestors of plants and animals under changing salinity conditions , whereas the present function of rapid signal transmission is seen as a younger accomplishment of metazoan cells in a more stable osmotic environment . It must be assumed that the familiar signalling function of action potentials in some vascular plants ( e.g. Mimosa pudica ) arose independently from that in metazoan excitable cells . Taxonomic distribution and evolutionary advantages ( edit ) Action potentials are found throughout multicellular organisms , including plants , invertebrates such as insects , and vertebrates such as reptiles and mammals . Sponges seem to be the main phylum of multicellular eukaryotes that does not transmit action potentials , although some studies have suggested that these organisms have a form of electrical signaling , too . The resting potential , as well as the size and duration of the action potential , have not varied much with evolution , although the conduction velocity does vary dramatically with axonal diameter and myelination . Comparison of action potentials ( APs ) from a representative cross-section of animals Animal Cell type Resting potential ( mV ) AP increase ( mV ) AP duration ( ms ) Conduction speed ( m / s ) Squid ( Loligo ) Giant axon − 60 120 0.75 35 Earthworm ( Lumbricus ) Median giant fiber − 70 100 1.0 30 Cockroach ( Periplaneta ) Giant fiber − 70 80 -- 104 0.4 10 Frog ( Rana ) Sciatic nerve axon − 60 to − 80 110 -- 130 1.0 7 -- 30 Cat ( Felis ) Spinal motor neuron − 55 to − 80 80 -- 110 1 -- 1.5 30 -- 120 Given its conservation throughout evolution , the action potential seems to confer evolutionary advantages . One function of action potentials is rapid , long - range signaling within the organism ; the conduction velocity can exceed 110 m / s , which is one - third the speed of sound . For comparison , a hormone molecule carried in the bloodstream moves at roughly 8 m / s in large arteries . Part of this function is the tight coordination of mechanical events , such as the contraction of the heart . A second function is the computation associated with its generation . Being an all - or - none signal that does not decay with transmission distance , the action potential has similar advantages to digital electronics . The integration of various dendritic signals at the axon hillock and its thresholding to form a complex train of action potentials is another form of computation , one that has been exploited biologically to form central pattern generators and mimicked in artificial neural networks . Experimental methods ( edit ) See also : Electrophysiology Giant axons of the longfin inshore squid ( Doryteuthis pealeii ) were crucial for scientists to understand the action potential . The study of action potentials has required the development of new experimental methods . The initial work , prior to 1955 , was carried out primarily by Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley , who were , along John Carew Eccles , awarded the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contribution to the description of the ionic basis of nerve conduction . It focused on three goals : isolating signals from single neurons or axons , developing fast , sensitive electronics , and shrinking electrodes enough that the voltage inside a single cell could be recorded . The first problem was solved by studying the giant axons found in the neurons of the squid ( Loligo forbesii and Doryteuthis pealeii , at the time classified as Loligo pealeii ) . These axons are so large in diameter ( roughly 1 mm , or 100-fold larger than a typical neuron ) that they can be seen with the naked eye , making them easy to extract and manipulate . However , they are not representative of all excitable cells , and numerous other systems with action potentials have been studied . The second problem was addressed with the crucial development of the voltage clamp , which permitted experimenters to study the ionic currents underlying an action potential in isolation , and eliminated a key source of electronic noise , the current I associated with the capacitance C of the membrane . Since the current equals C times the rate of change of the transmembrane voltage V , the solution was to design a circuit that kept V fixed ( zero rate of change ) regardless of the currents flowing across the membrane . Thus , the current required to keep V at a fixed value is a direct reflection of the current flowing through the membrane . Other electronic advances included the use of Faraday cages and electronics with high input impedance , so that the measurement itself did not affect the voltage being measured . The third problem , that of obtaining electrodes small enough to record voltages within a single axon without perturbing it , was solved in 1949 with the invention of the glass micropipette electrode , which was quickly adopted by other researchers . Refinements of this method are able to produce electrode tips that are as fine as 100 Å ( 10 nm ) , which also confers high input impedance . Action potentials may also be recorded with small metal electrodes placed just next to a neuron , with neurochips containing EOSFETs , or optically with dyes that are sensitive to Ca or to voltage . As revealed by a patch clamp electrode , an ion channel has two states : open ( high conductance ) and closed ( low conductance ) . While glass micropipette electrodes measure the sum of the currents passing through many ion channels , studying the electrical properties of a single ion channel became possible in the 1970s with the development of the patch clamp by Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann . For this discovery , they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991 . Patch - clamping verified that ionic channels have discrete states of conductance , such as open , closed and inactivated . Optical imaging technologies have been developed in recent years to measure action potentials , either via simultaneous multisite recordings or with ultra-spatial resolution . Using voltage - sensitive dyes , action potentials have been optically recorded from a tiny patch of cardiomyocyte membrane . Neurotoxins ( edit ) Tetrodotoxin is a lethal toxin found in pufferfish that inhibits the voltage - sensitive sodium channel , halting action potentials . Several neurotoxins , both natural and synthetic , are designed to block the action potential . Tetrodotoxin from the pufferfish and saxitoxin from the Gonyaulax ( the dinoflagellate genus responsible for `` red tides '' ) block action potentials by inhibiting the voltage - sensitive sodium channel ; similarly , dendrotoxin from the black mamba snake inhibits the voltage - sensitive potassium channel . Such inhibitors of ion channels serve an important research purpose , by allowing scientists to `` turn off '' specific channels at will , thus isolating the other channels ' contributions ; they can also be useful in purifying ion channels by affinity chromatography or in assaying their concentration . However , such inhibitors also make effective neurotoxins , and have been considered for use as chemical weapons . Neurotoxins aimed at the ion channels of insects have been effective insecticides ; one example is the synthetic permethrin , which prolongs the activation of the sodium channels involved in action potentials . The ion channels of insects are sufficiently different from their human counterparts that there are few side effects in humans . History ( edit ) Image of two Purkinje cells ( labeled as A ) drawn by Santiago Ramón y Cajal in 1899 . Large trees of dendrites feed into the soma , from which a single axon emerges and moves generally downwards with a few branch points . The smaller cells labeled B are granule cells . The role of electricity in the nervous systems of animals was first observed in dissected frogs by Luigi Galvani , who studied it from 1791 to 1797 . Galvani 's results stimulated Alessandro Volta to develop the Voltaic pile -- the earliest - known electric battery -- with which he studied animal electricity ( such as electric eels ) and the physiological responses to applied direct - current voltages . Scientists of the 19th century studied the propagation of electrical signals in whole nerves ( i.e. , bundles of neurons ) and demonstrated that nervous tissue was made up of cells , instead of an interconnected network of tubes ( a reticulum ) . Carlo Matteucci followed up Galvani 's studies and demonstrated that cell membranes had a voltage across them and could produce direct current . Matteucci 's work inspired the German physiologist , Emil du Bois - Reymond , who discovered the action potential in 1843 . The conduction velocity of action potentials was first measured in 1850 by du Bois - Reymond 's friend , Hermann von Helmholtz . To establish that nervous tissue is made up of discrete cells , the Spanish physician Santiago Ramón y Cajal and his students used a stain developed by Camillo Golgi to reveal the myriad shapes of neurons , which they rendered painstakingly . For their discoveries , Golgi and Ramón y Cajal were awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology . Their work resolved a long - standing controversy in the neuroanatomy of the 19th century ; Golgi himself had argued for the network model of the nervous system . Ribbon diagram of the sodium -- potassium pump in its E2 - Pi state . The estimated boundaries of the lipid bilayer are shown as blue ( intracellular ) and red ( extracellular ) planes . The 20th century was a significant era for electrophysiology . In 1902 and again in 1912 , Julius Bernstein advanced the hypothesis that the action potential resulted from a change in the permeability of the axonal membrane to ions . Bernstein 's hypothesis was confirmed by Ken Cole and Howard Curtis , who showed that membrane conductance increases during an action potential . In 1907 , Louis Lapicque suggested that the action potential was generated as a threshold was crossed , what would be later shown as a product of the dynamical systems of ionic conductances . In 1949 , Alan Hodgkin and Bernard Katz refined Bernstein 's hypothesis by considering that the axonal membrane might have different permeabilities to different ions ; in particular , they demonstrated the crucial role of the sodium permeability for the action potential . They made the first actual recording of the electrical changes across the neuronal membrane that mediate the action potential . This line of research culminated in the five 1952 papers of Hodgkin , Katz and Andrew Huxley , in which they applied the voltage clamp technique to determine the dependence of the axonal membrane 's permeabilities to sodium and potassium ions on voltage and time , from which they were able to reconstruct the action potential quantitatively . Hodgkin and Huxley correlated the properties of their mathematical model with discrete ion channels that could exist in several different states , including `` open '' , `` closed '' , and `` inactivated '' . Their hypotheses were confirmed in the mid-1970s and 1980s by Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann , who developed the technique of patch clamping to examine the conductance states of individual ion channels . In the 21st century , researchers are beginning to understand the structural basis for these conductance states and for the selectivity of channels for their species of ion , through the atomic - resolution crystal structures , fluorescence distance measurements and cryo - electron microscopy studies . Julius Bernstein was also the first to introduce the Nernst equation for resting potential across the membrane ; this was generalized by David E. Goldman to the eponymous Goldman equation in 1943 . The sodium -- potassium pump was identified in 1957 and its properties gradually elucidated , culminating in the determination of its atomic - resolution structure by X-ray crystallography . The crystal structures of related ionic pumps have also been solved , giving a broader view of how these molecular machines work . Quantitative models ( edit ) Main article : Quantitative models of the action potential Equivalent electrical circuit for the Hodgkin -- Huxley model of the action potential . I and V represent the current through , and the voltage across , a small patch of membrane , respectively . The C represents the capacitance of the membrane patch , whereas the four g 's represent the conductances of four types of ions . The two conductances on the left , for potassium ( K ) and sodium ( Na ) , are shown with arrows to indicate that they can vary with the applied voltage , corresponding to the voltage - sensitive ion channels . The two conductances on the right help determine the resting membrane potential . Mathematical and computational models are essential for understanding the action potential , and offer predictions that may be tested against experimental data , providing a stringent test of a theory . The most important and accurate of the early neural models is the Hodgkin -- Huxley model , which describes the action potential by a coupled set of four ordinary differential equations ( ODEs ) . Although the Hodgkin -- Huxley model may be a simplification with few limitations compared to the realistic nervous membrane as it exists in nature , its complexity has inspired several even - more - simplified models , such as the Morris -- Lecar model and the FitzHugh -- Nagumo model , both of which have only two coupled ODEs . The properties of the Hodgkin -- Huxley and FitzHugh -- Nagumo models and their relatives , such as the Bonhoeffer -- van der Pol model , have been well - studied within mathematics , computation and electronics . However the simple models of generator potential and action potential fail to accurately reproduce the near threshold neural spike rate and spike shape , specifically for the mechanoreceptors like the Pacinian corpuscle . More modern research has focused on larger and more integrated systems ; by joining action - potential models with models of other parts of the nervous system ( such as dendrites and synapses ) , researchers can study neural computation and simple reflexes , such as escape reflexes and others controlled by central pattern generators . See also ( edit ) Neuroscience portal Anode break excitation Biological neuron model Bursting Central pattern generator Chronaxie Frog battery Neural accommodation Single - unit recording Soliton model in neuroscience Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In general , while this simple description of action potential initiation is accurate , it does not explain phenomena such as excitation block ( the ability to prevent neurons from eliciting action potentials by stimulating them with large current steps ) and the ability to elicit action potentials by briefly hyperpolarizing the membrane . By analyzing the dynamics of a system of sodium and potassium channels in a membrane patch using computational models , however , these phenomena are readily explained . Jump up ^ Note that these Purkinje fibers are muscle fibers and not related to the Purkinje cells , which are neurons found in the cerebellum . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hodgkin AL , Huxley AF ( 1952 ) . `` A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve '' . The Journal of Physiology. 117 ( 4 ) : 500 -- 544 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 1952. sp004764 . PMC 1392413 . PMID 12991237 . ^ Jump up to : Kutz 2013 Archived 29 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Purves D , Augustine GJ , Fitzpatrick D , et al. , editors . Neuroscience . 2nd edition . Sunderland ( MA ) : Sinauer Associates ; 2001 . Voltage - Gated Ion Channels . Available from : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 150 -- 151 . ^ Jump up to : Junge 1981 , pp. 89 -- 90 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt - Nielsen 1997 , p. 484 . Jump up ^ Purves et al. 2008 , pp. 48 - 49 ; Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , p. 141 ; Schmidt - Nielsen 1997 , p. 483 ; Junge 1981 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Stevens 1966 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Schmidt - Nielsen , p. 484 . ^ Jump up to : Sanes , Dan H. ; Reh , Thomas A ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . Development of the nervous system ( Third Edition ) . Elsevier Academic Press . pp. 211 -- 214 . ISBN 9780080923208 . OCLC 762720374 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Donald ( 1991 ) . Calcium Channels : Their Properties , Functions , Regulation , and Clinical relevance . CRC Press . pp. 138 -- 142 . ISBN 9780849388071 . Jump up ^ Black , Ira ( 1984 ) . Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neuronal Development Ira Black Springer . Springer . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4613 - 2717 - 2 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Roger ( 1998 ) . Current Topics in Developmental Biology , Volume 39 . Elsevier Academic Press . ISBN 9780080584621 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Silverthorn 2010 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Purves et al. 2008 , pp. 49 -- 50 ; Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 140 -- 141 ; Schmidt - Nielsen 1997 , pp. 480 - 481 . Jump up ^ Schmidt - Nielsen 1997 , pp. 483 - 484 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 177 -- 240 ; Schmidt - Nielsen 1997 , pp. 490 - 499 ; Stevens 1966 , p. 47 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 178 -- 180 ; Schmidt - Nielsen 1997 , pp. 490 - 491 . Jump up ^ Purves et al. 2001 . Jump up ^ Purves et al. 2008 , pp. 26 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Schmidt - Nielsen 1997 , pp. 535 -- 580 ; Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 49 -- 56 , 76 -- 93 , 247 -- 255 ; Stevens 1966 , pp. 69 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 53 ; Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Junge 1981 , pp. 115 -- 132 . ^ Jump up to : Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 152 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 444 -- 445 . Jump up ^ Purves et al. 2008 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Stevens 1966 , pp. 127 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Purves et al. 2008 , pp. 61 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Purves et al. 2008 , pp. 48 -- 49 ; Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , p. 141 ; Schmidt - Nielsen 1997 , p. 483 ; Junge 1981 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Purves et al. 2008 , pp. 64 -- 74 ; Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 149 -- 150 ; Junge 1981 , pp. 84 -- 85 ; Stevens 1966 , pp. 152 -- 158 . ^ Jump up to : Purves et al. 2008 , p. 47 ; Purves et al. 2008 , p. 65 ; Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 147 -- 148 ; Stevens 1966 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Goldin , AL in Waxman 2007 , Neuronal Channels and Receptors , pp. 43 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Stevens 1966 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Purves et al. 2008 , p. 34 ; Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , p. 134 ; Schmidt - Nielsen 1997 , pp. 478 -- 480 . ^ Jump up to : Purves et al. 2008 , pp. 49 -- 50 ; Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 140 -- 141 ; Schmidt - Nielsen 1997 , pp. 480 -- 481 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt - Nielsen 1997 , pp. 483 -- 484 . ^ Jump up to : Purves et al. 2008 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens 1966 , pp. 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , p. 151 ; Junge 1981 , pp. 4 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 147 -- 149 ; Stevens 1966 , pp. 126 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Purves et al. 2008 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Purves et al. 2008 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 160 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Stevens 1966 , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , pp. 161 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , p. 509 . Jump up ^ Tasaki , I in Field 1959 , pp. 75 -- 121 Jump up ^ Schmidt - Nielsen 1997 , Figure 12.13 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Orkand & Grinnell 1977 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Waxman , SG in Waxman 2007 , Multiple Sclerosis as a Neurodegenerative Disease , pp. 333 -- 346 . ^ Jump up to : Rall , W in Koch & Segev 1989 , Cable Theory for Dendritic Neurons , pp. 9 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Segev , I ; Fleshman , JW ; Burke , RE in Koch & Segev 1989 , Compartmental Models of Complex Neurons , pp. 63 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Purves et al. 2008 , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Ganong 1991 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Gradmann , D ; Mummert , H in Spanswick , Lucas & Dainty 1980 , Plant action potentials , pp. 333 -- 344 . Jump up ^ Bullock & Horridge 1965 . Jump up ^ Hellier , Jennifer L. ( 2014 ) . The Brain , the Nervous System , and Their Diseases . ABC - Clio . p. 532 . ISBN 9781610693387 . Jump up ^ Junge 1981 , pp. 63 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Kettenmann & Grantyn 1992 . Jump up ^ Snell , FM in Lavallee , Schanne & Hebert 1969 , Some Electrical Properties of Fine - Tipped Pipette Microelectrodes . Jump up ^ Brazier 1961 ; McHenry & Garrison 1969 ; Worden , Swazey & Adelman 1975 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1912 . Jump up ^ Baranauskas , G. ; Martina , M. ( 2006 ) . `` Sodium Currents Activate without a Hodgkin and Huxley - Type Delay in Central Mammalian Neurons '' . J. Neurosci. 26 ( 2 ) : 671 -- 684 . doi : 10.1523 / jneurosci. 2283 - 05.2006 . PMID 16407565 . Jump up ^ Hoppensteadt 1986 . Jump up ^ Sato , S ; Fukai , H ; Nomura , T ; Doi , S in Reeke et al. 2005 , Bifurcation Analysis of the Hodgkin - Huxley Equations , pp. 459 -- 478 . * FitzHugh , R in Schwann 1969 , Mathematical models of axcitation and propagation in nerve , pp. 12 -- 16 . * Guckenheimer & Holmes 1986 , pp. 12 -- 16 Jump up ^ Nelson , ME ; Rinzel , J in Bower & Beeman 1995 , The Hodgkin - Huxley Model , pp. 29 -- 49 . * Rinzel , J & Ermentrout , GB ; in Koch & Segev 1989 , Analysis of Neural Excitability and Oscillations , pp. 135 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Biswas , Abhijit ; Manivannan , M. ; Srinivasan , Mandyam A. ( 2015 ) . `` Vibrotactile Sensitivity Threshold : Nonlinear Stochastic Mechanotransduction Model of the Pacinian Corpuscle '' . IEEE Transactions on Haptics. 8 ( 1 ) : 102 -- 113 . doi : 10.1109 / TOH. 2014.2369422 . PMID 25398183 . Jump up ^ McCulloch 1988 , pp. 19 -- 39 , 46 -- 66 , 72 -- 141 ; Anderson & Rosenfeld 1988 , pp. 15 -- 41 . 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( 2001 ) . `` The voltage - sensitive sodium channel is a bell - shaped molecule with several cavities '' . Nature . 409 ( 6823 ) : 1047 -- 1051 . Bibcode : 2001Natur. 409.1047 S . doi : 10.1038 / 35059098 . PMID 11234014 . Jump up ^ Skou J ( 1957 ) . `` The influence of some cations on an adenosine triphosphatase from peripheral nerves '' . Biochim Biophys Acta. 23 ( 2 ) : 394 -- 401 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 3002 ( 57 ) 90343 - 8 . PMID 13412736 . Jump up ^ Hodgkin AL , Keynes ( 1955 ) . `` Active transport of cations in giant axons from Sepia and Loligo '' . J. Physiol. 128 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 60 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 1955. sp005290 . PMC 1365754 . PMID 14368574 . Jump up ^ Caldwell PC , Hodgkin , Keynes , Shaw ( 1960 ) . `` The effects of injecting energy - rich phosphate compounds on the active transport of ions in the giant axons of Loligo '' . J. Physiol. 152 ( 3 ) : 561 -- 90 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 1960. sp006509 . PMC 1363339 . PMID 13806926 . 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Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991 '' ( Press release ) . The Royal Swedish Academy of Science . 1991 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2010 . Retrieved 21 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906 '' ( Press release ) . The Royal Swedish Academy of Science . 1906 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 21 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Warlow , Charles . `` The Recent Evolution of a Symbiotic Ion Channel in the Legume Family Altered Ion Conductance and Improved Functionality in Calcium Signaling '' . BMJ Publishing Group . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 '' ( Press release ) . The Royal Swedish Academy of Science . 1997 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2009 . Retrieved 21 February 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Aidley DJ , Stanfield PR ( 1996 ) . Ion Channels : Molecules in Action . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 49882 - 1 . Bear MF , Connors BW , Paradiso MA ( 2001 ) . Neuroscience : Exploring the Brain . Baltimore : Lippincott . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 3944 - 6 . Clay JR ( May 2005 ) . `` Axonal excitability revisited '' . Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 88 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 90 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbiomolbio. 2003.12. 004 . PMID 15561301 . Deutsch S , Micheli - Tzanakou E ( 1987 ) . Neuroelectric Systems . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1782 - 9 . Hille B ( 2001 ) . Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes ( 3rd ed . ) . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 321 - 1 . Johnston D ; Wu SM - S ( 1995 ) . Foundations of Cellular Neurophysiology . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Bradford Book , The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 10053 - 3 . Kandel ER , Schwartz JH , Jessell TM ( 2000 ) . Principles of Neural Science ( 4th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 6 . Miller C ( 1987 ) . `` How ion channel proteins work '' . In LK Kaczmarek ; IB Levitan . Neuromodulation : The Biochemical Control of Neuronal Excitability . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 39 -- 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504097 - 5 . Nelson DL , Cox MM ( 2008 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 7108 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Action potential '' dated 2005 - 06 - 22 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Animations Ionic flow in action potentials at Blackwell Publishing Action potential propagation in myelinated and unmyelinated axons at Blackwell Publishing Generation of AP in cardiac cells and generation of AP in neuron cells Resting membrane potential from Life : The Science of Biology , by WK Purves , D Sadava , GH Orians , and HC Heller , 8th edition , New York : WH Freeman , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 7671 - 0 . Ionic motion and the Goldman voltage for arbitrary ionic concentrations at The University of Arizona A cartoon illustrating the action potential Action potential propagation Production of the action potential : voltage and current clamping simulations Open - source software to simulate neuronal and cardiac action potentials at SourceForge.net Introduction to the Action Potential , Neuroscience Online ( electronic neuroscience textbook by UT Houston Medical School ) Khan Academy : Electrotonic and action potential Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Action_potential&oldid=853946867 '' Categories : Capacitors Neural coding Electrophysiology Electrochemistry Computational neuroscience Cellular neuroscience Cellular processes Membrane biology Plant cognition Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages move - protected due to vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 23 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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2204140235707738494 | Handshaking lemma | Handshaking lemma - wikipedia Handshaking lemma Jump to : navigation , search In this graph , an even number of vertices ( the four vertices numbered 2 , 4 , 5 , and 6 ) have odd degrees . The sum of the degrees of the vertices is 2 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 14 , twice the number of edges . In graph theory , a branch of mathematics , the handshaking lemma is the statement that every finite undirected graph has an even number of vertices with odd degree ( the number of edges touching the vertex ) . In more colloquial terms , in a party of people some of whom shake hands , an even number of people must have shaken an odd number of other people 's hands . The handshaking lemma is a consequence of the degree sum formula ( also sometimes called the handshaking lemma ) , ∑ v ∈ V deg v = 2 E ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( v \ in V ) \ deg v = 2 E ) for a graph with vertex set V and edge set E. Both results were proven by Leonhard Euler ( 1736 ) in his famous paper on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg that began the study of graph theory . The vertices of odd degree in a graph are sometimes called odd nodes or odd vertices ; in this terminology , the handshaking lemma can be restated as the statement that every graph has an even number of odd nodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Proof 2 Regular graphs 3 Infinite graphs 4 Exchange graphs 5 Computational complexity 6 Other applications 7 Notes 8 References Proof ( edit ) Euler 's proof of the degree sum formula uses the technique of double counting : he counts the number of incident pairs ( v , e ) where e is an edge and vertex v is one of its endpoints , in two different ways . Vertex v belongs to deg ( v ) pairs , where deg ( v ) ( the degree of v ) is the number of edges incident to it . Therefore , the number of incident pairs is the sum of the degrees . However , each edge in the graph belongs to exactly two incident pairs , one for each of its endpoints ; therefore , the number of incident pairs is 2 E . Since these two formulas count the same set of objects , they must have equal values . In a sum of integers , the parity of the sum is not affected by the even terms in the sum ; the overall sum is even when there is an even number of odd terms , and odd when there is an odd number of odd terms . Since one side of the degree sum formula is the even number 2 E , the sum on the other side must have an even number of odd terms ; that is , there must be an even number of odd - degree vertices . Alternatively , it is possible to use mathematical induction to prove that the number of odd - degree vertices is even , by removing one edge at a time from a given graph and using a case analysis on the degrees of its endpoints to determine the effect of this removal on the parity of the number of odd - degree vertices . Regular graphs ( edit ) The degree sum formula implies that every r - regular graph with n vertices has nr / 2 edges . In particular , if r is odd then the number of edges must be divisible by r . Infinite graphs ( edit ) An infinite graph that does not obey the handshaking lemma The handshaking lemma does not apply to infinite graphs , even when they have only a finite number of odd - degree vertices . For instance , an infinite path graph with one endpoint has only a single odd - degree vertex rather than having an even number of such vertices . Exchange graphs ( edit ) Several combinatorial structures listed by Cameron & Edmonds ( 1999 ) may be shown to be even in number by relating them to the odd vertices in an appropriate `` exchange graph '' . For instance , as C.A.B. Smith proved , in any cubic graph G there must be an even number of Hamiltonian cycles through any fixed edge uv ; Thomason ( 1978 ) used a proof based on the handshaking lemma to extend this result to graphs G in which all vertices have odd degree . Thomason defines an exchange graph H , the vertices of which are in one - to - one correspondence with the Hamiltonian paths beginning at u and continuing through v. Two such paths p and p are connected by an edge in H if one may obtain p by adding a new edge to the end of p and removing another edge from the middle of p ; this is a symmetric relation , so H is an undirected graph . If path p ends at vertex w , then the vertex corresponding to p in H has degree equal to the number of ways that p may be extended by an edge that does not connect back to u ; that is , the degree of this vertex in H is either deg ( w ) − 1 ( an even number ) if p does not form part of a Hamiltonian cycle through uv , or deg ( w ) − 2 ( an odd number ) if p is part of a Hamiltonian cycle through uv . Since H has an even number of odd vertices , G must have an even number of Hamiltonian cycles through uv . Computational complexity ( edit ) In connection with the exchange graph method for proving the existence of combinatorial structures , it is of interest to ask how efficiently these structures may be found . For instance , suppose one is given as input a Hamiltonian cycle in a cubic graph ; it follows from Smith 's theorem that there exists a second cycle . How quickly can this second cycle be found ? Papadimitriou ( 1994 ) investigated the computational complexity of questions such as this , or more generally of finding a second odd - degree vertex when one is given a single odd vertex in a large implicitly - defined graph . He defined the complexity class PPA to encapsulate problems such as this one ; a closely related class defined on directed graphs , PPAD , has attracted significant attention in algorithmic game theory because computing a Nash equilibrium is computationally equivalent to the hardest problems in this class . Other applications ( edit ) The handshaking lemma is also used in proofs of Sperner 's lemma and of the piecewise linear case of the mountain climbing problem . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aldous , Joan M. ; Wilson , Robin J. ( 2000 ) , `` Theorem 2.2 '' , Graphs and Applications : an Introductory Approach , Undergraduate Mathematics Series , The Open University , Springer - Verlag , p. 44 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85233 - 259 - 4 Jump up ^ Chen , Xi ; Deng , Xiaotie ( 2006 ) , `` Settling the complexity of two - player Nash equilibrium '' , Proc. 47th Symp . Foundations of Computer Science , pp. 261 -- 271 , doi : 10.1109 / FOCS. 2006.69 , ECCC TR05 - 140 References ( edit ) Cameron , Kathie ; Edmonds , Jack ( 1999 ) , `` Some graphic uses of an even number of odd nodes '' , Annales de l'Institut Fourier , 49 ( 3 ) : 815 -- 827 , MR 1703426 , doi : 10.5802 / aif. 1694 . Euler , L. ( 1736 ) , `` Solutio problematis ad geometriam situs pertinentis '' ( PDF ) , Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae , 8 : 128 -- 140 . Reprinted and translated in Biggs , N.L. ; Lloyd , E.K. ; Wilson , R.J. ( 1976 ) , Graph Theory 1736 -- 1936 , Oxford University Press . Papadimitriou , Christos H. ( 1994 ) , `` On the complexity of the parity argument and other inefficient proofs of existence '' , Journal of Computer and System Sciences , 48 ( 3 ) : 498 -- 532 , MR 1279412 , doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 0000 ( 05 ) 80063 - 7 . Thomason , A.G. ( 1978 ) , `` Hamiltonian cycles and uniquely edge colourable graphs '' , Advances in Graph Theory ( Cambridge Combinatorial Conf. , Trinity College , Cambridge , 1977 ) , Annals of Discrete Mathematics , 3 , pp. 259 -- 268 , MR 499124 , doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 5060 ( 08 ) 70511 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handshaking_lemma&oldid=791615113 '' Categories : Graph theory Lemmas Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Français Magyar Polski Português Русский தமிழ் ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2017 , at 11 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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4153167678266659463 | Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film) | Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( film ) - Wikipedia Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( film ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire UK theatrical release banner Directed by Mike Newell Produced by David Heyman Screenplay by Steve Kloves Based on Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson Robbie Coltrane Ralph Fiennes Michael Gambon Brendan Gleeson Jason Isaacs Gary Oldman Alan Rickman Maggie Smith Timothy Spall Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Roger Pratt Edited by Mick Audsley Production companies Warner Bros. Pictures Heyday Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 6 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 06 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square ) 18 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 18 ) ( United Kingdom and United States ) Running time 157 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $896.9 million Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 fantasy film directed by Mike Newell and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on J.K. Rowling 's 2000 novel of the same name . The film , which is the fourth instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman . The story follows Harry Potter 's fourth year at Hogwarts as he is chosen by the Goblet of Fire to compete in the Triwizard Tournament . The film is the first of the series to receive a PG - 13 certificate in the US , and a 12A in the UK , and stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and is followed by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Filming began in early 2004 . The Hogwarts scenes were shot at the Leavesden Film Studios . Five days after its release , the film had grossed over US $102 million at the North American box office , which is the third - highest first - weekend tally for a Harry Potter film behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . Goblet of Fire enjoyed an immensely successful run at the box office , earning $896 million worldwide , which made it the highest - grossing film of 2005 and the eighth - highest - grossing film of all - time at that time and the sixth - highest - grossing film in the Harry Potter series . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , and won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design . Goblet of Fire was the second film in the series to be released in IMAX . The film is one of the best reviewed instalments within the series , being praised for the higher level of maturity and sophistication of its characters , plotline , screenplay , and the performances of the lead actors . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Set design 3.2 Music 4 Differences from the book 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Rating 5.3 Wyrd Sisters lawsuit 5.4 Theatrical release 5.5 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Harry Potter awakens from a nightmare wherein a man named Frank Bryce is killed after overhearing Lord Voldemort conspiring with Peter Pettigrew and another man . While Harry attends the Quidditch World Cup between Ireland and Bulgaria with the Weasleys and Hermione Granger . Death Eaters terrorise the camp , and the man who appeared in Harry 's dream summons the Dark Mark . At Hogwarts , Albus Dumbledore introduces ex-Auror Alastor `` Mad - Eye '' Moody as the new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher . He also announces that the school will host the legendary event known as the Triwizard Tournament , in which three magical schools compete across three dangerous challenges . The Goblet of Fire selects `` champions '' to take part in the competition : Cedric Diggory of Hufflepuff representing Hogwarts , Viktor Krum representing the Durmstrang Institute from Central Europe , and Fleur Delacour representing Beauxbatons Academy of Magic from France . The Goblet then unexpectedly selects Harry as a fourth champion . Dumbledore is unable to pull the underage Harry out of the tournament , as Ministry official Barty Crouch Sr. insists that the champions are bound by a contract after being selected . For the first task , each champion must retrieve a golden egg guarded by the dragon they pick . Harry succeeds in retrieving the egg , which contains information about the second challenge . Shortly after , a formal dance event known as the Yule Ball takes place ; Harry 's crush Cho Chang attends with Cedric , and Hermione attends with Viktor , making Ron jealous . During the second task , the champions must dive underwater to rescue their mates . Harry finishes third , but is promoted to second behind Cedric due to his `` moral fibre '' , after saving Fleur 's sister Gabrielle as well as Ron . Afterwards , Harry discovers the corpse of Crouch Sr. in the forest . Later , while waiting for Dumbledore in his office , Harry discovers a Pensieve , which holds Dumbledore 's memories . Harry witnesses a trial in which Igor confesses to the Ministry of Magic names of other Death Eaters , after Voldemort 's defeat . When he names Severus Snape as one , Dumbledore vouches for Snape 's innocence ; Snape turned spy against Voldemort before the latter 's downfall . After Karkaroff names Barty Crouch Jr. , a devastated Crouch Sr. imprisons his son in Azkaban . Exiting the Pensieve , Harry realizes that Crouch Jr. is the man he saw in his dream . For the final task , the champions must reach the Triwizard Cup , located in a hedge maze . Viktor , under the influence of the Imperius Curse , accidentally incapacitates Fleur . After Harry saves Cedric when the maze attacks him , the two claim a draw and together grab the cup , which turns out to be a Portkey and transports them to a graveyard where Pettigrew and Voldemort are waiting . Pettigrew kills Cedric with the Killing Curse , and performs a ritual that rejuvenates Voldemort , who then summons the Death Eaters . Voldemort releases Harry in order to beat him in a duel and prove he is the better wizard . Unable to defend himself , Harry tries the Expelliarmus charm at the same moment that Voldemort attempts the Killing Curse . The beams from their wands entwine , and Voldemort 's wand disgorges the last spells it performed . The spirits of the people he murdered materialize in the graveyard , including Harry 's parents and Cedric . This distracts Voldemort and his Death Eaters , allowing Harry to escape with Cedric 's body by grabbing the Portkey . Harry tells Dumbledore that Voldemort returned and killed Cedric . Moody takes Harry back to his office to interrogate him about Voldemort , but inadvertently blows his cover by asking Harry whether there were `` others in the graveyard '' , despite Harry not mentioning a graveyard . Moody reveals that he submitted Harry 's name to the Goblet of Fire and manipulated Harry throughout the tournament to ensure he would win . Moody attempts to attack Harry , but Dumbledore , Snape , and Minerva McGonagall intervene and subdue him . The teachers force Moody to drink Veritaserum , a truth - telling potion , and he reveals that the real Moody is imprisoned in a magical trunk . The impostor 's Polyjuice Potion wears off , revealing him as Crouch Jr. , who is then returned to Azkaban . Dumbledore reveals to the students that Voldemort killed Cedric , although the Ministry of Magic opposes the revelation . Later , Dumbledore visits Harry in his dormitory , apologizing to him for the dangers he endured . Harry reveals that he saw his parents in the graveyard ; Dumbledore names this effect as `` Priori Incantatem '' . Soon after Hogwarts , Durmstrang , and Beauxbatons bid farewell to each other . Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Harry Potter cast members Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley Emma Watson as Hermione Granger Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore Brendan Gleeson as Alastor `` Mad - Eye '' Moody Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy Gary Oldman as Sirius Black Alan Rickman as Severus Snape Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew Robert Pattinson replaces stunt performer / actor Joe Livermore as Hogwarts champion Cedric Diggory , who makes a brief appearance in the previous film in a Quidditch sequence . Clémence Poésy plays the role of Beauxbatons champion Fleur Delacour , while Stanislav Ianevski portrays Durmstrang champion and Quidditch star Viktor Krum . Miranda Richardson portrays The Daily Prophet reporter Rita Skeeter . Predrag Bjelac acts as Igor Karkaroff , Headmaster of Durmstrang and a former Death Eater . Frances de la Tour plays the role of Olympe Maxime , Headmistress of Beauxbatons . David Tennant portrays Barty Crouch Jr. , a Death Eater who disguises himself as Mad - Eye Moody for most of the film . Production ( edit ) British film director Mike Newell was chosen to direct the film after Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban director Alfonso Cuarón announced that he would only be able to direct one Potter film . In a statement explaining the transition of directors , series producer David Heyman said : When Alfonso made the decision to focus on completing Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , we were faced with the daunting task of finding a director to handle the complex challenges of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and to follow in the footsteps of Chris Columbus and Alfonso Cuarón . Mike 's rich and diverse body of work show him to be the perfect choice . He has worked with children , made us laugh , and had us sitting on the edge of our seats . He is great with actors and imbues all his characters , all his films , with great humanity . I 'm thrilled . Principal photography for Goblet of Fire began on 4 May 2004 , although scenes involving the film 's principal actors did not begin filming until 25 June 2004 at England 's Leavesden Studios . Steve Kloves , the screenwriter for the previous instalments , returned for Goblet of Fire . On adapting the 734 - page book into a feature - length film , Kloves commented that `` we always thought it would be two movies , but we could never figure out a way to break it in two . So it will be a different experience from the book . '' Set Design ( edit ) Filming in an actual loch would have been too cold and impractical . We looked into doing a process called ' dry for wet , ' where you suspend an actor and blow wind on them to give the illusion that they are underwater , but the hair did n't undulate convincingly . -- Heyman , on the underwater scenes As in the previous instalments , Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan provided the film 's art and set designs , respectively . Due to the film 's scope , there were many new sets and transformations of old sets created . McMillan was most excited about redesigning the Great Hall for the scenes involving the Yule Ball . `` Originally we thought silver curtains , silver table cloths and an ice dance floor , '' said McMillan , `` but it just went on and on . The drapes man eventually said , ' Why not just stick the fabrics on the wall ? ' '' Each task of the Triwizard Tournament required massive sets . The rock quarry set for the first task , where Harry faces off with the Hungarian Horntail , was built in two sections at Leavesden Studios . Craig called it `` one of the biggest sets we 've ever built for any of the films . '' For the second task , involving the film 's underwater scenes , the film crew designed and built a blue screen tank holding `` about half a million gallons of water . '' As for the final task , which took place in the maze , hedge walls ranging from 20 to 40 feet tall were constructed and enhanced with computer - generated imagery . Music ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( soundtrack ) John Williams , who had scored the first three Harry Potter films , could not return for the fourth instalment due to a busy 2005 schedule . Patrick Doyle , who had worked with Newell in Into the West and Donnie Brasco , replaced him as composer . The initial request was that Doyle would be working with Williams ' material , but eventually only `` Hedwig 's Theme '' , the leitmotif of the series , remained from the previous scores . Pulp lead singer Jarvis Cocker , who was even rumoured to score the film , was one of the musicians invited by Doyle , with whom he had worked in the Great Expectations soundtrack , to write a song for a wizard rock band . Once Doyle chose Cocker 's composition , he and other British musicians such as Jonny Greenwood and Phil Selway of Radiohead were picked to play the fictional band , both performing songs for the soundtrack and having cameo roles in the film . Differences from the book ( edit ) Director Mike Newell described the book as `` big as a house brick '' . With the Goblet of Fire novel almost twice the length of Prisoner of Azkaban , the writers and producers reduced certain scenes and concepts to make the transition from page to screen . Director Mike Newell described the problem as one of `` compressing a huge book into the compass of a movie '' . This was achieved by `` putting aside '' all the components of the novel which did not directly relate to Harry and his journey . Goblet of Fire is the first film adaptation not to begin at Privet Drive ; after the opening sequence , Harry awakens at the Burrow on the morning of the Quidditch World Cup . The game play at the Quidditch World Cup was removed for timing reasons , leaving an abrupt temporal jump which some reviewers considered awkward or `` rushed '' . In the book , Harry and many of the Weasleys supported Ireland , while in the film Harry and Ron supported Bulgaria . However , they also love Viktor Krum , from Bulgaria . Other scenes are shortened and amalgamated to include only the most essential plot details : the three Death Eater trials Harry witnesses in the Pensieve are merged into one sequence ; the characters of Bill Weasley , Charlie Weasley , Ludo Bagman , Winky , Narcissa Malfoy and Bertha Jorkins are absent , as well as Dobby , who was supposed to help Harry obtain Gillyweed for the second task . Instead , that scene was changed to involve Neville Longbottom . There is no train scene at the end where Rita Skeeter is revealed to be an illegal , unregistered animagus ; Harry is never seen either receiving or giving away the 1,000 galleons in prize winnings . All of Sirius Black 's lines are condensed into a single fireside conversation . The scene in which Crouch Jr. is taken back to Azkaban is different from the book , in which he was `` killed '' by a Dementor summoned by Cornelius Fudge . There is also no conversation in which Fudge refuses to believe that Voldemort has returned , so this is explained in the next film . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) An exclusive first - look of the film was shown on ABC during the television premiere of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on 7 May 2005 . The first trailer was made available online on 8 May 2005 . The international trailer debuted online on 23 August 2005 . The video game version , designed by EA UK , was released 8 November 2005 . Mattel released a line of action figures and artefacts based on the film . Among these was the first edition of Harry Potter Scene It ? containing over 1,000 questions involving the four films . Rating ( edit ) Goblet of Fire was the first film in the series to receive a PG - 13 rating by the MPAA for `` sequences of fantasy violence and frightening images '' , M by the ACB and a 12A by the BBFC for its dark themes , fantasy violence , threat and frightening images . Wyrd Sisters lawsuit ( edit ) In the run up to the film , Warner Bros. approached a Canadian folk group called the Wyrd Sisters to obtain permission to use the name THE WEIRD SISTERS for its Harry Potter Band . When a deal could not be made , the Canadian band filed a US $40 - million lawsuit against Warner Bros. , the North American distributor of the film , as well as the members of the in - movie band ( members of the bands Radiohead and Pulp , among others ) for the misuse of their group 's name . ( In a deleted scene , they are simply introduced as `` the band that needs no introduction '' . ) The Canadian band also brought an injunction to stop the release of the film in its country as it contained a performance by the identically named fictional rock band . An Ontario judge dismissed this motion , and to avoid further controversy Warner Bros. rendered the band unnamed in the film and many derived products . However , the Winnipeg - based group continued to pursue the lawsuit ; lead singer Kim Baryluk stated in her claim that `` consumers will assume that the smaller and less famous Canadian band is trying to take advantage of the Harry Potter fame by copying the Harry Potter band 's name when in fact the reverse is true . '' The injunction was dismissed , and the band was ordered to pay costs . As of March 2010 , the lawsuit has been settled , the details sealed . Theatrical release ( edit ) Goblet of Fire was the second film in the series to be given a simultaneous release in conventional theatres and IMAX . Dubbed as Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire : The IMAX Experience , the film was digitally remastered for IMAX from its 35mm form to take part in a `` commercial growth strategy '' set up between IMAX and Warner Bros. Pictures . The film was released in most countries within a two - week period starting on 18 November 2005 in the United Kingdom and United States , with a 1 December 2005 release in Australia . In the United States , the film opened in a maximum of 3,858 cinemas that included several IMAX screens . The world premiere of the film took place in London , England on 6 November 2005 . One of the features of the premiere was an animatronic , fire - breathing Hungarian Horntail . The 40 - foot - long dragon , used during the scene where Hagrid leads Harry into the forest a night before the first task , was designed and built by the film 's special effects supervisor John Richardson and creature effects & makeup supervisor Nick Dudman . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD in North America on 7 March 2006 . It was available in one - and two - disc editions , as well as part of an 8 - disc box set that includes all four films made by that time . The bonus disc features three interactive games , as well as seven behind the scenes featurettes . The film was also released in UMD format for PSP . On its first day of release in North America , over 5 million copies were sold , recording a franchise high for first - day sales . Within its first week it sold over a total of 9 million units of combined sales of both the widescreen and full - screen versions of the DVD . The UK edition was released on DVD on 20 March 2006 and became the fastest selling UK DVD ever , selling six copies per second on its first day of release . According to the Official Charts Company , the DVD sold 1.4 million copies in its first week alone . It is also available in a two - disc edition with special features similar to the North American two - disc edition . Currently , the DVD holds the Guinness World Record for being the fastest selling DVD of all time . The achievement was added to the 2007 book edition of The Guinness World Records , which includes a picture of the award being presented to Dan Radcliffe on set of Order of the Phoenix at Leavesden Film Studios in April 2006 . In the United States , the first five Harry Potter films were released on HD DVD and Blu - ray disc on 11 December 2007 . The fourth film has since become available in numerous box sets containing the other films released in the series , including the Harry Potter : Complete 8 - Film Collection and Harry Potter Wizard 's Collection . An Ultimate Edition of Goblet of Fire was released on 19 October 2010 , featuring behind - the - scenes footage , trailers , additional scenes , and a feature - length special Creating the World of Harry Potter Part 4 : Sound & Music . Despite not being included in the Ultimate Edition , an extended version has been shown during certain television airings with a running time of about 167 minutes . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) After an opening day of $40 million at the North American box office and staying at number 1 for three weeks , The Goblet of Fire made a successful 20 - week run in cinemas , closing on 6 April 2006 . The film set numerous records , including the highest non-May opening weekend in the US , and earned £ 14.9 m in its opening weekend in the UK , a record which has since been beaten by the 2008 James Bond film Quantum of Solace , which took in £ 15.4 m . The Goblet of Fire drew $102.7 million its opening weekend at the North American box office , setting a new opening high for the franchise and also achieved the highest weekend debut in November , with the latter being surpassed by The Twilight Saga : New Moon in 2009 . It sold about as many tickets as Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone did in its opening weekend . The film 's franchise record was later overtaken in 2010 by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , which opened to $125 million ; Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 followed with $169.1 million in its opening weekend . The Goblet of Fire 's debut marked the fourth $100 million weekend in history and as of July 2011 , it stands as the 17th largest opening weekend ever . In Mainland China , the film generated 93 million yuan . The Goblet of Fire earned almost US $897 million worldwide , making it the highest - grossing international and worldwide release of 2005 . In IMAX theatres only , the film grossed a total of US $20,033,758 worldwide for a cumulative per screen average of $188,998 thus setting a new record and a new milestone for a digitally remastered 2 - D IMAX release . In January 2006 , The Goblet of Fire surpassed the box office takings of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) to become the eighth - highest - grossing film worldwide , and the second - highest - grossing film in the Harry Potter series , behind The Philosopher 's Stone . As of July 2011 , it has been the sixth - highest - grossing Harry Potter film behind The Philosopher 's Stone , The Order of the Phoenix and The Half - Blood Prince , The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . The film ranks third in the North American box office behind Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith and The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe for 2005 , with US $290 million , although both films rank lower than Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire in worldwide terms . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 88 % based on 246 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The main characters are maturing , and the filmmakers are likewise improving on their craft ; vibrant special effects and assured performances add up to what is the most complex yet of the Harry Potter films . '' At Metacritic , the film has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 35 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . The New York Daily News praised the film for both its humour and its dark tone . The young actors were praised for demonstrating a `` greater range of subtle emotions '' , particularly Daniel Radcliffe whom Variety described as delivering a `` dimensional and nuanced performance '' . New cast members were also praised : Brendan Gleeson 's portrayal of Mad - Eye Moody was described as `` colourful '' ; Miranda Richardson 's scenes as Rita Skeeter were described as `` wonderful '' ; and Ralph Fiennes 's portrayal of Lord Voldemort was described as `` sublime villainy '' . The maturity of Harry , Ron , and Hermione , among others , impressed most critics . While the major characters were portrayed as children in the previous films , `` they have subtly transitioned into teenagers ( in Goblet of Fire ) '' according to one USA Today reviewer . Desson Thomson of the Washington Post called the film `` Probably the most engaging film of the Potter series thus far '' . Joe Morgenstern of the Wall Street Journal stated `` The studio , like plucky Harry , passes with flying colors . The new one , directed by Mike Newell from another astute script by Mr. Kloves , is even richer and fuller , as well as dramatically darker . It 's downright scary how good this movie is '' . Negative criticism included the film 's pace which The Arizona Republic described as being `` far too episodic '' , while CNN.com described the film as `` clunky and disjointed '' . Another criticism was that the many supporting characters did not get enough screen time . The film was listed at # 36 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Best High School Movies praising Rowling for ingeniously blending `` two literary traditions , fantasy and coming - through - school fiction '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction at the 78th Academy Awards . At the 2006 Teen Choice Awards , the film won the award for Choice Movie Drama . The film won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design , making it the first Harry Potter film to win at the BAFTAs . At the 2006 Kids ' Choice Awards , the film won the Blimp Award for Favorite Movie , becoming the only Harry Potter film to do so . 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Nickelodeon Press Site. 1 April 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( film ) Official website Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire on IMDb Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire at AllMovie Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire at Box Office Mojo Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire at Rotten Tomatoes Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire at Metacritic Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling Wizarding World Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them soundtrack Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Warner Bros. Studio Tour London -- The Making of Harry Potter Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality My Immortal Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Portal Films directed by Mike Newell The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1977 ) The Awakening ( 1980 ) Bad Blood ( 1982 ) Birth of a Nation ( 1983 ) Dance with a Stranger ( 1985 ) The Good Father ( 1985 ) Amazing Grace and Chuck ( 1987 ) Soursweet ( 1988 ) Enchanted April ( 1992 ) Into the West ( 1992 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) An Awfully Big Adventure ( 1995 ) Donnie Brasco ( 1997 ) Pushing Tin ( 1999 ) Mona Lisa Smile ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) Love in the Time of Cholera ( 2007 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) Great Expectations ( 2012 ) The Interestings ( 2016 ) The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society ( 2018 ) Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( 2018 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 -- present ) See also Wizarding World Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Drama Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) The Sixth Sense ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) None ( 2003 ) None ( 2004 ) The Notebook ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Blind Side ( 2010 ) Black Swan ( 2011 ) The Lucky One ( 2012 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2013 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2014 ) If I Stay ( 2015 ) Miracles from Heaven ( 2016 ) Everything , Everything ( 2017 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2018 ) WorldCat Identities GND : 7525582 - 0 LCCN : no2006000014 VIAF : 186157591 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)&oldid=866030115 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s fantasy films 2000s sequel films American fantasy adventure films American films American sequel films British fantasy adventure films British films British sequel films Fantasy adventure films Films about dragons Films directed by Mike Newell Films produced by David Heyman Films scored by Patrick Doyle Films set in Scotland Films set in England Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films using computer - generated imagery Harry Potter ( film series ) Heyday Films films High fantasy films IMAX films Films about mermaids Patricide in fiction Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Use British English from June 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2011 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Pages with editnotices Use dmy dates from June 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 20 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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-1930175740106280651 | Joe Davis | Joe Davis - wikipedia Joe Davis For other people named Joe or Joseph Davis , see Joe Davis ( disambiguation ) . Joe Davis OBE ( 1901 - 04 - 15 ) 15 April 1901 Whitwell , Derbyshire 10 July 1978 ( 1978 - 07 - 10 ) ( aged 77 ) Hampshire Sport country England Professional 1919 -- 1964 Highest break 147 ( 1955 ) Century breaks 687 Tournament wins Major 22 World Champion 1927 -- 1940 , 1946 Joseph Davis , OBE ( 15 April 1901 -- 10 July 1978 ) was an English professional snooker and English billiards player . He was the dominant figure in snooker from the 1920s to the 1950s . He won the first 15 World Championships from 1927 to 1946 . After his 1946 victory he no longer played in the World Championship but continued to play in other tournaments and exhibition matches until the late 1950s . He was World Billiards Champion 4 times between 1928 and 1932 . Contents 1 Biography 2 Legacy 3 Snooker performance and rankings timeline 4 Tournament wins 4.1 Non-ranking wins : ( 22 ) 4.2 English billiards 5 References 6 Bibliography Biography ( edit ) Joe Davis became a professional billiards player at the age of 18 , having won the Chesterfield Championship at age 13 . In 1926 he reached his first World Professional Billiards Championship final but was unsuccessful against defending champion Tom Newman . He reached the final again the following year and was runner - up again to the same opponent . It was to be a case of third time lucky for Davis when he defeated Newman in 1928 to become the world champion at English billiards for the first time . He would defend his title for the next three years -- against Newman again in 1929 and 1930 and New Zealander Clark McConachy in 1932 . He contested the final two more times in 1933 and 1934 losing on both occasions to Australian Walter Lindrum . Coinciding with his peak as a billiards player , Davis 's interests shifted to snooker and he helped to organise the first snooker world championship in 1927 and won the tournament by beating Tom Dennis , for which he won UK £ 6 10 s . He went on to win the world championship every year until 1940 . Joe 's brother Fred , twelve years his junior , was also a snooker player and multiple World Champion . When Joe met Fred in the world championship final of 1940 , Joe won 37 -- 36 . Following the outbreak of World War II the world championship was not held for the next five years . On resumption in 1946 , Davis defended his title making it his 15th consecutive win and thereby holding the title for 20 straight years . To date , he has won more world championships than any other player . He retired from the event following this victory making him the only undefeated player in the history of the world championships . Davis proved he was still the man to beat up to the 1950s by winning the News of the World Tournament on three occasions during the decade . His nearest rivals were his brother , Fred , and future world champion John Pulman who each both won it on two occasions . He made history in 1955 by achieving the first officially recognised maximum break of 147 in snooker in an exhibition match at Leicester Square Hall . He had previously made the game 's first official century break in 1930 . In 1959 Davis attempted to popularise a new version of the game called snooker plus . This game had two extra colours , an orange and a purple and was used for the 1959 News of the World Snooker Plus Tournament but it never took off . In 1962 , when over 60 years of age , he made the first televised century break . This break of exactly 100 was his first visit to the table in the very first frame of a match against the sitting World Champion John Pulman and consisted of seven blacks , two pinks and five blues . The break came to an end when Davis missed a long red into the top right hand pocket , the only time during the break when he was faced with a difficult pot , such was the quality of his positional play . Davis was awarded the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in 1963 . He continued to play professionally until 1964 . Davis died two months after collapsing while watching his brother play Perrie Mans in the 1978 World Snooker Championship semi-final . His home , in Whitwell , Derbyshire bears a plaque commemorating him . Legacy ( edit ) With 15 World Snooker titles spanning an unbeaten 20 - year period as World Champion and an entire career which contained only 4 defeats off level terms , all of which came in later life and all of which were inflicted by his own brother who was himself a multiple World Champion , it is difficult not to name him as one of the greatest players of all time . Ronnie O'Sullivan named him third greatest player , behind Steve Davis and Stephen Hendry . Indeed , until the 1980s , he was still generally regarded as the best , with even the next generation acknowledging the sentiment , as demonstrated by the famous snooker coach Frank Callan who in his book `` Frank Callan 's Snooker Clinic '' published in the 1980s , compared the current best , Steve Davis , to Joe Davis in order to determine the greatest player ever . Neither Fred Davis , John Pulman nor Ray Reardon were mentioned . Callan also states that `` many players who tried to emulate Joe 's stance ( which was unusually off centre due to left eye striking ) simply gave up the game when they found they could n't play like that '' . Such was the influence of Joe Davis . In Callan 's own words ; `` His word was law '' . When taking into consideration the playing conditions of Joe Davis 's time , it would perhaps be reasonable to assume that had he played in the modern era , with much faster cloths and the benefit of growing up in an era where from an early age a novice player has access to instructional tools such as books , video and more experienced players around him , he would have been an even better player . Joe Davis had to learn the game himself , in an era where Snooker was a game played for fun by Billiards Players , not a serious game . He wrote the instructional book `` How I Play Snooker '' which Steve Davis and his father Bill used as the basis for building the Six times World Champions technique back in the 1970s . Perhaps the best example of the legacy of Joe Davis is the shadow he still casts to this day over the modern legends of the game . Steve Davis , who holds the record for most Professional Tournament Wins and himself is generally regarded as the beginning of the modern game , has stated that if he could play against a player from the past , it would be Joe Davis , to `` find out how good he really was '' . Snooker performance and rankings timeline ( edit ) Tournament 1926 / 27 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1933 / 34 1934 / 35 1935 / 36 1936 / 37 1937 / 38 1938 / 39 1939 / 40 Daily Mail Gold Cup Tournament Not Held 6 World Championship Tournament 1945 / 46 1946 / 47 1947 / 48 1948 / 49 1949 / 50 1950 / 51 1951 / 52 1952 / 53 1953 / 54 1954 / 55 1955 / 56 1956 / 57 1957 / 58 1958 / 59 1959 / 60 Sunday Empire News Tournament Tournament Not Held Tournament Not Held News of the World Snooker Tournament Tournament Not Held 7 5 5 Sporting Record Masters ' Tournament Tournament Not Held Tournament Not Held World Championship Tournament Not Held Professional Matchplay Championship Tournament Not Held Tournament Not Held Performance Table Legend LQ lost in the qualifying draw # R / N lost in the early rounds of the tournament ( N = position in round - robin event ) QF lost in the quarter - finals SF lost in the semi-finals ( challenge final in 1928 ) lost in the final won the tournament DNQ did not qualify for the tournament did not participate in the tournament WD withdrew from the tournament NH / Not Held means an event was not held . ^ Jump up to : Round - robin handicap tournament Jump up ^ Billiards event before 1936 / 37 season Jump up ^ Snooker Plus event in 1959 / 60 season Tournament wins ( edit ) Non-ranking wins : ( 22 ) ( edit ) World Championship -- 1927 -- 1940 , 1946 ( 15 times ) Daily Mail Gold Cup -- 1936 , 1937 Sunday Empire News Tournament -- 1948 News of the World Tournament -- 1950 , 1953 , 1956 Sporting Record Masters ' Tournament -- 1950 English billiards ( edit ) World Championship -- 1928 -- 1930 , 1932 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Turner , Chris . `` Player Profile -- Joe Davis OBE '' . Chris Turner 's Snooker Archive . Archived from the original on 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/biography/Joe-Davis ^ Jump up to : `` Betfred.com World Championship -- History '' . World Snooker . World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association . 2 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ BBC Snooker Century Breakers VHS home video 1993 Jump up ^ Ronnies Snooker Hotshots DVD 2004 Top Ten greatest players Jump up ^ Clive Everton The History Of Snooker Jump up ^ Steve Davis autobiography Interesting 2015 Jump up ^ `` Snooker Gold Cup won by Davis '' . Morning Bulletin . 21 December 1936 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Hayton , Eric ( 2004 ) . The CueSport Book of Professional Snooker . Suffolk : Rose Villa Publications . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9548549 - 0 - 4 . Bibliography ( edit ) Davis , Joe ( 1929 ) ( First published 1928 ) . Billiards Up - To - Date . John Long . ASIN B0008BPL3M . Davis , Joe ( 1946 ) ( First published 1936 ) . Improve Your Snooker . London : Methuen Publishing . ASIN B000WVCH8A . Davis , Joe ( 1954 ) . Advanced Snooker . Country Life . ASIN B0000CJ1MO . Davis , Joe ( 1956 ) . How I Play Snooker . Country Life . ASIN B0000CJK63 . Davis , Joe ( 1974 ) . Complete Snooker . W.H. Allen . ISBN 0 - 491 - 01521 - 6 . Davis , Joe ( 1976 ) . The Breaks Came My Way -- Autobiography . W.H. Allen . ISBN 0 - 491 - 01686 - 7 . Retrieved 9 September 2009 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joe Davis . World snooker champions Early events 1927 Joe Davis 1928 Joe Davis 1929 Joe Davis 1930 Joe Davis 1931 Joe Davis 1932 Joe Davis 1933 Joe Davis 1934 Joe Davis 1935 Joe Davis 1936 Joe Davis 1937 Joe Davis 1938 Joe Davis 1939 Joe Davis 1940 Joe Davis 1946 Joe Davis 1947 Walter Donaldson 1948 Fred Davis 1949 Fred Davis 1950 Walter Donaldson 1951 Fred Davis 1952 Horace Lindrum Match - play 1952 Fred Davis 1953 Fred Davis 1954 Fred Davis 1955 Fred Davis 1956 Fred Davis 1957 John Pulman Challenges 1964 ( Apr ) John Pulman 1964 ( Oct ) John Pulman 1965 ( Mar ) John Pulman 1965 ( Nov ) John Pulman 1965 ( Dec ) John Pulman 1966 John Pulman 1968 John Pulman Modern era 1969 John Spencer 1970 Ray Reardon 1971 John Spencer 1972 Alex Higgins 1973 Ray Reardon 1974 Ray Reardon 1975 Ray Reardon 1976 Ray Reardon 1977 John Spencer 1978 Ray Reardon 1979 Terry Griffiths 1980 Cliff Thorburn 1981 Steve Davis 1982 Alex Higgins 1983 Steve Davis 1984 Steve Davis 1985 Dennis Taylor 1986 Joe Johnson 1987 Steve Davis 1988 Steve Davis 1989 Steve Davis 1990 Stephen Hendry 1991 John Parrott 1992 Stephen Hendry 1993 Stephen Hendry 1994 Stephen Hendry 1995 Stephen Hendry 1996 Stephen Hendry 1997 Ken Doherty 1998 John Higgins 1999 Stephen Hendry 2000 Mark Williams 2001 Ronnie O'Sullivan 2002 Peter Ebdon 2003 Mark Williams 2004 Ronnie O'Sullivan 2005 Shaun Murphy 2006 Graeme Dott 2007 John Higgins 2008 Ronnie O'Sullivan 2009 John Higgins 2010 Neil Robertson 2011 John Higgins 2012 Ronnie O'Sullivan 2013 Ronnie O'Sullivan 2014 Mark Selby 2015 Stuart Bingham 2016 Mark Selby 2017 Mark Selby 2018 Mark Williams ISNI : 0000 0001 0890 7510 LCCN : n50035541 SNAC : w69m8d6h VIAF : 40617481 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Davis&oldid=847003546 '' Categories : English snooker players English players of English billiards Officers of the Order of the British Empire 1901 births 1978 deaths People from Whitwell World champions in English billiards Winners of the professional snooker world championship Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն ქართული Latviešu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 June 2018 , at 07 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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2480117301498752061 | Kumail Nanjiani | Kumail Nanjiani - wikipedia Kumail Nanjiani Jump to : navigation , search Kumail Nanjiani Nanjiani speaking at the 2012 WonderCon ( 1978 - 02 - 21 ) February 21 , 1978 ( age 40 ) Karachi , Sindh , Pakistan Alma mater Grinnell College , Karachi Grammar School Occupation Actor , stand - up comedian , podcast host , writer Years active 2008 -- present Spouse ( s ) Emily V. Gordon ( m . 2007 ) Relatives Shereen Nanjiani ( second cousin ) Kumail Nanjiani ( Urdu : كُميل ننجیانی ; born February 21 , 1978 ) is a Pakistani - American stand - up comedian , actor , writer , and podcast host . Nanjiani is best known for being a main cast member on HBO 's Emmy Award - nominated series Silicon Valley , as well as for providing the voice of Prismo on the Emmy Award - winning animated series Adventure Time . He starred on the TNT series Franklin & Bash and the Adult Swim series Newsreaders . Nanjiani also co-hosted the Comedy Central show The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail . In addition to his television and film work , he hosted two podcasts : The Indoor Kids and The X-Files Files . In 2017 , Nanjiani starred in the semi-autobiographical romantic comedy film The Big Sick , which he wrote with his wife Emily V. Gordon . He was nominated with his wife for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Web 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Nanjiani was born in Karachi , Pakistan , the son of Shabana and Aijaz Nanjiani . He was raised as a Shia Muslim , but now identifies as an atheist . During his childhood , Nanjiani lived in Karachi and attended Karachi Grammar School . At 18 , he moved to the United States and attended Grinnell College in Iowa , from which he graduated in 2001 . He completed a double major in computer science and philosophy . Career ( edit ) In July 2011 , he and X-Play staffer Ali Baker began hosting a video game - themed podcast , titled The Indoor Kids . In late August of the same year Baker left the show and Nanjiani began hosting with his wife , Emily V. Gordon . Until other commitments took over , he appeared regularly on Dan Harmon 's podcast Harmontown , where he played Dungeons & Dragons with Harmon as a character named Chris de Burgh . He played a delivery man in the 2013 film , The Kings of Summer . In addition to guest - starring in various comedy shows like Portlandia , Nanjiani was featured in a supporting role in the TNT series Franklin & Bash . He played the role of Pindar Singh , an agoraphobic science fiction nerd working for the title characters . Nanjiani guest - starred on HBO 's Veep as a statistician . He had a recurring role of Amir Larussa on Newsreaders , as well as Prismo on Adventure Time . His Comedy Central special titled Beta Male aired in July 2013 . In late June 2013 , Comedy Central announced the pickup of a show The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail hosted by Jonah Ray and Nanjiani . The show , featuring Nerd Melt comedy regulars and various comedians , began airing in July 2014 . In April 2014 , he began playing the character Dinesh in the HBO sitcom Silicon Valley . He voiced Reggie in the video game The Walking Dead : Season Two . In July 2014 , Nanjiani hosted a weekly podcast titled The X-Files Files , dedicated to discussion and fond reminiscences about The X-Files . Each episode features him and a guest , including former The X-Files writers , producers , actors and directors , in light - hearted banter about one or two episodes of the series . On July 30 , 2014 , Nanjiani appeared on Ken Reid 's TV Guidance Counselor Podcast . In 2015 , Nanjiani guest - starred in an episode of Broad City called `` In Heat '' . Starting on March 22 , 2015 he provided his voice for the character of Mshak Moradi in the Hunt the Truth audio drama , part of the marketing campaign for Halo 5 : Guardians . On May 5 , 2015 , he appeared on Inside Amy Schumer in the episode `` 12 Angry Men Inside Amy Schumer '' , a parody of 12 Angry Men , as one of the members of the jury . In July 2015 , Nanjiani provided guest voices on Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero . In November 2015 , he starred in an Old Navy TV commercial together with Julia Louis - Dreyfus and Snoop Dogg . In April 2016 , he starred in another Old Navy advertisement with SNL cast members Jay Pharoah , Cecily Strong , and Nasim Pedrad . In 2017 , Nanjiani starred in the romantic comedy film The Big Sick , which he wrote with his wife Emily V. Gordon . The film is about their relationship , with Nanjiani playing himself and Zoe Kazan playing Gordon ( renamed Emily Gardner ) . Personal Life ( edit ) Nanjiani has been married to Emily V. Gordon , an author , comedy producer , and former couples and family therapist since 2007 . Gordon was the booker and producer of The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail ( 2014 -- 2016 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Life as We Know It Simon 2012 The Five - Year Engagement Pakistani Chef 2013 The Kings of Summer Gary the Delivery Guy 2013 Hell Baby Cable Guy 2013 Bad Milo Bobbi 2014 The Last of the Great Romantics George the Counter Guy 2014 Sex Tape Punit 2015 Loaded Reza 2015 Hot Tub Time Machine 2 Brad 2015 Addicted to Fresno Damon 2015 Hello , My Name Is Doris Nasir 2015 Hell and Back Dave the Demon Voice role 2015 Goosebumps Foreman 2016 Central Intelligence Jared the Airport Security Guard 2016 Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates Keanu 2016 Brother Nature Riggleman 2016 Flock of Dudes Ro 2016 The Late Bloomer Rich 2017 The Big Sick Kumail Nanjiani Also writer 2017 Fist Fight Officer Mehar 2017 Funny : The Documentary Himself Documentary 2017 The Lego Ninjago Movie Jay Voice role Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 Saturday Night Live Indian Reporter Uncredited Episode : `` James Franco / Kings of Leon '' 2009 The Colbert Report Various characters 2 episodes 2009 Michael & Michael Have Issues Kumail 7 episodes Ugly Americans Neilando Patel ( voice ) Episode : `` Treegasm '' 2011 Traffic Light Paul Episode : `` Where the Heart Is '' 2011 CollegeHumor Originals Vendor Episode : `` Batman Chooses His Voice '' 2011 Googy Dwayne 6 episodes 2011 -- 2014 Franklin & Bash Pindar Singh 31 episodes 2011 -- 2017 Portlandia Various characters 12 episodes 2012 -- 2016 Adventure Time Prismo ( voice ) 7 episodes 2013 -- 2015 Newsreaders Amir Larussa 11 episodes 2013 Burning Love Zakir 17 episodes 2013 Veep Statistician Episode : `` Midterms '' 2013 Drunk History Lakota Chief Episode : `` Nashville '' 2013 Ghost Ghirls Mr. Mattoo Episode : `` I Believe in Mira - ghouls '' 2014 -- present Silicon Valley Dinesh Chugtai 38 episodes 2014 Math Bites Showoff Guy Episode : `` Math Heads : Do Math in Your Head '' 2014 The Pete Holmes Show Dhalsim Episode : `` Erin Hamlin and Kate Hansen '' 2014 -- 2016 The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail Himself ( host ) 24 episodes 2014 TripTank Dick Genie ( voice ) 4 episodes 2014 Garfunkel and Oates Jordan Episode : `` Hair Swap '' 2014 Key and Peele College Kid # 1 Episode : `` Scariest Movie Ever '' 2014 -- 2015 Bob 's Burgers Skip ( voice ) 2 episodes 2014 -- 2015 Community Custodian Lapari 2 episodes 2015 Broad City Benny Calitri Episode : `` In Heat '' 2015 Archer Farooq Ashkani ( voice ) Episode : `` Sitting '' 2015 Inside Amy Schumer Juror # 11 Episode : `` 12 Angry Men Inside Amy Schumer '' 2015 Scheer - RL Mariah Carey Episode : `` Mariah Carey '' 2015 Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero Cuteling Mayor ( voice ) Episode : `` The Ripple Effect '' 2015 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Frylock 's bees ( voice ) Episode : `` Sweet C '' 2015 The Grinder Prosecutor Leonard 2 episodes 2016 The X-Files Pasha Episode : `` Mulder and Scully Meet the Were - Monster '' 2016 Animals . Rusty ( voice ) Episode : `` Dogs . '' 2016 31st Independent Spirit Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2016 HarmonQuest Eddie Lizard Episode : `` The Dragon 's Temple '' 2017 Saturday Night Live Himself ( host ) Episode : `` Kumail Nanjiani / Pink '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2013 The Walking Dead : Season Two Reggie 2015 Fight Haver ( Fast Drive ) Fight Haver 2017 Mass Effect : Andromeda Jarun Tann 2017 Middle - earth : Shadow of War The Agonizer Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 -- 2017 Harmontown Himself Recurring guest 2017 Game Grumps Himself 1 episode Movie Fights Himself 1 episode Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 2017 Academy Awards Best Original Screenplay The Big Sick Pending Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Original Screenplay Nominated Best Actor in a Comedy Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Best Screenplay Pending Best Ensemble Pending Kanbar Award for Storytelling Won Gotham Awards Best Screenplay Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Original Screenplay Nominated Independent Spirit Awards Best First Screenplay Pending NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Silicon Valley Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Konigsberg , Eric ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Not a Bad Time to Be Funny in the City '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / TVsJonDore : Happy Birthday Kumail Nanjiani ! ! '' . Twitter.com . February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marantz , Andrew ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Kumail Nanjiani 's Culture - Clash Comedy '' -- via www.newyorker.com . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Kumail Nanjiani on The Big Sick 's Real - Life Love Story '' . 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Comedian Kumail Nanjiani ' 01 '' . Grinnell College . September 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kavner , Lucas ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Silicon Valley , ' a Comedy Central project and a killer bidet joke : Kumail Nanjiani has it all '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Ali ; Nanjiani , Kumail ( July 15 , 2012 ) . `` # 1 Steve Agee '' . The Indoor Kids . Nerdist Industries . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Kings of Summer Red - Band Trailer '' . Collider.com . May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Kumail Nanjiani : Beta Male '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Comedy Central Greenlights ' The Meltdown With Jonah and Kumail ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail '' . NerdmeltLA.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Casey , Dan ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Game Review : The Walking Dead Season 2 : In Harm 's Way '' . Nerdist Industries . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eakin , Marah ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Kumail Nanjiani to take on every episode of The X-Files in new podcast '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files Files '' . iTunes . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Lenika ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Bed , Bath , and Bong Rips : The Glorious Return of Broad City '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Xbox Wire Staff ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Halo 5 : Guardians # HuntTheTruth -- Has the Master Chief Gone AWOL ? '' . News.xbox.com . Jump up ^ Holmes , Linda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Amy Schumer Puts Her Own Looks On Trial '' . NPR.org . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Listings for Disney XD -- July 2015 '' . The Disney Driven Life . June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liviu Marica. `` Old Navy : Snoopin ' Around featurig Snoop Dogg '' . Daily Commercials . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Graham ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon Wins ' The Big Sick ' Bidding War $12 Million Buy Sundance 2017 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marie , Jane ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Secret Life of Marrieds : Why We Kept Our Marriage Secret for Years '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marantz , Andrew ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Kumail Nanjiani 's Culture - Clash Comedy '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumail Nanjiani as Jarun Tann . BioWare Base . March 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kumail Nanjiani . 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-165177079126193764 | Wonder Woman (2017 film) | Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Woman Theatrical release poster Directed by Patty Jenkins Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Zack Snyder Richard Suckle Screenplay by Allan Heinberg Story by Zack Snyder Allan Heinberg Jason Fuchs Based on Wonder Woman by William Moulton Marston Starring Gal Gadot Chris Pine Robin Wright Danny Huston David Thewlis Connie Nielsen Elena Anaya Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Matthew Jensen Edited by Martin Walsh Production company RatPac - Dune Entertainment DC Films Tencent Pictures Wanda Pictures Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) ( Shanghai ) June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $149 million Box office $820.4 million Wonder Woman is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Patty Jenkins , with a screenplay by Allan Heinberg , from a story by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , and Jason Fuchs , and stars Gal Gadot , Chris Pine , Robin Wright , Danny Huston , David Thewlis , Connie Nielsen , and Elena Anaya . Wonder Woman is the second live action theatrical film featuring the titular character , following her debut in 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Jenkins 's role as director makes her the first female director of a studio superhero comic book live - action theatrical release film . The film tells the story of Princess Diana , who grows up on the Amazon island of Themyscira . After American pilot Steve Trevor crashes offshore of the island and is rescued by her , he tells the Amazons about the ongoing World War . Diana then leaves her home in order to end the conflict , becoming Wonder Woman in the process . While development for the film began in 1996 , Jenkins signed on to direct in 2015 . Principal photography began on November 21 , 2015 , with filming taking place in the United Kingdom , France , and Italy before wrapping up on May 9 , 2016 , the 123rd anniversary of the birth of the creator , William Moulton Marston . Additional filming took place in November 2016 . Wonder Woman premiered in Shanghai on May 15 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on June 2 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . It received largely positive reviews from critics , being praised for the direction , performances , action sequences and musical score . The film set numerous box office records , including becoming the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , the biggest domestic opening for a film directed by a woman , the highest - grossing superhero origin film domestically , and the largest opening for a female - led comic book film . Wonder Woman is also the fifth highest - grossing superhero film domestically and 20th highest - grossing film in the United States . It has grossed over $820 million worldwide , making it the seventh highest - grossing film of 2017 . It also helped the DCEU to push past $3 billion at the worldwide box office , making it the seventeenth highest - grossing film franchise of all time . A sequel , Wonder Woman 2 , is set to be released on December 13 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Development 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 5.3 Controversies 5.3. 1 Bans 5.3. 2 Women - only screenings 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 International 6.2 Critical response 7 Accolades 8 Sequel 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In present - day Paris , Diana Prince receives a photographic plate of herself during World War I , which prompts her to recall her past . The daughter of Queen Hippolyta , Diana was raised on the hidden island of Themyscira , home to the Amazonian race of warrior women created by Zeus to protect mankind . Hippolyta shares the Amazonian history with Diana , including how Ares , Zeus 's son , became jealous of humanity and worked to orchestrate its destruction . When the other gods of Mount Olympus attempted to stop him , Ares killed all but Zeus , who managed to hurt Ares enough to force a retreat . Zeus left the Amazons a weapon , the `` Godkiller '' , to prepare them for Ares ' return . Hippolyta forbids Diana to train , then relents by having her sister Antiope train Diana , but so long as her training is more difficult than that received by any other warrior in the army . As a young woman in 1918 , Diana rescues American pilot Captain Steve Trevor when his plane crashes off the Themyscira coast . He is pursued by a German cruiser . The Amazons kill the crew and Antiope sacrifices herself to save Diana . Steve is interrogated with the Lasso of Hestia . He reveals that a war is consuming the outside world , and that he is an Allied spy . He has stolen a notebook of the Spanish chief chemist Isabel Maru , who is attempting to engineer a deadlier form of mustard gas , under the orders of General Erich Ludendorff . Diana believes Ares is responsible for the war . She arms herself with the `` Godkiller '' sword , the lasso and her armor before leaving Themyscira with Steve to find and destroy Ares . In London , they deliver Maru 's notebook to the Supreme War Council , where Sir Patrick Morgan is trying to negotiate an armistice with Germany . Diana translates Maru 's notes and reveals that the Germans plan to release the deadly gas at the War Front . Although forbidden by his commanders to act , Steve , with secret funding from Sir Patrick , recruits spy Sameer , marksman Charlie , and smuggler Chief to help prevent the gas from being released . When the team reaches the Western Front in Belgium , they are halted by the enemy lines . Diana goes alone through No Man 's Land and captures the enemy trench , allowing the Allied forces to help her liberate the village of Veld . The team briefly celebrates , while Diana and Steve grow closer romantically and spend the night together . The team learns a gala will be held at the nearby German High Command . Steve and Diana each infiltrate the party , with Steve intending to locate the gas and destroy it while Diana intends to kill Ludendorff , believing that he is Ares and killing him will end the war . Steve stops her to avoid jeopardizing the mission . Ludendorff then unleashes the gas on Veld , killing its inhabitants . Outraged , and blaming Steve for intervening , Diana pursues Ludendorff to a base where the gas is being loaded into a bomber aircraft bound for London . Diana fights and kills Ludendorff but is confused when his death does not stop the war . Sir Patrick appears and reveals himself as Ares . He tells Diana that although he has subtly given humans ideas and inspirations using Ludendorff and Maru as pawns , it is ultimately their decision to cause violence as they are inherently corrupt . She attempts to kill Ares with the Godkiller sword but he destroys it . Ares reveals Diana to be the `` Godkiller '' , as the daughter of Zeus and Queen Hippolyta , but he fails to persuade her to help him destroy humankind to restore paradise on Earth . While the two battle , the others on Steve 's team destroy Maru 's laboratory . Steve pilots the bomber carrying the gas to a safe altitude and detonates it , sacrificing himself . Ares attempts to direct Diana 's rage and grief at Steve 's death by convincing her to kill Maru , but memories of her experience with Steve cause her to realize that mankind has good within it . She spares Maru and redirects Ares ' lightning into him , killing him . Later , the team celebrates the end of the war . In the present day , Diana sends an email to Bruce Wayne thanking him for the photographic plate of her and Steve , and reaffirms her new mission to protect and give to the world . Cast ( edit ) Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman : An immortal Amazon princess , god , the daughter of Queen Hippolyta and of Zeus given to the Amazons to raise , and half - sister of Ares , contradicting the earlier claims of Diana being a `` demigoddess '' . Describing Wonder Woman and her appeal , Gadot said `` She 's relatable . She has the heart of a human and is very compassionate , but her experiences -- or lack of them , her naivete , really -- make her interested in everything around her and able to view the world in a way that we 'd all like to : with a genuine curiosity . '' On Diana 's relationship with her mother , Gadot said `` Diana is a very opinionated girl . Her mother is very opinionated . Her mother is very protective as well , and they have , you know , the very natural clash that a mother has with her daughter , with their daughters , the first time they want to leave home . '' On taking on the role as Wonder Woman , Gadot stated `` I feel very privileged that I got the opportunity to portray such an iconic , strong female character . I adore this character and everything that she stands for and everything that she symbolizes . '' On Diana going to the world , Gadot stated `` When Diana comes to the real world she 's completely oblivious about gender and society rules , that women are not equal to men . '' Describing Diana 's relationship with her mother and aunts , Jenkins said `` She is the only child they raised together . And their love for her manifests in a different way for each of them . '' On working with Gadot , Jenkins said `` Gal quickly became the person I wanted to talk to about everything . We 'd shoot together all day . And then on weekends , we 'd be like , ' What do you want to do ? ' That 's maybe not totally normal . '' Lilly Aspel was cast as the 8 - year - old Diana and Emily Carey was cast as the 12 - year - old Diana . Chris Pine as Steve Trevor : An American pilot and the love interest of Diana . On his role for the film , Pine said `` I am an American pilot who 's a spy . It 's like a boy 's dream : You 're either a spy or a fighter pilot . The first thing I wanted to be was a fighter pilot a long time ago . I wanted to be Goose ( from Top Gun ) '' . As to how his mortal character would interact with an Amazon , Pine stated `` When I first read the script , it had elements of Romancing the Stone , kind of a very classic fish out of water . Two people that do n't really bond well at first and they 're butting heads and just fun , witty banter '' . When speaking about meeting the director and being cast , Pine said `` Patty is a pretty incredible human being . When we first met about the part of Steve , she sat across from me and essentially acted out the entire film over the course of a two - hour lunch . She was so specific , so articulate , and so ardent . I would 've said yes just for Patty alone . '' Pine went through a workout regime for the film , commenting `` I got in incredible shape for this film '' but also joking `` I was also wearing about 75 pounds of clothing . What I realized is that I made a major mistake , I got in great shape and they just put clothes over all my hard work . '' Robin Wright as Antiope : The sister of Hippolyta , General of the Amazonian army , Diana 's aunt , and mentor . On being cast for the film , Wright said `` It 's two-fold because when Patty Jenkins called me , the director , it was a three minute long conversation . She said , ' I 'm doing a movie about Wonder Woman . Do you want to be her trainer ? ' And I was like , ' Yes . Of course . ' And the general of the Amazonian army . That was pretty cool . '' Describing her character mentoring and training Diana to be a warrior , Wright said `` It 's a sixth sense that it is coming and I think that 's also in the mythological story behind Antiope and Queen Hippolyta . They know it 's coming and it 's her duty as the aunt to her young niece to make sure she is the fiercest warrior of all time . '' On the Amazons fighting style , Wright said `` It 's hand combat . Yes , swords and knives and arrows , but the precision that they have , right , as these warrior women ; it 's so nice to see that disparity between what we had in the day of just raw fighting materials and the guns and how easy that is in comparison . '' On the message of the film , Wright stated `` Is not just female empowerment . It 's about love and justice . That 's what the film 's about . And what a great message to spread to our little ones . '' Commenting about training for the film , Wright said `` The most empowering was to get into that physical shape . So we were doing horseback riding training , weight training , martial arts , and 2,000 to 3,000 calories a day '' . Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff : An ambitious and iron - fisted general of the German Army during World War I. Huston described Ludendorff as a `` pragmatist , realist , patriotic , fighting for his country , '' further explaining , `` he lost his son on the German front lines and was just quite tortured , diabolical , stubborn and believes that what he 's doing is for the betterment of mankind . '' On his character , Huston said `` Ludendorff is a believer that war is a natural habitat for humans . '' Huston stated the film as an anti-war film and `` somebody like Ludendorff would probably think that the idea that love conquers all is quite a naive concept . But finally it 's true and sometimes the best way to examine mankind is from another perspective . '' On the genre of the film , Huston said `` It 's Greek mythology . It 's the origin of story and sometimes we need demigods to look at us to understand what our weaknesses are . It serves the mythological world . '' David Thewlis as Ares : The treacherous son of Zeus and half - brother of Diana , based on the Greek mythological god of War , who masquerades as Sir Patrick Morgan , a speaker for peace on the Imperial War Cabinet as part of his deceptive master plan of conquest and destruction . Describing the Sir Patrick persona of his character , Thewlis said `` Sir Patrick 's entire drive through the other half of the story is to bring about the armistice . That 's his whole intention no matter what 's going on . He meets Diana and see in her somebody who is sympathetic to his cause quite vehemently so . '' Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta : The Amazon Queen of Themyscira and Diana 's mother . On meeting the director for the role , Nielsen said `` Patty and I met in London , and we just hit it off from the get - go . We could n't stop talking . What was supposed to be a one - hour meeting turned into a two - and - a-half - hour lunch and we just really got each other . '' She described Jenkins ' directing style for the film as `` She 's also the kind of director that I really flourish under . She has very strong and particular and specific ideas about what it is she wants to say . She comes from a place of strength always . And so , when you are dealing with someone like that , you feel absolutely free to be vulnerable , to be creative , and I am a big researcher . '' On playing the character , Nielsen said `` It was a complete and utter pleasure and I absolutely loved every second of playing her . '' On her character being Diana 's mother and Amazonian queen , Nielsen stated `` I 'm queen and I 'm preparing my child for a world that entails a lot of responsibility . So it was important to me to bring that into the character . '' She read The Amazons by Adrienne Mayor to familiarize herself with women warriors and said `` I used what I learned in Mayor 's book as a rallying cry for how I approached Hippolyta . And then , of course , what is a leader who is elected by her peers every year and has been doing this for a thousand years ? That too was interesting to think about '' . Nielsen went through a workout regime for the film , saying `` I did six hours a day . You know , two hours of weight training , two hours of swords training , and then two hours of horseback riding '' . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role but was forced to drop due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies . Previously , Nielsen had been considered for the role of Superman 's mother , Lara Lor - Van , in Man of Steel . Elena Anaya as Isabel Maru / Doctor Poison : A nefarious Spanish chief chemist associated with General Ludendorff who specializes in chemistry and poisons . On her role , Anaya said `` Well , it was a small role in this big ensemble , but it is an important character in the story . I 'm going to be a big nightmare '' for Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor . Describing her character , Anaya said `` Dr. Maru loves rage and enjoys people 's pain . She 's creating terrible weapons , and her purpose in life is to kill as many people as possible , and provoke as much pain as possible '' . She researched World War I and Fritz Haber , the scientist who created mustard gas , to prepare for the role . On the character 's facial scars , Anaya stated `` I went to Patty Jenkins and asked , ' What happened to her ? ' And she said , ' She did it on purpose . ' I was like , ' What ? Patty , you 're going further than I ever imagined . ' She said , ' She wants to provoke painful suffering , so she tested her own gas on her own face . She wanted to know how deep this form of her gas would go , so she put it on her own face . ' You can see half of her face is completely gone . This is the sadistic side of Dr. Maru '' . She also stated her character `` is quite the opposite to the lead role of this movie , one of the strongest characters ever of DC comics , Wonder Woman . I can tell you that Doctor Poison is someone with a capacity to provoke so much pain . '' On Dr. Maru 's relationship with General Ludendorff , Anaya said `` I think that they have a relationship based on loyalty . Ludendorff is a very tormented General that lacks self - confidence . That 's why , in part , he takes these drugs that Dr. Poison gives him . They are from different worlds , but they complement each other '' . Lucy Davis as Etta Candy : Steve Trevor 's comical , loyal , and friendly secretary who befriends Diana . Describing her character , Davis said `` She 's a woman in a man 's world and so being heard and seen are n't the easiest things , but it kind of does n't deter her '' , adding , `` Etta is unapologetically herself and I think that that 's the thing that has drawn me to her the most '' . When asked if she was previously familiar with the character , Davis responded `` No . I was n't . It took me a while to know that I was auditioning for Etta because even when I found out it was Wonder Woman , I still had no idea what the role was . It took a little while then I Googled the character '' . On Etta Candy 's relationship with Steve Trevor , Davis said `` One of the great things that Etta gets to work with Steve Trevor is because Steve is not your typical man , in that he does entrust her with things that in 1918 probably would n't have been entrusted to a secretary of somebody who is quite important '' , further explaining , `` So I think that ( Trevor ) needs her just as much as she needs that because now she 's been given responsibility that she would n't have normally be given before , and equally he has somebody who could probably fly under the radar a bit . So he can trust the person who no one 's really looking at '' . Saïd Taghmaoui as Sameer : A French Moroccan secret agent who is a master of disguise and an ally of Steve Trevor . On his casting , Taghmaoui stated `` I was among hundreds of potential candidates , and I slowly became the favorite '' , adding , `` It was n't easy . It took me three months . ( I 'll have to go through ) extensive physical training . '' Ewen Bremner as Charlie : A heavy - drinking Scottish sharpshooter who has already had a tour of duty and has post-traumatic stress disorder . He is an ally of Steve Trevor . On his role , Bremner said `` I play a character who 's enlisted by Wonder Woman to help save the world as part of a small , unlikely band '' . Describing his character , Bremner stated `` He 's a shellshocked soldier who 's been discharged from the war and is brought back to help on a secret mission '' . On working with Jenkins , Bremner commented `` Patty Jenkins is a force of nature . She has fantastic vision , strength and enthusiasm , which is completely infectious and motivates a cast and crew of thousands to really go beyond themselves . '' Eugene Brave Rock as Chief Napi : A Blackfoot Native American demi - god , and a smuggler who trades with both sides of the war and knows how to get people across the front lines . On his casting , Brave Rock said `` I had no idea it was for Wonder Woman . I lost it when I showed up and I could n't remember my lines . I did n't take it literally until a month later , I got a call saying I got the role and they wanted me to fly to London for a fitting . '' Brave Rock raised several concerns with Jenkins over the representation of the character in the film , particularly that he was not comfortable playing into stereotypes and that he was not keen on his character being simply known as `` Chief '' . Jenkins responded by giving him some extra creative control over his character which Brave Rock says was `` unprecedented '' . Lisa Loven Kongsli as Menalippe : Antiope 's lieutenant and Diana 's aunt . Describing her character , Kongsli said `` Menalippe is a fearless warrior with a strong justice needs . She lives with the other Amazons on the island Themiscyra and exercising continuous battle to assist man in the fight for the good . '' On filming , Konglsi stated `` It 's a blast . I 've worked damn hard to make this happen , so it 's absolutely absurd and fun all at once . '' Additionally , James Cosmo appears as Field Marshal Haig , Mayling Ng as Orana , Florence Kasumba as Acantha , Madeleine Vall Beijner as Egeria , Hayley Jane Warnes as Aella and Ann Wolfe as Artemis , all of whom are Amazons . Dutch model Doutzen Kroes portrays the Amazon Venelia . Samantha Jo was cast as the Amazonian Euboea , and previously played the Kryptonina , Car - Vex , in Man of Steel . Zack Snyder also makes a brief cameo appearance in the film as an unnamed soldier . Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Development for a live action Wonder Woman feature film began in 1996 , with Ivan Reitman attached as producer and possible director . In 1999 the project became attached to Jon Cohen , who adapted Wonder Woman for producer Joel Silver , with the hope that Sandra Bullock would star . By 2001 , Todd Alcott was hired to write the screenplay , with Silver Pictures backing the project . At that time , performers such as Mariah Carey and Catherine Zeta - Jones were also rumored to be possible candidates for the role of Wonder Woman . Leonard Goldberg , however , focused on Bullock who said that she was approached for the role . In addition , wrestler Chyna also expressed interest . Lucy Lawless , the star of Xena : Warrior Princess , was also under consideration , though she stated that she would have been more interested if Wonder Woman was portrayed as a `` flawed hero . '' The screenplay went through various drafts written by Alcott , Cohen , Becky Johnston , and Philip Levens , and by August 2003 , Levens had been replaced by screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis . In March 2005 , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures announced that Joss Whedon would write and direct the film , with a reported salary was of $2 to $3 million . Since Whedon was directing Serenity at the time , and required time to research Wonder Woman 's background , he did not begin the screenplay until late 2005 . Early drafts of his screenplay included Steve Trevor as the narrator , a fierce battle between Diana and her mother over Trevor 's welfare , and after leaving Themyscira , his need to frequently rescue a Diana rendered helpless by the modern world . Whedon was not able to complete a final version of his screenplay however , and left the project in 2007 . Although Whedon stated in May 2005 that he would not cast the part of Wonder Woman until he finished the script , actors such as Kate Beckinsale were linked to the part . A few years later in 2010 however , Whedon admitted that he did have an actress in mind for the part , stating that `` Wonder Woman was basically Angelina Jolie . '' A few years later in May 2017 , Indie Ground Films leaked a version of Whedon 's script in - progress online . Some reacted negatively to it on social media in June 2017 , shortly after the release of Patty Jenkins version of the film . When asked about this response to his script , Jenkins said in a June 2017 interview that she has not read it and that Whedon is `` in the DC universe now , and I do n't think there 's any reason to go there ( ... ) It was what it was . I 'm lucky that I 'm the person who got to do it . But I do n't see what would be beneficial about comparing what he would 've done versus what I would have done . '' A day before Whedon 's departure from Wonder Woman , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures purchased a spec script for the film written by Matthew Jennison and Brent Strickland . Set during World War II , the script impressed executives at Silver Pictures . However , Silver stated that he had purchased the script because he did not want the rights reverting ; while stating the script had good ideas , Silver did not want the film to be a period piece . By April 2008 , Silver hired Jennison and Strickland to write a new script set in contemporary times that would not depict Wonder Woman 's origin , but explore Paradise Island 's history . In November 2008 , Beyoncé met with representatives from DC Comics and Warner Bros. , to discuss her interest in portraying Wonder Woman . In 2010 , Warner Bros. stated that a film was in development , along with films based on DC Comics superheroes the Flash and Aquaman . Both Wonder Woman and Aquaman were still under consideration for solo film subjects as of June 2013 . DC Chief Diane Nelson said Wonder Woman `` has been , since I started , one of the top three priorities for DC and for Warner Bros . We are still trying right now , but she 's tricky . '' On October 5 , 2013 , WB chairman Kevin Tsujihara said he wanted to get Wonder Woman in a film or on TV . Shortly afterward , Paul Feig said he had pitched the studio an idea for Wonder Woman as an action - comedy film . The studio then began to search for female directors to direct the film . While Michelle MacLaren was the studio 's initial choice to direct ( and while she initially indicated interest ) , she eventually left the project due to creative differences . Development ( edit ) DC Films ' co-chairman Geoff Johns and director Patty Jenkins at the WonderCon 2017 . In 2015 , Patty Jenkins accepted an offer to direct Wonder Woman , based on a screenplay by Allan Heinberg and a story co-written by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , Geoff Johns and Jason Fuchs . Of this version , Gadot stated that , for a long time , people did n't know how to approach the story . When Patty and I had our creative conversations about the character , we realized that Diana can still be a normal woman , one with very high values , but still a woman . She can be sensitive . She is smart and independent and emotional . She can be confused . She can lose her confidence . She can have confidence . She is everything . She has a human heart . This version was conceived of as a prequel to the first live - action , theatrical appearance of Wonder Woman , in the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , placing Wonder Woman in the 1910s and World War I ( a decision which differs from her comic book origins as a supporter of the Allies during World War II ) . As for story development , Jenkins credits the stories by the character 's creator William Moulton Marston in the 1940s and George Perez 's seminal stories in the 1980s in which he modernized the character . In addition , it follows some aspects of DC Comics ' origin changes in The New 52 reboot , where Diana is the daughter of Zeus . Jenkins cited Richard Donner 's Superman as an inspiration . Casting ( edit ) `` I remember when I read in the news that Wonder Woman had been cast and my heart sank ( ... ) I 'm sure we would n't have made the same choice . And then I started paying attention to her , and watching her and looking at her and it was just unbelievable . Frankly , I think they did a better job than I could have because I do n't know that I would have scoured the earth as hard to find her ( ... ) They were looking for all the same things I would have looked for -- all the values that Wonder Woman stands for exuding from someone in an honest way , and boy did they find it ( ... ) She shares every quality with Wonder Woman and that 's no joke . It 's one of those rare things . You need someone who can appear to be Wonder Woman on screen ( ... ) Every once in a while , there 's superhero casting that transcends , because that person is so authentic to the character that it becomes identified with them , like Lynda Carter or Christopher Reeve . '' -- Director Patty Jenkins in response to the interview questions : `` Let 's talk a bit about Gal . You inherited her from Zack Snyder . Was it difficult to not get to choose your own Wonder Woman ? '' and `` What is it about Gal that makes her such a good fit ? '' In late 2013 , Zack Snyder cast Gal Gadot in the role of Wonder Woman for the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice over Élodie Yung and Olga Kurylenko . Some fans initially reacted to this choice by criticizing Gadot 's appearance . Snyder would later comment on his decision to cast Gadot , stating that he tested a bunch of actresses , as you can imagine . But the thing with Gal is that she 's strong , she 's beautiful , and she 's a kind person , which is interesting , but fierce at the same time . It 's that combination of being fierce but kind at the same time that we were looking for . Gadot described Diana as having `` the heart of a human so she can be emotional , she 's curious , she 's compassionate , she loves people . And then she has the powers of a goddess . She 's all for good , she fights for good . '' She also said that Diana has `` many strengths and powers , but at the end of the day she 's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence '' . As to how her character is different from her appearance in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Gadot said `` We go back 100 years to when she 's more naive '' , further explaining , `` She 's this young idealist . She 's pure . Very different to the experienced , super-confident , grown - up woman you 've seen '' . Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen , practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role . Gadot was previously offered a different role ( as a villain ) in Man of Steel , which she declined because she was pregnant at the time ; this allowed her to later be cast as Wonder Woman in the film 's follow - up . Gadot signed a three - picture deal . She was only paid a base salary of $300,000 for the film itself . Chris Pine was cast as Steve Trevor , a character he described as a `` rogue - ish , cynical realist who 's seen the awful brutish nature of modern civilization '' and added that he is a `` worldly guy , a charming guy '' . He signed a multi-picture deal . Lucy Davis ' performance as Etta Candy is the first live - action cinematic portrayal of the character . As well , Elena Anaya 's performance as Doctor Poison is the cinematic debut of that character . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role of Queen Hippolyta , but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies . Filming ( edit ) Production began on November 21 , 2015 , under the working title Nightingale . Among the film sets were Lower Halstow , Kent , Australia House , and the Sassi di Matera , Castel del Monte and Camerota in Southern Italy . Matthew Jensen was the director of photography , filming in the United Kingdom , France and Italy . Production in London ended on March 13 , 2016 . On March 20 , 2016 , filming was underway in Italy . In late April , filming took place at a museum in France , where a Wayne Enterprises truck was spotted alongside Gadot . Production ended on May 9 , 2016 . Patty Jenkins and director of photography Matt Jensen revealed that the film 's look was inspired by painter John Singer Sargent . Reshoots took place in November 2016 , while Gadot was five months pregnant . A green cloth was placed over her stomach to edit out her pregnancy during post-production . To find the perfect location to shoot the Amazon island of Themyscira , the birthplace of Wonder Woman herself , the film 's producers searched all over the world , finally settling on the Amalfi Coast : a stretch of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea , located in the Province of Salerno in Southern Italy . It was chosen because most beaches in the world that sit below big cliffs disappear beneath the tide for part of every day . Production designer Aline Bonetto and her location manager Charles Somers considered 47 countries and visited several of them before they found what they were looking for . Bonetto explained that , `` Italy had beautiful weather , a beautiful blue - green sea , not too much tide , not too much wave . Our effects team added some cliffs in post-production , and it was the perfect way to go '' . Post-production ( edit ) Bill Westenhofer served as the visual effects supervisor for the film and Martin Walsh served as editor . Music ( edit ) Main article : Wonder Woman ( soundtrack ) On November 3 , 2016 , Rupert Gregson - Williams was hired to write and compose the film 's music . He was joined by Evan Jolly , Tom Howe , Paul Mounsey , and Andrew Kawczynski , who provided additional music . The soundtrack was released on CD , digital , and vinyl the same day as the film . Australian musician Sia sang a song for the film , titled `` To Be Human '' , featuring English musician Labrinth . Written by Florence Welch and Rick Nowels , the track is also featured on the soundtrack . Additional music featured in the film are : `` Another Little Drink Would n't Do Us Any Harm '' by Clifford Grey and Nat Ayer and performed by Edgar Trevor and Cecil Cooper ; `` Molly O'Morgan '' written by Fred Godfrey and Will Letters and performed by Ella Retford ; `` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' written by Jack Judge and Harry Williams ; `` Sous les ponts de Paris '' written by Jean Rodor and Vincent Scotto and performed by Lucienne Delyle ; `` I 'll Walk Beside You '' written by Edward Lockton and Alan Murray and performed by Ewen Bremner ; `` Green Grow the Rushes , O '' written by Robert Burns and performed by Ewen Bremner ; and `` Schatzwalzer Op. 4 '' written by Johann Strauss II and performed by the Berlin String Quartet . Also features samples from the movie 's soundtrack `` Is She with You '' from Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice composed by Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL . Release ( edit ) Wonder Woman had its world premiere on May 25 , in Los Angeles . The film 's London premiere , which was scheduled to take place on May 31 , 2017 at the Odeon Leicester Square , was cancelled due to the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . The film had its Latin America premiere in Mexico City on May 27 . It was released in most of the world , including in IMAX , on June 2 , 2017 , after originally being scheduled for June 23 . Belgium , Singapore and South Korea received the film first , with May 31 openings . On April 17 , it was announced that Wonder Woman would be released in China on June 2 , the same day as its North American release . Marketing ( edit ) The success of the superhero television series Supergirl informed the marketing and promotion strategy used for Wonder Woman . According to Time Warner chief marketing officer Kristen O'Hara , they wanted to approach the Wonder Woman marketing campaign in a light manner , similar to how they did with Supergirl . O'Hara elaborated that the modest campaign route they took for Supergirl aided in establishing a large central fanbase among women well in advance of the series , which reportedly generated 5 million female superhero fans in one week . They were then able to model over time , and grow that audience leading up to the 15 months later release of Wonder Woman . Though neither the film nor the series are aimed exclusively at women , the latter 's campaign gave them their first opportunity to begin collecting data about female superhero fans . In May 2017 , a promo for Wonder Woman was released during the season finale of Supergirl , featuring a remix of the song `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' and Supergirl ( Melissa Benoist ) wearing Wonder Woman 's boots . The promo included an appearance by Lynda Carter , star of the 1970s Wonder Woman , who plays the American president on Supergirl . The costs for television advertisements for Wonder Woman are higher in comparison to that of previous DCEU film Suicide Squad . Warner Bros. has spent over $3 million on advertisements for Wonder Woman , whereas they spent $2.6 million on advertisements for Suicide Squad . Ticket selling site Fandango reported that Wonder Woman rounded the final leg of its marketing campaign as the most anticipated blockbuster of summer 2017 , according to a poll conducted by 10,000 voters , the biggest survey in company history . Separately , Fandango also found that 92 % of people surveyed said that they are looking forward to seeing a film that features a standalone woman superhero , and 87 % wished Hollywood would make more women - led superhero films . In May 2017 , NASCAR driver Danica Patrick drove her No. 10 car with a Wonder Woman paint scheme at the Go Bowling 400 in Kansas and at the Monster Energy Open in Charlotte . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on Digital HD on August 29 , 2017 and on Blu - ray , Blu - Ray 3D , 4K Ultra-HD Blu - Ray and DVD on September 19 , 2017 . Controversies ( edit ) Bans ( edit ) On May 31 , Wonder Woman was banned in Lebanon after the Campaign to Boycott Supporters of Israel asked the Lebanese government 's Ministry of Economy and Trade to block the film because its star , Gal Gadot , had served in the Israeli military . The Lebanese government did not , however , ban Gadot 's Fast & Furious films which did screen in Lebanon . On June 7 , Variety reported that a Tunisian court suspended the theatrical release of Wonder Woman after a lawsuit brought by the Al - Chaab party and the Tunisian Association of Young Lawyers to have the film blocked due to Gadot 's Israeli citizenship , military service , and public comments in support of the Israeli military during the 2014 war in Gaza . Jordan was reportedly also considering a ban of the film and suspended screenings pending a decision , but on June 11 , Al Bawaba reported that the government decided not to do so , as there was no legal precedent for it . Women - only screenings ( edit ) Some men were unhappy with women - only screenings held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin , with some opponents of the gender - restricted screening stating on platforms such as Facebook that such screenings were discriminatory against men . A gay Albany Law School professor initiated a complaint with Austin 's Equal Employment and Fair Housing Office claiming discrimination against male prospective customers and employees of the theater . The chain responded with an online statement saying the event `` may have created confusion -- we want everybody to see this film '' and announced a similar event at their Brooklyn location . Tickets sold out in less than an hour , prompting the chain to schedule additional screenings . On July 18 , Alamo Drafthouse proposed settlement offers of a Wonder Woman DVD to the complainants , stating `` Respondent did not realize that advertising a ' women 's only ' screening was a violation of discrimination laws '' Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of September 24 , 2017 , Wonder Woman has grossed $412 million in the United States and Canada and $408.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $820.4 million , against a production budget of $149 million . Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million to $460 million . North America ( edit ) In May 2017 , early tracking had Wonder Woman opening with $65 -- 75 million , and possibly as high as $105 million . The film opened Friday , June 2 , 2017 , across 4,165 theaters and made $38.7 million on its opening day , including $3.7 million in IMAX . It was the biggest single - day gross for a woman - directed film , ahead of the $35.9 million opening Friday of Catherine Hardwicke 's Twilight in 2008 and the biggest opening day for a woman - led comic book superhero film , ahead of Ghost in the Shell ( $7 million ) . This included $11 million it made from Thursday previews , also the best start for a film directed by a woman , surpassing Fifty Shades of Grey 's $8.6 million which was directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson , and the third biggest of the year , behind Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Of that , $1.5 million came from IMAX screenings . Earning a total of $103.3 million on its opening weekend , the film recorded a number of records : the biggest domestic opening of all - time for a female director ( surpassing previous record holder Fifty Shades of Grey by Sam Taylor - Johnson ) , the biggest DC Comics release without Batman or Superman ( ahead of Constantine ) , the sixth - biggest non-sequel comic book superhero debut ever , as well as the sixth - biggest June debut weekend . Its three - day opening alone made it the highest - grossing woman - led comic book superhero film ever ( surpassing Ghost in the Shell ) . It was also the 16th superhero film to cross $100 million in its domestic box office launch . About 9 % ( $9 million ) of the opening weekend came from IMAX screenings from 343 theaters . In its second week the film grossed $58.5 million , again topping the box office . It marked a 43.3 % drop for its second weekend at the box office , better than the average 50 -- 60 % decline superhero films tend to see , and was a better second weekend than Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $51.3 million ) and Suicide Squad ( $43.5 million ) . In its third weekend it grossed $40.8 million , finishing second behind newcomer Cars 3 ( $53.5 million ) . It was the second best third weekend ever for Warner Bros. and was nearly double what Batman v Superman ( $23.3 million ) , Suicide Squad ( $20.9 million ) and Man of Steel ( $20.7 million ) made in their third weekends . It earned $24.9 million and $15.7 million in its fourth and fifth weekends respectively , dropping just 39 % and 36 % despite facing rough competition from opening films Transformers : The Last Knight and Despicable Me 3 . It eventually became the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , surpassing the previous records of Jennifer Yuh Nelson 's Kung Fu Panda 2 and Phyllida Lloyd 's Mamma Mia ! . By August 8 , the film had garnered $400 million in ticket sales , becoming the second female - fueled film ( after Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ) , Warner Bros . ' third - biggest movie ( after Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises ) , holding the record of the highest origin superhero film ; supplanting the previous record held by Spider - Man ( 2002 ) and also becoming the highest - earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings , surpassing Frozen ( 2013 ) . International ( edit ) Internationally , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 55 markets ( 72 % of its total release ) , and was projected to debut with anywhere between $92 -- 118 million . It ended up opening to $125 million , including $38 million in China , $8.5 million in Korea , $8.4 million in Mexico , $8.3 million in Brazil and $7.5 million in the UK . In its second week of release , the film brought in another $60 million , including holding the top spot on France , the UK , Australia and Brazil . As of June 25 , 2017 , the biggest markets of Wonder Woman outside North America are China ( US $90 million ) followed by Brazil ( US $34 million ) , UK ( US $28 million ) and Australia ( US $24 million ) . In the Philippines , it broke 2017 box office record for highest earning non-holiday opening day -- earning $4.7 million and becoming the 6th most successful commercial film of all time as well overtaking the record set by Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . The film opened in its last market , Japan , on August 25 and debuted to $3.4 million , helping the international gross cross the $400 million mark . Critical response ( edit ) The performances of Gal Gadot and Chris Pine were praised by critics . Wonder Woman received largely positive reviews , with some critics calling it the best film in the DC Extended Universe , and praising Jenkins ' direction and the performances and chemistry of Gadot and Pine . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 92 % based on 344 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Thrilling , earnest , and buoyed by Gal Gadot 's charismatic performance , Wonder Woman succeeds in spectacular fashion . '' It is the highest - rated superhero film on the site . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Critics commented favorably on Gadot 's performance and Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor . Andrew Barker of Variety found the film to be more lighthearted than recent DC Comics films : `` Never prone to stewing in solitude , and taking more notes from Richard Donner than from Christopher Nolan , Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman provides a welcome respite from DC 's house style of grim darkness -- boisterous , earnest , sometimes sloppy , yet consistently entertaining -- with star Gal Gadot proving an inspired choice for this avatar of truth , justice , and the Amazonian way . '' Vox stated `` Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Gadot , Pine , Huston , and Thewlis while commending the film 's `` different perspective '' and humor . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times described Gadot 's performance as inspirational , heroic , heartfelt and endearing and the most `` real '' Wonder Woman portrayal . A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that it `` briskly shakes off blockbuster branding imperatives and allows itself to be something relatively rare in the modern superhero cosmos . It feels less like yet another installment in an endless sequence of apocalyptic merchandising opportunities than like ... what 's the word I 'm looking for ? A movie . A pretty good one , too . '' Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared the film to Captain America : The First Avenger , noting that as with `` the first Captain America movie over in the Marvel Comics universe , DC 's Wonder Woman offers the pleasures of period re-creation for a popular audience . Jenkins and her design team make 1918 - era London ; war - torn Belgium ; the Ottoman Empire ; and other locales look freshly realized , with a strong point of view . There are scenes here of dispossessed war refugees , witnessed by an astonished and heartbroken Diana , that carry unusual gravity for a comic book adaptation . '' Katie Erbland of IndieWire commended its thematic depth , explaining that `` Wonder Woman is a war movie . Patty Jenkins ' first -- and we hope not last -- entry into the DC Expanded Universe is primarily set during World War I , but while the feature does n't balk at war - time violence , it 's the internal battles of its compelling heroine that are most vital . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap similarly felt that , `` Diana 's scenes of action are thrilling precisely because they 're meant to stop war , not to foment it ; the idea of a demi - god using love to fight war might sound goofy in the abstract , but Jenkins makes the concept work . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised Gadot and Pine 's performances as well the film 's detailed plot and narrative while comparing of some slow - motion action sequences to The Matrix . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine hailed the film as a `` cut above nearly all the superhero movies that have been trotted out over the past few summers '' while praising Gadot 's performance as `` charming '' and `` marvelous '' and commending Jenkins ' direction of the film as a step forward for women directors in directing big - budget blockbuster films in Hollywood . Elise Jost of Moviepilot observed that `` Gadot 's take on Wonder Woman is one of those unique cases of an actor merging with their story , similar to Robert Downey Jr. 's Tony Stark . Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman , and Wonder Woman is Gal Gadot . '' Jost praised Gadot 's interpretation of Wonder Woman as the one in which Gadot `` absolutely nails the character 's unwaveringly positive outlook on life . She 's a force of nature who believes in the greater good ; her conviction that she 's meant to save the world is stronger than her bullet - deflecting shield . She 's genuine , she 's fun , she 's the warm source of energy at the heart of the movie . '' The Federalist suggests that Wonder Woman is `` a story of Jesus '' . `` The movie is wrapped up in faux Greek mythology , true , but there 's no mistaking the Christology here . '' `` Perhaps Christ in the form of a beautiful and kick - ass Amazon is all that our contemporary society can handle right now '' , stated M. Hudson , a Christian feminist . On HuffPost cultural critic , G. Roger Denson , who regards the superhero genre as a source of contemporary `` Mainstream Mythopoetics '' ( `` the making of new yet vitally meaningful , if not symbolic , stories filled with imagery reflecting , yet also shaping and advancing , the political , legal , moral and social practices of today '' ) , wrote that the `` No Man 's Land '' scene `` that people are crying over in theaters and raving about afterward happens to be among the most powerfully mythopoetic scenes ever filmed at the same time it is one of the oldest myths to have been utilized by artists and writers after it had been invented by early military strategists and leaders . '' Specifically `` used by director Patty Jenkins '' , the scene raises `` the esteem for powerful yet compassionate women as heroes and leaders to a level equal with that of men for having won over a huge and adoring popular audience around the world '' . Steve Rose in The Guardian criticized the film for failing to explore the material 's potential for `` patriarchy - upending subversion '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone criticized the film 's over-reliance on exposition : `` Wonder Woman is hobbled by a slogging origin story and action that only comes in fits and starts . Just when Gadot and director Patty Jenkins ... are ready to kick ass , we get backstory . '' `` Gas was intended to win the war . On that much Wonder Woman is absolutely right . '' said David Hambling in Popular Mechanics . Rachel Becker of The Verge stated that despite the scientific liberties of using a `` hydrogen - based '' chemical weapon as a plot device , the film succeeds in evoking real and horrifying history . `` First off , mustard gas is such a horrible , terrifying weapon , it does n't need to be made more potent . But if you were a chemist bent on raining destruction on the Allied forces , you would n't do it by replacing the sulfur atom in mustard gas with a hydrogen atom . You 'd know that sulfur is the linchpin holding together this poisonous molecule . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . IndieWire Critic 's Poll December 19 , 2016 Most Anticipated of 2017 Wonder Woman Nominated Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best of Show Won Best Fantasy / Adventure Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Poster Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Action Movie Choice Action Movie Actor Chris Pine Choice Action Movie Actress Gal Gadot Choice Movie Ship Gal Gadot & Chris Pine Nominated Choice Liplock Chris Pine & Gal Gadot Choice Summer Movie Wonder Woman Choice Summer Movie Actor Chris Pine Choice Summer Movie Actress Gal Gadot Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Wonder Woman Won Sequel ( edit ) Originally signed for three feature films , with Wonder Woman and Justice League being her second and third films , Gadot signed an extension to her contract for additional films . Jenkins initially signed for only one film , but in an interview with Variety , Geoff Johns revealed that he and Jenkins are writing the treatment for a Wonder Woman sequel and that he has a `` cool idea for the second one '' . At the 2017 San Diego Comic Con , Warner Bros. officially announced a sequel would be released on December 13 , 2019 , and would be titled Wonder Woman 2 . Later , Jenkins was officially signed to return as director , with confirmation that Gadot will be returning as the titular role . On August 19 , 2017 , actress Geena Davis stated that she would like very much to play a role in Wonder Woman 2 and that she is in talks with Jenkins about that matter . Days later , the studio hired Dave Callaham to co-write the film 's script with Jenkins and Johns . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is by an adjusted Tomatometer with at least 20 reviews each that , uses a weighted Bayesian based formula to account for the differences in ratings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Stream Track From Rupert Gregson - Williams ' ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Score , Composer Talks ' Wonder Woman , ' Mel Gibson , More '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . Consumer Protection BC , Canada . May 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Gal Gadot interview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright on ' Wonder Woman ' : ' It 's About Love and Justice ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Robin Wright Shares Her Favorite Part Of The Movie '' . DC . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelletiere , Nicole ; Shiro , Faryn ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright on ' Wonder Woman ' '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hara , Helen ( April 2017 ) . `` Alpha Female '' . Empire . pp. 60 -- 67 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Huston on Making ' Wonder Woman ' , the Superhero Genre and Waltzing with Gal Gadot '' . Collider.com . June 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Danny Huston Describes His ' Fascinating ' Villain '' . Screen Rant . May 31 , 2017 . 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Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen is a Modern Day Wonder Woman '' . Haute Living . May 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen Describes The ' Absolute Pleasure ' of Wonder Woman '' . Screen Rant . June 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greco , Patti ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` What It Was Like to Play Diana 's Mother in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Casts Superhero 's Mother '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen & Harry Lennix Rumored For Man of Steel '' . Screen Rant . June 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Elena Anaya Confirms She 's Playing a Villain '' . Screen Rant . September 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Elena Anaya reveals the secret motives and tragic history behind her Wonder Woman villain '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galvez , Daniela ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Star Elena Anaya on Female Superheroes in Hollywood '' . Latina . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elena Anaya Talks WONDER WOMAN in Exclusive Interview '' . DH Movie News . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amaya , Eric ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` Etta Candy Spotted in Wonder Woman Set Photos '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morin , Brandi ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Tribe actor from Alberta stars in Wonder Woman '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Friend , David ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Tribe actor from Alberta on bringing his language to ' Wonder Woman ' '' . National Observer . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vidunderlige Lisa '' . Film Magasinet . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Brekken , Thor ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Norske Lisa om Wonder Woman - rollen : Jeg kunne drept deg ! '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . 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March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hu , Tiffany ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Production Had ' Special Moments ' for Actress Samantha Jo '' . NBC . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Zack Snyder 's Wonder Woman Cameo Finally Found '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bur , Ty ( April 19 , 1996 ) . `` Comic movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( October 28 , 1999 ) . `` Hoffman on the ' Radio ' ; Col deal for Cohen '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( January 24 , 2001 ) . `` Wonder Woman Scribe Chosen '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( April 18 , 2001 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's Powers '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( May 3 , 2001 ) . `` Estrogen Explosion '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( May 18 , 2001 ) . `` Wonder Woman : It could be Sandra Bullock , Lucy Lawless or Chyna '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Worley , Rob ( May 6 , 2003 ) . `` Wonder Woman Scribe '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Worley , Rob ( August 12 , 2003 ) . `` Wonder Woman '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures Sign Joss Whedon to Write & Direct DC Comics ' Wonder Woman '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. March 17 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman to film in multiple Italian locations '' . TheLocationGuide.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Cinzia ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Neanche la frana ferma Wonder Woman , al via le riprese a Camerota '' ( Not even the landslide stops Wonder Woman , starts filming in Camerota ) . InfoCilento.it ( in Italian ) . Agropoli , Italy : Qwerty Publishing House . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : First Official Image , Full Cast Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot Tweets ' Wonder Woman ' Photo , Signals That Filming Is ' Underway ' '' . Deadline.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman de Patty Jenkins avec Gal Gadot et Chris Pine '' ( in French ) . cinenews.be. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' ( in French ) . CineBel. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Belgium ( @ WarnerBrosBE ) ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` C'est la guerrière la plus redoutable . Gal Gadot est # WonderWoman , dès le 31 mai au cinéma '' ( Tweet ) ( in French ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Sets Release Dates for ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Transformers 5 , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` How Supergirl Influenced Wonder Woman 's Marketing '' . Comicbook.com . 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Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps to $11 Million on Thursday Night '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Opens to Historic $103 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Five Ways ' Wonder Woman ' Has Already Made History '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Opens to Historic $100.5 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors & Stomps On ' Iron Man ' With $100.5 M Debut -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Soars on Saturday ; ' Mummy ' Still Crummy -- Sunday AM Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez on Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Wonder Woman ' Crosses $400 M in North America '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Now the Top Female - Helmed Film at the Domestic Box Office '' . Blog.womenandhollywood.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Lassos $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M at International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' now biggest Warner Bros. film in PH '' . ABS - CBN News . July 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' grosses P48. 39M on PH opening day '' . Rappler . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Valerian ' Tops China ; ' Wonder Woman ' Hits $400 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' delivers action , humor , thrills '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Wonder Woman finally gives DC a superhero story that soars '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jost , Elise ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` # WonderWoman : Why Gal Gadot Was The Perfect Choice To Play Wonder Woman '' . Moviepilot . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Superhero Movies of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors With $97 M+ Debut ; Earns ' A ' CinemaScore '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman is the smart , satisfying DC movie you 've been waiting for '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . Vox . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' gives different perspective to an action movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Heartfelt ' Wonder Woman ' finally gives a brave superhero her due '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' Is a Blockbuster That Lets Itself Have Fun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' review : Finally , a DC Comics movie that works '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Katie ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is the DC Universe 's Best Superhero Movie Yet , Proving the Future Is Very Much Female -- Review '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot 's Amazon Warrior Conquers Superhero Doldrums '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' saves the day , in more ways than one '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Can We Build a Better Blockbuster ? Wonder Woman Points a Way Forward '' . Time . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hudson , M. ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Wonder Woman ' Is Really A Story About Jesus '' . The Federalist . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Woman ' No Man 's Land ' Scene Is Rooted in History , Myth and Art '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman review -- glass ceiling still intact as Gal Gadot reduced to weaponised Smurfette '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot Brings Comics ' Original Riot Girl to Life '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hambling , David ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` How Realistic Is the WWI Warfare of ' Wonder Woman ' ? '' . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Rachel ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's chemical weapon makes no scientific sense , but it evokes real and horrifying history '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Critics Poll : The Best Films and Performances of the Year According to Over 200 Critics '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Reveals Full List of Nominees '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . August 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Sequel Details Emerge , and More Movie News '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Bory ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins Not Signed for Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Officially Announces Wonder Woman Sequel '' . Screen Rant . July 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' sequel title revealed '' . Fox News . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` Patty Jenkins Closes Deal to Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Terror , Jude ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Geena Davis Available For Wonder Woman 2 Role , Says Geena Davis '' . Bleeding Cool News And Rumors . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' The Expendables ' Writer Joins Patty Jenkins , Geoff Johns to Write ' Wonder Woman 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . ( The Hollywood Reporter ) ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) . Official website Official Final Trailer -- Warner Bros. Pictures Wonder Woman on IMDb Wonder Woman at the TCM Movie Database `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins Talks Gal Gadot , Sequel Hopes '' . Forbes , June 28 , 2017 . ( Video clip -- Forbes interview with director Patty Jenkins ) . Related topic navboxes Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G. 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-1337088296154860605 | Structural functionalism | Structural functionalism - wikipedia Structural functionalism Jump to : navigation , search Anthropology Outline History Types ( show ) Archaeological Biological Cultural Linguistic Social Archaeological ( show ) Aerial Aviation Battlefield Biblical Bioarchaeological Environmental Ethnoarchaeological Feminist Forensic Maritime Paleoethnobotanical Zooarchaeological Biological ( show ) Anthrozoological Biocultural Evolutionary Forensic Molecular Neurological Nutritional Palaeoanthropological Primatological Social Cultural ( show ) Applied Art Cognitive Cyborg Development Digital Ecological Environmental Economic Political economy Historical Feminist Institutional Kinship Legal Media Medical Museums Musical Political Psychological Public Religion Symbolic Transpersonal Urban Visual Linguistic ( show ) Anthropological Descriptive Ethnological Ethnopoetical Historical Semiotic Sociological Research framework ( show ) Anthropometry Ethnography ( online ) Ethnology Cross-cultural comparison Participant observation Holism Reflexivity Thick description Cultural relativism Ethnocentrism Emic and etic Key concepts ( show ) Culture Development Ethnicity Evolution ( sociocultural ) Gender Kinship and descent Meme Prehistory Race Society Value Colonialism / Postcolonialism Key theories ( show ) Actor -- network theory Alliance theory Cross-cultural studies Cultural materialism Culture theory Diffusionism Feminism Historical particularism Boasian anthropology Functionalism Interpretive Performance studies Political economy Practice theory Structuralism Post-structuralism Systems theory Lists ( show ) Anthropologists by nationality Anthropology by year Bibliography Journals List of indigenous peoples Organizations Anthropology portal Sociology History Outline Portal Theory Positivism Antipositivism Postpositivism Functionalism Conflict theories Social constructionism Structuralism Interactionism Critical theory Structure and agency Actor -- network theory Methods Quantitative Qualitative Historical Comparative Mathematical Computational Ethnography Ethnomethodology Network analysis Subfields Conflict Criminology Culture Development Deviance Demography Education Economic Environmental Family Gender Health Industrial Inequality Knowledge Law Literature Medical Military Organizational Political Race and ethnicity Religion Rural Science Social change Social movements Social psychology Stratification STS Technology Urban Browse Bibliography By country Index Journals Organizations People Timeline Structural functionalism , or simply functionalism , is `` a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability '' . This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation , which is a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole , and believes that society has evolved like organisms . This approach looks at both social structure and social functions . Functionalism addresses society as a whole in terms of the function of its constituent elements ; namely norms , customs , traditions , and institutions . A common analogy , popularized by Herbert Spencer , presents these parts of society as `` organs '' that work toward the proper functioning of the `` body '' as a whole . In the most basic terms , it simply emphasizes `` the effort to impute , as rigorously as possible , to each feature , custom , or practice , its effect on the functioning of a supposedly stable , cohesive system '' . For Talcott Parsons , `` structural - functionalism '' came to describe a particular stage in the methodological development of social science , rather than a specific school of thought . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theory 2 Prominent theorists 2.1 Auguste Comte 2.2 Herbert Spencer 2.3 Talcott Parsons 2.4 Davis and Moore 2.5 Robert Merton 2.6 Almond and Powell 3 Unilineal descent 4 Decline of functionalism 5 Criticisms 6 Influential theorists 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Theory ( edit ) Classical theories are defined by a tendency towards biological analogy and notions of social evolutionism : Functionalist thought , from Comte onwards , has looked particularly towards biology as the science providing the closest and most compatible model for social science . Biology has been taken to provide a guide to conceptualizing the structure and the function of social systems and to analyzing processes of evolution via mechanisms of adaptation ... functionalism strongly emphasises the pre-eminence of the social world over its individual parts ( i.e. its constituent actors , human subjects ) . -- Anthony Giddens , The Constitution of Society 1984 Émile Durkheim While one may regard functionalism as a logical extension of the organic analogies for societies presented by political philosophers such as Rousseau , sociology draws firmer attention to those institutions unique to industrialized capitalist society ( or modernity ) . Functionalism also has an anthropological basis in the work of theorists such as Marcel Mauss , Bronisław Malinowski and Radcliffe - Brown . It is in Radcliffe - Brown 's specific usage that the prefix ' structural ' emerged . Radcliffe - Brown proposed that most stateless , `` primitive '' societies , lacking strong centralized institutions , are based on an association of corporate - descent groups . Structural functionalism also took on Malinowski 's argument that the basic building block of society is the nuclear family , and that the clan is an outgrowth , not vice versa . Émile Durkheim was concerned with the question of how certain societies maintain internal stability and survive over time . He proposed that such societies tend to be segmented , with equivalent parts held together by shared values , common symbols or , as his nephew Marcel Mauss held , systems of exchanges . Durkheim used the term ' mechanical solidarity ' to refer to these types of `` social bonds , based on common sentiments & shared moral values , that are strong among members of pre-industrial societies '' . In modern , complex societies , members perform very different tasks , resulting in a strong interdependence . Based on the metaphor above of an organism in which many parts function together to sustain the whole , Durkheim argued that complex societies are held together by organic solidarity , i.e. `` social bonds , based on specialization and interdependence , that are strong among members of industrial societies '' . These views were upheld by Durkheim , who , following Comte , believed that society constitutes a separate `` level '' of reality , distinct from both biological and inorganic matter . Explanations of social phenomena had therefore to be constructed within this level , individuals being merely transient occupants of comparatively stable social roles . The central concern of structural functionalism is a continuation of the Durkheimian task of explaining the apparent stability and internal cohesion needed by societies to endure over time . Societies are seen as coherent , bounded and fundamentally relational constructs that function like organisms , with their various ( or social institutions ) working together in an unconscious , quasi-automatic fashion toward achieving an overall social equilibrium . All social and cultural phenomena are therefore seen as functional in the sense of working together , and are effectively deemed to have `` lives '' of their own . They are primarily analyzed in terms of this function . The individual is significant not in and of himself , but rather in terms of his status , his position in patterns of social relations , and the behaviours associated with his status . Therefore , the social structure is the network of statuses connected by associated roles . It is simplistic to equate the perspective directly with political conservatism . The tendency to emphasize `` cohesive systems '' , however , leads functionalist theories to be contrasted with `` conflict theories '' which instead emphasize social problems and inequalities . Prominent theorists ( edit ) Auguste Comte ( edit ) See also : Law of three stages Auguste Comte , the `` Father of Positivism '' , pointed out the need to keep society unified as many traditions were diminishing . He was the first person to coin the term sociology . Auguste Comte suggests that sociology is the product of a three - stage development . Theological stage : From the beginning of human history until the end of the European Middle Ages , people took a religious view that society expressed God 's will . In the theological state , the human mind , seeking the essential nature of beings , the first and final causes ( the origin and purpose ) of all effects -- in short , absolute knowledge -- supposes all phenomena to be produced by the immediate action of supernatural beings . Metaphysical stage : People began seeing society as a natural system as opposed to the supernatural . This began with the Enlightenment and the ideas of Hobbes , Locke , and Rousseau . Perceptions of society reflected the failings of a selfish human nature rather than the perfection of God . Positive or scientific stage : Describing society through the application of the scientific approach , which draws on the work of scientists . Herbert Spencer ( edit ) Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer ( 1820 -- 1903 ) was a British philosopher famous for applying the theory of natural selection to society . He was in many ways the first true sociological functionalist . In fact , while Durkheim is widely considered the most important functionalist among positivist theorists , it is well known that much of his analysis was culled from reading Spencer 's work , especially his Principles of Sociology ( 1874 -- 96 ) . In describing society , Spencer alludes to the analogy of human body . Just as the structural parts of the human body - the skeleton , muscles , and various internal organs -- function independently to help the entire organism survive , social structures work together to preserve society . While most avoid the tedious tasks of reading Spencer 's massive volumes ( filled as they are with long passages explicating the organic analogy , with reference to cells , simple organisms , animals , humans and society ) , there are some important insights that have quietly influenced many contemporary theorists , including Talcott Parsons , in his early work The Structure of Social Action ( 1937 ) . Cultural anthropology also consistently uses functionalism . This evolutionary model , unlike most 19th century evolutionary theories , is cyclical , beginning with the differentiation and increasing complication of an organic or `` super-organic '' ( Spencer 's term for a social system ) body , followed by a fluctuating state of equilibrium and disequilibrium ( or a state of adjustment and adaptation ) , and , finally , the stage of disintegration or dissolution . Following Thomas Malthus ' population principles , Spencer concluded that society is constantly facing selection pressures ( internal and external ) that force it to adapt its internal structure through differentiation . Every solution , however , causes a new set of selection pressures that threaten society 's viability . It should be noted that Spencer was not a determinist in the sense that he never said that Selection pressures will be felt in time to change them ; They will be felt and reacted to ; or The solutions will always work . In fact , he was in many ways a political sociologist , and recognized that the degree of centralized and consolidated authority in a given polity could make or break its ability to adapt . In other words , he saw a general trend towards the centralization of power as leading to stagnation and ultimately , pressures to decentralize . More specifically , Spencer recognized three functional needs or prerequisites that produce selection pressures : they are regulatory , operative ( production ) and distributive . He argued that all societies need to solve problems of control and coordination , production of goods , services and ideas , and , finally , to find ways of distributing these resources . Initially , in tribal societies , these three needs are inseparable , and the kinship system is the dominant structure that satisfies them . As many scholars have noted , all institutions are subsumed under kinship organization , but , with increasing population ( both in terms of sheer numbers and density ) , problems emerge with regard to feeding individuals , creating new forms of organization -- consider the emergent division of labour -- coordinating and controlling various differentiated social units , and developing systems of resource distribution . The solution , as Spencer sees it , is to differentiate structures to fulfill more specialized functions ; thus a chief or `` big man '' emerges , soon followed by a group of lieutenants , and later kings and administrators . The structural parts of society ( ex. families , work ) function interdependently to help society function . Therefore , social structures work together to preserve society . Perhaps Spencer 's greatest obstacle that is being widely discussed in modern sociology is the fact that much of his social philosophy is rooted in the social and historical context of Ancient Egypt . He coined the term `` survival of the fittest '' in discussing the simple fact that small tribes or societies tend to be defeated or conquered by larger ones . Of course , many sociologists still use his ideas ( knowingly or otherwise ) in their analyses , especially due to the recent re-emergence of evolutionary theory . Talcott Parsons ( edit ) Talcott Parsons has been writing since the 1930s and contributed to sociology , political science , anthropology , and psychology . Structural - functionalism and Talcott Parsons have received a lot of criticism . Numerous critics have pointed out Parsons ' underemphasis of political and monetary struggle , the basics of social change , and the by and large `` manipulative '' conduct unregulated by qualities and standards . Structural functionalism , and a large portion of Parsons ' works , appear to be insufficient in their definitions concerning the connections amongst institutionalized and non - institutionalized conduct , and the procedures by which institutionalization happens . Talcott Parsons was heavily influenced by Émile Durkheim and Max Weber , synthesizing much of their work into his action theory , which he based on the system - theoretical concept and the methodological principle of voluntary action . He held that `` the social system is made up of the actions of individuals . '' His starting point , accordingly , is the interaction between two individuals faced with a variety of choices about how they might act , choices that are influenced and constrained by a number of physical and social factors . Parsons determined that each individual has expectations of the other 's action and reaction to his own behavior , and that these expectations would ( if successful ) be `` derived '' from the accepted norms and values of the society they inhabit . As Parsons himself emphasized , in a general context there would never exist any perfect `` fit '' between behaviors and norms , so such a relation is never complete or `` perfect . '' Social norms were always problematic for Parsons , who never claimed ( as has often been alleged ) that social norms were generally accepted and agreed upon , should this prevent some kind of universal law . Whether social norms were accepted or not was for Parsons simply a historical question . As behaviors are repeated in more interactions , and these expectations are entrenched or institutionalized , a role is created . Parsons defines a `` role '' as the normatively - regulated participation `` of a person in a concrete process of social interaction with specific , concrete role - partners . '' Although any individual , theoretically , can fulfill any role , the individual is expected to conform to the norms governing the nature of the role they fulfill . Furthermore , one person can and does fulfill many different roles at the same time . In one sense , an individual can be seen to be a `` composition '' of the roles he inhabits . Certainly , today , when asked to describe themselves , most people would answer with reference to their societal roles . Parsons later developed the idea of roles into collectivities of roles that complement each other in fulfilling functions for society . Some roles are bound up in institutions and social structures ( economic , educational , legal and even gender - based ) . These are functional in the sense that they assist society in operating and fulfilling its functional needs so that society runs smoothly . Contrary to prevailing myth , Parsons never spoke about a society where there was no conflict or some kind of `` perfect '' equilibrium . A society 's cultural value - system was in the typical case never completely integrated , never static and most of the time , like in the case of the American society in a complex state of transformation relative to its historical point of departure . To reach a `` perfect '' equilibrium was not any serious theoretical question in Parsons analysis of social systems , indeed , the most dynamic societies had generally cultural systems with important inner tensions like the US and India . These tensions were ( quite often ) a source of their strength according to Parsons rather than the opposite . Parsons never thought about system - institutionalization and the level of strains ( tensions , conflict ) in the system as opposite forces per se . The key processes for Parsons for system reproduction are socialization and social control . Socialization is important because it is the mechanism for transferring the accepted norms and values of society to the individuals within the system . Parsons never spoke about `` perfect socialization '' -- in any society socialization was only partial and `` incomplete '' from an integral point of view . Parsons states that `` this point ( ... ) is independent of the sense in which ( the ) individual is concretely autonomous or creative rather than ' passive ' or ' conforming ' , for individuality and creativity , are to a considerable extent , phenomena of the institutionalization of expectations '' ; they are culturally constructed . Socialization is supported by the positive and negative sanctioning of role behaviours that do or do not meet these expectations . A punishment could be informal , like a snigger or gossip , or more formalized , through institutions such as prisons and mental homes . If these two processes were perfect , society would become static and unchanging , but in reality this is unlikely to occur for long . Parsons recognizes this , stating that he treats `` the structure of the system as problematic and subject to change , '' and that his concept of the tendency towards equilibrium `` does not imply the empirical dominance of stability over change . '' He does , however , believe that these changes occur in a relatively smooth way . Individuals in interaction with changing situations adapt through a process of `` role bargaining . '' Once the roles are established , they create norms that guide further action and are thus institutionalized , creating stability across social interactions . Where the adaptation process can not adjust , due to sharp shocks or immediate radical change , structural dissolution occurs and either new structures ( or therefore a new system ) are formed , or society dies . This model of social change has been described as a `` moving equilibrium '' , and emphasizes a desire for social order . Davis and Moore ( edit ) Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore ( 1945 ) gave an argument for social stratification based on the idea of `` functional necessity '' ( also known as the Davis - Moore hypothesis ) . They argue that the most difficult jobs in any society have the highest incomes in order to motivate individuals to fill the roles needed by the division of labour . Thus inequality serves social stability . This argument has been criticized as fallacious from a number of different angles : the argument is both that the individuals who are the most deserving are the highest rewarded , and that a system of unequal rewards is necessary , otherwise no individuals would perform as needed for the society to function . The problem is that these rewards are supposed to be based upon objective merit , rather than subjective `` motivations . '' The argument also does not clearly establish why some positions are worth more than others , even when they benefit more people in society , e.g. , teachers compared to athletes and movie stars . Critics have suggested that structural inequality ( inherited wealth , family power , etc . ) is itself a cause of individual success or failure , not a consequence of it . Robert Merton ( edit ) Robert K. Merton made important refinements to functionalist thought . He fundamentally agreed with Parsons ' theory . However , he acknowledged that it was problematic , believing that it was over generalized ( Holmwood , 2005 : 100 ) . Merton tended to emphasize middle range theory rather than a grand theory , meaning that he was able to deal specifically with some of the limitations in Parsons ' theory . Merton believed that any social structure probably has many functions , some more obvious than others . He identified 3 main limitations : functional unity , universal functionalism and indispensability ( Ritzer in Gingrich , 1999 ) . He also developed the concept of deviance and made the distinction between manifest and latent functions . Manifest functions referred to the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern . Latent functions referred to unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern . Merton criticized functional unity , saying that not all parts of a modern complex society work for the functional unity of society . Consequently , there is a social dysfunction referred to as any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society . Some institutions and structures may have other functions , and some may even be generally dysfunctional , or be functional for some while being dysfunctional for others . This is because not all structures are functional for society as a whole . Some practices are only functional for a dominant individual or a group ( Holmwood , 2005 : 91 ) . There are two types of functions that Merton discusses the `` manifest functions '' in that a social pattern can trigger a recognized and intended consequence . The manifest function of education includes preparing for a career by getting good grades , graduation and finding good job . The second type of function is `` latent functions '' , where a social pattern results in an unrecognized or unintended consequence . The latent functions of education include meeting new people , extra-curricular activities , school trips . Another type of social function is `` social dysfunction '' which is any undesirable consequences that disrupts the operation of society . The social dysfunction of education includes not getting good grades , a job . Merton states that by recognizing and examining the dysfunctional aspects of society we can explain the development and persistence of alternatives . Thus , as Holmwood states , `` Merton explicitly made power and conflict central issues for research within a functionalist paradigm '' ( 2005 : 91 ) . Merton also noted that there may be functional alternatives to the institutions and structures currently fulfilling the functions of society . This means that the institutions that currently exist are not indispensable to society . Merton states `` just as the same item may have multiple functions , so may the same function be diversely fulfilled by alternative items '' ( cited in Holmwood , 2005 : 91 ) . This notion of functional alternatives is important because it reduces the tendency of functionalism to imply approval of the status quo . Merton 's theory of deviance is derived from Durkheim 's idea of anomie . It is central in explaining how internal changes can occur in a system . For Merton , anomie means a discontinuity between cultural goals and the accepted methods available for reaching them . Merton believes that there are 5 situations facing an actor . Conformity occurs when an individual has the means and desire to achieve the cultural goals socialized into him . Innovation occurs when an individual strives to attain the accepted cultural goals but chooses to do so in novel or unaccepted method . Ritualism occurs when an individual continues to do things as prescribed by society but forfeits the achievement of the goals . Retreatism is the rejection of both the means and the goals of society . Rebellion is a combination of the rejection of societal goals and means and a substitution of other goals and means . Thus it can be seen that change can occur internally in society through either innovation or rebellion . It is true that society will attempt to control these individuals and negate the changes , but as the innovation or rebellion builds momentum , society will eventually adapt or face dissolution . Almond and Powell ( edit ) In the 1970s , political scientists Gabriel Almond and Bingham Powell introduced a structural - functionalist approach to comparing political systems . They argued that , in order to understand a political system , it is necessary to understand not only its institutions ( or structures ) but also their respective functions . They also insisted that these institutions , to be properly understood , must be placed in a meaningful and dynamic historical context . This idea stood in marked contrast to prevalent approaches in the field of comparative politics -- the state - society theory and the dependency theory . These were the descendants of David Easton 's system theory in international relations , a mechanistic view that saw all political systems as essentially the same , subject to the same laws of `` stimulus and response '' -- or inputs and outputs -- while paying little attention to unique characteristics . The structural - functional approach is based on the view that a political system is made up of several key components , including interest groups , political parties and branches of government . In addition to structures , Almond and Powell showed that a political system consists of various functions , chief among them political socialization , recruitment and communication : socialization refers to the way in which societies pass along their values and beliefs to succeeding generations , and in political terms describe the process by which a society inculcates civic virtues , or the habits of effective citizenship ; recruitment denotes the process by which a political system generates interest , engagement and participation from citizens ; and communication refers to the way that a system promulgates its values and information . Unilineal descent ( edit ) In their attempt to explain the social stability of African `` primitive '' stateless societies where they undertook their fieldwork , Evans - Pritchard ( 1940 ) and Meyer Fortes ( 1945 ) argued that the Tallensi and the Nuer were primarily organized around unilineal descent groups . Such groups are characterized by common purposes , such as administering property or defending against attacks ; they form a permanent social structure that persists well beyond the lifespan of their members . In the case of the Tallensi and the Nuer , these corporate groups were based on kinship which in turn fitted into the larger structures of unilineal descent ; consequently Evans - Pritchard 's and Fortes ' model is called `` descent theory '' . Moreover , in this African context territorial divisions were aligned with lineages ; descent theory therefore synthesized both blood and soil as two sides of one coin ( cf . Kuper , 1988 : 195 ) . Affinal ties with the parent through whom descent is not reckoned , however , are considered to be merely complementary or secondary ( Fortes created the concept of `` complementary filiation '' ) , with the reckoning of kinship through descent being considered the primary organizing force of social systems . Because of its strong emphasis on unilineal descent , this new kinship theory came to be called `` descent theory '' . With no delay , descent theory had found its critics . Many African tribal societies seemed to fit this neat model rather well , although Africanists , such as Richards , also argued that Fortes and Evans - Pritchard had deliberately downplayed internal contradictions and overemphasized the stability of the local lineage systems and their significance for the organization of society . However , in many Asian settings the problems were even more obvious . In Papua New Guinea , the local patrilineal descent groups were fragmented and contained large amounts of non-agnates . Status distinctions did not depend on descent , and genealogies were too short to account for social solidarity through identification with a common ancestor . In particular , the phenomenon of cognatic ( or bilateral ) kinship posed a serious problem to the proposition that descent groups are the primary element behind the social structures of `` primitive '' societies . Leach 's ( 1966 ) critique came in the form of the classical Malinowskian argument , pointing out that `` in Evans - Pritchard 's studies of the Nuer and also in Fortes 's studies of the Tallensi unilineal descent turns out to be largely an ideal concept to which the empirical facts are only adapted by means of fictions '' ( 1966 : 8 ) . People 's self - interest , manoeuvring , manipulation and competition had been ignored . Moreover , descent theory neglected the significance of marriage and affinal ties , which were emphasized by Levi - Strauss ' structural anthropology , at the expense of overemphasizing the role of descent . To quote Leach : `` The evident importance attached to matrilateral and affinal kinship connections is not so much explained as explained away . '' Decline of functionalism ( edit ) Structural functionalism reached the peak of its influence in the 1940s and 1950s , and by the 1960s was in rapid decline . By the 1980s , its place was taken in Europe by more conflict - oriented approaches , and more recently by ' structuralism ' . While some of the critical approaches also gained popularity in the United States , the mainstream of the discipline has instead shifted to a myriad of empirically - oriented middle - range theories with no overarching theoretical orientation . To most sociologists , functionalism is now `` as dead as a dodo '' . As the influence of functionalism in the 1960s began to wane , the linguistic and cultural turns led to a myriad of new movements in the social sciences : `` According to Giddens , the orthodox consensus terminated in the late 1960s and 1970s as the middle ground shared by otherwise competing perspectives gave way and was replaced by a baffling variety of competing perspectives . This third ' generation ' of social theory includes phenomenologically inspired approaches , critical theory , ethnomethodology , symbolic interactionism , structuralism , post-structuralism , and theories written in the tradition of hermeneutics and ordinary language philosophy . '' While absent from empirical sociology , functionalist themes remained detectable in sociological theory , most notably in the works of Luhmann and Giddens . There are , however , signs of an incipient revival , as functionalist claims have recently been bolstered by developments in multilevel selection theory and in empirical research on how groups solve social dilemmas . Recent developments in evolutionary theory -- especially by biologist David Sloan Wilson and anthropologists Robert Boyd and Peter Richerson -- have provided strong support for structural functionalism in the form of multilevel selection theory . In this theory , culture and social structure are seen as a Darwinian ( biological or cultural ) adaptation at the group level . Criticisms ( edit ) Main articles : Conflict theory and Critical theory In the 1960s , functionalism was criticized for being unable to account for social change , or for structural contradictions and conflict ( and thus was often called `` consensus theory '' ) . Also , it ignores inequalities including race , gender , class , which cause tension and conflict . The refutation of the second criticism of functionalism , that it is static and has no concept of change , has already been articulated above , concluding that while Parsons ' theory allows for change , it is an orderly process of change ( Parsons , 1961 : 38 ) , a moving equilibrium . Therefore , referring to Parsons ' theory of society as static is inaccurate . It is true that it does place emphasis on equilibrium and the maintenance or quick return to social order , but this is a product of the time in which Parsons was writing ( post-World War II , and the start of the cold war ) . Society was in upheaval and fear abounded . At the time social order was crucial , and this is reflected in Parsons ' tendency to promote equilibrium and social order rather than social change . Furthermore , Durkheim favoured a radical form of guild socialism along with functionalist explanations . Also , Marxism , while acknowledging social contradictions , still uses functionalist explanations . Parsons ' evolutionary theory describes the differentiation and reintegration systems and subsystems and thus at least temporary conflict before reintegration ( ibid ) . `` The fact that functional analysis can be seen by some as inherently conservative and by others as inherently radical suggests that it may be inherently neither one nor the other . '' Stronger criticisms include the epistemological argument that functionalism is tautologous , that is it attempts to account for the development of social institutions solely through recourse to the effects that are attributed to them and thereby explains the two circularly . However , Parsons drew directly on many of Durkheim 's concepts in creating his theory . Certainly Durkheim was one of the first theorists to explain a phenomenon with reference to the function it served for society . He said , `` the determination of function is ... necessary for the complete explanation of the phenomena '' ( cited in Coser , 1977 : 140 ) . However Durkheim made a clear distinction between historical and functional analysis , saying , `` When ... the explanation of a social phenomenon is undertaken , we must seek separately the efficient cause which produces it and the function it fulfills '' ( cited in Coser , 1977 : 140 ) . If Durkheim made this distinction , then it is unlikely that Parsons did not . However Merton does explicitly state that functional analysis does not seek to explain why the action happened in the first instance , but why it continues or is reproduced . By this particular logic , it can be argued that functionalists do not necessarily explain the original cause of a phenomenon with reference to its effect . Yet the logic stated in reverse , that social phenomena are ( re ) produced because they serve ends , is unoriginal to functionalist thought . Thus functionalism is either undefinable or it can be defined by the teleological arguments which functionalist theorists normatively produced before Merton . Another criticism describes the ontological argument that society can not have `` needs '' as a human being does , and even if society does have needs they need not be met . Anthony Giddens argues that functionalist explanations may all be rewritten as historical accounts of individual human actions and consequences ( see Structuration ) . A further criticism directed at functionalism is that it contains no sense of agency , that individuals are seen as puppets , acting as their role requires . Yet Holmwood states that the most sophisticated forms of functionalism are based on `` a highly developed concept of action '' ( 2005 : 107 ) , and as was explained above , Parsons took as his starting point the individual and their actions . His theory did not however articulate how these actors exercise their agency in opposition to the socialization and inculcation of accepted norms . As has been shown above , Merton addressed this limitation through his concept of deviance , and so it can be seen that functionalism allows for agency . It can not , however , explain why individuals choose to accept or reject the accepted norms , why and in what circumstances they choose to exercise their agency , and this does remain a considerable limitation of the theory . Further criticisms have been levelled at functionalism by proponents of other social theories , particularly conflict theorists , Marxists , feminists and postmodernists . Conflict theorists criticized functionalism 's concept of systems as giving far too much weight to integration and consensus , and neglecting independence and conflict ( Holmwood , 2005 : 100 ) . Lockwood ( in Holmwood , 2005 : 101 ) , in line with conflict theory , suggested that Parsons ' theory missed the concept of system contradiction . He did not account for those parts of the system that might have tendencies to Mal - integration . According to Lockwood , it was these tendencies that come to the surface as opposition and conflict among actors . However Parsons thought that the issues of conflict and cooperation were very much intertwined and sought to account for both in his model ( Holmwood , 2005 : 103 ) . In this however he was limited by his analysis of an ' ideal type ' of society which was characterized by consensus . Merton , through his critique of functional unity , introduced into functionalism an explicit analysis of tension and conflict . Yet Merton 's functionalist explanations of social phenomena continued to rest on the idea that society is primarily co-operative rather than conflicted , which differentiates Merton from conflict theorists . Marxism which was revived soon after the emergence of conflict theory , criticized professional sociology ( functionalism and conflict theory alike ) for being partisan to advanced welfare capitalism ( Holmwood , 2005 : 103 ) . Gouldner ( in Holmwood , 2005 : 103 ) thought that Parsons ' theory specifically was an expression of the dominant interests of welfare capitalism , that it justified institutions with reference to the function they fulfill for society . It may be that Parsons ' work implied or articulated that certain institutions were necessary to fulfill the functional prerequisites of society , but whether or not this is the case , Merton explicitly states that institutions are not indispensable and that there are functional alternatives . That he does not identify any alternatives to the current institutions does reflect a conservative bias , which as has been stated before is a product of the specific time that he was writing in . As functionalism 's prominence was ending , feminism was on the rise , and it attempted a radical criticism of functionalism . It believed that functionalism neglected the suppression of women within the family structure . Holmwood ( 2005 : 103 ) shows , however , that Parsons did in fact describe the situations where tensions and conflict existed or were about to take place , even if he did not articulate those conflicts . Some feminists agree , suggesting that Parsons ' provided accurate descriptions of these situations . ( Johnson in Holmwood , 2005 : 103 ) . On the other hand , Parsons recognized that he had oversimplified his functional analysis of women in relation to work and the family , and focused on the positive functions of the family for society and not on its dysfunctions for women . Merton , too , although addressing situations where function and dysfunction occurred simultaneously , lacked a `` feminist sensibility '' ( Holmwood , 2005 : 103 ) . Postmodernism , as a theory , is critical of claims of objectivity . Therefore , the idea of grand theory that can explain society in all its forms is treated with skepticism at the very least . This critique is important because it exposes the danger that grand theory can pose , when not seen as a limited perspective , as one way of understanding society . Jeffrey Alexander ( 1985 ) sees functionalism as a broad school rather than a specific method or system , such as Parsons , who is capable of taking equilibrium ( stability ) as a reference - point rather than assumption and treats structural differentiation as a major form of social change . `` The name ' functionalism ' implies a difference of method or interpretation that does not exist . '' ( Davis 1967 : 401 ) This removes the determinism criticized above . Cohen argues that rather than needs a society has dispositional facts : features of the social environment that support the existence of particular social institutions but do not cause them . Influential theorists ( edit ) Kingsley Davis Michael Denton Émile Durkheim David Keen Niklas Luhmann Bronisław Malinowski Robert K. Merton Wilbert E. Moore George Murdock Talcott Parsons Alfred Reginald Radcliffe - Brown Herbert Spencer Fei Xiaotong See also ( edit ) Functional structuralism Neofunctionalism ( sociology ) New institutional economics Pure sociology Sociotechnical systems theory Systems theory Vacancy chain Dennis Wrong - a critic of structural functionalism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ^ Macionis , Gerber , Sociology 7th Canadian Ed . ( Pearson Canada Inc. , 2010 ) , pg. 14 Jump up ^ Macionis , Gerber , Sociology 7th Canadian Ed . ( Pearson Canada Inc. , 2010 ) pg. 19 Jump up ^ ^ DeRosso , Deb The Structural Functional Theoretical Approach , ( 1 ) 2003. ( Accessed February 24 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Urry , John ( 2000 ) . `` Metaphors '' . Sociology beyond societies : mobilities for the twenty - first century . Routledge . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 19089 - 3 . Jump up ^ Talcott Parsons , `` The Present Status of `` Structural - Functional '' Theory in Sociology . '' In Talcott Parsons , Social Systems and The Evolution of Action Theory New York : The Free Press , 1975 . Jump up ^ Bourricaud , F. ' The Sociology of Talcott Parsons ' Chicago University Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 06756 - 4 . p. 94 Jump up ^ Giddens , Anthony `` The Constitution of Society '' in The Giddens Reader Philip Cassell ( eds . ) MacMillan Press pp. 88 Jump up ^ Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences The University of Alabama : Anthropological theories ^ Jump up to : Rice , Keith . `` Structural Functionlism '' . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Macionis , John J. `` Sociology '' . ( Toronto : Pearson , 2011 ) , 97 Jump up ^ Fish , Jonathan S. 2005 . Defending the Durkheimian Tradition . Religion , Emotion and Morality Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing . Jump up ^ Gerber , L. , Macionis , J. ( 2011 ) . Sociology : Seventh Canadian Edition . pp. 13 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gerber , L. , Macionis , J. ( 2011 ) . Sociology : Seventh Canadian Edition . pp. 10 . Jump up ^ Gertrud Lenzer , ed. , Auguste Comte and Positivism : The Essential Writings ( New York : Harper , 1975 ) . pp. 71 - 86 . ^ Jump up to : Macionis , John J. ( 2012 ) . Sociology 14th Edition . Boston : Pearson . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 11671 - 3 . Jump up ^ Turner , 1985 ^ Jump up to : Macionis , Gerber , Sociology 7th Canadian Ed . ( Pearson Canada Inc. , 2010 ) , pg. 14 Jump up ^ See Turner 1985 Jump up ^ Nolan and Lenski , 2004 ; Maryanski and Turner 1992 ^ Jump up to : Parsons & Shills , 1976 : 190 ^ Jump up to : Parsons , 1961 : 41 Jump up ^ Craib , 1992 : 40 Jump up ^ 1961 : 43 - 44 Jump up ^ Cuff & Payne , 1984 : 44 Jump up ^ Gingrich , 1999 Jump up ^ 1961 : 38 Jump up ^ Cuff & Payne , 1984 : 46 . Jump up ^ 1961 : 37 . Jump up ^ 1961 : 39 . Jump up ^ Gingrich , 1991 Jump up ^ Gingrich , 1991 . Jump up ^ Davis , Kingsley and Wilbert E. Moore . ( 1970 ( 1945 ) ) `` Some Principles of Stratification . '' American Sociological Review , 10 ( 2 ) , 242 - 9 . Jump up ^ de Maio , F. ( 2010 ) Health & Social Theory . New York : Palgrave MacMillan , 29 - 30 . Jump up ^ Tumin , M.M. ( 1953 ) . `` Some principles of stratification : a critical analysis . '' American Sociological Review , 18 , 387 - 97 . Jump up ^ Macionis , John ( 2011 ) . Sociology . Toronto : Pearson Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 700161 - 3 . Jump up ^ ^ ^ Macionis , Gerber , Sociology 7th Canadian Ed . ( Pearson Canada Inc. , 2010 ) , pg. 14 Jump up ^ In sociology , another term for describing a positive function , in opposition to a dysfunction , is eufunction . ^ Jump up to : Macionis , J. , and Gerber , L. ( 2010 ) . Sociology , 7th edition Jump up ^ cf . Kuper , 1988 : 196 , 205 -- 6 Jump up ^ cf . Kuper , 1988 : 196 , p. 208 Jump up ^ Jay J. Coakley , Eric Dunning , Handbook of Sports Studies Jump up ^ Slattery , Martin . 1993 . Key Ideas in Sociology . Cheltenham : Nelson Thornes , Ltd . Jump up ^ Giddens , Anthony `` The Constitution of Society '' in The Giddens Reader Philip Cassell ( eds . ) MacMillan Press p. 89 Jump up ^ Barnes , B. 1995 . The Elements of Social Theory . London : UCL Press . Quoted in Jay J. Coakley , Eric Dunning , Handbook of Sports Studies Jump up ^ Cassell , Philip The Giddens Reader ( 1993 ) The Macmillan Press Ltd , pp. 6 Jump up ^ http://subedi.orgfree.com/docs/Structural_Functionalism.pdf Jump up ^ Merton 1957 : 39 References ( edit ) Library resources about structural functionalism Resources in your library Barnard , A. 2000 . History and Theory in Anthropology . Cambridge : CUP . Barnard , A. , and Good , A. 1984 . Research Practices in the Study of Kinship . London : Academic Press . Barnes , J. 1971 . Three Styles in the Study of Kinship . London : Butler & Tanner . Holy , L. 1996 . Anthropological Perspectives on Kinship . London : Pluto Press . Kuper , A. 1988 . The Invention of Primitive Society : Transformations of an Illusion . London : Routledge . Kuper , A. 1996 . Anthropology and Anthropologists . London : Routledge . Layton , R. 1997 . An Introduction to Theory in Anthropology . Cambridge : CUP . Leach , E. 1954 . Political Systems of Highland Burma . London : Bell . Leach , E. 1966 . Rethinking Anthropology . Northampton : Dickens . Levi - Strauss , C. 1969 . The Elementary Structures of Kinship . London : Eyre and Spottis - woode . Coser , L. , ( 1977 ) Masters of Sociological Thought : Ideas in Historical and Social Context . 2nd Ed. , Fort Worth : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , Inc. , pp. 140 -- 143 . Craib , I. , ( 1992 ) Modern Social Theory : From Parsons to Habermas , Harvester Wheatsheaf , London Cuff , E. & Payne , G. , ( eds ) ( 1984 ) Perspectives in Sociology , Allen & Unwin , London Davis , K ( 1959 ) . `` The Myth of Functional Analysis as a Special Method in Sociology and Anthropology '' , American Sociological Review , 24 ( 6 ) , 757 - 772 . Elster , J. , ( 1990 ) , `` Merton 's Functionalism and the Unintended Consequences of Action '' , in Clark , J. , Modgil , C. & Modgil , S. , ( eds ) Robert Merton : Consensus and Controversy , Falmer Press , London , pp. 129 -- 35 Gingrich , P. , ( 1999 ) `` Functionalism and Parsons '' in Sociology 250 Subject Notes , University of Regina , accessed , 24 / 5 / 06 , uregina.ca Holmwood , J. , ( 2005 ) `` Functionalism and its Critics '' in Harrington , A. , ( ed ) Modern Social Theory : an introduction , Oxford University Press , Oxford , pp. 87 -- 109 Homans , George Casper ( 1962 ) . Sentiments and Activities . New York : The Free Press of Glencoe . Hoult , Thomas Ford ( 1969 ) . Dictionary of Modern Sociology . Lenski , Gerhard ( 1966 ) . `` Power and Privilege : A Theory of Social Stratification . '' New York : McGraw - Hill . Lenski , Gerhard ( 2005 ) . `` Evolutionary - Ecological Theory . '' Boulder , CO : Paradigm . Maryanski , Alexandra ( 1998 ) . `` Evolutionary Sociology . '' Advances in Human Ecology. 7 : 1 - 56 . Maryanski , Alexandra and Jonathan Turner ( 1992 ) . `` The Social Cage : Human Nature and the Evolution of Society . '' Stanford : Stanford University Press . Marshall , Gordon ( 1994 ) . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Sociology . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285237 - X Merton , Robert ( 1957 ) . Social Theory and Social Structure , revised and enlarged . London : The Free Press of Glencoe . Nolan , Patrick and Gerhard Lenski ( 2004 ) . Human Societies : An Introduction to Macrosociology . '' Boulder , CO : Paradigm . Parsons , Talcott ( 1951 ) The Social System , Routledge , London Parsons , T. , & Shils , A. , ( eds ) ( 1976 ) Toward a General Theory of Action , Harvard University Press , Cambridge Parsons , T. , ( 1961 ) Theories of Society : foundations of modern sociological theory , Free Press , New York Perey , Arnold ( 2005 ) `` Malinowski , His Diary , and Men Today ( with a note on the nature of Malinowskian functionalism ) Ritzer , G. , ( 1983 ) Sociological Theory , Knopf Inc , New York Sanderson , Stephen K. ( 1999 ) . `` Social Transformations : A General Theory of Historical Development . '' Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . Turner , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . `` Herbert Spencer : A Renewed Appreciation . '' Beverly Hills : Sage . Turner , Jonathan ( 1995 ) . `` Macrodynamics : Toward a Theory on the Organization of Human Populations . '' New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . Turner , Jonathan and Jan Stets ( 2005 ) . `` The Sociology of Emotions . '' Cambridge . 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Adorno Gaston Bachelard Mario Bunge Wilhelm Dilthey Paul Feyerabend Hans - Georg Gadamer Thomas Kuhn György Lukács Karl Popper Willard Van Orman Quine Max Weber Concepts in contention Knowledge Phronesis Truth Verstehen Anthropology portal Conservatism portal Social sciences portal Sociology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structural_functionalism&oldid=807154614 '' Categories : Functionalism ( social theory ) Sociological theories History of sociology Hidden categories : Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Talk Contributions Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 07 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-7760362692289894917 | Thank You for Being a Friend | Thank You for Being a Friend - wikipedia Thank You for Being a Friend Jump to : navigation , search `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' Side label of U.S. 7 - inch vinyl single Single by Andrew Gold from the album All This and Heaven Too B - side `` Still You Linger On '' Released February 1978 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Genre Pop rock , soft rock Length 4 : 41 Label Asylum Records Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Gold Producer ( s ) Andrew Gold Brock Walsh Andrew Gold singles chronology `` I 'm On My Way '' ( 1978 ) `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' ( 1978 ) `` Never Let Her Slip Away '' ( 1978 ) `` I 'm On My Way '' ( 1978 ) `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' ( 1978 ) `` Never Let Her Slip Away '' ( 1978 ) Music video `` Thank You For Being A Friend '' on YouTube `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' is a song written by Andrew Gold , who recorded it for his third album , All This and Heaven Too . The song reached number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1978 . On the Cash Box chart , `` Thank You For Being a Friend '' spent two weeks at # 11 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other versions 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 References 4 External links Other versions ( edit ) The song was famously later re-recorded by Cynthia Fee ( also known for her work with Kenny Rogers ) to serve as the theme song for the NBC sitcom The Golden Girls , and recorded again for the series ' CBS spin - off The Golden Palace . Additionally , the song was featured as a dedication to the host on Casey Kasem 's final American Top 20 / 10 , broadcast on Fourth of July weekend in 2009 ; at the end of two World Series games ( Game 5 in 1988 and Game 4 in 1990 ) ; in the It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode `` Mac 's Mom Burns Her House Down '' ; at the end of Super Bowl XL ; in the episode of The Simpsons titled `` Double , Double , Boy in Trouble '' ; on episodes of the TV shows Dancing with the Stars , Family Guy , New Girl , Looking , and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ; and on a May 2010 episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Betty White , in which past and present cast members sang the song followed by a death metal version of the song performed by White while wearing a ski mask . Elaine Paige and Dionne Warwick released a recording of the song on Paige 's duet album Elaine Paige and Friends in 2010 . Other notables who covered the song include ex-Beatle Ringo Starr whose unreleased recording of the composition was produced by longtime Andrew Gold confederate Peter Asher , and actress / chanteuse Bernadette Peters who used it to open her 1979 live video release Bernadette Peters In Concert . The song was included in the Wearside Jack tape by someone purporting to be the Yorkshire Ripper ; covered by ska - pop band Suburban Legends on their 2015 album Forever in the FriendZone , and re-imagined by Virginia punk - rockers The Blanche Devereauxs on their 2009 LP Midnight Cheesecake Banter . It was also recorded by singer - songwriter and sometime Gold collaborator Stephen Bishop ; ensembles such as the Starlite Singers , Wild Stylerz , Smooch , Bliss , The Blue Rubatos , and Micah 's Rule ; singers Alyssa Bonagura , Angela Galuppo , Valerie DeLaCruz , and Brynn Marie ; and bandleader Brandon Schott , with instrumental interpretations by groups including the London Studio Orchestra , Orlando Pops Orchestra , the Twilight Trio , and the Instrumental All Stars with Dominic Kirwan . Various iterations of the composition have also been used in a number of advertisements , including a commercial for the New York Lottery , a German ad for Toyota , a U.K. ad for KFC , a special one - off ad for Arby 's to commemorate the end of Jon Stewart 's run as host of TV 's The Daily Show , and a web ad for the Radio City Music Hall dance troupe the Rockettes . According to Gold , `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' was `` just this little throwaway thing '' that took him `` about an hour to write . '' The chorus of the song is sampled in Rachel Platten 's song of the same name on the 2017 soundtrack album of My Little Pony : The Movie . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 7 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 5 UK 42 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 15 US Cash Box Top 100 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 57 US Cash Box Top 100 98 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Explore : Soft Rock Top Songs AllMusic '' . Web.archive.org. 2011 - 12 - 14 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 258 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , April 29 , 1978 Jump up ^ Durkee , Rob . Salute to Andrew Gold , American Top 40 Fun & Games , June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Garber , Megan A Brief History of ' Thank You for Being a Friend ' The Atlantic . September 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard. 1978 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , April 29 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 30 , 1978 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song Single release info from discogs.com ( hide ) The Golden Girls Characters Dorothy Zbornak Rose Nylund Blanche Devereaux Sophia Petrillo Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Spin - offs Empty Nest ( 1988 -- 95 ) Nurses ( 1991 -- 94 ) The Golden Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) International adaptations Bnot HaZahav ( Israel ) Brighton Belles ( UK ) Related Awards and nominations The Golden Girls : Their Greatest Moments `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' Hurricane Saturday Full Moon Over Miami Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thank_You_for_Being_a_Friend&oldid=816017504 '' Categories : 1978 songs Andrew Gold songs Songs written by Andrew Gold Television theme songs The Golden Girls Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 18 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song thank you for being a friend | [
"\"Thank You for Being a Friend\" is a song written by Andrew Gold, who recorded it for his third album, All This and Heaven Too. The song reached number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1978.[2] On the Cash Box chart, \"Thank You For Being a Friend\" spent two weeks at #11.[3]"
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"Andrew Gold"
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-8912654404292522174 | Climax community | Climax community - wikipedia Climax community Jump to : navigation , search The Daintree Rainforest in Queensland , Australia is an example of a climax forest ecosystem . Warren Woods in Michigan , USA is an example of a Beech - Maple climax forest . Beech ( pictured ) and Sugar Maple ( bottom left ) dominate the forest due to their towering height and tolerance to shade . In ecology , climax community , or climatic climax community , is a historic term for a biological community of plants , animals , and fungi which , through the process of ecological succession in the development of vegetation in an area over time , have reached a steady state . This equilibrium was thought to occur because the climax community is composed of species best adapted to average conditions in that area . The term is sometimes also applied in soil development . Nevertheless , it has been found that a `` steady state '' is more apparent than real , particularly if long - enough periods of time are taken into consideration . Notwithstanding , it remains a useful concept . The idea of a single climatic climax , which is defined in relation to regional climate , originated with Frederic Clements in the early 1900s . The first analysis of succession as leading to something like a climax was written by Henry Cowles in 1899 , but it was Clements who used the term `` climax '' to describe the idealized endpoint of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Frederic Clements 's use of `` climax '' 2 Discomfort with climax theory 3 Continuing usage of `` climax '' 4 References Frederic Clements 's use of `` climax '' ( edit ) Clements described the successional development of an ecological communities comparable to the ontogenetic development of individual organisms . Clements suggested only comparisons to very simple organisms . Later ecologists developed this idea that the ecological community is a `` superorganism '' and even sometimes claimed that communities could be homologous to complex organisms and sought to define a single climax - type for each area . The English botanist Arthur Tansley developed this idea with the `` polyclimax '' -- multiple steady - state end - points , determined by edaphic factors , in a given climatic zone . Clements had called these end - points other terms , not climaxes , and had thought they were not stable , because by definition climax vegetation is best - adapted to the climate of a given area . Henry Gleason 's early challenges to Clements 's organism simile , and other strategies of his for describing vegetation , were largely disregarded for several decades until substantially vindicated by research in the 1950s and 1960s ( below ) . Meanwhile , climax theory was deeply incorporated in both theoretical ecology and in vegetation management . Clements 's terms such as pre-climax , post-climax , plagioclimax and disclimax continued to be used to describe the many communities which persist in states that diverge from the climax ideal for a particular area . Though the views are sometimes attributed to him , Clements never argued that climax communities must always occur , or that the different species in an ecological community are tightly integrated physiologically , or that plant communities have sharp boundaries in time or space . Rather , he employed the idea of a climax community -- of the form of vegetation best adapted to some idealized set of environmental conditions -- as a conceptual starting point for describing the vegetation in a given area . There are good reasons to believe that the species best adapted to some conditions might appear there , when those conditions occur . But much of Clements 's work was devoted to characterizing what happens when those ideal conditions do not occur . In those circumstances , vegetation other than the ideal climax will often occur instead . But those different kinds of vegetation can still be described as deviations from the climax ideal . Therefore , Clements developed a very large vocabulary of theoretical terms describing the various possible causes of vegetation , and various non-climax states vegetation adopts as a consequence . His method of dealing with ecological complexity was to define an ideal form of vegetation -- the climax community -- and describe other forms of vegetation as deviations from that ideal . Discomfort with climax theory ( edit ) Support among ecologists for the climax theory declined , because they found the theory with its many coined terms difficult to apply , because they were dissatisfied how it compared to observed individual organisms , and because better theories developed . Although Clements recognized that vegetation follows gradients rather than being tightly bound , his rhetorical comparisons of ecological communities to organisms fostered the impression that communities , including the climax , have distinct edges in space and time . Yet Robert Whittaker 's research demonstrated plant species distribute themselves along nutrient and other environmental gradients . Many ecologists saw this as a major reason to stop using the climax concept . More recent palynological studies showed that modern species assemblages are ephemeral ; vegetation in eastern North America since the last glacial maximum has consisted of several different species assemblages , many of which have no analogues in modern `` climax '' communities . That would mean , at least , that the climax types for those areas could not be stable to the degree Clements believed they were . Ultimately , even if succession tends towards a steady state , the time required to achieve this state is unrealistically long ; in most cases , external disturbances and environmental change occur so frequently that the realization of a climax community is unlikely , and therefore it has come to be regarded as a less useful concept . Long - term vegetation dynamics are now more often characterized as resulting from the action of stochastic factors . Continuing usage of `` climax '' ( edit ) Despite the overall abandonment of climax theory , during the 1990s use of climax concepts again became more popular among some theoretical ecologists . Many authors and nature - enthusiasts continue to use the term `` climax '' in a diluted form to refer to what might otherwise be called mature or old - growth communities . The term `` climax '' has also been adopted as description for a late successional stage for marine macroinvertebrate communities . Additionally , some contemporary ecologists still use the term `` disclimax '' to describe an ecosystem dominated by invasive species that competitively prevent the re-introduction of once native species . This concept borrows from Clement 's earliest interpretation of climax as referring to an ecosystem that is resistant to colonization by outside species . The term disclimax was used in - context by Clements ( 1936 ) , and despite being an anthropogenic phenomenon which prevents the facilitation and succession to a true climax community , it is one of the only examples of climax that can be observed in nature . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cowles , Henry Chandler . 1899 . The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan . Botanical Gazette 27 ( 2 ) : 95 - 117 ; 27 ( 3 ) : 167 - 202 ; 27 ( 4 ) : 281 - 308 ; 27 ( 5 ) : 361 - 391 . Jump up ^ Clements , Frederic E. 1916 . Plant Succession : An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation . Washington D.C. : Carnegie Institution of Washington . Jump up ^ Hagen , Joel B. 1992 . An Entangled Bank : The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . Jump up ^ Eliot , Christopher . 2007 . Method and Metaphysics in Clements 's and Gleason 's Ecological Explanations . Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 38 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Tobey , Ronald C. 1981 . Saving the prairies : the life cycle of the founding school of American plant ecology , 1895 -- 1955 . Berkeley : University of California Press . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Robert H. 1953 . A consideration of climax theory : the climax as a population and pattern . Ecological Monographs 23 : 41 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Cook , James E. 1996 . Implications of Modern Successional Theory for Habitat Typing : A Review . Forest Science 42 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 75 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Roughgarden , Jonathan , Robert M. May and Simon A. Levin , editors . 1989 . Perspectives in Ecological Theory . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Rosenberg R. , S. Agrenius , B. Hellman , H.C. Nilsson , and K. Norling. 2002 . Recovery of marine benthic habitats and fauna in a Swedish fjord following improved oxygen conditions . Marine Ecology Progress Series 234 : 43 - 53 . Jump up ^ Clements , Frederic E. 1936 . Nature and Structure of the Climax . Journal of Ecology . Vol. 24 , No. 1 , pp. 252 - 284 Jump up ^ Johnson , K. 1984 . Prairie and plains disclimax and disappearing butterflies , in the central United States . Atala . Vol. 10 - 12 , pp. 20 - 30 Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense / counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Constructal theory Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climax_community&oldid=799906199 '' Categories : Ecological succession Habitat Environmental terminology Systems ecology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 14 : 45 . About Wikipedia | why would a climax community such as an oak woodland have high species diversity | [] | [] |
583820275997711638 | Ring of Fire | Ring of Fire - wikipedia Ring of Fire Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ring of Fire ( disambiguation ) . The Pacific Ring of Fire Tectonic plates of the world M8. 0 + Earthquakes ( 1900 - 2017 10 / 08 ) total of 93 EQs. 82 of them at Ring of Fire . The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur . In a 40,000 km ( 25,000 mi ) horseshoe shape , it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches , volcanic arcs , and volcanic belts and plate movements . It has 452 volcanoes ( more than 75 % of the world 's active and dormant volcanoes ) . The Ring of Fire is sometimes called the circum - Pacific belt . About 90 % of the world 's earthquakes and 81 % of the world 's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire . The next most seismically active region ( 5 -- 6 % of earthquakes and 17 % of the world 's largest earthquakes ) is the Alpide belt , which extends from Java to the northern Atlantic Ocean via the Himalayas and southern Europe . All but three of the world 's 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire . The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics : the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates . The eastern section of the ring is the result of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate being subducted beneath the westward - moving South American Plate . The Cocos Plate is being subducted beneath the Caribbean Plate , in Central America . A portion of the Pacific Plate and the small Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted beneath the North American Plate . Along the northern portion , the northwestward - moving Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Aleutian Islands arc . Farther west , the Pacific plate is being subducted along the Kamchatka Peninsula arcs on south past Japan . The southern portion is more complex , with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands , the Philippines , Bougainville , Tonga , and New Zealand ; this portion excludes Australia , since it lies in the center of its tectonic plate . Indonesia lies between the Ring of Fire along the northeastern islands adjacent to and including New Guinea and the Alpide belt along the south and west from Sumatra , Java , Bali , Flores , and Timor . The famous and very active San Andreas Fault zone of California is a transform fault which offsets a portion of the East Pacific Rise under southwestern United States and Mexico . The motion of the fault generates numerous small earthquakes , at multiple times a day , most of which are too small to be felt . The active Queen Charlotte Fault on the west coast of the Haida Gwaii , British Columbia , has generated three large earthquakes during the 20th century : a magnitude 7 event in 1929 ; a magnitude 8.1 in 1949 ( Canada 's largest recorded earthquake ) ; and a magnitude 7.4 in 1970 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Andes 1.1 Bolivia 1.2 Chile 1.3 Ecuador 1.4 Peru 2 Central America 2.1 Costa Rica 2.2 Guatemala 3 North American Cordillera 3.1 Mexico 3.2 United States 3.3 Canada 4 Russia 5 Japan 6 The Philippines 7 Indonesia 8 New Zealand 9 Antarctica 10 Land areas 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Andes ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Andean Volcanic Belt . Bolivia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Bolivia Bolivia hosts numerous active and extinct volcanoes across its territory . The active volcanoes are located in western Bolivia where they make up the Cordillera Occidental , the western limit of the Altiplano plateau . Many of the active volcanoes are international mountains shared with Chile . All Cenozoic volcanoes of Bolivia are part of the Central Volcanic Zone ( CVZ ) of the Andean Volcanic Belt that results due to processes involved in the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate . The Central Volcanic Zone is a major upper Cenozoic volcanic province . Apart from Andean volcanoes , the geology of Bolivia hosts the remnants of ancient volcanoes around the Precambrian Guaporé Shield in the eastern part of the country . Chile ( edit ) Llaima 's 2008 eruption Main article : Volcanism in Chile The volcanoes in Chile are monitored by the National Geology and Mining Service ( SERNAGEOMIN ) Earthquake activity in Chile is related to subduction of the Nazca Plate to the east . Chile notably holds the record for the largest earthquake ever recorded , the 1960 Valdivia earthquake . Villarrica , one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rises above Villarrica Lake and the town of Villarrica . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andean chain . A 6 - km - wide caldera formed during the late Pleistocene , more than 0.9 million years ago . A 2 - km - wide postglacial caldera is located at the base of the presently active , dominantly basaltic - to - andesitic cone at the northwest margin of the Pleistocene caldera . About 25 scoria cones dot Villarica 's flanks . Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows have been produced during the Holocene from this dominantly basaltic volcano , but historical eruptions have consisted of largely mild - to - moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion . Lahars from the glacier - covered volcanoes have damaged towns on its flanks . The Llaima Volcano is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Chile . It is situated 82 km northeast of Temuco and 663 km southeast of Santiago , within the borders of Conguillío National Park . Llaima 's activity has been documented since the 17th century , and consists of several separate episodes of moderate explosive eruptions with occasional lava flows . The last major eruption occurred in 1994 . Lascar erupting in 2006 Chile has experienced numerous volcanic eruptions from 60 volcanoes , including Llaima Volcano and the Chaitén Volcano . More recently , a magnitude - 8.8 earthquake struck central Chile on February 27 , 2010 , the Puyehue - Cordón Caulle volcano erupted in 2011 , and a M8. 2 earthquake struck northern Chile on April 1 , 2014 . The main shock was preceded by a number of moderate to large shocks and was followed by a large number of moderate to very large aftershocks , including a magnitude - 7.6 event on 2 April . Lascar is a stratovolcano , is the most active volcano of the northern Chilean Andes . The largest eruption of Lascar took place about 26,500 years ago , and following the eruption of the Tumbres scoria flow about 9,000 years ago , activity shifted back to the eastern edifice , where three overlapping craters were formed . Frequent small - to - moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from Lascar in historical time since the mid-19th century , along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano . The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993 , producing pyroclastic flows as far as 8.5 km ( 5 mi ) northwest of the summit and ash fall in Buenos Aires , Argentina , more than 1,600 km ( 994 mi ) to the southeast . The latest series of eruptions began on 18 April 2006 and was continuing as of 2011 . Chiliques is a stratovolcano located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile , immediately north of Cerro Miscanti . Laguna Lejía lies to the north of the volcano and has been dormant for at least 10,000 years , but is now showing signs of life . A January 6 , 2002 , nighttime thermal infrared image from ASTER revealed a hot spot in the summit crater , as well as several others along the upper flanks of the volcano 's edifice , indicating new volcanic activity . Examination of an earlier nighttime thermal infrared image from May 24 , 2000 , showed no such hot spots . Calbuco is a stratovolcano in southern Chile , located southeast of Llanquihue Lake and northwest of Chapo Lake , in Los Lagos Region . The volcano and the surrounding area are protected within Llanquihue National Reserve . It is a very explosive andesite volcano that underwent edifice collapse in the late Pleistocene , producing a volcanic debris avalanche that reached the lake . At least nine eruptions occurred since 1837 , with the latest one in 1972 . One of the largest historical eruptions in southern Chile took place there in 1893 -- 1894 . Violent eruptions ejected 30 - cm bombs to distances of 8 km from the crater , accompanied by voluminous hot lahars . Strong explosions occurred in April 1917 , and a lava dome formed in the crater accompanied by hot lahars . Another short explosive eruption in January 1929 also included an apparent pyroclastic flow and a lava flow . The last major eruption of Calbuco , in 1961 , sent ash columns 12 -- 15 km high and produced plumes that dispersed mainly to the southeast and two lava flows were also emitted . A minor , four - hour eruption happened on August 26 , 1972 . Strong fumarolic emission from the main crater was observed on August 12 , 1996 . Lonquimay is a stratovolocano of late - Pleistocene to dominantly Holocene age , with the shape of a truncated cone . The cone is largely andesitic , though basaltic and dacitic rocks are present . It is located in La Araucanía Region of Chile , immediately southeast of Tolhuaca volcano . Sierra Nevada and Llaima are their neighbors to the south . The snow - capped volcano lies within the protected area Malalcahuello - Nalcas . The volcano last erupted in 1988 , ending in 1990 . The VEI was 3 . The eruption was from a flank vent and involved lava flows and explosive eruptions . Some fatalities occurred . Antuco Volcano is a stratovolocano located in the Bío Bío Region of Chile , near Sierra Velluda and on the shore of Laguna del Laja , with its last eruption in 1869 . Villarrica is one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rising above the lake and town of the same name . The volcano is also known as Rucapillán , a Mapuche word meaning `` House of the Pillán '' . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andes along the Gastre Fault . Villarrica , along with Quetrupillán and the Chilean portion of Lanín , are protected within Villarrica National Park . Ascents of the volcano are popular with several guided ascents reaching the top during summer . Villarrica , with its lava of basaltic - andesitic composition , is one of only five volcanoes worldwide known to have an active lava lake within its crater . The volcano usually generates strombolian eruptions , with ejection of incandescent pyroclasts and lava flows . Melting of snow and glacier ice , as well as rainfall , often causes massive lahars , such as during the eruptions of 1964 and 1971 . Ecuador ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Ecuador Tungurahua spews hot lava and ash at night ( 1999 ) . In Ecuador , EPN monitors the volcanic activity in this andean nation . Cotopaxi is a stratovolcano in the Andes , located about 50 km ( 31 mi ) south of Quito , Ecuador , South America . It is the second - highest summit in the country , reaching a height of 5,897 m ( 19,347 ft ) . Some consider it the world 's highest active volcano , and it is one of Ecuador 's most active volcanoes . Since 1738 , Cotopaxi has erupted more than 50 times , resulting in the creation of numerous valleys formed by mudflows around the volcano . In October 1999 , Pichincha Volcano erupted in Quito and covered the city with several inches of ash . Prior to that , the last major eruptions were in 1553 and in 1660 , when about 30 cm of ash fell on the city . At 5,230 m , Sangay Volcano ) is an active stratovolcano in central Ecuador , and is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world and one of Ecuador 's most active ones , erupting three times in recorded history . It exhibits mostly strombolian activity ; the most recent eruption , which started in 1934 , is still going on . Geologically , Sangay marks the southern bound of the Northern Volcanic Zone , and its position straddling two major pieces of crust accounts for its high level of activity . Sangay 's roughly 500,000 - year history is one of instability ; two previous versions of the mountain were destroyed in massive flank collapses , evidence of which still litters its surroundings today . Sangay is one of two active volcanoes located within the namesake Sangay National Park , the other being Tungurahua to the north . As such , it has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983 . Reventador is an active stratovolcano which lies in the eastern Andes of Ecuador . Since 1541 , it has erupted over 25 times , with its most recent eruption in 2009 , but the largest historical eruption occurred in 2002 . During that eruption , the plume from the volcano reached a height of 17 km , and pyroclastic flows went up to 7 km from the cone . On March 30 , 2007 , the mountain spewed ash again . The ash reached a height of about two miles ( 3 km , 11,000 ft ) . Cotopaxi , outside of Quito , started activity in April 2015 . A large increase in earthquakes ( including harmonic tremors ) and SO emissions began . IGPEN reported slight deformation of the edifice , suggesting an intrusion of magma under the volcano . As of 25 July , the unrest continued , and the most recent major eruption was an ash and steam eruption that occurred on August 14 and 15 , 2015 . Peru ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Peru Volcanoes in Peru are monitored by the Peruvian Geophysical Institute . Sabancaya is an active 5,976 - metre ( 19,606 ft ) stratovolcano in the Andes of southern Peru , about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) northwest of Arequipa . It is the most active volcano in Peru , with an ongoing eruption that started in August 2014 . Ubinas is another active volcano 5,672 - metre ( 18,609 ft ) in southern Peru with an ongoing eruption . Until 2006 , this stratovolcano had not erupted for about 40 years . On April 23 , 2006 , Peru declared a state of emergency in towns near the volcano . On April 28 , 2014 , despite a recent decline in earthquakes , Ubinas Volcano erupted an ash plume on April 28 , 2014 . Central America ( edit ) Costa Rica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Costa Rica The Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) at the National University of Costa Rica , in Spanish Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) have a dedicated team in charge of researching and monitoring the volcanoes , earthquakes , and other tectonic processes in the Central America Volcanic Arc . In 1984 , the OVSICORI - A initiated the operation of a seismographic network designed to monitor seismic and volcanic activity throughout the national territory . Currently , the seismographic network has an analog and a digital registration system . The latter enables online analysis of seismic signals , allowing to expedite the analysis of signals and the study using modern computerized methods . Poás Volcano is an active 2,708 - metre ( 8,885 ft ) stratovolcano located in central Costa Rica ; it has erupted 39 times since 1828 . On February 25 , 2014 , a webcam from the OVSICORI captured the moment a dark cloud exploded about 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) in the air from a massive crater of the Poás Volcano . Guatemala ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Guatemala In 1902 , the Santa Maria Volcano erupted violently in Guatemala , with the largest explosions occurring over two days , ejecting an estimated 5.5 km ( 1.3 mi ) of magma . The eruption was one of the largest of the 20th century , only slightly less in magnitude to that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 . The eruption had a volcanic explosivity index of 6 . Today Santiaguito is one of the world 's most active volcanoes. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Santiaguito Volcano , 2003 eruption in Guatemala North American Cordillera ( edit ) Mexico ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Mexico The Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Volcanoes of Mexico are related to subduction of the Cocos and Rivera plates to the east , which has produced large , explosive eruptions . Most active volcanoes in Mexico occur in the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , which extends 900 kilometres ( 559 mi ) from west to east across central - southern Mexico . A few other active volcanoes in northern Mexico are related to extensional tectonics of the Basin and Range Province , which splits the Baja California peninsula from the mainland . Popocatépetl , lying in the eastern half of the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , is the second - highest peak in Mexico after the Pico de Orizaba . It is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico , having had more than 20 major eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519 . The 1982 eruption of El Chichón , which killed about 2,000 people who lived near the volcano , created a 1 - km - wide caldera that filled with an acidic crater lake . Prior to 2000 , this relatively unknown volcano was heavily forested and of no greater height than adjacent nonvolcanic peaks . United States ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the United States Area of the Cascadia subduction zone , including the Cascade Volcanic Arc ( red triangles ) The United States Geological Survey and the National Earthquake Information Center ( NEIC ) are located on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines in Golden , Colorado . Both monitor volcanos in the United States ; in the western United States lies the Cascade Volcanic Arc . It includes nearly 20 major volcanoes , among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents including numerous stratovolcanoes , shield volcanoes , lava domes , and cinder cones , along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as tuyas . Volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago , but most of the present - day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2,000,000 years old , and the highest peaks are less than 100,000 years old . The arc formed by the subduction of the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . This is a 680 - mi - long fault , running 50 mi ( 80 km ) off the coast of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to Vancouver Island , British Columbia . The plates move at a relative rate over 0.4 in ( 10 mm ) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone . Because of the very large fault area , the Cascadia subduction zone can produce very large earthquakes , magnitude 9.0 or greater , if rupture occurred over its whole area . When the `` locked '' zone stores energy for an earthquake , the `` transition '' zone , although somewhat plastic , can rupture . Thermal and deformation studies indicate that the locked zone is fully locked for 60 km ( about 40 mi ) down - dip from the deformation front . Further down - dip , a transition from fully locked to aseismic sliding occurs . American Cascade Range volcano eruptions in the last 4000 years Unlike most subduction zones worldwide , no oceanic trench is present along the continental margin in Cascadia . Instead , terranes and the accretionary wedge have been lifted up to form a series of coast ranges and exotic mountains . A high rate of sedimentation from the outflow of the three major rivers ( Fraser River , Columbia River , and Klamath River ) which cross the Cascade Range contributes to further obscuring the presence of a trench . However , in common with most other subduction zones , the outer margin is slowly being compressed , similar to a giant spring . When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals , the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes such as the magnitude - 9 Cascadia earthquake of 1700 . Geological evidence indicates that great earthquakes may have occurred at least seven times in the last 3,500 years , suggesting a return time of 400 to 600 years . Also , evidence of accompanying tsunamis with every earthquake is seen , as the prime reason these earthquakes are known is through `` scars '' the tsunami left on the coast , and through Japanese records ( tsunami waves can travel across the Pacific ) . The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states in recorded history ( VEI = 5 , 0.3 cu mi , 1.2 km of material erupted ) , exceeding the destructive power and volume of material released by the 1915 eruption of California 's Lassen Peak . The eruption was preceded by a two - month series of earthquakes and steam - venting episodes caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens ' north slope . An earthquake at 8 : 32 am on May 18 , 1980 , caused the entire weakened north face to slide away , suddenly exposing the partly molten , gas - and steam - rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure . The rock responded by exploding into a very hot mix of pulverized lava and older rock that sped toward Spirit Lake so fast that it quickly passed the avalanching north face . Alaska is known for its seismic and volcanic activity , holding the record for the second - largest earthquake in the world , the Good Friday earthquake , and having more than 50 volcanoes which have erupted since about 1760 . Volcanoes can be found not only in the mainland , but also in the Aleutian Islands . The most recent activity in the American portion of the Ring of Fire occurred in early 2009 when Mount Redoubt in Alaska became active and finally erupted late in the evening of March 22 . The eruption ended in May 2009 . Canada ( edit ) Map of young volcanoes in Western Canada See also : Volcanism in Canada The Public Safety Geo - science Program at the Natural Resources Canada undertakes research to support risk reduction from the effects of space weather , earthquakes , tsunamis , volcanoes , and landslides . British Columbia and Yukon are home to a vast region of volcanoes and volcanic activity in the Pacific Ring of Fire . Several mountains that many British Columbians look at every day are dormant volcanoes . Most of them erupted during the Pleistocene and Holocene . Although none of Canada 's volcanoes are currently erupting , several volcanoes , volcanic fields , and volcanic centers are considered potentially active . Hot springs are at some volcanoes , while 10 volcanoes in British Columbia appear related to seismic activity since 1975 , including : the Silverthrone Caldera , Mount Meager , Wells Gray - Clearwater volcanic field , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Cayley , Castle Rock , The Volcano , Mount Edziza , Hoodoo Mountain , Crow Lagoon , and Nazko Cone . The volcanoes are grouped into five volcanic belts with different tectonic settings . The Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( sometimes known as the Stikine Volcanic Belt ) is the most active volcanic region in Canada . It formed due to extensional cracking , faulting , and rifting of the North American Plate , as the Pacific Plate grinds and slides past the Queen Charlotte Fault , unlike subduction that produces the volcanoes in Japan , the Philippines , and Indonesia . The region has Canada 's largest volcanoes , much larger than the minor stratovolcanoes found in the Canadian portion of the Cascade Volcanic Arc . Several eruptions are known to have occurred within the last 400 years . Mount Edziza is a huge volcanic complex that erupted several times in the past several thousand years and has formed several cinder cones and lava flows . The complex comprises the Mount Edziza Plateau , a large volcanic plateau ( 65 km long and 20 km wide ) made of predominantly basaltic lava flows with four large stratovolcanoes built on top of the plateau . The associated lava domes and satellite cones were constructed over the past 7.5 million years during five magmatic cycles beginning with eruption of alkali basalts and ending with felsic and basaltic eruptions as late as 1,340 years ago . The blocky lava flows still maintain their original forms . Hoodoo Mountain is a tuya in northwestern British Columbia , which has had several periods of subglacial eruptions . The oldest eruptions occurred about 100,000 years ago and the most recent about 7000 years ago . Hoodoo Mountain is also considered active , so could erupt in the future . The nearby Tseax Cone and The Volcano produced some of Canada 's youngest lava flows , about 150 years old . Mount Edziza , a large shield volcano in northwestern British Columbia Canada 's worst known geophysical disaster came from the Tseax Cone during the 18th century at the southernmost end of the volcanic belt . The eruption produced a 22.5 - km - long lava flow , destroying the Nisga'a villages and the death of at least 2000 Nisga'a people by volcanic gases and poisonous smoke . The Nass River valley was inundated by the lava flows and contains abundant tree molds and lava tubes . The event happened at the same time as the arrival of the first European explorers to penetrate the uncharted coastal waters of northern British Columbia . Today , the basaltic lava deposits are a draw to tourists and are part of the Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in southwestern British Columbia is the northern extension of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the United States ( which includes Mount Baker and Mount St. Helens ) and contains the most explosive young volcanoes in Canada . It formed as a result of subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate ( a remnant of the much larger Farallon Plate ) under the North American Plate along the Cascadia subduction zone . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt includes the Bridge River Cones , Mount Cayley , Mount Fee , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Price , Mount Meager , the Squamish Volcanic Field , and more smaller volcanoes . The eruption styles in the belt range from effusive to explosive , with compositions from basalt to rhyolite . Morphologically , centers include calderas , cinder cones , stratovolcanoes and small isolated lava masses . Due to repeated continental and alpine glaciations , many of the volcanic deposits in the belt reflect complex interactions between magma composition , topography , and changing ice configurations . The most recent major catastrophic eruption in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt was the 2350 BP eruption of Mount Meager . It was similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , sending an ash column about 20 km into the stratosphere . The Mount Meager volcanic complex as seen from the east near Pemberton , BC : Summits left to right are Capricorn Mountain , Mount Meager , and Plinth Peak . The Chilcotin Group is a north - south range of volcanoes in southern British Columbia running parallel to the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt . The majority of the eruptions in this belt happened either 6 -- 10 million years ago ( Miocene ) or 2 -- 3 million years ago ( Pliocene ) , although with some slightly more recent eruptions ( in the Pleistocene ) . It is thought to have formed as a result of back - arc extension behind the Cascadia subduction zone . Volcanoes in this belt include Mount Noel , the Clisbako Caldera Complex , Lightning Peak , Black Dome Mountain , and many lava flows . The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a line of volcanoes stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel , British Columbia . These volcanoes were formed 8 to 1 million years ago , and the Nazko Cone last erupted only 7,200 years ago . The volcanoes generally get younger moving from the coast to the interior . These volcanoes are thought to have formed as a result of the North American Plate sliding westward over a small hotspot , called the Anahim hotspot . The hotspot is considered similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands . The belt is defined by three large shield volcanoes ( Rainbow , Ilgachuz and the Itcha Ranges ) and 37 Quaternary basalt centers . Eruptions of basaltic to rhyolitic volcanoes and hypabyssal rocks of the Alert Bay Volcanic Belt in northern Vancouver Island are probably linked with the subducted margin flanked by the Explorer and Juan de Fuca Plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . It appears to have been active during the Pliocene and Pleistocene . However , no Holocene eruptions are known , and volcanic activity in the belt has likely ceased . Russia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Russia Avachinsky , an active volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula . The Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East is one of the most various and active volcanic areas in the world , with an area of 472,300 km . It lies between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Okhotsk Sea to the west . Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500 - m - deep Kuril - Kamchatka Trench , where rapid subduction of the Pacific Plate fuels the intense volcanism . Almost all types of volcanic activity are present , from stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes to Hawaiian - style fissure eruptions . Over 30 active volcanoes and hundreds of dormant and extinct volcanoes are in two major volcanic belts . The most recent activity takes place in the eastern belt , starting in the north at the Shiveluch volcanic complex , which lies at the junction of the Aleutian and Kamchatka volcanic arcs . Just to the south is the famous Klyuchi volcanic group , comprising the twin volcanic cones of Kliuchevskoi and Kamen , the huge volcanic complexes of Tolbachik and Ushkovsky , and a number of other large stratovolcanoes . The only active volcano in the central belt is found west of here , the huge remote Ichinsky . Farther south , the eastern belt continues to the southern slope of Kamchatka , topped by loads of stratovolcanoes , continuing onto the Kuril Islands , and southwards into Japan . Japan ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Japan About 10 % of the world 's active volcanoes are found in Japan , which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability . They are formed by subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate . As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly , and magnitudes of 4 to 6 are not uncommon . Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another , causing some slight shaking of buildings . Major earthquakes occur infrequently ; the most famous in the 20th century were : the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923 , in which 130,000 people died ; and the Great Hanshin earthquake of 17 January 1995 , in which 6,434 people died . On March 11 , 2011 a magnitude 9.0 earthquake hit Japan , the country 's biggest ever and the fifth largest on record , according to US Geological Survey data . Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis . Mount Fuji at sunrise from Lake Kawaguchi Mount Bandai , one of Japan 's most noted volcanoes , rises above the north shore of Lake Inawashiro . Mount Bandai is formed of several overlapping stratovolcanoes , the largest of which is O - Bandai forming a complex volcano . O - Bandai volcano was constructed within a horseshoe - shaped caldera that formed about 40,000 years when an earlier volcano collapsed , forming the Okinajima debris avalanche , which traveled to the southwest and was accompanied by a plinian eruption . Four major phreatic eruptions have occurred during the past 5,000 years , two of them in historical time , in 806 and 1888 . Seen from the south , Bandai presents a conical profile , but much of the north side of the volcano is missing as a result of the collapse of Ko - Bandai volcano during the 1888 eruption , in which a debris avalanche buried several villages and formed several large lakes . Nearly a century ago , the north flank of Mount Bandai collapsed during an eruption quite similar to the May 18 , 1980 , eruption of Mount St. Helens . After a week of seismic activity , a large earthquake on July 15 , 1888 , was followed by a tremendous noise and a large explosion . Eyewitnesses heard about 15 to 20 additional explosions and observed that the last one was projected almost horizontally to the north . Mount Fuji is Japan 's highest and most noted volcano . The modern postglacial stratovolcano is constructed above a group of overlapping volcanoes , remnants of which form irregularities on Fuji 's profile . Growth of the younger Mount Fuji began with a period of voluminous lava flows from 11,000 to 8,000 years ago , accounting for four - fifths of the volume of the younger Mount Fuji . Minor explosive eruptions dominated activity from 8,000 to 4,500 years ago , with another period of major lava flows occurring from 4,500 to 3,000 years ago . Subsequently , intermittent major explosive eruptions occurred , with subordinate lava flows and small pyroclastic flows . Summit eruptions dominated from 3,000 to 2,000 years ago , after which flank vents were active . The extensive basaltic lava flows from the summit and some of the more than 100 flank cones and vents blocked drainage against the Tertiary Misaka Mountains on the north side of the volcano , forming the Fuji Five Lakes . The last eruption of this dominantly basaltic volcano in 1707 ejected andesitic pumice and formed a large new crater on the east flank . Some minor volcanic activity may occur in the next few years . The Philippines ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the Philippines Map showing major volcanoes of the Philippines The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo is the world 's second - largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century . Successful predictions of the onset of the climactic eruption led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from the surrounding areas , saving many lives , but as the surrounding areas were severely damaged by pyroclastic flows , ash deposits , and later , lahars caused by rainwater remobilising earlier volcanic deposits , thousands of houses were destroyed . Mayon Volcano overlooks a pastoral scene about five months before the volcano 's violent eruption in September 1984 . Mayon Volcano is the Philippines ' most active volcano . It has steep upper slopes that average 35 -- 40 ° and is capped by a small summit crater . The historical eruptions of this basaltic - andesitic volcano dates back to 1616 and ranges from Strombolian to basaltic Plinian eruptions . Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks . Pyroclastic flows and mudflows have commonly swept down many of the roughly 40 ravines that radiate from the summit and have often devastated populated lowland areas . Taal Volcano has had 33 recorded eruptions since 1572 . A devastating eruption occurred in 1911 , which claimed more than a thousand lives . The deposits of that eruption consist of a yellowish , fairly decomposed ( nonjuvenile ) tephra with a high sulfur content . The most recent period of activity lasted from 1965 to 1977 , and was characterized by the interaction of magma with the lake water , which produced violent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions . Although the volcano has been dormant since 1977 , it has shown signs of unrest since 1991 , with strong seismic activity and ground - fracturing events , as well as the formation of small mud geysers on parts of the island . Kanlaon Volcano , the most active volcano in the central Philippines , has erupted 25 times since 1866 . Eruptions are typically phreatic explosions of small - to - moderate size that produce minor ash falls near the volcano . On August 10 , 1996 , Kanlaon erupted without warning , killing British student Julian Green and Filipinos Noel Tragico and Neil Perez , who were among 24 mountain climbers who were trapped near the summit . Indonesia ( edit ) See also : List of volcanoes in Indonesia and 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi Mount Merapi in Central Java Major volcanoes in Indonesia The volcanoes in Indonesia are among the most active of the Pacific Ring of Fire . They are formed due to subduction zones of three main active tectonic plates namely the Eurasian Plate , Pacific Plate , and Indo - Australian Plate . Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions , for instance , Krakatau for its global effects in 1883 , Lake Toba for its supervolcanic eruption estimated to have occurred 74,000 BP , which was responsible for six years of volcanic winter , and Mount Tambora , for the most violent eruption in recorded history in 1815 . The eruption of Mount Tambora caused widespread harvest failures in Northern Europe , the Northeastern United States , and eastern Canada in 1816 , which was known as the Year Without a Summer . The most active volcanoes are Kelud and Mount Merapi on Java island , which have been responsible for thousands of deaths in the region . Since AD 1000 , Kelud has erupted more than 30 times , of which the largest eruption was at scale 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index , while Merapi has erupted more than 80 times . The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth 's Interior has named Merapi as a Decade Volcano since 1995 because of its high volcanic activity . Another active volcano is Sinabung which erupted since 2013 until now . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : List of earthquakes in New Zealand and Volcanism in New Zealand Major volcanoes of New Zealand View of Mount Taranaki from Stratford . GNS Science was known as the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences from 1992 to 2005 . GNS Science was partially commercialised , and now operates as a government - owned company rather than as a government department . Originally part of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ( DSIR ) , it was established as an independent organisation when the Crown Research Institutes were created in 1992 . As well as undertaking basic research , and operating the national geological hazards monitoring network , GNS Science is employed , both in New Zealand and overseas , by various private groups ( notably energy companies ) , as well as central and local government agencies , to provide scientific advice and information . GNS Science is based in Avalon , Lower Hutt , with facilities in Dunedin and Wairakei . New Zealand contains the world 's strongest concentration of youthful rhyolitic volcanoes , and voluminous sheets blanket much of the North Island . The earliest historically - dated eruption was at Whakaari / White Island in 1826 , followed in 1886 by the country 's largest historical eruption at Mount Tarawera . Much of the region north of New Zealand 's North Island is made up of seamounts and small islands , including 16 submarine volcanoes . In the last 1.6 million years , most of New Zealand 's volcanism is from the Taupo Volcanic Zone . Mount Ruapehu , at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone , is one of the most active volcanoes . It began erupting at least 250,000 years ago . In recorded history , major eruptions have been about 50 years apart , in 1895 , 1945 , and 1995 -- 1996 . Minor eruptions are frequent , with at least 60 since 1945 . Some of the minor eruptions in the 1970s generated small ash falls and lahars that damaged ski fields . Between major eruptions , a warm acidic crater lake forms , fed by melting snow . Major eruptions may completely expel the lake water . Where a major eruption has deposited a tephra dam across the lake 's outlet , the dam may collapse after the lake has refilled and risen above the level of its normal outlet , the outrush of water causing a large lahar . The most notable lahar caused the Tangiwai disaster on December 24 , 1953 , when 151 people aboard a Wellington to Auckland express train were killed after the lahar destroyed the Tangiwai rail bridge just moments before the train was due . In 2000 , the ERLAWS system was installed on the mountain to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities . The Auckland volcanic field on the North Island of New Zealand has produced a diverse array of explosive craters , scoria cones , and lava flows . Currently dormant , the field is likely to erupt again with the next `` hundreds to thousands of years '' , a very short timeframe in geologic terms . The field contains at least 40 volcanoes , most recently active about 600 years ago at Rangitoto Island , erupting 2.3 km of lava . Antarctica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Antarctica Mount Erebus , 1972 The Pacific Ring of Fire is completed in the south by the continent of Antarctica , which includes many large volcanoes . The makeup and structure of the volcanoes in Antarctica change largely from the other places around the ring . In contrast , the Antarctic Plate is almost completely surrounded by extensional zones , with several mid-ocean ridges which encircle it , with only a small subduction zone at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , reaching eastward to the remote South Sandwich Islands . The most well known volcano in Antarctica is Mount Erebus , which is also the world 's southernmost active volcano . In many respects the geology of the Antarctic Peninsula is an extension of the Andes , hence the name sometimes used by geologists : `` Antarctandes '' . At the opposite side of the continent , the volcanoes of Victoria Land may be seen as the ' other end ' of the Antarctandes , thus completing the Pacific Ring of Fire and continuing up through the Balleny Islands to New Zealand . Mount Erebus is the second - highest volcano in Antarctica ( after Mount Sidley ) and the southernmost active volcano on earth . It is the sixth - highest ultra mountain on an island . With a summit elevation of 3,794 m ( 12,448 ft ) , it is located on Ross Island , which is also home to three inactive volcanoes , Mount Terror , Mount Bird , and Mount Terra Nova . The volcano has been observed to be continuously active since 1972 and is the site of the Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory run by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology . Mount Erebus is currently the most active volcano in Antarctica and is the current eruptive zone of the Erebus hotspot . The volcanoes of the Victoria Land area are the most well known in Antarctica , most likely because they are the most accessible . Much of Victoria Land is mountainous , developing the eastern section of the Transantarctic Mountains , and the several scattered volcanoes include Mount Overlord and Mount Melbourne in the northern part . Farther south are two more well - known volcanoes , Mount Discovery and Mount Morning , which are on the coast across from Mount Erebus and Mount Terror on Ross Island . The volcanism in this area is caused by rifting along a number of rift zones increasing mainly north - south similar to the coast . Marie Byrd Land contains the largest volcanic region in Antarctica , covering a length of almost 600 mi ( 970 km ) along the Pacific coast . The volcanism is the result of rifting along the vast West Antarctic Rift , which extends from the base of the Antarctic Peninsula to the surrounding area of Ross Island , and the volcanoes are found along the northern edge of the rift . Protruding up through the ice are a large number of major shield volcanoes , including Mount Sidley , which is the highest volcano in Antarctica . Although a number of the volcanoes are relatively young and are potentially active ( Mount Berlin , Mount Takahe , Mount Waesche , and Mount Siple ) , others such as Mount Andrus and Mount Hampton are over 10 million years old , yet maintain uneroded constructional forms . The desert - like surroundings of the Antarctic interior , along with a very thick and stable ice sheet which encloses and protects the bases of the volcanoes , which decreases the speed of erosion by an issue of perhaps a thousand relative to volcanoes in moist temperate or tropical climates . Land areas ( edit ) Papua New Guinea and tectonic plates : Pacific Plate , Australian Plate , Caroline Plate , Banda Sea Plate ( as `` Mer de Banda '' ) , Woodlark Plate , Bird 's Head Plate , Maoke Plate , Solomon Sea Plate , North Bismarck Plate , South Bismarck Plate and Manus Plate ( in French ) Puysegur Trench and Macquarie Ridge Taupo Volcanic Zone Kermadec Islands Tonga Islands Fiji Islands Bougainville and Solomon Islands New Hebrides Arc Bismarck Volcanic Arc , junction Tanimbar and Kai Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Sunda Arc Andaman and Nicobar Islands Izu - Bonin - Mariana Arc Mariana Islands Bonin Islands Izu Islands Philippine Mobile Belt Taiwan Ryukyu Islands Japan , Boso Triple Junction Kuril Islands Kamchatka Peninsula American Cordillera North American Cordillera Aleutian Arc Aleutian Islands Aleutian Range Eastern Alaska , U.S. Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province Cascade Volcanic Arc and Rio Grande rift Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Central America Volcanic Arc Andes North Volcanic Zone Central Volcanic Zone South Volcanic Zone Austral Volcanic Zone Scotia Arc South Sandwich Islands Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula Victoria Land See also ( edit ) Earthquakes portal Volcanoes portal 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 2010 Chile earthquake 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Andesite line Geology of the Pacific Northwest Katsuhiko Ishibashi Pacific Rim References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ring of Fire -- Pacific Ring of Fire '' . Geography.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ring of Fire '' . USGS. 2012 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Where do earthquakes occur ? '' . USGS. 2013 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes FAQ '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes Visual Glossary '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , Clive ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix A '' . Eruptions that Shook the World . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 355 -- 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64112 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Moving slabs '' . This Dynamic Earth . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Latest Earthquakes in the USA '' . USGS . Jump up ^ Schulz , Sandra S. ; Wallace , Robert E. `` The San Andreas Fault '' . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes in the Queen Charlotte Islands Region 1984 -- 1996 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Baker , M.C.W. ; Francis , P.W. ( 1978 ) . `` Upper Cenozoic Volcanism in the Central Andes -- Ages and Volumes '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 41 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 187 . Bibcode : 1978E&PSL ... 41 ... 175B . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 78 ) 90008 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Red de vigilancia volcánica -- Sernageomin '' . sernageomin.cl . Jump up ^ USGS . `` VDAP Responses at Chaitén in Chile '' . usgs.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chile volcano forces evacuations '' . BBC . January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magnitude 8.8 -- OFFSHORE MAULE , CHILE '' . February 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Erebus '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chiliques Volcano , Chile '' . Visible Earth . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program -- Lonquimay '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program -- Lonquimay '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ La erupción de 1971 , Villarrica Volcano Visual Observation Project . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Distance from Quito to Cotopaxi '' . distancecalculator.globefeed.com . Jump up ^ `` Cotopaxi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Climate and Weather , Kington , J. Collins London , ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Ecuadoreans Wait Uneasily On Volcanoes '' . Associated Press . 28 November 1999 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Sangay : Synonyms and subfeatures '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Reventador volcano spews lava near Ecuador capital - AP Online HighBeam Research Jump up ^ `` A Restless Volcano Puts Ecuador on Edge Once More '' . WIRED. 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.igepn.edu.ec/cotopaxi National Polytechnic School Geophysics Institute is constantly monitoring Cotopaxi Jump up ^ `` Ecuador declares state of emergency over volcano '' . BBC.com . Jump up ^ volcanodiscovery.com/cotopaxi/news/53218/Cotopaxi-volcano-Ecuador-increased-seismic-activity-volcanic-unrest.html Jump up ^ elcomercio.com/actualidad/volcan-cotopaxi-erupcion-actividad-seguros.html Jump up ^ `` Official Web Site of the Peruvian Geophysical Institute '' . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . volcanodiscovery.com . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Lava Arrives at Ubinas Volcano : Natural Hazards '' . NASA . Jump up ^ `` Peru evacuates Ubinas volcano area after ash cloud '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) '' . National University of Costa Rica . Jump up ^ `` Poás Volcano Erupts in Central Costa Rica '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Volcano tourists enjoy the phreatic eruption of the Poás Volcano '' . Jump up ^ `` Despite Record Breaking Eruptions at Poas Volcano the Park Remains Open for Visitors to Enjoy '' . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mexico Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . USGS . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Volcano Observatory -- About Alaska 's Volcanoes '' . Avo.alaska.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Public Safety Geoscience Program '' . Natural Resources Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Alaska and Northwest Canada '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian volcanoes '' . CAT. INIST . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Volcanoes of Canada '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Garibaldi Volcanic Belt '' . Calalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Meager '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chilcotin Plateau basalts '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anahim Volcanic Belt '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Kamchatka & Kuril Islands Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 01 Jump up ^ `` LIST : Japan quake seventh largest in history '' . Smh.com.au. 2011 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ RI sits on Pacific `` ring of fire '' : official Jump up ^ `` GeoNet Hazards Monitoring Network '' . Jump up ^ `` Science Annual Report '' . GNS. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . USGS CVO . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` GeoNet '' . New Zealand . ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Crater Lake Climb '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Central North Island Volcanoes '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Contingency Plan for the Auckland Volcanic Field '' ( PDF ) . Auckland Regional Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyong : Antarctica . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory '' . New Mexico Tech . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maps of the Pacific Ring of Fire . Historic Earthquakes & Earthquake Statistics at the United States Geological Survey DESCRIPTION : `` Ring of Fire '' , Plate Tectonics , Sea - Floor Spreading , Subduction Zones , `` Hot Spots '' at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory , Vancouver , Washington Web site . Map of the Ring of Fire Ring of Fire , tectonic activity The Ring of Fire at work Physical World Map 2004 - 04 - 01 CIA World Factbook ; Robinson Projection ; standard parallels 38 ° N and 38 ° S Regions of the world Regions of Africa North Mediterranean Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Maghreb Barbary Coast Barbara Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains ( Middle Atlas ) Sahara Western Sahara Sahel Eastern Mediterranean Egypt Upper Egypt Middle Egypt Lower Egypt Cataracts of the Nile Bashmur Nubia Lower Nubia Nile Valley Nile Delta Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Sub-Saharan East Aethiopia Swahili coast East African Rift Great Rift Valley Afar Triangle Danakil Desert Danakil Alps Albertine Rift Virunga Mountains Gregory Rift Valley Southern Rift Valley Rift Valley lakes African Great Lakes Mittelafrika Horn of Africa Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna East African montane forests Sub-Saharan Central Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau Sub-Saharan West Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Sudanian Savanna Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Sudan ( region ) Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Sub-Saharan South Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa Francophone Africa Lusophone Africa Arabophone Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Tropical Africa Islands Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Frontier Strip Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of South America North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan_Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Related subjects and articles Countries of the Pacific Ring of Fire Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Colombia Chile Costa Rica Ecuador East Timor El Salvador Micronesia Fiji Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Japan Kiribati Mexico New Zealand Nicaragua Palau Papua New Guinea Panama Peru Philippines Russia Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu United States Oceanic Trenches of the Pacific Ring of Fire Aleutian Trench Bougainville Trench Kermadec Trench Izu Bonin Trench Japan Trench Kurile Trench Mariana Trench Middle America Trench Peru -- Chile Trench Philippine Trench Ryukyu Trench Tonga Trench Yap Trench Tectonic Plates of the Pacific Ring of Fire Antarctic Plate Australian Plate Caribbean Plate Cocos Plate Eurasian Plate Explorer Plate Gorda Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Nazca Plate North American Plate Pacific Plate Philippine Sea Plate Rivera Plate South American Plate Volcanoes of the Pacific Ring of Fire Baker Bulusan Cold Bay Concepción Fuego Fuji Galeras Hood Mount Erebus Krakatoa Mayon Cascade Volcanoes Merapi Momotombo Novarupta Parícutin Pico de Orizaba Pinatubo Popocatépetl Shasta Rainier Ruapehu Nevado del Ruiz Saint Helens Tambora Taranaki Tungurahua Usu Hoodoo Edziza Tseax The Volcano Meager Garibaldi Cayley Silverthrone Volcano Mountain Other Notable Geographic Features of the Pacific Ring of Fire Alaska Aleutian Islands American cordillera Andes Antarctica Bali Borneo Bougainville British Columbia California Cascade Range Challenger Deep Coast Mountains Fais Island Flores Guam Honshū Insular Mountains Java Kamchatka Kurile Islands Luzon Mariana Islands Melanesia Micronesia Mindanao New Guinea North Island ( NZL ) Northern Mariana Islands Oregon Pacific Coast Range Pacific Ocean Polynesia Rocky Mountains San Andreas Fault Queen Charlotte Fault Sierra Madre ( PHL ) Sierra Madre ( USA ) Sierra Madre del Sur Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Madre Oriental South Island ( NZL ) Sulawesi Timor Washington Yap Yukon Territory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_of_Fire&oldid=809046344 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Volcanology Geographic areas of seismological interest Geography of Oceania Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean Extreme points of Earth Hidden categories : Articles using GVP links in vnum format All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 20 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | describe the pattern of volcanoes located in and around the pacific ocean | [
"The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics: the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates.[7] The eastern section of the ring is the result of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate being subducted beneath the westward-moving South American Plate. The Cocos Plate is being subducted beneath the Caribbean Plate, in Central America. A portion of the Pacific Plate and the small Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted beneath the North American Plate. Along the northern portion, the northwestward-moving Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Aleutian Islands arc. Farther west, the Pacific plate is being subducted along the Kamchatka Peninsula arcs on south past Japan. The southern portion is more complex, with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands, the Philippines, Bougainville, Tonga, and New Zealand; this portion excludes Australia, since it lies in the center of its tectonic plate. Indonesia lies between the Ring of Fire along the northeastern islands adjacent to and including New Guinea and the Alpide belt along the south and west from Sumatra, Java, Bali, Flores, and Timor. The famous and very active San Andreas Fault zone of California is a transform fault which offsets a portion of the East Pacific Rise under southwestern United States and Mexico. The motion of the fault generates numerous small earthquakes, at multiple times a day, most of which are too small to be felt.[8][9] The active Queen Charlotte Fault on the west coast of the Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, has generated three large earthquakes during the 20th century: a magnitude 7 event in 1929; a magnitude 8.1 in 1949 (Canada's largest recorded earthquake); and a magnitude 7.4 in 1970.[10]"
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"result of plate tectonics: the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates."
] |
-7785459707171178169 | List of career achievements by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar | List of career achievements by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar - wikipedia List of career achievements by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Jump to : navigation , search This is page of achievements of greatest basketball player of all time - Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 1.1 NBA achievements 1.2 College 2 NBA statistics 2.1 Averages 2.2 Totals 3 Career highs 3.1 Regular season 3.2 Playoffs 3.3 40 - point games 3.4 50 - point games 3.5 30 - rebound games 3.6 Top shot - blocking efforts 4 NBA records and former records 4.1 Regular season 4.1. 1 Service 4.1. 2 Scoring 4.1. 3 Field goals 4.1. 4 Rebounding 4.1. 5 Personal fouls 4.1. 6 Blocked shots 4.2 Playoffs 4.2. 1 Service 4.2. 2 Scoring 4.2. 3 Field goals 4.2. 4 Rebounding 4.2. 5 Blocked shots 4.2. 6 Personal fouls 4.3 Finals 4.3. 1 Service 4.3. 2 Scoring 4.3. 3 Field goals 4.3. 4 Blocked shots 4.4 All - Star 4.5 Other records 5 See also 5.1 NBA 5.2 College 6 References 7 External links Awards ( edit ) NBA achievements ( edit ) Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 1995 6 - time NBA champion : 1971 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 10 NBA Finals appearances : 1971 , 1974 , 1980 , 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 -- 1989 6 - time NBA Most Valuable Player : 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 2 - time scoring champion : 1971 , 1972 1 - time rebounding leader : 1976 4 - time blocks leader : 1975 -- 1976 , 1979 -- 1980 1 - time field goal percentage leader : 1977 19 - time NBA All - Star : 1970 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1989 Selected , but did not play due to personal reasons in 1973 . 2 - time NBA Finals Most Valuable Player : 1971 , 1985 15 - time All - NBA selection : First Team : 1971 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1980 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 Second Team : 1970 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1985 11 - time All - Defensive selection : First Team : 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 Second Team : 1970 , 1971 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1984 NBA All - Rookie selection : First Team : 1970 NBA Rookie of the Year : 1970 6 - time The Sporting News Most Valuable Player : 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year : 1985 Ranked # 7 by SLAM Magazine 's Top 50 Players of All - time Selected in 1996 as one of the `` 50 Greatest Players in NBA History '' Selected in 1996 as member of one of the `` Top 10 Teams in NBA History '' 1986 -- 87 Los Angeles Lakers ( 65 -- 17 ; . 793 ) A statue of Abdul - Jabbar was unveiled in front of Staples Center on Chick Hearn Court in Los Angeles on November 16 , 2012 . College ( edit ) National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame ( 2007 ) Three - time NCAA champion ( 1967 , 1968 , 1969 ) Most Outstanding Player in NCAA Tournament ( 1967 , 1968 , 1969 ) Player of the Year ( 1967 , 1969 ) Three - time First Team All - American ( 1967 , 1968 , 1969 ) Naismith College Player of the Year ( 1969 ) 3 × First - team All - Pac - 8 ( 1967 -- 1969 ) NBA statistics ( edit ) † Denotes seasons in which Abdul - Jabbar won an NBA Championship Led the league Bold Denotes career highs GP Games played GS Games started W-L Games won - Games lost MIN Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage OFF Offensive rebounds per game DEF Defensive rebounds per game REB Total rebounds per game AST Assists per game STL Steals per game BLK Blocks per game TOV Turnovers per game PF Fouls per game PTS Points per game Averages ( edit ) Season Age Team GP GS MIN FG % FT % OFF DEF REB AST STL BLK TOV PF PTS 1969 -- 70 22 - 23 Milwaukee 82 43.1 . 518 . 653 14.5 4.1 3.5 28.8 1970 -- 71 † 23 - 24 Milwaukee 82 82 40.1 . 577 . 690 16.0 3.3 3.2 31.7 1971 -- 72 24 - 25 Milwaukee 81 81 44.2 . 574 . 689 16.6 4.6 2.9 34.8 1972 -- 73 25 - 26 Milwaukee 76 76 42.8 . 554 . 713 16.1 5.0 2.7 30.2 1973 -- 74 26 - 27 Milwaukee 81 81 43.8 . 539 . 702 3.5 11.0 14.5 4.8 1.4 3.5 2.9 27.0 1974 -- 75 27 - 28 Milwaukee 65 64 42.3 . 513 . 763 3.0 11.0 14.0 4.1 1.0 3.3 3.2 30.0 1975 -- 76 28 - 29 Los Angeles 82 82 41.2 . 529 . 703 3.3 13.5 16.9 5.0 1.5 4.1 3.6 27.7 1976 -- 77 29 - 30 Los Angeles 82 82 36.8 . 579 . 701 3.2 10.0 13.3 3.9 1.2 3.2 3.2 26.2 1977 -- 78 30 - 31 Los Angeles 62 62 36.5 . 550 . 783 3.0 9.9 12.9 4.3 1.7 3.0 3.4 2.9 25.8 1978 -- 79 31 - 32 Los Angeles 80 80 39.5 . 577 . 736 2.6 10.2 12.8 5.4 1.0 4.0 3.5 2.9 23.8 1979 -- 80 † 32 - 33 Los Angeles 82 81 38.3 . 604 . 765 2.3 8.5 10.8 4.5 1.0 3.4 3.6 2.6 24.8 1980 -- 81 33 - 34 Los Angeles 80 80 37.2 . 574 . 766 2.5 7.8 10.3 3.4 . 7 2.9 3.1 3.1 26.2 1981 -- 82 † 34 - 35 Los Angeles 76 76 35.2 . 579 . 706 2.3 6.4 8.7 3.0 . 8 2.7 3.0 2.9 23.9 1982 -- 83 35 - 36 Los Angeles 79 79 32.3 . 588 . 749 2.1 5.4 7.5 2.5 . 8 2.2 2.5 2.8 21.8 1983 -- 84 36 - 37 Los Angeles 80 80 32.8 . 578 . 723 2.1 5.2 7.3 2.6 . 7 1.8 2.8 2.6 21.5 1984 -- 85 † 37 - 38 Los Angeles 79 79 33.3 . 599 . 732 2.1 5.8 7.9 3.2 . 8 2.1 2.5 3.0 22.0 1985 -- 86 38 - 39 Los Angeles 79 79 33.3 . 564 . 765 1.7 4.4 6.1 3.5 . 8 1.6 2.6 3.1 23.4 1986 -- 87 † 39 - 40 Los Angeles 78 78 31.3 . 564 . 714 1.9 4.8 6.7 2.6 . 6 1.2 2.4 3.1 17.5 1987 -- 88 † 40 - 41 Los Angeles 80 80 28.9 . 532 . 762 1.5 4.5 6.0 1.7 . 6 1.2 2.0 2.7 14.6 1988 -- 89 41 - 42 Los Angeles 74 74 22.9 . 475 . 739 1.4 3.1 4.5 1.0 . 5 1.1 1.3 2.6 10.1 Career 1,560 36.8 . 559 . 721 2.4 7.6 11.2 3.6 . 9 2.6 2.7 3.0 24.6 Playoffs 237 37.3 . 533 . 740 2.6 6.5 10.5 3.2 1.0 2.4 2.6 3.4 24.3 All - Star 18 13 24.9 . 493 . 820 2.2 7.8 8.3 2.8 . 4 2.1 2.5 3.2 13.9 Totals ( edit ) Season Age Team GP GS W-L MIN FGM FGA FTM FTA OFF DEF REB AST STL BLK TOV PF PTS 1969 -- 70 22 - 23 Milwaukee 82 56 - 26 3,534 938 1,810 485 743 1,190 337 283 2,361 1970 -- 71 † 23 - 24 Milwaukee 82 82 66 - 16 3,288 1,063 1,843 470 681 1,311 272 264 2,596 1971 -- 72 24 - 25 Milwaukee 81 81 62 - 19 3,583 1,159 2,019 504 732 1,346 370 235 2,822 1972 -- 73 25 - 26 Milwaukee 76 76 54 - 22 3,254 982 1,772 328 460 1,224 379 208 2,292 1973 -- 74 26 - 27 Milwaukee 81 81 58 - 23 3,548 948 1,759 295 420 287 891 1,178 386 112 283 238 2,191 1974 -- 75 27 - 28 Milwaukee 65 64 35 - 30 2,747 812 1,584 325 426 194 718 912 264 65 212 205 1,949 1975 -- 76 28 - 29 Los Angeles 82 82 40 - 42 3,379 914 1,728 447 636 272 1,111 1,383 413 119 338 292 2,275 1976 -- 77 29 - 30 Los Angeles 82 82 53 - 29 3,016 888 1,533 376 536 266 824 1,090 319 101 261 262 2,152 1977 -- 78 30 - 31 Los Angeles 62 62 37 - 25 2,265 663 1,205 274 350 186 615 801 269 103 185 208 182 1,600 1978 -- 79 31 - 32 Los Angeles 80 80 46 - 34 3,157 777 1,347 349 474 207 818 1,025 431 76 316 282 230 1,903 1979 -- 80 † 32 - 33 Los Angeles 82 81 60 - 22 3,143 835 1,383 364 476 190 696 886 371 81 280 297 216 2,034 1980 -- 81 33 - 34 Los Angeles 80 80 52 - 28 2,976 836 1,457 423 552 197 624 821 272 59 228 249 244 2,095 1981 -- 82 † 34 - 35 Los Angeles 76 76 51 - 25 2,677 753 1,301 312 442 172 487 659 225 63 207 230 224 1,818 1982 -- 83 35 - 36 Los Angeles 79 79 57 - 22 2,554 722 1,228 278 371 167 425 592 200 61 170 200 220 1,722 1983 -- 84 36 - 37 Los Angeles 80 80 53 - 27 2,622 716 1,238 285 394 169 418 587 211 55 143 221 211 1,717 1984 -- 85 † 37 - 38 Los Angeles 79 79 60 - 19 2,630 723 1,207 289 395 162 460 622 249 63 162 197 238 1,735 1985 -- 86 38 - 39 Los Angeles 79 79 61 - 18 2,629 755 1,338 336 439 133 345 478 280 67 130 203 248 1,846 1986 -- 87 † 39 - 40 Los Angeles 78 78 63 - 15 2,441 560 993 245 343 152 371 523 203 49 97 186 245 1,366 1987 -- 88 † 40 - 41 Los Angeles 80 80 60 - 20 2,308 480 903 205 269 118 360 478 135 48 92 159 216 1,165 1988 -- 89 41 - 42 Los Angeles 74 74 50 - 24 1,695 313 659 122 165 103 231 334 74 38 85 95 196 748 Career 1,560 1,074 - 486 57,446 15,837 28,307 6,712 9,304 2,975 9,394 17,440 5,660 1,160 3,189 2,527 4,657 38,387 Playoffs 237 154 - 83 8,851 2,356 4,422 1,050 1,419 505 1,273 2,481 767 189 476 447 797 5,762 All - Star 18 13 9 - 9 449 105 213 41 50 33 84 149 51 6 31 28 57 251 Career highs ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Stat High Opponent Date Points 55 vs. Boston Celtics 000000001971 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1971 Field goals made , no misses 11 -- 11 vs. Phoenix Suns 000000001985 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1985 Field goals made 24 ( 2 OT ) vs. Houston Rockets 000000001973 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1973 Field goal attempts 39 at Los Angeles Lakers 000000001972 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 1972 Free throws made 20 at Boston Celtics 000000001970 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1970 Free throw attempts 25 at Boston Celtics 000000001970 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1970 Rebounds 34 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001975 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1975 Defensive rebounds 29 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001975 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1975 Assists 14 at Seattle SuperSonics 000000001973 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1973 Minutes played 60 ( 4 OT ) at Cleveland Cavaliers 000000001980 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1980 Playoffs ( edit ) Stat High Opponent Date Points 46 vs. Philadelphia 76ers 000000001970 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1970 Field goals made 20 at Chicago Bulls 000000001974 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 1974 Field goal attempts 37 vs. Los Angeles Lakers 000000001972 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1972 Free throws made 13 vs. Golden State Warriors 000000001977 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1977 Free throw attempts 18 vs. Golden State Warriors 000000001977 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1977 Rebounds 31 vs. New York Knicks 000000001970 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1970 Defensive rebounds 18 vs. Golden State Warriors 000000001977 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1977 Assists 11 at New York Knicks 000000001970 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1970 Steals 6 at Portland Trail Blazers 000000001985 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1985 Blocked shots 9 vs. Golden State Warriors 000000001977 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1977 40 - point games ( edit ) 70 times in the regular season 55 with Milwaukee Bucks 15 with Los Angeles Lakers 50 - point games ( edit ) All of Abdul - Jabbar 's 50 - point efforts occurred while he played for the Milwaukee Bucks . His career high as a Laker was 48 points against the Portland Trail Blazers on 000000001975 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1975 . Points Opponent Home / Away Date Minutes played FGM FGA FTM FTA Rebounds Assists 55 Boston Celtics Home 000000001971 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1971 47 23 36 9 11 18 53 Cleveland Cavaliers Away 000000001970 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1970 45 20 32 13 14 11 53 Boston Celtics Away 000000001971 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1971 48 22 31 9 14 14 7 53 Cleveland Cavaliers Away 000000001972 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1972 48 23 31 7 9 14 8 53 Philadelphia 76ers Home 000000001972 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1972 48 18 28 17 22 13 9 52 Atlanta Hawks Home 000000001975 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1975 43 18 29 16 20 10 51 Seattle SuperSonics Neutral 000000001970 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1970 min 18 25 15 23 reb ast 51 Boston Celtics Away 000000001972 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1972 48 21 36 9 14 17 7 50 Los Angeles Lakers Away 000000001972 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 1972 46 22 39 6 8 8 50 Portland Trail Blazers Home 000000001975 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 1975 45 18 30 14 16 15 11 30 - rebound games ( edit ) 3 times in the regular season Offensive rebounds Defensive rebounds Rebounds Team Opponent Home / Away Date 5 29 34 Los Angeles Lakers Detroit Pistons Home 000000001975 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1975 -- -- 30 Milwaukee Bucks Boston Celtics Away 000000001971 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1971 7 23 30 Los Angeles Lakers New Jersey Nets Away 000000001978 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1978 Top shot - blocking efforts ( edit ) Occurred in playoff competition Blocks Opponent Home / Away Date Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists 11 Detroit Pistons Away 000000001975 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1975 46 29 21 11 Detroit Pistons Home 000000001978 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1978 43 27 16 11 Kansas City Kings Home 000000001979 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1979 41 25 15 10 ( OT ) Detroit Pistons Home 000000001973 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1973 53 19 16 5 10 ( OT ) Atlanta Hawks Home 000000001975 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1975 49 39 23 5 10 Atlanta Hawks Home 000000001980 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1980 39 28 15 10 Detroit Pistons Home 000000001982 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1982 35 19 10 0 9 Phoenix Suns Away 000000001973 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1973 39 18 17 9 Milwaukee Bucks Away 000000001975 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 1975 45 30 20 5 9 Portland Trail Blazers Home 000000001975 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1975 46 41 20 9 Phoenix Suns Home 000000001977 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1977 26 28 12 9 Golden State Warriors Home 000000001977 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1977 40 40 19 9 New Orleans Jazz Away 000000001978 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1978 48 34 16 6 9 Chicago Bulls Away 000000001978 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1978 44 18 10 8 9 Indiana Pacers Away 000000001978 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1978 40 25 13 8 NBA Records and former Records ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Service ( edit ) Seasons : 20 ( Milwaukee Bucks , 1969 -- 70 -- 1974 -- 75 ; Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 -- 1988 -- 89 ) Broken by Robert Parish in 1996 -- 97 Games , career : 1,560 Broken by Robert Parish on April 6 , 1996 Minutes , career : 57,446 Scoring ( edit ) Points , career : 38,387 Seasons scoring 2,000 or more points : 9 ( 1969 -- 70 -- 1973 -- 74 , 1975 -- 76 -- 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 -- 1980 -- 81 ) Broken by Michael Jordan and Karl Malone in 1997 -- 98 Seasons scoring 1,000 or more points : 19 ( 1969 -- 70 -- 1987 -- 88 ) Consecutive games scoring 10 or more points : 787 , December 4 , 1977 to December 2 , 1987 Broken by Michael Jordan on December 30 , 1997 Field goals ( edit ) Field goals made , career : 15,837 Field goal attempts , career : 28,307 Rebounding ( edit ) Defensive rebounds , career : 9,394 Broken by Robert Parish on January 26 , 1994 Defensive rebounds , season : 1,111 ( 1975 -- 76 ) Defensive rebounds , game : 29 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Detroit Pistons , December 14 , 1975 Personal fouls ( edit ) Personal fouls , career : 4,657 Blocked shots ( edit ) Seasons leading the league in blocked shots : 4 ( 1974 -- 75 -- 1975 -- 76 , 1978 -- 79 -- 1979 -- 80 ) Tied by Mark Eaton and Marcus Camby Consecutive seasons leading the league in blocked shots : 2 ( 1974 -- 75 -- 1975 -- 76 , 1978 -- 79 -- 1979 -- 80 ) Broken by Dikembe Mutombo in 1995 -- 96 Blocked shots , career : 3,189 Broken by Hakeem Olajuwon on April 21 , 1996 Playoffs ( edit ) Service ( edit ) Years played : 18 Games , career : 237 Broken by Robert Horry on May 13 , 2008 Minutes played , career : 8,851 Broken by Tim Duncan on June 12 , 2014 Minutes played , 7 - game series : 345 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Boston Celtics , 1974 NBA Finals Scoring ( edit ) Points , career : 5,762 Broken by Michael Jordan on May 31 , 1998 Consecutive games scoring 20 or more points : 57 , April 13 , 1973 to April 5 , 1981 Broken by Michael Jordan on May 2 , 1993 Consecutive games scoring 20 or more points , from start of playoff career : 27 Games scoring 10 or more points , career : 223 Broken by Tim Duncan on June 12 , 2014 Field goals ( edit ) Field goals made , career : 2,356 Field goals made , 4 - game series : 65 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Chicago Bulls , 1974 Western Conference Finals Field goal attempts , career : 4,422 Broken by Michael Jordan on June 10 , 1998 Rebounding ( edit ) Offensive rebounds , 5 - game series : 29 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Los Angeles Lakers , 1974 Western Conference Semifinals Broken by Hakeem Olajuwon in 1985 Defensive rebounds , 4 - game series : 62 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Chicago Bulls , 1974 Western Conference Finals Defensive rebounds , 5 - game series : 61 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Los Angeles Lakers , 1974 Western Conference Semifinals Broken by Jack Sikma in 1979 Defensive rebounds , 7 - game series : 95 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Golden State Warriors , 1977 Western Conference Semifinals Blocked shots ( edit ) Blocked shots , career : 476 Broken by Tim Duncan on May 31 , 2012 Blocked shots , 3 - game series : 15 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Denver Nuggets , 1979 Western Conference First Round Broken by Manute Bol in 1989 Blocked shots , 4 - game series : 15 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Portland Trail Blazers , 1977 Western Conference Finals Broken by Mark Eaton in 1986 Blocked shots , game : 9 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Golden State Warriors , April 22 , 1977 Broken by Mark Eaton on April 26 , 1985 Personal fouls ( edit ) Personal fouls , career : 797 Finals ( edit ) Service ( edit ) Highest average , minutes per game , any championship series : 49.3 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Boston Celtics , 1974 ( 345 / 7 ) Minutes , 7 - game series : 345 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Boston Celtics , 1974 Minutes , game : 58 , Milwaukee Bucks at Boston Celtics , May 10 , 1974 ( 2 OT ) Broken by Garfield Heard and Jo Jo White on June 4 , 1976 ( 3 OT ) Scoring ( edit ) Points , 4 - game series : 108 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Baltimore Bullets , 1971 Broken by Rick Barry in 1975 Scoring 20 or more points in all games , 7 - game series : Milwaukee Bucks vs. Boston Celtics , 1974 Also achieved by Bob Pettit ( 1960 ) , Elgin Baylor ( 1962 ) , Jerry West ( 1962 , 1969 , 1970 ) , Larry Bird ( 1984 ) , Hakeem Olajuwon ( 1994 ) and Kobe Bryant ( 2010 ) Field goals ( edit ) Highest field goal percentage , 4 - game series : . 605 ( 46 -- 76 ) , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Baltimore Bullets , 1971 Broken by Derrek Dickey in 1975 Field goals , 4 - game series : 46 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Baltimore Bullets , 1971 Blocked shots ( edit ) Blocked shots , career : 116 Blocked shots , 6 - game series : 23 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Philadelphia 76ers , 1980 Broken by Tim Duncan in 2003 All - Star ( edit ) Points , career : 251 Broken by Michael Jordan in 2003 Games , career : 18 Minutes , career : 449 Field goals made , career : 105 Broken by Michael Jordan in 2003 Field goal attempts , career : 213 Broken by Michael Jordan in 2003 Blocked shots , career : 31 Personal fouls , career : 57 Personal fouls , game : 6 ( 1970 ) Other Records ( edit ) All - NBA Team selections : 15 Tied by Kobe Bryant NBA Most Valuable Player Awards ( regular season ) : 6 One of five players in NBA history to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season ( 1975 -- 76 ) Averaged 4.1 blocks and 16.9 rebounds per game . The other four players are Bill Walton ( 1976 -- 77 ) , Hakeem Olajuwon ( 1989 -- 90 ) , Ben Wallace ( 2001 -- 02 ) , and Dwight Howard ( 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) . One of two players in NBA history to win the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award with two different franchises Abdul - Jabbar won the award with the Milwaukee Bucks in 1971 and with the Los Angeles Lakers in 1985 . Also won by LeBron James with the Miami Heat in 2012 and 2013 and the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016 . One of fourteen players in NBA history to win at least six NBA championships Also includes Scottie Pippen ( 6 ) , Michael Jordan ( 6 ) , Bob Cousy ( 6 ) , Steve Kerr ( 7 ) 2 as a coach . Robert Horry ( 7 ) , Frank Ramsey ( 7 ) , Jim Loscutoff ( 7 ) , John Havlicek ( 8 ) , Satch Sanders ( 8 ) , K.C. Jones ( 8 ) , Tom Heinsohn ( 8 ) , Sam Jones ( 10 ) , and Bill Russell ( 11 ) See also ( edit ) NBA ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association players with 1,000 games played List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association annual rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association annual blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association season field goal percentage leaders List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders College ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 2000 points and 1000 rebounds References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers '' . Basketball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points Per Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Finals Most Valuable Player Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - NBA Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - NBA and All - ABA Teams '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Defensive Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Defensive Teams '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - Rookie Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - Rookie Teams '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Postseason Awards : Rookie of the Year '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The New Top 50 '' . SLAM . slamonline.com . June 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor Archived 2009 - 04 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutList of career achievements by Kareem Abdul - Jabbarat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official Kareem Abdul - Jabbar website Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 's Blog Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_career_achievements_by_Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar&oldid=824311198 '' Categories : Career achievements of basketball players Los Angeles Lakers Milwaukee Bucks Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 16 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | kareem abdul jabbar most points in one game | [
"\n\nStat\nHigh\nOpponent\nDate\n\n\nPoints\n55\nvs. Boston Celtics\n000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971\n\n\nField goals made, no misses\n11–11\nvs. Phoenix Suns\n000000001985-12-12-0000December 12, 1985\n\n\nField goals made\n24 (2 OT)\nvs. Houston Rockets\n000000001973-01-25-0000January 25, 1973\n\n\nField goal attempts\n39\nat Los Angeles Lakers\n000000001972-03-17-0000March 17, 1972\n\n\nFree throws made\n20\nat Boston Celtics\n000000001970-03-08-0000March 8, 1970\n\n\nFree throw attempts\n25\nat Boston Celtics\n000000001970-03-08-0000March 8, 1970\n\n\nRebounds\n34\nvs. Detroit Pistons\n000000001975-12-14-0000December 14, 1975\n\n\nDefensive rebounds\n29\nvs. Detroit Pistons\n000000001975-12-14-0000December 14, 1975\n\n\nAssists\n14\nat Seattle SuperSonics\n000000001973-03-21-0000March 21, 1973\n\n\nMinutes played\n60 (4 OT)\nat Cleveland Cavaliers\n000000001980-01-29-0000January 29, 1980\n\n"
] | [
"55"
] |
-4225188454531628787 | Porgy and Bess | Porgy and Bess - Wikipedia Porgy and Bess Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Porgy and Bess ( disambiguation ) . Porgy and Bess Opera by George Gershwin Boston try - out prior to the Broadway opening Librettist DuBose Heyward Language English Based on Heyward 's novel Porgy Premiere September 30 , 1935 ( 1935 - 09 - 30 ) Colonial Theatre ( Boston ) Porgy and Bess is an English - language opera by the American composer George Gershwin , with a libretto written by author DuBose Heyward and lyricist Ira Gershwin . It was adapted from Heyward 's play Porgy , itself an adaptation of his 1925 novel of the same name . Porgy and Bess was first performed in Boston on September 30 , 1935 , before it moved to Broadway in New York City . It featured a cast of classically trained African - American singers -- a daring artistic choice at the time . After suffering from an initially unpopular public reception due in part to its racially charged theme , a 1976 Houston Grand Opera production gained it new popularity , and it is now one of the best - known and most frequently performed operas . Gershwin read Porgy in 1926 and proposed to Heyward to collaborate on an operatic version . In 1934 , Gershwin and Heyward began work on the project by visiting the author 's native Charleston . In a 1935 New York Times article , Gershwin explained why he called Porgy and Bess a folk opera : `` Porgy and Bess is a folk tale . Its people naturally would sing folk music . When I first began work in the music I decided against the use of original folk material because I wanted the music to be all of one piece . Therefore I wrote my own spirituals and folksongs . But they are still folk music -- and therefore , being in operatic form , Porgy and Bess becomes a folk opera . '' The libretto of Porgy and Bess tells the story of Porgy , a disabled black street - beggar living in the slums of Charleston , South Carolina . It deals with his attempts to rescue Bess from the clutches of Crown , her violent and possessive lover , and Sportin ' Life , her drug dealer . The opera plot generally follows the stage - play . In the years following Gershwin 's death , Porgy and Bess was adapted for smaller scale performances . It was adapted as a film in 1959 . Some of the songs in the opera , such as `` Summertime '' , became popular and frequently recorded songs . In the late 20th and early 21st centuries , the trend has been toward productions with greater fidelity to Gershwin 's original intentions . Smaller - scale productions also continue to be mounted . A complete recorded version of the score was released in 1976 ; since then , it has been recorded several times . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition history 2 Performance history 2.1 1935 original Broadway production 2.2 1942 Broadway revival 2.3 European premieres 2.4 1952 touring production 2.5 1970 Charleston performances 2.6 1976 Houston Grand Opera production 2.7 Subsequent productions 2.8 2006 The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( Nunn adaptation ) 2.9 2011 The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( Paulus adaptation ) 2.10 2014 The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( London production ) 3 Roles 4 Synopsis 4.1 Act 1 4.2 Act 2 4.3 Act 3 5 Racial controversy 6 Musical elements 6.1 Instrumentation 7 Recordings 7.1 Excerpts 7.2 Complete recordings 8 Adaptations 8.1 Film 8.1. 1 1959 film 8.1. 2 Other films 8.2 Television 8.3 Radio 8.4 Concert 8.5 Piano 8.6 Jazz versions 9 Songs 10 Commendations 11 References 12 External links Composition history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) In the fall of 1933 Gershwin and Heyward signed a contract with the Theatre Guild to write the opera . In the summer of 1934 Gershwin and Heyward went to Folly Beach , South Carolina ( a small island near Charleston ) , where Gershwin got a feel for the locale and its music . He worked on the opera there and in New York . Ira Gershwin , in New York , wrote lyrics to some of the opera 's classic songs , most notably `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' . Most of the lyrics , including `` Summertime '' , were written by Heyward , who also wrote the libretto . Performance history ( edit ) 1935 original Broadway production ( edit ) Gershwin 's first version of the opera , running four hours ( counting the two intermissions ) , was performed privately in a concert version in Carnegie Hall , in the fall of 1935 . He chose as his choral director Eva Jessye , who also directed her own renowned choir . The world premiere performance took place at the Colonial Theatre in Boston on September 30 , 1935 -- the try - out for a work intended initially for Broadway where the opening took place at the Alvin Theatre in New York City on October 10 , 1935 . During rehearsals and in Boston , Gershwin made many cuts and refinements to shorten the running time and tighten the dramatic action . The run on Broadway lasted 124 performances . The production and direction were entrusted to Rouben Mamoulian , who had previously directed the Broadway productions of Heyward 's play Porgy . The music director was Alexander Smallens . The leading roles were played by Todd Duncan and Anne Brown . The influential vaudeville artist John W. Bubbles created the role of Sportin ' Life ; the role of Serena was created by Ruby Elzy . After the Broadway run , a tour started on January 27 , 1936 , in Philadelphia and traveled to Pittsburgh and Chicago before ending in Washington , D.C. , on March 21 , 1936 . During the Washington run , the cast -- as led by Todd Duncan -- protested segregation at the National Theatre . Eventually management gave in to the demands , resulting in the first integrated audience for a performance of any show at that venue . Around 1938 , much of the original cast reunited for a West Coast revival ; Avon Long took on the role of Sportin ' Life . Long continued to reprise his role in several of the following productions . 1942 Broadway revival ( edit ) The noted director and producer Cheryl Crawford produced professional stock theater in Maplewood , New Jersey , for three very successful seasons . The last of these closed with Porgy and Bess , which she co-produced with John Wildberg . In re-fashioning it in the style of musical theatre which Americans were used to hearing from Gershwin , Crawford produced a drastically cut version of the opera compared with the first Broadway staging . The orchestra was reduced , the cast was halved , and many recitatives were reduced to spoken dialog . Having seen the performance , theater owner Lee Shubert arranged for Crawford to bring her production to Broadway . The show opened at the Majestic Theatre in January 1942 . Duncan and Brown reprised their roles as the title characters , with Alexander Smallens again conducting . In June the contralto Etta Moten , whom Gershwin had first envisioned as Bess , replaced Brown in the role . Moten was such a success that Bess became her signature role . The Crawford production ran for nine months and was far more successful financially than the original . Radio station WOR in New York broadcast a live one - hour version on May 7 , 1942 . The cast included Todd Duncan , Anne Brown , Ruby Elzy , Avon Long , Edward Matthews , Harriet Jackson , Georgette Harvey , Jack Carr , and the Eva Jesse Choir ; the WOR Symphony was conducted by Alfred Wallenstein . The 12 `` - diameter 78 rpm , glass base , lacquer - coated disks were transferred to open - reel tape on February 6 , 1975 . European premieres ( edit ) On March 27 , 1943 , the opera had its European premiere at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen . Performed during the Nazi occupation of the country , this performance was notable for being performed by an all - white cast made up in blackface . After 22 sold - out performances , the Nazis closed the production . Other all - white or mostly - white productions in Europe , reflecting contemporary demographics in the countries , took place in Zurich , Switzerland , in 1945 and 1950 , and Gothenburg and Stockholm , Sweden in 1948 . Leontyne Price as Bess 1952 touring production ( edit ) Blevins Davis and Robert Breen produced a revival in 1952 which restored much of the music cut in the Crawford version , including many of the recitatives . It divided the opera into two acts , with the intermission occurring after Crown forces Bess to stay on Kittiwah Island . This version restored the work to a more operatic form , though not all of the recitatives were retained . In this version , Porgy and Bess was warmly received throughout Europe . The London premiere took place on October 9 , 1952 at the Stoll Theatre , where the opera continued until February 10 , 1953 . This production 's original cast featured Americans Leontyne Price as Bess , William Warfield as Porgy , and Cab Calloway as Sportin ' Life , a role that Gershwin had composed with him in mind . The role of Clara was played by a young Maya Angelou . Price and Warfield met and wed while on the tour . The role of Porgy was the first for Warfield after his appearance as Joe , singing `` Ol ' Man River '' in the popular 1951 MGM film of Show Boat . After a tour of Europe financed by the United States Department of State , the production came to Broadway 's Ziegfeld Theatre in March 1953 . It later toured North America . After completing its North American run in Montreal , the company embarked on an international tour , with LeVern Hutcherson as Porgy and Gloria Davy as Bess . The production first performed in Venice , Paris , and London , and in other cities in Belgium , Germany , Greece , Italy , Switzerland , and Yugoslavia . The company also made a stop at the Cairo Opera House in Egypt in January 1955 . In 1955 -- 1956 the company toured in cities in the Middle East , Africa , Russia , and Latin America . During this tour , Porgy and Bess was presented for the first time at La Scala in Milan in February 1955 . A historic yet tense premiere took place in Moscow in December 1955 ; it was during the Cold War and the first time an American theater group had been to the Soviet capital since the Bolshevik Revolution . Author Truman Capote traveled with the cast and crew , and wrote an account included in his book The Muses Are Heard . 1970 Charleston performances ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first performances of Porgy and Bess in Charleston , South Carolina , were presented in 1970 as part of South Carolina 's Tricentennial celebration . The performances were a collaborative effort of the Choraliers Music Club , led by James Edwards , and the Charleston Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Lucien DeGroote . The part of Porgy was played by Reuben Wright . The collaboration of the two groups was evidence that race relations in Charleston had improved . In 1971 excerpts from the opera were presented by the same performers during the inauguration festivities for Governor John C. West . Inclusion of this interracial performance at this time was further evidence of improvement in race relations in South Carolina . 1976 Houston Grand opera production ( edit ) During the 1960s and early 1970s , Porgy and Bess mostly languished on the shelves , a victim of its perceived racism . Though new productions took place in 1961 and 1964 , along with a Vienna Volksoper premiere in 1965 ( again with William Warfield as Porgy ) , these did little to change many African Americans ' opinions of the work . Many music critics still had not accepted it as a true opera . A new staging of Porgy and Bess was produced by the Houston Grand Opera in 1976 under music director John DeMain ; it restored the complete original score for the first time . Following its debut in Houston , the production opened on Broadway at the Uris Theatre on September 25 , 1976 and was recorded complete by RCA Records . This version was very influential in turning the tide of opinion about the work . For the first time , an American opera company , not a Broadway production company , had tackled the opera . This production was based on Gershwin 's original full score . It did not incorporate the cuts and other changes which Gershwin had made before the New York premiere , nor the ones made for the 1942 Cheryl Crawford revival or the 1959 film version . It allowed the public to take in the operatic whole as first envisioned by the composer . In this light , Porgy and Bess was accepted as an opera . Donnie Ray Albert and Robert Mosley alternated performances in the role of Porgy . Clamma Dale and Larry Marshall starred , respectively , as Bess and Sportin ' Life . This production won the Houston Grand Opera a Tony Award -- the only opera ever to receive one -- and a Grammy Award . The conductor was John DeMain . Subsequent productions ( edit ) Another Broadway production was staged in 1983 at Radio City Music Hall with conductor C. William Harwood , based on the Houston production . The Metropolitan Opera finally presented a production of Porgy and Bess in 1985 after considering it since the 1930s . It opened February 6 , 1985 with a cast including Simon Estes , Grace Bumbry , Bruce Hubbard , Gregg Baker and Florence Quivar . The Met production was directed by Nathaniel Merrill and designed by Robert O'Hearn . The conductor was James Levine . The production received 16 performances in its first season and was revived in 1986 , 1989 and 1990 , for a total of 54 performances . Trevor Nunn first tackled the work in an acclaimed 1986 production at England 's Glyndebourne Festival . The 1986 Trevor Nunn production was scenically expanded and videotaped for television in 1993 ( see below in `` Television '' ) . These productions were also based on the `` complete score , '' without incorporating Gershwin 's revisions . A semi-staged version of this production was performed at the Proms in 1998 . The centennial celebration of the Gershwin brothers from 1996 -- 1998 included a new production as well . On February 24 -- 25 , 2006 , the Nashville Symphony , under the direction of John Mauceri , gave a concert performance at the Tennessee Performing Arts Center . It incorporated Gershwin 's cuts made for the New York premiere , thus giving the audience an idea of what the opera sounded like on its Broadway opening . In 2000 and 2002 the New York City Opera had a revival directed by Tazewell Thompson . In 2007 , Los Angeles Opera staged a revival directed by Francesca Zambello and conducted by John DeMain , who led the history - making Houston Opera revival of Porgy and Bess in 1976 . South Africa 's Cape Town Opera has frequently performed Porgy and Bess abroad , most notably with the Welsh National Opera , NorrlandsOperan , Deutsche Oper Berlin and at the Wales Millennium Centre , Royal Festival Hall and Edinburgh Festival Theatre . In October 2010 , its planned tour of the opera to Israel was criticised by Desmond Tutu . 2006 the Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( Nunn adaptation ) ( edit ) The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess premiered on November 9 , 2006 , at the Savoy Theatre ( London ) , directed by Trevor Nunn . ( Although that was the title given to this production , the 1993 television adaptation of Nunn 's 1986 production had also used it . ) For this new production , he adapted the lengthy opera to fit the conventions of musical theatre . Working with the Gershwin and Heyward estates , Nunn used dialogue from the original novel and subsequent Broadway stage play to replace the recitatives with naturalistic scenes . He did not use operatic voices in this production , but relied on musical theatre actors as leads . Gareth Valentine provided the musical adaptation . Despite mostly positive reviews , Nunn 's production closed months early due to poor box office . This original cast of this version included Clarke Peters as Porgy , Nicola Hughes as Bess , O.T. Fagbenle as Sportin ' Life , and Cornell S. John as Crown . 2011 the Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( Paulus adaptation ) ( edit ) Another production titled The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess , directed by Diane Paulus , with book adapted by Suzan - Lori Parks , and music adapted by Diedre Murray , was presented by the American Repertory Theater ( ART ) in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Broadway production was produced by Buddy Freitag and Barbara Freitag . Previews started August 17 , and the show opened August 31 , 2011 . Following Trevor Nunn 's latest production of the work , the ART Porgy was the second production initiated by the Gershwin and Heyward estates to adapt the opera for the musical theatre stage . Again spoken dialogue , here written by Parks , replaced the opera 's sung recitatives . William David Brohn and Christopher Jahnke created new orchestrations for the production . Prior to the opening , Paulus , Parks and Murray made statements to the press about the production 's primary goal being to `` introduce the work to the next generation of theatergoers '' . They discussed changes to the opera 's plot , dialogue and score that were being explored to make the work more appealing to a contemporary audience . In response , Stephen Sondheim wrote an editorial letter criticizing Paulus , McDonald and Park 's `` disdain '' toward the work , and criticized the new title because it underplayed the contribution of Heyward . Critic Hilton Als countered in The New Yorker that Sondheim had very little exposure to black culture and that the Paulus version succeeded in `` humanizing the depiction of race onstage . '' The production began previews on Broadway at the Richard Rodgers Theatre in December 2011 and officially opened on January 12 , 2012 . The original cast included Audra McDonald as Bess , Norm Lewis as Porgy , David Alan Grier as Sportin ' Life , Phillip Boykin as Crown , Nikki Renee Daniels as Clara , and Joshua Henry as Jake . All of the major roles are played by the same cast as in Cambridge . Early reviews of the show were positive to mixed . All praised McDonald 's performance of Bess , but critics were divided on the success of the adaptation , staging and setting . Some praised the intimate scale of the drama and the believability of the performances ; others found the staging to be unfocused and the settings to lack atmosphere . Time magazine ranked the show as its number two choice among theatre productions in 2011 . The production was nominated for 10 awards in the 2012 Tony Awards , winning Best Revival of a Musical and Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical for McDonald . The production ran through September 23 , 2012 . It played 322 performances , 17 more than the 1953 revival , making it the longest - running production of Porgy and Bess on Broadway thus far . 2014 the Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( London production ) ( edit ) This production ran at the Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre from 17 July to 23 August . Cast members included Rufus Bonds Jr ( Porgy ) , Nicola Hughes ( Bess ) , Cedric Neal ( Sportin ' Life ) , Phillip Boykin ( Crown ) , Sharon D. Clarke ( Mariah ) , Jade Ewen ( Clara ) and Golda Rosheuvel ( Serena ) . The production was directed by Timothy Sheader , and also used the book adapted by Suzan - Lori Parks , and music adapted by Diedre Murray . It was nominated at the Olivier Awards for Best Musical Revival . Roles ( edit ) Role Voice type Premiere cast September 30 , 1935 ( Conductor : Alexander Smallens ) Porgy , a disabled beggar bass - baritone Todd Duncan Bess , Crown 's girl soprano Anne Brown Crown , a tough stevedore baritone Warren Coleman Sportin ' Life , a dope peddler tenor John W. Bubbles Robbins , an inhabitant of Catfish Row tenor Henry Davis Serena , Robbins ' wife soprano Ruby Elzy Jake , a fisherman baritone Edward Matthews Clara , Jake 's wife soprano Abbie Mitchell Maria , keeper of the cook - shop contralto Georgette Harvey Mingo tenor Ford L. Buck Peter , the honeyman tenor Gus Simons Lily , Peter 's wife soprano Helen Dowdy Frazier , a black `` lawyer '' baritone J. Rosamond Johnson Annie mezzo - soprano Olive Ball Strawberry woman mezzo - soprano Helen Dowdy Jim , a cotton picker baritone Jack Carr Undertaker baritone John Garth Nelson tenor Ray Yeates Crab man tenor Ray Yeates Scipio , a small boy boy soprano Mr. Archdale , a white lawyer spoken George Lessey Detective spoken Alexander Campbell Policeman spoken Burton McEvilly Coroner spoken George Carleton The Eva Jessye Choir , led by Eva Jessye With the exception of the small speaking roles , all of the characters are black . Synopsis ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Place : Catfish Row , a fictitious black tenement ( once , a mansion of the aristocracy ) on the waterfront of Charleston , South Carolina . Time : The `` recent past '' ( c. 1930 ) . Act 1 ( edit ) Scene 1 : Catfish Row , a summer evening The opera begins with a short introduction which segues into an evening in Catfish Row . Jasbo Brown entertains the community with his piano playing . Clara , a young mother , sings a lullaby to her baby ( `` Summertime '' ) as the working men prepare for a game of craps ( `` Roll them Bones '' ) . One of the players , Robbins , scorns his wife Serena 's demands that he not play , retorting that on a Saturday night , a man has the right to play . Clara 's husband , the fisherman Jake , tries his own lullaby ( `` A Woman is a Sometime Thing '' ) with little effect . Little by little , other characters in the opera enter Catfish Row , among them Mingo , another fisherman , and Jim , a stevedore who , tired of his job , decides to give it up and join Jake and the other fishermen . Porgy , a disabled beggar , enters on his goat cart to organize the game . Peter , an elderly `` honey man '' returns , singing his vendor 's call . Crown , a strong and brutal stevedore , storms in with his woman , Bess , and buys cheap whiskey and some `` Happy Dust '' off the local dope peddler , Sportin ' Life . Bess is shunned by the women of the community , especially the pious Serena and the matriarchal cookshop owner Maria , but Porgy softly defends her . The game begins . One by one , the players get crapped out , leaving only Robbins and Crown , who has become extremely drunk . When Robbins wins , Crown attempts to prevent him from taking his winnings . A brawl ensues , which ends when Crown stabs Robbins with a cotton hook , killing him . Crown runs , telling Bess to fend for herself but that he will be back for her when the heat dies down . Sportin ' Life gives her a dose of happy dust and offers to take her with him when he goes to New York , but she rejects him . He flees , and Bess begins to pound on doors , but is rejected by all of the residents of Catfish Row , with the exception of Porgy , who lets her in . Scene 2 : Serena 's Room , the following night `` My Man 's Gone Now '' sung by Cynthia Clarey in the Glyndebourne production ( stage version ) The mourners sing a spiritual to Robbins ( `` Gone , Gone , Gone '' ) . To raise money for his burial , a saucer is placed on his chest for the mourners ' donations ( `` Overflow '' ) . Bess enters with Porgy and attempts to donate to the burial fund , but Serena rejects her money until Bess explains that she is now living with Porgy . A white detective enters and coldly tells Serena that she must bury her husband the next day , or his body will be given to medical students ( for dissection ) . He suddenly accuses Peter of Robbins 's murder . Peter denies his guilt and says Crown was the murderer . The Detective orders Peter to be arrested as a material witness , whom he will force to testify against Crown . Serena laments her loss in `` My Man 's Gone Now '' . The undertaker enters . The saucer holds only fifteen dollars of the needed twenty - five , but he agrees to bury Robbins as long as Serena promises to pay him back . Bess , who has been sitting in silence slightly apart from the rest of those gathered , suddenly begins to sing a gospel song and the chorus joyfully join in , welcoming her into the community . ( `` Oh , the Train is at de Station '' ) Act 2 ( edit ) Scene 1 : Catfish Row , a month later , in the morning Jake and the other fishermen prepare for work ( `` It take a long pull to get there '' ) . Clara asks Jake not to go because it is time for the annual storms , but he tells her that they desperately need the money . This causes Porgy to sing from his window about his new , happy - go - lucky outlook on life . ( `` I got plenty o ' nuttin '' ) . Sportin ' Life waltzes around selling `` happy dust '' , but soon incurs the wrath of Maria , who threatens him . ( `` I hates yo ' struttin ' style '' ) . A fraudulent lawyer , Frazier , arrives and farcically divorces Bess from Crown . When he discovers Bess and Crown were not married , he raises his price from a dollar to a dollar and a half . Archdale , a white lawyer , enters and informs Porgy that Peter will soon be released . The bad omen of a buzzard flies over Catfish Row and Porgy demands that it leave now that he finally has found happiness . ( `` Buzzard keep on flyin ' over '' . ) As the rest of Catfish Row prepares for the church picnic on nearby Kittiwah Island , Sportin ' Life again offers to take Bess to New York with him ; she refuses . He attempts to give her some `` happy dust '' despite her claims that she 's given up drugs , but Porgy grabs his arm and scares him off . Sportin ' Life leaves , reminding Bess as he goes that her men friends come and go , but he will be there all along . Bess and Porgy are now left alone , and express their love for each other ( `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' ) . The chorus re-enters in high spirits as they prepare to leave for the picnic ( `` Oh , I ca n't sit down '' ) . Bess is invited to the picnic by Maria , but she demurs as Porgy can not come ( due to his disability , he can not get on the boat ) , but Maria insists . Bess leaves Porgy behind as they go off to the picnic . Porgy watches the boat leave ( `` I got plenty o ' nuttin '' reprise ) . Scene 2 : Kittiwah Island , that evening The chorus enjoys themselves at the picnic ( `` I ai n't got no shame '' ) . Sportin ' Life presents the chorus his cynical views on the Bible ( `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' ) , causing Serena to chastise them ( `` Shame on all you sinners ! '' ) . Everyone gets ready to leave . As Bess , who has lagged behind , tries to follow them , Crown emerges from the bushes . He reminds her that Porgy is `` temporary '' and laughs off her claims that she has been living decently now . Bess wants to leave Crown forever and attempts to make him forget about her ( `` Oh , what you want wid Bess ? '' ) but Crown refuses to give her up . He grabs her and will not let her go to the boat , which leaves without her , and then forcefully kisses her . He laughs at his conquest as her resistance begins to fail , and commands her to get into the woods , where his intentions are only too clear . Scene 3 : Catfish Row , a week later , just before dawn A week later , Jake leaves to go fishing with his crew , one of whom observes that it looks as if a storm is coming in . Peter , still unsure of his crime , returns from prison . Meanwhile , Bess is lying in Porgy 's room delirious with fever , which she has had ever since returning from Kittiwah Island . Serena prays to remove Bess 's affliction ( `` Oh , Doctor Jesus '' ) , and promises Porgy that Bess will be well by five o'clock . As the day passes , a strawberry woman , Peter ( the Honey Man ) and a crab man each pass by with their wares ( `` Vendors ' Trio '' ) . As the clock chimes five , Bess recovers from her fever . Porgy tells Bess that he knows she has been with Crown , and she admits that Crown has promised to return for her . Porgy tells her she is free to go if she wants to , and she tells him that although she wants to stay , she is afraid of Crown 's hold on her . Porgy asks her what would happen if there was no Crown , and Bess tells Porgy she loves him and begs him to protect her , and he promises that she will never have to be afraid again ( `` I Loves You , Porgy '' ) . Clara watches the water , fearful for Jake . Maria tries to allay her fears , but suddenly the hurricane bell begins to ring . Scene 4 : Serena 's Room , dawn of the next day The residents of Catfish Row are all gathered in Serena 's room for shelter from the hurricane . They drown out the sound of the storm with prayers and hymns ( `` Oh , Doctor Jesus '' ) while Sportin ' Life mocks their assumption that the storm is a signal of Judgment Day . Clara desperately sings her lullaby ( `` Summertime '' ( reprise ) ) . A knock is heard at the door , and the chorus believes it to be Death ( `` Oh there 's somebody knocking at the door '' ) . Crown enters dramatically , having swum from Kittiwah Island , seeking Bess . He shows no fear of God , claiming that after the long struggle from Kittiwah , God and he are friends . The chorus tries to drown out his blaspheming with more prayer , and he taunts them by singing a vulgar song . ( `` A red - headed woman '' ) . Suddenly , Clara sees Jake 's boat float past the window , upside - down , and she runs out to try to save him , handing her baby to Bess . Bess asks that one of the men go out with her , and Crown taunts Porgy , who can not go . Crown goes himself , yelling out as he leaves `` Alright , Big Friend ! We 're on for another Bout ! '' The chorus continue to pray as the storm rises . Act 3 ( edit ) Scene 1 : Catfish Row , the next night A group of women mourn Clara , Jake , and all of those who have been killed in the storm ( `` Clara , Clara , do n't you be downhearted '' ) . When they begin to mourn for Crown as well , Sportin ' Life laughs at them and is told off by Maria . He insinuates that Crown may not be dead , and observes that when a woman has a man , maybe she 's got him for keeps , but if she has two men , then it 's highly likely she 'll end up with none . Bess is heard singing Clara 's lullaby to her baby , whom she is now taking care of . ( `` Summertime '' ( reprise ) ) . Once Catfish Row is dark , Crown stealthily enters to claim Bess , but is confronted by Porgy . A fight ensues which ends when Porgy kills Crown . Porgy exclaims to Bess , `` You 've got a man now . You 've got Porgy ! '' Scene 2 : Catfish Row , the next afternoon The detective enters and talks with Serena and her friends about the murders of Crown and Robbins . They deny knowledge of Crown 's murder , frustrating the detective . Needing a witness for the coroner 's inquest , he next questions an apprehensive Porgy . Once Porgy admits to knowing Crown , he is ordered to come and identify Crown 's body . Sportin ' Life tells Porgy that corpses bleed in the presence of their murderers , and the detective will use this to hang Porgy . Porgy refuses to identify the body , but is dragged off anyway . Bess is distraught , and Sportin ' Life puts his plan into action . He tells her that Porgy will be locked up for a long time , and points out that he is the only one still here . He offers her happy dust , and though she refuses , he forces it on her . After she takes a whiff , he paints a seductive picture of her life with him in New York ( `` There 's a boat dat 's leavin ' soon for New York '' ) . She regains her strength and rushes inside , slamming the door on his face , but he leaves a packet of happy dust on her doorstep , and settles down to wait . Scene 3 : Catfish Row , a week later On a beautiful morning , Porgy is released from jail , where he has been arrested for contempt of court after refusing to look at Crown 's body . He returns to Catfish Row much richer after playing craps with his cellmates . He gives gifts to the residents , and pulls out a beautiful red dress for Bess . He does not understand why everyone seems so uneasy at his return . He sees Clara 's baby is now with Serena and realizes something is wrong . He asks where Bess is . Maria and Serena tell him that Bess has run off with Sportin ' Life to New York ( `` Oh Bess , Oh Where 's my Bess ? '' ) . Porgy calls for his goat cart , and resolves to leave Catfish Row to find her . He prays for strength , and begins his journey . ( `` Oh , Lawd , I 'm on my way '' ) Racial controversy ( edit ) From the outset , the opera 's depiction of African Americans attracted controversy . Problems with the racial aspects of the opera continue to this day . Virgil Thomson , a white American composer , stated that `` Folklore subjects recounted by an outsider are only valid as long as the folk in question is unable to speak for itself , which is certainly not true of the American Negro in 1935 . '' Duke Ellington was supposed to have stated `` the times are here to debunk Gershwin 's lampblack Negroisms . '' ( Ellington 's response to the 1952 Breen revival was completely the opposite . His telegram to the producer read : `` Your Porgy and Bess the superbest , singing the gonest , acting the craziest , Gershwin the greatest . '' ) Several of the members of the original cast later stated that they , too , had concerns that their characters might play into a stereotype that African Americans lived in poverty , took drugs and solved their problems with their fists . A planned production by the Negro Repertory Company of Seattle in the late 1930s , part of the Federal Theatre Project , was cancelled because actors were displeased with what they viewed as a racist portrayal of aspects of African American life . The director initially envisioned that they would perform the play in a `` Negro dialect . '' These Pacific Northwest African American actors , who did not speak in such dialect , would be coached in it . Florence James attempted a compromise of dropping the use of dialect but the production was canceled . Another production of Porgy and Bess , this time at the University of Minnesota in 1939 , ran into similar troubles . According to Barbara Cyrus , one of the few black students then at the university , members of the local African - American community saw the play as `` detrimental to the race '' and as a vehicle that promoted racist stereotypes . The play was cancelled due to pressure from the African - American community , which saw their success as proof of the increasing political power of blacks in Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . The belief that Porgy and Bess was racist gained strength during the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power movement of the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s . As these movements advanced , Porgy and Bess was seen as more and more out of date . When the play was revived in the 1960s , social critic and African - American educator Harold Cruse called it , `` The most incongruous , contradictory cultural symbol ever created in the Western World . '' In the 1976 Houston Opera production , the director , Sherwin Goldman , had trouble finding interested performers . Goldman , a white Texas native and a graduate of Yale and Oxford Universities , recalled , `` I was auditioning singers all around the country , I guess thirty cities in all , from theater groups to church choirs , but was having a hard time finding directors ... I do n't think there was a single black person , of those who had never been associated with Porgy , who did n't seriously bad - mouth it . '' Nevertheless , a cast was assembled of African American classically trained performers from all around the country . Gershwin 's all - black opera was also unpopular with some celebrated black artists . Harry Belafonte declined to play Porgy in the late 1950s film version , so the role went to Sidney Poitier . Betty Allen , president of The Harlem School of the Arts , admittedly loathed the piece , and Grace Bumbry , who excelled in the 1985 Metropolitan Opera production as Bess , made the often cited statement : I thought it beneath me , I felt I had worked far too hard , that we had come far too far to have to retrogress to 1935 . My way of dealing with it was to see that it was really a piece of Americana , of American history , whether we liked it or not . Whether I sing it or not , it was still going to be there . Over time , however , the opera gained acceptance from the opera community and some ( though not all ) in the African - American community . Maurice Peress stated in 2004 that `` Porgy and Bess belongs as much to the black singer - actors who bring it to life as it does to the Heywards and the Gershwins . '' Indeed , Ira Gershwin stipulated that only blacks be allowed to play the lead roles when the opera was performed in the United States , launching the careers of several prominent opera singers . That Gershwin sought to write a true jazz opera , and that he believed that Metropolitan Opera staff singers could never master the jazz idiom , but could instead only be sung by a black cast , seems to indicate he did not intend the work to belittle African - Americans . Some black singers were overjoyed at Gershwin 's work going so far as to describe him as the `` Abraham Lincoln of Negro music '' . The source of much of the racial controversy seems to arise from the miscegenation of Gershwin 's jazz experience . Gershwin wrote Porgy through an idiom of jazz that was influenced by Western European opera traditions , African - American music , and Russian - Jewish music . During the era of apartheid in South Africa , several South African theatre companies planned to put on all - white productions of Porgy and Bess . Ira Gershwin , as heir to his brother , consistently refused to permit these productions to be staged . But in 2009 , Cape Town Opera 's production , set in 1970s South Africa and inspired by life in Soweto , toured Britain , opening at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff and going on to the Royal Festival Hall in London and Edinburgh Festival Theatre . Most of the cast were black South Africans ; American singers involved in the production have found the `` passionate identification with the opera '' by the South African singers `` a wake - up call '' . `` I think we 've got a little jaded in the US with Porgy and Bess , '' says Lisa Daltirus , one of two singers who will play Bess on the UK tour . `` A lot of people just think that this is a show that is lovely to listen to and happened way back when . They 're not thinking that you can still find places where this is real . And if we 're not careful we could be right back there . '' -- The Times , London , October 16 , 2009 Musical elements ( edit ) In the summer of 1934 , George Gershwin worked on the opera in Charleston , South Carolina . He drew inspiration from the James Island Gullah community , which he felt had preserved some African musical traditions . This research added to the authenticity of his work . The music itself reflects his New York jazz roots , but also draws on southern black traditions . Gershwin modeled the pieces after each type of folk song which the composer knew about ; jubilees , blues , praying songs , street cries , work songs , and spirituals are blended with traditional arias and recitatives . The most fundamental influences on the composition and orchestrations in evidence throughout Porgy and Bess , aside from those of American Jazz and Black religious music , are the European composers whose music Gershwin studied and absorbed during his tutelage with the likes of Edward Kilenyi , Rubin Goldmark , Charles Hambitzer , and Henry Cowell . Cowell 's key contribution , however , may have been to suggest that Gershwin study with Joseph Schillinger , whose influence , if not as important as his followers claim , is notable throughout . Some commenters have believed they heard simililarities to melodies heard in Jewish liturgical music in Gershwin 's opera . Gershwin biographer Edward Jablonski heard a similarity between the melody of `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' and the Haftarah blessing , while others hear similarities with Torah blessing . In a sociological survey of Jewish American culture , the author remarked , `` One musicologist detected ' an uncanny resemblance ' between the folk tune ' Havenu ( sic ) Shalom Aleichem ' and the spiritual ( sic ) ' It Take a Long Pull to Get There ' from Porgy and Bess . '' The score makes use of a series of leitmotifs . Many of these represent individual characters : some of these are fragments of the opera 's set numbers ( Sportin ' Life , for example , is frequently represented by the melody which sets the title words of `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' ) . Other motifs represent objects ( such as the sleazy chromatic `` Happy Dust '' motif ) or places , notably Catfish Row . Many of the through - composed passages of the score combine or develop these leitmotifs in order to reflect the on - stage action . Particularly sophisticated uses of this techniques can be seen after the aria `` There 's a boat dat 's leaving soon for New York '' in act 3 , scene 2 . The opera also frequently reprises its set numbers ( these might be considered extended Leitsektionen ) . Notable in this respect are the reprises of `` Bess , you is my woman now '' and `` I got plenty o ' nuttin ' '' which conclude act 2 , scene 1 . The song `` Summertime '' is stated four times alone . The duration of the work is about 180 minutes . Instrumentation ( edit ) The work is scored for two flutes ( second doubling piccolo ) , two oboes ( second doubling English horn ) , three clarinets in B - flat ( second and third doubling alto saxophones ) , one bass clarinet in B - flat ( doubling fourth clarinet and tenor saxophone ) , one bassoon ; three French horns in F , three trumpets in B - flat , one trombone , one bass trombone , one tuba ; a percussion section that includes timpani , xylophone , triangle , glockenspiel , suspended and crash cymbals , antique cymbals , snare drum , tom - toms , bass drum , African drums , tubular bells , wood block , temple blocks , sandpaper and train whistle ; one piano ; and strings . Recordings ( edit ) Main article : Porgy and Bess discography The 1976 and 1977 recordings of the opera won Grammy Awards for Best Opera Recording , making Porgy and Bess the only opera to win this award over two consecutive years . Excerpts ( edit ) Days after the Broadway premiere of Porgy and Bess with an all - black cast , two white opera singers , Lawrence Tibbett and Helen Jepson , both members of the Metropolitan Opera , recorded highlights of the opera in a New York sound studio , released as Highlights from Porgy and Bess . Members of the original cast were not recorded until 1940 , when Todd Duncan and Anne Brown recorded selections from the work . Two years later , when the first Broadway revival occurred , American Decca rushed other members of the cast into the recording studio to record other selections not recorded in 1940 . These two albums were marketed as a two - volume 78 rpm set Selections from George Gershwin 's Folk Opera Porgy and Bess . After LPs began to be manufactured in 1948 , the recording was transferred to LP , and subsequently , to CD . Also in 1940 , baritone Bruce Foote released a 78 - RPM album of selections from Porgy and Bess . In 1942 , Mabel Mercer and Cy Walter released a 78 - RPM jazz album of excerpts from the opera on an obscure label . Although members of the jazz community initially felt that a Jewish piano player and a white novelist could not adequately convey the plight of blacks in a 1930s Charleston ghetto , jazz musicians warmed up more to the opera after twenty years , and more jazz - based recordings of it began to appear . Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald recorded an album in 1957 in which they sang and scatted Gershwin 's tunes . The next year , Miles Davis recorded what some consider a seminal interpretation of the opera arranged for big band . In 1959 , Columbia Masterworks Records released a soundtrack album of Samuel Goldwyn 's film version of Porgy and Bess , which had been made that year . It was not a complete version of the opera , nor was it even a complete version of the film soundtrack , which featured more music than could be contained on a single LP . The album remained in print until the early 1970s , when it was withdrawn from stores at the request of the Gershwin estate . It is the first stereo album of music from Porgy and Bess with an all - black cast . However , according to the album liner notes , Sammy Davis Jr. was under contract to another recording company , and his vocal tracks for the film could not be used on the album . Cab Calloway substituted his own vocals of Sportin ' Life 's songs . Robert McFerrin was the singing voice of Porgy , and Adele Addison the singing voice of Bess . The white singer Loulie Jean Norman was the singing voice of Clara ( portrayed onscreen by Diahann Carroll ) , and Inez Matthews the singing voice of Serena ( portrayed onscreen by Ruth Attaway ) . In 1963 , Leontyne Price and William Warfield , who had starred in the 1952 world tour of Porgy and Bess , recorded their own album of excerpts from the opera for RCA Victor . None of the other singers from that production appeared on that album , but John W. Bubbles , the original Sportin ' Life , substituted for Cab Calloway ( who had played Sportin ' Life onstage in the 1952 production ) . The 1963 recording of Porgy and Bess excerpts remains the only official recording of the score on which Bubbles sings Sportin ' Life 's two big numbers . In , 1976 , for RCA Victor , Ray Charles and Cleo Laine recorded an album of excerpts in which the two of them sang several roles . The album was arranged and conducted by Frank De Vol . It featured the organ of Joe Sample , the trumpet of Harry Edison and guitar work of Joe Pass and Lee Ritenour . It was jazz - based with full orchestrations , but the orchestrations used were not Gershwin 's . In 1990 , Leonard Slatkin conducted an album of excerpts from the opera , released on a Philips Records CD , with Simon Estes ( who sang Porgy in the first Metropolitan Opera production of the work ) and Roberta Alexander . Complete recordings ( edit ) 1951 : Columbia Masterworks : the company recorded a 3 - LP album of what was then the standard performing version of Porgy and Bess -- the most complete recording made of the opera up to that time . It was billed as a `` complete '' version , but was complete only insofar as that was the way the work was usually performed then . ( Actually , nearly an hour was cut from the opera . ) Because album producer Goddard Lieberson was eager to bring as much of Porgy and Bess as he felt was practical on records at the time , the recording featured more of Gershwin 's original recitatives and orchestrations than had ever been heard before . The recording was conducted by Lehman Engel , and starred Lawrence Winters and Camilla Williams , both from the New York City Opera . Several singers who had been associated with the original 1935 production and the 1942 revival of Porgy and Bess were finally given a chance to record their roles more or less complete . The album was highly acclaimed as a giant step in recorded opera in its time . It was re-released at budget price on the Odyssey label in the early 1970s . It has subsequently appeared on CD on Sony 's `` Masterworks Heritage '' CD series , and on the Naxos label as well . The album is not sung in as directly `` operatic '' a style as later versions , treading a fine line between opera and musical theatre . 1952 : Guild ( not released until 2008 ) : A live recording of a September 21 , 1952 , performance of Porgy and Bess , starring Leontyne Price , William Warfield , Cab Calloway and the rest of the cast of the 1952 Davis - Breen revival . This is the only known recording of an actual performance made from the historic and highly acclaimed 1952 world tour of the opera . While the opera itself is not performed truly complete , it is a complete recording of that specific performance . Alexander Smallens , who led the original 1935 production and the 1942 revival , conducts . Some of the sung recitatives are still performed as spoken dialogue in the production . 1956 : Bethlehem Records : A version of the opera more heavily oriented toward jazz than the original . Mel Tormé sings Porgy and Frances Faye is Bess . The only 3 - LP version of most of the opera with white singers . ( Released on CD by Rhino Records . ) 1976 : Decca Records : The first complete recording of the opera based on Gershwin 's original score , restoring the material cut by Gershwin during rehearsals for the New York premiere in 1935 , was made by the Cleveland Orchestra under Lorin Maazel in 1976 for Decca Records in the UK and London Records in the U.S. , in time for the U.S. Bicentennial . It starred Willard White singing his first Porgy , and Leona Mitchell as Bess . The recording was praised by critics for its performance quality and racial significance , but at the same time was highly criticized by some for not bringing out the `` jazzier '' qualities of the score . 1977 : RCA Victor : A subsequent complete recording of the opera by the Houston Grand Opera based on the complete original score . 1989 : EMI : The Glyndebourne album also based on the complete original score , without Gershwin 's cuts . 2006 : Decca : A recording of the opera made by the Nashville Symphony under John Mauceri is the first to observe Gershwin 's cuts and thus present the opera as it was heard in New York in 1935 . The musical cuts made on this album coincide almost exactly with those in the 1951 album , with the exception that `` The Buzzard Song '' , usually cut in early productions , is heard on the 1951 album , and the `` Occupational Humoresque '' , heard on the 2006 album , is not heard on the 1951 album at all . This version stars Marquita Lister as Bess . 2010 : RCA Victor : Nikolaus Harnoncourt , an unusual choice for this Gershwin opera , conducted a recording of an almost complete Porgy and Bess , which was released in the U.S. in September 2010 . Gregg Baker , who sang Crown in the 1985 Metropolitan Opera production , the 1986 Glyndebourne production , the 1989 EMI recording made with the Glyndebourne cast , and in the 1993 television adaptation of that production , repeated his performance here , but the roles of Porgy and Bess are taken by two singers virtually unknown in the U.S. , Jonathan Lemalu and Isabelle Kabatu . 2014 : EuroArts Music International : DVD and Blu - ray recorded live by San Francisco Opera in June 2009 , with Eric Owens and Laquita Mitchell in the title roles . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) 1959 film ( edit ) Poster for the 1959 film version A 1959 film version , produced in 70 mm Todd - AO by Samuel Goldwyn , was plagued with problems . Rouben Mamoulian , who had directed the 1935 Broadway premiere , was hired to direct the film , but was subsequently fired in favor of director Otto Preminger after a disagreement with the producer . Mamoulian urged making the film on location in South Carolina after a fire on the sound stage destroyed the film 's sets . Goldwyn , who never liked making films on location , considered Mamoulian 's request a sign of disloyalty . Robert McFerrin dubbed the singing voice for Sidney Poitier 's Porgy as did Adele Addison for Dorothy Dandridge 's Bess . Ruth Attaway 's Serena and Diahann Carroll 's Clara were also dubbed . Although Dandridge and Carroll were singers , their voices were not considered operatic enough . Sammy Davis Jr. , Brock Peters and Pearl Bailey ( who played Sportin ' Life , Crown and Maria ) were the only principals who provided their own singing . André Previn 's adaptation of the score won him an Academy Award , the film 's only Oscar . The Gershwin estate was disappointed with the film , as the score was substantially edited to make it more like a musical . Much of the music was omitted from the film , and many of Gershwin 's orchestrations were either changed or completely scrapped . It was shown on network television in the U.S. only once , in 1967 . Critics attacked it for not being faithful to Gershwin 's opera , for over-refining the language grammatically , and for its `` overblown '' staging . The film was removed from release in 1974 by the Gershwin estate . In 2011 , it was selected to the U.S. National Film Registry . Other films ( edit ) The 1945 Warner Bros. film biography of Gershwin , Rhapsody in Blue , featured an extended musical scene recreating the opening of the original Broadway production of Porgy and Bess . Included was the original Bess , Anne Brown , recreating her performance . The scene includes a more elaborate ( and historically inaccurate ) arrangement for the film of the song `` Summertime '' , sung by Anne Brown as Bess with full chorus , but the Catfish Row set design is a virtual duplicate of the one seen in the 1935 Broadway stage production . The 1985 film White Nights featured a scene in which Gregory Hines performed `` There 's a Boat Dat 's Leavin ' Soon for New York '' as Sportin ' Life . Hines ' rendition , before a Siberian audience , included a tap dancing sequence . Director Taylor Hackford pointed out in a special edition DVD release of the film that it was necessary to locate a Russian woman of color ( Helene Denbey ) to portray Bess , as per Gershwin 's stipulations . Television ( edit ) In 1993 , Trevor Nunn 's Glyndebourne Festival stage production of Porgy and Bess , not to be confused with his later production , was greatly expanded scenically and videotaped in a television studio without an audience . This first Nunn production was also called The Gershwins ' ' Porgy and Bess ' when shown on television . It was telecast by the BBC in England and by PBS in the United States . It featured a cast of operatic American singers , with the exception of Willard White , who is Jamaican but sounded American , as Porgy . Cynthia Haymon sang the role of Bess . Nunn 's `` opening up '' of the stage production was considered highly imaginative ; his cast received much critical praise , and the three - hour production retained nearly all of Gershwin 's music , heard in the original 1935 orchestrations . This included the opera 's sung recitatives , which have occasionally been turned into spoken dialogue in other productions . No extra dialogue was written for this production , as had been done in the 1959 film . All performers lip - synched rather than singing live on set , leading The New York Times to write : `` What you hear is basically Mr. Nunn 's acclaimed Glyndebourne Festival production , the original cast intact . What you see was filmed later in a London studio . The performers , some new to the production , are lip - synching . It 's as if an elaborate visual aid had been concocted for the EMI recording . '' This Porgy and Bess production was subsequently released on VHS and DVD . It has won far greater acclaim than the 1959 film , which was widely panned by most critics . The 1993 television production of Porgy and Bess was nominated for four Emmy Awards , and won for its art direction . It also won a BAFTA Award for Best Video Lighting . In 2002 , the New York City Opera telecast its new version of the Houston Opera production , in a live performance from the stage of Lincoln Center . This version featured far more cuts than the previous telecast , but , like nearly all stage versions produced since 1976 , used the sung recitatives and Gershwin 's orchestrations . The telecast also included interviews with director Tazewell Thompson and was hosted by Beverly Sills . In 2009 the San Francisco Opera debuted the Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess to critical acclaim . The production was recorded at that time and shown on PBS in the fall of 2014 , and was later released on DVD and Blu - ray . Radio ( edit ) On December 1 , 1935 , during the Broadway run , Todd Duncan and Anne Brown performed `` Summertime '' , `` I Got Plenty o ' Nuttin ' '' and `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' on NBC 's The Magic Key of RCA radio program . Duncan and Brown also appeared on the 1937 CBS Gershwin memorial concert on September 8 , 1937 , broadcast from the Hollywood Bowl less than two months after the composer 's death , along with several other members of the Broadway cast , including John W. Bubbles and Ruby Elzy . They performed several selections from the opera . The complete Porgy and Bess has been broadcast by the Metropolitan Opera three times as part of the Met 's live radio broadcast series . The 1985 broadcast performance starred Simon Estes and Grace Bumbry . In 1986 Ms. Bumbry was heard with Robert Mosley as Porgy . In 1990 , Estes and Leona Mitchell sang the leads in the third broadcast . Concert ( edit ) Gershwin prepared an orchestral suite containing music from the opera after Porgy and Bess closed early on Broadway . Though it was originally titled `` Suite from Porgy and Bess '' , Ira later renamed it Catfish Row . In 1942 Robert Russell Bennett arranged a medley ( rather than a suite ) for orchestra which has often been heard in the concert hall , known as Porgy and Bess : A Symphonic Picture . It is based on Gershwin 's original scoring , though for a slightly different instrumentation ( the piano was removed from the orchestral texture at the request of the conductor Fritz Reiner , for whom the arrangement was made ) . Morton Gould also arranged an orchestral suite in the 1950s . Bennett 's 40 - minute Porgy and Bess , a concert version for soprano and baritone soloists , chorus and orchestra was prepared in 1956 . It is based very closely on Gershwin 's original instrumental and vocal scoring , the principal recasting being the use of standard concert - orchestra instrumentation , eliminating the clarinet - saxophone doubling specified in Gershwin 's 1935 orchestration . Piano ( edit ) In 1951 , Australian - born composer Percy Grainger , who was an admirer , performer and arranger of Gershwin 's music , completed a twenty - minute piece for two pianos titled Fantasy on George Gershwin 's `` Porgy and Bess '' . The pianist Earl Wild prepared a virtuoso piano arrangement in the manner of Franz Liszt , entitled Fantasy on Gershwin 's `` Porgy & Bess '' . Jazz versions ( edit ) Miles Davis and Gil Evans recorded jazz arrangements of Porgy and Bess . Released as an LP in 1959 by Columbia Records , it was highly successful . Mundell Lowe 's Porgy & Bess ( RCA Camden , 1958 ) and Hank Jones ' Porgy and Bess ( Capitol , 1958 ) were recorded at around the same time as the Davis and Evans collaboration and Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong recorded many of the selections from the opera on their 1958 collaboration . Oscar Peterson recorded ten titles from the opera on his 1959 album Oscar Peterson Plays Porgy & Bess ; in 1976 he returned to the material in a duo with Joe Pass , curiously choosing to play a clavichord on the recording . Eddy Louiss and Ivan Jullien released the album Porgy and Bess in 1971 , a big band arrangement of material from the opera with Louiss on Hammond organ and André Ceccarelli on drums . The album was released on Riviera , and re-released by Universal in 2000 as part of their Jazz in Paris series . In 1997 , saxophonist Joe Henderson recorded jazz arrangements on the album Porgy & Bess with the participation of several eminent jazz musicians . Songs ( edit ) Porgy and Bess contains many songs that have become popular in their own right , becoming standards in jazz and blues in addition to their original operatic setting . Some of the most popular songs are : `` Summertime '' , act 1 , scene 1 `` A Woman Is a Sometime Thing '' , act 1 , scene 1 `` My Man 's Gone Now '' , act 1 , scene 2 `` It Take a Long Pull to Get There '' , act 2 , scene 1 `` I Got Plenty o ' Nuttin ' '' , act 2 , scene 1 `` Buzzard Keep on Flyin ' '' , act 2 , scene 1 `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' , act 2 , scene 1 `` Oh , I Ca n't Sit Down , '' act 2 , scene 1 `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' , act 2 , scene 2 `` What You Want Wid Bess '' , act 2 , scene 2 `` Oh , Doctor Jesus '' , act 2 , scene 3 `` I Loves You , Porgy '' , act 2 , scene 3 `` A Red - Haired Woman '' , act 2 , scene 4 `` There 's a Boat Dat 's Leavin ' Soon for New York '' , act 3 , scene 2 `` Bess , O Where 's My Bess ? '' , act 3 , scene 3 `` O Lawd , I 'm on My Way '' , act 3 , scene 3 Some of the more celebrated renditions of these songs include Sarah Vaughan 's `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' and the versions of `` Summertime '' recorded by Billie Holiday , Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong , Miles Davis , John Coltrane , and Jascha Heifetz in his own transcriptions for violin and piano . Numerous other musicians have recorded `` Summertime '' in varying styles , including both instrumental and vocal recordings ; it may be even the most popular cover song in popular music . Janis Joplin recorded a Blues rock version of `` Summertime '' with Big Brother and the Holding Company . Billy Stewart 's version became a Top 10 Pop and R&B hit in 1966 for Chess Records . Even seemingly unlikely performers such as The Zombies ( 1965 ) or the ska punk band Sublime ( as `` Doin ' Time '' , 1997 ) have made recordings of `` Summertime '' . An international group of collectors of recordings of `` Summertime '' by the name `` The Summertime Connection '' claims more than 30,000 recorded performances ( many live ) in their collection . Nina Simone recorded several Porgy and Bess songs . She made her debut in 1959 with a version of `` I Loves You , Porgy '' , which became a Billboard top 20 hit . Other songs she recorded included `` Porgy , I 's Your Woman Now '' ( i.e. `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' ) , `` Summertime '' and `` My Man 's Gone Now '' . Christina Aguilera performed `` I Loves You , Porgy '' in a tribute to the Nina Simone version at the 2008 Grammy Nominations Concert . The violinist Isaac Stern and the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber both recorded instrumental versions of `` Bess , You is My Woman Now '' . Commendations ( edit ) On July 14 , 1993 , the United States Postal Service recognized the opera 's cultural significance by issuing a commemorative 29 - cent postage stamp . In 2001 , Porgy and Bess was proclaimed the official opera of the state of South Carolina . The 1940 / 1942 Decca Porgy and Bess recording with members of the original cast was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the Library of Congress , National Recording Registry in 2003 . The board selects recordings on an annual basis that are `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Strachan , Ian Gregory ; Mask , Mia ( 2014 - 11 - 27 ) . Poitier Revisited : Reconsidering a Black Icon in the Obama Age . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . p. 102 . ISBN 9781623562977 . Jump up ^ Gershwin , George ( November 2 , 1935 ) . `` Gershwin explains why his Porgy and Bess is called `` folk opera '' `` . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Stephen Raskauskas = 2016 . `` The true origins of Gershwin 's Summertime '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jablonski & Stewart , 227 -- 229 . ^ Jump up to : Porgy and Bess , American Memory : `` Today in History , September 2 '' , Library of Congress ^ Jump up to : Standifer , James , `` The Tumultuous Life of Porgy and Bess '' , Humanities , November / December 1997 , Volume 18 , Number 6 Jump up ^ Victor Book of the Opera New York : Simon and Schuster , 1968 , pp. 326 -- 328 Jump up ^ Martin , George : The Opera Companion to Twentieth Century Opera New York : Dodd , Meade & Company , 1979 . pp. 389 -- 396 . ^ Jump up to : `` Porgy ' Goes Abroad '' . The New York Times . January 30 , 1955 . p. 240 . Jump up ^ Sam Zolotow ( September 3 , 1954 ) . `` Premiere In Paris For ' Blues Opera ' '' . The New York Times . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Robert Breen Papers , ( ca . 1935 -- ca . 1979 ) . Ohio State University Libraries . Jump up ^ The Broadway League . `` Porgy and Bess IBDB : The official source for Broadway Information '' . IBDB . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Met History '' . The Metropolitan Opera . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cape Town Opera , `` Cape Town Opera 's Tour To Israel , Press release : 27 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` Press views : Porgy and Bess '' . BBC News . November 11 , 2006 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert ( 2012 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Broadway Producer Edgar Freitag Is Dead at 80 '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Healey , Patrick ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` It Ai n't Necessarily ' Porgy ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ibdb.com Jump up ^ `` Your Guide to The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess '' . American Repertory Theater . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim Takes Issue With Plan for Revamped Porgy and Bess '' . The New York Times . August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Als , Hilton ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` A Man and a Woman '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . LXXXVII ( 29 ) : 110 . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Jump up ^ `` Porgy and Bess on Broadway '' . 2011 Porgy and Bess . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Review Roundup : Norm Lewis , Audra McDonald , et al. Open in The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess '' . Theatermania.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard . `` The Best of 2011 : Theater '' , Time magazine , December 19 , 2011 issue , p. 77 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Tony - Winning The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess Will Conclude Broadway Run Sept. 23 '' Archived 2013 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , July 18 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Breaking News : The Gershwin 's PORGY & BESS Moves Broadway Closing Up to September 23 , 2012 '' . Broadway World . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Porgy and Bess , Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre , review : Gloriously sung Gershwin '' by Paul Taylor , The Independent , 31 July 2014 Jump up ^ Thomson , Virgil in Modern Music , November -- December 1935 . pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ The quote was probably invented by a journalist who interviewed Ellington about the opera . Ellington publicly repudiated the article shortly after its publication . Howard Pollack , George Gershwin ( University of California Press , 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24864 - 9 , 167 . Jump up ^ Hutchisson , James M. DuBose Heyward : A Charleston Gentleman and the World of `` Porgy and Bess . '' University of Mississippi Press ( 2000 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 250 - 8 , 165 . Jump up ^ Becker , Paula . `` '' Negro Repertory Company '' on HistoryLink.org , November 10 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Brady , Tim , `` The Way Spaces Were Allocated : African Americans on Campus , Part II '' , Minnesota , November -- December 2002 , University of Minnesota Alumni Association . Jump up ^ Albert , H. ( 1990 ) . The Life and Times of ' Porgy and Bess ' . Knopf . p. 298 . Jump up ^ Reverend Phyllis L. Hubbell , `` I Got Plenty O Nuttin '' Archived 2005 - 05 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , sermon at the First Unitarian Church of Baltimore , August 20 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Peress , Maurice . `` George Gershwin and African American Music Archived 2005 - 07 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... New MusicBox , 8 July 2005 Jump up ^ Pollack , George Gershwin pp. 597 -- 98 Jump up ^ Ross , Alex ( 2007 ) . The Rest Is Noise . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . pp. 147 -- 150 . ISBN 9780374249397 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Town Opera brings Porgy and Bess to Europe -- The only opera company in South Africa is on the road to Britain with a Porgy and Bess set in the depths of apartheid '' , The Times , London , October 16 , 2009 , Retrieved on October 21 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ewen , David , The Home Book of 20th Century Music , Arco , 1956 , p. 138 Jump up ^ unconservatory.org Jump up ^ Pollack , George Gershwin , 127 . Jump up ^ Jablonski , Edward , Gershwin , New York : Doubleday , ( 1987 ) : Cited in Benaroya , Adam ( May 2000 ) `` The Jewish Roots in George Gershwin 's Music '' , I.L. Peretz Community Jewish School ; Retrieved January 2 , 2005 Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( January 29 , 1997 ) History of a Nation in Its Song to Itself The New York Times ; Retrieved February 21 , 2006 Jump up ^ Whitfield , Stephen J. ( September 1999 ) ( Stephen J. Whitfield , In Search of American Jewish Culture ( Brandeis University Press , 1999 ) , 63 . Jump up ^ Gershwin , George ( 1935 ) . Porgy and Bess . Schott . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Porgy and Bess ( Selections ) : Act 2 : It Ai n't Necessarily So ( 1998 Remastered ) : Lawrence Tibbett : MP3 Downloads Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Gershwin : Porgy & Bess ( With Members of the Original Cast ) : George Gershwin , Alexander Smallens , Todd Duncan , Anne Brown , Avon Long : Music Jump up ^ Porgy and Bess , Bruce Foote : CastAlbums.org Jump up ^ Mabel Mercer Sings , Cy Walter Plays ... Selection from George Gershwin 's Porgy and Bess Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Porgy & Bess : High Performance : William Warfield , John W. Bubbles , Leontyne Price : Music Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Porgy & Bess : George Gershwin : Music Jump up ^ Music was played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and conducted by Simon Rattle . Producer : David R. Murray ; Balance Engineer : Mark Vigars ; Assistant Producer : Tony Harrison ; Production Assistant : Alison Fox . Recorded at No. 1 Studio , Abbey Road , London . Recorded using B&W loudspeakers . Box cover , booklet cover & photos : Guy Gravett . Original sound recording made By EMI Records Ltd. 1989 Jump up ^ Janos Gereben , `` Porgy and Bess on DVD and Blu - Ray '' , San Francisco Classical Voice on sfcv.org Jump up ^ Marx , Arthur : Goldwyn -- The Man Behind the Myth Jump up ^ Porterfield , Christopher ( October 4 , 1993 ) . `` Conjuring Up Catfish Row '' . TIME . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ( October 6 , 1993 ) . `` Review / Television ; Two Law Series Return , With Some Revisions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Porgy & Bess Movie DVD Review -- About.com '' . Homevideo.about.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porgy and Bess ( 1993 ) ( TV ) -- Awards Jump up ^ Awards Database -- The BAFTA site Jump up ^ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/frame.htm Jump up ^ Crouch , Stanley , Considering Genius : Writings on Jazz , Basic Books , 2007 , p. 54 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 01512 - 3 Jump up ^ Klaver , Wilfred . `` The Summertime Connection '' . The Summertime Connection . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Summertime Connection list Jump up ^ `` I Loves You , Porgy Archived 2006 - 08 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Nina Simone version , on Billboard Chart Jump up ^ Edger , Walter . The South Carolina Encyclopedia , Columbia : University of South Carolina Press , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 National Recording Registry choices '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Sources Brady , Tim : `` The Way Spaces Were Allocated : African Americans on Campus , Part II '' Minnesota , November -- December 2002 , University of Minnesota Alumni Association Ferencz , George J. `` Porgy and Bess on the Concert Stage : Gershwin 's 1936 Suite ( Catfish Row ) and the 1942 Gershwin -- Bennett Symphonic Picture . '' The Musical Quarterly 94 : 1 -- 2 ( Spring - Summer 2011 ) , 93 -- 155 . Jablonski , Edward : Gershwin : A Biography Garden City , New Jersey : Doubleday & Company , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 7924 - 2164 - 7 Jablonski , Edward and Lawrence D. Stewart : The Gershwin Years , Garden City , New Jersey : Doubleday & Company , 1973 , Second edition , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80739 - 4 Kimball , Robert and Alfred Simon : The Gershwins , New York : Atheneum , 1973 , ISBN 0 - 689 - 10569 - X Marx , Arthur . Goldwyn : A Biography of the Man Behind the Myth , W.W. Norton , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 07497 - 8 Schwartz , Charles : Gershwin : His Life and Music New York : Bobbs - Merrill Company , 1973 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80096 - 9 Southern Eileen : The Music of Black Americans : A History , New York : W.W. Norton & Company ; 3rd edition , ISBN 0 - 393 - 97141 - 4 Further reading Alpert , Hollis : The Life and Times of Porgy and Bess : The Story of an American Classic Publisher : Nick Hern Books , 1991 ISBN 1 - 85459 - 054 - 5 Bauch , Marc A. Europäische Einflüsse im amerikanischen Musical , Marburg , Germany : Tectum Verlag , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8288 - 3209 - 1 ( A unique , paratextual comparison between Wozzeck by Alban Berg and Porgy and Bess ) Capote , Truman : The Muses Are Heard : An Account New York : Random House , 1956 , ISBN 0 - 394 - 43732 - 2 ( story of the 1955 Porgy and Bess production in Moscow ) Fisher , Burton D. Porgy and Bess ( Opera Journeys Mini Guide Series ) Coral Gables , Florida : Opera Journeys Publishing , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 930841 - 19 - 1 , overview of the opera Hamm , Charles : `` The Theatre Guild Production of Porgy and Bess '' , Journal of the American Musicological Society , Fall 1987 , pp. 495 -- 532 . Hutchisson , James , M. : Dubose Heyward : A Charleston Gentleman and the World of Porgy and Bess , University Press of Mississippi , 2000 ISBN 1 - 57806 - 250 - 0 Noonan , Ellen . The Strange Career of Porgy and Bess : Race , Culture , and America 's Most Famous Opera ( University of North Carolina Press ; 2012 ) 448 pages ; traces the history of the opera since 1935 Weaver , David E : `` The Birth of Porgy and Bess '' , pp. 80 -- 98 , Black Diva of the Thirties -- The Life of Ruby Elzy , University Press of Mississippi , 2004 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Porgy and Bess . Porgy and Bess , NPR webcast of full opera , staged November 12 , 2005 at the Kennedy Center , Washington , DC `` Porgy and Bess : An American Voice '' Excerpts from PBS documentary on the opera Hypertext edition of the novel Porgy `` Jazzbo : Why we still listen to Gershwin '' The New Yorker article by Claudia Roth Pierpoint Internet Broadway Database listings for all Broadway productions Ovrtur.com Entry `` 75 years Porgy and Bess '' Porgy and Bess Adaptations Novel Play Opera Film adaptation Catfish Row Porgy and Bess : A Symphonic Picture Porgy and Bess ( Miles Davis album ) Porgy and Bess ( Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong album ) Porgy and Bess ( Harry Belafonte and Lena Horne album ) Porgy and Bess ( Oscar Peterson and Joe Pass album ) Creators George Gershwin Ira Gershwin DuBose Heyward Dorothy Heyward Songs `` Summertime '' `` My Man 's Gone Now '' `` I Got Plenty o ' Nuttin ' '' `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' `` I Loves You , Porgy '' Media Discography George and Ira Gershwin musicals , operas and films Together A Dangerous Maid Primrose Lady , Be Good ! Tell Me More Tip - Toes Song of the Flame Oh , Kay ! Strike Up the Band Funny Face Rosalie Treasure Girl Show Girl Girl Crazy Delicious ( film ) Of Thee I Sing Pardon My English Let ' Em Eat Cake Porgy and Bess Shall We Dance ( film ) A Damsel in Distress ( film ) The Goldwyn Follies ( film ) The Shocking Miss Pilgrim ( film ) George La La Lucille Morris Gest Midnight Whirl George White 's Scandals ( 1920 -- 1924 , including Blue Monday ) Our Nell The Rainbow Sweet Little Devil Ira Two Little Girls in Blue Be Yourself That 's a Good Girl Life Begins at 8 : 40 Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 Lady in the Dark The North Star ( film ) Cover Girl ( film ) The Firebrand of Florence Where Do We Go from Here ? ( film ) Park Avenue The Barkleys of Broadway ( film ) A Star Is Born ( film ) The Country Girl ( film ) repurposed Rhapsody in Blue ( film ) An American in Paris ( film ) My One and Only ( musical ) Crazy for You Nice Work If You Can Get It An American in Paris ( musical ) A Damsel In Distress ( musical ) George Gershwin Albums Gershwin Plays Gershwin : The Piano Rolls Ballets An American in Paris Gershwin Piano Concerto Three Preludes Who Cares ? List of stagings Operas Blue Monday ( 1922 ) Porgy and Bess ( 1935 ) Orchestral works Rhapsody in Blue ( 1924 ) Concerto in F ( 1925 ) An American in Paris ( 1928 ) Second Rhapsody ( 1931 ) Cuban Overture ( 1932 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1934 ) Hoctor 's Ballet ( 1937 ) Piano compositions Three Preludes ( 1926 ) French Ballet Class ( 1937 ) Songs `` Are n't You Kind Of Glad We Did ? '' `` ( I 've Got ) Beginner 's Luck '' `` Bidin ' My Time '' `` Blah Blah Blah '' `` Boy Wanted '' `` Boy ! What Love Has Done To Me ! '' `` But Not for Me '' `` By Strauss '' `` Clap Yo ' Hands '' `` Do It Again '' `` Doin ' Time '' `` Embraceable You '' `` Fascinating Rhythm '' `` A Foggy Day '' `` For You , For Me , For Evermore '' `` Funny Face '' `` ' The Half of It , Dearie ' Blues '' `` He Loves and She Loves '' `` How Long Has This Been Going On ? '' `` I Ca n't Be Bothered Now '' `` I Got Rhythm '' `` I Was Doing All Right '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' `` Is n't It a Pity ? '' `` Just Another Rhumba '' `` Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off '' `` Let 's Kiss and Make Up '' `` Liza ( All the Clouds 'll Roll Away ) '' `` Looking for a Boy '' `` Lorelei '' `` Love Is Here to Stay '' `` Love is Sweeping the Country '' `` Love Walked In '' `` The Man I Love '' `` My Cousin in Milwaukee '' `` My One and Only '' `` Nice Work If You Can Get It '' `` Of Thee I Sing '' `` Oh , Lady Be Good ! '' `` Oh , So Nice ! '' `` The Real American Folk Song ( is a Rag ) '' `` 'S Wonderful '' `` Sam and Delilah '' `` Slap That Bass '' `` Somebody from Somewhere '' `` Somebody Loves Me '' `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' `` Soon '' `` Stairway to Paradise '' `` Stiff Upper Lip '' `` Strike Up the Band '' `` Summertime '' `` Swanee '' `` That Certain Feeling '' `` They All Laughed '' `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' `` Things Are Looking Up '' `` Tra - la - la '' `` Treat Me Rough '' `` Walking the Dog '' `` Who Cares ? '' `` You 've Got What Gets Me '' Tribute albums Brian Wilson Reimagines Gershwin By George Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Song Book Ella Sings Gershwin Gershwin Live ! Gershwin 's World The Glory of Gershwin Ira , George and Joe Nice Work If You Can Get It Oscar Peterson Plays the George Gershwin Songbook Red Hot + Rhapsody : The Gershwin Groove Rosemary Clooney Sings the Lyrics of Ira Gershwin Related articles Gershwin Prize Ira Gershwin ( brother ) Arthur Gershwin ( brother ) Frances Gershwin ( sister ) Gershwin Theatre List of compositions by George Gershwin Category : George Gershwin Tony Award for Best Revival Porgy and Bess ( 1977 ) Dracula ( 1978 ) no award ( 1979 ) Morning 's at Seven ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Othello ( 1982 ) On Your Toes ( 1983 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) Joe Egg ( 1985 ) Sweet Charity ( 1986 ) All My Sons ( 1987 ) Anything Goes ( 1988 ) Our Town ( 1989 ) Gypsy ( 1990 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1991 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) Anna Christie ( 1993 ) Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical Carousel ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) The King and I ( 1996 ) Chicago ( 1997 ) Cabaret ( 1998 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1999 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 2000 ) 42nd Street ( 2001 ) Into the Woods ( 2002 ) Nine ( 2003 ) Assassins ( 2004 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2005 ) The Pajama Game ( 2006 ) Company ( 2007 ) South Pacific ( 2008 ) Hair ( 2009 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2010 ) Anything Goes ( 2011 ) Porgy and Bess ( 2012 ) Pippin ( 2013 ) Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) The King and I ( 2015 ) The Color Purple ( 2016 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017 ) Opera portal VIAF : 185892626 LCCN : n82217189 GND : 300057946 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porgy_and_Bess&oldid=803371963 '' Categories : Porgy and Bess Operas by George Gershwin English - language operas Verismo operas 1935 operas Operas Operas set in the United States 1935 in music All - Black cast Broadway shows African - American music 1935 musicals Broadway musicals Musicals based on novels Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from March 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Interlingua Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 03 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what character sings summertime in porgy and bess | [
"The opera begins with a short introduction which segues into an evening in Catfish Row. Jasbo Brown entertains the community with his piano playing. Clara, a young mother, sings a lullaby to her baby (\"Summertime\") as the working men prepare for a game of craps (\"Roll them Bones\"). One of the players, Robbins, scorns his wife Serena's demands that he not play, retorting that on a Saturday night, a man has the right to play. Clara's husband, the fisherman Jake, tries his own lullaby (\"A Woman is a Sometime Thing\") with little effect. Little by little, other characters in the opera enter Catfish Row, among them Mingo, another fisherman, and Jim, a stevedore who, tired of his job, decides to give it up and join Jake and the other fishermen. Porgy, a disabled beggar, enters on his goat cart to organize the game. Peter, an elderly \"honey man\" returns, singing his vendor's call. Crown, a strong and brutal stevedore, storms in with his woman, Bess, and buys cheap whiskey and some \"Happy Dust\" off the local dope peddler, Sportin' Life. Bess is shunned by the women of the community, especially the pious Serena and the matriarchal cookshop owner Maria, but Porgy softly defends her. The game begins. One by one, the players get crapped out, leaving only Robbins and Crown, who has become extremely drunk. When Robbins wins, Crown attempts to prevent him from taking his winnings. A brawl ensues, which ends when Crown stabs Robbins with a cotton hook, killing him. Crown runs, telling Bess to fend for herself but that he will be back for her when the heat dies down. Sportin' Life gives her a dose of happy dust and offers to take her with him when he goes to New York, but she rejects him. He flees, and Bess begins to pound on doors, but is rejected by all of the residents of Catfish Row, with the exception of Porgy, who lets her in."
] | [
"Clara"
] |
-2510095524853220753 | The Walking Dead: A New Frontier | The Walking Dead : a New Frontier - wikipedia The Walking Dead : a New Frontier Jump to : navigation , search `` The Walking Dead : Season Three '' redirects here . For the third season of the television series , see The Walking Dead ( season 3 ) . The Walking Dead : A New Frontier Developer ( s ) Telltale Games Publisher ( s ) Telltale Games Composer ( s ) Jared Emerson - Johnson Series The Walking Dead Engine Telltale Tool Platform ( s ) Android iOS Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Episode 1 ( show ) WW : December 20 , 2016 Episode 2 ( show ) WW : December 20 , 2016 Episode 3 ( show ) WW : March 28 , 2017 Episode 4 ( show ) WW : April 25 , 2017 Episode 5 ( show ) WW : May 30 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player The Walking Dead : A New Frontier ( also known as The Walking Dead : Season Three ) is an episodic graphic adventure game based on Robert Kirkman 's The Walking Dead comic book series developed by Telltale Games . It is Telltale 's third season of its The Walking Dead series , with the first two episodes released on December 20 , 2016 , and a retail season pass disc edition planned for release on February 7 , 2017 . The game employs the same narrative structure as the past seasons , where player choice in one episode will have a permanent impact on future story elements . The player choices recorded in save files from the first two seasons and the additional episode `` 400 Days '' carry over into the third season . Clementine ( voiced by Melissa Hutchison ) , who was the player 's companion during the first season and the player - character in season two returns as a player - character along with another player - character , Javier `` Javi '' Garcia ( voiced by Jeff Schine ) . The game takes place in the same fictional world as the comic , with the zombie apocalypse having occurred . The main characters of the game are original characters , however due to time skips in season two and between seasons two and three , the timeline is caught up to where the comics are . Telltale Games announced a fourth and final season titled The Walking Dead : The Final Season to be released in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Plot 3 Episodes 4 Development 5 Sequel 6 Reception 6.1 Episode 1 : Ties That Bind Part One 6.2 Episode 2 : Ties That Bind Part Two 6.3 Episode 3 : Above the Law 6.4 Episode 4 : Thicker Than Water 6.5 Episode 5 : From the Gallows 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Similar to the previous seasons , The Walking Dead : A New Frontier is a point - and - click adventure game . In contrast to previous seasons , there will be two playable characters : Clementine , the heroine from the previous games ; and Javier , a new character introduced this season . Players can direct the current character under their control around the environment , examine and interact with various scenery elements and collect and use objects to advance the story . The player can also initiate conversations with non-player characters via conversation trees . Certain replies from other characters may offer the player multiple choices to select from , including the option to stay silent , with a limited amount of time to make the selection ; if the player does not select an option , the conversation will continue as if they had stayed quiet . Such choices can affect how the other characters will later react to the player - character which can influence later events in the story . Other scenes are more action - oriented , requiring the player to complete quick time events to avoid the player - character or her allies from getting killed . If the player fails these events , the game will restart at the start of such scenes . Such action scenes may also require the player to make a key decision within a limited time frame , such as which of two characters to save from attacking walkers . The player 's choices and actions will impact story elements in later episodes ; for example , a character that the player does not choose to be saved will not appear in later scenes . A New Frontier will incorporate player choices made in previous games in the series through existing save files ; Telltale states they will offer multiple options for how players can bring in previous saves into the game , including for players that have switched their choice of platform prior to A New Frontier . A New Frontier will not be released on the PlayStation 3 or Xbox 360 , but players that have saves from Season Two on these platforms will be able to download a patch on those consoles as to upload their saved game to Telltale 's servers , and then access that from their new choice of platform . Telltale will also provide a separate tool for players to `` quick - create a tailored backstory '' for Clementine to this point , with a possible 42 different variations , and create a save file from which to start the new season with . Players may also opt to use the default backstory that Telltale has created as the basis for the game . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The Walking Dead : A New Frontier follows on the first game , and coincides with events of the comic , in which a zombie apocalypse has occurred , turning humans that are bitten or die into zombies , or `` walkers '' ; the only way to stop this conversion is to damage the brain . The game is primarily set four years after the apocalypse began . The protagonist of A New Frontier is Javier `` Javi '' Garcia ( Jeff Schine ) , a former professional baseball player . His group consists of Kate ( Shelley Shenoy ) , the second wife of his brother David , and David 's children Gabe and Mariana . He later meets Clementine ( Melissa Hutchison ) , a young teenager surviving on her own , and a major protagonist from the previous two seasons . She continues to look after the baby from last season , Alvin Jr . Also returning from the previous season are Kenny ( Gavin Hammon ) and Jane ( Christine Lakin ) , whose fates are depending on the player 's decisions from the previous season . Javi 's group meets new characters from the idyllic town of Prescott , including their leader Tripp and town doctor Eleanor ( Kelly Crowder ) . The first episode 's trailer includes the group meeting Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe ( Brandon Keener ) , the ambassador of the Hilltop community from the comic series . The trailer also describes `` The New Frontier '' as another group of survivors that have become twisted due to past events . Plot ( edit ) Javier is living with his family in Baltimore , including his brother , David and his second - wife , Kate , and children , Gabe and Mariana , at the onset of the walker epidemic . When their father dies of cancer and turns , biting their mother , David takes her to the hospital , but does n't return . After several months , Javier and Kate agree it was time to move on and set off with Gabe and Mariana on the road . Four years later , in the game 's present , the four have a run - in with a group of men led by Max and Badger while scavenging for supplies and gas from a junk yard . Javier is driven away from the others but is rescued by Clementine . She offers to help in exchange for their family truck , and takes him to Prescott , a fortified community within an old airfield , where he is introduced to Tripp , Conrad , Francine , and Eleanor . Tripp and Eleanor agree to help rescue Javier 's family . In the rescue attempt , Mariana is killed by Max and Badger 's men , and Kate is critically wounded , but Javier 's allies manage to repel the attack . Kate is rushed back to Prescott , while Clementine identifies one of the attackers as a member of The New Frontier , a large group of survivors she had once met , claiming they were once good people , but have since become twisted and distrustful . Kate is stable , but needs proper medical attention . Suddenly , Max and Badger appear at the gates of Prescott , having taken Francine as a hostage and demand Javier turn himself over . However , regardless of Javier 's response , Badger kills Francine and unleashes a horde of walkers into Prescott , killing its inhabitants . Only Javier , Clementine , Tripp , Conrad , Eleanor , Kate , and Gabe make it out alive . They regroup on the road , and Eleanor suggests they go to Richmond , Virginia , where she heard a sizable survivor camp can be found . A horde of walkers separates the group , and Eleanor drives ahead with Kate , while the others meet Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe , who offers to lead them through a shortcut via a train tunnel . Jesus reveals that the New Frontier controls Richmond ; after their past encounter , the group fear for Eleanor and Kate 's lives . During this time , Clementine warns Javier that she used to be a member of the New Frontier , and will stay outside the city when they enter . The group finds Kate near the gates of Richmond , and demand the guards to let them in for Kate 's sake . They are met by the town 's chief of security , who to Javier 's shock , is his brother David . David takes Kate and Gabe to Dr. Lingard for medical attention , while the others are kept in quarantine . David later comes to escort Javier around Richmond , explaining that after he went to the hospital , he could not get back into Baltimore , so he eventually took up the role as head of security for the New Frontier . David introduces Javier to Ava , his second - in - command , and to see a recovering Kate , who secretly warns Javier that David seems untrustful . David then takes Javier to see the New Frontier 's leadership council , which includes himself , Dr. Lingard , Clint , and Joan , so that he may argue his case to stay in Richmond . While there , Max arrives and accuses Javier of stealing New Frontier supplies and killing his men at the junkyard . While David seems to accept Javier 's story , Joan orders that Javier and the rest of his group to be evicted . They are given meager supplies , but which includes a map from David to a nearby warehouse . There , they are shortly joined by David , who admits that something may be wrong with the New Frontier . Clementine accuses David of being responsible for the death of the infant AJ ; in flashbacks , Clementine and AJ were forced to travel on their own before meeting Ava and being invited into the New Frontier . When AJ became deathly ill , Clementine attempted to steal medicine from Dr. Lingard in order to save his life . When David discovered her plot , he took AJ away from her and exiled her from the New Frontier . In the present , David admits AJ made a full recovery and is somewhere safe in Richmond with Dr. Lingard . The group overhears Max , Badger & Lonnie in the warehouse , and find that it is full of supplies taken by force from other communities , including Prescott and the Hilltop . Badger is killed in retribution by Javier while David interrogates Max , who admits that Joan had made orders behind David 's back to raid other communities . Jesus takes his leave to warn his own group about Joan while the others return to Richmond to confront Joan and rescue Kate , Gabe , Eleanor , and AJ . However , Joan turns on David and labels him as a conspirator alongside Javier , and makes plans to hang David at the town square the next day . Javier manages to escape confinement and organizes his group to try and expose Joan and turn the people of the New Frontier against her , as well as set off to acquire a stash of weapons and a truck to escape once they have rescued David . Clementine and Javier meet up at the hospital and learn that AJ is being kept at a ranch outside of town from Dr. Lingard , who demands they kill him by injection in exchange for information as he can no longer cope with the New Frontier 's actions . At the hanging , Joan calls out on Javier , accusing his group of being responsible for many past losses . She reveals she has captured Ava and Tripp , and demands Javier determine who to spare ; regardless of which he picks , Joan betrays him and kills the one he choses , despite Clint 's attempt to negotiate peace . The player has the option of killing Joan or trying to negotiate a deal , either choice leading to a firefight among the survivors during which Javier manages to free David . Kate , who had stayed with their escape vehicle , races into the square with the truck , but it is struck by a Molotov cocktail , and she loses control and crashes into one of the city 's walls ; the truck explodes , and walkers start to pour in through the breech . Kate survives and rejoins the group , who barricade themselves in an apartment building full of survivors and contemplate on how to save Richmond . David becomes suspicious of Javier and Kate 's closeness , and the group becomes wary of David 's growing aggression . The group decides to acquire a bulldozer that can help barricade the blockade to prevent the herd from proliferating . Along the way on the overpass either Tripp or Ava dies , depending on Javier 's choice earlier . As they acquire the bulldozer , David views Richmond as a lost cause and suggests that they leave the city to the walkers and return home , to which Gabe reluctantly agrees , but everyone else heavily disagrees with . After Kate reveals her feelings about Javier out of spite , David attacks him . Whether or not Javier decides to fight back , walkers begin to close in on them , allowing David to leave in a truck with Gabe. Kate decides to man the bulldozer to help save Richmond ; Javier and Clementine decide whether to help Kate or pursue David . The choice made can result in Javier losing Kate , David and / or Gabe . Jesus arrives with backup from the Kingdom to help the survivors round up the walkers and lead them out of Richmond , saving the town . Days later , Javier memorializes the ones lost and meets Jesus , who suggests that he steps up as Richmond 's new leader . Having learned AJ 's location from Dr. Lingard , Clementine decides to leave Richmond in order to find him . Javier gives her a haircut and bids her goodbye as she departs . Episodes ( edit ) The game is separated into five episodes , like the first and second seasons . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` Ties That Bind - Part One '' Jason Latino Brad Kane , Nick Breckon , Adam Esquenazi Douglas , Laura Jacqmin , Dan Martin , Desiree Proctor & Pierre Shorette December 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 20 ) After Javier and his family cross paths with an aggressive group , a simple misunderstanding will send everything spiraling out of control . 12 `` Ties That Bind - Part Two '' Rebekah Gamin Arcovitch Brad Kane , Nick Breckon , Michael Choung , Adam Esquenazi Douglas , Laura Jacqmin , Dan Martin , Evan Skolnick & Timothy Williams December 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 20 ) Javier , Clementine , and the remnants of Prescott press onwards towards a community in Richmond in order to seek medical attention for the dying Kate . 13 `` Above the Law '' Chris Rebbert James Windeler , Patrick Kevin Day , Adam Esquenazi Douglas , Laura Jacqmin , Adam Miller & Evan Skolnick March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) The group is faced with a shocking revelation after arriving in Richmond . 14 `` Thicker Than Water '' Chris Rieser Luke McMullen , Theresa Cooley , Patrick Kevin Day , Laura Jacqmin & Adam Miller April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) After escaping from confinement , Javier and the group devise a way to rescue David and take down Joan . 15 5 `` From the Gallows '' Jason Pyke Adam Esquenazi Douglas May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) All hell breaks loose when the walls are destroyed and the dead begin to overtake Richmond . Development ( edit ) When Telltale Games acquired the right to make video games based on The Walking Dead comics , they signed a contract for a `` multi-year , multi-platform , multi-title '' license . This license went into effect after the success of the first season of The Walking Dead , when Telltale commissioned a second series of games based on the franchise . The first season was considered highly successful , helping to revitalize the adventure game genre which had been in decline since the mid-1990s , with Telltale being recognized as one of the top development studios in 2012 . During an interview on IGN 's Up at Noon , writer Gary Whitta teased more The Walking Dead from Telltale sooner than later . `` You wo n't have to wait for season two to play more Walking Dead '' , he claimed . `` I can tell you what you already know , which is season two is coming . There 's not much to say because it really is very early ... it 's a way off '' , said Whitta . `` But , knowing that it 's a way off , and knowing that people are hungry for more Walking Dead there may very well be more Walking Dead from Telltale before season two . We may have a little something extra for you between season one and two '' . Whitta continued to tease that something is in the works right now `` that will make the wait for season two slightly less agonizing '' . This was revealed at the 2013 Electronic Entertainment Expo in June 2013 to be an additional episode called The Walking Dead : 400 Days that is available as downloadable content for the first season . It introduces five new characters that journalists expect to carry into Season Two . 400 Days will use data about the player 's decisions in season one , and decisions made in 400 Days will carry into Season Two . Telltale 's Sean Ainsworth and Dennis Lenart stated that the third season is going to feature a `` new angle '' from the story . It was confirmed by Robert Kirkman that Clementine would return for Season 3 . Robert Kirkman also said the game will almost be at the same point as the current comic timeline . He also said more comic - related events will happen . During a 2015 E3 Discussion with Greg Miller and Job Stauffer , Stauffer implied that Season 3 will be `` a long ways off '' and `` considerably larger '' than previous games . Stauffer hinted that some Comic Series characters will appear in Season 3 . Season 3 was planned to tie in all the possible endings that players from previous seasons may have taken , but as well as to draw in new players to the series . With the planned influx of new players and those that have transitioned off older consoles and do not have access to save games , Telltale provided a story generator tool that asks the player several questions as to customize a starting point for A New Frontier . These questions were developed by evaluating around 40,000 playthroughs that covered Season One and Two , and grouping the general pattern of choices made by players into a total of 42 distinct scenarios , from which they derived questions that would help guide a new player to fall in one of these sets . Bruner said they were more looking at patterns of behavior rather than specific decisions that had been made ; for example , the decision whether to kill Lee at his request before he turns or leave him at the end of Season One was found to `` representative of some pretty complicated motivations '' of the sum of players ' choices in the game , and thus wanted this story generator to capture the motivation rather than the result . In an interview with IGN , Kirkman stated that the third season will bring the video game closer to the comic book 's current time frame at the time of its planned release . This season will take place a few years after the second season , and will include a somewhat older Clementine along with AJ , the infant she rescues at the end of Season 2 and now a toddler . Clementine will be a playable character along with a new character , Javier . Telltale is working to adapt its previous data about player choices from the first two seasons , which were saved locally to a player 's computer or console , to work with their new cloud - based saving approach , so that these previous choices will affect how the story in the third season will play out . Telltale is expected to provide more details around the 2016 Comic - Con . The game will use the updated Telltale game engine that it is using for its Batman game . During the 2016 PAX Expo , Telltale revealed the third season will be released in November 2016 , with the subtitle A New Frontier . Telltale later had to delay the first episode 's release until December 20 , 2016 . Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment will publish retail versions of Season 3 as part of a deal with Telltale for Batman that was released in August 2016 . The physical edition is expected to release on February 24 , 2017 in North America and March 3 , 2017 in Europe ; it will contain the first two episodes on disc and digital codes to redeem the other episodes once they are available . Sequel ( edit ) In July 2017 , Telltale Games and Skybound Entertainment announced the fourth and final season titled The Walking Dead : The Final Season which is set to be released in 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores Game Metacritic Episode 1 : Ties That Bind Part One ( PC ) 81 ( PS4 ) 80 ( XONE ) 78 Episode 2 : Ties That Bind Part Two ( PC ) 80 ( PS4 ) 80 ( XONE ) 78 Episode 3 : Above the Law ( PC ) 75 ( PS4 ) 69 ( XONE ) 73 Episode 4 : Thicker Than Water ( PC ) 72 ( PS4 ) 65 ( XONE ) 73 Episode 5 : From The Gallows ( PC ) 74 ( PS4 ) 71 ( XONE ) 64 The Walking Dead : A New Frontier received mixed - to - positive reviews from critics with particular praise aimed at its new cast of characters , updated engine , pathos , and overall new direction . However , the short episode lengths and the treatment of the Season Two endings were both subjects of criticism . The game 's story and Clementine 's shift to a supporting role have both been met with a mixed response . Episode 1 : Ties that Bind Part One ( edit ) Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 81 / 100 based on 35 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 80 / 100 based on 10 reviews and the Xbox One version 78 / 100 based on 14 reviews . Episode 2 : Ties that Bind Part two ( edit ) Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 80 / 100 based on 33 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 80 / 100 based on 9 reviews and the Xbox One version 78 / 100 based on 13 reviews . Episode 3 : Above the Law ( edit ) Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 75 / 100 based on 29 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 69 / 100 based on 8 reviews and the Xbox One version 73 / 100 based on 6 reviews . Episode 4 : Thicker than Water ( edit ) Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 72 / 100 based on 28 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 65 / 100 based on 5 reviews and the Xbox One version 73 / 100 based on 4 reviews . Episode 5 : from the Gallows ( edit ) Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 74 / 100 based on 23 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 71 / 100 based on 5 reviews and the Xbox One version 64 / 100 based on 6 reviews . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goldfarb , Andrew ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Telltale 's The Walking Dead : A New Frontier Release Date Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbrush , Jonathan ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Pax East 2017 Telltale Games ' The Walking Dead Season 3 Episode 3 Release Date Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sirani , Jordan ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` A New Frontier Episode 4 Drops Next Week '' . IGN . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbrush , Jonathan ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Telltale Games ' The Walking Dead Season 3 Finale Episode Release Date Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Telltale Games Planning The Walking Dead Season Two '' . The Escapist . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season Two Insinuated by Telltale '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` More The Walking Dead Games in the Way From Telltale , Activision '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Telltale Looking Into Save Game Imports for The Walking Dead Season 2 '' . MTV.com. 2013 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( 2013 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Comic - Con : Clementine Will Be in Walking Dead Game Season 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) . `` E3 2016 : Telltale 's The Walking Dead : Season 3 Will Have New Playable Character - IGN '' . Au.ign.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Alexandra , Heather ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Telltale 's The Walking Dead : A New Frontier Is Off To A Great Start '' . Kotaku . Univision Communications . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nunneley , Stephanny ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us 2 , The Walking Dead : The Final Season coming in 2018 , Batman : The Enemy Within out in August '' . VG247 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead 's new season skips PS3 and 360 -- and that could mean trouble for old save files '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Philips , Tom ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead 's third season will let you import saves '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Conner , Alice ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Build - a-Clem with Walking Dead season 3 save importing '' . Rock Paper Shotgun . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Good , Owen S. ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season 3 : A New Frontier Review '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serrano , Zulai ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Season 3 Review : Telltale , What Did You Do To Clementine ? ! ( SPOILERS ) '' . IDigital Times . IBT Media . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Hammon Filmography '' . Internet Movie Database . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sofka , Samantha ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` TELLTALE 'S THE WALKING DEAD SEASON 3 LAUNCH TRAILER GIVES FANS A CLOSER LOOK '' . The Nerdist . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Dead Video Game Lives '' . IGN. 2011 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The actors hiding inside your video games '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) . `` The Walking Dead 's Season Finale Is Coming Next Week '' . G4 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Moss , Richard ( 2011 - 01 - 26 ) . `` A truly graphic adventure : the 25 - year rise and fall of a beloved genre '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Graft , Kris ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) . `` The top 10 game developers of 2012 '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` More Telltale 's Walking Dead Coming Before Season 2 '' . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Kirsten ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) . `` New The Walking Dead DLC , Series Coming to PS Vita with Bundle '' . PlayStation Blog . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Episode 5 Spoilercast '' . YouTube . 2014 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Skrebels , Joe ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Telltale 's The Walking Dead Season 3 will be `` Checking in on Clementine '' - IGN `` . Au.ign.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Telltale `` The Walking Dead , Marvel and more '' E3 Chat With Job Stauffer and Greg Miller `` . YouTube . 2015 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Telltale 's Walking Dead Season 3 : The Comic & Past Season Connections - IGN Access '' . YouTube . 2016 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Telltale 's The Walking Dead Story Generator Will Tell You What Kind of Survivor You Are '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Game 's Season 3 Details Teased , Returning Character Confirmed '' . GameSpot. 2016 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Telltale 's The Walking Dead - Robert Kirkman Interview - IGN Video '' . Au.ign.com. 2016 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) . `` The Walking Dead 's third season screens shows off Telltale 's improved engine `` . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season 3 revealed `` . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Adam Rosenberg ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Telltale plans ' The Walking Dead : Season 3 ' for a 2016 premiere '' . Mashable.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( 2016 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Telltale 's The Walking Dead returns in November for season three '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Telltale 's The Walking Dead : Season Three Delayed , New Release Date Revealed '' . GameSpot. 2016 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Telltale 's Batman launches August for download , September on disc `` . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead season 3 's next episode coming in March '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 1 : Ties That Bind Part One Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 1 : Ties That Bind Part One Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 1 : Ties That Bind Part One Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 2 : Ties That Bind Part Two Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 2 : Ties That Bind Part Two Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 2 : Ties That Bind Part Two Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 3 : Above the Law Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 3 : Above the Law Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 3 : Above the Law Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 4 : Thicker Than Water Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 4 : Thicker Than Water Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 4 : Thicker Than Water Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 5 : From The Gallows Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 5 : From The Gallows Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : The Telltale Series - A New Frontier Episode 5 : From The Gallows Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Telltale Games Bone series Out from Boneville The Great Cow Race CSI series 3 Dimensions of Murder Hard Evidence Deadly Intent Fatal Conspiracy Sam & Max series Save the World Beyond Time and Space The Devil 's Playhouse Puzzle Agent series Puzzle Agent Puzzle Agent 2 Poker Night series Poker Night at the Inventory Poker Night 2 The Walking Dead series The Walking Dead Season Two Michonne A New Frontier Batman series Batman : The Telltale Series Batman : The Enemy Within Other titles Telltale Texas Hold'em Strong Bad 's Cool Game for Attractive People Wallace & Gromit 's Grand Adventures Tales of Monkey Island Back to the Future : The Game Jurassic Park : The Game Law & Order : Legacies Tales from the Borderlands Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Minecraft : Story Mode Game of Thrones The Wolf Among Us Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead:_A_New_Frontier&oldid=805494232 '' Categories : 2016 video games Android ( operating system ) games Episodic video games Interactive movie video games IOS games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation Network games PlayStation Vita games Point - and - click adventure games Post-apocalyptic video games Telltale Games games Video game sequels Video games based on Image Comics Video games featuring female antagonists Video games featuring female protagonists Video games with alternate endings Video games with cel - shaded animation Windows games Xbox One games Zombie video games Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 19 : 36 . 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3219501936830335692 | Jamaican dollar | Jamaican dollar - wikipedia Jamaican dollar Jamaican dollar 1 dollar coin ISO 4217 Code JMD Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 cent Symbol $ Banknotes Freq . used $50 , $100 , $500 , $1000 Rarely used $5000 Coins Freq . used 25c , $1 , $5 , $10 , $20 Rarely used 1c , 10c Demographics User ( s ) Jamaica Issuance Central bank Bank of Jamaica Website www.boj.org.jm Valuation Inflation 10.2 % Source Bank of Jamaica Economic Data , 2009 The dollar has been the currency of Jamaica since 1969 . It is often abbreviated `` J $ '' , the J serving to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies . It is divided into 100 cents . Contents 1 Exchange rate 2 History 3 Coins 4 Banknotes 5 Use outside Jamaica 6 Half Pounds 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Exchange rate ( edit ) Current JMD exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD History ( edit ) The history of currency in Jamaica should not be considered in isolation of the wider picture in the British West Indies as a whole . See British West Indies dollar . The peculiar feature about Jamaica was the fact that it was the only British West Indies territory to use special issues of the sterling coinage , apart from the four - pence groat coin which was specially issued for all the British West Indies , and later only for British Guiana . The earliest money in Jamaica was Spanish copper coins called maravedíes . This relates to the fact that for nearly four hundred years Spanish dollars , known as pieces of eight were in widespread use on the world 's trading routes , including the Caribbean Sea region . However , following the revolutionary wars in Latin America , the source of these silver trade coins dried up . The last Spanish dollar was minted at the Potosí mint in 1825 . The United Kingdom had adopted a very successful gold standard in 1821 , so 1825 was an opportune time to introduce the British sterling coinage into all the British colonies . An imperial order - in - council was passed in that year for the purposes of facilitating this aim by making sterling coinage legal tender in the colonies at the specified rating of $1 = 4s 4d ( one Spanish dollar to four shillings and four pence sterling ) . As the sterling silver coins were attached to a gold standard , this exchange rate did not realistically represent the value of the silver in the Spanish dollars as compared to the value of the gold in the British gold sovereign , and as such , the order - in - council had the reverse effect in many colonies . It had the effect of actually driving sterling coinage out , rather than encouraging its circulation . Remedial legislation had to be introduced in 1838 so as to change over to the more realistic rating of $1 = 4s 2d . However , in Jamaica , British Honduras , Bermuda , and later in the Bahamas also , the official rating was set aside in favour of what was known as the ' Maccaroni ' tradition in which a British shilling , referred to as a ' Maccaroni ' , was treated as one quarter of a dollar . The common link between these four territories was the Bank of Nova Scotia which brought in the ' Maccaroni ' tradition , resulting in the successful introduction of both sterling coinage and sterling accounts . In 1834 , silver coins of threepence and three halfpence ( 11⁄2 pence ) were introduced , valued at 1⁄2 real and 1⁄4 real . The three - halfpence coins came to be called `` quartiles '' or `` quatties . '' These in particular were used in church collections due to a feeling by the black population that copper coins were inappropriate for that purpose . Hence , they came to be called `` Christian quatties '' . In 1839 , an act was passed by Parliament declaring that as of December 31 , 1840 , only British coinage would be legal tender in Jamaica , demonetizing all of the Spanish coins , with the exception of the gold doubloon which was valued at £ 3 4s . Coins in use were thus the farthing ( 1⁄4d ) , halfpenny , penny , three halfpence ( 11⁄2d ) , threepence , sixpence , shilling , florin ( 2s ) , half crown ( 2s 6d ) , and crown ( 5s ) . The emancipation of the slaves in 1838 increased the need for coinage in Jamaica , particularly low - denomination coins , but the blacks were still reluctant to use copper . The solution was to use cupronickel , adopted in 1869 . Pennies and halfpennies were minted for use in Jamaica , becoming the first truly Jamaican coins . Beginning in 1880 , the farthing was also minted in cupronickel . In 1904 , the first government - authorized banknotes were produced in the denomination of 10s . Banknotes of £ 1 and £ 5 were also being circulated by chartered banks . In 1918 , denominations of 2s 6d and 5s were authorized . The 2s 6d note proved to have a short life , being withdrawn in 1922 . In 1940 , the government bank began producing £ 1 and £ 5 notes . In October 1960 , the Bank of Jamaica was given the sole right to mint coins and produce banknotes in Jamaica . Their notes were released on May 1 , 1961 , in the denominations of 5s , 10s , £ 1 , and £ 5 . On January 30 , 1968 , the Jamaican House of Representatives voted to decimalize the currency by introducing the dollar , worth 10 shillings , to replace the Jamaican pound . Coins and banknotes went into circulation on September 8 , 1969 . The introduction of a decimal currency provided the opportunity for the introduction of a complete Jamaican coinage as formerly , the coins ( with the exception of the penny and halfpenny ) , were the same as those used in the United Kingdom . The reverse of the decimal coinage was designed by Christopher Ironside , O.B.E. . These coins were in circulation from 1969 to about 1990 . From its introduction , as a result of elevated levels of inflation during the 1980s and especially the early 1990s , the Jamaican dollar has fallen from a peak of J $0.77 to US $ 1 in its first few years of circulation to around J $131 to US $1 as of July 2018 . The new Jamaican dollar ( and the Cayman Islands dollar ) differed from all the other dollars in the British West Indies in that it was essentially a half - pound sterling . All the other dollars either began on the US dollar unit or the Spanish dollar unit . Coins ( edit ) Jamaica 's currency is the Jamaican dollar . The value of the Jamaican dollar fluctuates but in October 2012 it was approximately J $90 to US $1 . At the time of its introduction , coins of 1 cent ( 1.2 pence ) , 5 cents ( 6 pence ) , 10 cents ( 1 shilling ) , 20 cents ( 2 shillings ) and 25 cents ( 2 shillings 6 pence ) were produced . With the exception of a smaller bronze 1 cent , the compositions , sizes , and shapes of the coins were identical to those they replaced . The 1 - cent coin was changed in 1975 to a twelve - sided shape and aluminium composition . Decagonal 50 - cent coins were introduced in 1976 to replace the 50 cent banknote , but production for circulation ceased in 1989 , along with that of the 20 cents . In 1990 , nickel - brass 1 dollar coins were introduced to replace the banknote of the same denomination . Nickel - plated steel replaced copper - nickel in the 5 , 10 , and 25 cent coins in 1991 with a smaller size and seven - sided shape for the 25 cent coin . In 1994 , a round nickel - plated steel 5 dollar coin replaced its corresponding banknote , a smaller , seven - sided nickel - plated steel 1 dollar coin was introduced , and the 5 cent coin was abandoned . 1995 saw smaller , round copper - plated steel 10 and 25 cent coins . All non-current coins were demonetized in January 1997 . A scalloped nickel - plated steel 10 dollar coin replaced the 10 dollar note in 1999 and a bimetallic 20 dollar coin with a nickel - brass ring and copper - nickel center was introduced in place of a 20 dollar banknote in 2000 . All nickel - plated or copper - plated steel coins are magnetic . All coins have the Jamaican coat of arms on their reverse . Coins currently in circulation are as follows : 1 cent Reverse : ackee 10 cents ( 17 mm ; 2.4 g ; copper - plated steel ; round ) Reverse : Rt . Excellent Paul Bogle 25 cents ( 20 mm ; 3.6 g ; copper - plated steel ; round ) Reverse : Rt . Excellent Marcus Garvey $1 ( 18.5 mm ; 2.9 g ; nickel - plated steel ; seven - sided ) Reverse : Rt . Excellent Sir Alexander Bustamante $5 ( 21.5 mm ; 4.3 g ; nickel - plated steel ; round ) Reverse : Rt . Excellent Norman Manley $10 ( 24.5 mm ; 6 g ; nickel - plated steel ; scalloped or round ) Reverse : Rt . Excellent George William Gordon $20 ( 23 mm ; 7.1 g ; bimetallic copper - nickel center in nickel - brass ring ; round ) Rt . Excellent Marcus Garvey Banknotes ( edit ) On 8 September 1969 , banknotes of 50 cents ( 5 shillings ) , $1 ( 10 shillings ) , $2 ( £ 1 ) , and $10 ( £ 5 ) were introduced . The $5 note was introduced on 20 October 1970 , followed by the $20 in June 1976 , when the 50 cent note was replaced by a coin . $100 notes were added on 2 December 1986 , followed by $50 notes on 27 July 1988 . The $2 note was dropped in 1994 , whilst the $1 note was replaced by a coin in 1990 . In 1994 , coins replaced the $5 notes and $500 notes were introduced . In 1999 , $10 coins replaced notes , whilst , in 2000 , $20 coins replaced the notes and $1000 notes were introduced . Banknotes currently in circulation are : $50 ( Front : The Right Excellent Samuel Sharpe , National Hero ; Back : Doctor 's Cave Beach , Montego Bay ) $100 ( Front : Sir Donald Sangster ; Back : Dunn 's River Falls ) $500 ( Front : The Right Excellent Nanny of the Maroons ; Back : Old Map of Jamaica highlighting Port Royal ) $1000 ( Front : The Honourable Michael Norman Manley , ON OCC LL. D. ( Honorary ) ; Back : Jamaica House ) The Bank of Jamaica introduced a $5000 bill into Jamaica 's monetary system on 24 September 2009 . It bears the portrait of former Prime Minister of Jamaica , The Honourable Hugh Lawson Shearer . On May 18 , 2009 , a specimen note was presented to the former Prime Minister 's widow , Dr. Denise Eldemire - Shearer . Some have criticized the Bank of Jamaica 's measure to introduce this banknote . Among the critics are Finance Minister Audley Shaw , who says that the introduction of such a banknote is a sign that the Jamaican Dollar is losing value . On November 15 , 2010 , the Bank of Jamaica issued a $50 commemorative note to celebrate its founding . The note is similar to its regular issue in design and security features , but the bank 's logo printed in blue , with the words `` 50th anniversary and 1960 - 2010 '' printed above and below the logo . The back of the commemorative note features the Bank of Jamaica headquarters building in Nethersole Place set against a background of morning glory blossoms . Both the commemorative and the regular issue note circulate in parallel . In 2012 , the Bank of Jamaica introduced a new family of banknotes commemorating the country 's Golden Jubilee . The commemorative banknotes are similar to its regular issue banknotes , but on the obverse it features the `` Jamaica 50 '' logo superimposed on the watermark on the front of each note . The unique image , which is normally on the reverse side of each note , has been replaced by a photograph of a group of children from Central Branch Primary School , from 1962 . It formerly appeared on the $2 note , which was in circulation from 1969 to 1994 . Currently , the Jamaican banknotes are printed on a cotton material which has a relatively short life in the country 's tropical climate and other circulation conditions , but the new notes will come on enhanced substrates . The $100 note is printed on a material called `` Hybrid '' , a combination of a protected polyester film layered on a cotton fiber core . The $50 , $500 , and $1000 notes are printed on a varnished cotton substrate , that is , the traditional cotton treated with a varnish after the notes have been printed . Varnishing creates a moisture - proof layer to protect the banknotes against surface soiling and reduces the extent to which they will absorb moisture , contaminant particles and microorganisms . The $5000 note remains on a regular cotton substrate as the main security thread , `` Optiks '' , is compatible only with the cotton based material . The commemorative notes are released into circulation on July 23 , 2012 and the new notes will circulate alongside the regular issue banknotes . On March 24 , 2014 , the Bank of Jamaica issued a $50 note printed on the `` Hybrid '' substrate . In 2015 , the Bank of Jamaica issued a $100 note dated January 1 , 2014 on the `` Hybrid '' substrate . The $1000 note features an image of the Jamaican Swallowtail , the largest butterfly in the western hemisphere which is also endemic to Jamaica . Use outside Jamaica ( edit ) The Jamaican dollar was used not only by Jamaica , but also by the Cayman Islands , a former dependency of Jamaica , until 1972 . In that year , the territory stopped using the Jamaican dollar and adopted its own currency , the Cayman Islands dollar . Half pounds ( edit ) In adopting the Jamaican dollar , Jamaica followed the pattern of South Africa , Australia , and New Zealand in that when it adopted the decimal system , it decided to use the half pound unit as opposed to the pound unit of account . The choice of the name dollar was motivated by the fact that the reduced value of the new unit corresponded more closely to the value of the US dollar than it did to the pound sterling . See also ( edit ) Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Economy of Jamaica References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.boj.org.jm/uploads/excel/Historic_rates.xls Jump up ^ Bank of Jamaica Currency Structure Policy Archived 2011 - 01 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Jamaica - Coins '' . www.boj.org.jm . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Jamaica - Bank Notes '' . boj.org.jm . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Linzmayer , Owen ( 2012 ) . `` Jamaica '' . The Banknote Book . San Francisco , CA : www.BanknoteNews.com . Jump up ^ Jamaica 50 - dollar commemorative confirmed BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jamaica new commemorative notes confirmed BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Press release on the issuance of the $50 `` Hybrid '' note Bank of Jamaica ( www.boj.org.jm ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jamaica new 100 - dollar Hybrid note confirmed BanknoteNews.com . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved on 2015 - 06 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Banknotes of Jamaica . 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lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 02 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is on the jamaican 5000 dollar bill | [
"The Bank of Jamaica introduced a $5000 bill into Jamaica's monetary system on 24 September 2009.[5] It bears the portrait of former Prime Minister of Jamaica, The Honourable Hugh Lawson Shearer. On May 18, 2009, a specimen note was presented to the former Prime Minister's widow, Dr. Denise Eldemire-Shearer. Some have criticized the Bank of Jamaica's measure to introduce this banknote. Among the critics are Finance Minister Audley Shaw, who says that the introduction of such a banknote is a sign that the Jamaican Dollar is losing value.\n"
] | [
"former Prime Minister of Jamaica, The Honourable Hugh Lawson Shearer"
] |
-5375850532953885140 | List of Super Bowl champions | List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were known as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker , the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were only retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 26 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Nineteen different franchises , including teams that relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 - 4 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 74 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) have lost a record five Super Bowls . The New England Patriots ( 5 -- 4 ) , the Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) , and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the 1966 -- 67 Green Bay Packers , the 1972 -- 73 Miami Dolphins , the 1974 -- 75 and 1978 -- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers ( the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the 1988 -- 89 San Francisco 49ers , the 1992 -- 93 Dallas Cowboys , the 1997 -- 98 Denver Broncos , and the 2003 -- 04 New England Patriots . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 93 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 04 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.3 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 47 , 24 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 47 , 23 -- 24 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Pasadena , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Pasadena , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Pasadena , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium Santa Clara , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Pasadena , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Pasadena , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Glendale , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! ALLTEL Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Glendale , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium Santa Clara , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 X 2018 ! 2017 -- 18 NFC champion at 2017 -- 18 AFC champion 0018 ! -- X 2018 ! To be determined ( TBD ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 000018 ! TBD 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined ( TBD ) City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Inglewood , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven different franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team NFL / NFC teams ( 26 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by season of first appearance . In the `` Season ( s ) '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Season ( s ) 09G - 04W ! 9 New England Patriots 5 . 556 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 08G - 06W ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08G - 05W ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 5 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08G - 03W ! 8 Denver Broncos 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06G - 05W ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 5 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05G - 04W ! 5 Green Bay Packers . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05G - 04W ! 5 New York Giants . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05G - 03W ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05G - 03W ! 5 Washington Redskins . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05G - 02W ! 5 Miami Dolphins . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04G - 02W ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04G - 00W ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04G - 00W ! 4 Buffalo Bills 0 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03G - 01W ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03G - 01W ! 3 Seattle Seahawks . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 02G - 02W ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02G - 01W ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02G - 01W ! 2 Chicago Bears . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02G - 00W ! 2 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 000 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 02G - 00W ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02G - 00W ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 02G - 00W ! 2 Carolina Panthers 0 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 01G - 01W ! 1 New York Jets 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01G - 01W ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01G - 01W ! 1 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01G - 00W ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 0 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01G - 00W ! 1 Tennessee Titans 0 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01G - 00W ! 1 Arizona Cardinals 0 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00G - 00W ! 0 Cleveland Browns 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Detroit Lions 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Houston Texans 0 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were an expansion team created in 1996 with former Browns players . Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in two AFC Championship Games in 1996 and 1999 Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls ; this means Cleveland is the only current NFL city that has neither hosted , nor had its team play in , a Super Bowl . Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Nine teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX . Their last championship was in 1960 . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III was the team 's last championship appearance . The following eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl , but not since 1995 , meaning their droughts are longer than Jacksonville 's and Houston 's . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) San Diego Chargers ( Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Super Bowl rematches The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming . Qualcomm Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium and San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . Additionally , although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Culture in History Of The Nfl '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 - The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . Associated Press . National Football League . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=802192951 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 15 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has won the most super bowl games | [
"The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5-4), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–74. The Denver Broncos (3–5) have lost a record five Super Bowls. The New England Patriots (5–4), the Minnesota Vikings (0–4), and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the 1966–67 Green Bay Packers, the 1972–73 Miami Dolphins, the 1974–75 and 1978–79 Pittsburgh Steelers (the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the 1988–89 San Francisco 49ers, the 1992–93 Dallas Cowboys, the 1997–98 Denver Broncos, and the 2003–04 New England Patriots. Among those, Dallas (1992–93; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–04) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl."
] | [
"Pittsburgh Steelers"
] |
6402270804007445676 | Nate Archibald (Gossip Girl) | Nate Archibald ( Gossip Girl ) - wikipedia Nate Archibald ( Gossip Girl ) Jump to : navigation , search Nate Archibald Gossip Girl character Chace Crawford as Nathaniel Archibald First appearance Novel : Gossip Girl Television : `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance Novel : I Will Always Love You Television : `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' ( episode 6.10 ) Created by Character Cecily von Ziegesar Developed for Television Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Portrayed by Chace Crawford Information Full name Nathaniel Fitzwilliam Archibald Nickname ( s ) Nate Nathaniel ( by his grandfather and Chuck ) Novels : Natie ( by Serena and Blair ) Aliases Golden Boy Gender Male Occupation Novels : Sailor and lacrosse captain High school student ( at St. Jude 's ; graduated ) College student ( at Yale ; later Deep Springs College ) Television : High school student ( at St. Jude 's ; graduated ) College student ( at Columbia ) Editor - in - chief ( at The New York Spectator ) Family Novels : Captain Archibald ( father ) Mrs. Archibald ( mother ) Television : Howard Archibald ( father ) Anne Archibald ( mother ; née van der Bilt ) William van der Bilt I ( maternal grandfather ) William van der Bilt II ( maternal uncle ) William `` Tripp '' van der Bilt III ( first cousin ) Nathaniel Fitzwilliam Archibald is a character in the best selling Gossip Girl book series . He is portrayed by Chace Crawford in the television series of the same name . In the novels , he is considered the primary male character , always being fought over by the two most prominent females , Blair Waldorf and Serena van der Woodsen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Novel series 2 TV series 2.1 In other media 3 References Novel series Nate Archibald is a lacrosse player at the elite St. Jude 's School for Boys . His mother , Anne Archibald , is a French socialite , and his father , Captain Archibald , is a former Navy captain and a wealthy banker . His closest friends are Chuck Bass , Serena van der Woodsen and Blair Waldorf . He has been dating Blair since middle school . However , Nate is shown to have deep , unresolved feelings for Serena . They have sex during the summer at a wedding . He reveals this to Blair in the first novel after Serena returns , and right before they were supposed to lose their virginity to each other , which causes their first breakup . He gets together with freshman Jenny Humphrey , but later dumps her for Blair for being too clingy . He and Blair have an on - again - off - again relationship throughout most of the novels . Nate 's family resides in a stately townhouse off Park Avenue on the exclusive Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City , and his mother 's French socialite family owns a summer chateau in Nice . He is a fan of sailing like his father , and wished to do that instead of attending Yale with Blair , although he expressed interest in attending Brown University . At the end of the series he sails around the world with a friend of his father 's , Captain Charles `` Chips '' White to avoid getting in between Blair and Serena again . In I Will Aways Love You , on break from Deep Springs College , Nate chooses Blair in part I and then Serena in part II . Tv series Nathaniel Archibald was born to Captain Howard Archibald , a successful business magnate , and Anne Vanderbilt Archibald , a member of the Vanderbilt family . On the surface , Nate seems to be the perfect `` Golden Boy '' of the Upper East Side . He is best friends with Chuck Bass , with whom he attends the elite St. Jude 's School for Boys . Nate has been with girlfriend Blair Waldorf `` since kindergarten '' . However , he secretly harbors feelings for Blair 's best friend , Serena van der Woodsen . They shared a sordid one night stand before the show began , which caused her departure to boarding school . Nate 's feelings for Blair are complicated by his ongoing infatuation with Serena and his parents ' determination to keep him on a certain path . He later goes on to attend Columbia University . In other media Nate is the subject of the song ' Nate Will Not Return ' by British post-punk band The Fall on their 2011 album Ersatz GB . References Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl - Cast - Chace Crawford '' . CWtv.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Will Not Return - Reformation ! '' . ( hide ) Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nate_Archibald_(Gossip_Girl)&oldid=816805242 '' Categories : Gossip Girl characters Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional characters introduced in 2002 Fictional characters from New York City Fictional sailors Fictional male prostitutes Fictional American people of English descent Fictional American people of French descent Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional socialites Fictional American people of Dutch descent Fictional fraudsters Fictional college students Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 20 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does nate go to college in gossip girl | [
"\n\nNate Archibald\n\n\nGossip Girl character\n\n\n\nChace Crawford as Nathaniel Archibald\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nNovel:\nGossip Girl\nTelevision:\n\"Pilot\"\n(episode 1.01)\n\n\nLast appearance\nNovel:\nI Will Always Love You\nTelevision:\n\"New York, I Love You XOXO\"\n(episode 6.10)\n\n\nCreated by\nCharacter\nCecily von Ziegesar\nDeveloped for Television\nJosh Schwartz\nStephanie Savage\n\n\nPortrayed by\nChace Crawford\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nFull name\nNathaniel Fitzwilliam Archibald\n\n\nNickname(s)\nNate\nNathaniel (by his grandfather and Chuck)\nNovels:\nNatie (by Serena and Blair)\n\n\nAliases\nN\nGolden Boy\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nOccupation\nNovels:\nSailor and lacrosse captain\nHigh school student\n(at St. Jude's; graduated)\nCollege student\n(at Yale; later Deep Springs College)\nTelevision:\nHigh school student\n(at St. Jude's; graduated)\nCollege student\n(at Columbia)\nEditor-in-chief\n(at The New York Spectator)\n\n\nFamily\nNovels:\nCaptain Archibald\n(father)\nMrs. Archibald\n(mother)\nTelevision:\nHoward Archibald\n(father)\nAnne Archibald\n(mother; née van der Bilt)\nWilliam van der Bilt I\n(maternal grandfather)\nWilliam van der Bilt II\n(maternal uncle)\nWilliam \"Tripp\" van der Bilt III\n(first cousin)\n\n",
"\n\nNate Archibald\n\n\nGossip Girl character\n\n\n\nChace Crawford as Nathaniel Archibald\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nNovel:\nGossip Girl\nTelevision:\n\"Pilot\"\n(episode 1.01)\n\n\nLast appearance\nNovel:\nI Will Always Love You\nTelevision:\n\"New York, I Love You XOXO\"\n(episode 6.10)\n\n\nCreated by\nCharacter\nCecily von Ziegesar\nDeveloped for Television\nJosh Schwartz\nStephanie Savage\n\n\nPortrayed by\nChace Crawford\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nFull name\nNathaniel Fitzwilliam Archibald\n\n\nNickname(s)\nNate\nNathaniel (by his grandfather and Chuck)\nNovels:\nNatie (by Serena and Blair)\n\n\nAliases\nN\nGolden Boy\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nOccupation\nNovels:\nSailor and lacrosse captain\nHigh school student\n(at St. Jude's; graduated)\nCollege student\n(at Yale; later Deep Springs College)\nTelevision:\nHigh school student\n(at St. Jude's; graduated)\nCollege student\n(at Columbia)\nEditor-in-chief\n(at The New York Spectator)\n\n\nFamily\nNovels:\nCaptain Archibald\n(father)\nMrs. Archibald\n(mother)\nTelevision:\nHoward Archibald\n(father)\nAnne Archibald\n(mother; née van der Bilt)\nWilliam van der Bilt I\n(maternal grandfather)\nWilliam van der Bilt II\n(maternal uncle)\nWilliam \"Tripp\" van der Bilt III\n(first cousin)\n\n"
] | [
"Yale",
"Deep Springs College"
] |
-3219121197466667643 | Timeline of the American Old West | Timeline of the American Old West - wikipedia Timeline of the American Old West Jump to : navigation , search 1864 Dower hand - colored map depicting the western half of the United States , including most of the lands west of the Mississippi River This timeline of the American Old West is a chronologically ordered list of events significant to the development of the American West as a region of the United States prior to 1912 . The term `` American Old West '' refers to a vast geographical area and lengthy time period of imprecise boundaries , and historians ' definitions vary . The events in this timeline occurred primarily in the contiguous portion of the modern United States west of the Mississippi River , and mostly in the period between the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the admission of the last mainland states into the Union in 1912 . A small section summarizing early exploration and settlement prior to 1803 is included to provide a foundation for later developments . Rarely , events significant to the history of the West but which occurred within the modern boundaries of Canada and Mexico are included as well . Western North America was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Native Americans , and later served as a frontier to European powers , beginning with Spanish colonization in the 16th century . British , French , and Russian claims followed in the 18th and 19th centuries . After the American Revolution , the newly independent United States began securing its own frontier from the Appalachian Mountains westward for settlement and economic investment by American citizens . The long history of American expansion into these lands has played a central role in shaping American culture , iconography , and the modern national identity , and remains a popular topic for study by scholars and historians . Events listed below are notable developments for the region as a whole , not just for a particular state or smaller subdivision of the region ; as historians Hine and Faragher put it , they `` tell the story of the creation and defense of communities , the use of the lands , the development of markets , and the formation of states ... It is a tale of conquest , but also one of survival , persistence , and the merging of peoples and cultures . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Early exploration and settlement 2 1800s 3 1810s 4 1820s 5 1830s 6 1840s 7 1850s 8 1860s 9 1870s 10 1880s 11 1890s 12 1900s 13 1910s 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Early exploration and settlement ( edit ) Coronado Sets Out to the North by American artist Frederic Remington Statue of Popé , or Po'Pay , leader of the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 , as it stands in the National Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capitol Building Natives utilize a primitive plow to prepare a field for planting near Mission San Diego de Alcalá . Drawing by A.B. Dodge , 1920 . For almost three centuries after Columbus ' voyages to the New World , much of western North America remained unsettled by European colonists , despite various territorial claims made by imperialist nations . Europeans interest in the vast territory was primarily motivated by the search for precious metals , especially gold , and the fur trade , with miners , trappers , and hunters among the first people of European descent to permanently settle in the West . The early years were also a period of scientific exploration and survey , such that by 1830 the rough outline of the western half of the continent had been mapped to the Pacific Ocean . Year Date Event 1540 Feb 23 Spanish conquistador Francisco Vázquez de Coronado embarks on an expedition into the unexplored territory north of colonized Mexico to search for the fabled Seven Cities of Gold . The voyage lasts more than two years , during which Coronado travels through much of the American Southwest and as far north as present - day Kansas . His party is the first to document the geography and indigenous peoples of significant portions of the West . 1579 Jun 17 English explorer Francis Drake lands his expedition on the Pacific coast of North America in present - day Drakes Bay , California , claiming all of the land not already under Spanish control for England . 1598 Apr Spanish explorer Juan de Oñate establishes Nuevo México in the region around the upper Rio Grande as the northernmost province of New Spain , serving as its first colonial governor . 1607 Spanish colonists establish the city of Santa Fe in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . 1610 The Palace of the Governors is built in Santa Fe , the new capital of Nuevo México . Today it is the oldest continuously occupied public building in the United States . 1680 Aug 10 An alliance of Puebloan peoples coordinated by Popé initiates a mass revolt against Spanish colonists occupying what is now northern New Mexico in an effort to abolish European influence in the area . More than 400 people are killed and the Spanish are unable to reconquer Santa Fe for another 12 years . 1692 Santa Fe is formally repossessed by the Spanish after Diego de Vargas negotiates a peace with the Pueblo Indians . The following six years witness a difficult reinstatement of Spanish and Franciscan rule over the Pueblos , including another revolt in 1696 , which is successfully countered by De Vargas and his forces . 1718 May 1 The Presidio San Antonio de Bexar , eventually the city of San Antonio , is founded in Spanish Texas to undermine French claims in the area . 1743 Mar 30 François and Louis - Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye , on expedition west from Quebec , bury an inscribed lead plate near present - day Fort Pierre , South Dakota , claiming the area for France . 1759 Oct 7 A Spanish attack on a fortified Indian village along the Red River in what is now Texas is repulsed and defeated by allied Wichita , Comanche , and Tonkawa tribes . 1762 Nov 13 France transfers all of its territory west of the Appalachian Mountains to Spain in a secret treaty just months prior to the negotiations that end the French and Indian War . 1769 Jul 16 Spanish Franciscans , led by friar Junípero Serra , establish Mission San Diego de Alcalá in Las Californias . By 1823 , the missionaries successfully plant a series of 20 more missions along the coast of what becomes the Spanish province of Alta California . These missions bring European culture to the indigenous peoples of California , but also enable a serious decline of from one - third to one - half of the indigenous population there during the Mission period . 1775 Aug 20 A company of Spanish soldiers establishes a site for the Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón in what is now Tucson , Arizona . 1776 Jul 29 Two Franciscan priests lead the Domínguez -- Escalante expedition west from Santa Fe in an attempt to find an overland route to the Spanish Catholic mission in Monterey . Though they fail to reach Las Californias , they explore previously unknown areas of the Colorado Plateau , become the first Europeans to enter the Great Basin , and establish the eastern section of what will later become the Old Spanish Trail . 1779 Sep 3 Comanche Indian leader Cuerno Verde is killed in combat with Spanish forces led by Juan Bautista de Anza in what is now Pueblo County , Colorado . 1783 Sep 3 The Treaty of Paris is signed by the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America , ending the American Revolutionary War . 1792 May 19 Captain George Vancouver 's expedition drops anchor near present - day Seattle and proceeds to name Puget Sound , Mount Rainier , Vashon Island , and Restoration Point . Vancouver and his expedition are the first Europeans to explore the area , claiming it for the British along with much of the Pacific Northwest coast , including Vancouver Island and the Columbia River . 1800s ( edit ) `` Louisiana '' and the Louisiana Purchase Government Printing Office , 1912 Map No. 4 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Year Date Event 1800 Oct 1 Under pressure from Napoléon Bonaparte , the Kingdom of Spain transfers the colony of Louisiana back to the French Republic with the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . 1803 Apr 1 The United States agrees to buy the colony of La Louisiane from the French Republic for the price of $ 15 million . Dec 20 The United States officially takes control of Louisiana , an enormous area of imprecise boundaries extending from the Mississippi River west to the Rocky Mountains , more than doubling the land area of the new nation . 1804 May 14 The Lewis and Clark expedition sets out to explore and chart the territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase . Officially titled the Corps of Discovery , the party canoes up the Missouri River from Saint Charles , spending the winter at Fort Mandan on Indian territory in what is now North Dakota . 1805 Nov 7 Lewis and Clark sight the Pacific Ocean for the first time , near the mouth of the Columbia River . The expedition winters at Fort Clatsop on the south side of the river , near present - day Astoria , Oregon . 1806 Jul 15 A U.S. Army reconnaissance expedition under the command of Lieutenant Zebulon Pike departs Fort Bellefontaine near Saint Louis to explore the southern Louisiana Territory . Sep 23 Lewis and Clark return to Saint Louis after a journey of nearly 6,000 total miles ; in the past two and a half years , the party has made contact with over 70 Indian tribes and produced 140 maps , as well as documented more than 200 new plant and animal species . 1807 Feb 26 Spanish cavalrymen arrest the Pike expedition in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México ( now southern Colorado ) . 1808 Apr 6 German immigrant John Jacob Astor incorporates his American Fur Company . Nov 10 The Treaty of Fort Clark is signed , in which the Osage Nation cedes all of its territory east of Fort Clark and north of the Arkansas River to the United States . 1810s ( edit ) A view of Fort Ross in 1828 by A.B. Duhaut - Cilly Stephen Harriman Long Year Date Event 1810 Sep 16 Mexican priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla proclaims the independence of Mexico from the Kingdom of Spain . 1811 May Fort Astoria is established by John Jacob Astor 's Pacific Fur Company at the mouth of the Columbia River . It is the first American settlement on the Pacific coast . Jun 15 -- 16 Most of the crew of the Tonquin , one of Astor 's ships trading on Vancouver Island , is massacred by Tla - o - qui - aht Indians after the captain insults a chief . The ship is scuttled the following day in a magazine explosion that kills at least 100 natives . 1812 Mar Fort Ross is established by Russian traders on the California coast as the hub of the southernmost colony in Russian America . Apr 30 Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state , and the first to include land west of the Mississippi River . It is also the first state organized from the Louisiana Purchase territory , the rest of which is soon renamed the Missouri Territory . Sep 4 Scottish and Irish settlers led by Miles Macdonell formally take possession of the Red River Colony . They construct Fort Daer near present - day Pembina , North Dakota , which becomes the first permanent European - American settlement in the Dakotas . Oct 21 Carrying word of the fate of the Tonquin to Saint Louis , seven men of the Pacific Fur Company , led by Robert Stuart , become the first European Americans to cross the Continental Divide at South Pass , in present - day Wyoming . Later in the century , the pass will be used by half a million westward migrants as part of the main route of several emigrant trails . 1813 Mar 29 During the Mexican War of Independence , a joint expedition of Mexican and American filibusters penetrates deep into Spanish Texas and defeats a Royalist army outside San Antonio de Béxar at the Battle of Rosillo Creek . Provincial governor Manuel María de Salcedo is executed five days later . 1817 Dec 25 Construction begins on a frontier military post known as Fort Smith in what is now Arkansas . 1818 Oct 20 The Treaty of 1818 establishes the 49th parallel from Lake of the Woods west to the Rocky Mountains as the boundary between the United States and British North America . 1819 Mar 2 The Arkansas Territory is organized . Sep 17 Intending to build forts along the Missouri River , a U.S. Army expedition led by Colonel Henry Atkinson and Major Stephen Harriman Long arrives by paddle steamer at Council Bluff on the river 's west bank , in present - day Nebraska . It establishes what later becomes Fort Atkinson , the first Army outpost in the region , but the expedition stalls there over the winter and collapses entirely in the spring . 1820s ( edit ) Prairie dog by Titian Ramsay Peale , c. 1819 -- 1821 Jim Beckwourth Year Date Event 1820 Mar 5 Congress passes the Missouri Compromise , prohibiting slavery in the unorganized territory north of 36.5 ° latitude and west of the Mississippi River , except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri , while permitting the admission of Maine as a free state . Largely devised by Henry Clay , it is a landmark agreement in the debate over slavery in the West . May Major Stephen H. Long leads a scientific expedition up the Platte River , along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains , south to the Arkansas and Canadian rivers , and finally east to present - day Fort Smith , Arkansas . Among the first expeditions to bring American artists and scientists into the West , the party includes painter Samuel Seymour , artist - naturalist Titian Peale , and physician Edwin James , who leads the first recorded ascent of Pikes Peak . Long 's report , published in 1823 , promotes the idea of the Great Plains as the `` Great American Desert '' . 1821 Feb 22 The Adams -- Onís Treaty takes effect exactly two years after its initial signing , defining a new border between the territory of New Spain and the United States and further securing American claims to the Louisiana Purchase and the Oregon Country . Aug 10 Missouri is admitted as the 24th U.S. state . Aug 24 The Kingdom of Spain finally recognizes the independence of Mexico with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba , ending the Mexican War of Independence . Sep 1 William Becknell and a party of frontier traders leave New Franklin , Missouri bound for Santa Fe . The Becknell route will become the Santa Fe Trail . 1822 Mar 6 William Henry Ashley and Andrew Henry place an advertisement in the Missouri Republican for one hundred `` enterprising young men '' to join a trapping expedition to the upper Missouri River . The respondents comprise `` Ashley 's Hundred '' , many of whom , along with those that join in the following years , earn reputations as famous explorers and mountain men . These men include Jedediah Smith , Jim Bridger , Hugh Glass , and Jim Beckwourth . 1824 Apr 17 The Russo - American Treaty of 1824 is signed , formally transferring Russian claims in the Pacific Northwest south of 54 ° 40 ′ N latitude to the United States . Apr 21 Fort Gibson is established near the confluence of the Grand River and the Arkansas River in present - day Oklahoma . Jul 7 The first of 297 pioneer families and partnerships known as the `` Old Three Hundred '' are granted land titles in Stephen F. Austin 's empresarial colony in Coahuila y Tejas . They are the first American settlers of Mexican Texas under a recently reformed Mexican law . 1827 Mar 29 The town of Independence , Missouri is founded . In later years it becomes a common point of departure for pioneers journeying west on the emigrant trails . May 8 Colonel Henry Leavenworth founds a U.S. Army cantonment later known as Fort Leavenworth above the confluence of the Little Platte and the Missouri River in present - day Kansas . 1828 Jul 14 Trapper , explorer , and mountain man Jedediah Smith and his party are attacked by Umpqua Indians in Oregon Country . Smith and three others are the only survivors . 1829 Nov 7 A merchant caravan led by Antonio Armijo embarks from Abiquiú , New Mexico and successfully reaches San Gabriel , California 86 days later , becoming the first to travel the length of the Old Spanish Trail . 1830s ( edit ) Benjamin Louis Eulalie de Bonneville Sam Houston Year Date Event 1830 Apr 6 The Law of April 6 , 1830 is passed by the Mexican government , which increases tariffs on American goods entering Mexico , cancels unfulfilled colonization contracts , and bans any further immigration from the United States to Mexican Texas . May 28 The Indian Removal Act is signed into law by President Andrew Jackson , authorizing the U.S. government to negotiate the removal of Native American tribes of the southeastern United States to federal territory in what is now Oklahoma . 1831 Mexico ratifies the boundaries with the United States originally established by the Adams -- Onís Treaty . 1832 May The Bonneville Expedition departs Missouri with 110 men . Over the next two years , the party explores several major river systems in present - day Wyoming , Idaho , Oregon , and Washington , and establishes an overland route to California that will later become the California Trail . Jun 25 -- 26 Texian insurgents under John Austin capture Fort Velasco from Mexican infantry under Colonel Domingo de Ugartechea at the Battle of Velasco , the first true military conflict between Anglo - American settlers of Mexican Texas and the Mexican federal government . Jul 17 Attendees of the annual fur trapper 's rendezvous , the largest yet of its kind , clash with local Indians at the Battle of Pierre 's Hole . 1833 Spring Frontier trader William Bent establishes Bent 's Fort on the north bank of the Arkansas River , along the Santa Fe Trail . 1834 Fort Laramie is founded by William Sublette in what is now eastern Wyoming as a private fur - trading post named Fort William . Jul 31 Fort Hall is established on the Snake River in present - day Idaho . 1835 Spring Frontier traders Louis Vasquez and Andrew Sublette establish Fort Vasquez on the South Platte River , 35 miles northeast of present - day Denver , Colorado . Oct 2 The Texas Revolution begins when a Texian militia successfully defends against the confiscation of a cannon by Mexican soldiers at the Battle of Gonzales . Oct 23 The Mexican Constitution of 1824 is repealed , abolishing the former federalist system of government and replacing it with a provisional centralist system . The move further alienates Anglo - American settlers in Mexican Texas . Dec 10 The two - month Siege of Béxar culminates in the surrender of the last remaining Mexican garrison in Texas , under Martín Perfecto de Cos , to the Texian Army under Edward Burleson . Mexican President and General Antonio López de Santa Anna immediately prepares to march overland to recapture San Antonio . 1836 Feb 25 Samuel Colt is granted a patent for his invention of a `` revolving gun '' . Colt firearms eventually become widely used in the West . Mar 6 Following a 13 - day siege , Mexican troops under Santa Anna storm the Alamo Mission in San Antonio , killing all but a handful of its more than 200 Texian defenders , including Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett . Mar 27 More than 450 captured Texian soldiers are executed by the Mexican army at the Goliad massacre . Apr 21 Texians under General Sam Houston surprise and defeat the Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto , ending the Texas Revolution . May 2 Texians declare the independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico . On May 14 , they force captured General Antonio López de Santa Anna to sign the Treaties of Velasco , though Mexico never ratifies these treaties . Jun 15 Arkansas is admitted as the 25th U.S. state . 1837 Feb 15 The Platte Purchase is approved , adding more than 3,000 square miles of former Indian lands to the northwest corner of the state of Missouri in direct violation of the Missouri Compromise . 1838 Aug -- Nov Rural landowners clash with immigrant Mormons near Kansas City , Missouri in a series of violent episodes later called the Mormon War , eventually forcing their complete expulsion from the state . 1839 Jul 15 -- 16 Militia forces of the Republic of Texas win a decisive victory over Cherokee and Delaware Indians at the Battle of the Neches , the main engagement of the Cherokee War of 1838 -- 1839 . 1840s ( edit ) John C. Frémont Stephen W. Kearny A forty - niner panning for gold in California Year Date Event 1840 Mar 19 In the Council House Fight , a delegation of 33 Comanche chiefs and warriors is slaughtered by Texan militiamen while attempting to negotiate the return of captive white settlers at a peace conference in San Antonio . Apr 1 Political rivalries in the river town of Bellevue , Iowa Territory culminate in a shootout in front of the town hotel that leaves seven people dead . 1841 Jun 18 Swiss pioneer John Sutter receives title to nearly 50,000 acres of land surrounding the confluence of the Sacramento and American rivers in the Mexican province of Alta California , upon which he founds a colony he names `` New Helvetia '' . In December , Sutter purchases the Russian settlement at Fort Ross and uses its building materials to construct a fort on the site of present - day Sacramento . 1842 Mar 5 Mexican troops led by Ráfael Vásquez invade Texas and occupy San Antonio , but are chased back across the Rio Grande two days later . Sep 18 Texas Rangers under Matthew Caldwell repulse the final Mexican invasion of the Republic of Texas , under Adrián Woll , in the Battle of Salado Creek . Simultaneously , a separate Texian company approaching Woll 's army from the rear is overwhelmed and massacred . Dec 25 -- 26 The Battle of Mier results when a Texan militia invades the Mexican border town of Ciudad Mier , Tamaulipas . The heavily outnumbered Texans are forced to surrender and more than 200 men are taken prisoner . 1843 Mar 25 Seventeen Texan prisoners of war are executed by the Mexican army after drawing beans in a random lottery , as punishment for their participation in a raid on the town of Ciudad Mier several months earlier . May 2 The Champoeg Meetings culminate with a motion to organize what will become the Provisional Government of Oregon , the first locally administered European - American body of government in the Oregon Country . Aug -- Nov Missionary Marcus Whitman leads the first major wagon train west along the final leg of the Oregon Trail , establishing the viability of the route for later immigrants . 1844 Oregon City , the western terminus of the Oregon Trail , becomes the first incorporated U.S. city west of the Rocky Mountains . 1845 Jun 1 John C. Frémont 's third expedition with 55 men and Kit Carson as guide leaves St. Louis to `` map the source of the Arkansas River '' but continues to the Sacramento Valley . Jun 23 The Republic of Texas accepts a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress to annex Texas to the United States . Mexico does not recognize the annexation . Dec 19 The `` Lash Law '' bans blacks from living in the Oregon Territory . Dec 29 The United States admits the Republic of Texas to the Union as the slave State of Texas . The boundaries of the state remain undefined . 1846 Feb 5 The Oregon Spectator becomes the first American newspaper published west of the Rocky Mountains . Apr 25 The first skirmish of the Mexican -- American War takes place on the Rio Grande near present - day Brownsville , Texas . May 13 The United States under President James K. Polk declares war on Mexico , formally commencing the Mexican -- American War . Jun 14 In the Bear Flag Revolt , American insurgents led by William B. Ide seize the Sonoma Barracks from Mexican officers and declare their intention to found an independent republic in northern Alta California . The so - called `` Bear Flag Republic '' lasts just 25 days , after which it is subsumed into American military efforts to control California . Jun 15 The Oregon Treaty resolves a decades - long dispute over possession of the Oregon Country by extending the original boundary between the United States and British North America further west to the Pacific Ocean , with the entirety of Vancouver Island retained by the British . Aug 15 Troops under the command of General Stephen W. Kearny seize the territorial capital of Santa Fe for the United States with little resistance . Dec 6 -- 7 Kearny 's Army of the West engages Mexican lancers east of San Diego at the Battle of San Pasqual . Dec 25 American forces under Colonel Alexander W. Doniphan defeat Mexican regulars at the Battle of El Brazito . Dec 28 Iowa is admitted as the 29th U.S. state . 1847 Jan 19 Governor Charles Bent of the New Mexico Territory is assassinated and scalped during the Taos Revolt . Feb The first of three relief missions arrives to rescue survivors of the Donner Party , who have been snowbound in California 's Sierra Nevada mountains for more than three months . Jul 24 Brigham Young and his vanguard company of Mormons first arrive in the Salt Lake Valley in present - day Utah . Nov 29 Fifteen Oregon missionaries , including mission founders Marcus and Narcissa Whitman , are murdered and 54 others taken hostage by a party of Cayuse Indians who accuse Whitman of deliberately poisoning Indians in his medical care during an outbreak of measles . The massacre sparks the Cayuse War . 1848 Jan 24 James W. Marshall discovers gold at Sutter 's Mill near Coloma , California , precipitating the California Gold Rush . Feb 2 The United States and Mexico sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , ending the Mexican -- American War . The agreement results in the cession of nearly all of the present - day Southwest , including California , to the U.S. , as well as the designation of the Rio Grande as the boundary between Texas and Mexico . 1849 Feb 28 Regular steamboat service between the east and west coasts of the United States begins with the arrival of the SS California in San Francisco . 1850s ( edit ) Brigham Young Jim Bridger Kit Carson Pinaquanah ( Washakie ) Year Date Event 1850 Jan 29 Responding to questions of how to accommodate slavery in the western territories , Henry Clay proposes a series of measures to preserve the Union that come to be called the Compromise of 1850 . Feb The Pinkerton National Detective Agency is founded . Feb 8 -- 10 The Nauvoo Legion , under orders from Brigham Young , attacks Timpanogos Indians over land disputes near Fort Utah . Apr 4 The city of Los Angeles , California is incorporated . Apr 15 The city of San Francisco , California is incorporated . Apr 16 The California territorial government sends a military expedition to attack hostile Yuma Indians along the Colorado River in retaliation for the Glanton Massacre earlier in the year , sparking the Yuma War . Jun 3 Five Cayuse tribesmen are hanged in Oregon City for their participation in the Whitman massacre . Sep 9 California is admitted as the 31st U.S. state . The New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory are organized by order of Congress . Sep 27 The Donation Land Claim Act takes effect to promote homestead settlement in the Oregon Territory . Sep 29 President Millard Fillmore appoints Brigham Young the first governor of the Utah Territory . 1851 The phrase `` Go West , young man '' first appears in an editorial by Indiana newspaper writer John B.L. Soule in the Terre Haute Express . The saying is later popularized by Horace Greeley , editor of the New - York Tribune . Western Union is founded as The New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company . Jan 23 The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in Oregon is named after Boston , Massachusetts , or Portland , Maine , with Portland winning . Feb 18 A family of Brewsterite pioneers traveling a southern route to California is massacred by Indians on the banks of the Gila River in what is now Arizona . Thirteen - year - old Olive Oatman and her eight - year - old sister Mary Ann are abducted and enslaved . Feb 27 Congress passes the Appropriation Bill for Indian Affairs , which allocates funds to move western Native American tribes on to permanent reservations enclosed and protected by the federal government . The act sets the precedent for modern reservations in the United States . Mar 27 Mariposa Battalion , led by James D. Savage , are the first reported non-natives to enter California 's Yosemite Valley . Jul 26 Fort Union is established in the New Mexico Territory . Sep 17 The Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1851 ) is negotiated between the United States government and representatives of ten Native American tribes of the Great Plains , including the Lakota , Crow , and Cheyenne . The tribes agree to provide safe passage for westward migrants and permit the construction of roads and forts in their territories in return for an annuity of $50,000 for fifty years . Nov 13 The Denny Party lands at Alki Point , the first settlers of what will become Seattle , Washington . 1852 Mar 18 The Wells Fargo company is founded to provide express and banking services to California . 1853 Mar Levi Strauss arrives in San Francisco and opens a store supplying goods and clothing to Gold Rush miners . Mar 2 The Washington Territory is organized from a portion of the Oregon Territory . Jun 27 Fort Riley is established in what is now Kansas . Jul 13 In the case of Holmes v. Ford , the Oregon Territorial Supreme Court demands that slave owner Nathaniel Ford free the enslaved children of Robin and Polly Holmes , whom Ford had brought with him from Missouri on the Oregon Trail . The decision reaffirms that slavery is illegal in the Oregon Territory and concludes the last challenge of abolitionist law by pro-slavery elements living in Oregon . Oct 26 Paiute Indians attack U.S. Army Captain John W. Gunnison and his party of 37 soldiers and railroad surveyors near Sevier Lake , Utah . Dec 30 The United States and Mexico agree to the Gadsden Purchase , transferring portions of southern Arizona and New Mexico to the U.S. 1854 Feb 13 The Mexican army forces would - be conqueror William Walker and his mercenary troops to retreat to Sonora . Feb 14 Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the country when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall , Texas is completed . May 30 The Kansas -- Nebraska Act becomes law , rescinding the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and creating the Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory . A provision that settlers will vote on the legality of slavery in the new territories leads to violence beginning the next year . Jul 4 Omaha City is founded in the Nebraska Territory . Aug 19 An argument over a stray cow precipitates the Grattan massacre , in which 30 U.S. Army soldiers and an interpreter are killed in retaliation for the shooting of Chief Conquering Bear of the Lakota Sioux . Dec 19 Jonathan R. Davis , a veteran of the Mexican -- American War and a gold rush prospector , single - handedly kills eleven armed immigrant outlaws near Sacramento , California using two revolvers and a Bowie knife . 1855 Jan 23 The first permanent bridge across the Mississippi River opens for traffic in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Sep 2 -- 3 U.S. Army detachments under Brigadier General William S. Harney defeat a band of Brulé Lakota led by Little Thunder at the Battle of Ash Hollow in present - day Garden County , Nebraska , a punitive expedition for the Grattan massacre . 1856 Jan 26 In the Puget Sound War , the Battle of Seattle is fought when an alliance of local Indians attacks pioneer settlements in the Washington Territory . Feb 2 The city of Dallas is incorporated in Texas . May 21 The predominantly abolitionist town of Lawrence , Kansas is ransacked and looted by a pro-slavery militia . May 24 -- 25 Outraged at the sacking of Lawrence , abolitionist John Brown and a party of Free - Staters murder five pro-slavery activists in rural Kansas Territory in the Pottawatomie massacre . In the three months of retaliatory raids and murders that follow , more than two dozen people are killed , marking the bloodiest episode of the Bleeding Kansas era . 1857 Apr 1 -- 8 In the midst of Mexico 's Reform War , former California Senator Henry A. Crabb leads a filibustering expedition into Sonora to aid Mexican rebels fighting government forces . The rebels turn on the Americans after they cross the border and Crabb 's entire army is executed . Sep 11 Nearly 120 emigrants passing through the Utah Territory are massacred by a combined force of Mormon militiamen and Paiute Indians during the hysteria of the Utah War . 1858 Feb 19 Chief Leschi , a leader of the Nisqually people , is hanged by the territorial government of Washington after being wrongfully convicted of killing a colonel during the Puget Sound War . May 11 Minnesota is admitted as the 32nd U.S. state . May 12 An army of Texas Rangers and Indian allies under the command of John Salmon Ford engages Comanche warriors in a series of battles after attacking villages in the Canadian River valley , the final actions of the Antelope Hills expedition . Jul Gold is discovered in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . The resulting gold rush draws nearly 100,000 people to the Pike 's Peak Country of present - day Colorado over the next three years . 1859 Spring The Comstock Lode , the first major discovery of silver ore in the country , provokes a silver rush in present - day Nevada that funds boomtowns including Virginia City and Gold Hill . Over the next 30 years , hundreds of mines extract more than $320 million in gold and silver from the region , making millionaires of investors such as George Hearst and the Bonanza Kings . Feb 14 Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U.S. state . Sep 28 -- 30 Mexican folk hero Juan Cortina and a large posse seize control of Brownsville , Texas in one of the major actions of the First Cortina War . His motivation is the legal abuses perpetrated by Texan authorities against ethnic Mexicans . The occupation only lasts two days , but the Cortina Troubles continue for another two years . 1860s ( edit ) Henry Hopkins Sibley John Bozeman `` Bloody Bill '' Anderson Maȟpíya Lúta ( Red Cloud ) Leland Stanford The Golden Spike ceremony joining the Union Pacific Railroad with the Central Pacific Railroad John Wesley Powell Year Date Event 1860 Feb 26 Hundreds of Wiyot people are massacred by white settlers along the coast of what is now Humboldt County , California . Apr 14 The Pony Express completes its first westbound and eastbound deliveries between St. Joseph , Missouri and San Francisco , California . Dec 18 Texas Rangers under Lawrence Sullivan `` Sul '' Ross attack a Comanche camp at the Battle of Pease River , where they discover Cynthia Ann Parker 24 years after her kidnapping . 1861 Jan 29 Kansas is admitted to the Union as the 34th U.S. state , and a free state . Feb A series of hostilities involving U.S. Army Lt. George Nicholas Bascom and Chiricahua Apache chief Cochise triggers the Chiricahua Wars , which remain a central conflict in Arizona and New Mexico for the next 25 years . Feb 1 A convention of the Texas legislature votes to secede from the Union . Feb 28 Colorado is organized as a U.S. territory . Mar 2 The Nevada Territory and Dakota Territory are organized . Mar 16 Governor of Texas Sam Houston is evicted from office for refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederate States of America . Mar 28 The southern half of the New Mexico Territory nominally joins the Confederacy as the Provisional Confederate Territory of Arizona . Jul 25 250 Confederate troops led by John R. Baylor engage Union forces under Isaac Lynde at Mesilla , New Mexico , resulting in Lynde 's troops retreating into the Organ Mountains , toward Fort Stanton . Lynde is relieved of duty after abandoning his post . Sep 2 A small Confederate patrol from Fort Stanton is ambushed by Mescalero Apache warriors in New Mexico 's Gallinas Mountains . Oct 24 The first transcontinental telegraph line is completed near Fort Bridger in present - day Wyoming , the result of an effort by Hiram Sibley and Western Union to connect California to the telegraph networks of the east . The ability to instantaneously send messages from coast to coast immediately makes the Pony Express obsolete . 1862 Winter Months of record precipitation in the far west culminate in the Great Flood of 1862 , which turns California 's Central Valley into an inland sea and causes millions of dollars in property damage . Feb -- Apr Confederate forces under Brigadier General Henry Hopkins Sibley and Colonel Thomas Green undertake one of the most ambitious military operations of the American Civil War when they begin the New Mexico Campaign . Their goals include seizing the Colorado gold fields and securing roads by which to invade California and Mexico . Feb 20 -- 21 The Battle of Valverde is fought at a ford of Valverde Creek in present - day New Mexico , resulting in a Confederate victory . Mar 26 -- 28 The Battle of Glorieta Pass is fought in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains between Confederate cavalry forces and Union volunteers from Colorado and New Mexico . It marks a turning point in the New Mexico Campaign in favor of the Union . Mar 30 The Battle of Stanwix Station is fought at a Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach stop 80 miles east of Yuma , Arizona between Capt . William P. Calloway of the California Column and Confederate 2nd Lt. Jack Swilling . Apr 15 The Battle of Picacho Pass is fought between the 1st California Cavalry under Union Lt. James Barrett and a detachment of Arizona Confederates led by Sgt . Henry Holmes . It is often cited as the westernmost battle of the American Civil War , occurring 50 miles northwest of Tucson . May 5 Confederate Sgt . Sam Ford and his men are ambushed by Apache warriors led by Cochise in the Dragoon Mountains , near present - day Benson , Arizona , at the First Battle of Dragoon Springs . May 9 The Second Battle of Dragoon Springs is fought in retaliation for the deaths of the four Confederates killed at the Apache ambush four days earlier . Rebels under Capt . Sherod Hunter take back the cattle stolen by Cochise and his warriors and kill five Apaches . May 20 The Homestead Act of 1862 is signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln . It aims to encourage settlement in the West by simplifying the process of land acquisition : homesteaders need only claim , occupy for five years , and improve a minimum of 160 acres of unappropriated land to be granted full ownership . Alternatively , settlers have the option of purchasing the land outright after six months of residency . Jul 15 -- 16 140 Union troops from the California Column are ambushed by 500 Apaches under Mangas Coloradas and Cochise at the Battle of Apache Pass in Arizona 's Chiricahua Mountains . It is one of the first battles in which the United States Army is able to effectively use artillery against Indians . Fort Bowie is built near the site following the battle . Aug 10 More than 30 people are killed when a group of Unionist German Texan settlers fleeing the Texas Hill Country for Mexico is attacked by a Confederate detachment along the Nueces River . Aug 17 The Dakota War of 1862 begins when a Sioux hunting party slaughters five white settlers and the tribal council decides to attack white settlements throughout the Minnesota River valley . Nov 5 More than 300 Santee Sioux in Minnesota are sentenced to hang for the rape and murder of white settlers . 1863 Jan 1 Daniel Freeman submits the first claim under the Homestead Act of 1862 for land near Beatrice , Nebraska . Jan 18 Chiricahua Apache leader Mangas Coloradas is captured , tortured , and killed by U.S. Army sentries after meeting with Brigadier General Joseph Rodman West to call for peace . Jan 29 Colonel Patrick Edward Connor leads his troops to fight Shoshone Indians in present - day Idaho , resulting in the Bear River Massacre . Feb 24 The Arizona Territory is organized from a portion of the New Mexico Territory . Mar 4 Idaho is organized as a U.S. territory . Aug 21 Confederate guerrillas led by William Quantrill set fire to the pro-Union town of Lawrence , Kansas and kill nearly 200 civilians in the Lawrence massacre . Quantrill claims his motive was revenge for the Sacking of Osceola several years earlier . Aug 25 In the aftermath of the Lawrence massacre , Union General Thomas Ewing Jr. issues General Order No. 11 , which forces the expulsion of all residents who can not prove their allegiance to the Union from four counties in rural western Missouri . 1864 John Bozeman leads a group of about 2,000 settlers along the Bozeman Trail , a new cutoff route connecting the Oregon Trail with the gold fields of southwestern Montana , which he and John Jacobs had blazed the previous year . Jan Colonel Kit Carson accepts the surrender of most of the Navajo nation after the final two years of the bloody Navajo Wars . May 26 Montana is organized as a U.S. territory . Jul Outlaw Jim Reynolds and his gang plunder and rob settlements in the South Park Basin of the Colorado Territory in an attempt to loot the gold mines of the region to support the fledgling Confederacy . Sep 27 Pro-Confederate bushwhackers led by William `` Bloody Bill '' Anderson capture and execute 24 unarmed Union soldiers at a rail depot in Centralia , Missouri . Oct 23 Union General Samuel R. Curtis ' Army of the Border decisively defeats Confederate General Sterling Price 's Army of Missouri at the Battle of Westport , near Kansas City . The battle ends the last major Confederate offensive west of the Mississippi River . The largest engagement in the Trans - Mississippi Theater , with over 30,000 men involved , it is sometimes called the `` Gettysburg of the West '' . Oct 25 In consecutive engagements only hours apart , Union cavalry under Alfred Pleasonton pursue and defeat Confederate forces under Sterling Price at Marais des Cygnes , Mine Creek , and Marmiton River as they retreat through Kansas and Missouri . Oct 31 Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state . Nov 29 Colonel John Chivington and his volunteer militia massacre a peaceful Cheyenne village near Sand Creek in the Colorado Territory , in what is later called the Sand Creek massacre . 1865 Feb 17 Fort Buchanan is overrun and destroyed by Chiricahua warriors in the Arizona Territory . May 12 -- 13 The Battle of Palmito Ranch is fought near Brownsville , Texas . It is the final armed engagement of the American Civil War . Jun 23 Stand Watie , a Cherokee cavalry commander in the Confederate Army , becomes the last Confederate general to surrender to Union forces , at Doaksville in the Indian Territory . Jul 21 `` Wild Bill '' Hickok kills gambler Davis Tutt in a shootout in Springfield , Missouri . The confrontation is sensationalized in Harper 's Magazine , making Hickok a household name . It is often considered the archetypal one - on - one quick - draw duel , which later becomes a popular image of the Old West . 1866 Feb 13 Ex-Confederate bushwhackers Frank and Jesse James rob their first bank , the Clay County Savings Association in Liberty , Missouri . Spring The period of the great cattle drives begins when Texas ranchers drive more than 260,000 head of cattle to assorted markets . Some travel east to Louisiana , where the animals are shipped to Cairo , Illinois and St. Louis ; others travel west to Fort Sumner , New Mexico and Denver , inaugurating the Goodnight - Loving Trail . But the vast majority follow the Shawnee Trail north to Kansas City or Sedalia , Missouri . Dec 21 Captain William J. Fetterman and 80 soldiers of the U.S. 2nd Cavalry and 18th Infantry regiments are ambushed and wiped out by Lakota , Cheyenne , and Arapaho warriors near Fort Phil Kearny , Wyoming . A fort built the next year , Fort Fetterman , is named in his honor . 1867 Mar 1 Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U.S. state . Jun 25 Lucien B. Smith of Kent , Ohio is issued the first patent for barbed wire fencing , an invention which revolutionizes cattle ranching on the open prairies of the West . Aug 2 In the Wagon Box Fight , a small party of U.S. Army soldiers and civilians near Fort Phil Kearny , armed with new rapid - fire breech - loading rifles and encircled by a wall of wagon boxes , manages to hold off hundreds of Lakota warriors led by Red Cloud and Crazy Horse . Oct 21 -- 28 The Medicine Lodge Treaty is signed between the U.S. government and several southern Plains Indian tribes , requiring that the tribes relocate to the Indian Territory . 1868 Apr 29 The Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1868 ) is signed between the United States and several bands of Lakota , Dakota , and Arapaho Indians . It results in the abandonment of U.S. military outposts along the Bozeman Trail , the indefinite closure of the Powder River Country and western South Dakota to white settlement , and the end of Red Cloud 's War . Jul 25 Wyoming is organized as a U.S. territory . Nov 27 The Battle of Washita River is fought when Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer 's 7th Cavalry Regiment attacks a winter encampment of Southern Cheyenne Indians on the Washita River in what is now western Oklahoma . Chief Black Kettle , leader of the Cheyenne , is killed . 1869 Jan 8 Fort Sill is established by General Philip H. Sheridan in the Indian Territory , near present - day Lawton , Oklahoma . May 10 Leland Stanford drives the Golden Spike to join the rails of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads at a special ceremony in Promontory Summit , Utah Territory , completing the First Transcontinental Railroad . May 24 John Wesley Powell and nine others embark on a scientific expedition that charts more than 930 miles of the Green River and Colorado River through the canyon country of Wyoming , Colorado , Utah , and Arizona . Powell and his crew become the first recorded white men to travel the length of the Grand Canyon . They reach the mouth of the Virgin River in present - day Nevada on August 30 . Jul 4 The world 's first documented competitive rodeo is held in the town of Deer Trail in the Colorado Territory . Dec 10 Wyoming becomes the first U.S. territory to grant women the right to vote . 1870s ( edit ) Ouray and Chipeta Jesse and Frank James `` Wild Bill '' Hickok `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotȟake ( Sitting Bull ) George Armstrong Custer `` Calamity Jane '' Lew Wallace Year Date Event 1870 Bret Harte 's The Luck of Roaring Camp and Other Sketches , a collection of stories based on his years as a San Francisco journalist , is published . William `` Hurricane Bill '' Martin , a notorious outlaw in Kansas , begins rustling cattle southeast of Abilene before he and his gang are driven off by a posse from Marion . Settling in the New Mexico Territory , gunfighter Robert Clay Allison purchases a ranch in Colfax County . According to local newspapers , Allison is reported to have killed as many as fifteen men in gunfights during this time . With the growing railroad industry and cattle boom , buffalo hunters begin moving onto the Great Plains . In less than ten years , the buffalo population is dramatically reduced , and the animal remains an endangered species for much of the next century . The Utah Territorial Assembly , supported by Brigham Young , grants women the right to vote . Over the next several decades , this provides Mormons with an added margin of political power . Jan Shortly after leaving the post of sheriff of Ellis County , Kansas , `` Wild Bill '' Hickok travels to Missouri and eventually resumes his duties as a U.S. Marshal . Jan 23 More than 200 men , women , and children belonging to a friendly band of Piegan Blackfeet Indians are mistakenly attacked and massacred by a U.S. Army command on the Marias River in the Montana Territory . Spring With the emergence of Abilene , Kansas as a major stopover for cattle ranchers , the town trustees attempt to curb the violence brought by the beginning of the cattle season by banning guns within town limits . This proves extremely unpopular and unenforceable , as Texas cowboys make a habit of shooting up ordinance posters and tear down the city 's first jailhouse ; violence continues in the city until the appointment of Tom `` Bear River '' Smith as city marshal on June 4 . Jul 17 -- 18 `` Wild Bill '' Hickok is involved in a shootout with several members of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment in Hays City after killing one trooper and wounding another . Nov 2 Abilene City Marshal Tom `` Bear River '' Smith is killed while serving an arrest warrant near the town . 1871 John K. `` King '' Fisher is hired by settlers of the Pendencia River country in Dimmit County , Texas to protect their livestock and other property . It is during this time that Fisher becomes known as a skilled gunfighter . Jan 1 After a long illness , U.S. Army Captain John Barry is forced into retirement . While stationed at Fort Ord , Barry attempts to improve relations between the United States and the Apaches , as well as encourages the enlistment of scouts to combat renegade Apaches . Feb 16 John Younger kills Captain S.W. Nichols in a gunfight in Dallas , Texas . Feb 23 While heading an Apache - hunting force near present - day Clifton , Arizona , John M. Bullard is shot and killed when he approaches a wounded Apache warrior . Feb 28 `` Handsome Jack '' John Ledford , an outlaw - turned - hotel - owner involved in counterfeiting and horse theft in Kansas and the Indian Territory , is killed in a shootout with a group of U.S. Army soldiers led by scout Lee Stewart and U.S. Marshal Jack Bridges , who claimed to have a warrant for his arrest . Mar 16 Death of Navajo chieftain Barboncito ( Hastin Daagii ) . Apr 15 `` Wild Bill '' Hickok succeeds Tom `` Bear River '' Smith as city marshal of Abilene , Kansas and remains in the position until December 13 . Apr 28 In what becomes known as the Camp Grant Massacre , over 100 Apache women and children are killed by a mob of Mexicans and Papago Indians led by several Tucson businessmen , including D.A. Bennett and Sam Hughes . Bennett and several others are indicted in December , though all are acquitted . Jun 14 Thomas Carson , reportedly a nephew of Kit Carson , is appointed to the Abilene police force under City Marshal `` Wild Bill '' Hickok . After an incident with gunfighter John Wesley Hardin over Hardin 's insistence on wearing his gun in public , Carson is hired briefly as deputy in Newton , Kansas before returning to Abilene in November . Carson and Deputy John W. `` Brocky Jack '' Norton are fired from the police force on November 27 after assaulting a bartender . Jun 30 Shortly after robbing a nearby bank , Jesse James addresses a crowd at a political rally in Corydon , Iowa . Oct 5 Professional gambler Phil Coe is involved in a shootout with Abilene City Marshal `` Wild Bill '' Hickok after Hickok attempts to censor a painting of a bull with abnormally large genitals in Coe 's saloon . Deputy Mike Williams is killed when Hickok accidentally shoots him , and Coe dies from his wounds four days later . 1872 William F. `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody , a scout for the U.S. 5th Cavalry Regiment , is awarded the Medal of Honor . Later that year , he and fellow scout John `` Texas Jack '' Omohundro appear on stage for the first time , portraying themselves in `` Scouts of the Prairie '' . Ellsworth , Kansas succeeds Abilene as the northern stopping point on the Old Texas cattle trail . Following the completion of the Santa Fe Railroad across the border of the Colorado Territory , the use of the Santa Fe Trail begins to decline , although Dodge City remains a major cattle town for the next decade . The Santa Fe Railroad also completes a rail line at Wichita , Kansas , causing a major population boom in the town over the next several years . Jan 31 Author Zane Grey is born in Zanesville , Ohio . Mar 1 Yellowstone is designated America 's first national park by President Ulysses S. Grant . Nov 29 The Battle of Lost River results when the U.S. 1st Cavalry Regiment tries to force a band of Modoc Indians under Captain Jack to return to the Klamath Reservation in southern Oregon . In the subsequent Modoc War , a party of 53 Modoc warriors entrenched in the Lava Beds of northern California manages to hold off hundreds of U.S. soldiers for more than five months . Dec 28 U.S. Army cavalry under George Crook begin a campaign into Arizona 's Tonto Basin by defeating the occupants of a Yavapai stronghold at the Battle of Salt River Canyon , part of the Yavapai War . 1873 The Colt Single Action Army revolver is first manufactured . It later becomes known as `` The Gun That Won the West '' . Mar 27 A combined force of U.S. Army soldiers and Apache Scouts wins another major victory over Yavapai and Tonto Apache warriors at the Battle of Turret Peak in central Arizona . Jul 21 The James -- Younger Gang commits the first train robbery in the history of the West by derailing a locomotive of the Rock Island Line west of Adair , Iowa and stealing $3,000 from the express safe and passengers on board . Dec `` My Western Home '' , a poem by Dr. Brewster M. Higley , is first published in an issue of the Smith County Pioneer . It is set to music by Daniel E. Kelley and evolves into the classic western folk song `` Home on the Range '' , which is later adopted as the state song of Kansas . Dec 26 Californio bandido Tiburcio Vásquez and his gang loot the town of Kingston in Fresno County , California . 1874 Outlaws Ceberiano and Reymundo Aguilar are killed during the Harrold War of Lincoln County , New Mexico . Mar 17 John Younger is killed when he and his brother Jim assault two undercover Pinkerton detectives and a local sheriff in St. Clair County , Missouri . Jun 27 While occupying an old trading post in the Texas panhandle , 28 bison hunters including 21 - year - old Bat Masterson are besieged by 700 Comanche warriors at the Second Battle of Adobe Walls . Jul -- Aug An expedition led by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer embarks from Fort Abraham Lincoln to explore the previously uncharted Black Hills of present - day South Dakota . The expedition discovers placer gold , prompting a gold rush which draws thousands of settlers to the region over the next few years and thereby antagonizes the native Sioux inhabitants . Sep 28 The 4th U.S. Cavalry under Col. Ranald S. Mackenzie routs a large camp of Cheyenne , Comanche , and Kiowa Indians taking refuge in Palo Duro Canyon in the Texas panhandle . Nov 24 Joseph Glidden patents a type of barbed wire he calls `` The Winner '' , which becomes one of the most popular types in the country . His design is modified from a version patented by Henry B. Rose that was displayed at a county fair in Glidden 's hometown of DeKalb , Illinois . Dec 8 The James -- Younger Gang robs a train on the Kansas Pacific Railroad near Muncie , Kansas , stealing $30,000 . 1875 Jan 25 Pinkerton agents throw an incendiary device into Jesse James ' family home in Kearney , Missouri , killing James ' 9 - year - old half - brother and badly wounding his mother . Aug 8 Jermin Aguirre is killed near the San Augin Ranch in the New Mexico Territory . Nov 19 -- 21 The Las Cuevas War is fought when Texas Rangers commanded by Leander McNelly engage Mexican militia in Tamaulipas in an attempt to return stolen cattle to U.S. territory . 1876 After being wounded in the hip during a gunfight in Sweetwater , Texas , Bat Masterson agrees to become assistant city marshal of Dodge City , Kansas . Mar 17 When Sioux leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse refuse to comply with the United States government 's order to leave the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory , an expeditionary force commanded by General George Crook directs Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds to attack a Cheyenne encampment at the Battle of Powder River , thereby beginning the Great Sioux War . Jun 17 General George Crook 's forces are defeated by Crazy Horse at the Battle of the Rosebud . The defeat convinces Crook to withdraw from his planned offensive and await reinforcements . Jun 25 While leading an attack into a Sioux village in the Montana Territory , the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment under Brig. Gen. George Armstrong Custer is ambushed and massacred by over 2,000 Lakota and Cheyenne warriors led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse at the Battle of the Little Bighorn . Aug 1 Colorado is admitted as the 38th U.S. state . Aug 2 `` Wild Bill '' Hickok is shot and killed by Jack McCall during a poker game in Deadwood , Dakota Territory . Sep 7 Several members of the James -- Younger Gang , including Cole Younger , are captured after the failed robbery of the First National Bank leads to a gunfight with bank employees and local residents in Northfield , Minnesota . Sep 9 -- 10 In the first U.S. Army victory since the disaster at the Little Bighorn , a punitive expedition led by George Crook destroys an Oglala Lakota village led by Chief American Horse at the Battle of Slim Buttes in present - day South Dakota . 1877 May 5 Crazy Horse surrenders to the U.S. Army at the Red Cloud Agency near Fort Robinson , Nebraska . Jun 17 Anticipating retaliation for recent crimes against white settlers and reluctant to move to a reservation , about 600 Nez Perce Indians led by Chief Joseph , Ollokot , and White Bird begin a long retreat from western Idaho with the U.S. Army in pursuit . They defeat their pursuers at the Battle of White Bird Canyon , and the Nez Perce War begins . Aug 9 -- 10 The Battle of the Big Hole is fought in the Montana Territory between the Nez Perce and U.S. soldiers under Col. John Gibbon . Aug 17 At 17 years old , Henry McCarty , later known as `` Billy the Kid '' , shoots his first man , Frank `` Windy '' Cahill , after Cahill wrestles him to the ground at a saloon in Fort Grant , Arizona . Cahill dies the following day . Sep 5 Four months after his surrender , Oglala war leader Crazy Horse is fatally stabbed with a bayonet by a U.S. Army soldier while allegedly resisting imprisonment at Fort Robinson . Sep 21 Prospector Ed Schieffelin files his first mining claim after discovering silver ore on a high plateau between the San Pedro River and the Dragoon Mountains in southeastern Arizona Territory . He names his stake `` Tombstone '' . Oct 5 Cornered at the Battle of Bear Paw , just 40 miles south of the Canadian border in the Montana Territory , Chief Joseph and his dwindling band of Nez Perce surrender to the U.S. Army under Generals Oliver O. Howard and Nelson A. Miles , ending the Nez Perce War . 1878 Feb 18 New Mexico rancher John Tunstall is killed by a posse whose members include gunman Charles Wolz , beginning the Lincoln County War . The town of Leadville is incorporated in Colorado . Jun 18 Nick Worthington , a well - known outlaw throughout New Mexico and Colorado , is killed by residents of Cimarron , New Mexico after killing several men and stealing horses . Jul 15 -- 19 The Battle of Lincoln takes place over five days in Lincoln , New Mexico . Alexander McSween , former partner of John Tunstall , is shot and killed on July 19 , along with gunman Francisco Zamora . 1879 Ike and Billy Clanton enlist William `` Curly Bill '' Brocius and Johnny Ringo as they begin cattle rustling in the New Mexico and Arizona Territories . Jan Captain Marcus Reno , the highest - ranking officer to have survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn , is brought before a general court - martial but is acquitted of cowardice . Apr 5 Gambler Frank Loving kills Levi Richardson in a gunfight at the Long Branch Saloon in Dodge City , Kansas . Sep 29 In the White River War , Nathan Meeker and ten employees of the White River Indian Agency in western Colorado are massacred by Ute Indians when Meeker wires for military assistance in suppressing a perceived uprising . The Utes besiege a U.S. Army detachment in the Battle of Milk Creek until it is relieved by troops under Col. Wesley Merritt on October 5 . 1880s ( edit ) `` Billy the Kid '' `` Doc '' Holliday `` Belle '' Starr Goyaałé ( Geronimo ) Year Date Event 1880 George Alford is sentenced to five years imprisonment for murdering a sheriff in Fort Worth , Texas . Mar 2 James Allen kills James Moorehead after ordering eggs in a tavern in Las Vegas , New Mexico and , after escaping from prison for Moorehead 's murder , is killed by a posse . May 1 The Tombstone Epitaph prints its first issue in Tombstone , Arizona . It remains the oldest continuously published newspaper in the state . May 11 A dispute over land titles between settlers of California 's San Joaquin Valley and the Southern Pacific Railroad leaves seven people dead in what is later called the Mussel Slough Tragedy . Dec 19 Tom O'Folliard , best friend of Billy the Kid , is shot and killed by members of Pat Garrett 's posse in Fort Sumner , New Mexico . Dec 23 Charlie Bowdre , a member of Billy the Kid 's gang , is shot and killed by members of Pat Garrett 's posse at Stinking Springs , New Mexico . Dec 24 Abran Baca kills A.M. Conklin in Socorro , New Mexico with several other outlaws , though he is acquitted the following year . 1881 Feb 5 The city of Phoenix is incorporated in the Arizona Territory . Apr 14 A gunfight involving El Paso , Texas Marshal Dallas Stoudenmire results in what witnesses recall as `` four dead in five seconds '' . Jul 14 Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett in Fort Sumner , New Mexico . He is buried the next day between his friends Tom O'Folliard and Charlie Bowdre in the town 's old military cemetery . Aug 5 Crow Dog , a Lakota subchief on the Great Sioux Reservation , shoots and kills Chief Spotted Tail . Though the matter is settled by tribal custom , Crow Dog is sentenced to death under the laws of the Dakota Territory , only to be freed by a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court . Oct 26 The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral takes place in the street behind a saloon in Tombstone , Arizona , pitting the Earps and Doc Holliday against Ike and Billy Clanton , Frank and Tom McLaury , and Billy Claiborne . Billy Clanton and the McLaurys are killed , and Virgil and Morgan Earp , along with Holliday , are wounded . Dec 13 San Jose , California becomes the first city west of the Rocky Mountains with civic electric lighting when a 237 - foot - tall moonlight tower is illuminated downtown . 1882 Mar 18 Morgan Earp is shot and killed while playing billiards in Tombstone , Arizona . His assassination is linked to his involvement in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral . Mar 24 Outlaw William `` Curly Bill '' Brocius is shot and killed by Wyatt Earp at Iron Springs in southeastern Arizona . Apr 3 Jesse James is shot in the back of the head by Robert Ford , a new recruit to his gang , at his home in St. Joseph , Missouri . Apr 16 John Allen mortally wounds Frank Loving during a shootout in Trinidad , Colorado . May 6 President Chester A. Arthur signs the Chinese Exclusion Act , which effects a near - complete ban on Chinese immigration and naturalization in the United States . The law is especially significant for the burgeoning railroad and mining industries in the West , which had previously relied largely on low - wage Chinese labor . Though the original act is set to expire in ten years , it is renewed in 1892 and again in 1902 . Jul 17 U.S. cavalry under Adna R. Chaffee and Andrew W. Evans pursue and defeat warriors of the White Mountain Apache tribe at the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Arizona Territory . Nov 14 `` Buckskin '' Frank Leslie shoots and kills outlaw Billy Claiborne while bartending at the Oriental Saloon in Tombstone , Arizona . 1883 Sep 8 The Northern Pacific Railroad is completed near Independence Creek in western Montana Territory , connecting St. Paul , Minnesota with the Washington Territory . Dec 8 In the Bisbee massacre , five outlaws rob a general store in Bisbee , Arizona and kill four people in the process . 1884 Mar 11 Former lawmen Ben Thompson and John King Fisher are ambushed and killed by enemies of Thompson at the Jack Harris Vaudeville Saloon and Theater in San Antonio , Texas . Apr 10 Lawman William `` Bill '' Tilghman is appointed city marshal of Dodge City , Kansas . Dec 1 A 36 - hour standoff begins in the town of Reserve , New Mexico when a posse of Texan cowboys confronts lawman Elfego Baca for having arrested an intoxicated cowboy . 1885 Sep 2 Years of racial tension , aggravated by labor unrest over the preferential hiring of Chinese immigrants for very low wages , come to a head in the Rock Springs massacre , which leaves at least 28 Chinese coal miners dead at the hands of white miners in the town of Rock Springs , Wyoming . The riot touches off a wave of anti-Chinese violence across the country . 1886 Jack Langrishe , a popular western entertainer , is elected justice in Coeur d'Alene , Idaho . Feb 18 Dave Rudabaugh , a former member of Billy the Kid 's Dodge City Gang , is reportedly captured and decapitated by townspeople after terrorizing the village of Parral , Mexico . Mar 21 The `` Big Fight '' takes place in Tascosa , Texas , when three ex-members of Pat Garrett 's `` Home Rangers '' are killed by rival ranch hands and gunmen . Aug 7 Fort Fred Steele , used to protect railroads from local Native American tribes in the Wyoming Territory , is closed . Aug 20 Fort Duchesne is officially opened by Major Frederick William Benteen in the Utah Territory . Sep 4 Apache renegade Geronimo surrenders to forces under General Nelson Miles and is taken into custody at Fort Grant , Arizona . His surrender is often considered the end of the Apache Wars . Winter The extremely harsh winter of 1886 -- 87 devastates the American cattle industry , leading to the end of the open range era . As a result , cattle ranching is completely reorganized and the period of the great cattle drives is over . Dec 1 Brothers Jim and Rube Burrow rob their first train in Bellevue , Texas . 1887 Feb 8 The Dawes Act is signed into law by President Grover Cleveland , permitting the federal government to divide communal Native American lands into privately owned allotments and to grant United States citizenship to individual allottees . Intended as a way to modernize the reservation system and assimilate Native Americans into mainstream society , the act forces the sale and redistribution of nearly 90 million acres of Indian lands in the West to white settlers and commercial interests over the next five decades . Luke Short kills former Fort Worth , Texas Marshal Jim Courtright in a gunfight on the streets of Fort Worth . The shooting is ruled self - defense , since Courtright drew his pistol first . 1888 Jan 12 -- 13 A severe winter storm known as the Schoolhouse Blizzard kills more than 235 people across a vast area of the Great Plains including the Dakota Territory , Nebraska , and Kansas . Dec 18 Richard Wetherill and his brother - in - law discover the Cliff Palace of Mesa Verde in southwestern Colorado . 1889 Jan 12 During the Gray County War , a shootout erupts in Cimarron , Kansas when a party led by Bill Tilghman raids the Old Gray County Courthouse in an attempt to bring the county records to the neighboring town of Ingalls . Feb 3 Belle Starr is murdered in Oklahoma . Apr 22 An estimated 50,000 homesteaders rush to claim nearly two million acres of unoccupied land appropriated for public settlement from ceded Native American territory in what is now central Oklahoma . It is the first of several major land runs in the region . May 11 U.S. Army paymaster Joseph W. Wham and his escort of eleven Buffalo Soldiers are ambushed and robbed of more than $28,000 in gold and silver coins by a posse of bandits on the road to Fort Thomas , Arizona Territory . The bandits are never captured . Jun 24 Outlaw Butch Cassidy robs his first bank in Telluride , Colorado before fleeing to the remote hideout of Robbers Roost . Nov 2 North Dakota and South Dakota are admitted as the 39th and 40th U.S. states . Eight imprisoned Apache renegades , including the Apache Kid , murder two sheriffs and escape into the desert during a prisoner transfer near Globe , Arizona . Nov 8 Montana is admitted as the 41st U.S. state . Nov 11 Washington is admitted as the 42nd U.S. state . 1890s ( edit ) Theodore Roosevelt Members of the Dalton Gang after attempted bank robberies in Coffeyville , Kansas Butch Cassidy 's Wild Bunch Year Date Event 1890 May 2 The western half of the Indian Territory and a strip of country known as `` No Man 's Land '' is organized as the Oklahoma Territory . Jun Data collected for the Eleventh United States Census indicate that the spread of the population into unsettled areas has resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier . The U.S. Census Bureau declares that it will no longer monitor westward migration in the country . Jul 3 Idaho is admitted as the 43rd U.S. state . Jul 10 Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state . Dec 29 More than 200 men , women , and children of the Lakota Sioux are killed at Wounded Knee Creek on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota when the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment under Colonel James W. Forsyth attempts to confiscate their weapons . 1892 Apr 8 -- 13 In the most violent episode of the Johnson County War , wealthy cattle barons of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association and hired mercenaries invade the Powder River Country to persecute local ranchers on allegations of cattle rustling . A series of deadly stand - offs ensues before President Benjamin Harrison orders the 6th Cavalry Regiment to intervene . The conflict forces a reorganization of the cattle industry in Wyoming and becomes one of the most well - known range wars in the history of the West . Aug 2 Tom Graham , the last male member of the Graham family , is killed by Edwin Tewksbury in Tempe , Arizona , concluding the Pleasant Valley War . Oct 5 Four members of the Dalton Gang are killed in a shootout with townspeople while trying to rob two banks at the same time in Coffeyville , Kansas . 1893 May 15 Provoked by the previous year 's strike in Coeur d'Alene , coal miners establish the Western Federation of Miners in Butte , Montana . Jun 11 -- 12 Following a ten - month manhunt , local train robbers John Sontag and Chris Evans are wounded during a shootout with a posse of lawmen on a ranch north of Visalia , California . Both outlaws are eventually captured , and Sontag dies of his wounds three weeks later . Jun 30 Captain Frank Jones is killed when he and a party of Texas Rangers searching for a gang of Mexican cattle rustlers are ambushed near the border town of Tres Jacales . Sep 1 Three deputy U.S. Marshals and two civilians are killed in a shootout with members of the Doolin -- Dalton Gang in the town of Ingalls , Oklahoma Territory . All of the outlaws manage to escape . Nov 7 Women in Colorado are granted the right to vote . 1895 Aug 19 Outlaw John Wesley Hardin is shot and killed by John Selman at the Acme Saloon in El Paso , Texas . 1896 Jan 4 Utah is admitted as the 45th U.S. state . Jan 15 Bill Tilghman single - handedly captures wanted gang leader Bill Doolin at a bathhouse in Eureka Springs , Arkansas and returns him to the Oklahoma Territory . Doolin escapes from prison on July 5 . Aug 12 An uprising of Yaqui Indians and Mexican revolutionaries , angered by the policies of Mexican President Porfirio Díaz , storms the customhouse in Nogales , Sonora on the U.S. -- Mexico border . Detachments of both federal armies manage to disperse the rebels over the next several days . Aug 13 Butch Cassidy , Elzy Lay , Harvey `` Kid Curry '' Logan , and Bob Meeks rob a bank in Montpelier , Idaho . Sep 15 A staged train wreck designed as a publicity stunt for the Missouri - Kansas - Texas Railroad unexpectedly causes simultaneous boiler explosions that kill at least two spectators and result in numerous other injuries . 1897 Apr 15 Crude oil is discovered for the first time in the Indian Territory , near present - day Bartlesville , Oklahoma . 1898 Jul 8 The Shootout on Juneau Wharf occurs in Skagway , District of Alaska when crime boss Soapy Smith and Frank H. Reid are shot during an argument . Smith is killed immediately and Reid dies 12 days later . Aug -- Oct At least 500 members of 35 different American Indian tribes attend the Indian Congress in Omaha , Nebraska , the largest gathering of its kind to date . 1899 May 30 Pearl Hart and a companion rob a stagecoach traveling between Globe and Florence in the Arizona Territory . The pair is tracked down and arrested a few days later . Jun 2 Butch Cassidy and his Wild Bunch rob an Overland Flyer passenger train near Wilcox , Wyoming , resulting in a massive but ultimately futile manhunt . 1900s ( edit ) William Jennings Bryan Year Date Event 1900 May 1 A dust explosion at the Winter Quarters Mine near Scofield , Utah kills at least 200 coal miners in the Scofield Mine disaster , the deadliest mining accident in American history to date . 1901 Jan 10 An oil well on the Spindletop dome near Beaumont , Texas strikes crude oil , becoming the first major gusher in the state and triggering the Texas oil boom . Feb 20 Butch Cassidy , Harry Longabaugh , and Etta Place depart the United States for Buenos Aires , Argentina aboard a British steamer . 1903 May 23 Horatio Nelson Jackson and Sewall K. Crocker depart San Francisco in a two - cylinder Winton motor car . They arrive in New York City on July 26 , becoming the first people to cross the continent in an automobile . Nov 20 Legendary gunman Tom Horn is hung in Cheyenne , Wyoming for the disputed killing of 14 - year - old sheepherder Willie Nickell in 1901 . His trial and hanging mark the waning of the power of the cattle barons in Wyoming . 1905 May 15 The city of Las Vegas is founded in Nevada . Dec 30 Former Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg is wounded by a bomb in his home in Caldwell , Idaho and dies a short time later . An investigation suggests the assassination was motivated by prior labor unrest in Idaho 's mining communities . 1906 Apr 18 An earthquake and resulting fires devastate the city of San Francisco and neighboring communities , killing at least 3,000 people and leaving nearly three - fourths of the Bay Area 's population homeless . 1907 Nov 16 Oklahoma is admitted as the 46th U.S. state . 1908 Feb 29 Pat Garrett is murdered under mysterious circumstances near Las Cruces , New Mexico Territory . Nov 7 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid are reportedly found dead following a shootout with police in the town of San Vicente , Bolivia . 1910s ( edit ) Charles Marion Russell Year Date Event 1910 Nov 20 The Mexican Revolution begins when Francisco I. Madero publishes his Plan of San Luis de Potosí , calling on the Mexican people to revolt against the corrupt authoritarian presidency of Porfirio Díaz . 1912 Jan 6 New Mexico is admitted as the 47th U.S. state . Feb 14 Arizona is admitted as the 48th U.S. state . It is the last state to be admitted in the contiguous United States , marking the complete political incorporation of U.S. territorial acquisitions west of the Mississippi River . 1916 Dec 5 The last stagecoach robbery in American history occurs at Jarbidge Canyon , Nevada , when three robbers hold up a U.S. Post Office Department stagecoach , shoot the driver , and steal $4,000 in cash . The criminals are captured without incident soon after . See also ( edit ) History portal United States portal Historic regions of the United States Territorial evolution of the United States List of Old West gunfights Western United States Mountain States Northwestern United States Southwestern United States Pacific States Great Plains Rocky Mountains Great Basin Sierra Nevada ( United States ) Cascade Range References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hine , Robert V. ; Faragher , John Mack ( 2000 ) . The American West : a new interpretive history . 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Norton & Co. , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06068 - 3 Jump up ^ Patterson , Richard M. Historical Atlas of the Outlaw West . Boulder : Johnson Publishing Company , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 933472 - 89 - 7 Jump up ^ Kohn , George C. Dictionary of Culprits and Criminals . Metuchen , New Jersey : Scarecrow Press , 1986 . Jump up ^ Michno , Gregory ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Indian Wars : Western Battles and Skirmishes , 1850 -- 1890 . Missoula : Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 468 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Colt Single Action Army ( Colt 45 / Peacemaker ) Six - Shot Percussion Revolver ( 1873 ) '' . MilitaryFactory.com . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Turret Peak , 1873 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sampson , James ; Sampson , Lucille . `` Jesse James and the Rock Island Lines '' . Rock Island Technical Society . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Carroll , Murray L. `` Governor Francis E. Warren , The United States Army and the Chinese Massacre at Rock Springs , '' Annals of Wyoming , 1987 , Vol. 59 No. 2 , pp. 16 -- 27 , ( ISSN 0003 - 4991 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Capps , Benjamin ( 1975 ) . The Great Chiefs . Time - Life Education . pp. 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 84785 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Dawes Act ( 1887 ) '' . OurDocuments.gov . National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Debo , Angie ( 1940 ) . And Still the Waters Run : The Betrayal of the Five Civilized Tribes . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04615 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` THE BLIZZARD OF 1888 '' . Nebraska State Historical Society . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wenger , Gilbert R. ( 1991 ) ( 1980 ) . The Story of Mesa Verde National Park . Mesa Verde Museum Park , Colorado : Mesa Verde Museum Association . pp. 79 -- 80 . ISBN 0 - 937062 - 15 - 4 . Jump up ^ DeArment , Robert K. ( 2006 ) . Ballots and Bullets : The Bloody County Seat Wars of Kansas . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0806137843 . Jump up ^ Toledo Blade ( Feb 19 , 1954 ) Belle Starr , Sweetheart of Outlaws Retrieved 6 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Rushes to Statehood , The Oklahoma Land Runs '' . Dickinson Research Center . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview -- With Major Wham Giving Full Particulars of the Famous Hold - up on the Fort Thomas Road '' . Arizona Weekly Citizen . Tucson , Arizona Territory . May 25 , 1889 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Jess G. ( 1954 ) . Apache Vengeance : The True Story of Apache Kid . Albuquerque , New Mexico : University of New Mexico Press . OCLC 834291 . Jump up ^ Porter , Robert ; Gannett , Henry ; Hunt , William ( 1895 ) . `` Progress of the Nation '' , in `` Report on Population of the United States at the Eleventh Census : 1890 , Part 1 '' . Bureau of the Census . pp. xviii -- xxxiv . Jump up ^ Liggett , Lorie ( 1998 ) . `` Wounded Knee Massacre -- An Introduction '' . Bowling Green State University . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Davis , John W. ( 2010 ) . Wyoming Range War : The Infamous Invasion of Johnson County . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 4106 - 0 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert Michael . ( 2003 ) . From Blackjacks To Briefcases -- A History of Commercialized Strikebreaking and Unionbusting in the United States . p. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Newspaper Coverage of the Evans & Sontag Story : The Examiner , San Francisco , Tuesday Morning , June 13 , 1893 , Vol . LVI , No. 164 , p1 : '' . June 24 , 2004 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levario , Miguel Antonio ( 2012 ) . Militarizing the Border : When Mexicans Became the Enemy . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 758 - 4 . Jump up ^ Shirley , Glenn ( July 1990 ) . `` Gunfight at Ingalls : Death of an Outlaw Town '' . Barbed Wire Press . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0935269062 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Timeline , The 1890 's - America 's Best History '' . Americasbesthistory.com . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Selman Kills John Wesley Hardin '' . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tilghman , Zoe ( May 18 , 1959 ) . `` ' My husband helped tame the West ' '' . Life . 46 ( 20 ) : 105 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Mario T. ( 1981 ) . Desert Immigrants : The Mexicans of El Paso , 1880 - 1920 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02520 - 3 . Jump up ^ Idaho State Historical Society : Public Archives and Research Library , inmate files : Henry `` Bob '' Meeks , # 574 Jump up ^ Ramos , Mary G. ( 1993 ) . `` The Crash at Crush '' . Texas Almanac . Texas State Historical Association . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Congress '' , Omaha Public Library . Retrieved 8 / 20 / 07 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Claudette ( December 18 , 1981 ) . `` Pearl Hart : Arizona 's Woman Bandit '' . The Courier . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alleged Train Robber Taken '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . October 23 , 1899 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy and Sundance Kid : The Monpelier , Castle Gate , Wilcox and Winnemucca Robberies '' . Wyoming Tales and Trails . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Powell , Allan Kent ( 1994 ) , `` Scofield Mine Disaster '' , in Powell , Allan Kent , Utah History Encyclopedia , Salt Lake City , Utah : University of Utah Press , ISBN 0874804256 , OCLC 30473917 Jump up ^ Wooster , Robert ; Sanders , Christine Moor : Spindletop Oilfield from the Handbook of Texas Online . Retrieved October 18 , 2009. , Texas State Historical Association Jump up ^ Richard M. Patterson ( 1998 ) . Butch Cassidy : A Biography . University of Nebraska Press , p. 316 . Jump up ^ `` First to Drive across the Continent '' . America on the Move . National Museum of American History . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Chip . `` Tom Horn : Wyoming Enigma '' . WyoHistory.org . Wyoming State Historical Society . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , John W. ( 2016 ) . The Trial of Tom Horn . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . Jump up ^ Moehring , Eugene P. ; Green , Michael S. ( 2005 ) . Las Vegas : A Centennial History . Reno : University of Nevada Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0874176158 . Jump up ^ Horsley , Albert ( 1907 ) . The Confessions and Autobiography of Harry Orchard . Jump up ^ Timeline of the San Francisco Earthquake April 18 -- 23 , 1906 , The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco Jump up ^ Metz , Leon C. Pat Garrett : The Story of a Western Lawman . pp. 285 -- 286 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Mark Lee . To Hell on a Fast Horse , p. 229 Jump up ^ Friedman - Rudovsky , Jean ( December 31 , 2009 ) . `` On the Trail of Butch Cassidy , in Bolivia '' . TIME . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Halsall , Paul ( July 1998 ) . `` Francisco Madero : The Plan of San Luis Potosi , November 20 , 1910 '' . Modern History SourceBook . United States Congress , Senate Subcommittee on Foreign Relations , Revolutions in Mexico , 62nd Congress , 2nd Session ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1913 ) , pp. 730 - 736 , passim . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Milner , Clyde A. , II ( 1994 ) . `` National Initiatives '' . In Milner , Clyde A. , II ; O'Connor , Carol A. ; Sandweiss , Martha A . The Oxford history of the American West . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 156 -- 157 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutWestern United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity New Perspectives On The West . The West Film Project , WETA - TV , 2001 . American Old West Notable people Explorers and pioneers John Bozeman Jim Bridger William Clark Davy Crockett John C. Frémont Liver - Eating Johnson Meriwether Lewis Joe Mayer William John Murphy John Wesley Powell Levi Ruggles Jedediah Smith Jack Swilling Trinidad Swilling Ora Rush Weed Henry Wickenburg Brigham Young Native Americans Black Hawk Black Kettle Bloody Knife Chief Joseph Cochise Crazy Horse Geronimo Irataba Mangas Coloradas Manuelito Massai Quanah Parker Red Cloud Sacagawea Sitting Bull Ten Bears Touch the Clouds Tuvi Victorio Lawmen Elfego Baca Charlie Bassett Roy Bean Morgan Earp Virgil Earp Wyatt Earp Henry Garfias Pat Garrett Jack Helm `` Wild Bill '' Hickok Bat Masterson `` Mysterious Dave '' Mather Bass Reeves George Scarborough John Selman John Horton Slaughter William `` Bill '' Tilghman James Timberlake Harry C. Wheeler Outlaws Billy the Kid Black Bart `` Curly Bill '' Brocius Butch Cassidy Billy Clanton Ike Clanton Bill Dalton Bill Doolin John Wesley Hardin Johnny Ringo Jesse James Tom Ketchum Frank McLaury Tom McLaury Joaquin Murrieta Cochise County Cowboys Belle Starr Soapy Smith Sundance Kid Cole Younger Soldiers and scouts Frederick Russell Burnham Kit Carson `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody Texas Jack Omohundro James C. Cooney George Crook George Armstrong Custer Samuel P. Heintzelman Tom Horn Calamity Jane Luther Kelly Ranald S. Mackenzie Charley Reynolds Philip Sheridan Al Sieber Others John Jacob Astor William H. Boring Jonathan R. Davis George Flavel C.S. Fly John Joel Glanton George E. 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Corral Long Branch Saloon gunfight Variety Hall shootout Military conflicts Battle of the Alamo Battle of Glorieta Pass Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of San Jacinto Battle of Washita River First Battle of Adobe Walls Indian Wars Sand Creek massacre Wounded Knee Massacre Range wars and feuds Earp - Clanton feud Johnson County War Lincoln County War Mason County War Pleasant Valley War Sheep Wars Sutton -- Taylor feud Lists Arizona Rangers Cowboys and cowgirls Gangs Gunfights Lawmen Mountain men Outlaws Timeline of the American Old West Influence Western genre Western lifestyle Places Alaska Anchorage Iditarod Nome Seward Skagway Arizona Territory Canyon Diablo Fort Grant Prescott Phoenix Tombstone Tucson Yuma California Bakersfield Fresno Jamestown Los Angeles Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Colorado Creede Denver Telluride Trinidad Dakota Territory Bismarck Deadwood Fargo Pine Ridge Rapid City Yankton Idaho Territory Fort Boise Fort Hall Illinois Fort Dearborn Kansas Abilene Dodge City Ellsworth Hays Leavenworth Wichita Missouri Independence Kansas City St. Louis Montana Territory Billings Bozeman Deer Lodge Fort Benton Fort Peck Helena Livingston Missoula Virginia City Nebraska Chadron Fort Atkinson Fort Robinson Nebraska City Ogallala Omaha Valentine Nevada Carson City Virginia City Reno New Mexico Territory Alamogordo Albuquerque Cimarron Fort Sumner Gallup Las Vegas Lincoln Mesilla Mogollon Roswell Santa Fe Tucumcari Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory Broken Arrow Fort Sill Oklahoma City Oregon Territory Astoria The Dalles La Grande McMinnville Oregon City Portland Salem Vale Texas Austin Abilene El Paso Fort Worth Gonzales Lubbock San Antonio Utah Territory Salt Lake City Washington Territory Everett Port Townsend Seattle Vancouver Wyoming Territory Fort Bridger Fort Laramie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_American_Old_West&oldid=837802182 '' Categories : United States history timelines American Old West Society - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Pages using web citations with no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 03 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | historical events in the west region of the united states | [] | [] |
-7445545759996882137 | Return to normalcy | Return to normalcy - Wikipedia Return to normalcy Jump to : navigation , search Harding called for `` A Return to Normalcy . '' Return to normalcy , a return to the way of life before World War I , was United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding 's campaign slogan for the election of 1920 . Although detractors believed that the word was a neologism as well as a malapropism , coined by Harding ( as opposed to the more accepted term normality ) , there was contemporaneous discussion and evidence found that normalcy had been listed in dictionaries as far back as 1857 . Harding 's promise was to return the United States prewar mentality , without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people . To sum up his points , he stated : `` America 's present need is not heroics , but healing ; not nostrums , but normalcy ; not revolution , but restoration ; not agitation , but adjustment ; not surgery , but serenity ; not the dramatic , but the dispassionate ; not experiment , but equipoise ; not submergence in internationality , but sustainment in triumphant nationality . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 1920 election 2 See also 3 References 4 External links 1920 election ( edit ) Harding 's position attracted support and was important during the United States presidential election , 1920 , which he won with 60.3 % of the popular vote . During the campaign , Harding addressed the issue of the word 's origin , claiming that `` normalcy '' but not `` normality '' appeared in his dictionary : I have noticed that word caused considerable news editors to change it to `` normality '' . I have looked for `` normality '' in my dictionary and I do not find it there . `` Normalcy '' , however , I did find , and it is a good word . See also ( edit ) Creeping normalcy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` normalcy '' , Answers.com . Jump up ^ The Mavens ' Word of the Day : normalcy , June 25 , 1999 , randomhouse.com . Jump up ^ `` Return to Normalcy '' , teachingamericanhistory.org Jump up ^ `` Election of 1920 : Republican and the Return to Normalcy '' . Jump up ^ Kory Stamper ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Obama did n't use improper grammar . Cut him and other public figures a break '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Look up normalcy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Normalcy '' , The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy , 3rd ed. , edited by E.D. Hirsch , Jr. , et al. Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 22647 - 8 . `` A Time for Normalcy '' by Evan Jenkins , Columbia Journalism Review , January / February 2002 . This article related to the politics of the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This vocabulary - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article relating to the history of the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Return_to_normalcy&oldid=815486556 '' Categories : American political neologisms United States presidential domestic programs United States politics stubs Vocabulary and usage stubs United States history stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 03 : 26 . About Wikipedia | who called for return to normalcy following the war | [
"Return to normalcy, a return to the way of life before World War I, was United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding's campaign slogan for the election of 1920. Although detractors believed that the word was a neologism as well as a malapropism, coined by Harding (as opposed to the more accepted term normality), there was contemporaneous discussion and evidence found that normalcy had been listed in dictionaries as far back as 1857.[1][2] Harding's promise was to return the United States prewar mentality, without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people. To sum up his points, he stated:"
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"Warren G. Harding"
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-592426259285194277 | Ohio State University Marching Band | Ohio State University Marching band - wikipedia Ohio State University Marching band Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with The Ohio State University Athletic Band . This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( December 2007 ) The Ohio State University Marching Band School The Ohio State University Location Columbus , Ohio Conference Big Ten Founded 1878 Director Christopher Hoch Members 228 ( 192 pregame marchers , 195 halftime marchers , 36 alternate members ) Fight song `` Across the Field '' , `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' Uniform Website http://tbdbitl.osu.edu The Ohio State University Marching Band ( OSUMB ) performs at Ohio State football games and other events during the fall semester . It is one of the few collegiate all - brass and percussion bands in the country , perhaps the largest of its type in the world . Its nickname is The Best Damn Band in the Land ( TBDBITL ) . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2014 hazing scandal 2 Performances and academics 3 Composition 3.1 Instrumentation 3.2 Squad leaders 3.3 Drum Major 3.4 Student staff 3.5 Directing staff 3.6 Arranging staff 3.7 Adjunct staff 4 Traditions 4.1 Script Ohio 4.1. 1 Honorary `` i '' - dotters 4.2 Diamond Ohio 4.3 Skull Session 4.4 Ramp entrance 4.5 Back bend 4.6 Neutron Man 5 Uniforms 5.1 Early years 5.2 1950s -- 1980s 5.3 1988 remodel 5.4 2006 changes 5.5 2013 changes 5.6 Drum Major uniform 5.7 Director uniforms 5.8 Blazer Uniform 5.9 Gray Uniform 6 Instruments 6.1 Current instruments 6.2 Previously used instruments 7 Filmography 8 Accolades 9 Relationship with other marching arts 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The 2008 Ohio State marching band performing before the Cleveland Browns season opening game of the 2008 season Military training was an important part of the early curriculum at Ohio State , and a band was formed to provide music to the cadets for drills . Organized in 1878 , the Marching Band was first organized as a fife and drum corps and was sponsored by the Military Department . In 1881 , a stolen mouthpiece incident , which prevented the Marching Band from performing , led the Military Department to end support . The band was a student - led organization until 1896 . Gustav Bruder , a professional musician with military band experience , was hired to lead the band . Under Bruder , the band 's size grew . It began playing and marching for all military and athletic events . In 1926 , it performed jointly with the Ohio State University Drum and Bugle Corps at West Point . The timing between the groups on the field was off because of errant counting , causing the groups to counter march through each other 's ranks . This spectacle was considered one of the most intense band formations done on the field at West Point . In 1929 , the Military Department , along with the School of Music , entered into a new agreement to bring the Marching Band under control of the School of Music , which would provide faculty , while the Military Department limited membership to cadets , who also received military instruction along with playing and marching . The band was so popular in 1929 that the entire 100 piece block band was composed of upperclassmen . This situation gave Director Eugene J. Weigel the idea to create two additional bands , the Infantry Regimental Band and the Artillery Regimental Band , which would provide training to underclassmen until they were able to try out for the Marching Band . These bands met in the Winter and Spring , and together with the Activities Band formed in 1947 , created the modern Athletic Band . During World War II , Ohio State was one of the few colleges able to field a marching band for every home game . The band was able to field 100 to 120 musicians throughout the war . Because the band was still under ROTC control , women were not allowed to perform . The band was open to alumni members of the band , woodwind players , vocalists , high school students , even strangers on the street who expressed interest . The morale with which this highly volunteer band helped to cheer on Ohio State football was during a time when spirits on the home front were at a low . By the early 1950s , the Department of Defense issued much more stringent rules about what courses and activities constitute eligible curriculum for the ROTC program . The Marching Band was no longer an eligible activity , and in 1952 , the Marching Band officially ended ties with the ROTC department . Cadets in the band could continue to try out and participate in band , but they would no longer receive ROTC credit . Once the Marching Band separated from ROTC control , the band was more free to experiment with show themes and music genres , culminating in the band 's 1965 performance of `` Hang On , Sloopy ! '' . After the extremely positive response for `` Sloopy '' , the band decided to venture into more modern and topical styles of music . The band maintained a 120 - piece block into the 1970s , when director Paul Droste expanded the band first to 160 , and then to 192 members by adding another row of Sousaphones , creating a full row of snare drums , and adding tenor duo - toms to the row of bass drums and cymbals . Women were admitted into the band starting in 1973 , after the passage of the 1972 Title IX legislation . Today , approximately 20 -- 25 % of the band 's members are women each year . By the mid-1970s , a limitation on the maximum number of years one could be in the Marching Band was imposed . Prior to this , there were people who had spent nearly a decade playing and marching with the band . Some of these band members were gainfully employed graduates of the university , who would continue to pay fees to try out for band . A decision was reached to limit the band to 5 years , 6 under extenuating circumstances and director approval . This allowed for more new students to try out and make the band , and also allowed for a better spirit of competition for the 225 total spots in the band . In 2016 , under the direction of Dr. Christopher Hoch and Percussion Instructor Mr. Mark Reynolds , a decision was made to expand the band for the first time in over 40 years . Three additional band members were added ; one each on bass drum , cymbals , and tenor drums . This allows for four of each part for the Ramp entrance , while expanding the percussion section by three for halftime . The driving decision to allow this expansion is to bring the band 's percussion section closer in number and substance to other comparable college marching bands by having a full tonal bass drum section . From 2005 to 2015 , the band used four tonal bass drums for halftime , which presents a challenge to percussion writers , as the standard instrumentation of a bass drum line is five drums . The addition of the fifth bass drum allows for a broader color of percussion parts to be written . The traditional Ramp entrance block band will still maintain four bass drums tuned to two pitches , high and low , for effect . Many marching band innovations were first tried and developed at Ohio State . Among them are : floating and animated formations , measured step marching , script writing , and the fast cadence with a high knee lift . Brass instruments especially designed for marching bands were also first used at Ohio State . In 1934 , the OSUMB became one of the first collegiate bands to adopt an all brass - and - percussion instrumentation . The school fight songs -- `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' and `` Fight the Team Across the Field '' -- were first performed in the early 20th century . Other traditional songs performed by the band are the 1960s pop hit `` Hang on Sloopy '' and ( aimed at its archrival , the University of Michigan ) `` We Do n't Give a Damn for the Whole State of Michigan '' , which was popularized by James Thurber in the Broadway production of The Male Animal . Other songs that are played commonly in the stands include : `` Night On Bald Mountain '' , `` Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi '' , `` Bully '' , `` Talkin ' Out the Side of Your Neck '' , `` Seven Nation Army '' , and a recently student - written and composed piece with a hip - hop feel called `` Buckeye Swag . '' 2014 hazing scandal ( edit ) The band made national headlines in the summer of 2014 following the release of an internal investigation into the band 's culture and reported incidents of hazing . On July 22 , 2014 , Ohio State University released an investigation report titled `` Complaint against Jonathan Waters , Director of the OSU Marching Band . '' In the report , the university 's Office of Compliance and Integrity found that the band 's `` culture facilitated acts of sexual harassment '' and that then - director Jon Waters knew or reasonably should have known about this culture . '' On July 24 , 2014 , following a two - month investigation into complaints of a `` sexualized '' culture amongst band members , Jon Waters was fired by the University . Waters later denied the report 's characterizations of the band and of his actions . A second investigation was led by former Ohio Attorney General , Betty Montgomery . The Task Force Report , released on November 18 , 2014 , identified a number of issues within the band , making 37 recommendations for changes , but also criticized Ohio State University for decades of lax oversight and inadequate resources for enforcing compliance . The task force final report include results of a survey of 278 then current and recent former band members ; see Appendix D . The survey seemed to contradict many of the university 's claims about Mr. Waters and the band . Performances and academics ( edit ) A typical season with the OSUMB runs from June until January . Starting in June , the band runs Summer Sessions to train and teach prospective and returning band members . In July , the band performs a joint concert with the Columbus Symphony Orchestra . This event is typically performed with 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 of the full band , and often accepts volunteers who did not march the previous season . In August , the schedule becomes highly packed . There are often small pep band events throughout Columbus , at OSU 's Regional Campuses across the state , as well as on the Columbus Campus . The band performs at all home football games , at an NFL game ( either Cincinnati Bengals or Cleveland Browns ) , and at least one or two away games . In 2013 , the band performed at four away games , a first for the band . If the football team is eligible for post-season play , the band will travel to those games as well . On away trips , there is almost always an Ohio State rally , put on by the local chapter of the OSU Alumni Association . This rally features guest speakers , the band , and cheerleaders . For trips to the University of Michigan or Michigan State University , the band performs a sit - down concert in the Toledo , Ohio area . There are additional full - band performances such as the Homecoming Parade , Circleville Pumpkin Show Parade , and two big concerts : one in an often remote part of Ohio , and the annual concert in Columbus at Value City Arena ( previously held at Veterans Memorial before its demolition during the 2014 season ) . The band holds tryouts usually two weeks before school starts . This is somewhat variable as the band staff tries to allow for members to perform in Drum Corps International World Championships in Indianapolis . In recent years , DCI Finals night was held on a Saturday night , while OSUMB Candidate Days ( for all prospective band members who have not made the band before ) would begin the following Sunday morning . Due to a tighter schedule in 2016 , Candidate Days were held during DCI Finals , and full band tryouts began the following morning . Typically this is avoided however , to allow incoming freshmen to finish a drum corps tour and then learn the OSU style in the two days prior to full band tryouts . Once the band is picked and until school starts up , the band practices three times a day Monday through Friday . Once school starts , the band rehearses Monday - Friday from 4 : 10 - 6 : 15 PM . However , the Band Center doors are typically not locked until midnight , as many band members will do other classwork while practicing and memorizing their music for the week 's show . Many shows must be learned in as little as four days , with all music and drill committed to memory . Composition ( edit ) Instrumentation ( edit ) An image of the 2008 Ohio State marching band spelling out `` Browns '' before the Browns 2008 season opener . The band consists of 228 musicians . The block band seen at every game consists of 192 members , while halftime shows consist of 195 members . The other 36 members are alternates . These are members of the band who challenge the regular members every week for a spot in the gameday block . The alternates also understudy the week 's halftime show with the squad leader in case someone gets sick or injured before the performance . Alternates have a chance to perform with the regular band members during performances of Double Script Ohio , as well as during pre-game shows on away game trips . All music is memorized and verified during music checks each Friday . On game day the alternates help move equipment around if the show has props or a pit , otherwise they are led by the assistant drum major and stand at attention ( minus instruments ) on the sideline near the south end of the field . The band block consists of lettered rows ABCEFHIJKLMQRSTX and D. D row consists of one Head Drum Major , one Assistant Drum Major ( who is the assistant to the Head Drum Major ) , and D - Row members who train and learn under the drum major in order to one day try out for the position . While the brass - only configuration has been unvarying since 1934 , the instrumentation has been subject to experimentation over the years . Around 1938 , slide trombones were removed from the band for fear they could not easily navigate the difficult Script Ohio drill . Trombones were originally replaced by tenor horns , and then eventually by the King 3B valve trombone - a valve trombone wrapped as a Euphonium - earning the name `` Trombonium . '' By 1970 , the band adopted the large - bore Conn 90G , prepared by Conn at the OSUMB 's instigation . Slide trombones returned to the band in 1980 , with the introduction of Bach Model 36 Stradivarius small shank tenor trombones . Tromboniums last marched in the varsity OSUMB block at the 1982 Alumni Reunion game , but continue to be used by Alumni members of the band . In 1997 , the band converted the alto voice of the band from Eb Alto horns , to F Mellophones . Several factors including instrument quality and durability , as well as tone projection , were cited in the switch . The last Eb Alto horns purchased by the OSUMB were Yamaha YAH - 203 's . The band switched to Getzen G4410 F Mellophones , and continued to use those until 2000 , when Getzen discontinued that instrument . The band switched to King 1120SP F Mellophones , and slowly phased these , along with the King 1121SP , which is the newest version of King Mellophone , through 2006 . All Getzen Mellophones are now used by Alumni Band or the OSU Athletic Band . In 1999 , Dr. Jon Woods , a trombone player himself , added Bass Trombones to the trombone section . This was done in an effort to round out the trombone choir , and to give a bit of an edge to Sousaphone parts in climactic music . The first model , and to date , only model of Bass Trombone used by the OSUMB is the Conn 110H . In 2008 , the band received a generous donation which allowed the entire high brass section ( Eb Cornets , Trumpets , and Flugelhorns ) to be outfitted with new Yamaha Xeno model instruments . These horns greatly influenced the sound of the band , as previous models of trumpets and flugelhorns were student level models , which typically are not constructed with the same quality as professional model instruments , such as the Xeno line . In 2013 , the band has begun a switch from King 2104SP tenor trombones to a special order Conn 8HY model . The percussion section of the band has been using Pearl percussion for several years . In 2014 , a decision was made to experiment with metal drum carriers . Drum carriers had been used for a number of years by tenor drum players , however the bass drums and snares continued to use cloth sling harnesses . Through a large amount of experimentation , metal carriers made their debut midway through the 2014 season for halftime and parade use only . The snares and basses are still carried by traditional sling for pregame , due to the visuals done with the drums that add to the excitement of the Ramp entrance . Drum Majors Years Name 2016 - 17 John LaVange 2015 Nathan MacMaster 2013 - 14 David Pettit 2012 - 13 Kyle West 2010 - 11 Jason Stuckert 2008 - 09 Joshua Halter 2006 - 07 Stewart Kitchen 2005 Alex Neffenger Eric Sommer 2003 Kathryn Mitchell 2001 - 02 Adam Prescott 1999 - 00 Matt Bally 1998 Scott Sommer 1996 - 97 Corey Thompson 1994 - 95 Karl Neudorfer 1992 - 93 Brian Berendts 1991 Lee Sartore 1989 - 90 Dale Wagner 1987 - 88 Rich Parks 1985 - 86 Greg Eyer 1984 Andrew Marks 1982 - 83 Bruce Hart 1981 Shelley Graf 1980 Dr. Oliver McGee 1977 - 79 Dwight Hudson 1976 Doug Secrist 1974 - 75 Rick Gammage 1972 - 73 Barry Kopetz 1971 Paul Zubrod 1969 - 70 Wayne Long 1968 Jack Swinehart 1967 Kirby Wyatt 1965 - 66 Mitch Breece 1963 - 64 Bob `` Link '' Harper 1962 Ben Kline 1961 Terrance Burton 1959 - 60 Lenny Hart 1957 - 58 Larry Cory 1956 Richard Marsh 1954 - 55 George Souder 1952 - 53 Dr. Jim Bodman 1951 Jim Spencer 1950 Dale York 1949 Johnny Criss 1947 - 48 Devon `` Deve '' Kesling 1946 Beverly Moseley 1945 Joseph Myers 1944 Cyril Costoff 1943 Robert Gulcher 1942 Gerald `` Jerry '' Johnston 1941 Edward Maundrell 1939 - 40 Richard Jones 1938 Myron McKelvey 1936 - 37 Wesley Leas 1934 - 35 William Casey 1932 - 33 Dr. James McCreary 1931 Wilburt Pettegrew 1928 - 30 William Knepper 1926 - 27 Robert Hines 1923 - 25 Dr. Augustus Hall 1920 - 22 Edwin `` Tubby '' Essington Squad Leaders ( edit ) Each row of the band has one Squad Leader , and one Assistant Squad Leader , with exception of J row which has two Assistants . The role of the Squad Leaders is to make sure their respective rows are at rehearsal on time , take attendance for the row , and make sure all members in the row are striving for their best during each rehearsal and performance . Squad Leaders also run Friday music checks and game day uniform and instrument inspections , as well as judge the row challenges on Mondays . The Squad Leaders must also try out for the band , typically during the week before the rest of the band does their tryouts . Squad Leaders have been cut from the band in past years . In this case , the Assistant would become Head Squad Leader , and one of the highest scoring returning band members would be offered the position of Assistant . Drum major ( edit ) Since the very early days of the band , there has been a drum major in charge of the band . The role of the drum major is to be the student in charge of the band on the field and during performances . Typically , the drum major would be the single point of contact in a military band `` chain of command '' that would directly interface with the directing staff in regards to complaints , comments , and questions from band members . The role of the drum major has evolved significantly over the years . Instead of simply marching in the front of the band , drum majors began doing tricks with their batons , and morphed into a single person show of pageantry on the field to complement the band during their formations . Today , being drum major for the OSUMB is one of the hardest collegiate drum major positions to achieve in the country . It is one of the most physically and mentally challenging , and requires the utmost in flexibility , concentration , and on - the - fly thinking and creativity . Typically , there is only one Drum Major and one Assistant Drum Major for the season . The Assistant Drum Major will often wear a different uniform , representative of the uniform that the Drum Major of the OSU Military Band wore . The Military Band was a marching band run separately from the OSUMB that allowed woodwind instruments , and played at mainly ROTC parades and other campus events when the Marching Band was unable to perform or during the off - season of the Marching Band . In 2013 , the Drum Major was unable to perform for the first four games of the season . This necessitated the Assistant Drum Major to assume the role of Drum Major . One of the highest - scoring ( at tryouts ) D - row trainees assumed the role of Assistant Drum Major . Once the Drum Major was able to return to the field , a historic first for the OSUMB occurred . At the 2013 OSU vs Wisconsin game , the band introduced three drum majors for the first time . The band finished the season with two Drum Majors and one Assistant ; in 2014 , the band went back to one Drum Major and one Assistant . Student staff ( edit ) As well as the 228 marching and playing members of the band , there are 14 additional student staff members who do not march . The student staff are responsible for the day to day happenings on the student level of the band . There are two Heads of Staff who are in charge of separate areas . The Head Secretary oversees the secretary 's office , the Head Manager oversees the Staff Managers . The 14 member Student Staff breaks down as follows : The band during pregame . Head Manager oversees the two uniform managers , one seamstress , two instrument managers , and two A / V technicians and Record Fund . Head Secretary , two assistant secretaries and one librarian / secretary All staff members wear the OSUMB uniform and work throughout the entire school year in the band offices . Members of Student Staff , along with the Drum Major Trainees , hold the directors ' ladders on the field , stand at intervals along the sidelines to observe for and collect instrument or uniform parts that may fall off during a show , and even dress in costume or work props for the field show . If there are holes in the band due to illness or injury , and the full 228 piece band is required for a performance , Student Staff will march with an instrument . These staff members typically get a `` crash course '' in the specifics of that instrument 's carry and positioning , but are not expected to play the instrument or memorize the music , although memorizing charted positions is often necessary . Many members of Student Staff are musicians themselves , however some do not have brass or percussion backgrounds . Directing staff ( edit ) Mr. Jonathan `` Jon '' Waters became Director in 2012 , succeeding longtime Director Dr. Jon Woods . Waters held the post until his firing in July 2014 ; the band marched during the 2014 season under the interim leadership of Dr. Russell Mikkelson , OSU Director of Bands , and Dr. Scott Jones , OSU Associate Director of Bands . Dr. Chris Hoch was named Interim Director in 2015 , becoming permanent Director in 2016 . A band the size of the OSUMB requires a large directing staff . All directors are versed in conducting all of the school songs and show music , and attend various pep band and spirit rally events with the band . The Director is typically busiest with the administrative side of the band , leaving most smaller performances that do not require the whole band to the other directing staff . These directors make up the uniformed directing staff . In addition , other professors from the OSU School of Music regularly conduct the band during performances . These include the Director of the School of Music , and the Director and Associate Director of Bands . The current directing staff of the OSUMB is as follows : Dr. Chris Hoch , Director of Marching and Athletic Bands , Mr. Phillip Day , Associate Director of Marching and Athletic Bands , Mr. Michael Smith , Assistant Director of Marching and Athletic Bands , as well as six graduate assistants , Mr. Joe Carver , PhD Candidate in Music Education , Mr. Onsby Rose , DMA Candidate in Conducting , Ms. Jennifer Ollis , Masters Candidate in Conducting , Mr. Jeff Krubsack , Masters Candidate in Conducting , Mr. Todd Fessler , Masters Candidate in Conducting , and Ms. Kristin Lin , Masters Candidate in Conducting . All of the Marching and Athletic Bands leadership report directly to , and are under the guidance of the Ohio State University Director of Bands , Dr. Russel Mikkelson . Arranging staff ( edit ) Because of the unique instrumentation of the OSUMB , all music for performances must be custom - arranged . The band typically plays a wide variety of music throughout the season , and employs the expertise of a number of local and well - known arrangers . The first arranger of the OSUMB , Richard Heine , is considered to be most responsible for the unique sound of the band . All staff arrangers since Heine have kept true to the same style of arranging , while broadening the repertoire of the band . John Tatgenhorst became a staff arranger after his wildly successful arrangement of `` Hang On , Sloopy ! '' in the mid 1960s . Other arrangers include world - renowned concert band composer James Swearingen , Dr. Ted McDaniel , Ken McCoy , Steve Pfaffman , Lisa Galvin , and John Brennan . Adjunct staff ( edit ) To keep the band running smoothly , there is a host of other staff members who wear blazer uniforms and work behind the scenes for the band . Some of these members include the audio engineering staff , announcers , visiting band liaisons , physical trainers , and Drum Major coaches . Traditions ( edit ) Script Ohio ( edit ) Script Ohio . Jack Nicklaus is seen dotting the i . Script Ohio , the signature formation of The Ohio State University Marching Band , is performed before home games . Script Ohio was first performed by The Ohio State Marching Band on October 24 , 1936 , at the Ohio State versus Indiana University football game . According to The Ohio State University Library , a similar floating formation was first performed during the 1932 season by the University of Michigan Marching Band . The Script Ohio is the most identifiable trademark associated with Ohio State Football and The Ohio State University Marching Band . It was devised by band director Eugene J. Weigel , who based the looped `` Ohio '' script design on the marquee sign of the Loew 's Ohio Theatre in downtown Columbus . The script is an integrated series of evolutions and formations . The band first forms a triple Block O formation , then slowly unwinds to form the letters while playing Robert Planquette 's Le Régiment de Sambre et Meuse . The drum major leads the outside O into a peel - off movement around the curves of the script , every musician in continual motion . Slowly the three blocks unfold into a long singular line which loops around , creating the OSUMB 's trademark . Unlike a typical follow - the - leader drill , the Script Ohio is a very specifically measured and charted maneuver . Each band member is required to memorize the counts for each portion of the formation . Squad Leaders , as part of their tryout drills , are required to march a Script Ohio , individually , from their spot in the block to their final charted position to ensure they are counting and not just following the person in front of them . This is also required in the event that the drum major is incapacitated for some reason ( injury , sudden illness ) . Each time the formation drill is performed , a different fourth - or fifth - year sousaphone player is chosen to stand as the dot in the `` i '' of `` Ohio . '' Because the Script Ohio formation was one of many new formations included by director Weigel , no extra emphasis was placed on the dotting . Originally , an E-flat cornet player , John Brungart , was the first `` i '' - dotter . Brungart dotted the `` i '' two more times that season , in performances during halftime shows against Pittsburgh and Chicago . The first recorded instance of a sousaphone player dotting the i was the final game of the 1936 season on November 21 at home versus Michigan . In the fall of 1937 , Weigel turned to Glen Johnson , a sousaphone player , and shouted , `` Hey , you ! Switch places with the trumpet player in the dot . '' A year later , when the drum major arrived at the top of the `` i '' three or four measures too early , Johnson turned and bowed to the crowd to use up the rest of the music . The bow has been part of the show since then . Glen then became the second sousaphone player to dot the `` i '' on October 23 , 1937 . Since then , a sousaphone player has dotted the `` i '' over 800 times . Today , toward the end of the formation , drum major and the `` i '' - dotter high - five each other . Then with 16 measures to go in the song , they strut to the top of the `` i '' . When they arrive , the drum major points to the spot , and the `` i '' - dotter turns and bows deeply to both sides of the stadium . There are two commonly seen versions of the Script Ohio drill : Single Script , and Double Script . A Single Script is performed with the 192 member block band and is the most commonly photographed . A Double Script is performed with 224 of the full 228 member band . The three J row alternates take turns `` sitting out '' during a performance of Double Script . Double Scripts are almost always performed at away games , NFL performances , and at home games when there is a large number of i - dot eligible Sousaphone players . At the 2009 Ohio State - USC game , sousaphonist Frank Cosenza Jr. took his position dotting the `` i '' . In the course of taking his bow , the bell of the sousaphone struck the cameraman filming him . At the 2013 Ohio State - Florida A&M game , the OSUMB performed a single Script Ohio , sharing the field with the Ohio State School for the Blind , which performed a Script Braille Ohio . The Ohio State School for the Blind hosts the only visually impaired marching band in the world . Some students are low - vision , and can march unassisted , but many have almost no visual acuity , and require the help of marching assistants , who guide the musicians on the field . Some students can read very large print music , others can read Braille music , while some simply learn by ear , memorizing parts played to them . Honorary `` i '' - dotters ( edit ) Woody Hayes , Bob Hope , Jack Nicklaus , James `` Buster '' Douglas , OSU Presidents Novice Fawcett , Gordon Gee and their wives , the late composer Richard `` Dick '' Heine , Ann Droste , wife of retired director and former OSUMB member Paul Droste , and retired OSU ticket director Robert Ries , John Glenn and his wife Annie Glenn , OSU alumnus and founder , chairman , and CEO of The Limited Brands Leslie Wexner , and former coach Earle Bruce are the select few non-band members who have had the honor of dotting the `` i '' . This is considered the greatest honor the band can bestow to any non-band member and is an extremely special ( and rare ) event . The fourth - or fifth - year sousaphone player selected to dot the `` i '' for that specific game must give up their spot in order for an honorary member to dot the `` i '' . On November 19 , 2011 , Jon Woods , the marching band 's director for the previous 28 years , dotted the `` i '' in his final home game directing the band . He was informed of the nomination by the band with a note given to him in a special closed ceremony that morning . He is the only non band member to dot the `` i '' during the only game where the OSUMB did Script Ohio twice . The first Script Ohio of that game in its traditional pregame spot featured senior sousaphone player Jonathan Lampley dotting the `` i '' . Woods dotted the `` i '' in a special second performance of Script Ohio during halftime . Although not the famous Script Ohio formation , John Glenn and his wife Annie Glenn returned to Ohio Stadium on September 22 , 2012 , to dot the `` i '' in the word America during a NASA - themed halftime show paying tribute to Glenn 's NASA accomplishments and time as an Ohio senator . Diamond Ohio ( edit ) The Diamond Ohio logo , which is created by superimposing the I over the center of the H , and making the O 's into pointed triangles , was first created by the OSUMB in the late 1930s . The band continues to use this formation today every home football game as the team entrance tunnel . The Ohio University Marching 110 has also used the Diamond Ohio logo since 1966 when director Gene Thrailkill designed a pregame set modeled after the Ohio State University Marching Band to give the newly reformed Marching 110 a symbol . Photographs show OSUMB director Manley Whitcomb ( 1939 - 1942 , 1946 - 1951 ) charting this formation on a table lined with field markings , and other photographs depict the band in performance of the Diamond Ohio as far back as 1939 . Skull Session ( edit ) The OSUMB arrives in St. John Arena for the Skull Session . The detail of the Drum Major and Assistant Drum Major uniforms can be seen . The first Skull Session held at St. John Arena was in 1957 . Prior to this , Skull Session was nothing more than a final run through of the music on the morning of the game . Originally , these were closed rehearsals that the band eventually opened up to friends and family members . Each week , more and more people showed up to hear the band rehearse that the director , Jack Evans , decided to move the rehearsal to St. John Arena across the street . Today , upwards of 14,000 people pack St. John Arena every home game to see the band and football team . Many of these people do not even have tickets to the game , but yet travel hours just for a chance to see and hear the band . During the Skull Session , fans are treated to a variety of activities . Each week the band 's `` cheer groups '' perform a song to go along with the football team 's opponent of the week . The cheer groups are selected from their respective sections : Trumpet Cheers ( the oldest Cheer Group ) , Trombone Cheers , Horn Cheers , Baritone Cheers , Stadium Brass ( An instrument from every part of the band except percussion ) , Percussion Cheers ( often playing Wipeout ) and the Tuba - Fours . At some point after these performances , the football team enters to the sounds of James Swearingen 's `` Fanfare for a New Era '' . Immediately after their entrance a pre-selected Senior football player speaks to the band and fans in St. John Arena followed by the head coach . The team then exits to the sounds of `` Hang On , Sloopy ! '' Upon the football team 's exit , the band commences with the traditions associated with the Skull Session . This includes performance of `` Fight the Team Across the Field '' first softly and slowly , and on the repeat of the chorus , at the well - known tempo and dynamics . The band is also known for performing Eternal Father , Strong to Save , otherwise known as The Navy Hymn to formally begin every Skull Session concert . If a visiting college band is in attendance they will perform their pre-game and halftime show , followed by the OSUMB 's performance of pre-game and halftime . At every Skull Session , there is a guest Ohio high school marching band . The high school band plays various songs before the Skull Session to entertain the audience waiting the arrival of the OSUMB . During Homecoming , the OSU Athletic Band also performs at Skull Session , trading off with the guest high school band on various pieces of music . The OSU Athletic Band is run by the same band staff as the marching band , and often has many students who perform in both . Ramp entrance ( edit ) The ramp entrance is known as one of the most highly regarded traditions among band members , as well as extremely physically demanding . The ramp entrance starts typically around 19 : 45 on the countdown clock . There is a trailer video shown on the scoreboard prior to the band emerging from the ramp tunnel . At the end of this video , a Diamond Ohio appears on the screen . This is the cue for the percussion section to start down the ramp . The percussion section is the first to march down the ramp , and onto the field ; not to cadences , rather cheers at a precise tempo of 180 beats per minute ( bpm ) . The snare drums perform a unique arm swing as everyone clearly chants O-H-I-O , OHIO over and over . A series of elaborately timed flanking maneuvers called the power `` V '' leads JI Row into their file in the block . The `` Ramp '' cadence is then played exactly 17 times in a row , also at 180 bpm , as the other rows in the band file down the ramp , onto the field , and into their positions . Once a row is placed , the members mark time until all rows are into position . As the final two rows , T and X file in , their squad leaders nod to the two Sousaphone row 's ( KL Row ) squad leaders , who then sound a loud blast on their whistles . The entire band responds to this call with a deafening yell of `` Whistle ! '' . After the last Ramp cadence is played , a roll - off is played , while the entire band ( except JI Row ) performs a conversion step maneuver , and a horns - up . The band proceeds to play the intro of `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' while marking time . This is followed by the verse , while the band goes into what is referred to as a `` half - time step '' ( mark time ) ; one step per every two beats . During the verse , a member 's leg lift ( completion of a full chair step ) is crucial to a clean and precision view from the crowd . Also , during the verse , KL Row performs a special horn flash in which they tilt their bells slightly back , and swing their entire upper body , including their horn , to the tempo of their step . The KL row horn flash is based on the horn swing that OSUMB Sousaphones did while marching until the 1970s . During this half - time step , there is a specific seat in C deck of Ohio Stadium that previous director Dr. Paul Droste always sits in , which gives him a clear picture of the diagonal alignment of the band in the block . After the completion of the verse , the band proceeds to march southward down the field to two choruses of Buckeye Battle Cry . The band then executes a `` halt , kick , down '' , followed by a `` step - forward about - face '' . At this point , the Drum Major runs back through the band , blowing a short whistle to the lead snare drummer , who initiates a roll off to begin the rest of the pregame show , which includes playing the visiting team 's fight song , Script Ohio , and the National Anthem , which is typically conducted by the visiting band 's director , or a staff member of the OSU School of Music . Back bend ( edit ) During the introduction and verse of `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' , the drum major enters the stadium running down the ramp , then struts through the band and comes to the front of the ranks where they execute a back bend , forming their body into the shape of an O. After a dramatic pause , the drum major 's plume touches the turf while the band starts to play two choruses of the Buckeye Battle Cry while marching toward the South Stands . The drum major reaches the end zone and tosses the baton through the goal post as the band finishes the downfield march . The opposing team 's fight song is played as a salute to their university returning the band to midfield before completing the pregame performance which typically includes the highly acclaimed Script Ohio . Neutron Man ( edit ) Orlas King , ( 1942 - 2004 ) also known as the Neutron Man would burst into original dances whenever the band played the Pointer Sisters 's Neutron Dance . Uniforms ( edit ) A 1930s or early 1940s Ohio State University ROTC uniform . The red and gray Shoulder Sleeve Insignia and ROTC Honor School Award star are visible in this photograph . Early years ( edit ) modern Eagle Ohio The current OSUMB uniform is very different from the earliest uniforms . The earliest band uniforms were military in style and were pieced together from U.S. military uniforms with pieces dating back to even the Civil War era . High collar jackets were the first solidified design for the band uniform . The first hats worn by the band were Pershing style military visor caps with military `` peace '' eagles as the hat emblem and red and gray `` powder puff '' plumes , so called because of the very fine , almost down - like feathers with which they were constructed . OSU also experimented with gray wool bucket hats that looked similar to a kepi or shako with a plume . As a Land - Grant school , Ohio State was required to provide military training as part of its core curriculum . Prior to World War II , each college ran its ROTC program as an independent organization with National guidelines . Each college designed its own uniforms and insignia to promote esprit de corps . Once an ROTC cadet graduated and received a military commission , then the new officer would wear the uniform of his or her respective branch . After World War II , ROTC programs were modified , ending college - specific uniforms for non-military colleges , and allowing cadets to wear the uniform of their chosen branch . OSU ROTC 's shoulder insignia was a red and gray circle . This was worn on the right shoulder . On the right sleeve , a five pointed star signifying OSU was the recipient of the ROTC Honor School award was worn . Near the cuff of the left sleeve , a shield patch with U.S.R.O.T.C embroidered on it was worn . If the cadet had attained a rank in ROTC , they wore their rank insignia on each sleeve . The color of rank chevrons and the ROTC shield patch were determined by the military division in which the cadet was looking to commission . For example , an Artillery cadet would wear a black shield with scarlet lettering and black chevrons on a scarlet background , while an Infantry cadet would wear a black shield with teal lettering and black chevrons on a teal background . The hat took on a more modern look as well , looking more like the modern military style visor hat . ROTC chin straps and uniform buttons were gold colored . The peace eagle remained , but an addition was made to the eagles , an extra banner that arced above the E. Pluribus Unum banner from the eagle 's beak . This banner simply read `` OHIO , '' earning the OSUMB 's peace eagles the nickname `` Eagle Ohio . '' These early Eagle Ohios were made in gold colored metal to match the buttons and chin strap of the uniform jacket and hat . The regular uniform of an OSU ROTC cadet included a navy blue service coat , a light blue dress shirt , black tie , navy blue pants , white cotton spats , black dress shoes , and a white canvas belt with a gold buckle . This uniform was standard for all branches of ROTC . Since the OSUMB was under control of the ROTC department for much of its early existence , the band uniform was simply the ROTC uniform with more additions , such as plumes , gloves , and West - point style Cadet cross belts . The red and gray plumes took on more of an upright style that is still seen today . Kappa Kappa Psi , the national honorary band fraternity , designed a special recognition bar for wear on band uniforms by brothers during these early days of college bands . This recognition bar is the same size and shape as a military ribbon . The bar is blue and white , separated along a diagonal axis , with the Greek letters KK Ψ along this diagonal . The letters are gold . This bar was to be worn on uniforms in the same manner as military ribbons , and the OSUMB allowed all KKY brothers to wear this bar . Kappa Kappa Psi Recognition Bar , worn up until the 1960s . 1950s -- 1980s ( edit ) In 1952 , the OSUMB formally ended ties with the ROTC department . Around the same time , the Lily Ames Co. , the last supplier of OSU - specific ROTC uniforms , closed its doors . OSU bought the remaining uniforms from Lily Ames . The band had custom patches sewn on to the jacket shoulders . Rank insignia was also removed from the band uniforms . The right shoulder held a gray circular patch with a red Buckeye leaf and around the edge of the patch read : The Ohio State University Buckeyes . The left shoulder patch was a miniature of The Ohio State University seal . The patch was red with the edge reading : The Ohio State University - Columbus - . During this time , Tau Beta Sigma , the national honorary band sorority , became active in the OSUMB as well , even though women were not permitted to be in the band on the field . At this point , all of the sisters of the sorority were given unique uniforms . The sisters wore the same jacket , shirt , and tie as the band members . The sisters wore long military - style dress skirts , hose , and female style military dress shoes . The sisters wore their ΤΒΣ recognition bar ( identical to the fraternity version ) on their uniforms . Women could fulfill roles with the band as secretaries and librarians , but were not permitted to march . During the 1960s and 1970s , these uniforms became outdated . The Fechheimer Bros. of Cincinnati created some uniforms for OSU . These uniforms were the same navy blue as the previous uniforms , except the buttons were changed to silver . At this time the chin straps and Eagle Ohio were also changed to silver . The plumes took on the modern red and gray appearance and were constructed of tough turkey feathers . The spats were changed from cloth to vinyl during this time as well . The shoulder patches changed design and size . The uniforms changed very little from the 1970s until 1988 , except for things like hat manufacturer , a short period in which a large metal diamond Ohio replaced the Eagle Ohio , and the use of aluminum hat bands instead of the silver adjustable type . After the directorship of Charles Spohn , the Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma recognition bars were no longer authorized for wear on the OSUMB uniform . During the expansion years in the 1970s , many uniforms dating back to the 1940s had to be dug out of storage and updated with the current patch designs of the band . To a careful and up - close observer , one would notice significant differences in the cut and style of the uniforms being worn . Even hats were not standardized . The only common thread among the uniforms was the color , which even began to fade on older uniforms . It was common practice for band members to use black marker to fix frayed parts of the uniform which exposed white cotton lining . These uniforms also had to be used by the Military band , and were falling apart . Pieces were sourced as needed from manufacturers such as Ostwald , Bayly , Frechheimer , and DeMoulin Brothers . The Fechheimer Corporation began producing a police uniform in the 1980s that matched the design of the Marching Band uniforms . These eventually became the standard replacement uniform coat until 1989 , when Dr. Woods commissioned a new uniform style . 1988 remodel ( edit ) This is one of the buttons on the OSUMB uniform . The detail of the Great Seal of Ohio can be easily seen . In 1988 , Dr. Jon Woods commissioned the biggest changes to the OSUMB uniform . The Fechheimer Bros. also constructed these uniforms . Everything visible was changed to some extent . These uniforms debuted for the homecoming game against Purdue in 1988 . 2006 changes ( edit ) From 1989 until 2005 , it was common practice for the Marching Band to only purchase a few new uniforms each season to replace badly worn , damaged , or lost pieces . The Fruhauf Company made these small batches of uniforms . In 2005 , a benefactor to the OSUMB donated a significant amount of money to buy new uniforms for the entire band . The benefactor wanted to uniform the entire band and not just have the money used for replacement uniforms . Dr. Jon Woods decided that additional small changes would help to give the band a new , fresh look for the 2006 season . The minimal changes include updated sleeve stripes ( new stripes consist of one red and one gray stripe ) to minimize the wearing out that the old stripes suffered , uniform patch alignment , and a slit placed underneath the left breast pocket flap for the snare drums to attach their drums through ( the common practice through band history was to cut a hole underneath the pocket flap to allow the attachment clip to pass through the uniform ) . The OSUMB marches to Ohio Stadium after Skull Session . Seen in detail are the drum major uniform and the director 's uniform . The four sleeve stripes and `` scrambled eggs '' visor show that Jon Woods is the director of the band . 2013 changes ( edit ) In 2013 , the band received a substantial boost in funding , which allowed the band to supply more uniform parts free of charge that were previously purchased by band students . The band also purchased new cold weather overcoats that could be worn in the stands during a game . Previous cold weather coats included black wool , collared jackets from Holloway and Liz Claiborne . In 2013 , the band has switched to double breasted wool overcoats which are similar to the U.S. Army 's Class A overcoat . This coat features six Great Seal of Ohio buttons , and has large pockets to keep band members ' hands warm while not playing their instrument . The band also changed the vinyl spats . Previously worn spats had white elastic straps , which were a custom ordered product . Due to shortages in marching band spats across the United States , the band opted to wear standard white vinyl spats which have a black elastic strap . Drum major uniform ( edit ) The drum major 's uniform has gone through countless changes since `` Tubby '' Essington 's uniform in the early days of the band . Every drum major uniform of the band is custom - tailored . Shortly after drum major tryouts in the spring , the Fruhauf Uniform company sends a representative to take exact measurements of the drum major and assistant drum major . At this point , the drum major is free to take artistic license on the style of their uniform . They can choose to model their uniform on a style consistent since the 1950s , with minor changes or they may choose to make more striking changes , which require approval of the directing staff . Most drum majors only choose small modifications , such as wearing of tassels on the tall fur hat or the set up of any cords worn adorning the hat . The modern drum major uniform , chosen by most drum majors without significant altering , has its roots in the 1950s . Director uniforms ( edit ) The directing staff has worn uniforms of differing style to the marching band since its inception . The uniforms took on a style similar to the U.S. Navy 's double - breasted dress jacket in the 1940s and 1950s . Directing staff had two thin golden stripes running around the circumference of the cuff area of the sleeves , similar to the U.S. Navy 's ranking system stripes . Directing staff also wore two lapel lyre - shaped insignia . These were gold along with all of the buttons on the uniforms . The directors wore the same hat as the marching band minus the plume . Director uniforms have come in various levels of decoration , some being very basic , others having plenty of designs and embroidery . Directing staff started using a sleeve stripe ranking system under Jack Evans , but pictures from Evans ' and Charlie Spohn 's directorships show that there was n't a clearly defined pattern for the stripes . Eventually , Dr. Paul Droste introduced the sleeve rank structure used today . His uniform had three stripes denoting him as director , and the Associate director , Jon Woods , had two stripes . The current sleeve stripe scheme is : 4 stripes for Director , 3 stripes for Associate Director , 2 stripes for Assistant Director and 1 stripe for Graduate Assistant Director . Droste also was the first to use a military style hat with the `` scrambled eggs '' acorns and leaves visor . Other directors had used various styles of band hats with varying levels of ornamentation . Woods , Waters and Hoch have continued the scrambled eggs tradition with their uniform hats . Other members of the band staff such as School of Music staff who conduct ( including Dr. Mikkelson and Dr. Jones during their term of interim leadership ) and Marching Band staff who do not conduct wear gray blazer jackets with the OSUMB crest embroidered on the left pocket , white dress shirt with an OSUMB red tie ( or any red styled tie ) , black dress pants and shoes . Blazer uniform ( edit ) Prior to the 1960s , the band wore a modified version of the full uniform on away trips . The modified uniform was also worn when the band was in concert . This consisted of the band hat without plume and a white waist belt was worn instead of cross belts . The band also wore a red citation cord on the left shoulder . As more away trips were taken , the band found it necessary to create a separate travel uniform which allowed the regular uniform to stay clean and pressed . Band students wear a black blazer with a patch of the OSUMB crest on the left brest pocket , white dress shirt , red OSUMB tie , gray pants , and black shoes . While not technically allowed , many band members can be seen wearing their band hats on away trips using air travel , as the hats can not be placed in the luggage bays for fear of breaking . Band students often collect pins at various functions they attend , which they then wear on the Blazer uniform . Band staff all wear gray Blazers with an embroidered OSUMB crest on the left breast pocket , white shirt , red OSUMB tie , black pants , and black shoes . While pins are generally not worn by band staff , some members do wear one or two . Gray uniform ( edit ) The Gray Uniform has been seen in photos as early as the 1960s . The purpose of the Gray Uniform is to give the band staff an idea of what the band looks like in formations while dressed alike . This allows for last minute modifications to drill without making the band wear full uniform . The Gray Uniform is nearly identical in use and wear as military Physical Training uniforms . The Gray Uniform consists of a gray T - shirt and gray shorts . The band hat with plume is worn with this uniform . Instruments ( edit ) Current instruments ( edit ) The OSUMB uses only the brass and percussion instruments listed below : S - Yamaha Silver Plate , SP - King / Conn Silver Plate , SB / SBW - King / Conn Satin Silver Special Order Plating Brass : E ♭ Cornets B ♭ Trumpets B ♭ Flugelhorns F Mellophones B ♭ Tenor Trombones Bass Trombones Baritones Sousaphones Percussion : Snare drums Cymbals Tenors Bass Drums Previously used instruments ( edit ) The Marching Band has used instruments from the following manufacturers in past years . Brass : E ♭ Cornets - Getzen Capri , York B ♭ Cornets and Trumpets - Yamaha Xeno , B ♭ Flugelhorns - Getzen Capri , Yamaha , Couesnon E ♭ Alto Horns - Yamaha , Holton , Couesnon , H.N. White / King F Mellophones - Getzen B ♭ Tromboniums and Tenor Horns - Conn , King B ♭ Trombones - King , Bach , Reynolds B ♭ Baritones / Euphoniums - King , Conn ( Double belled Euphoniums were also common ) Sousaphones ( E ♭ and B ♭ ) - Conn , King Percussion : Snares - Pearl , Yamaha , Ludwig , Gretsch ( various models have had wood or aluminum shells ) Tenors - Pearl , Yamaha , Ludwig ( Ludwig created the first set of canvas strapped tenor duos for the band , whereas trios and quads were worn with standard shoulder harnesses ) Basses - Pearl , Yamaha , Ludwig , Gretsch Cymbals - Sabian , Paiste Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Notes My Fellow Americans In the movie , Senator Russell Kramer ( Jack Lemmon ) , a Republican from Ohio , wins the election for President of the United States . A pep band , made of mostly squad leaders , was asked to perform for the celebration scenes . The band can be seen for several seconds during the opening credits . 2006 The Pride of the Buckeyes A documentary produced by WOSU Public Media which follows the Marching Band through the 2005 season . The program starts with scenes from Summer Sessions and Tryouts , and continues through the season , culminating with scenes from the 2006 Fiesta Bowl , and 2006 Drum Major tryouts . Accolades ( edit ) The Ohio State University Marching Band has been honored with The Sudler Trophy for outstanding college band , and in 1988 was featured in a multi-page article in USA Today . The band has also performed in seven Inaugural Parades . The band represented the State of Ohio during the inaugurations of Herbert Hoover , Richard Nixon ( 1969 and 1973 ) , George H.W. Bush , George W. Bush ( 2001 and 2005 ) , and Barack Obama ( 2009 ) . In 2006 , the Marching Band was featured during a taping of The Daily Show With Jon Stewart . Stewart brought his program to Columbus to spotlight Ohio 's 2006 gubernatorial race . The band performed an arrangement of the show 's theme music , and was featured during a closing segment known as the `` Moment of Zen . '' During the October 6 , 2012 football game between the University of Nebraska -- Lincoln and Ohio State , the Band performed a tribute to video games , containing music from games such as Pokémon , Super Mario Bros. , Halo , Tetris , Pac - Man and The Legend of Zelda . During the performance , the band executed arrangements based on these video games , including a falling set of Tetris blocks , and an animated galloping figure of the horse Epona . A fan 's recording of the performance posted to YouTube the next day soon became a viral video , spread in part through video game fans that were directed to the video . The band 's interim director at the time , Jon Waters , had planned for the performance based on the national broadcast of the night game , and that the video game theme would resonate with the college students that had grown up with the games . With the widespread attention to the performance , the school promoted Waters from interim to permanent band director . The September 7 , 2013 game against San Diego State University , put together on four days notice , featured music from television game shows The Price Is Right , Family Feud , Jeopardy ! , and Wheel of Fortune , as well as jabs at the University of Michigan . The September 28 , 2013 game against the University of Wisconsin featured a Country and Western themed show which received numerous accolades for a formation of a singing cowboy removing his hat , as well as a steam locomotive racing across the field . For the Homecoming game on October 19 against the University of Iowa , the band performed a tribute to Michael Jackson , featuring the OSU Gospel Voices choir for `` Man in the Mirror . '' During the show , band members performed individual `` Moonwalks , '' and also created an image of Michael Jackson performing a Moonwalk across the field , complete with sequined glove . This tribute has been seen on YouTube by well over 8 million people , and was featured on many television programs and newspapers . The performance even attracted the attention of Katherine Jackson , Michael 's mother . She was quoted as being very thankful and gracious for the band 's performance of Michael 's music . However , the accolades did not stop there . With four days of preparation , the band performed a movie - themed halftime show at the October 26 game against Pennsylvania State University . This performance featured music from Superman , Harry Potter , Jurassic Park , and Pirates of the Caribbean . Formations performed included an image of Superman righting and steadying a collapsing building , Harry Potter on a broomstick chasing a Snitch during a game of Quidditch , a Tyrannosaurus Rex chasing and eating a person wearing a University of Michigan football jersey , and two pirate ships , one with an Ohio State flag , and the other with a Michigan flag , engaged in a high seas fight , with the OSU ship ramming the Michigan ship and sinking it . This show has had well over 12 million views on YouTube , and the back - to - back success of both shows has caught the attention of national media . Many news media outlets have been doing interviews with band members , the directing staff , and other University officials on the successes of the band program . On November 23 , 2013 , The Onion , an online news satire website , featured a doctored image of the Marching Band forming a pentagram on the field during a performance . This satire of the band was partially done because of a YouTube video that is no longer available , in which the video 's creator claimed the band program was under demonic possession . The 2014 marching band season was difficult for band members and staff alike , with an interim directing staff and the national spotlight being turned on the program in a negative light due to the release of a report by the University claiming a `` sexualized '' culture . Many people in the media questioned whether the 2014 band would be able to continue to impress audiences without the leadership of Jon Waters . The band took to the field in Baltimore for the season opener against the United States Naval Academy . This condensed show featured much more traditional military - band style symmetrical drill that emphasizes precision . The band also created an image of soldiers marching with a Civil War regimental flag . The band also played the Navy service song and formed a floating anchor , a formation first performed by the OSUMB in 1934 , also at a game versus the Naval Academy in Baltimore . This show ended with a double Script Ohio . The show was well received by fans from both schools and was featured in national headlines for being the first performance of the band since the termination of their director . For the first home game of 2014 , the band performed a tribute to classic television shows , including Dragnet , The Simpsons , The Addams Family , M * A * S * H , I Dream of Jeannie , The Office , Game of Thrones , Hawaii Five - O , The Brady Bunch , and The Lone Ranger . Drill selections included Bart Simpson on a skateboard , Thing waving to the audience , a helicopter blowing up a Michigan Block M , a costumed Jeannie appearing from her magic bottle , a surfer riding a wave , costumed Brady Bunch characters in their trademark squares , a fire - breathing dragon , and the Lone Ranger 's horse Silver galloping across the field . This show instantly became a viral hit , making news across the country . The band titled the show `` TV Land , Too ! '' and had a large banner with the TV Land network logo on the field . The TV Land network responded to the band by releasing a video thanking them for celebrating classic TV . Actor Tom Hanks also gave the band substantial credit via Facebook and Twitter for this show . The second home game also featured the annual Alumni reunion . To date , the largest turnout of band alumni prompted the band staff to feature both bands on the field for a substantial portion of the show . The show theme was D - Day , celebrating the 70th anniversary of the U.S. invasion of Normandy . Selections included `` This is My Country '' , `` American Patrol '' , a medley of military service songs , and `` America the Beautiful '' . The band formed an animation of the famous image of a sailor kissing a woman in New York City upon returning home from the war , an army tank , ship anchor , the planting of the American flag on Iwo Jima , a classic twin engine bomber aircraft , and a coast guard boat . The nearly 800 band alumni framed the current band during most of their formations . `` America the Beautiful '' ended with the unfurling of a giant American flag bordered by the current band , while the band alumni formed the letters USA to every side of the stadium . The show ended with the performance of a quadruple Script Ohio . This show also received national acclaim , particularly for its proximity to the anniversary of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . Relationship with other Marching arts ( edit ) The band , due to its unique instrumentation , is sometimes compared to a drum and bugle corps . The composition of a drum corps consists of brass instruments , marching percussion , front ensemble , color guard , and a drum major . Drum corps are also independent , non-profit organizations . Many have affiliation with VFW or American Legion posts , or Boy Scout troops . The Marching Band is solely affiliated with The Ohio State University . The band also does not have a color guard , permanent front ensemble , or a drum major in the drum corps ' definition . A drum corps drum major solely conducts the corps during the performances , whereas the OSU drum major does not conduct the band at all . The Marching Band could now technically qualify if it cut its numbers due to a change in the Drum Corps 's rules allowing all brass instruments . The Marching Band is similar in style and substance to classic drum and bugle corps , such as those popular prior to the creation of Drum Corps International . Most classic corps , for example , carried their marching percussion using slings and straps , similar to how the Marching Band still does . Many classic drum corps also performed horn flashes or swings , body moves , and performed recognizable music loosely themed in a general show idea . The Marching Band has remained faithful to its military roots , while also pushing for new marching innovations . The percussion section is a prime example . The percussion section of the Marching Band first added tenor duo toms in 1970 . Around this time , drum corps began experimenting with marching timpani as well as duo and tri toms . The band transitioned to tri-toms in the 1980s . Drum corps continued to expand their percussion section with quad toms , adding additional spot drums to create quints or sextets , along with increasing bass drum lines with multiple sizes to allow for tonal passages to be played . In the 1990s , the Marching Band changed to quad - toms , but continued to use two - pitch bass drums . In 2005 , the Band made the transition to a full tonal bass drum line , and added two additional spot drums to the quads by 2008 . This gives the Marching Band a percussion section on par with many drum and bugle corps . From a marching perspective , the Ramp Entrance , at 180 beats per minute , was considered to be the fastest tempo performed by a marching ensemble until the late 1980s / early 1990s , when Star of Indiana Drum and Bugle Corps broke the 200 bpm threshold . The Marching Band is also larger than any drum corps , as the maximum performers in a DCI corps is 150 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History '' . OSUMarchingBand.com . The Ohio State University Marching & Athletic Bands. 2013 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Rusty ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) . `` From O-H-I-O to TBDBITL with the OSMB '' . Associated Press . Its former director Jon Woods claimed , ' Supposedly at a pep rally one year , Woody Hayes stood up after the band played a song and said , `` That 's the best damn band in the land ! '' That 's all it took . When Woody says something , it 's law . ' access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` History of The Ohio State Marching Band '' . The Ohio State University . 2006 - 10 - 25 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of The Ohio State University '' . scarletandgray.info . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Investigation Report - Complaint against Jonathan Waters , Director of the OSU Marching Band '' ( PDF ) . The Ohio State University Office of University Compliance . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Binkley , Collin ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Ohio State fires band director Jonathan Waters over ' sexualized ' culture '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Binkley , Collin ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Waters wants second chance from Ohio State '' . Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hickman , Logan ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Flawed band culture stems from lack of university oversight , Betty Montgomery 's investigation finds '' . The Lantern . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.osu.edu/bandculturetaskforce/report Jump up ^ `` Script Ohio Controversy '' . OSU v Michigan . Ohio State University Archives . 2002 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Michigan Marching Band director Jamie Nix said , `` Yes , that 's true ( that Michigan formed OHIO with its marching band ) , but certainly not in the complex form it takes on now with the OSU band . '' Miller , Rusty ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) . `` From O-H-I-O to TBDBITL with the OSMB '' . Associated Press . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ OSU Marching Band website , Eugene Weigel biography Jump up ^ `` The `` i '' - Dot Tradition `` . The Ohio State University Marching and Athletic Bands . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Script Ohio , Evolution . Kappa Kappa Psi , Eta Chapter . 2004 Jump up ^ Ohio State Marching Band Traditions , OhioStateBuckeyes.com Jump up ^ `` At least Ohio State 's tuba player went out with a bang '' . Rivals.com and Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Dept . Of Education Press Release '' . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus Dispatch Article on Script Braille Ohio with Pictures and Video '' . Jump up ^ Castel , Brandon . `` Retiring Band Director Jon Woods to dot the `` i '' at Halftime `` . TheOZone.net . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Brozak , George ( 2004 ) . Diamond Ohio , A History of the Ohio University Bands . Ashland , Ohio : Bookmasters , Inc . pp. 34 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` OSU Marching Band Heading for Washington DC '' ( Press release ) . The Ohio State University . 2008 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Moment of Zen , November 2 , 2006 '' . The Daily Show With Jon Stewart . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lesmerises , Doug ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) . `` How the Ohio State marching band pulled together the video - game halftime show everyone is talking about '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Silver , Curtis ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Ohio State University Marching Band ( TBDBITL ) Goes Retro Arcade '' . Wired . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Benedetti , Winda ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) . `` From Tetris to Halo : Marching band 's game tribute goes viral '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Netburn , Deborah ( 2012 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Marching band showdown : ' Gangnam Style ' vs. video game tribute '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VztAMzzjH0I Jump up ^ Tzagournis , Elizabeth . `` Ohio State Marching Band attracts attention of ' TODAY , ' Michael Jackson 's mom '' . The Lantern . Retrieved 9 Nov 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Crowd Quiets Down As Marching Band Forms Pentagram '' . The Onion . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DCI 's New 2014 Rules '' . www.halftimemag.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ohio State University Marching Band . Official website Refuting the claim that Michigan performed the first Script Ohio Photo of original Ohio Theatre sign , source for Script Ohio design . 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Block O Buckeye Leadership Society Old North Columbus The Oval Activities and Organizations Sigma Alpha Sigma Eta Chi Texnikoi Engineering Honorary The Stadium Scholarship Program University District 2016 attack Related Jack Nicklaus Museum Established : 1870 -- Endowment : $3.579 billion -- Students : 58,322 Ohio State Buckeyes football Venues Recreation Park ( 1890 -- 1897 ) Ohio Field ( 1898 -- 1921 ) Ohio Stadium ( 1922 -- present ) Woody Hayes Athletic Center ( practice ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Illinois ( Illibuck ) Michigan ( The Ten Year War ) Penn State Culture & lore History Brutus Buckeye `` Across the Field '' `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' `` Carmen Ohio '' Neutron Man Marching band Snow Bowl ( 1950 ) 1969 Michigan game 1973 Michigan game The Kick `` Holy Buckeye '' 2006 `` Game of the Century '' Block O `` Hang On Sloopy '' The Ten Year War WBNS - TV WBNS WBNS - FM Ohio State IMG Sports Network People Head coaches All - Century Team Yearly statistical leaders NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Marching bands of the Big Ten Conference Marching Illini ( Illinois ) Marching Hundred ( Indiana ) Hawkeye Marching Band ( Iowa ) Mighty Sound of Maryland ( Maryland ) Michigan Marching Band ( Michigan ) Spartan Marching Band ( Michigan State ) Pride of Minnesota ( Minnesota ) Cornhusker Marching Band ( Nebraska ) Wildcat Marching Band ( Northwestern ) Ohio State University Marching Band ( Ohio State ) Penn State Blue Band ( Penn State ) All - American Marching Band ( Purdue ) Marching Scarlet Knights ( Rutgers ) University of Wisconsin Marching Band ( Wisconsin ) Sudler Trophy recipients 1982 : Michigan 1983 : Illinois 1984 : Ohio State 1985 : Florida A&M 1986 : Texas 1987 : Oklahoma 1988 : Michigan State 1989 : Kansas 1990 : Iowa 1991 : Arizona State 1992 : Northwestern 1993 : UCLA 1994 : James Madison 1995 : Purdue 1996 : Nebraska 1997 : West Virginia 1998 : UMass Amherst 1999 : Texas Tech 2000 : Georgia 2001 : Texas A&M 2002 : LSU 2003 : Alabama 2004 : Auburn 2005 : Penn State 2006 : Arkansas 2007 : Indiana 2009 : Western Carolina 2011 : Notre Dame 2013 : Florida 2015 : Kansas State 2017 : Iowa State Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio_State_University_Marching_Band&oldid=799335364 '' Categories : Sudler Trophy recipients Ohio State University College marching bands in the United States Musical groups established in 1878 Ohio State University musical groups 1878 establishments in Ohio Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles that may be too long from December 2007 Pages using deprecated image syntax Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 02 : 06 . 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2530114497507209761 | Beta oxidation | Beta oxidation - wikipedia Beta oxidation Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Schematic demonstrating mitochondrial fatty acid beta - oxidation and effects of long - chain 3 - hydroxyacyl - coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency , LCHAD deficiency In biochemistry and metabolism , beta - oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl - CoA , which enters the citric acid cycle , and NADH and FADH , which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain . It is named as such because the beta carbon of the fatty acid undergoes oxidation to a carbonyl group . Beta - oxidation is primarily facilitated by the mitochondrial trifunctional protein , an enzyme complex associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane , although some fatty acids are oxidized in peroxisomes . The overall reaction for one cycle of beta oxidation is : C - acyl CoA + FAD + NAD + H O + CoA → C - acyl CoA + FADH + NADH + H + acetyl CoA Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Activation and membrane transport 3 General mechanism 4 Even - numbered saturated fatty acids 5 Odd - numbered saturated fatty acids 6 Unsaturated fatty acids 7 Peroxisomal beta - oxidation 8 Energy yield 9 Similarities between beta - oxidation and citric acid cycle 10 Clinical significance 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Fatty acid catabolism consists of : Activation and membrane transport of free fatty acids by binding to coenzyme A . Oxidation of the beta carbon to a carbonyl group . Cleavage of two - carbon segments resulting in acetyl - CoA . Oxidation of acetyl - CoA to carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle . Electron transfer from electron carriers to the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation . Activation and membrane transport ( edit ) A diagrammatic illustration of the process of lipolysis ( in a fat cell ) induced by high epinephrine and low insulin levels in the blood . Epinephrine binds to a beta - adrenergic receptor in the cell wall of the adipocyte , which causes cAMP to be generated inside the cell . The cAMP activates a protein kinase , which phosphorylates and thus , in turn , activates a hormone - sensitive lipase in the fat cell . This lipase cleaves free fatty acids from their attachment to glycerol in the fat stored in the fat droplet of the adipocyte . The free fatty acids and glycerol are then released into the blood . A diagrammatic illustration of the transport of free fatty acids in the blood attached to plasma albumin , its diffusion across the cell membrane using a protein transporter , and its activation , using ATP , to form acyl - CoA in the cytosol . The illustration is , for diagrammatic purposes , of a 12 carbon fatty acid . Most fatty acids in human plasma are 16 or 18 carbon atoms long . A diagrammatic illustration of the transfer of an acyl - CoA molecule across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion by carnitine - acyl - CoA transferase ( CAT ) . The illustrated acyl chain is , for diagrammatic purposes , only 12 carbon atoms long . Most fatty acids in human plasma are 16 or 18 carbon atoms long . CAT is inhibited by high concentrations of malonyl - CoA ( the first committed step in fatty acid synthesis ) in the cytoplasm . This means that fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid catabolism can not occur simultaneously in any given cell . A diagrammatic illustration of the process of the beta - oxidation of an acyl - CoA molecule in the mitochodrial matrix . During this process an acyl - CoA molecule which is 2 carbons shorter than it was at the beginning of the process is formed . Acetyl - CoA , water and 5 ATP molecules are the other products of each beta - oxidative event , until the entire acyl - CoA molecule has been reduced to a set of acetyl - CoA molecules . Free fatty acids can not penetrate any biological membrane due to their negative charge . Free fatty acids must cross the cell membrane through specific transport proteins , such as the SLC27 family fatty acid transport protein . Once in the cytosol , the following processes bring fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix so that beta - oxidation can take place . Long - chain - fatty - acid -- CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid with ATP to give a fatty acyl adenylate , plus inorganic pyrophosphate , which then reacts with free coenzyme A to give a fatty acyl - CoA ester and AMP . If the fatty acyl - CoA has a long chain , then the carnitine shuttle must be utilized : Acyl - CoA is transferred to the hydroxyl group of carnitine by carnitine palmitoyltransferase I , located on the cytosolic faces of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes . Acyl - carnitine is shuttled inside by a carnitine - acylcarnitine translocase , as a carnitine is shuttled outside . Acyl - carnitine is converted back to acyl - CoA by carnitine palmitoyltransferase II , located on the interior face of the inner mitochondrial membrane . The liberated carnitine is shuttled back to the cytosol , as an acyl - carnitine is shuttled into the matrix . If the fatty acyl - CoA contains a short chain , these short - chain fatty acids can simply diffuse through the inner mitochondrial membrane . General mechanism ( edit ) Once the fatty acid is inside the mitochondrial matrix , beta - oxidation occurs by cleaving two carbons every cycle to form acetyl - CoA . The process consists of 4 steps . A long - chain fatty acid is dehydrogenated to create a trans double bond between C2 and C3 . This is catalyzed by acyl CoA dehydrogenase to produce trans - delta 2 - enoyl CoA . It uses FAD as an electron acceptor and it is reduced to FADH . Trans - delta2 - enoyl CoA is hydrated at the double bond to produce L - 3 - hydroxyacyl CoA by enoyl - CoA hydratase . L - 3 - hydroxyacyl CoA is dehydrogenated again to create 3 - ketoacyl CoA by 3 - hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase . This enzyme uses NAD as an electron acceptor . Thiolysis occurs between C2 and C3 ( alpha and beta carbons ) of 3 - ketoacyl CoA . Thiolase enzyme catalyzes the reaction when a new molecule of coenzyme A breaks the bond by nucleophilic attack on C3 . This releases the first two carbon units , as acetyl CoA , and a fatty acyl CoA minus two carbons . The process continues until all of the carbons in the fatty acid are turned into acetyl CoA . Fatty acids are oxidized by most of the tissues in the body . However , some tissues such as the red blood cells ( which do not contain mitochondria ) , and cells of the central nervous system ( because fatty acids can not cross the blood - brain barrier into the interstitial fluids that bathe these cells ) do not use fatty acids for their energy requirements , but instead use carbohydrates or ketone bodies . Because many fatty acids are not fully saturated or do not have an even number of carbons , several different mechanisms have evolved , described below . Even - numbered saturated fatty acids ( edit ) Once inside the mitochondria , each cycle of β - oxidation , liberating a two carbon unit ( acetyl - CoA ) , occurs in a sequence of four reactions : Description Diagram Enzyme End product Dehydrogenation by FAD : The first step is the oxidation of the fatty acid by Acyl - CoA - Dehydrogenase . The enzyme catalyzes the formation of a double bond between the C - 2 and C - 3 . acyl CoA dehydrogenase trans - Δ - enoyl - CoA Hydration : The next step is the hydration of the bond between C - 2 and C - 3 . The reaction is stereospecific , forming only the L isomer . enoyl CoA hydratase L - β - hydroxyacyl CoA Oxidation by NAD : The third step is the oxidation of L - β - hydroxyacyl CoA by NAD . This converts the hydroxyl group into a keto group . 3 - hydroxyacyl - CoA dehydrogenase β - ketoacyl CoA Thiolysis : The final step is the cleavage of β - ketoacyl CoA by the thiol group of another molecule of Coenzyme A . The thiol is inserted between C - 2 and C - 3 . β - ketothiolase An acetyl - CoA molecule , and an acyl - CoA molecule that is two carbons shorter This process continues until the entire chain is cleaved into acetyl CoA units . The final cycle produces two separate acetyl CoAs , instead of one acyl CoA and one acetyl CoA . For every cycle , the Acyl CoA unit is shortened by two carbon atoms . Concomitantly , one molecule of FADH , NADH and acetyl CoA are formed . Odd - numbered saturated fatty acids ( edit ) In general , fatty acids with an odd number of carbons are found in the lipids of plants and some marine organisms . Many ruminant animals form a large amount of 3 - carbon propionate during the fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen . Chains with an odd - number of carbons are oxidized in the same manner as even - numbered chains , but the final products are propionyl - CoA and Acetyl CoA Propionyl - CoA is first carboxylated using a bicarbonate ion into D - stereoisomer of methylmalonyl - CoA , in a reaction that involves a biotin co-factor , ATP , and the enzyme propionyl - CoA carboxylase . The bicarbonate ion 's carbon is added to the middle carbon of propionyl - CoA , forming a D - methylmalonyl - CoA . However , the D conformation is enzymatically converted into the L conformation by methylmalonyl - CoA epimerase , then it undergoes intramolecular rearrangement , which is catalyzed by methylmalonyl - CoA mutase ( requiring B as a coenzyme ) to form succinyl - CoA . The succinyl - CoA formed can then enter the citric acid cycle . However , whereas acetyl - CoA enters the citric acid cycle by condensing with an existing molecule of oxaloacetate , succinyl - CoA enters the cycle as a principal in its own right . Thus the succinate just adds to the population of circulating molecules in the cycle and undergoes no net metabolization while in it . When this infusion of citric acid cycle intermediates exceeds cataplerotic demand ( such as for aspartate or glutamate synthesis ) , some of them can be extracted to the gluconeogenesis pathway , in the liver and kidneys , through phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase , and converted to free glucose . Unsaturated fatty acids ( edit ) β - Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids poses a problem since the location of a cis bond can prevent the formation of a trans - Δ bond . These situations are handled by an additional two enzymes , Enoyl CoA isomerase or 2 , 4 Dienoyl CoA reductase . Beta oxidation ( Unsaturated fatty acid ) Whatever the conformation of the hydrocarbon chain , β - oxidation occurs normally until the acyl CoA ( because of the presence of a double bond ) is not an appropriate substrate for acyl CoA dehydrogenase , or enoyl CoA hydratase : If the acyl CoA contains a cis - Δ bond , then cis - Δ - Enoyl CoA isomerase will convert the bond to a trans - Δ bond , which is a regular substrate . If the acyl CoA contains a cis - Δ double bond , then its dehydrogenation yields a 2 , 4 - dienoyl intermediate , which is not a substrate for enoyl CoA hydratase . However , the enzyme 2 , 4 Dienoyl CoA reductase reduces the intermediate , using NADPH , into trans - Δ - enoyl CoA . As in the above case , this compound is converted into a suitable intermediate by 3 , 2 - Enoyl CoA isomerase . To summarize : Odd - numbered double bonds are handled by the isomerase . Even - numbered double bonds by the reductase ( which creates an odd - numbered double bond ) Peroxisomal beta - oxidation ( edit ) Fatty acid oxidation also occurs in peroxisomes when the fatty acid chains are too long to be handled by the mitochondria . The same enzymes are used in peroxisomes as in the mitochondrial matrix , and acetyl - CoA is generated . It is believed that very long chain ( greater than C - 22 ) fatty acids , branched fatty acids , some prostaglandins and leukotrienes undergo initial oxidation in peroxisomes until octanoyl - CoA is formed , at which point it undergoes mitochondrial oxidation . One significant difference is that oxidation in peroxisomes is not coupled to ATP synthesis . Instead , the high - potential electrons are transferred to O , which yields H O. It does generate heat however . The enzyme catalase , found exclusively in peroxisomes , converts the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen . Peroxisomal β - oxidation also requires enzymes specific to the peroxisome and to very long fatty acids . There are three key differences between the enzymes used for mitochondrial and peroxisomal β - oxidation : The NADH formed in the third oxidative step can not be reoxidized in the peroxisome , so reducing equivalents are exported to the cytosol . β - oxidation in the peroxisome requires the use of a peroxisomal carnitine acyltransferase ( instead of carnitine acyltransferase I and II used by the mitochondria ) for transport of the activated acyl group into the mitochondria for further breakdown . The first oxidation step in the peroxisome is catalyzed by the enzyme acyl - CoA oxidase . The β - ketothiolase used in peroxisomal β - oxidation has an altered substrate specificity , different from the mitochondrial β - ketothiolase . Peroxisomal oxidation is induced by a high - fat diet and administration of hypolipidemic drugs like clofibrate . Energy yield ( edit ) The ATP yield for every oxidation cycle is theoretically a maximum yield of 17 , as NADH produces 3 ATP , FADH produces 2 and a full rotation of the citric acid cycle produces 12 . In practice it 's closer to 14 ATP for a full oxidation cycle as in practice the theoretical yield is n't attained - it 's generally closer to 2.5 ATP per NADH molecule produced , 1.5 for each FADH Molecule produced and this equates to 10 per cycle of the TCA ( according to the P / O ratio ) , broken down as follows : Source ATP Total 1 FADH x 1.5 ATP = 1.5 ATP ( Theoretically 2 ATP ) 1 NADH x 2.5 ATP = 2.5 ATP ( Theoretically 3 ATP ) 1 acetyl CoA x 10 ATP = 10 ATP ( Theoretically 12 ATP ) TOTAL = 14 ATP For an even - numbered saturated fat ( C ) , n - 1 oxidations are necessary , and the final process yields an additional acetyl CoA . In addition , two equivalents of ATP are lost during the activation of the fatty acid . Therefore , the total ATP yield can be stated as : ( n - 1 ) * 14 + 10 - 2 = total ATP or 14n - 6 ( alternatively ) For instance , the ATP yield of palmitate ( C , n = 8 ) is : ( 8 - 1 ) * 14 + 10 - 2 = 106 ATP Represented in table form : Source ATP Total 7 FADH x 1.5 ATP = 10.5 ATP 7 NADH x 2.5 ATP = 17.5 ATP 8 acetyl CoA x 10 ATP = 80 ATP Activation = - 2 ATP NET = 106 ATP For sources that use the larger ATP production numbers described above , the total would be 129 ATP = ( ( 8 - 1 ) * 17 + 12 - 2 ) equivalents per palmitate . Beta - oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids changes the ATP yield due to the requirement of two possible additional enzymes . Similarities between beta - oxidation and citric acid cycle ( edit ) The reactions of beta oxidation and part of citric acid cycle present structural similarities in three of four reactions of the beta oxidation : the oxidation by FAD , the hydration , and the oxidation by NAD . Such comparison viewed using Fischer projection and the polygonal model as well shows in both cases the mentioned similarity between then . Each enzyme of these metabolic pathways presents structural similarity . Structure of intermediates of beta oxidation and part of citric acid cycle using Fischer projections ( top ) , evidencing common features of the structure of these intermediates . Such reactions showed using polygonal model are also showed ( bottom ) . The compounds corresponding to the beta oxidation are : Acyl CoA ( PC ) , 16 Carbons ( in this case , palmitoil CoA ) , trans - Δ Enoyl CoA ( EC ) , L - β - Hydroxyacyl CoA ( HC ) , 3 - Ketoacyl CoA ( KC ) , and Acyl CoA ( MC ) , 14 carbons ( in this case , Myristyl CoA ) . The intermediates which are part of citric acid cycle correspond to succinate ( Suc ) , fumarate ( Fum ) , malate ( Mal ) , and oxaloacetate ( OxA ) . The enzymes involved in these pathways correspond to acyl CoA dehydrogenase ( ( 1 ) and succinate dehydrogenase ( ( 5 ) , enoyl CoA hydratase ( ( 2 ) and fumarase or fumarate hydratase ( ( 6 ) , 3 - hydroxyacyl - CoA dehydrogenase ( ( 3 ) and malate dehydrogenase ( ( 7 ) , and beta - ketothiolase ( ( 4 ) . Coenzymes NAD , NADH + H , FAD and , FADH were omitted in these representations . The productions of NADH and FADH from the oxidized forms of coenzymes are represented , respectively , as the release of `` 2H '' and `` ( 2H ) '' . Clinical significance ( edit ) There are at least 25 enzymes and specific transport proteins in the β - oxidation pathway . Of these , 18 have been associated with human disease as inborn errors of metabolism . See also ( edit ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty - acid metabolism disorder Lipolysis Krebs cycle Omega oxidation Alpha oxidation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Houten , Sander Michel ; Wanders , Ronald J.A. ( 2010 - 03 - 02 ) . `` A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid β - oxidation '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 33 ( 5 ) : 469 -- 477 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 010 - 9061 - 2 . ISSN 0141 - 8955 . PMC 2950079 . PMID 20195903 . Jump up ^ Stahl , Andreas ( 1 February 2004 ) . `` A current review of fatty acid transport proteins ( SLC27 ) '' . Pflügers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology. 447 ( 5 ) : 722 -- 727 . doi : 10.1007 / s00424 - 003 - 1106 - z . PMID 12856180 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Courtney M. ; Stahl , Andreas ( April 2013 ) . `` SLC27 fatty acid transport proteins '' . Molecular Aspects of Medicine . 34 ( 2 - 3 ) : 516 -- 528 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mam. 2012.07. 010 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Charney , Alan N. ; Micic , Ljubisa ; Egnor , Richard W. ( 3 December 1997 ) . `` Nonionic diffusion of short - chain fatty acids across rat colon '' . The American Journal of Physiology. 274 ( 3 Pt 1 ) : G518 -- 24 . PMID 9530153 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , D.L. & Cox , M.M. ( 2005 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry , 4th Edition . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company , pp. 648 - 649 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 6 . Jump up ^ King , Michael . `` Gluconeogenesis : Synthesis of New Glucose '' . Subsection : `` Propionate '' . themedicalbiochemistrypage.org , LLC . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Singh I ( February 1997 ) . `` Biochemistry of peroxisomes in health and disease '' . Mol . Cell. Biochem. 167 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 -- 29 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1006883229684 . PMID 9059978 . Jump up ^ G. Gordon Gibson ; Brian G. Lake ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) . Peroxisomes : Biology and Importance in Toxicology and Medicine . CRC Press . pp. 69 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 48151 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lazarow , Paul B. ( 10 March 1978 ) . `` Rat liver peroxisomes catalyze the beta oxidation of fatty acids '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry ( 253 ) : 1522 -- 1528 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bonafe , CFS ; de Jesus MB ; Bispo JAC ( January -- February 2018 ) , `` The Polygonal Model : A Simple Representation of Biomolecules as a Tool for Teaching Metabolism '' , Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education , 46 ( 1 ) : 66 -- 75 , doi : 10.1002 / bmb. 21093 Jump up ^ Tein , Ingrid ( 2013 ) . `` Disorders of fatty acid oxidation '' . Handbook of Clinical Neurology . 113 : 1675 -- 1688 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 444 - 59565 - 2.00035 - 6 . External links ( edit ) The chemical logic behind fatty acid metabolism at ufp.pt JEREMY M. BERG , JOHN L. TYMOCZKO and LUBERT STRYER Biochemistry , 2002 Animations at brookscole.com Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Metabolism : lipid metabolism / fatty acid metabolism , triglyceride and fatty acid enzymes Synthesis Malonyl - CoA synthesis ATP citrate lyase Acetyl - CoA carboxylase Fatty acid synthesis / Fatty acid synthase Beta - ketoacyl - ACP synthase Β - Ketoacyl ACP reductase 3 - Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase Enoyl ACP reductase Fatty acid desaturases Stearoyl - CoA desaturase - 1 Triacyl glycerol Glycerol - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase Thiokinase Degradation Acyl transport Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I Carnitine - acylcarnitine translocase Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II Beta oxidation General Acyl CoA dehydrogenase ( ACADL ACADM ACADS ACADVL ACADSB ) Enoyl - CoA hydratase MTP : HADH HADHA HADHB Acetyl - CoA C - acyltransferase Unsaturated Enoyl CoA isomerase 2 , 4 Dienoyl - CoA reductase Odd chain Propionyl - CoA carboxylase Other Hydroxyacyl - Coenzyme A dehydrogenase To acetyl - CoA Malonyl - CoA decarboxylase Aldehydes Long - chain - aldehyde dehydrogenase Inborn error of lipid metabolism : fatty - acid metabolism disorders ( E71. 3 , 277.81 -- 277.85 ) Synthesis Biotinidase deficiency Degradation Acyl transport Carnitine Primary II - acylcarnitine Adrenoleukodystrophy Beta oxidation General Acyl CoA dehydrogenase Short - chain Medium - chain Long - chain 3 - hydroxy Very long - chain Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency : Acute fatty liver of pregnancy Unsaturated 2 , 4 Dienoyl - CoA reductase deficiency Odd chain Propionic acidemia Other 3 - hydroxyacyl - coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency To acetyl - CoA Malonic aciduria Aldehyde Sjögren -- Larsson syndrome Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta_oxidation&oldid=831527622 '' Categories : Cell biology Metabolic pathways Fatty acids Citric acid cycle Cellular respiration Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 01 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does b oxidation of fatty acids occur | [
"In biochemistry and metabolism, beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down[1] in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain. It is named as such because the beta carbon of the fatty acid undergoes oxidation to a carbonyl group. Beta-oxidation is primarily facilitated by the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, an enzyme complex associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, although some fatty acids are oxidized in peroxisomes."
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"in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes"
] |
-6956652709223563686 | Great Britain | Great Britain - wikipedia Great Britain Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the island . For the state of which it is part , see United Kingdom . For the historical state , see Kingdom of Great Britain . For other uses , see Great Britain ( disambiguation ) and Britain ( disambiguation ) . Great Britain Native names ( show ) Great Breetain ( Scots ) Prydain Fawr ( Welsh ) Breten Veur ( Cornish ) Breatainn Mhòr ( Scottish Gaelic ) Satellite image of Great Britain in April 2002 Geography Location Northwestern Europe Coordinates 53 ° 50 ′ N 2 ° 25 ′ W / 53.833 ° N 2.417 ° W / 53.833 ; - 2.417 Archipelago British Isles Adjacent bodies of water Atlantic Ocean Area 209,331 km ( 80,823 sq mi ) Area rank 9th Highest elevation 1,344 m ( 4,409 ft ) Highest point Ben Nevis Administration United Kingdom Countries England , Scotland , and Wales Largest city London ( pop . 8,615,246 ) Demographics Population 60,800,000 ( 2011 census ) Population rank 3rd Pop . density 302 / km ( 782 / sq mi ) Languages English , Scots , Welsh , Scottish Gaelic , Cornish Ethnic groups 86.8 % White 7.1 % Asian 3.1 % Black 2.0 % Mixed 0.3 % Arab 0.6 % Other Additional information Time zone GMT ( UTC ) Summer ( DST ) BST ( UTC + 1 ) Great Britain , also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe . With an area of 209,331 km ( 80,823 sq mi ) , Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles , the largest European island , and the ninth - largest island in the world . In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people , making it the world 's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan . The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it , and together these islands , along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands , form the British Isles archipelago . The island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons . Politically , the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , and constitutes most of its territory . Most of England , Scotland , and Wales are on the island . The term `` Great Britain '' often extends to include surrounding islands that form part of England , Scotland , and Wales , and is also sometimes loosely applied to the UK as a whole . A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England ( which had already comprised the present - day countries of England and Wales ) and the Kingdom of Scotland by the 1707 Acts of Union . More than a hundred years before , in 1603 , King James VI , King of Scots , had inherited the throne of England , but it was not until 1707 that the two countries ' parliaments agreed to form a political union . In 1801 , Great Britain united with the neighbouring Kingdom of Ireland , forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , which was renamed the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' after the Irish Free State seceded in 1922 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 1.1 Toponymy 1.2 Derivation of Great 1.3 Modern use of the term Great Britain 1.4 Political definition 2 History 2.1 Prehistoric period 2.2 Roman and medieval period 2.3 Early modern period 3 Geography 3.1 Geology 3.2 Fauna 3.3 Flora 3.4 Fungi 4 Demographics 4.1 Settlements 4.1. 1 Capitals 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links 8.1 Video links Terminology ( edit ) See also : Terminology of the British Isles Toponymy ( edit ) Main article : Britain ( place name ) The archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years : the term ' British Isles ' derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group . By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a collective name for the British Isles . However , with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain , and later Roman - occupied Britain south of Caledonia . The earliest known name for Great Britain is Albion ( Greek : Ἀλβιών ) or insula Albionum , from either the Latin albus meaning `` white '' ( referring to the white cliffs of Dover , the first view of Britain from the continent ) or the `` island of the Albiones '' , first mentioned in the Massaliote Periplus in the 6th century BC , and by Pytheas . The oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle ( c. 384 -- 322 BC ) , or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle , in his text On the Universe , Vol . III . To quote his works , `` There are two very large islands in it , called the British Isles , Albion and Ierne '' . Pliny the Elder ( c . AD 23 -- 79 ) in his Natural History records of Great Britain : `` Its former name was Albion ; but at a later period , all the islands , of which we shall just now briefly make mention , were included under the name of ' Britanniæ . ' '' The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain , Britannia or Brittānia , the land of the Britons. Old French Bretaigne ( whence also Modern French Bretagne ) and Middle English Bretayne , Breteyne . The French form replaced the Old English Breoton , Breoten , Bryten , Breten ( also Breoton - lond , Breten - lond ) . Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together . It is derived from the travel writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC , which described various islands in the North Atlantic as far north as Thule ( probably Norway ) . Marcian of Heraclea , in his Periplus maris exteri , described the island group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι ( the Prettanic Isles ) . The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί , Priteni or Pretani . Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain , Britain , which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic - speaking inhabitants of Ireland . The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans . Derivation of Great ( edit ) The Greco - Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain ( μεγάλη Βρεττανία megale Brettania ) and to Ireland as little Britain ( μικρὰ Βρεττανία mikra Brettania ) in his work Almagest ( 147 -- 148 AD ) . In his later work , Geography ( c. 150 AD ) , he gave the islands the names Alwion , Iwernia , and Mona ( the Isle of Man ) , suggesting these may have been the names of the individual islands not known to him at the time of writing Almagest . The name Albion appears to have fallen out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain , after which Britain became the more commonplace name for the island . After the Anglo - Saxon period , Britain was used as a historical term only . Geoffrey of Monmouth in his pseudohistorical Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136 ) refers to the island as Britannia major ( `` Greater Britain '' ) , to distinguish it from Britannia minor ( `` Lesser Britain '' ) , the continental region which approximates to modern Brittany , which had been settled in the fifth and sixth centuries by migrants from Britain . The term Great Britain was first used officially in 1474 , in the instrument drawing up the proposal for a marriage between Cecily the daughter of Edward IV of England , and James the son of James III of Scotland , which described it as `` this Nobill Isle , callit Gret Britanee '' . It was used again in 1604 , when King James VI and I styled himself `` King of Great Brittaine , France and Ireland '' . Modern use of the term Great Britain ( edit ) Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain , politically to England , Scotland and Wales in combination . However , it is sometimes used loosely to refer to the whole of the United Kingdom . Similarly , Britain , can refer to either all islands in Great Britain , the largest island , or the political grouping of countries . There is no clear distinction , even in government documents : the UK government yearbooks have used both Britain and United Kingdom . GB and GBR are used instead of UK in some international codes to refer to the United Kingdom , including the Universal Postal Union , international sports teams , NATO , the International Organization for Standardization country codes ISO 3166 - 2 and ISO 3166 - 1 alpha - 3 , and international licence plate codes . On the Internet , . uk is the country code top - level domain for the United Kingdom . A . gb top - level domain was used to a limited extent , but is now obsolete because the domain name registrar will not take new registrations . In the Olympics , Team GB is used by the British Olympic Association to represent the Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic team . Political definition ( edit ) Political definition of Great Britain ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the United Kingdom ( green ) Politically , Great Britain refers to the whole of England , Scotland and Wales in combination , but not Northern Ireland ; it includes islands , such as the Isle of Wight , Anglesey , the Isles of Scilly , the Hebrides and the island groups of Orkney and Shetland , that are part of England , Wales , or Scotland . It does not include the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands , which are self - governing dependent territories . The political union that joined the kingdoms of England and Scotland happened in 1707 when the Acts of Union ratified the 1706 Treaty of Union and merged the parliaments of the two nations , forming the Kingdom of Great Britain , which covered the entire island . Before this , a personal union had existed between these two countries since the 1603 Union of the Crowns under James VI of Scotland and I of England . History ( edit ) Prehistoric period ( edit ) Main article : Prehistoric Britain The island was first inhabited by people who crossed over the land bridge from the European mainland . Human footprints have been found from over 800,000 years ago in Norfolk and traces of early humans have been found ( at Boxgrove Quarry , Sussex ) from some 500,000 years ago and modern humans from about 30,000 years ago . Until about 14,000 years ago , Great Britain was connected to Ireland , and as recently as 8,000 years ago it retained a land connection to the continent , with an area of mostly low marshland joining it to what are now Denmark and the Netherlands . In Cheddar Gorge , near Bristol , the remains of animal species native to mainland Europe such as antelopes , brown bears , and wild horses have been found alongside a human skeleton , ' Cheddar Man ' , dated to about 7150 BC . Thus , animals and humans must have moved between mainland Europe and Great Britain via a crossing . Great Britain became an island at the end of the last glacial period when sea levels rose due to the combination of melting glaciers and the subsequent isostatic rebound of the crust . Great Britain 's Iron Age inhabitants are known as Britons ; they spoke Celtic languages . Roman and medieval period ( edit ) Main articles : Roman Britain , Medieval England , Medieval Scotland , and Medieval Wales Prima Europe tabula . A copy of Ptolemy 's 2nd century map of Roman Britain The Romans conquered most of the island ( up to Hadrian 's Wall in northern England ) and this became the Ancient Roman province of Britannia . In the course of the 500 years after the Roman Empire fell , the Britons of the south and east of the island were assimilated or displaced by invading Germanic tribes ( Angles , Saxons , and Jutes , often referred to collectively as Anglo - Saxons ) . At about the same time , Gaelic tribes from Ireland invaded the north - west , absorbing both the Picts and Britons of northern Britain , eventually forming the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century . The south - east of Scotland was colonised by the Angles and formed , until 1018 , a part of the Kingdom of Northumbria . Ultimately , the population of south - east Britain came to be referred to as the English people , so - named after the Angles . Germanic speakers referred to Britons as Welsh . This term came to be applied exclusively to the inhabitants of what is now Wales , but it also survives in names such as Wallace and in the second syllable of Cornwall . Cymry , a name the Britons used to describe themselves , is similarly restricted in modern Welsh to people from Wales , but also survives in English in the place name of Cumbria . The Britons living in the areas now known as Wales , Cumbria and Cornwall were not assimilated by the Germanic tribes , a fact reflected in the survival of Celtic languages in these areas into more recent times . At the time of the Germanic invasion of Southern Britain , many Britons emigrated to the area now known as Brittany , where Breton , a Celtic language closely related to Welsh and Cornish and descended from the language of the emigrants , is still spoken . In the 9th century , a series of Danish assaults on northern English kingdoms led to them coming under Danish control ( an area known as the Danelaw ) . In the 10th century , however , all the English kingdoms were unified under one ruler as the kingdom of England when the last constituent kingdom , Northumbria , submitted to Edgar in 959 . In 1066 , England was conquered by the Normans , who introduced a Norman - speaking administration that was eventually assimilated . Wales came under Anglo - Norman control in 1282 , and was officially annexed to England in the 16th century . Early modern period ( edit ) Main article : Early modern Britain Further information : History of the United Kingdom On 20 October 1604 King James , who had succeeded separately to the two thrones of England and Scotland , proclaimed himself `` King of Great Brittaine , France , and Ireland '' . When James died in 1625 and the Privy Council of England was drafting the proclamation of the new king , Charles I , a Scottish peer , Thomas Erskine , 1st Earl of Kellie , succeeded in insisting that it use the phrase `` King of Great Britain '' , which James had preferred , rather than King of Scotland and England ( or vice versa ) . While that title was also used by some of James 's successors , England and Scotland each remained legally separate countries , each with its own parliament , until 1707 , when each parliament passed an Act of Union to ratify the Treaty of Union that had been agreed the previous year . This created a single kingdom out of two , with a single parliament , with effect from 1 May 1707 . The Treaty of Union specified the name of the new all - island state as `` Great Britain '' , while describing it as `` One Kingdom '' and `` the United Kingdom '' . To most historians , therefore , the all - island state that existed between 1707 and 1800 is `` Great Britain '' or the `` Kingdom of Great Britain '' . Geography ( edit ) Further information : Geography of England , Geography of Scotland , and Geography of Wales See also : Geography of the United Kingdom View of Britain 's coast from northern France Great Britain lies on the European continental shelf , part of the Eurasian Plate . Situated off the north - west coast of continental Europe , it is separated from the mainland by the North Sea and by the English Channel , which narrows to 34 km ( 18 nmi ; 21 mi ) at the Straits of Dover . It stretches over about ten degrees of latitude on its longer , north - south axis and occupies an area of 209,331 km ( 80,823 sq mi ) , excluding the smaller surrounding islands . The North Channel , Irish Sea , St George 's Channel and Celtic Sea separate the island from the island of Ireland to its west . The island is physically connected with continental Europe via the Channel Tunnel , the longest undersea rail tunnel in the world , completed in 1993 . The island is marked by low , rolling countryside in the east and south , while hills and mountains predominate in the western and northern regions . It is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets . The greatest distance between two points is 968.0 km ( 601 ⁄ mi ) ( between Land 's End , Cornwall and John o ' Groats , Caithness ) , 838 miles ( 1,349 km ) by road . The English Channel is thought to have been created between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago by two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods caused by the breaching of the Weald - Artois Anticline , a ridge that held back a large proglacial lake , now submerged under the North Sea . Around 10,000 years ago , during the Devensian glaciation with its lower sea level , Great Britain was not an island , but an upland region of continental northwestern Europe , lying partially underneath the Eurasian ice sheet . The sea level was about 120 metres ( 390 ft ) lower than today , and the bed of the North Sea was dry and acted as a land bridge , now known as Doggerland , to the Continent . It is generally thought that as sea levels gradually rose after the end of the last glacial period of the current ice age , Doggerland became submerged beneath the North Sea , cutting off what was previously the British peninsula from the European mainland by around 6500 BC . Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of Great Britain Great Britain has been subject to a variety of plate tectonic processes over a very extended period of time . Changing latitude and sea levels have been important factors in the nature of sedimentary sequences , whilst successive continental collisions have affected its geological structure with major faulting and folding being a legacy of each orogeny ( mountain - building period ) , often associated with volcanic activity and the metamorphism of existing rock sequences . As a result of this eventful geological history , the island shows a rich variety of landscapes . The oldest rocks in Great Britain are the Lewisian gneisses , metamorphic rocks found in the far north west of the island and in the Hebrides ( with a few small outcrops elsewhere ) , which date from at least 2,700 Ma ( Ma = million years ago ) . South of the gneisses are a complex mixture of rocks forming the North West Highlands and Grampian Highlands in Scotland . These are essentially the remains of folded sedimentary rocks that were deposited between 1,000 Ma and 670 Ma over the gneiss on what was then the floor of the Iapetus Ocean . At the present time the north of the island is rising as a result of the weight of Devensian ice being lifted . Southern and eastern Britain is sinking , generally estimated at 1 mm ( 1 / 25 inch ) per year , with the London area sinking at double the speed partly due to the continuing compaction of the recent clay deposits . Fauna ( edit ) Main article : Fauna of Great Britain The robin is popularly known as `` Britain 's favourite bird '' . Animal diversity is modest , as a result of factors including the island 's small land area , the relatively recent age of the habitats developed since the last glacial period and the island 's physical separation from continental Europe , and the effects of seasonal variability . Great Britain also experienced early industrialisation and is subject to continuing urbanisation , which have contributed towards the overall loss of species . A DEFRA ( Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ) study from 2006 suggested that 100 species have become extinct in the UK during the 20th century , about 100 times the background extinction rate . However , some species , such as the brown rat , red fox , and introduced grey squirrel , are well adapted to urban areas . Rodents make up 40 % of the mammal species . These include squirrels , mice , voles , rats and the recently reintroduced European beaver . There is also an abundance of rabbits , hares , hedgehogs , shrews , moles and several species of bat . Carnivorous mammals include the fox , badger , otter , weasel , stoat and elusive wildcat . Various species of seal , whale and dolphin are found on or around British shores and coastlines . The largest land - based wild animals today are deer . The red deer is the largest species , with roe deer and fallow deer also prominent ; the latter was introduced by the Normans . Sika deer and two more species of smaller deer , muntjac and Chinese water deer , have been introduced , muntjac becoming widespread in England and parts of Wales while Chinese water deer are restricted mainly to East Anglia . Habitat loss has affected many species . Extinct large mammals include the brown bear , grey wolf and wild boar ; the latter has had a limited reintroduction in recent times . There is a wealth of birdlife , 583 species in total , of which 258 breed on the island or remain during winter . Because of its mild winters for its latitude , Great Britain hosts important numbers of many wintering species , particularly ducks , geese and swans . Other well known bird species include the golden eagle , grey heron , kingfisher , pigeon , sparrow , pheasant , partridge , and various species of crow , finch , gull , auk , grouse , owl and falcon . There are six species of reptile on the island ; three snakes and three lizards including the legless slowworm . One snake , the adder , is venomous but rarely deadly . Amphibians present are frogs , toads and newts . Flora ( edit ) See also : List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland Heather growing wild in the Highlands at Dornoch . In a similar sense to fauna , and for similar reasons , the flora is impoverished compared to that of continental Europe . The flora comprises 3,354 vascular plant species , of which 2,297 are native and 1,057 have been introduced . The island has a wide variety of trees , including native species of birch , beech , ash , hawthorn , elm , oak , yew , pine , cherry and apple . Other trees have been naturalised , introduced especially from other parts of Europe ( particularly Norway ) and North America . Introduced trees include several varieties of pine , chestnut , maple , spruce , sycamore and fir , as well as cherry plum and pear trees . The tallest species are the Douglas firs ; two specimens have been recorded measuring 65 metres or 212 feet . The Fortingall Yew in Perthshire is the oldest tree in Europe . There are at least 1,500 different species of wildflower . Some 107 species are particularly rare or vulnerable and are protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 . It is illegal to uproot any wildflowers without the landowner 's permission . A vote in 2002 nominated various wildflowers to represent specific counties . These include red poppies , bluebells , daisies , daffodils , rosemary , gorse , iris , ivy , mint , orchids , brambles , thistles , buttercups , primrose , thyme , tulips , violets , cowslip , heather and many more . There are also many species of algae and mosses across the island . Fungi ( edit ) There are many species of fungi including lichen - forming species , and the mycobiota is less poorly known than in many other parts of the world . The most recent checklist of Basidiomycota ( bracket fungi , jelly fungi , mushrooms and toadstools , puffballs , rusts and smuts ) , published in 2005 , accepts over 3600 species . The most recent checklist of Ascomycota ( cup fungi and their allies , including most lichen - forming fungi ) , published in 1985 , accepts another 5100 species . These two lists did not include conidial fungi ( fungi mostly with affinities in the Ascomycota but known only in their asexual state ) or any of the other main fungal groups ( Chytridiomycota , Glomeromycota and Zygomycota ) . The number of fungal species known very probably exceeds 10,000 . There is widespread agreement among mycologists that many others are yet to be discovered . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demography of the United Kingdom Settlements ( edit ) Capitals ( edit ) London is the capital of England and the whole of the United Kingdom , and is therefore the seat of the United Kingdom 's government . Edinburgh and Cardiff are the capitals of Scotland and Wales , respectively , and house their devolved governments . Largest urban areas See also : List of urban areas in the United Kingdom Rank City - region Built - up area Population ( 2011 Census ) Area ( km2 ) Density ( people / km2 ) London Greater London Built - up area 9,787,426 1,737.9 5,630 Manchester Greater Manchester Built - up area 2,553,379 630.3 4,051 Birmingham -- Wolverhampton West Midlands Built - up area 2,440,986 598.9 4,076 Leeds -- Bradford West Yorkshire Built - up area 1,777,934 487.8 3,645 5 Glasgow Greater Glasgow Built - up area 1,209,143 368.5 3,390 6 Liverpool Liverpool Built - up area 864,122 199.6 4,329 7 Southampton -- Portsmouth South Hampshire Built - up area 855,569 192.0 4,455 8 Newcastle upon Tyne -- Sunderland Tyneside Built - up area 774,891 180.5 4,292 9 Nottingham Nottingham Built - up area 729,977 176.4 4,139 10 Sheffield Sheffield Built - up area 685,368 167.5 4,092 Language ( edit ) Further information : Languages of England , Languages of Scotland , and Languages of Wales See also : Languages of the United Kingdom In the Late Bronze Age , Britain was part of a culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age , held together by maritime trading , which also included Ireland , France , Spain and Portugal . In contrast to the generally accepted view that Celtic originated in the context of the Hallstatt culture , since 2009 , John T. Koch and others have proposed that the origins of the Celtic languages are to be sought in Bronze Age Western Europe , especially the Iberian Peninsula . Koch et al. 's proposal has failed to find wide acceptance among experts on the Celtic languages . All the modern Brythonic languages ( Breton , Cornish , Welsh ) are generally considered to derive from a common ancestral language termed Brittonic , British , Common Brythonic , Old Brythonic or Proto - Brythonic , which is thought to have developed from Proto - Celtic or early Insular Celtic by the 6th century AD . Brythonic languages were probably spoken before the Roman invasion at least in the majority of Great Britain south of the rivers Forth and Clyde , though the Isle of Man later had a Goidelic language , Manx . Northern Scotland mainly spoke Pritennic , which became Pictish , which may have been a Brythonic language . During the period of the Roman occupation of Southern Britain ( AD 43 to c. 410 ) , Common Brythonic borrowed a large stock of Latin words . Approximately 800 of these Latin loan - words have survived in the three modern Brythonic languages . Romano - British is the name for the Latinised form of the language used by Roman authors . British English is spoken in the present day across the island , and developed from the Old English brought to the island by Anglo - Saxon settlers from the mid 5th century . Some 1.5 million people speak Scots -- a variety of English which some consider to be a distinct language . An estimated 700,000 people speak Welsh , an official language in Wales . In parts of north west Scotland , Scottish Gaelic remains widely spoken . There are various regional dialects of English , and numerous languages spoken by some immigrant populations . Religion ( edit ) Further information : Religion in England , Religion in Scotland , and Religion in Wales See also : Religion in the United Kingdom Canterbury Cathedral , seat of the Church of England -- the island 's largest denomination Christianity has been the largest religion by number of adherents since the Early Middle Ages : it was introduced under the ancient Romans , developing as Celtic Christianity . According to tradition , Christianity arrived in the 1st or 2nd century . The most popular form is Anglicanism ( known as Episcopalism in Scotland ) . Dating from the 16th century Reformation , it regards itself as both Catholic and Reformed . The Head of the Church is the monarch of the United Kingdom , as the Supreme Governor . It has the status of established church in England . There are just over 26 million adherents to Anglicanism in Britain today , although only around one million regularly attend services . The second largest Christian practice is the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church , which traces its history to the 6th century with Augustine 's mission and was the main religion for around a thousand years . There are over 5 million adherents today , 4.5 million in England and Wales and 750,000 in Scotland , although fewer than a million Catholics regularly attend mass . Glasgow Cathedral , a meeting place of the Church of Scotland The Church of Scotland , a form of Protestantism with a Presbyterian system of ecclesiastical polity , is the third most numerous on the island with around 2.1 million members . Introduced in Scotland by clergyman John Knox , it has the status of national church in Scotland . The monarch of the United Kingdom is represented by a Lord High Commissioner . Methodism is the fourth largest and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley . It gained popularity in the old mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire , also amongst tin miners in Cornwall . The Presbyterian Church of Wales , which follows Calvinistic Methodism , is the largest denomination in Wales . There are other non-conformist minorities , such as Baptists , Quakers , the United Reformed Church ( a union of Congregationalists and English Presbyterians ) , Unitarians . The first patron saint of Great Britain was Saint Alban . He was the first Christian martyr dating from the Romano - British period , condemned to death for his faith and sacrificed to the pagan gods . In more recent times , some have suggested the adoption of St Aidan as another patron saint of Britain . From Ireland , he worked at Iona amongst the Dál Riata and then Lindisfarne where he restored Christianity to Northumbria . The three constituent countries of the United Kingdom have patron saints : Saint George and Saint Andrew are represented in the flags of England and Scotland respectively . These two flags combined to form the basis of the Great Britain royal flag of 1604 . Saint David is the patron saint of Wales . There are many other British saints . Some of the best known are Cuthbert , Columba , Patrick , Margaret , Edward the Confessor , Mungo , Thomas More , Petroc , Bede , and Thomas Becket . Numerous other religions are practised . Jews have inhabited Britain since 1070 . Jews were expelled from England in 1290 but permitted to return in 1656 . There were also Jewish migrations from Lithuania . The 2001 census recorded that Islam had around 1.5 million adherents . More than 1 million people practise either Hinduism , Sikhism , or Buddhism -- religions introduced from the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia . See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Islands portal List of islands of England List of islands of Scotland List of islands of Wales Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The political definition of Great Britain -- that is , England , Scotland and Wales combined -- includes a number of offshore islands such as the Isle of Wight , Anglesey and Shetland which are not part of the geographical island of Great Britain . Those three countries combined have a total area of 234,402 km ( 90,503 sq mi ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ISLAND DIRECTORY , United Nations Environment Programme . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ 2011 Census : Population Estimates for the United Kingdom . In the 2011 census , the population of England , Wales and Scotland was estimated to be approximately 61,370,000 ; comprising 60,800,000 on Great Britain , and 570,000 on other islands . Retrieved 23 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ethnic Group by Age in England and Wales '' . www.nomisweb.co.uk . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic groups , Scotland , 2001 and 2011 '' ( PDF ) . www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Islands by land area , United Nations Environment Programme '' . Islands.unep.ch . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Foundation , Internet Memory . `` ( ARCHIVED CONTENT ) UK Government Web Archive -- The National Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' ( PDF ) . National Statistics Online . Newport , Wales : Office for National Statistics . 24 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 November 2010 . Retrieved 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ See Geohive.com Country data Archived 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ; Japan Census of 2000 ; United Kingdom Census of 2001 . The editors of List of islands by population appear to have used similar data from the relevant statistics bureaux , and totalled up the various administrative districts that make up each island , and then done the same for less populous islands . An editor of this article has not repeated that work . Therefore this plausible and eminently reasonable ranking is posted as unsourced common knowledge . Jump up ^ `` says 803 islands which have a distinguishable coastline on an Ordnance Survey map , and several thousand more exist which are too small to be shown as anything but a dot '' . Mapzone.ordnancesurvey.co.uk . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Clare Oliver ( 2003 ) . Great Britain . Black Rabbit Books . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58340 - 204 - 7 . Jump up ^ O'Rahilly 1946 Jump up ^ 4.20 provides a translation describing Caesar 's first invasion , using terms which from IV. XX appear in Latin as arriving in `` Britannia '' , the inhabitants being `` Britanni '' , and on p30 `` principes Britanniae '' ( i.e. , `` chiefs of Britannia '' ) is translated as `` chiefs of Britain '' . Jump up ^ Cunliffe 2002 , pp. 94 -- 95 Jump up ^ `` Anglo - Saxons '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , Christopher A. ( 2003 ) . The Britons . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22260 - X . Jump up ^ Greek `` ... ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγιστοι τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο , Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι , Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη , ... '' , transliteration `` ... en toutôi ge mên nêsoi megistoi tynchanousin ousai dyo , Brettanikai legomenai , Albiôn kai Iernê , ... '' , Aristotle : On Sophistical Refutations . On Coming - to - be and Passing Away . On the Cosmos. , 393b , pages 360 -- 361 , Loeb Classical Library No. 400 , London William Heinemann LTD , Cambridge , Massachusetts University Press MCMLV Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder 's Naturalis Historia Book IV . Chapter XLI Latin text and English translation , numbered Book 4 , Chapter 30 , at the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ Marcianus Heracleensis ; Müller , Karl Otfried ; et al. ( 1855 ) . `` Periplus Maris Exteri , Liber Prior , Prooemium '' . In Firmin Didot , Ambrosio . Geographi Graeci Minores. 1 . Paris . pp. 516 -- 517 . Greek text and Latin Translation thereof archived at the Internet Archive . Jump up ^ O Corrain , Donnchadh , Professor of Irish History at University College Cork ( 1 November 2001 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland '' . In Foster , R F. The Oxford History of Ireland . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280202 - X . Jump up ^ Claudius Ptolemy ( 1898 ) . `` Ἕκθεσις τῶν κατὰ παράλληλον ἰδιωμάτων : κβ ' , κε ' '' . In Heiberg , J.L. Claudii Ptolemaei Opera quae exstant omnia ( PDF ) . vol. 1 Syntaxis Mathematica . Leipzig : in aedibus B.G. Teubneri . pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Claudius Ptolemy ( 1843 ) . `` Book II , Prooemium and chapter β ' , paragraph 12 '' . In Nobbe , Carolus Fridericus Augustus . Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia ( PDF ) . vol. 1 . Leipzig : sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii . pp. 59 , 67 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Philip ( 2001 ) . Ireland and the classical world . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 72518 - 3 . Jump up ^ Meisel , Anna ( 15 September 2013 ) . `` Is Great Britain really a ' small island ' ? '' -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` UK 2005 : The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' . London : Office for National Statistics . 29 November 2004 : vii . ISBN 0 - 11 - 621738 - 3 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford : Oxford University Press , Great Britain : England , Wales , and Scotland considered as a unit . The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom . Great Britain is the name of the island that comprises England , Scotland , and Wales , although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom . The United Kingdom is a political unit that includes these countries and Northern Ireland . The British Isles is a geographical term that refers to the United Kingdom , Ireland , and surrounding smaller islands such as the Hebrides and the Channel Islands . Jump up ^ Britain , Oxford English Dictionary , Britain : / ˈbrɪt ( ə ) n / the island containing England , Wales , and Scotland . The name is broadly synonymous with Great Britain , but the longer form is more usual for the political unit . Jump up ^ `` Britain 2001 : The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom , 2001 '' ( PDF ) . London : Office for National Statistics . August 2000 : vii . ISBN 0 - 11 - 621278 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK 2002 : The Official Yearbook of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) . London : Office for National Statistics . August 2001 : vi . ISBN 0 - 11 - 621738 - 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key facts about the United Kingdom '' . Direct.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 15 November 2008 . Retrieved 11 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Ademuni - Odeke ( 1998 ) . Bareboat Charter ( ship ) Registration . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 367 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0513 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pallab ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` Earliest footprints outside Africa discovered in Norfolk '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Gräslund , Bo ( 2005 ) . `` Traces of the early humans '' . Early humans and their world . London : Routledge . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35344 - 1 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Robin & al . `` The Island of Ireland : Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land - bridge ? '' Accessed 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Robert . Great Tales from English History . New York : Little , Brown & Co , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 10910 - X . Jump up ^ Ellis , Peter Berresford ( 1974 ) . The Cornish language and its literature . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 7928 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` England / Great Britain : Royal Styles : 1604 - 1707 '' . Archontology.org. 13 March 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2013 . Jump up ^ HMC 60 , Manuscripts of the Earl of Mar and Kellie , vol. 2 ( 1930 ) , p. 226 Jump up ^ `` accessed 14 November 2009 '' . Eosnap.com . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) Island Directory Tables `` Islands By Land Area '' . Retrieved from http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm on 13 August 2009 Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition + corrections '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1971 . p. 42 ( corrections to page 13 ) . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Sanjeev ; Jenny S. Collier ; Andy Palmer - Felgate ; Graeme Potter ( 2007 ) . `` Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel '' . Nature . 448 ( 7151 ) : 342 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 448 ... 342G . doi : 10.1038 / nature06018 . PMID 17637667 . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Lay summary -- msnbc.com ( 18 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` Vincent Gaffney , `` Global Warming and the Lost European Country '' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Robin -- Britain 's Favourite Bird '' . BritishBirdLovers.co.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Decaying Wood : An Overview of Its Status and Ecology in the United Kingdom and Europe '' ( PDF ) . FS.fed.us . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Short History of the British Mammal Fauna '' . ABDN.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 11 February 2006 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Else , Great Britain , 85 . Jump up ^ `` The Fallow Deer Project , University of Nottingham '' . Nottingham.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 15 March 2008 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British Ornithologists ' Union Records Committee '' . Interscience.wiley.com . Retrieved on 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Birds of Britain '' . BTO.org . Retrieved on 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Duck , Geese and Swan Family '' . NatureGrid.org.uk . Archived from the original on 8 April 2009 . Retrieved on 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Birds '' . NatureGrid.org.uk . Archived from the original on 30 June 2009 . Retrieved on 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Adder 's Byte '' . CountySideInfo.co.uk . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Plants of the Pacific Northwest in Western Europe '' . Botanical Electric News . Retrieved on 23 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Frodin , Guide to Standard Floras of the World , 599 . ^ Jump up to : `` Checklist of British Plants '' . Natural History Museum . Retrieved on 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About Britain 's Trees '' . WildAboutBritain.co.uk . Archived from the original on 29 April 2009 . Retrieved on 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Fortingall Yew '' . PerthshireBigTreeCountry.co.uk . 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Jump up ^ Legon & Henrici , Checklist of the British & Irish Basidiomycota Jump up ^ Cannon , Hawksworth & Sherwood - Pike , The British Ascomycotina . An Annotated Checklist Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census - Built - up areas '' . ONS . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eska , Joseph F. `` Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2013.12. 35 '' . Bryn Mawr Classical Review . Bryn Mawr College . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Aberystwyth University - News . Aber.ac.uk . Retrieved on 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix '' ( PDF ) . O'Donnell Lecture. 2008 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Koch , John ( 2009 ) . Tartessian : Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History in Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica 9 ( PDF ) . Palaeohispanica . pp. 339 -- 51 . ISSN 1578 - 5386 . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Koch , John . `` New research suggests Welsh Celtic roots lie in Spain and Portugal '' . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Koch , John T. ( 2007 ) . An Atlas for Celtic Studies . Oxford : Oxbow Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 309 - 1 . Jump up ^ Scotland 's Census 2011 -- Language , All people aged 3 and over . Out of the 60,815,385 residents of the UK over the age of three , 1,541,693 ( 2.5 % ) can speak Scots . Jump up ^ A.J. Aitken in The Oxford Companion to the English Language , Oxford University Press 1992 . p. 894 Jump up ^ Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg , A statistical overview of the Welsh language , by Hywel M Jones , page 115 , 13.5. 1.6 , England . Published February 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh Language ( Wales ) Measure 2011 '' . legislation.gov.uk . The National Archives . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Global Anglicanism at a Crossroads '' . PewResearch.org . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` People here ' must obey the laws of the land ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 9 February 2008 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . 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London : The Independent . 23 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Kingdom -- History of the Flag '' . FlagSpot.net . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saints '' . Brits at their Best . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to religions in the UK '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 23 January 2011 . Retrieved on 16 August 2011 Jump up ^ `` From Expulsion ( 1290 ) to Readmission ( 1656 ) : Jews and England '' ( PDF ) . Goldsmiths.ac.uk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 June 2008 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jews in Scotland '' . British-Jewry.org.uk . Archived from the original on 9 May 2005 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Islam at a glance '' . BBC . 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Religion : Key Statistics for urban areas , results by population size of urban area '' . Statistics.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 10 January 2009 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Pliny the Elder ( translated by Rackham , Harris ) ( 1938 ) . Natural History . Harvard University Press . Ball , Martin John ( 1994 ) . The Celtic Languages . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 01035 - 7 . Butler , Alban ( 1997 ) . Butler 's Lives of the Saints . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 86012 - 255 - 7 . Frodin , D.G. ( 2001 ) . Guide to Standard Floras of the World . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79077 - 8 . Spencer , Colin ( 2003 ) . British Food : An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 13110 - 0 . Andrews , Robert ( 2004 ) . The Rough Guide to Britain . Rough Guides Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 301 - 4 . Dawkins , Peter ( 2004 ) . The Shakespeare Enigma . Polair Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9545389 - 4 - 3 . Major , John ( 2004 ) . History in Quotations . Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35387 - 6 . Else , David ( 2005 ) . Great Britain . Lonely Planet . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 921 - 7 . Kaufman , Will ; Slettedahl , Heidi Macpherson ( 2005 ) . Britain and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History . ABC - Clio . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 431 - 8 . Oppenheimer , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Origins of the British . Carroll & Graf . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1890 - 0 . Room , Adrian ( 2006 ) . Placenames of the World . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2248 - 3 . Massey , Gerald ( 2007 ) . A Book of the Beginnings , Vol. 1 . Cosimo . ISBN 1 - 60206 - 829 - 1 . Taylor , Isaac ( 2008 ) . Names and Their Histories : A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 0 - 559 - 29667 - 3 . Legon , N.W. ; Henrici , A. ( 2005 ) . Checklist of the British & Irish Basidiomycota . Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew . ISBN 1 - 84246 - 121 - 4 . Cannon , P.F. ; Hawksworth , D.L. ; M.A. , Sherwood - Pike ( 1985 ) . The British Ascomycotina . An Annotated Checklist . Commonwealth Mycological Institute & British Mycological Society . ISBN 0 - 85198 - 546 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Britain . 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702742004086372270 | 2018 FIFA World Cup Final | 2018 FIFA World Cup final - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup final 2018 FIFA World Cup Final The France team holds the World Cup trophy Event 2018 FIFA World Cup France Croatia Date 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) Venue Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Man of the Match Antoine Griezmann ( France ) Referee Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Attendance 78,011 Weather Partly cloudy 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) 51 % humidity ← 2014 2022 → The 2018 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 15 July 2018 to determine the winners of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . It was the final of the 21st FIFA World Cup , a quadrennial tournament contested by the men 's national teams of the member associations of FIFA . The match was contested by France and Croatia , and held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Russia . Before 2018 , France 's only World Cup victory was in 1998 -- though they had also reached the final in 2006 -- while Croatia were playing in their first World Cup final . Both teams had defeated former World Cup champions on their way to the final : France defeated 1930 and 1950 winners Uruguay , Croatia defeated 1966 winners England and both teams defeated 1978 and 1986 winners Argentina . Croatia became the third Eastern European nation to reach the World Cup final , and the first since Czechoslovakia lost the final in 1962 to Brazil . France won the match 4 -- 2 , having taken a 2 -- 1 lead during the first half on an own goal and penalty awarded by the video assistant referee ( VAR ) , both firsts in a World Cup final . France also became the second team in the 32 - team World Cup to win all their knockout matches without any extra time or penalty shoot - out after Brazil in 2002 . As winners , France qualified for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup . Contents 1 Venue 2 Background 3 Route to the final 3.1 France 3.2 Croatia 4 Pre-match 4.1 Match ball 4.2 Officials 4.3 Closing ceremony 5 Match 5.1 Summary 5.2 Details 5.3 Statistics 6 Post-match 7 Viewership 7.1 Europe 7.2 Rest of the world 7.3 Advertising 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Venue ( edit ) Further information : Luzhniki Stadium The final was played at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , located in the Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug . An expanded version of the stadium was named as the provisional final venue in Russia 's World Cup bid , which was selected by FIFA on 2 December 2010 . Luzhniki Stadium was confirmed as the final venue on 14 December 2012 , following a meeting of the now - erswthile FIFA Executive Committee held in Tokyo , Japan . The stadium also hosted six other matches , including the opening match on 14 June , three group stage matches , a round of 16 match , and the second semi-final match . The exterior of the Luzhniki Stadium at night with Moscow State University in the background . The Luzhniki Stadium , previously known as the Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium until 1992 , originally opened in 1956 as part of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex to host the USSR Summer Spartakiade . The stadium has served as the national stadium of the country , hosting many matches for the Russia national team and its predecessor , the Soviet Union national team . In the past , the stadium has been used as the home ground at various times for CSKA Moscow , Torpedo Moscow , and Spartak Moscow . However , there are currently no clubs based at the stadium . The stadium has hosted numerous international sporting events . The stadium was the main venue for the 1980 Summer Olympics , hosting the opening and closing ceremonies , athletics , football ( four matches , including the gold medal match ) , and the Individual Jumping Grand Prix . The stadium hosted the 1999 UEFA Cup Final , as well as the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final . Other events staged include the Spartakiad , the final game of the 1957 Ice Hockey World Championships , the 1973 Summer Universiade , the Friendship Games in 1984 , the 1986 Goodwill Games , and the 1998 World Youth Games . In 2013 , the Rugby World Cup Sevens and World Athletics Championships were held at the ground in front of sparse crowds . The stadium has also served as a venue for many concerts , including Western artists after the fall of the Soviet Union , as well as political rallies . Rated as a category 4 stadium by UEFA , the Luzhniki Stadium is the largest in Russia and at the 2018 World Cup ; it usually has a maximum capacity of 81,006 , but was reduced to 78,011 for the World Cup . This also makes the stadium the largest in Eastern Europe , and among the largest in Europe . To prepare for the World Cup , the stadium was closed for extensive renovations in August 2013 . The spectator stands were moved closer to the pitch , which was converted from artificial turf to natural grass , after the removal of the athletic track . The historic facade of the stadium was preserved due to its architectural value , while the roof was upgraded using a new polycarbonate skin with exterior lighting . The Luzhniki did not host any matches at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup due to the ongoing project . The renovation project cost € 341 million , and the stadium officially reopened with an international friendly between Russia and Argentina on 11 November 2017 . Background ( edit ) After Uruguay and Brazil were eliminated in the quarter - finals , a European side was ensured to win the World Cup for a fourth consecutive tournament . The match was also the ninth all - European World Cup final , which most recently occurred in 2006 and 2010 . The match was the third World Cup final for France , first appearing in the 1998 final as hosts , winning 3 -- 0 against reigning champions Brazil . France also contested the 2006 final , where they lost to Italy in a penalty shoot - out following a 1 -- 1 draw . Only Germany ( eight ) and Italy ( six ) have reached more finals among European nations . Didier Deschamps became the fourth person to reach a World Cup final as both a player and as a manager , after Franz Beckenbauer , Rudi Völler , and Mário Zagallo . The match was the first World Cup final for Croatia in their fifth World Cup appearance . They are the 10th European country and 13th overall to reach a World Cup final , and the first new finalist since Spain in 2010 . With a population of 4.17 million , Croatia is the second least - populated country to play in a World Cup final , behind Uruguay ( victors in 1930 and 1950 ) . Croatia 's previous best performance was as World Cup debutants in 1998 , when they finished in third place , losing 2 -- 1 to hosts France in the semi-finals before beating the Netherlands 2 -- 1 in the third place play - off . The final was the sixth meeting between France and Croatia , with France undefeated in the previous fixtures with three wins and two draws . The two sides first met in the 1998 World Cup semi-final , with hosts France winning 2 -- 1 . Their only other competitive meeting was during the group stage of Euro 2004 , which finished as a 2 -- 2 draw . Their next , and most recent , meeting was in a March 2011 friendly match , which finished as a 0 -- 0 draw . Route to the final ( edit ) Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup France Round Croatia Opponents Result Group stage Opponents Result Australia 2 -- 1 Match 1 Nigeria 2 -- 0 Peru 1 -- 0 Match 2 Argentina 3 -- 0 Denmark 0 -- 0 Match 3 Iceland 2 -- 1 Group C winners Pos Team Pld Pts France 7 Denmark 5 Peru Australia Source : FIFA Final standings Group D winners Pos Team Pld Pts Croatia 9 Argentina Nigeria Iceland Source : FIFA Opponents Result Knockout stage Opponents Result Argentina 4 -- 3 Round of 16 Denmark 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 p ) Uruguay 2 -- 0 Quarter - finals Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 3 p ) Belgium 1 -- 0 Semi-finals England 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) France ( edit ) France entered the 2018 World Cup as one of the favourites to win the tournament , particularly for their strong squad featuring several youth talents . The team finished as runners - up to Portugal at Euro 2016 , which the country hosted . The team qualified for the World Cup proper after finishing first in their qualification group , ahead of Sweden and the Netherlands . At the World Cup , France were drawn into Group C alongside Australia , Denmark , and Peru . The team defeated Australia 2 -- 1 in its opening match in Kazan , with a penalty called by the video assistant referee and scored by Antoine Griezmann followed by an own goal deflected by Australian defender Aziz Behich . In its second match , France won 1 -- 0 over Peru on a goal scored by 19 - year - old Kylian Mbappé , who became France 's youngest goalscorer at a major tournament . The victory over Peru qualified France for the knockout stage , allowing manager Didier Deschamps to rest several starting players for the final group stage match against Denmark . The match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow finished in a scoreless draw marked by misplaced passes and goalkeeping mistakes . The team 's group stage performance was characterised as lacking cohesion and failing to use its star players effectively . Finishing as winners of Group C , France were matched in the round of 16 with Group D runners - up Argentina . France won 4 -- 3 on two goals scored by Mbappé , who also won a penalty in the opening minutes . Defender Benjamin Pavard also scored in the match , with his strike later voted as goal of the tournament . Mbappé 's performance drew comparisons to Brazilian stars Ronaldo and Pelé , who in 1958 was the most recent teenager to score twice in a World Cup match . In the quarter - finals , France defeated Uruguay 2 -- 0 on a goal and assist by Griezmann . The team advanced to a semi-final match against Belgium in St. Petersburg , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win for the French with a corner kick headed into the goal by defender Samuel Umtiti . The French team , particularly Mbappé , were criticised for timewasting and other unsportsmanlike conduct in the semi-finals after taking the lead in the second half . Croatia ( edit ) The 2017 -- 18 Croatia national squad , dubbed the `` Second Golden Generation '' , posing with Vladimir Putin and Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović after the final against France . Croatia entered the 2018 World Cup as dark horses , with their golden generation led by forward Mario Mandžukić and midfielders Marcelo Brozović , Mateo Kovačić , Luka Modrić , Ivan Perišić , and Ivan Rakitić . The team had been eliminated in the group stage at the 2014 tournament , but reached the round of 16 at Euro 2016 . In their qualification group , Croatia scored 15 goals and finished second to Iceland after appointing manager Zlatko Dalić amid a series of poor away results . However , Croatia managed to advance past Greece in the qualifying play - offs , winning the first leg 4 -- 1 and drawing 0 -- 0 in the second . Croatia were drawn into Group D with Argentina , Iceland , and Nigeria , considered a difficult draw due to Argentina 's talent and Nigeria 's historic performances . In their opening match , the team earned a 2 -- 0 victory over Nigeria , with an own goal by Oghenekaro Etebo caused by Mandžukić and a penalty scored by Modrić . Striker Nikola Kalinić refused to enter the match as a substitute , citing back pain as his reason for not playing , and was expelled from the team by Dalić , leaving Croatia with only 22 players for the remainder of the tournament . Croatia went on to upset Argentina with a 3 -- 0 win , thanks to an effective game plan that used the `` height and strength of their players to dominate the game in aerial duels '' , playing a `` pressing game , counter-attacking , and more direct play in possession '' to counter Lionel Messi , scoring all their goals in the second half . Croatia finished atop the group with a 2 -- 1 win over Iceland , resting several starting players in the final group match . In the round of 16 , Croatia played Denmark and earned a 1 -- 1 draw after the two teams exchanged goals in the opening five minutes and a missed penalty from Modrić in extra time . Croatia won the subsequent penalty shootout 3 -- 2 , with three saves by goalkeeper Danijel Subašić and two saves by Danish goalkeeper Kasper Schmeichel . The team advanced to a quarter - final fixture with hosts Russia , who had defeated Spain in the round of 16 , in Sochi . The Russians scored their first in the 31st minute , but Andrej Kramarić equalised for Croatia eight minutes later and kept the score at 1 -- 1 through the end of regular time . Croatia took a 2 -- 1 lead in extra time with a header by Domagoj Vida , but Russian defender Mário Fernandes equalised in stoppage time to trigger a penalty shootout . The shootout was won 4 -- 3 by Croatia after two misses by Russia and a shot by Modrić that rebounded off the post and into the goal . Croatia became the second team in World Cup to win two shootouts in a tournament , after Argentina in 1990 . After the match , a video of Vida saying `` Glory to Ukraine '' prompted controversy among Russians and a warning from FIFA 's disciplinary committee , which enforces a ban on political slogans . Croatia 's semi-final match against England at the Luzhniki began with a free kick goal by English defender Kieran Trippier in the fifth minute . Croatia resisted several attempts by England to score a second goal and earned an equalising goal of their own through a shot by Perišić in the 68th minute . The match was won 2 -- 1 by Croatia after a 109th minute goal by Mandžukić . Pre-match ( edit ) Match ball ( edit ) The official match ball for the final was the Telstar Mechta ( Russian : Мечта ; lit . dream or ambition ) , a red - coloured variant of the Adidas Telstar 18 introduced for the knockout stage . The Telstar family , a homage to the original 1970 Telstar , was designed similarly to 2014 's Brazuca , but with longer seams and additional panels . Officials ( edit ) Néstor Pitana officiated the final . Argentine referee Néstor Pitana was selected to lead the officiating team for the final , which was announced on 12 July 2018 by the FIFA Referees Committee . The final is Pitana 's fifth match as referee during the tournament , becoming only the second referee to officiate the opening match and the final . Pitana officiated an additional group stage match , along with two knockout stage matches in the round of 16 and quarter - finals . Pitana has been a FIFA referee since 2010 , and officiated four matches at the 2014 FIFA World Cup . His compatriots Hernán Maidana and Juan Pablo Belatti were chosen as assistant referees . Björn Kuipers of the Netherlands was chosen as the fourth official , with his fellow countryman Erwin Zeinstra as the reserve assistant . Italian Massimiliano Irrati was named the video assistant referee , presiding over the first use of the technology at a World Cup final . Argentine Mauro Vigliano was chosen as the assistant video assistant referee , while Carlos Astroza of Chile was appointed as the second assistant and Danny Makkelie of the Netherlands as the third assistant . Closing ceremony ( edit ) The tournament 's closing ceremony was held prior to the start of the match , featuring a performance of `` Live It Up '' , the official song of the tournament , by Will Smith , Nicky Jam , and Era Istrefi . Jam also performed `` X ( Equis ) '' , wearing a shirt honouring J Balvin . Opera singer Aida Garifullina sang the Russian folk song `` Kalinka '' , accompanied by a children 's choir and percussion section that featured a cameo by Brazilian star Ronaldinho . Match ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) Teams lined up prior to kick - off Croatia kicked off the final at 18 : 00 local time ( 15 : 00 UTC ) , with the ground temperature reported at 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) . The match was played through a minor thunderstorm , which produced several visible lightning strikes . An audience of 78,011 spectators at the Luzhniki Stadium watched the match , including ten heads of state , among them Russian president Vladimir Putin , French president Emmanuel Macron , and Croatian president Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović . The starting line - ups for both teams were identical to those fielded in the semi-finals . Antoine Griezmann , named the man of the match after scoring one goal and assisting another Croatia had the majority of possession and chances early in the first half , with the ball staying mostly in France 's half . An attack by French midfielder Antoine Griezmann was stopped by a challenge from Marcelo Brozović , which was called as a foul despite claims that Griezmann dived . In the incident , Griezmann began falling before Brozović made contact . Griezmann took the ensuing 30 - yard ( 27 m ) free kick , which was diverted by the head of Mario Mandžukić into the left corner of his own net to give France the lead in the 18th minute . It was the first own goal to be scored in a World Cup final and the 12th of the tournament , the most of any World Cup . Ten minutes later , Croatia equalised with a left - footed strike by Ivan Perišić to the right corner of the net , assisted by Domagoj Vida after a free kick by Luka Modrić on the right . In the 34th minute , a penalty was awarded against Croatia after Perišić 's handball in the box from a corner on the right was reviewed by the video assistant referee . Griezmann scored the penalty in the 38th minute with a low finish to the left , giving France a 2 -- 1 lead at half - time ; the first half 's three goals were the most of any World Cup final since 1974 . France led at half - time despite having only one shot on goal and with only 34 % of possession . A Croatian counter-attack was stopped early in the second half after several pitch invaders were chased onto the field by security officers ; Russian feminist rock band and protest group Pussy Riot claimed responsibility for the interruption . In the 59th minute , France extended their lead to 3 -- 1 with a left - foot strike to the left of the net from the edge of the penalty area by Paul Pogba after his initial shot had been blocked . Six minutes later , Kylian Mbappé scored France 's fourth goal , with a low right - foot shot from outside the box to the left of the net ; Mbappé became the first teenager to score in a World Cup final since Pelé in 1958 . Croatia scored their second goal in the 69th minute , as from a back - pass , France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris failed to dribble around Mandžukić , who poked the loose ball into the unguarded net with his right leg . Despite a late push by Croatia , the match finished as a 4 -- 2 victory for France and the highest - scoring World Cup final since 1966 . Details ( edit ) 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) France Croatia GK Hugo Lloris ( c ) RB Benjamin Pavard CB Raphaël Varane CB 5 Samuel Umtiti LB 21 Lucas Hernández 41 ' CM 6 Paul Pogba CM 13 N'Golo Kanté 27 ' 55 ' RW 10 Kylian Mbappé AM 7 Antoine Griezmann LW 14 Blaise Matuidi 73 ' CF 9 Olivier Giroud 81 ' Substitutions : MF 15 Steven Nzonzi 55 ' MF 12 Corentin Tolisso 73 ' FW 18 Nabil Fekir 81 ' Manager : Didier Deschamps GK 23 Danijel Subašić RB Šime Vrsaljko 90 + 2 ' CB 6 Dejan Lovren CB 21 Domagoj Vida LB Ivan Strinić 81 ' CM 7 Ivan Rakitić CM 11 Marcelo Brozović RW 18 Ante Rebić 71 ' AM 10 Luka Modrić ( c ) LW Ivan Perišić CF 17 Mario Mandžukić Substitutions : FW 9 Andrej Kramarić 71 ' FW 20 Marko Pjaca 81 ' Manager : Zlatko Dalić Man of the Match : Antoine Griezmann ( France ) Assistant referees : Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Fourth official : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Reserve assistant referee : Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Match rules 90 minutes 30 minutes of extra time if necessary Penalty shoot - out if scores still level Maximum of twelve named substitutes Maximum of three substitutions , with a fourth allowed in extra time Statistics ( edit ) First half Statistic France Croatia Goals scored Total shots 7 Shots on target Saves 0 0 Ball possession 39 % 61 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 8 7 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Second half Statistic France Croatia Goals scored Total shots 7 8 Shots on target 5 Saves Ball possession 39 % 61 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 6 6 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Overall Statistic France Croatia Goals scored Total shots 8 15 Shots on target 6 Saves Ball possession 39 % 61 % Corner kicks 6 Fouls committed 14 13 Offsides Yellow cards Red cards 0 0 Post-match ( edit ) Fan celebrations on the streets of Paris ( left ) and at the Arc de Triomphe ( right ) after the match . France became the sixth country to win the World Cup more than once and qualified for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup with their win . Didier Deschamps became the third person to have won the World Cup as both a player and manager , after Franz Beckenbauer and Mário Zagallo . The final was the highest scoring since 1966 , and the highest score in regular time since 1958 . The winner 's medals were presented on the pitch stage to the French team by presidents Putin , Macron , and Grabar - Kitarović amid a heavy rainstorm . FIFA president Gianni Infantino handed the trophy to French captain Hugo Lloris . As Lloris raised the trophy , a short version of the tournament 's official song `` Live It Up '' was played . Croatian captain Luka Modrić won the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . France 's Antoine Griezmann , the final 's man of the match , also won the Bronze Ball and the Silver Boot award with four goals and two assists . Kylian Mbappé won the Best Young Player award for the tournament . Large crowds , including 90,000 people at the Eiffel Tower fanzone and an estimated million on the Champs - Élysées , celebrated the victory in Paris . The celebrations were marred by instances of rioting that were broken up by police , as well as the deaths of at least two people during celebrations elsewhere in the country , one man died after diving into a shallow canal and another died after crashing his car into a tree , RATP , the operator of the Paris Métro system , temporarily renamed several stations in honour of the team and its World Cup victory . On 16 July , more than 550,000 fans welcomed the Croatian team home in the capital city of Zagreb , in the single largest public gathering in Croatia 's history , where a six - hour - long bus tour brought them from Zagreb Airport to Ban Jelačić Square . Viewership ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) In France , the final was televised on TF1 and BeIN Sports and drew an average of 26.1 million viewers , making it the most watched event ever in French television history . In England , the final had an average viewership of 10.5 million and a peak viewership of 13.8 million , split between free - to - air broadcasters BBC One and ITV , almost half that of the viewership of England -- Croatia semi-final . In Germany , the match drew a viewership of 21.3 million , which was around 76 % of the market share , on state - owned ZDF . In Spain , the match had a 57.3 % share , with 8.2 million viewers on Mediaset España Comunicación 's Telecinco . In Croatia , the match drew around 1.538 million viewers -- more than 38 % of the population -- on national broadcaster HTV2 for a 89.3 % market share . In Italy , it drew 11.7 million viewers on Canale 5 . In the Netherlands , the match had a viewership of 3.1 million on NPO1 . In the host nation of Russia , the final was the third-most watched match of the 2018 World Cup and accounted for around 50 % of the nation 's population . In total , the final drew more than 160 million viewers in 20 European territories , including Russia , the United Kingdom and Germany . Rest of the World ( edit ) In the United States of America , the match was broadcast on NBCUniversal - owned Telemundo and 21st Century Fox - owned Fox and Fox Sports , the match averaged 16.6 million viewers combined , with Telemundo reaching a total of 57 % of the country 's Latino population . In India , 70 million viewers streamed the match online , through Sony Picture Networks India 's ( SPN ) Sony Liv application , which was a record for a football match ; an additional 22.4 million viewers watched the match on Sony Ten 2 , Sony Ten 3 and Sony ESPN . In China , the match drew a combined of 56 million viewers on state - broadcasters CCTV - 1 and CCTV - 5 , the most - watched sporting event in China since 2008 Beijing Olympics ; an additional 24 million viewers streamed the match through Youku , a video - service and an Alibaba Group subsidiary . In Australia , the final was watched by an average of 2.2 million viewers -- with a peak of 3.4 million viewers -- on national public broadcaster SBS . Whereas , in Canada , the final was watched by an average of 3.9 million viewers , with a peak of 5.4 million viewers on CTV , TSN and RDS . Advertising ( edit ) In the United States , Fox received between US $ 399,000 and $750,000 for a 30 - second advertisement spot during the World Cup final ; whereas in France , TF1 got up to $300,000 for a 30 - second ad - spot . See also ( edit ) 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` France v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nestor Pitana to referee World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Match report -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Start list -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Clegg , Jonathan ; White , Gregory L. ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Russia to Host 2018 World Cup ; Qatar Gets 2022 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Russia 2018 to start and finish at Luzhniki Stadium '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luzhniki Stadium : All you need to know '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 -- Match Schedule '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Putin 's goal is to showcase Russia at 2018 World Cup '' . Reuters. 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Moscow Fiscultura i Sport ( 1981 ) . Games of the XXII Olympiad : Official Report of the Organising Committee , Volume 2 ( Report ) . International Olympic Committee . pp. 46 -- 51 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 -- via Olympics World Library . ^ Jump up to : `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moscow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meat to Mötley Crüe : the theatre of English dreams '' . The Guardian . 19 May 2008 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Halpin , Tony ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Moscow proud of trouble free Champions League final '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Moscow 's 2018 World Cup final venue to be ready by December 2016 '' . RT . 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sport city : Luzhniki yesterday , today and tomorrow '' . Government of Moscow . 1 November 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Wildey , Alison ( 12 August 2013 ) . `` Athletes left staring into empty space at Luzhniki '' . Reuters . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bennetts , Marc ( 4 March 2018 ) . `` Russians forced to attend Putin 's star - studded election rally '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 2018 World Cup stadium venues : 12 grounds across 11 cities '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Press Association . 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tighe , Sam ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` Top 100 Stadiums in World Football '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki : About the stadium '' . RT.com . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium -- Russia World Cup Venue 2018 '' . ArchExplore. 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium for major renovation after World Champs '' . The Jamaica Observer . Agence France - Presse. 5 August 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Experts name Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow as 2017 world 's best football arena '' . TASS. 7 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium almost finished '' . Government of Moscow . 31 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian stadiums readying to host Confederations Cup '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Reineking , Jim ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Every FIFA World Cup champion : Brazil , Germany , Italy historically dominate tournament '' . USA Today . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hafez , Shamoon ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` France 1 Belgium 0 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Debayan ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` By the numbers -- Can Deschamps join Zagallo and Beckenbauer ? '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the day -- 12 July 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 12 July 2018 . p. 1 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Mitch ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Mandzukic sends irrepressible Croatia into first World Cup final '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup final 2018 : France v Croatia -- your guide to Sunday 's match '' . BBC Sport. 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Preview : France v Croatia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McAleavy , Emma L. ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 's 2018 World Cup Pursuit Inspired by the Past '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia at the 1998 World Cup -- a look back at their last semi-final run '' . The Irish Independent . Press Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ West , Jenna ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` France vs. Croatia History : All - Time Head - to - Head Results '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The last time France and Croatia met on the world stage '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Kit for the FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 12 July 2018 . p. 13 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Loaded , Deep France Enters World Cup as One of Favorites to Win it All '' . Sports Illustrated . 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sutcliffe , Steve ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` France 2 -- 1 Australia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarey , Cristopher ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` 36 Years and No World Cup Goals : Peru Eliminated by France '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` France seal last - 16 spot as Kylian Mbappé earns victory over Peru '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Denmark advances at World Cup in drab 0 -- 0 draw with France '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Adam ( 22 June 2018 ) . `` France under Deschamps look a lot like England under Eriksson '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` Kylian Mbappé doubles up in France 's rollercoaster victory over Argentina '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pavard 's stunner voted Hyundai Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` King Kylian ! Is France superstar Mbappe the heir to the Brazilian Ronaldo 's throne ? '' . Goal.com. 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mbappe on Pele comparison : ' flattering , but he 's in another category ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Agence France - Presse. 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Uruguay 0 -- 2 France '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Samuel Umtiti header puts France in World Cup final with win over Belgium '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Das , Andrew ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` France Rides to World Cup Final on Defense 's Back '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Yokhin , Michael ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Croatia quartet of star midfielders provides hope of escaping group '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Janieck , Karel ( 27 May 2018 ) . `` World Cup Countdown : Talented Croatia arrives with unfulfilled potential '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 1 -- 3 Mexico '' . BBC Sport. 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Holiga , Aleksandar ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 's World Cup run divides nation where football is never just sport '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modric , Rakitic Key Croatia 's Star - Laden Squad in Difficult World Cup Group '' . Sports Illustrated . 2 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Clegg , Jonathan ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia : The World Cup 's Russian Nesting Dolls '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Croatia secure World Cup 2018 place with victory over Greece '' . BBC Sport. 12 November 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia out to match success of 1998 World Cup generation '' . Reuters. 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bogage , Jacob ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Croatia vs. Nigeria 2018 World Cup : Modric 's penalty kick seals 2 -- 0 Croatia victory '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ MacInnes , Paul ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` Croatia send reluctant substitute Nikola Kalinic home from World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Osmanbasic , Adin ( 23 June 2018 ) . `` How did Croatia beat Argentina 3 : 0 ? '' . Spielverlagerung . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Patrick ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Croatia Crushes Iceland 's World Cup Dream '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia take Group D with 2 -- 1 win against Iceland '' . EFE. 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeremy ; Eccleshare , Charlie ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia through to World Cup quarter - finals after dramatic penalty shoot - out victory over Denmark '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Subasic the hero as Croatia claim shootout win '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Martin ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Russia 's underdog World Cup run comes to an end with PK loss to Croatia '' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hytner , David ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia book World Cup semi-final with England after penalty shootout win '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Debayan ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` By the numbers : Back - to - back shootout wins for Croatia , record penalty saves for Subasic '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Petrosyan , Artur ( 8 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia defender Domagoj Vida warned by FIFA over pro-Ukraine comments '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Das , Andrew ; Mather , Victor ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia Turns England 's World Cup Destiny Into Despair '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Martin ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia tops England in extra time to reach World Cup final '' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Wright , Chris ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 match ball released -- yep , that 's right , another one '' . ESPN . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Football Reveals Official Match Ball for the Knockout Stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . FIFA.com ( Press release ) . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sabin , Dyani ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` How the new World Cup ball was designed to not influence the games '' . Popular Science . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitana : It 's an indescribable feeling '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 13 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gantman , Marcelo ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Los atributos que le vio la FIFA a Néstor Pitana para designarlo para la final del Mundial Rusia 2018 : `` la roca '' que marcó el estilo arbitral '' ( The attributes that saw FIFA designate Néstor Pitana for the 2018 World Cup Final : `` the rock '' that marked the refereeing style ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will Smith , Nicky Jam y Era Istrefi calientan la final '' ( Will Smith , Nicky Jam and Era Istrefi warm up the final ) . La Jornada ( in Spanish ) . Notimex. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood star Will Smith brings down curtain on Russia World Cup '' . Reuters. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Das , Andrew ; Mather , Victor ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France vs. Croatia : World Cup Final Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goff , Steven ; Fortier , Sam ; Wilson , Scott ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France blazes past Croatia to win World Cup title for the second time '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup final : France and Croatia name unchanged line - ups as Kylian Mbappe starts '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Glendenning , Barry ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 final : France v Croatia -- live ! '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ogden , Mark ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Mbappe powers France to World Cup glory , Croatia reeling after VAR controversy '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Potts , Michael . `` Antoine Griezmann : Did France star dive vs Croatia in World Cup final ? '' . The Daily Express . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Doré , Louis . `` Griezmann dive and Perisic penalty : Two big decisions go against Croatia in World Cup final '' . i . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Griezmann dive fools Pitana and leads to opening goal for France '' . Diario AS . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Daniel ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France seal second World Cup triumph with 4 -- 2 win over brave Croatia '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bull , JJ ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup final 2018 , France vs Croatia : live score and latest updates '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` France lift second World Cup after winning classic final 4 -- 2 '' . Reuters. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pussy Riot claim responsibility for World Cup Final pitch invasion '' . Evening Standard . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match report : Half - time -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Prince - Wright , Joe ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France win World Cup after classic final '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soaked but smiling , Croatian president wins admirers at World Cup final '' . Reuters. 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Young , Joyful France Beats Croatia 4 -- 2 to Win 2nd World Cup '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Piala Dunia 2018 - FINAL CLOSING CEREMONY '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Formidable France secure second title '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric wins World Cup Golden Ball ; Mbappe and Courtois also honoured '' . ESPN . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Felix , Bate ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Paris fanzone fills with 90,000 willing ' Les Bleus ' to World Cup victory '' . Reuters . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Chrisafis , Angelique ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Paris celebrates World Cup win as one million fans fill Champs - Élysées '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Henry ; Chandler - Wilde , Helen ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` Two dead amid World Cup final victory celebrations in France '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Paris police arrest 102 people after World Cup celebrations turn violent '' . ESPN . 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : Paris renames stations for France heroes ' welcome '' . BBC Sport. 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ilic , Igor ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia takes to streets to toast soccer team 's historic run '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 26 , 1 millions de télespectateurs au total devant la finale de la Coupe du Monde '' . L'Équipe. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final Scores 22.3 M Peak In France As TF1 Secures Best Ratings Since 2016 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keslassy , Elsa ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Global Broadcasters Score Big With Live World Cup Final Ratings '' . Variety . Leo Barraclough , Stewart Clarke , John Hopewell , Vivarelli and Joseph Otterson . London , Madrid , Rome , Los Angeles : Michelle Sobrino - Stearns . ISSN 0042 - 2738 . OCLC 810134503 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Doherty , Christian ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Eurodata : World Cup Final reached 163 m viewers in Europe '' . Digital TV Europe . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Briel , Robert ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final attracted 163 m viewers in 20 territories '' . Broadband TV News . London . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` More Croats watched World Cup semi with England than historic first - ever final -- FIFA '' . RT International . 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Final third most popular match among Russian viewers '' . FourFourTwo Australia . Sputnik News . 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Briel , Robert ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final attracted 163m viewers in 20 territories '' . Broadband TV News . London . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Doherty , Christian ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Eurodata : World Cup Final reached 163m viewers in Europe '' . Digital TV Europe . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keslassy , Elsa ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Global Broadcasters Score Big With Live World Cup Final Ratings '' . Variety . Leo Barraclough , Stewart Clarke , John Hopewell , Vivarelli and Joseph Otterson . London , Madrid , Rome , Los Angeles : Michelle Sobrino - Stearns . ISSN 0042 - 2738 . OCLC 810134503 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Nicolaou , Anna ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup final ratings flop for Fox '' . Financial Times . New York City . ISSN 0307 - 1766 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` TV Ratings : World Cup Final Drops 32 Percent From 2014 , Posts Fox Best '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . ISSN 0018 - 3660 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Christopher ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final delivers 17 million viewers across FOX and Telemundo combined '' . World Soccer Talk . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Basu , Rith ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup over but surfeit of sport to beat hangover '' . The Telegraph . Kolkata . OCLC 271717941 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Laghate , Gaurav ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Record 70 million viewers watched FIFA World Cup on SonyLIV '' . The Economic Times . Mumbai : The Times Group . OCLC 61311680 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhaskar , Rohith ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` SonyLiv 's stream of the FIFA world cup shows that soccer is gaining on cricket in popularity '' . PCMag India . ISSN 2373 - 2830 . OCLC 34196174 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tao , Li ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Online streamers score after a surge in Chinese viewers during the 2018 World Cup football tournament '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Yining , Ding ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Suning Sports raises US $600 m '' . SHINE . Shanghai Daily . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Josh ( 19 July 2018 ) . `` SBS scores big with World Cup coverage reaching 9.1 m viewers '' . Ad News . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup TV Ratings : SBS scores with 9.1 million viewers across 57 matches '' . Mediaweek . Mediaweek. 19 July 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 25.8 Million Canadians Make the FIFA WORLD CUP TM on CTV , TSN , and RDS a Resounding Success '' ( Press release ) . Toronto : TSN. 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Preliminary overnight data from Numeris confirms that an average audience of 3.9 million viewers watched the FIFA WORLD CUP TM Final on Sunday . Audiences peaked at 5.4 million viewers at 12 : 53 p.m. ET as France secured their second - ever FIFA WORLD CUP TM victory . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Fox Sports Says Its World Cup Has Been an Ad Revenue Success , Even Without the U.S. Team '' . Adweek . ISSN 0199 - 2864 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , Sarah ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Fox Sports Says the World Cup Brought in Plenty of Ad Dollars -- Despite a Rocky Ratings Start '' . Fortune . ISSN 0015 - 8259 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lafayette , Jon ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Fox Nears Sellout for World Cup Final Match '' . Broadcasting & Cable . ISSN 1068 - 6827 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 FIFA World Cup Final . Official website Official documents and match documents 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . France national football team matches FIFA World Cup Finals 1998 2006 2018 FIFA Confederations Cup Finals 2003 UEFA European Championship Finals 1984 2000 2016 Other matches Belgium 3 -- 3 France ( 1904 ) West Germany 3 -- 3 ( a.e.t. , 5 -- 4 pen . ) France ( 1982 ) Ireland 1 -- 2 ( agg . ) France ( 2009 ) France 2 -- 0 Germany ( 2015 ) Croatia national football team General Croatian Football Federation Statistics Results Hat - tricks Players 20 + caps World Cup Finals Summary 2018 FIFA World Cup Final European Finals Summary Notable matches SR Croatia 5 -- 2 Indonesia ( 1956 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 United States ( 1990 ) Other teams Men 's Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 17 Women 's Under - 19 Under - 17 Association football portal Russia portal Moscow portal 2010s portal France portal Croatia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Final&oldid=854460309 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup finals 2017 -- 18 in Russian football Sports competitions in Moscow Football in Moscow 2018 in Moscow France national football team matches Croatia national football team matches Croatia -- France relations France at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Croatia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Pages with login required references or sources Use dmy dates from July 2018 EngvarB from July 2018 Articles containing Russian - language text Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 14 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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8410838913870173914 | United States district court | United States District court - wikipedia United States District court Jump to : navigation , search This article is about district courts of the U.S. federal judicial system . For district courts of various U.S. states ' judicial systems , see Courts of the United States § Courts by state of the United States . See also : List of United States district and territorial courts Map of the boundaries of the United States Courts of Appeals ( by color ) and United States District Courts . All District Courts lie within the boundary of a single jurisdiction usually in a state ( heavier lines ) ; some states have more than one District Court ( lighter lines denote those jurisdictions ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States district courts are the general trial courts of the United States federal court system . Both civil and criminal cases are filed in the district court , which is a court of law , equity , and admiralty . There is a United States bankruptcy court associated with each United States district court . Each federal judicial district has at least one courthouse , and many districts have more than one . The formal name of a district court is `` the United States District Court for '' the name of the district -- for example , the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri . In contrast to the Supreme Court , which was established by Article III of the Constitution , the district courts were established by Congress . There is no constitutional requirement that district courts exist at all . Indeed , after the ratification of the Constitution , some opponents of a strong federal judiciary urged that the federal court system be limited to the Supreme Court , which would hear appeals from state courts . This view did not prevail , however , and the first Congress created the district court system that is still in place today . There is at least one judicial district for each state , the District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico . District courts in three insular areas -- the United States Virgin Islands , Guam , and the Northern Mariana Islands -- exercise the same jurisdiction as Article III U.S. district courts . Despite their name , these courts are technically not `` District Courts of the United States '' . Judges on these Article IV territorial courts do not enjoy the protections of Article Three of the Constitution , and serve terms of ten years rather than for life . There are 89 districts in the 50 states , with a total of 94 districts including territories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other federal trial courts 2 United States district judges 3 Jurisdiction 4 Attorneys 5 Appeals 6 Busiest district courts 7 Extinct district courts 7.1 Subdivided district courts 7.2 Other abolished district courts 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Citations 10 External links Other federal trial courts ( edit ) There are other federal trial courts that have nationwide jurisdiction over certain types of cases , but the district court also has concurrent jurisdiction over many of those cases , and the district court is the only one with jurisdiction over civilian criminal cases . The United States Court of International Trade addresses cases involving international trade and customs issues . The United States Court of Federal Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over most claims for money damages against the United States , including disputes over federal contracts , unlawful takings of private property by the federal government , and suits for injury on federal property or by a federal employee . The United States Tax Court has jurisdiction over contested pre-assessment determinations of taxes . United States District judges ( edit ) Main article : United States federal judge A judge of a United States district court is officially titled a `` United States District Judge '' . Other federal judges , including circuit judges and Supreme Court Justices , can also sit in a district court upon assignment by the chief judge of the circuit or by the Chief Justice of the United States . The number of judges in each district court ( and the structure of the judicial system generally ) is set by Congress in the United States Code . The President appoints the federal judges for terms of good behavior ( subject to the advice and consent of the Senate ) , so the nominees often share at least some of his or her convictions . In states represented by a senator of the President 's party , the senator ( or the more senior of them if both senators are of the president 's party ) has substantial input into the nominating process , and through a tradition known as senatorial courtesy can exercise an unofficial veto over a nominee unacceptable to the senator . With the exception of the territorial courts ( Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the Virgin Islands ) , federal district judges are Article III judges appointed for life , and can be removed involuntarily only when they violate the standard of `` good behavior '' . The sole method of involuntary removal of a judge is through impeachment by the United States House of Representatives followed by a trial in the United States Senate and a conviction by a two - thirds vote . Otherwise , a judge , even if convicted of a felony criminal offense by a jury , is entitled to hold office until retirement or death . In the history of the United States , only twelve judges have been impeached by the House , and only seven have been removed following conviction in the Senate . ( For a table that includes the twelve impeached judges , see Impeachment in the United States . ) A judge who has reached the age of 65 ( or has become disabled ) may retire or elect to go on senior status and keep working . Such senior judges are not counted in the quota of active judges for the district and do only whatever work they are assigned by the chief judge of the district , but they keep their offices ( called `` chambers '' ) and staff , and many of them work full - time . A federal judge is addressed in writing as `` The Honorable John / Jane Doe '' or `` Hon . John / Jane Doe '' and in speech as `` Judge '' or `` Judge Doe '' or , when presiding in court , `` Your Honor '' . District judges usually concentrate on managing their court 's overall caseload , supervising trials , and writing opinions in response to important motions like the motion for summary judgment . Since the 1960s , routine tasks like resolving discovery disputes can , in the district judge 's discretion , be referred to magistrate judges . Magistrate judges can also be requested to prepare reports and recommendations on contested matters for the district judge 's consideration or , with the consent of all parties , to assume complete jurisdiction over a case including conducting the trial . Federal magistrate judges are appointed by each district court pursuant to statute . They are appointed for an eight - year term and may be reappointed for additional eight - year terms . A magistrate judge may be removed `` for incompetency , misconduct , neglect of duty , or physical or mental disability '' . A magistrate judgeship may be a stepping stone to a district judgeship nomination . As of 2010 , there were 678 authorized district court judgeships . A study put forth by Brennan Center for Justice at New York University of Law found that under the Obama administration and especially in the year 2009 there have been a `` uniquely high '' number of vacancies in Federal Court , averaging 60 or more from the years 2009 to 2013 . The Obama administration has blamed Senate Republicans for opposing ( and therefore , not confirming ) presidential nominations , while the Republicans say Obama has been slow to nominate . Jurisdiction ( edit ) Civil procedure in the United States Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Doctrines of civil procedure Jurisdiction Venue Pleadings Motions Service of process Complaint Answer Counterclaim Crossclaim Pre-trial procedure Discovery Interrogatories Depositions Request for admissions Request for production Resolution without trial Default judgment Summary judgment Voluntary dismissal Involuntary dismissal Settlement Trial Parties Jury Burden of proof Judgment Appeal Mandamus Certiorari Unlike some state courts , the power of federal courts to hear cases and controversies is strictly limited . Federal courts may not decide every case that happens to come before them . In order for a district court to entertain a lawsuit , Congress must first grant the court subject matter jurisdiction over the type of dispute in question . The district courts exercise original jurisdiction over -- that is , they are empowered to conduct trials in -- the following types of cases : Civil actions arising under the Constitution , laws , and treaties of the United States ; Certain civil actions between citizens of different states ; Civil actions within the admiralty or maritime jurisdiction of the United States ; Criminal prosecutions brought by the United States ; Civil actions in which the United States is a party ; and Many other types of cases and controversies For most of these cases , the jurisdiction of the federal district courts is concurrent with that of the state courts . In other words , a plaintiff can choose to bring these cases in either a federal district court or a state court . Congress has established a procedure whereby a party , typically the defendant , can `` remove '' a case from state court to federal court , provided that the federal court also has original jurisdiction over the matter ( meaning that the case could have been filed in federal court initially ) . If the party that initially filed the case in state court believes that removal was improper , that party can ask the district court to `` remand '' the case to the state court system . For certain matters , such as patent and copyright infringement disputes and prosecutions for federal crimes , the jurisdiction of the district courts is exclusive of that of the state courts , meaning that only federal courts can hear those cases . In addition to their original jurisdiction , the district courts have appellate jurisdiction over a very limited class of judgments , orders , and decrees . Attorneys ( edit ) United States District Court Attorney Admissions Reciprocity Map In order to represent a party in a case in a district court , a person must be an attorney at law and generally must be admitted to the bar of that particular court . The United States usually does not have a separate bar examination for federal practice ( except with respect to patent practice before the United States Patent and Trademark Office ) . Admission to the bar of a district court is generally granted as a matter of course to any attorney who is admitted to practice law in the state where the district court sits . Many district courts also allow an attorney who has been admitted and remains an active member in good standing of any state , territory or the District of Columbia bar to become a member . The attorney submits his application with a fee and takes the oath of admission . Local practice varies as to whether the oath is given in writing or in open court before a judge of the district . Several district courts require attorneys seeking admission to their bars to take an additional bar examination on federal law , including the following : the Southern District of Ohio , the Northern District of Florida , and the District of Puerto Rico . Appeals ( edit ) Generally , a final ruling by a district court in either a civil or a criminal case can be appealed to the United States court of appeals in the federal judicial circuit in which the district court is located , except that some district court rulings involving patents and certain other specialized matters must be appealed instead to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , and in a very few cases the appeal may be taken directly to the United States Supreme Court . Busiest District courts ( edit ) Eastern District of New York The Central District of California is the largest federal district by population ; it includes all five counties that make up the Greater Los Angeles Area . By contrast , New York City and the surrounding metropolitan area are divided between the Southern District of New York ( which includes Manhattan , The Bronx and Westchester County ) and the Eastern District of New York ( which includes Brooklyn , Queens , Staten Island , Nassau County and Suffolk County ) . New York suburbs in Connecticut and New Jersey are covered by the District of Connecticut and District of New Jersey , respectively . The Southern District of New York and the Central District of California are the largest federal districts by number of judges , with 28 and 27 , respectively . In 2007 , the busiest district courts in terms of criminal federal felony filings were the District of New Mexico , Western District of Texas , Southern District of Texas , and the District of Arizona . These four districts all share the border with Mexico . A crackdown on illegal immigration resulted in 75 percent of the criminal cases filed in the 94 district courts in 2007 being filed in these four districts and the other district that borders Mexico , the Southern District of California . The busiest patent litigation court is the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas , with the most patent lawsuits filed there nearly every year . Extinct District courts ( edit ) Subdivided District courts ( edit ) Main article : Former United States district courts Most extinct district courts have disappeared by being divided into smaller districts . The following courts were subdivided out of existence : Alabama , Arkansas , California , Florida , Georgia , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin . Other abolished District courts ( edit ) On rare occasions , an extinct district court was extinguished by merging it with other district courts . In every case except one , this has restored a district court that had been subdivided : Between 1794 and 1797 , the United States District Court for the District of North Carolina was divided into the United States District Courts for the Districts of Edenton , New Bern , and Wilmington . Between 1801 and 1802 , the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey was divided into the United States District Courts for the Districts of East Jersey and West Jersey . When California was admitted as a state in 1850 , it was initially divided into two districts , the Northern and the Southern . The Southern District of California was abolished on July 27 , 1866 , and the State made to constitute one district , the statute providing that the Judge of the Northern District exercise the powers of the United States District Court for the District of California , and that all records of the Southern District Court be delivered to the Clerk of the Northern District Court . Twenty years later , on August 5 , 1886 , Congress re-created the Southern District of California . Between 1911 and 1961 , the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina was divided into the United States District Courts for the Eastern and Western District of South Carolina . The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois was eliminated and a new United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois was created in its place on October 2 , 1978 . There are a few additional extinct district courts that fall into neither of the above two patterns . From 1801 to 1802 , the District of Columbia and pieces of Maryland and Virginia formed the United States District Court for the District of Potomac , which was the first United States district court to cross state lines . During the same period , the United States District Court for the District of Norfolk was carved out of another piece of Virginia . The United States District Courts for the Districts of Maryland and Virginia remained during this brief period . From 1801 to 1802 , and again from 1802 to 1872 , the state of North Carolina was subdivided into the United States District Courts for the Districts of Albemarle , Cape Fear , and Pamptico . These courts were extinguished when the state was reorganized into the United States District Courts for the Eastern and Western Districts of North Carolina . United States District Court for the District of Orleans . This court was renamed the United States District Court for the District of Louisiana when the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana . United States District Court for the Canal Zone . This court was abolished , effective March 31 , 1982 , as part of the process of returning the Canal Zone to Panama . Cases then pending in the Canal Zone court were transferred to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana in New Orleans . United States Court for China . This court functioned as a district court between 1906 and 1943 . It had jurisdiction over American citizens in China . See also ( edit ) Courts of the United States Federal tribunals in the United States United States Marshals Service Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Article III of the Constitution provides that the `` judicial power of the United States , shall be vested in ... such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish . '' Jump up ^ In some situations , federal law provides both for the exclusive jurisdiction of federal courts and for the immunity of the defendant from the power of those courts . One example of this is patent - infringement claims against a state government : only the federal courts may hear patent cases , but the states have sovereign immunity from such suits under the Eleventh Amendment . Although a state may choose to waive its immunity in such a case and allow it to proceed to trial , if it does not do so , the plaintiff has no recourse . This doctrine was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States in Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank , 527 U.S. 627 ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Nearly all district courts have a Local Rule 11.1 or 83.1 that describes the appropriate state judicial institution which admits attorneys to practice ( either the state bar association or an office or committee of the state supreme court ) . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States District Courts Jump up ^ United States District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands Jump up ^ 48 U.S.C. § 1424 ( District Court of Guam ; local courts ; jurisdiction ) Jump up ^ U.S. Courts Frequently Asked Questions Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 631 Jump up ^ Federal Judgeships , United States Courts . Jump up ^ http://www.jdjournal.com/2013/07/08/study-exposes-obamas-federal-district-vacancies-as-uniquely-high/ June , Daniel `` Study Exposes Obama 's Federal District Vacancies as ' Uniquely High ' '' Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1331 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1332 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1333 Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 3231 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1345 ( United States as plaintiff ) ; 28 U.S.C. § 1346 ( United States as defendant ) Jump up ^ Title 28 , United States Code , Chapter 85 . Jump up ^ `` 28 USC 1441 '' . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , 28 U.S.C. § 158 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( U.S. district courts are authorized to hear appeals from final judgments , orders , and decrees of U.S. bankruptcy judges ) . Jump up ^ Okray , John ( 2010 ) . U.S. Federal Courts : Attorney Admission Requirements . Fort Worth , TX : Lawyerup Press Jump up ^ Local Rule 83.3 , Local Rules of the Southern District of Ohio . Jump up ^ Local Rule 11.1 , Local Rules of the Northern District of Florida , Jump up ^ Local Rule 83.1 , Local Rules of the District of Puerto Rico . Jump up ^ Our District - USAO - CDCA Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 133 Jump up ^ Border Crackdown Jams US Federal Courts ( May 7 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Goldman , Russell ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` What 's Clogging the Courts ? Ask America 's Busiest Judge '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Lex Machina , 2016 Third Quarter Trends , https://lexmachina.com/2016-third-quarter-litigation-trends/ ^ Jump up to : Willoughby Rodman , History of the Bench and Bar of Southern California ( 1909 ) , p. 46 . External links ( edit ) United States District Courts Official Website United States District Courts by State Federal Court Concepts , Georgia Tech Links to researching court records and also National Archives : Records of District Courts of the United States ( Record Group 21 ) 1685 - 1993 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who represents the federal government in cases heard by u.s. appellate courts | [] | [] |
4927243832210809208 | Stellar classification | Stellar classification - wikipedia Stellar classification Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Spectral type Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Red dwarfs Subdwarfs Main sequence ( `` dwarfs '' ) Subgiants Giants Bright giants Supergiants Hypergiants absolute magni - tude ( M ) For the ranking system , e.g. `` four out of five stars '' , see Star ( classification ) . In astronomy , stellar classification is the classification of stars based on their spectral characteristics . Electromagnetic radiation from the star is analyzed by splitting it with a prism or diffraction grating into a spectrum exhibiting the rainbow of colors interspersed with spectral lines . Each line indicates a particular chemical element or molecule , with the line strength indicating the abundance of that element . The strengths of the different spectral lines vary mainly due to the temperature of the photosphere , although in some cases there are true abundance differences . The spectral class of a star is a short code primarily summarizing the ionization state , giving an objective measure of the photosphere 's temperature . Most stars are currently classified under the Morgan - Keenan ( MK ) system using the letters O , B , A , F , G , K , and M , a sequence from the hottest ( O type ) to the coolest ( M type ) . Each letter class is then subdivided using a numeric digit with 0 being hottest and 9 being coolest ( e.g. A8 , A9 , F0 , and F1 form a sequence from hotter to cooler ) . The sequence has been expanded with classes for other stars and star - like objects that do not fit in the classical system , such as class D for white dwarfs and classes S and C for carbon stars . In the MK system , a luminosity class is added to the spectral class using Roman numerals . This is based on the width of certain absorption lines in the star 's spectrum , which vary with the density of the atmosphere and so distinguish giant stars from dwarfs . Luminosity class 0 or Ia+ is used for hypergiants , class I for supergiants , class II for bright giants , class III for regular giants , class IV for sub-giants , class V for main - sequence stars , class sd ( or VI ) for sub-dwarfs , and class D ( or VII ) for white dwarfs . The full spectral class for the Sun is then G2V , indicating a main - sequence star with a temperature around 5,800 K . Contents 1 Conventional color description 2 Modern classification 2.1 Harvard spectral classification 2.2 Yerkes spectral classification 2.3 Spectral peculiarities 3 History 3.1 Secchi classes 3.2 Draper system 3.3 Harvard system 3.4 Mount Wilson classes 4 Spectral types 4.1 `` Early '' and `` late '' nomenclature 4.2 Class O 4.3 Class B 4.4 Class A 4.5 Class F 4.6 Class G 4.7 Class K 4.8 Class M 5 Extended spectral types 5.1 Hot blue emission star classes 5.1. 1 Class W : Wolf -- Rayet 5.1. 2 The `` Slash '' stars 5.2 Cool red and brown dwarf classes 5.2. 1 Class L 5.2. 2 Class T : methane dwarfs 5.2. 3 Class Y 5.3 Late giant carbon - star classes 5.3. 1 Class C : carbon stars 5.3. 2 Class S 5.3. 3 Classes MS and SC : intermediary carbon - related classes 5.4 White dwarf classifications 6 Stellar remnants 7 Replaced spectral classes 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Conventional color description ( edit ) Main article : Green star ( astronomy ) Just - saturated RGB - camera discs The conventional color description takes into account only the peak of the stellar spectrum . In actuality , however , stars radiate in all parts of the spectrum . Because all spectral colors combined appear white , the actual apparent colors the human eye would observe are far lighter than the conventional color descriptions would suggest . This characteristic of ' lightness ' indicates that the simplified assignment of colors within the spectrum can be misleading . Excluding color - contrast illusions in dim light , there are no green , indigo , or violet stars . Red dwarfs are a deep shade of orange , and brown dwarfs do not literally appear brown , but hypothetically would appear dim grey to a nearby observer . Modern classification ( edit ) The Morgan -- Keenan spectral classification The modern classification system is known as the Morgan -- Keenan ( MK ) classification . Each star is assigned a spectral class from the older Harvard spectral classification and a luminosity class using Roman numerals as explained below , forming the star 's spectral type . Other modern stellar classification systems , such as the UBV system , are based on color indexes -- the measured differences in three or more color magnitudes . Those numbers are given labels such as `` U-V '' or `` B-V '' , which represent the colors passed by two standard filters ( e.g. Ultraviolet , Blue and Visual ) . Harvard spectral classification ( edit ) The Harvard system is a one - dimensional classification scheme by astronomer Annie Jump Cannon , who re-ordered and simplified a prior alphabetical system . Stars are grouped according to their spectral characteristics by single letters of the alphabet , optionally with numeric subdivisions . Main - sequence stars vary in surface temperature from approximately 2,000 to 50,000 K , whereas more - evolved stars can have temperatures above 100,000 K. Physically , the classes indicate the temperature of the star 's atmosphere and are normally listed from hottest to coldest . Class Effective temperature Vega - relative chromaticity Chromaticity ( D65 ) Main - sequence mass ( solar masses ) Main - sequence radius ( solar radii ) Main - sequence luminosity ( bolometric ) Hydrogen lines Fraction of all main - sequence stars O ≥ 30,000 K blue blue ≥ 16 M ≥ 6.6 R ≥ 30,000 L Weak ~ 0.00003 % 10,000 -- 30,000 K blue white deep blue white 2.1 -- 16 M 1.8 -- 6.6 R 25 -- 30,000 L Medium 0.13 % 7,500 -- 10,000 K white blue white 1.4 -- 2.1 M 1.4 -- 1.8 R 5 -- 25 L Strong 0.6 % 6,000 -- 7,500 K yellow white white 1.04 -- 1.4 M 1.15 -- 1.4 R 1.5 -- 5 L Medium 3 % 5,200 -- 6,000 K yellow yellowish white 0.8 -- 1.04 M 0.96 -- 1.15 R 0.6 -- 1.5 L Weak 7.6 % 3,700 -- 5,200 K light orange pale yellow orange 0.45 -- 0.8 M 0.7 -- 0.96 R 0.08 -- 0.6 L Very weak 12.1 % 2,400 -- 3,700 K orange red light orange red 0.08 -- 0.45 M ≤ 0.7 R ≤ 0.08 L Very weak 76.45 % The Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram relates stellar classification with absolute magnitude , luminosity , and surface temperature . The spectral classes O through M , as well as other more specialized classes discussed later , are subdivided by Arabic numerals ( 0 -- 9 ) , where 0 denotes the hottest stars of a given class . For example , A0 denotes the hottest stars in class A and A9 denotes the coolest ones . Fractional numbers are allowed ; for example , the star Mu Normae is classified as O9. 7 . The Sun is classified as G2 . Conventional color descriptions are traditional in astronomy , and represent colors relative to the mean color of an A class star , which is considered to be white . The apparent color descriptions are what the observer would see if trying to describe the stars under a dark sky without aid to the eye , or with binoculars . However , most stars in the sky , except the brightest ones , appear white or bluish white to the unaided eye because they are too dim for color vision to work . Red supergiants are cooler and redder than dwarfs of the same spectral type , and stars with particular spectral features such as carbon stars may be far redder than any black body . The fact that the Harvard classification of a star indicated its surface or photospheric temperature ( or more precisely , its effective temperature ) was not fully understood until after its development , though by the time the first Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram was formulated ( by 1914 ) , this was generally suspected to be true . In the 1920s , the Indian physicist Meghnad Saha derived a theory of ionization by extending well - known ideas in physical chemistry pertaining to the dissociation of molecules to the ionization of atoms . First he applied it to the solar chromosphere , then to stellar spectra . Harvard astronomer Cecilia Payne then demonstrated that the O-B-A-F-G-K-M spectral sequence is actually a sequence in temperature . Because the classification sequence predates our understanding that it is a temperature sequence , the placement of a spectrum into a given subtype , such as B3 or A7 , depends upon ( largely subjective ) estimates of the strengths of absorption features in stellar spectra . As a result , these subtypes are not evenly divided into any sort of mathematically representable intervals . Yerkes spectral classification ( edit ) Spectra for dwarfs ( luminosity class V ) for standard spectral types taken from Pickles ( 1998 ) . Several notable spectral lines are indicated . Hydrogen lines are strongest for types A and B , and the overall spectrum peaks at shorter wavelengths for hotter stars . The Yerkes spectral classification , also called the MKK system from the authors ' initials , is a system of stellar spectral classification introduced in 1943 by William Wilson Morgan , Philip C. Keenan , and Edith Kellman from Yerkes Observatory . This two - dimensional ( temperature and luminosity ) classification scheme is based on spectral lines sensitive to stellar temperature and surface gravity , which is related to luminosity ( whilst the Harvard classification is based on just surface temperature ) . Later , in 1953 , after some revisions of list of standard stars and classification criteria , the scheme was named the Morgan -- Keenan classification , or MK , and this system remains in use . Denser stars with higher surface gravity exhibit greater pressure broadening of spectral lines . The gravity , and hence the pressure , on the surface of a giant star is much lower than for a dwarf star because the radius of the giant is much greater than a dwarf of similar mass . Therefore , differences in the spectrum can be interpreted as luminosity effects and a luminosity class can be assigned purely from examination of the spectrum . A number of different luminosity classes are distinguished , as listed in the table below . Yerkes luminosity classes Luminosity class Description Examples 0 or Ia hypergiants or extremely luminous supergiants Cygnus OB2 # 12 -- B3 - 4Ia+ Ia luminous supergiants Eta Canis Majoris -- B5Ia Iab intermediate - size luminous supergiants Gamma Cygni -- F8Iab Ib less luminous supergiants Zeta Persei -- B1Ib II bright giants Beta Leporis -- G0II III normal giants Arcturus -- K0III IV subgiants Gamma Cassiopeiae -- B0. 5IVpe V main - sequence stars ( dwarfs ) Achernar -- B6Vep sd ( prefix ) or VI subdwarfs HD 149382 -- sdB5 or B5VI D ( prefix ) or VII white dwarfs van Maanen 2 -- DZ8 Marginal cases are allowed ; for example , a star may be either a supergiant or a bright giant , or may be in between the subgiant and main - sequence classifications . In these cases , two special symbols are used : A slash ( / ) means that a star is either one class or the other . A dash ( - ) means that the star is in between the two classes . For example , a star classified as A3 - 4III / IV would be in between spectral types A3 and A4 , while being either a giant star or a subgiant . Sub-dwarf classes have also been used : VI for sub-dwarfs ( stars slightly less luminous than the main sequence ) . Nominal luminosity class VII ( and sometimes higher numerals ) is now rarely used for white dwarf or `` hot sub-dwarf '' classes , since the temperature - letters of the main sequence and giant stars no longer apply to white dwarfs . Occasionally , letters a and b are applied to luminosity classes other than supergiants ; for example , a giant star slightly more luminous than typical may be given a luminosity class of IIIb . An sample of extreme V stars with strong absorption in He II λ4686 spectral lines have been given the Vz designation . An example star is HD 93129 B . Spectral peculiarities ( edit ) Additional nomenclature , in the form of lower - case letters , can follow the spectral type to indicate peculiar features of the spectrum . Code Spectral peculiarities for stars : uncertain spectral value ... Undescribed spectral peculiarities exist ! Special peculiarity comp Composite spectrum Emission lines present ( e ) `` Forbidden '' emission lines present er `` Reversed '' center of emission lines weaker than edges eq Emission lines with P Cygni profile f N III and He II emission f * N IV λ4058Å is stronger than the N III λ4634Å , λ4640Å , & λ4642Å lines f+ Si IV λ4089Å & λ4116Å are emission in addition to the N III line ( f ) N III emission , absence or weak absorption of He II ( f+ ) ( ( f ) ) Displays strong He II absorption accompanied by weak N III emissions ( ( f * ) ) h WR stars with emission lines due to hydrogen . ha WR stars with hydrogen emissions seen on both absorption and emission . He wk Weak Helium lines k Spectra with interstellar absorption features m Enhanced metal features n Broad ( `` nebulous '' ) absorption due to spinning nn Very broad absorption features neb A nebula 's spectrum mixed in p Unspecified peculiarity , peculiar star . pq Peculiar spectrum , similar to the spectra of novae q P Cygni profiles s Narrow ( `` sharp '' ) absorption lines ss Very narrow lines sh Shell star features var Variable spectral feature ( sometimes abbreviated to `` v '' ) wl Weak lines ( also `` w '' & `` wk '' ) Element symbol Abnormally strong spectral lines of the specified element ( s ) For example , 59 Cygni is listed as spectral type B1. 5Vnne , indicating a spectrum with the general classification B1. 5V , as well as very broad absorption lines and certain emission lines . Guide for Secchi spectral types ( `` 152 Schjellerup '' is Y Canum Venaticorum ) History ( edit ) The reason for the odd arrangement of letters in the Harvard classification is historical , having evolved from the earlier Secchi classes and been progressively modified as understanding improved . Secchi classes ( edit ) During the 1860s and 1870s , pioneering stellar spectroscopist Angelo Secchi created the Secchi classes in order to classify observed spectra . By 1866 , he had developed three classes of stellar spectra , shown in the table below . In the late 1890s , this classification began to be superseded by the Harvard classification , which is discussed in the remainder of this article . Class number Secchi class description Secchi class I White and blue stars with broad heavy hydrogen lines , such as Vega and Altair . This includes the modern class A and early class F . Secchi class I ( Orion subtype ) A subtype of Secchi class I with narrow lines in place of wide bands , such as Rigel and Bellatrix . In modern terms , this corresponds to early B - type stars Secchi class II Yellow stars -- hydrogen less strong , but evident metallic lines , such as the Sun , Arcturus , and Capella . This includes the modern classes G and K as well as late class F . Secchi class III Orange to red stars with complex band spectra , such as Betelgeuse and Antares . This corresponds to the modern class M . Secchi class IV In 1868 , he discovered carbon stars , which he put into a distinct group : Red stars with significant carbon bands and lines , corresponding to modern classes C and S . Secchi class V In 1877 , he added a fifth class : Emission - line stars , such as Gamma Cassiopeiae and Sheliak , which are in modern class Be . The Roman numerals used for Secchi classes should not be confused with the completely unrelated Roman numerals used for Yerkes luminosity classes . Draper system ( edit ) Classifications in the Draper Catalogue of Stellar Spectra Secchi Draper A , B , C , D Hydrogen lines dominant . II E , F , G , H , I , K , L III IV Did not appear in the catalogue . O Wolf -- Rayet spectra with bright lines . Planetary nebulae . Q Other spectra . Classes carried through into the MK system are in bold . In the 1880s , the astronomer Edward C. Pickering began to make a survey of stellar spectra at the Harvard College Observatory , using the objective - prism method . A first result of this work was the Draper Catalogue of Stellar Spectra , published in 1890 . Williamina Fleming classified most of the spectra in this catalogue . The catalogue used a scheme in which the previously used Secchi classes ( I to IV ) were subdivided into more specific classes , given letters from A to N. Also , the letters O , P , and Q were used -- O for stars whose spectra consisted mainly of bright lines , P for planetary nebulae , and Q for stars not fitting into any other class . Harvard system ( edit ) In 1897 , another worker at Harvard , Antonia Maury , placed the Orion subtype of Secchi class I ahead of the remainder of Secchi class I , thus placing the modern type B ahead of the modern type A. She was the first to do so , although she did not use lettered spectral types , but rather a series of twenty - two types numbered from I to XXII . In 1901 , Annie Jump Cannon returned to the lettered types , but dropped all letters except O , B , A , F , G , K , and M , used in that order , as well as P for planetary nebulae and Q for some peculiar spectra . She also used types such as B5A for stars halfway between types B and A , F2G for stars one - fifth of the way from F to G , and so on . Finally , by 1912 , Cannon had changed the types B , A , B5A , F2G , etc. to B0 , A0 , B5 , F2 , etc . This is essentially the modern form of the Harvard classification system . A common mnemonic for remembering the order of the spectral type letters , from hottest to coolest , is `` Oh , Be A Fine Guy / Girl , Kiss Me '' . Mount Wilson classes ( edit ) A luminosity classification known as the Mount Wilson system was used to distinguish between stars of different luminosities . This notation system is still sometimes seen on modern spectra . Class Meaning sd Subdwarf d Dwarf sg Subgiant g Giant Supergiant Spectral types ( edit ) The stellar classification system is taxonomic , based on type specimens , similar to classification of species in biology : The categories are defined by one or more standard stars for each category and sub-category , with an associated description of the distinguishing features . `` Early '' and `` late '' nomenclature ( edit ) Look up late - type star or early - type star in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Stars are often referred to as early or late types . `` Early '' is a synonym for hotter , while `` late '' is a synonym for cooler . Depending on the context , `` early '' and `` late '' may be absolute or relative terms . `` Early '' as an absolute term would therefore refer to O or B , and possibly A stars . As a relative reference it relates to stars hotter than others , such as `` early K '' being perhaps K0 , K1 , and K3 . `` Late '' is used in the same way , with an unqualified use of the term indicating stars with spectral types such as K and M , but it can also be used for stars that are cool relative to other stars , as in using `` late G '' to refer to G7 , G8 , and G9 . In the relative sense , `` early '' means a lower Arabic numeral following the class letter , and `` late '' means a higher number . This obscure terminology is a hold - over from an early 20th century model of stellar evolution , which supposed that stars were powered by gravitational contraction via the Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism , which is now known to not apply to main sequence stars . If that were true , then stars would start their lives as very hot `` early - type '' stars and then gradually cool down into `` late - type '' stars . This mechanism provided ages of the Sun that were much smaller than what is observed in the geologic record , and was rendered obsolete by the discovery that stars are powered by nuclear fusion . The terms `` early '' and `` late '' were carried over , beyond the demise of the model they were based on . Class O ( edit ) Main article : O - type star See also : O - type main - sequence star , Blue giant , and Blue supergiant Artist 's rendering of Zeta Puppis , an O4 supergiant O - type stars are very hot and extremely luminous , with most of their radiated output in the ultraviolet range . These are the rarest of all main - sequence stars . About 1 in 3,000,000 ( 0.00003 % ) of the main - sequence stars in the solar neighborhood are O - type stars . Some of the most massive stars lie within this spectral class . O - type stars frequently have complicated surroundings that make measurement of their spectra difficult . O - type spectra formerly were defined by the ratio of the strength of the He II λ4541 relative to that of He I λ4471 , where λ is the wavelength , measured in ångströms . Spectral type O7 was defined to be the point at which the two intensities are equal , with the He I line weakening towards earlier types . Type O3 was , by definition , the point at which said line disappears altogether , although it can be seen very faintly with modern technology . Due to this , the modern definition uses the ratio of the nitrogen line N IV λ4058 to N III λλ4634 - 40 - 42 . O - type stars have dominant lines of absorption and sometimes emission for He II lines , prominent ionized ( Si IV , O III , N III , and C III ) and neutral helium lines , strengthening from O5 to O9 , and prominent hydrogen Balmer lines , although not as strong as in later types . Because they are so massive , O - type stars have very hot cores and burn through their hydrogen fuel very quickly , so they are the first stars to leave the main sequence . When the MKK classification scheme was first described in 1943 , the only subtypes of class O used were O5 to O9. 5 . The MKK scheme was extended to O9. 7 in 1971 and O4 in 1978 , and new classification schemes that add types O2 , O3 and O3. 5 have subsequently been introduced . Spectral standards : O7V -- S Monocerotis O9V -- 10 Lacertae Class B ( edit ) See also : B - type main - sequence star , Blue giant , and Blue supergiant Artist 's impression of Aludra , a B5 supergiant seen in Canis Major . B - type stars are very luminous and blue . Their spectra have neutral helium lines , which are most prominent at the B2 subclass , and moderate hydrogen lines . As O - and B - type stars are so energetic , they only live for a relatively short time . Thus , due to the low probability of kinematic interaction during their lifetime , they are unable to stray far from the area in which they formed , apart from runaway stars . The transition from class O to class B was originally defined to be the point at which the He II λ4541 disappears . However , with modern equipment , the line is still apparent in the early B - type stars . Today for main - sequence stars , the B - class is instead defined by the intensity of the He I violet spectrum , with the maximum intensity corresponding to class B2 . For supergiants , lines of silicon are used instead ; the Si IV λ4089 and Si III λ4552 lines are indicative of early B. At mid B , the intensity of the latter relative to that of Si II λλ4128 - 30 is the defining characteristic , while for late B , it is the intensity of Mg II λ4481 relative to that of He I λ4471 . These stars tend to be found in their originating OB associations , which are associated with giant molecular clouds . The Orion OB1 association occupies a large portion of a spiral arm of the Milky Way and contains many of the brighter stars of the constellation Orion . About 1 in 800 ( 0.125 % ) of the main - sequence stars in the solar neighborhood are B - type main - sequence stars . Massive yet non-supergiant entities known as `` Be stars '' are main - sequence stars that notably have , or had at some time , one or more Balmer lines in emission , with the hydrogen - related electromagnetic radiation series projected out by the stars being of particular interest . Be stars are generally thought to feature unusually strong stellar winds , high surface temperatures , and significant attrition of stellar mass as the objects rotate at a curiously rapid rate . Objects known as `` B ( e ) '' or `` B ( e ) '' stars possess distinctive neutral or low ionisation emission lines that are considered to have ' forbidden mechanisms ' , undergoing processes not normally allowed under current understandings of quantum mechanics . Spectral standards : B0V -- Upsilon Orionis B0Ia -- Alnilam B2Ia -- Chi Orionis B2Ib -- 9 Cephei B3V -- Eta Ursae Majoris B3V -- Eta Aurigae B3Ia -- Omicron Canis Majoris B5Ia -- Eta Canis Majoris B8Ia -- Rigel Class a ( edit ) See also : A-type main - sequence star Fomalhaut , an A3 main - sequence star A-type stars are among the more common naked eye stars , and are white or bluish - white . They have strong hydrogen lines , at a maximum by A0 , and also lines of ionized metals ( Fe II , Mg II , Si II ) at a maximum at A5 . The presence of Ca II lines is notably strengthening by this point . About 1 in 160 ( 0.625 % ) of the main - sequence stars in the solar neighborhood are A-type stars . Spectral standards : A0Van -- Gamma Ursae Majoris A0Va -- Vega A0Ib -- Eta Leonis A0Ia -- HD 21389 A1V -- Sirius A A2Ia -- Deneb A3Va -- Fomalhaut Class F ( edit ) See also : F - type main - sequence star Canopus , an F - type supergiant and the second brightest star in the night sky F - type stars have strengthening spectral lines H and K of Ca II . Neutral metals ( Fe I , Cr I ) beginning to gain on ionized metal lines by late F. Their spectra are characterized by the weaker hydrogen lines and ionized metals . Their color is white . About 1 in 33 ( 3.03 % ) of the main - sequence stars in the solar neighborhood are F - type stars . Spectral standards : F0IIIa -- Zeta Leonis F0Ib -- Alpha Leporis F2V -- 78 Ursae Majoris Class G ( edit ) `` G star '' redirects here . For other uses , see G star ( disambiguation ) . See also : G - type main - sequence star and Yellow supergiant The Sun , a G2 main - sequence star , with dark sunspots G - type stars , including the Sun have prominent spectral lines H and K of Ca II , which are most pronounced at G2 . They have even weaker hydrogen lines than F , but along with the ionized metals , they have neutral metals . There is a prominent spike in the G band of CH molecules . Class G main - sequence stars make up about 7.5 % , nearly one in thirteen , of the main - sequence stars in the solar neighborhood . G is host to the `` Yellow Evolutionary Void '' . Supergiant stars often swing between O or B ( blue ) and K or M ( red ) . While they do this , they do not stay for long in the yellow supergiant G class , as this is an extremely unstable place for a supergiant to be . Spectral standards : G0V -- Beta Canum Venaticorum G0IV -- Eta Boötis G0Ib -- Beta Aquarii G2V -- Sun G5V -- Kappa Ceti G5IV -- Mu Herculis G5Ib -- 9 Pegasi G8V -- 61 Ursae Majoris G8IV -- Beta Aquilae G8IIIa -- Kappa Geminorum G8IIIab -- Epsilon Virginis G8Ib -- Epsilon Geminorum Class K ( edit ) See also : K - type main - sequence star `` K - type star '' redirects here . For the Korean nuclear fusion project , see KSTAR . Arcturus , a K1. 5 giant K - type stars are orangish stars that are slightly cooler than the Sun . They make up about 12 % of the main - sequence stars in the solar neighborhood . There are also giant K - type stars , which range from hypergiants like RW Cephei , to giants and supergiants , such as Arcturus , whereas orange dwarfs , like Alpha Centauri B , are main - sequence stars . They have extremely weak hydrogen lines , if they are present at all , and mostly neutral metals ( Mn I , Fe I , Si I ) . By late K , molecular bands of titanium oxide become present . There is a suggestion that K - spectrum stars may potentially increase the chances of life developing on orbiting planets that are within the habitable zone . Spectral standards : K0V -- Sigma Draconis K0III -- Pollux K0III -- Epsilon Cygni K2V -- Epsilon Eridani K2III -- Kappa Ophiuchi K3III -- Rho Boötis K5V -- 61 Cygni A K5III -- Gamma Draconis Class M ( edit ) See also : Red dwarf , Red giant , and Red supergiant UY Scuti , an M4 supergiant Class M stars are by far the most common . About 76 % of the main - sequence stars in the solar neighborhood are class M stars . However , class M main - sequence stars ( red dwarfs ) have such low luminosities that none are bright enough to be seen with the unaided eye , unless under exceptional conditions . The brightest known M - class main - sequence star is M0V Lacaille 8760 , with magnitude 6.6 ( the limiting magnitude for typical naked - eye visibility under good conditions is typically quoted as 6.5 ) , and it is extremely unlikely that any brighter examples will be found . Although most class M stars are red dwarfs , most giants and some supergiants such as VY Canis Majoris , Antares and Betelgeuse are also class M. Furthermore , the larger , hotter brown dwarfs are late class M , usually in the range of M6. 5 to M9. 5 . The spectrum of a class M star contains lines from oxide molecules ( in the visible spectrum , especially TiO ) and all neutral metals , but absorption lines of hydrogen are usually absent . TiO bands can be strong in class M stars , usually dominating their visible spectrum by about M5 . Vanadium ( II ) oxide bands become present by late M . Spectral standards : M0IIIa -- Beta Andromedae M2III -- Chi Pegasi M1 - M2Ia - Iab -- Betelgeuse M2Ia -- Mu Cephei Extended spectral types ( edit ) A number of new spectral types have been taken into use from newly discovered types of stars . Hot blue emission star classes ( edit ) UGC 5797 , an emission - line galaxy where massive bright blue stars are formed Spectra of some very hot and bluish stars exhibit marked emission lines from carbon or nitrogen , or sometimes oxygen . Class W : Wolf -- Rayet ( edit ) Main article : Wolf -- Rayet star Hubble Space Telescope image of the nebula M1 - 67 and the Wolf -- Rayet star WR 124 in the center Class W or WR represents the Wolf -- Rayet stars , notable for spectra lacking hydrogen lines . Instead their spectra are dominated by broad emission lines of highly ionized helium , nitrogen , carbon and sometimes oxygen . They are thought to mostly be dying supergiants with their hydrogen layers blown away by stellar winds , thereby directly exposing their hot helium shells . Class W is further divided into subclasses according to the relative strength of nitrogen and carbon emission lines in their spectra ( and outer layers ) . WR spectra range is listed below : WN -- spectrum dominated by N III - V and He I - II lines WNE ( WN2 to WN5 with some WN6 ) -- hotter or `` early '' WNL ( WN7 to WN9 with some WN6 ) -- cooler or `` late '' Extended WN classes WN10 and WN11 sometimes used for the Ofpe / WN9 stars h tag used ( e.g. WN9h ) for WR with hydrogen emission and ha ( e.g. WN6ha ) for both hydrogen emission and absorption WN / C -- WN stars plus strong C IV lines , intermediate between WN and WC stars WC -- spectrum with strong C II - IV lines WCE ( WC4 to WC6 ) -- hotter or `` early '' WCL ( WC7 to WC9 ) -- cooler or `` late '' WO ( WO1 to WO4 ) -- strong O VI lines , extremely rare Although the central stars of most planetary nebulae ( CSPNe ) show O type spectra , around 10 % are hydrogen - deficient and show WR spectra . These are low - mass stars and to distinguish them from the massive Wolf - Rayet stars , their spectra are enclosed in square brackets : e.g. ( WC ) . Most of these show ( WC ) spectra , some ( WO ) , and very rarely ( WN ) . The `` slash '' stars ( edit ) Main article : Slash star The slash stars are O - type stars with WN - like lines in their spectra . The name `` slash '' comes from their printed spectral type having a slash in it ( e.g. `` Of / WNL '' ) . There is a secondary group found with this spectra , a cooler , `` intermediate '' group designated `` Ofpe / WN9 '' . These stars have also been referred to as WN10 or WN11 , but that has become less popular with the realisation of the evolutionary difference from other Wolf -- Rayet stars . Recent discoveries of even rarer stars have extended the range of slash stars as far as O2 - 3.5 If / WN5 - 7 , which are even hotter than the original `` slash '' stars . Cool red and brown dwarf classes ( edit ) Main articles : Brown dwarf and Red dwarf The new spectral types L , T , and Y were created to classify infrared spectra of cool stars . This includes both red dwarfs and brown dwarfs that are very faint in the visible spectrum . Brown dwarfs , whose energy comes from gravitational attraction alone , cool as they age and so progress to later spectral types . Brown dwarfs start their lives with M - type spectra and will cool through the L , T , and Y spectral classes , faster the less massive they are ; the highest - mass brown dwarfs can not have cooled to Y or even T dwarfs within the age of the universe . Because this leads to an unresolvable overlap between spectral types ' effective temperature and luminosity for some masses and ages of different L-T-Y types , no distinct temperature or luminosity values can be given . Class L ( edit ) Artist 's impression of an L - dwarf Class L dwarfs get their designation because they are cooler than M stars and L is the remaining letter alphabetically closest to M. Some of these objects have masses large enough to support hydrogen fusion and are therefore stars , but most are of substellar mass and are therefore brown dwarfs . They are a very dark red in color and brightest in infrared . Their atmosphere is cool enough to allow metal hydrides and alkali metals to be prominent in their spectra . Due to low surface gravity in giant stars , TiO - and VO - bearing condensates never form . Thus , L - type stars larger than dwarfs can never form in an isolated environment . However , it may be possible for these L - type supergiants to form through stellar collisions , an example of which is V838 Monocerotis while in the height of its luminous red nova eruption . Class T : methane dwarfs ( edit ) Artist 's impression of a T - dwarf Class T dwarfs are cool brown dwarfs with surface temperatures between approximately 550 and 1,300 K ( 277 and 1,027 ° C ; 530 and 1,880 ° F ) . Their emission peaks in the infrared . Methane is prominent in their spectra . Classes T and L could be more common than all the other classes combined if recent research is accurate . Because brown dwarfs persist for so long -- a few times the age of the universe -- in the absence of catastrophic collisions these smaller bodies can only increase in number . Study of the number of proplyds ( protoplanetary disks , clumps of gas in nebulae from which stars and planetary systems are formed ) indicates that the number of stars in the galaxy should be several orders of magnitude higher than what was previously conjectured . It is theorized that these proplyds are in a race with each other . The first one to form will become a protostar , which are very violent objects and will disrupt other proplyds in the vicinity , stripping them of their gas . The victim proplyds will then probably go on to become main - sequence stars or brown dwarfs of the L and T classes , which are quite invisible to us . Class Y ( edit ) See also : Sub-brown dwarf and Substellar object Artist 's impression of a Y - dwarf Brown dwarfs of spectral class Y are cooler than those of spectral class T and have qualitatively different spectra from them . A total of 17 objects have been placed in class Y as of August 2013 . Although such dwarfs have been modelled and detected within forty light - years by the Wide - field Infrared Survey Explorer ( WISE ) there is no well - defined spectral sequence yet and no prototypes . Nevertheless , several objects have been proposed as spectral classes Y0 , Y1 , and Y2 . The spectra of these prospective Y objects display absorption around 1.55 micrometers . Delorme et al. have suggested that this feature is due to absorption from ammonia , and that this should be taken as the indicative feature for the T-Y transition . In fact , this ammonia - absorption feature is the main criterion that has been adopted to define this class . However , this feature is difficult to distinguish from absorption by water and methane , and other authors have stated that the assignment of class Y0 is premature . The latest brown dwarf proposed for the Y spectral type , WISE 1828 + 2650 , is a > Y2 dwarf with an effective temperature originally estimated around 300 K , the temperature of the human body . Parallax measurements have , however , since shown that its luminosity is inconsistent with it being colder than ~ 400 K . The coolest Y dwarf currently known is WISE 0855 − 0714 with an approximate temperature of 250 K . The mass range for Y dwarfs is 9 -- 25 Jupiter masses , but young objects might reach below one Jupiter mass , which means that Y class objects straddle the 13 Jupiter mass deuterium - fusion limit that marks the current IAU division between brown dwarfs and planets . Late giant carbon - star classes ( edit ) Carbon - stars are stars whose spectra indicate production of carbon -- a byproduct of triple - alpha helium fusion . With increased carbon abundance , and some parallel s - process heavy element production , the spectra of these stars become increasingly deviant from the usual late spectral classes G , K , and M. Equivalent classes for carbon - rich stars are S and C . The giants among those stars are presumed to produce this carbon themselves , but some stars in this class are double stars , whose odd atmosphere is suspected of having been transferred from a companion that is now a white dwarf , when the companion was a carbon - star . Class C. : carbon stars ( edit ) Main article : Carbon star Image of the carbon star R Sculptoris and its striking spiral structure Originally classified as R and N stars , these are also known as carbon stars . These are red giants , near the end of their lives , in which there is an excess of carbon in the atmosphere . The old R and N classes ran parallel to the normal classification system from roughly mid G to late M. These have more recently been remapped into a unified carbon classifier C with N0 starting at roughly C6 . Another subset of cool carbon stars are the C-J type stars , which are characterized by the strong presence of molecules of CN in addition to those of CN . A few main - sequence carbon stars are known , but the overwhelming majority of known carbon stars are giants or supergiants . There are several subclasses : C-R -- Formerly its own class ( R ) representing the carbon star equivalent of late G to early K - type stars . C-N -- Formerly its own class representing the carbon star equivalent of late K to M - type stars . C-J -- A subtype of cool C stars with a high content of C . C-H -- Population II analogues of the C-R stars . C - Hd -- Hydrogen - deficient carbon stars , similar to late G supergiants with CH and C bands added . Class S ( edit ) Main article : S - type star Class S stars form a continuum between class M stars and carbon stars . Those most similar to class M stars have strong ZrO absorption bands analogous to the TiO bands of class M stars , whereas those most similar to carbon stars have strong sodium D lines and weak C bands . Class S stars have excess amounts of zirconium and other elements produced by the s - process , and have more similar carbon and oxygen abundances than class M or carbon stars . Like carbon stars , nearly all known class S stars are asymptotic - giant - branch stars . The spectral type is formed by the letter S and a number between zero and ten . This number corresponds to the temperature of the star and approximately follows the temperature scale used for class M giants . The most common types are S3 to S5 . The non-standard designation S10 has only been used for the star Chi Cygni when at an extreme minimum . The basic classification is usually followed by an abundance indication , following one of several schemes : S2 , 5 ; S2 / 5 ; S2 Zr4 Ti2 ; or S2 * 5 . A number following a comma is a scale between 1 and 9 based on the ratio of ZrO and TiO . A number following a slash is a more recent but less common scheme designed to represent the ratio of carbon to oxygen on a scale of 1 to 10 , where a 0 would be an MS star . Intensities of zirconium and titanium may be indicated explicitly . Also occasionally seen is a number following an asterisk , which represents the strength of the ZrO bands on a scale from 1 to 5 . Classes MS and SC : intermediary carbon - related classes ( edit ) In between the M and S classes , border cases are named MS stars . In a similar way , border cases between the S and C-N classes are named SC or CS . The sequence M → MS → S → SC → C-N is hypothesized to be a sequence of increased carbon abundance with age for carbon stars in the asymptotic giant branch . White dwarf classifications ( edit ) Main article : White dwarf spectroscopy Sirius A and B ( a white dwarf of type DA2 ) resolved by Hubble The class D ( for Degenerate ) is the modern classification used for white dwarfs -- low - mass stars that are no longer undergoing nuclear fusion and have shrunk to planetary size , slowly cooling down . Class D is further divided into spectral types DA , DB , DC , DO , DQ , DX , and DZ . The letters are not related to the letters used in the classification of other stars , but instead indicate the composition of the white dwarf 's visible outer layer or atmosphere . The white dwarf types are as follows : DA -- a hydrogen - rich atmosphere or outer layer , indicated by strong Balmer hydrogen spectral lines . DB -- a helium - rich atmosphere , indicated by neutral helium , He I , spectral lines . DO -- a helium - rich atmosphere , indicated by ionized helium , He II , spectral lines . DQ -- a carbon - rich atmosphere , indicated by atomic or molecular carbon lines . DZ -- a metal - rich atmosphere , indicated by metal spectral lines ( a merger of the obsolete white dwarf spectral types , DG , DK and DM ) . DC -- no strong spectral lines indicating one of the above categories . DX -- spectral lines are insufficiently clear to classify into one of the above categories . The type is followed by a number giving the white dwarf 's surface temperature . This number is a rounded form of 50400 / T , where T is the effective surface temperature , measured in kelvins . Originally , this number was rounded to one of the digits 1 through 9 , but more recently fractional values have started to be used , as well as values below 1 and above 9 . Two or more of the type letters may be used to indicate a white dwarf that displays more than one of the spectral features above . Extended white dwarf spectral types : DAB -- a hydrogen - and helium - rich white dwarf displaying neutral helium lines . DAO -- a hydrogen - and helium - rich white dwarf displaying ionized helium lines . DAZ -- a hydrogen - rich metallic white dwarf . DBZ -- a helium - rich metallic white dwarf . A different set of spectral peculiarity symbols are used for white dwarfs than for other types of stars : Code Spectral peculiarities for stars Magnetic white dwarf with detectable polarization Emission lines present Magnetic white dwarf without detectable polarization V Variable PEC Spectral peculiarities exist Stellar remnants ( edit ) Main articles : Neutron star , Black hole , and Exotic star Stellar remnants are objects associated with the death of stars . Included in the category are white dwarfs , and as can be seen from the radically different classification scheme for class D , non-stellar objects are difficult to fit into the MK system . The Hertzsprung - Russell diagram , which the MK system is based on , is observational in nature so these remnants can not easily be plotted on the diagram , or can not be placed at all . Old neutron stars are relatively small and cold , and would fall on the far right side of the diagram . Planetary nebulae are dynamic and tend to quickly fade in brightness as the progenitor star transitions to the white dwarf branch . If shown , a planetary nebula would be plotted to the right of the diagram 's upper right quadrant . A black hole emits no visible light of its own , and therefore would not appear on the diagram . Replaced spectral classes ( edit ) Several spectral types , all previously used for non-standard stars in the mid-20th century , have been replaced during revisions of the stellar classification system . They may still be found in old editions of star catalogs : R and N have been subsumed into the new C class as C-R and C-N . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Astrograph Guest star Spectral signature Stellar evolution Star count , survey of stars UBV photometric system Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is the relative color of the star if Vega , generally considered a bluish star , is used as a standard for `` white '' . Jump up ^ Chromaticity can vary significantly within a class ; for example , the Sun ( a G2 star ) is white , while a G9 star is yellow . Jump up ^ Technically , white dwarfs are no longer `` live '' stars , but rather the `` dead '' remains of extinguished stars . Their classification uses a different set of spectral types from element - burning `` live '' stars . Jump up ^ When used with A-type stars , this instead refers to abnormally strong metallic spectral lines ^ Jump up to : These proportions are fractions of stars brighter than absolute magnitude 16 ; lowering this limit will render earlier types even rarer , whereas generally adding only to the M class . Jump up ^ This rises to 78.6 % if we include all stars . ( See the above note . ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Habets , G.M.H.J. ; Heinze , J.R.W. ( November 1981 ) . `` Empirical bolometric corrections for the main - sequence '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series . 46 : 193 -- 237 ( Tables VII and VIII ) . Bibcode : 1981A&AS ... 46 ... 193H . -- Luminosities are derived from M figures , using M ( ☉ ) = 4.75 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Trent J. ; Kraus , Adam L. ( September 2013 ) . `` Distances , Luminosities , and Temperatures of the Coldest Known Substellar Objects '' . Science . 341 ( 6153 ) : 1492 -- 1495 . arXiv : 1309.1422 . 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Bibcode : 2016AJ ... 152 ... 78L . doi : 10.3847 / 0004 - 6256 / 152 / 3 / 78 . Jump up ^ Bouigue , R. ( 1954 ) . Annales d'Astrophysique , Vol. 17 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Keenan , P.C. ( 1954 ) . Astrophysical Journal , vol. 120 , p. 484 ^ Jump up to : Sion , E.M. ; Greenstein , J.L. ; Landstreet , J.D. ; Liebert , J. ; Shipman , H.L. ; Wegner , G.A. ( 1983 ) . `` A proposed new white dwarf spectral classification system '' . Astrophysical Journal . 269 : 253 . Bibcode : 1983ApJ ... 269 ... 253S . doi : 10.1086 / 161036 . Jump up ^ Córsico , A.H. ; Althaus , L.G. ( 2004 ) . `` The rate of period change in pulsating DB - white dwarf stars '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 428 : 159 -- 170 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0408237 . Bibcode : 2004A&A ... 428 ... 159C . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20041372 . Jump up ^ McCook , George P. ; Sion , Edward M. ( 1999 ) . `` A Catalog of Spectroscopically Identified White Dwarfs '' . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 121 : 1 -- 130 . Bibcode : 1999ApJS ... 121 ... 1M . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.565. 5507 . doi : 10.1086 / 313186 . Jump up ^ `` Pulsating Variable Stars and the Hertzsprung - Russell ( H-R ) Diagram '' . Harvard - Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. 9 March 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Libraries of stellar spectra by D. Montes , UCM Spectral Types for Hipparcos Catalogue Entries Stellar Spectral Classification by Richard O. Gray and Christopher J. Corbally Spectral models of stars by P. Coelho Merrifield , Michael ; Bauer , Amanda ; Häußler , Boris ( 2010 ) . `` Star Classification '' . Sixty Symbols . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red - giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Yellow Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification O WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Oscillating Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Hypothetical stars Boson star Black dwarf Exotic Electroweak star Quark Strange Preon Planck Dark matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Symbiotic Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Icarus ( most distant individual star ) Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stellar_classification&oldid=856074722 '' Categories : Stars Stars by spectral type Stars by luminosity class Hertzsprung -- Russell classifications Classification systems Stellar astronomy Star types Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 18 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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7690012434780067341 | Angels from the Realms of Glory | Angels from the Realms of Glory - wikipedia Angels from the Realms of Glory Jump to : navigation , search Angels from the Realms of Glory Tune for Angels from the Realms of Glory Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Angels from the Realms of Glory '' is a Christmas carol written by Scottish poet James Montgomery . It was first printed in the Sheffield Iris on Christmas Eve 1816 , though it only began to be sung in churches after its 1825 reprinting in the Montgomery collection The Christian Psalmist and in the Religious Tract Society 's The Christmas Box or New Year 's Gift . Before 1928 , the hymn was sung to a variety of tunes , including `` Regent Square '' , `` Lewes '' by John Randall , and `` Wildersmouth '' or `` Feniton Court '' by Edward Hopkins . In the United States , the hymn is today most commonly sung to the tune of `` Regent Square '' by Henry Smart . In the United Kingdom , however , the hymn came to be sung to the French carol tune `` Iris '' ( Les anges dans nos campagnes , the tune used for `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' ) after this setting was published in the Oxford Book of Carols . Sometimes the `` Gloria in excelsis Deo '' refrain is even sung in place of Montgomery 's original lyric : `` Come and worship Christ the new - born King '' . Lyrics ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Angels , from the Realms of Glory Angels , from the realms of glory , Wing your flight o'er all the earth ; Ye who sang creation 's story , Now proclaim Messiah 's birth : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Shepherds , in the fields abiding , Watching o'er your flocks by night , God with man is now residing , Yonder shines the infant light : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Sages , leave your contemplations , Brighter visions beam afar ; Seek the great Desire of nations , Ye have seen his natal star : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Saints before the altar bending , Watching long in hope and fear , Suddenly the Lord , descending , In his temple shall appear . Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Sinners , wrung with true repentance , Doomed for guilt to endless pains , Justice now revokes the sentence , Mercy calls you -- break your chains : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Though an infant now we view him , He shall fill his Father 's throne , Gather all the nations to him ; Every knee shall then bow down : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . All creation , join in praising God the Father , Spirit , Son , Evermore your voices raising , To th'eternal Three in One : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Ian . The Penguin Book of Carols . Penguin ( 1999 ) , p27 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027526 - 6 . Jump up ^ Angels from the Realms of Glory Jump up ^ Worship II : A Hymnal for Roman Catholic Parishes . Chicago , Illinois : G.I.A. Publications , Inc. 1975 . p. 23 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angels_from_the_Realms_of_Glory&oldid=816103869 '' Categories : Christmas carols 1816 songs Scottish folk songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Wikisource Italiano Русский Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 08 : 44 . About Wikipedia | when was angels from the realms of glory written | [
"\"Angels from the Realms of Glory\" is a Christmas carol written by Scottish poet James Montgomery.[1] It was first printed in the Sheffield Iris on Christmas Eve 1816, though it only began to be sung in churches after its 1825 reprinting in the Montgomery collection The Christian Psalmist and in the Religious Tract Society's The Christmas Box or New Year's Gift.[1]"
] | [
"1816"
] |
6771839454013363878 | File:Tara Vali.jpg | File : Tara Vali jpg - Wikipedia File : Tara Vali jpg Jump to : navigation , search File File history File usage Global file usage Metadata No higher resolution available . Tara_Vali. jpg ( 142 × 188 pixels , file size : 48 KB , MIME type : image / jpeg ) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons . Information from its description page there is shown below . Commons is a freely licensed media file repository . You can help . This image appeared on Wikipedia 's Main Page in the Did you know ? column on 31 January 2011 ( see archives ) . Description Tara Vali. jpg English : An illustration from a 17th - century copy of the Ramayana in the collection of the British Library : `` Outside the palace of Kiskindha , Sugriva roars out his challenge to his usurping brother Bali , so that the very birds fall out of the sky in fright , while Rama and Laksmana and the other monkeys look on from the right . On the left is the monkey king 's palace , from which Bali , his queen Tara and ministers have emerged on hearing the uproar . Tara advises him not to fight , but to no avail . Bali and his party all wear human costume , except for turbans , while Bali himself wears a crown . '' Date 23 January 2011 , 14 : 08 ( UTC ) Source Illustration_of_Sugriva_challenging_Vali_from_the_Ramayana_ ( c. _1628 -- 1649 ). jpg Author Illustration_of_Sugriva_challenging_Vali_from_the_Ramayana_ ( c. _1628 -- 1649 ). jpg : Unknown author derivative work : Redtigerxyz ( talk ) This is a retouched picture , which means that it has been digitally altered from its original version . Modifications : crop . The original can be viewed here : Illustration of Sugriva challenging Vali from the Ramayana ( c. 1628 -- 1649 ). jpg . This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two - dimensional , public domain work of art . The work of art itself is in the public domain for the following reason : Public domain Public domain false false This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author 's life plus 100 years or less . You must also include a United States public domain tag to indicate why this work is in the public domain in the United States . This file has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law , including all related and neighboring rights . The official position taken by the Wikimedia Foundation is that `` faithful reproductions of two - dimensional public domain works of art are public domain '' . This photographic reproduction is therefore also considered to be in the public domain in the United States . In other jurisdictions , re-use of this content may be restricted ; see Reuse of PD - Art photographs for details . Original upload log ( edit ) This image is a derivative work of the following images : File : Illustration_of_Sugriva_challenging_Vali_from_the_Ramayana_ ( c. _1628 -- 1649 ). jpg licensed with Cc - pd - mark - footer , PD - Art , PD - Art - 100 , PD - old - 100 2011 - 01 - 03T16 : 59 : 16Z Redtigerxyz 800x469 ( 615484 Bytes ) crop and brighten 2009 - 05 - 11T12 : 20 : 10Z TheMandarin 1500x899 ( 966274 Bytes ) Higher resolution 2009 - 05 - 11T11 : 18 : 41Z TheMandarin 638x385 ( 54055 Bytes ) ( ( Information Description = ( ( en 1 = Rama joins forces with the exiled monkey - king Sugriva ) ) Source = http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/picture-post-the-british-library-reveals-a-collection-of-17thcentury-m File history 14 : 10 , 23 January 2011 142 × 188 ( 48 KB ) Redtigerxyz ( ( Information Description = ( ( en An illustration from a 17th - century copy of the ' ' Ramayana ' ' in the collection of the ( ( w British Library ) ) : `` Outside the palace of Kiskindha , Sugriva roars out his challenge to his usurping brother Bali , so that the very b File usage The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file ( pages on other projects are not listed ) : User : Redtigerxyz / DYK Wikipedia : Did you know / Statistics / Archive 2011 Wikipedia : Main Page history / 2011 January 31 Wikipedia : Recent additions / 2011 / January Global file usage The following other wikis use this file : Usage on en.wikiquote.org Tara ( Ramayana ) Metadata This file contains additional information , probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it . If the file has been modified from its original state , some details may not fully reflect the modified file . Software used Picasa 3.0 Exif version Unique image ID a6467e85546c40dc984c07883f698fa1 Show extended details Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tara_Vali.jpg&oldid=411203539 '' Hidden categories : DYK images Talk File Talk View on Commons Edit local description About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 31 January 2011 , at 18 : 06 . About Wikipedia | how does the painter's interpretation of the ramayana emphasize rama's strength | [] | [] |
-4467114681295017882 | Prison Break (season 5) | Prison Break ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Prison Break ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Prison Break ( season 5 ) DVD cover Starring Wentworth Miller Dominic Purcell Sarah Wayne Callies Paul Adelstein Rockmond Dunbar Robert Knepper Amaury Nolasco Mark Feuerstein Inbar Lavi Augustus Prew Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network Fox Original release April 4 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) -- May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Prison Break episodes The fifth season of Prison Break ( also known as Prison Break : Resurrection ) is a limited event television series and the continuation of the original series created by Paul Scheuring that aired on Fox from 2005 to 2009 . The season is produced by 20th Century Fox Television in association with Adelstein / Parouse Productions and Original Film . Paul Scheuring serves as showrunner , with himself , Marty Adelstein , Neal H. Moritz and Dawn Olmstead , Vaun Wilmott , Michael Horowitz and Nelson McCormick serving as executive producers . McCormick also serves as director . The season premiered on April 4 , 2017 , and concluded on May 30 , 2017 , consisting of 9 episodes . Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell reprise their respective roles as Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows , while Sarah Wayne Callies , Amaury Nolasco , Paul Adelstein , Robert Knepper and Rockmond Dunbar also return from the original series . New cast additions include Mark Feuerstein , Inbar Lavi , Augustus Prew , Marina Benedict , Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis . A pilot was ordered in August 2015 and the series was greenlit in January 2016 . Production on the series began in April 2016 and filming took place in Vancouver and the Moroccan cities of Rabat , Casablanca , and Ouarzazate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Seven years after his apparent death , Michael Scofield resurfaces in the notorious Ogygia Prison in Sana'a , Yemen , under the name Kaniel Outis . As the country is engulfed by war , two of Michael 's old friends , his brother Lincoln Burrows and fellow Fox River escapee Benjamin `` C - Note '' Franklin , risk their lives by traveling to Yemen to bring Michael home . Back in the United States , Michael 's wife Sara , now remarried , is hunted by agents of an operative known as Poseidon , the one responsible for Michael 's disappearance . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Prison Break characters and List of Prison Break minor characters Main ( edit ) Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield / Kaniel Outis Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi - Scofield Paul Adelstein as Paul Kellerman Rockmond Dunbar as Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Robert Knepper as Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre Mark Feuerstein as Jacob Anton Ness / Poseidon Inbar Lavi as Sheba Augustus Prew as David `` Whip '' Martin Recurring ( edit ) Rick Yune as Ja Marina Benedict as Emily Blake / A&W Steve Mouzakis as Van Gogh Amin El Gamal as Cyclops Kunal Sharma as Sid Numan Acar as Abu Ramal Curtis Lum as Agent Kishida Crystal Balint as Heather Waleed Zuaiter as Mohammad al - Tunis TJ Ramini as Cross Akin Gazi as Omar Christian Michael Cooper as Mike Scofield Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Prison Break episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 82 `` Ogygia '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 1AZM01 3.83 T - Bag is released from incarceration just as he receives a picture of Michael in a new prison . T - Bag shows it to Lincoln , who finds the hidden word `` Ogygia '' , which is a prison in Sana'a , Yemen . Lincoln informs Sara , who has been raising her and Michael 's son , Mike , along with her husband , Jacob . She refuses to believe the news . However , Lincoln determines to travel to Yemen to be certain , asking help from C - Note , who has converted to Islam . Sucre offers to accompany Lincoln , who takes C - Note instead . The mysterious mercenaries who have been following and harassing Lincoln and Sara send Lincoln and C - Note 's pictures to their contacts in Sana'a , where the duo overpowers the attackers and meets a contact , who trades their visit to Ogygia for Lincoln 's United States passport . Lincoln learns that Michael 's fake identity is Kaniel Outis , a dangerous terrorist affiliated with ISIL . Michael ignores Lincoln , claiming not to know him . Meanwhile , T - Bag is contacted by a physician offering him a prosthetic hand as functional as a natural one . The procedure works ; and T - Bag learns that an anonymous person known only as Outis ( Greek for `` Nobody '' ) funded the operation and insisted on him being the patient . 83 `` Kaniel Outis '' Maja Vrvilo Paul Scheuring April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 1AZM02 3.18 Lincoln receives a message from Michael asking them to find the `` Sheik of Light . '' Sheba , the contact , agrees to help decode the message in exchange for money . Sara receives the video recording of Michael and meets up with Kellerman at the State Department . He deduces that Michael was the mastermind of changing his identity . Later , he sends Sara footage of Michael killing a CIA official . Michael acquires pills to give to his cellmate , Ja , who is suffering from withdrawals in exchange for a cell phone and credit card , using them to send a message to Sara . Lincoln 's team discovers that Mohammad El - Tunis , the Sheik , is a local electrical engineer trapped in an ISIL - controlled suburb with his daughter . They rescue the duo ; and Mohammad is revealed to be the father of Sid , Michael 's cellmate incarcerated for homosexuality . Mohammad gives Michael 's team a signal to reveal that the escape plan is on . Sara receives Michael 's message to get everyone to safety because `` a storm is coming '' . The solitary inmates , including Abu Ramal , the local ISIL leader , are released into the general sector . Ramal and Michael are revealed to be close friends . 84 `` The Liar '' Maja Vrvilo Josh Goldin & Rachel Abramowitz April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 1AZM03 2.44 Lincoln prepares for the escape by ordering forged passports . However , he and Sheba are caught by ISIL and Cyclops , who attempts to rape her until Lincoln frees himself and saves her . T - Bag runs into Sara , and tries to warn her about A&W and Van Gogh , two of Poseidon 's henchmen , who may be following her trail . A&W and Van Gogh hack into her phone , later discovered by Sara , who deduces Kellerman 's involvement . She asks T - Bag to investigate Kellerman . Cross , an inmate who refused to leave his brother , Muza , and participate in Michael 's escape , warns Whip that Michael can not be trusted . Michael obtains a gold watch from one of the guards , planting it on Ramal , so that he will be detained during the escape . Michael and Whip are revealed to have been working undercover for the CIA as Whip worries the line between Michael and Outis will be blurred . During the escape however , Ramal 's party , Cross and Muza race to Michael 's cell and are caught by the guards , leading to Muza 's death and the recapture of Michael 's team . Ramal vows to kill Michael in solitary while Michael uses the last remaining battery life on his cell phone to record a goodbye to Sara . 85 `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' Guy Ferland Michael Horowitz April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 1AZM04 2.75 ISIL continues advancing in Sana'a . Cross rallies the other prisoners to capture Ramal and use him as a bargaining chip . Michael convinces a reluctant Ramal to help them out as he is the one inside of the solitary cell with escape tools . Ramal , Michael , Ja and Whip are able to escape just as Cross and his followers break into solitary . Sid stabs Cross in the chest , joining Michael 's party , which heads outside . They are all captured by ISIL . Ramal plans to behead Michael ; but Lincoln intervenes and kills the jihadists while Whip kills Ramal . Michael and Lincoln share an emotional reunion as a news report on Ramal 's death plays . Sid informs them that ISIL is now declaring war on them for Ramal 's death . Meanwhile , T - Bag confronts Kellerman , who denies being Poseidon , an unknown rogue CIA agent criticizing the U.S. foreign policy . They are attacked by Poseidon operatives . T - Bag manages to escape ; but Kellerman is killed by Van Gogh , who starts doubting Poseidon 's cause . T - Bag pursues A&W and Van Gogh and takes photos of them meeting with Jacob . 86 5 `` Contingency '' Guy Ferland Vaun Wilmott May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 1AZM05 2.35 Lincoln forces Michael to reveal the truth : Michael was contacted by Poseidon before his wedding with Sara ; Poseidon revealed that Kellerman did not have any authority to exonerate Michael 's team , offering legitimate exonerations in exchange for Michael faking his death , keeping the truth hidden from everyone and working for Poseidon . Michael 's initial refusal led to Sara 's arrest , after which Michael accepted Poseidon 's deal . While Lincoln offers going to the airport and rendezvousing with C - Note 's party , Michael decides to use the train station to leave Yemen . Cyclops deduces Michael 's plan and takes ISIL , intercepting Michael 's party , who escape to a facility where Ja ambushes ISIL . They escape the building , but Sid is shot by Cyclops . Sid attacks Cyclops , but Cyclops stabs Sid , who handcuffs them together before he dies , leaving Cyclops handcuffed to his corpse , allowing the rest of the team to proceed to the airport . Meanwhile , C - Note 's party arrives at the airport before ISIL attacks . C - Note and Sheba save a pilot , who agrees to fly them abroad . They board a plane ; but the pilot decides to fly before Michael 's party arrives , which Lincoln approves of on the phone . C - Note 's party takes off while Michael 's is chased by ISIL . In the meantime , T - Bag shows the pictures to Sara , who confronts Jacob , who later apparently proves his benevolence to her by having A&W and Van Gogh arrested . 87 6 `` Phaecia '' Kevin Tancharoen Michael Horowitz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 1AZM06 2.37 Michael 's party confronts Omar , who alerts ISIL ; but they overpower ISIL and force Omar 's compliance , heading to Phaecia , a human settlement in the desert capable of sending Michael 's party abroad . A&W and Van Gogh are released on bail and convince a NSA insider to help track down Michael , whose party stops at a gas station , where Michael uses the internet to contact an unknown person in Portland , Maine , sending him a picture of his tattoos on his palms . Van Gogh alerts ISIL , who attack the gas station and kill Omar . Whip kills the ISIL operatives . Michael 's party continues in the desert before learning about Cyclops chasing them . Michael takes one of the cars and lures Cyclops to a trap , where Michael blinds Cyclops ' remaining eye but he is able to wound Michael with a poisoned blade . Ja helps the others find Phaecia , where they use fireworks to lead Michael to them , who falls unconscious after arriving . A&W and Van Gogh find Michael 's contact , revealed to be an Elvis impersonator . Meanwhile , Agent Kishida replaces Kellerman 's position , assigned to investigate his death . 88 7 `` Wine Dark Sea '' Kevin Tancharoen Vaun Wilmott May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 1AZM07 2.41 Ja decides to stay in Phaecia while the others leave on a boat to Crete , Greece . Lincoln calls Sara and tells her about Michael 's condition . She informs Jacob and goes to Crete by plane . She reunites with Michael and heals him . He reveals that Jacob is Poseidon , having framed the former for the murder of the CIA official . Sara returns to the U.S. to secure Mike , whom she entrusts to her friend Heather ; but they are captured by Jacob and his operatives . Michael reunites with Sucre on board the commercial ship upon which he is working . The captain learns about Outis and alerts the authorities . Navy SEALs are dispatched to kill Michael . Sucre formulates a plan to force the SEALs away , which causes a frustrated Jacob to have a missile fired at the ship , which explodes just after Michael 's party jumps overboard . Meanwhile , Kellerman 's successor , Kishida , confronts A&W and Van Gogh for their clandestine operation , leading to the former 's murder . 89 8 `` Progeny '' Nelson McCormick Michael Horowitz May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 1AZM08 1.90 Michael 's party is rescued by a fishing boat that takes them to Marseille , France , where Michael contacts Sara , deduces their situation , and decides to go to the U.S. , using Lincoln 's conflict with Luca Abruzzi , John Abruzzi 's son , over a botched smuggling operation to their advantage . Michael and Lincoln enlist C - Note and Sheba 's help in disposing of Luca and his gang , then convincing C - Note and later Sheba to leave the conflict . They proceed with the plan of taking down 21 - Void and rescuing Sara and Mike , culminating in a lake house in Michigan , where Michael reunites with Mike but realizes that it was a ruse used by Jacob to lure him , and A&W confronts them , with an unknown person getting shot . Lincoln is found by Luca outside the house , and is shot . Meanwhile , Whip , whose real identity is David Martin , is sent to Chicago by Michael , meeting T - Bag , revealed to be his father . The analyst Theroux is revealed to be a 21 - Void agent , and Van Gogh expresses disdain for Jacob 's methods and vows to leave 21 - Void when the job with Michael is done . 90 9 `` Behind the Eyes '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 1AZM09 2.30 Van Gogh is revealed to be the one shot by A&W , having become skeptical of Michael 's involvement in Gaines ' murder . Mortally wounded , Van Gogh gives up Mike 's location to Sara . As Jacob works to brainwash Mike , Michael gathers his allies , including Blue Hawaii ( the Elvis impersonator who Michael contacted while in Yemen ) , to bring down Jacob . A wounded Lincoln escapes the hospital and ensures Luca 's arrest by the FBI . Michael enacts a plan where he lures Jacob and A&W to a warehouse to recreate Gaines ' murder and prove Jacob 's involvement . During the attempt , Whip is shot by A&W and dies before T - Bag kills her and is arrested . Michael succeeds in proving Jacob 's involvement and both are arrested . At the same time , Lincoln and Sara rescue Mike and capture Theroux . With the evidence planted by Michael and Theroux 's testimony , Michael is exonerated and his identity as Michael Scofield is restored . He refuses an offer to join the CIA and returns to a normal life with Sara and Mike . Jacob is sent to Fox River State Penitentiary , where he ends up with T - Bag as his cellmate , as requested by Michael . The other inmates cheer T - Bag on as he attacks Jacob . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 12 , 2015 , at the 2015 Winter TCA Press Tour , Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell revealed the possibility that Fox was interested in bringing back Prison Break , with Miller stating : `` We actually floated the idea to Fox very casually and they seemed very not casual about this interest . They seemed to think there was something there . '' Purcell concluded by adding , `` It 's something that Fox is , as Wentworth said , potentially excited about . '' On January 17 , 2015 , Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman made it clear that they would love to bring Prison Break back for another run , although Fox had nothing to report . Newman himself stated , `` There 's some speculation in the press at Prison Break and we 've made it clear at the studio that we 'd bring Prison Break back at the studio ( ... ) It 's the perfect event series . But at the moment , we have nothing else to report . '' On June 2 , 2015 , it was reported that a limited series revival of Paul Scheuring 's Prison Break was in development at Fox . On August 6 , 2015 , Fox confirmed a 10 - episode order for the revival . The limited series is a sequel to the original series , taking place several years later , and features Miller and Purcell reprising their roles as well as the return of other original characters . Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Dana Walden herself stated that Prison Break has performed particularly well internationally and on SVOD platforms such as Netflix . Walden added that : `` a logical and believable explanation to why the characters are alive and still moving around the world ( ... ) '' Walden said . `` The brothers and some of the iconic characters will be back , and it will address some questions that were set up at the end of the series for a new audience . '' On January 15 , 2016 , Fox officially ordered the revival to series , with the episode order revised to nine episodes , though Fox declined to announce how many episodes the series will run . The original producing team of creator Paul Scheuring , Neal Moritz , Marty Adelstein and Dawn Olmstead were all confirmed as to return for the event series as executive producers , with Scheuring writing and serving as showrunner . Writing ( edit ) On August 7 , 2015 , it was announced that creator and executive producer Paul Scheuring would be writing the first episode as well as a style / tone bible for other writers to follow . Casting ( edit ) On January 15 , 2016 , stars Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell were confirmed to be reprising their roles as brothers Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows . On February 22 , 2016 , it was reported that Mark Feuerstein would play Scott Ness ( later changed to Jacob Ness ) , the husband of Dr. Sara Tancredi , a Professor of Economics ( game theory ) at Cornell who has been described as , `` dubious of the government but still has a bit of fight in him when it comes to taking them on . '' Additionally , on February 22 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Sarah Wayne Callies was in talks to reprise her role in the follow - up along with Robert Knepper , Rockmond Dunbar and Amaury Nolasco , although there were no deals in place with any of them at that time . On March 9 , 2016 , Augustus Prew , Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis were cast for `` heavily recurring roles '' . Prew plays `` funny , crazy and pretty damn sharp '' Whip ; Yune plays Ja , who is described as a `` Korean identity thief , who disheveled appearance belies his genius '' ; and Mouzakis plays Van Gogh , `` a bad - ass nut - job '' . On March 9 , 2016 , Sarah Wayne Callies was confirmed to be returning as Sara Tancredi . On March 16 , 2016 , Amin El Gamal was cast in a recurring role , playing Cyclops . On March 17 , 2016 , it was announced that original stars Robert Knepper , Amaury Nolasco and Rockmond Dunbar would be reprising their respective roles as T - Bag , Sucre and C - Note , respectively . On March 21 , 2016 , Paul Adelstein was confirmed to be reprising his role as Paul Kellerman . On March 21 , 2016 , Inbar Lavi , Marina Benedict and Kunal Sharma were cast in major recurring roles . Lavi plays Sheba , an operator / fixer / activist who becomes involved with Burrows . Benedict is A&W , `` a crazed and fearless villainess who is unconcerned about her physical well - being but ruthless and efficient in completing her deadly goals '' , and Sharma plays Sid , a man in prison . On April 22 , 2016 , it was announced that Faran Tahir would play Jamil , whom Tahir describes as `` a man who has an inner conflict which again is something I love experimenting with . '' In July 2016 , it was revealed that William Fichtner would not be reprising his role as Alexander Mahone . Robert Knepper told Digital Spy that `` ( writer ) Paul Scheuring loves Bill Fichtner and I love Bill Fichtner . He 's a brilliant actor -- but Paul honestly said to me , ' I do n't know what to do with that character ' . He did n't want to just bring everybody back , so that the audience go , ' Oh , look , it 's Bill Fichtner again ! ' -- he honestly thought , ' I 'm not sure where to do that in the plot . ' So if someday there 's another chapter of this , maybe then Bill will be back . But I think the characters that are there , each of our moments that we have , are key to the storytelling , which is how it should be . '' Filming ( edit ) Production on the season began in April 7 , 2016 , in Vancouver , once Miller and Purcell completed filming for Legends of Tomorrow . Filming concluded in Vancouver on July 11 , 2016 . On June 1 , 2016 , Dominic Purcell was almost killed on set in Morocco , after an iron bar used as a set piece had fallen onto his head , which caused a broken nose and a head injury . Purcell was immediately airlifted from Marrakesh to Casablanca for treatment where he recovered . Filming of the series was not substantially disrupted due to the accident . Music ( edit ) Composer Ramin Djawadi stated that he would definitely like to return and work on the new season of Prison Break , after learning of the news of the possible revival , to which further stated , `` I literally just heard it , so it 's news for me . It 's very exciting because the show was such a good show but nobody has contacted me at this point . '' Djawadi later added , `` Most likely , if my schedule allows - that show was very close to me . I loved all the people involved . I thought it was an incredible show . Absolutely . '' In June 2016 , it was confirmed that Djawadi would return as composer for season five . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 55 % based on 29 reviews , with an average score of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Prison Break recaptures some of its old urgency in its return , but familiar faces and frenetic action are n't enough to make up for a plot that manages to bore while beggaring belief . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 18 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Ogygia '' April 4 , 2017 1.5 / 5 3.83 0.8 1.86 2.3 5.68 `` Kaniel Outis '' April 11 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.18 0.9 1.84 2.0 5.01 `` The Liar '' April 18 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.8 1.76 1.7 4.20 `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' April 25 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.75 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Contingency '' May 2 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.35 0.7 1.51 1.5 3.86 6 `` Phaecia '' May 9 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.37 0.6 1.33 1.5 3.70 7 `` Wine Dark Sea '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.41 0.7 1.41 1.6 3.81 8 `` Progeny '' May 23 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.90 0.7 1.60 1.4 3.50 9 `` Behind the Eyes '' May 30 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.30 0.7 1.54 1.6 3.83 Home media Release ( edit ) The event series was released on Blu - ray and DVD on June 27 , 2017 . Special features include a behind - the - scenes featurette , `` A Return Home : The Making of Prison Break Event Series '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Prison Break revival officially has a title -- as show writers reveal why there are only nine episodes in the new series '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROBERT KNEPPER , ROCKMOND DUNBAR AND AMAURY NOLASCO RETURN TO PRISON BREAK '' . 20th Century Fox . March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Prison Break , Making History Premiere Dates Announced by Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calcuttawala , Zainab ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` American Show `` Prison Break '' to Film in Rabat , Casablanca , Ouarzazate `` . Morocco World News . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Sarah Wayne Callies To Reprise ' Prison Break ' Role In Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Fox `` Definitely '' Interested in Prison Break 's Return , Wentworth Miller Reveals `` . E !. Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Robert Knepper , Rockmond Dunbar Returning for Revival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break Limited Series In Development at Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Chiefs on ' Prison Break ' Revival , ' Empire ' Impact and Planned Turnaround '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Sequel Limited Series A Go At Fox '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Fox Greenlights ' Prison Break ' Event Series , Orders ' 24 ' Spinoff Pilot ' Legacy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival Is Officially a Go : Updates on Cast , International Setting '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break Sequel Series Confirmed By Fox '' . Empire . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Event Series with Original Cast & Producers Officially Greenlit at Fox '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` TV News Roundup : Michael Raymond - James Back on ' Once Upon a Time ' ; Mark Feuerstein Joins ' Prison Break ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Mark Feuerstein Joins Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival : Augustus Prew , Rick Yune Join Cast '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Wayne Callies Joins Fox 's ' Prison Break ' Revival '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ray Donovan ' Casts Richard Brake ; ' Prison Break ' Adds Amin El Gamal '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Revival Bringing Back More Original Stars '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Adelstein Returning to Fox 's ' Prison Break ' Revival '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Inbar Lavi , Marina Benedict & Kunal Sharma Join Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival : The Last Ship 's Inbar Lavi to Recur on Fox Event Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faran Tahir cast as newest member of TV serial ' Prison Break ' '' . The Express Tribune . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey , Morgan ; McCabe , Joseph ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break : Here 's the REAL reason that Mahone is n't back for the revival '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Prison Break 's ' Dominic Purcell Vows Reboot Will Be `` Amazing '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current Productions : April 29 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada , BC District Council . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Dominic ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Dominic Purcell : I 'm good '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Dominic Purcell Injured On Set Of Fox 's Prison Break , Production Not Impacted '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break star Dominic Purcell almost killed on set after iron bar falls on his head '' . News.com.au . June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break season 5 : Ramin Djawadi says he would ' absolutely ' return to the show '' . Daily Express . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ @ PBWritersRoom ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Yes ! Ramin is back , so expect some cool new music '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break : Season 5 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' and ' Prison Break ' finales get good bumps : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Prison Break - Fox Official Press Release : ' The Event Series ' and Blu ' Collector 's Set ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Prison Break on IMDb Prison Break at TV.com ( hide ) Prison Break Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Allen '' `` Cell Test '' `` Cute Poison '' `` English , Fitz or Percy '' `` Riots , Drills and the Devil '' `` Manhunt '' `` Rendezvous '' `` Bolshoi Booze '' `` Disconnect '' `` The Killing Box '' `` John Doe '' `` The Message '' `` Chicago '' `` Panama '' `` Fin Del Camino '' `` Scylla '' `` Breaking & Entering '' `` Shut Down '' `` Eagles & Angels '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Blow Out '' `` Five the Hard Way '' `` The Price '' `` Greatness Achieved '' `` The Legend '' `` Quiet Riot '' `` Selfless '' Characters Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Brad Bellick Lincoln Burrows Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Paul Kellerman Alexander Mahone Michael Scofield Fernando Sucre Sara Tancredi Minor characters Cast members Universe Fox River State Penitentiary Penitenciaría Federal de Sona The Company Other media The Final Break ( movie ) Proof of Innocence The Conspiracy Soundtracks Seasons 1 & 2 Seasons 3 & 4 Related Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prison_Break_(season_5)&oldid=827306094 '' Categories : Prison Break Prison Break episodes 2017 American television seasons Terrorism in fiction Yemen in fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Magyar Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 23 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the last season of prison break filmed | [
"Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell reprise their respective roles as Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows, while Sarah Wayne Callies, Amaury Nolasco, Paul Adelstein, Robert Knepper and Rockmond Dunbar also return from the original series. New cast additions include Mark Feuerstein, Inbar Lavi, Augustus Prew, Marina Benedict, Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis. A pilot was ordered in August 2015 and the series was greenlit in January 2016. Production on the series began in April 2016 and filming took place in Vancouver and the Moroccan cities of Rabat, Casablanca, and Ouarzazate.[4][5]"
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"in Vancouver and the Moroccan cities of Rabat, Casablanca, and Ouarzazate"
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8838977464924008779 | Strong two clubs | Strong two clubs - wikipedia Strong two clubs Main articles : Contract bridge , Bidding system , Bridge convention , and Glossary of contract bridge terms Bridge bidding systems that incorporate a strong 2 clubs opening bid include modern Standard American , standard Acol , 2 / 1 game forcing and many others . In most natural bridge bidding systems , the opening bid of 2 ♣ is used exclusively for hands too strong for an opening bid at the one - level . Typically , the bid is reserved for hands that are almost strong enough to bid to the game level on their own power , or even stronger . The exact requirements for the bid vary considerably depending upon the system used and partnership agreement . In most early bidding systems , opening bids of two of a suit signified a very strong hand and were referred to as strong two bids . However , pioneer bridge inventors like Pierre Albarran and David Burnstine saw that the frequency of such bids is fairly low , and that a 2 ♣ bid can be used for all strong hands , leaving other two - level opening bids for other purposes ( for example , weak two bids ) . Contents 1 Bid requirements 2 Responses 2.1 Natural responses 2.2 Waiting and positive 2 2.3 `` Three Point Step '' responses 2.4 Control - showing responses 2.5 Either - or treatment 3 Advantages 4 Disadvantages 5 Other treatments 6 References Bid requirements ( edit ) The strength requirements for the 2 ♣ bid differ slightly in different systems . In all cases they show a hand which is close to game forcing . For balanced hands , a 2 ♣ bid shows 22 or more points in Standard American ( Yellow Card ) , and 23 or more points in standard Acol . For unbalanced hands , the typical strength is about 9 or more playing tricks , or 3 losers or less if using Losing - Trick Count . Responses ( edit ) Natural responses ( edit ) With `` natural '' responses , which is the most commonly used treatment , the 2 bid is artificial and very weak ( up to 6 HCP ) . All other bids are natural and positive . Waiting and positive 2 ( Edit ) Some players alter or reverse the order of natural responses in order to preserve bidding space and allow for more accuracy in later bidding . There are several treatments in circulation : Waiting 2 -- a response of 2 is a relay asking the opening bidder to further describe the strong hand . This bid does not limit the responder 's hand in any way . Some players combine this response with each of the following . Natural 2 ♥ and 2 ♠ , typically showing at least a game - going hand ( 4 or more HCP ) with at least a five - card major . Some players go as far to require a 6 - card suit with 2 top honors for a suit response . Weak 2 ♥ . The response of 2 ♥ shows a very bad hand ( 0 - 3 HCP ) , making the 2 relay a game - forcing bid . Positive 2 -- a response of 2 shows values , and all other bids show less than 7 HCP . Positive 2 ♥ -- a response of 2 ♥ show a ( semi - ) positive , and 2 a negative ( 0 - 4 HCP ) `` Three Point Step '' responses ( edit ) `` Three Point Step '' responses to a strong 2 ♣ opening bid is another option . In this simple convention , the responder specifies the high card strength of his or her hand , without regard to distribution , as follows . 2 = 0 - 3 High Card Points ( HCP ) ; Very Weak . The responder normally will bid again only to show a long suit ( 5 or more cards ) or a trump fit , but should use `` Garbage Stayman '' or `` Garbage Transfers '' if appropriate whenever opener 's rebid is 2NT . The opening bidder obviously needs more than minimum values ( at least 25 HCP ) or a good trump fit to go to game . 2 ♥ = 4 - 6 HCP ; Alertable and Game Forcing . Subsequent bids are natural , seeking a trump fit , typically with `` systems on '' ( Stayman and transfers in effect ) if opener rebids 2NT showing a balanced hand . 2 ♠ = 7 - 9 HCP ; Alertable and Slam Inviting . Subsequent bids are natural , seeking a trump fit , typically with `` systems on '' ( Stayman and transfers in effect ) if opener rebids 2NT showing a balanced hand . Opener must have extra values ( at least 25 HCP ) or a good trump fit to go to slam . 2NT = 10 or more HCP ; Alertable and Slam Forcing . Subsequent bids are natural , seeking a trump fit , typically with `` systems on '' ( Stayman and transfers in effect ) if opener rebids 3NT showing a balanced hand . Over interference , a Double ( alertable ) by responder shows a stolen bid ( that is , takes on the same meaning as the interfering bid ) and a Pass shows any inferior response . This treatment results in loss of granularity only if the interfering bid is 2 ♠ or higher . If requested , the explanation of an alert should describe the meaning of the bid completely ; for example : `` My partner 's response of 2 ♥ shows 4 - 6 HCP . It says nothing whatsoever about distribution , and in particular neither shows nor denies hearts . '' or `` My partner 's double of 2 ♠ shows 7 - 9 HCP . It says nothing whatsoever about distribution , and in particular neither shows nor denies spades . '' This convention for response has two significant advantages and two relatively minor disadvantages over other responses . The first advantage is that the 2 `` Drop dead ! '' response alerts the opening bidder to partner 's weakness immediately , while there 's plenty of room to find a safe landing spot , when partner 's hand is too weak to go on to game -- which happens quite often in actual play . The second major advantage is that it immediately tells the opening bidder the combined high card strength of the two hands to within one HCP , and thus the most probable optimal level to which to bid ( with the caveat that one sometimes can go a level higher with a good trump fit ) . The first drawback is that the weaker hand occasionally will end up declaring a contract with a trump fit in the major suit of the response . ( Note that a transfer following opener 's rebid of 2NT over a response of either 2 ♥ or 2 ♠ may be to the suit of the response . Such transfers can not achieve the objective of making the strong hand the declarer , but they still help to find such a trump fit . ) The second drawback is that it uses up some bidding space if the responder has an unusually strong hand . Nonetheless , opener 's minimum of 22 HCP leaves a maximum of 18 HCP distributed among the other three hands . It 's quite rare for responder to hold more than half of them . Indeed , this convention has gained popularity both for its simplicity ( comparable to standard Blackwood ) and for the infrequent occurrence and relatively minor consequences of its drawbacks . The origin of this convention is uncertain . Some players have attributed it to Oswald Jacoby , of Jacoby Transfer and Jacoby 2NT fame , while others refer to it as `` Castlebury '' ( or `` Castleberry '' ? ) , but the present author is not aware of any source that would verify either attribution . Control - showing responses ( edit ) Some players prefer to show their controls ( high cards ) rather than suits in the response to 2 ♣ opening bid . This has an advantage in cases when the opener has a strong one - or two - suiter ( i.e. has an interest in cover cards rather than finding the suit fit ) , but can take up bidding space and miss a suit fit when the opener is balanced or semi-balanced . In standard `` controls , '' an ace counts as two controls and a king counts as one control . The theoretical advantage of this system is that aces and kings may be more significant for finding a potential slam than other honor cards , but it also may miss a slam opportunity if the responder has a lot of inferior honor cards . There are several variations in the manner of showing the number of controls , all of which are alertable . The following examples of responses are representative but by no means all - inclusive . 2 shows 0 or 1 control ( at most 1 king ) , 2 ♥ shows 2 controls ( 1 ace or 2 kings ) , 2 ♠ shows 3 controls ( specifically 1 ace and 1 king ) , 2NT shows 3 controls ( specifically 3 kings ) , and 3 ♣ shows 4 controls , 3 or higher , etc. on up the line . With ace - showing responses , the responder bids the suit of the Ace , 2NT with two or more kings , and 2 with a king or less . With ( unlikely ) 2 aces , the responder bids 3 ♥ . As a corollary , subsequent Blackwood by the opener asks for kings rather than aces . Either - or treatment ( edit ) Some players play that 2 ♣ can also contain a weak variant , for example the 2 weak two bid . In this scheme , 2 by responder is a waiting bid , asking the opener to describe his hand further if he is strong . If the opening hand has a weak two bid in diamonds , he should pass . However , if the responder has a strong hand , typically 15 high card points or more , he responds with 2NT . This treatment is often subject to restrictions in tournament play , as it has a destructive potential -- see Bridge convention # Regulations . Advantages ( edit ) One major advantage of the artificial opening bid of 2 ♣ for all types of strong hands is that other opening bids at the two - level ( 2 , 2 ♥ and 2 ♠ ) become available for weak two bids , thus eliminating many possible bids for the opponents . These weak two hands appear 20 times as often as the very strong hands , which illustrates the inefficiency of reserving all opening bids at the two - level for very strong hands . An alternative is to use strong two bids for hands which are strong but not game forcing , which reduces the range of one - level openings and helps bidding accuracy . However , since weak twos are so useful , there are methods which allow weak twos in hearts and spades and use 2 to show a different range of strong hands ; these are Benjaminised ( Benji ) Acol , Reverse Benji and the Multicoloured Two Diamonds . Another advantage is the relative precision with which strong balanced hands can be bid . An opening bid of 2 NT indicates a balanced hand with 20 - 21 HCP in Standard American or 20 - 22 HCP in standard Acol , and for even stronger balanced hands , the opening bid of 2 ♣ can be used . The opener 's rebid ( in these cases always in No Trump ) then indicates the strength of the hand using steps of 2 - 3 HCP . Hence 2 ♣ - 2 - 2NT shows 22 - 24 HCP 's in Standard American or 23 - 24 HCP in Acol , while a 3NT rebid can show 25 + HCP 's . Disadvantages ( edit ) If the opening bid of 2 ♣ is exclusively used for strong hands , the auction becomes more susceptive to disruptive ( jump ) overcalls ( especially when the opposing partnership is not vulnerable ) than the `` old '' treatment of strong two bids . However , that danger is smaller when compared to strong 1 ♣ system in strong club systems , because 2 ♣ bid is made with bigger high - card strength and on a higher level . On the other hand , the strong 2 ♣ opening reduces the bidding space for the pair themselves compared with strong 1 ♣ -- sometimes , the pair can be unable to find a fit on a relatively low level ( below 3NT ) , and / or reduce the space for effective slam investigation with cue bidding . Other treatments ( edit ) In most strong club systems , the opening bid of 2 ♣ is natural and promises a hand with long clubs ( for example , in both Precision and Blue club , it shows 11 - 15 high card points and either a 6 - card club suit or at least a 5 - card club suit and a 4 - card major suit ) . As such , it makes overcalls more difficult , since they have to be made at the two - level . Chances are therefore increased that the side of the opener has an undisturbed auction , and the opponents will not discover a fit in a major suit . However , as a corollary , their strong 1 ♣ opening bid is more susceptible to preempting by opponents . Another variant advocates two strong forcing openings , 2 ♣ for strong hands with fewer than four spades and 2 for strong hands with four or more spades . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goren , Charles ( 1944 ) . The Standard Book of Bidding ( 1st ed . ) . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , Doran and Company , Inc. p. 22 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ben ; Reese , Terence ( 1949 ) . The Acol System of Contract Bridge ( 4th ed . ) . London : Joiner and Steele Ltd. p. 30 . Jump up ^ BridgeGuys website description of strong artificial two clubs . Jump up ^ Standard American 21 , John Sheridan Thomas , ( ISBN 1 - 4120 - 2063 - 8 ) Jump up ^ Rexford , Ken . New Frontiers for Strong Forcing Openings . Toronto : Master Point Press . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55494 - 752 - 2 . 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6508459010187088394 | Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? | Where Do We Come from ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? - Wikipedia Where Do We Come from ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? Jump to : navigation , search Where Do We Come From ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? Artist Paul Gauguin Year 1897 -- 1898 Medium Oil on canvas 139 cm × 375 cm ( 55 in × 148 in ) Location Museum of Fine Arts , Boston Where Do We Come From ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? is a painting by French artist Paul Gauguin . Gauguin inscribed the original French title in the upper left corner : D'où Venons Nous / Que Sommes Nous / Où Allons Nous . The inscription the artist wrote on his canvas has no question mark , no dash , and all words are capitalized . In the upper right corner he signed and dated the painting : P. Gauguin / 1897 . The painting was created in Tahiti , and is in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston , Massachusetts , US . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Style and analysis 3 Reception and provenance 4 References and sources 5 Further reading 6 External links Background ( edit ) Gauguin had been a student at the Petit Séminaire de La Chapelle - Saint - Mesmin , just outside Orléans , from the age of eleven to the age of sixteen . His subjects there included a class in Catholic liturgy ; the teacher for this class was the Bishop of Orléans , Félix - Antoine - Philibert Dupanloup . Dupanloup had devised his own catechism to be lodged in the minds of the young schoolboys , and to lead them towards proper spiritual reflections on the nature of life . The three fundamental questions in this catechism were : `` Where does humanity come from ? '' `` Where is it going to ? '' , `` How does humanity proceed ? '' . Although in later life Gauguin was vociferously anticlerical , these questions from Dupanloup 's catechism obviously had lodged in his mind , and `` where ? '' became the key question that Gauguin asked in his art . Looking for a society more simple and elemental than that of his native France , Gauguin left for Tahiti in 1891 . In addition to several other paintings that express his highly individualistic mythology , he completed this painting in 1897 or 1898 . Gauguin considered it a masterpiece and the grand culmination of his thought . He was in despair when he undertook the painting , mourning the tragic death of his favourite daughter earlier in the year and oppressed by debts , and had planned to kill himself on finishing it . He subsequently made an unsuccessful attempt with an overdose of arsenic . Thomson thinks it quite possible that he only painted in the inscription while recovering from the attempt . Style and analysis ( edit ) Gauguin indicated that the painting should be read from right to left , with the three major figure groups illustrating the questions posed in the title . The three women with a child represent the beginning of life ; the middle group symbolizes the daily existence of young adulthood ; and in the final group , according to the artist , `` an old woman approaching death appears reconciled and resigned to her thoughts '' ; at her feet , `` a strange white bird ... represents the futility of words '' or `` the uselessness of vain words '' . The blue idol in the background apparently represents what Gauguin described as `` the Beyond . '' Of its entirety he said , `` I believe that this canvas not only surpasses all my preceding ones , but that I shall never do anything better -- or even like it . '' The painting is an accentuation of Gauguin 's trailblazing post-impressionistic style ; his art stressed the vivid use of colors and thick brushstrokes , tenets of the impressionists ( though the Impressionists focused on quick brushstrokes ) , while it aimed to convey an emotional or expressionistic strength . It emerged in conjunction with other avant - garde movements of the twentieth century , including cubism and fauvism . Reception and provenance ( edit ) In 1898 , Gauguin sent the painting to Georges - Daniel de Monfreid in Paris . Monfreid passed it to Ambroise Vollard along with eight other thematically related pictures shipped earlier . They went on view at Vollard 's gallery from November to December 1898 . The exhibition was a success , although D'où Venons Nous ? received mixed reviews . The critic Andre Fontainas of the Mercure de France acknowledged a grudging respect for the work but thought the allegory impenetrable were it not for the inscription , and compared the painting unfavourably to the murals of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes who had died recently . Vollard had already purchased the other works as a job lot from Monfreid for 1,000 francs ( Gauguin was furious when he found out ) , but refrained from purchasing the larger monumental work and had difficulty selling it on . Charles Morice ( fr ) two years later tried to raise a public subscription to purchase the painting for the nation . To assist this endeavour , Gauguin wrote a detailed description of the work concluding with the messianic remark that he spoke in parables : `` Seeing they see not , hearing they hear not '' . The subscription nevertheless failed . Vollard eventually sold the painting for 2,500 francs ( about $10,000 in year 2000 US dollars ) in 1901 to Gabriel Frizeau ( fr ) , of which Vollard 's commission was perhaps as much as 500 francs . Subsequently , the painting was consigned and sold to several other Parisian and European merchants and collectors until it was purchased by the Marie Harriman Gallery in New York City in 1936 . The Museum of Fine Arts , Boston , acquired it from the Marie Harriman Gallery on 16 April 1936 . References and sources ( edit ) References ^ Jump up to : Where Do We Come From ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? , Museum of Fine Arts , Boston . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Gayford pp. 99 - 100 . Jump up ^ Stuckey p. 129 . Jump up ^ Mathews pp. 225 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thomson p. 194 . Jump up ^ Boime p. 143 . Jump up ^ Boime p. 140 . Jump up ^ `` Gauguin - Tahiti , The Workshop of the Tropics '' . musee-orsay.fr . Musée d'Orsay . Jump up ^ Mathews p. 229 . Jump up ^ Thomson pp. 198 - 200 . Sources Boime , Albert . ( 2008 ) Revelation of Modernism : Responses to the Cultural Crisis in Fin - de-Siécle . University of Missouri Press , ISBN 9780826266255 Gayford , Martin . ( 2006 ) The Yellow House : Van Gogh , Gauguin , and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles , London : Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 670 - 91497 - 5 . Mathews , Nancy Mowll ( 2001 ) . Paul Gauguin , an Erotic Life . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 09109 - 5 Stuckey , Charles . `` Gauguin Inside Art '' in Eric M. Zafran . Ed. , Gauguin 's Nirvana : Painters at Le Pouldu 1889 - 90 . New Haven : Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art , Hartford in association with Yale University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0300089546 . Thomson , Belinda ( 1987 ) . Gauguin . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 20220 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Rewald , John ( 1956 ; revised 1978 ) . History of Post-Impressionism : From Van Gogh to Gauguin , London : Secker & Warburg . Rewald , John . ( 1946 ) History of Impressionism . External links ( edit ) Media related to Paul Gauguin at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Paul Gauguin Paintings Study of a Nude ( 1880 ) Still Life with Profile of Laval ( 1886 ) Vision after the Sermon ( 1888 ) The Painter of Sunflowers ( 1888 ) Landscape near Arles ( 1888 ) Fruits on a Table ( 1889 ) The Flageolet Player on the Cliff ( 1889 ) The Yellow Christ ( 1889 ) The Green Christ ( 1889 ) Christ on the Mount of Olives ( 1889 ) Self - Portrait with Halo and Snake ( 1889 ) Still Life with Head - Shaped Vase and Japanese Woodcut ( 1889 ) Tahitian Women on the Beach ( 1891 ) Vahine no te vi ( 1892 ) Fatata te Miti ( By the Sea ) ( 1892 ) Arearea ( 1892 ) Spirit of the Dead Watching ( 1892 ) When Will You Marry ? ( 1892 ) Aha Oe Feii ? ( 1892 ) Arii Matamoe ( 1892 ) Merahi metua no Tehamana ( 1893 ) Nave Nave Mahana ( 1896 ) Where Do We Come From ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? ( 1897 / 1898 ) Two Tahitian Women ( 1899 ) Other works Jug in the Form of a Head , Self - Portrait ( 1889 ) Soyez amoureuses vous serez heureuses ( wood panel , 1889 ) Objet décoratif carré avec dieux tahitiens ( sculpture , 1893 - 1895 ) Oviri ( ceramic sculpture , 1895 ) Periodicals Le Sourire ( 1899 - 1900 ) Exhibitions Les XX , 1889 The Volpini Exhibition , 1889 Museums Paul Gauguin Museum ( Tahiti ) Paul Gauguin Cultural Center People Jean René Gauguin ( son ) Flora Tristan ( grandmother ) Émile Bernard Vincent van Gogh Meijer de Haan Charles Laval George - Daniel de Monfreid Camille Pissarro Émile Schuffenecker Theo van Gogh Ambroise Vollard Related Lust for Life ( 1956 film ) Rebel in Paradise ( 1960 film ) The Wolf at the Door ( 1986 film ) Paradise Found ( 2003 film ) BNF : cb13750370t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Do_We_Come_From%3F_What_Are_We%3F_Where_Are_We_Going%3F&oldid=841302634 '' Categories : Paintings by Paul Gauguin Paintings of the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston Tahitian art 1897 paintings Birds in art Cats in art Goats in art Water in art Dogs in art Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Nedersaksies 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 01 : 12 . 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6748739217425831074 | Breakfast | Breakfast - wikipedia Breakfast Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Breakfast ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Meals Meals Breakfast Second breakfast Elevenses Brunch Lunch Tea Tea Supper Dinner Combination meal Kids ' meal Snack Value meal Components and courses Full course dinner Amuse - bouche Hors d'oeuvre Soup Entrée Roast Main course Salad Side dish Entremet Dessert Meal preparation Related concepts À la carte Banquet Boodle fight Buffet Cuisine list Drink Eating Food History of breakfast Snacking Table d'hôte Table manners A simple western breakfast is toast with eggs and ham with sliced mushroom A traditional Japanese breakfast for a tourist at Buddhist temple Chion - in . Rice , Japanese pickles ( umeboshi and takuan ) , a slice of grilled salmon , egg , nori , some vegetable ; perhaps a kind of いんげん ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) with sesame powder A full English breakfast with scrambled eggs , sausage , black pudding , bacon , mushrooms , baked beans , hash browns , and half a tomato A bowl of Rice Krispies breakfast cereal served with milk Breakfast is the first meal of a day , most often eaten in the early morning before undertaking the day 's work . The word in English refers to breaking the fasting period of the prior night . There is a strong tendency for one or more `` typical '' , or `` traditional '' , breakfast menus to exist in most places , but the composition of this varies widely from place to place , and has varied over time , so that globally a very wide range of preparations and ingredients are now associated with breakfast . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Effect on health 3 Africa 3.1 Egypt 3.2 Morocco 3.3 Nigeria 3.4 Senegal 3.5 Somalia 3.6 Tunisia 3.7 Uganda 4 Asia 4.1 China 4.2 India 4.3 Iran 4.4 Israel 4.5 Japan 4.6 Korea 4.7 Myanmar 4.8 Philippines 4.9 Singapore 4.10 Turkey 5 Australia / Oceania 5.1 Australia 5.2 Fiji 5.3 New Zealand 6 Europe 6.1 Albania 6.2 Croatia 6.3 Denmark 6.4 Finland 6.5 France 6.6 Germany and Austria 6.7 Greece 6.8 Hungary 6.9 Italy 6.10 Latvia 6.11 Malta 6.12 Netherlands and Belgium 6.13 Norway 6.14 Poland 6.15 Romania 6.16 Russia 6.17 Serbia 6.18 Spain 6.19 Sweden 6.20 Switzerland 6.21 United Kingdom and Ireland 7 North America 7.1 Canada 7.2 Costa Rica 7.3 Cuba 7.4 Dominican Republic 7.5 Guatemala 7.6 Honduras 7.7 Jamaica 7.8 Mexico 7.9 Nicaragua 7.10 Panama 7.11 United States 8 South America 8.1 Argentina 8.2 Brazil 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of breakfast The Old English word for dinner , disner , means to break a fast , and was the first meal eaten in the day until its meaning shifted in the mid-13th century . It was not until the 15th century that `` breakfast '' came into use in written English to describe a morning meal , which literally means to break the fasting period of the prior night ; in Old English the term was morgenmete meaning `` morning meal . '' Effect on Health ( edit ) While breakfast is commonly referred to as `` the most important meal of the day '' , particularly for children , some epidemiological research indicates that having breakfast high in rapidly available carbohydrates increases the risk of metabolic syndrome . Present professional opinion is largely in favor of eating breakfast , but some contest the positive implications of its `` most important '' status . The influence of breakfast on managing body weight is unclear . Africa ( edit ) Breakfast in Africa varies greatly from region to region . Egypt ( edit ) Most Egyptians begin the day with a light breakfast . Ful medames ( dish of cooked fava beans ) , one of Egypt 's several national dishes , is typical . It is seasoned with salt and cumin , garnished with vegetable oil and optionally with tahini , chopped parsley , chopped tomato , garlic , onion , lemon juice , chili pepper and often served topped with a boiled egg . It is scooped up and eaten with the staple whole wheat pita bread called Eish Masri or Eish Baladi ( Egyptian Arabic : عيش ( ʕeːʃ ) ; Modern Standard Arabic : ʿayš ) and usually accompanied by taʿamiya ( Egyptian Arabic : طعمية ) which is the local variant of falafel made with fava beans , fresh cut homemade French fries and various fresh or pickled vegetables ( called torshi ) . Several kinds of cheeses are popular , including gebna bēḍa or Domyati cheese , gebna rūmi ( Roman cheese ) which is similar to Pecorino Romano or Manchego , and Istanbuli cheese ( a brined white cheese with peppers added to the brine which makes it spicy ) . Fried eggs with pastirma is also common breakfast foods in Egypt . Morocco ( edit ) Msemen , a common breakfast in Moroccan cuisine For breakfast , many Moroccans eat bread , harsha ( semolina griddle cakes ) , or msemen ( oiled pancakes ) with olive oil , tea , and different kinds of Moroccan crepes . Nigeria ( edit ) Acarajé Nigeria has over 250 different ethnic groups , with a corresponding variety of cuisines . For the Hausa of northern Nigeria , a typical breakfast consists of kosai ( cakes made from ground beans which are then fried ) or funkaso ( wheat flour soaked for a day then fried and served with sugar ) . Both of these cakes can be served with porridge and sugar known as koko . For the south western Yoruba people ( Ilé Yorùbá ) one of the most common breakfasts is Ògì -- a porridge made from corn , usually served with evaporated milk . Ògì is eaten with Acarajé ( akara ) or Moi moi . Both are made from ground bean paste ; akara is fried in oil , and moi moi is wrapped in leaves or foil and then steamed . Ògì can also be steamed in leaves to harden it and eaten with akara or moi moi for breakfast . English tea or malta is served as a breakfast drink . Another popular option in southwest Nigeria is Gari , which is eaten like a cereal . Gari , known in Brazil as farofa , is made from the root of cassava . For breakfast , it is soaked in water and sweetened with sugar . Senegal ( edit ) Breakfast typically consists of café Touba , spiced coffee with abundant sugar sometimes consumed with dried milk , or kinkeliba tea . Small beignets and fresh fruit , including mangoes and bananas , are often part of a simple breakfast , and are accompanied by baguette with various spreads : Chocoleca , a Nutella equivalent made from peanuts ; butter ; or processed mild cheese . Somalia ( edit ) Canjeero ( injera ) , a popular dish in Somalian cuisine Breakfast ( quraac ) is an important meal for Somalis , who often start the day with some style of tea ( shaah ) . The main dish is typically a pancake - like bread ( canjeero , canjeelo ) . It might also be eaten with a stew or soup ( maraq ) . Lahoh is a pancake - like bread originating in Somalia , Djibouti and Yemen . It is often eaten along with honey and ghee or beef jerky ( muqmad ) , and washed down with a cup of tea . During lunch , lahoh is sometimes consumed with soup or stew . Tunisia ( edit ) Lablabi is a common and popular breakfast stew . Uganda ( edit ) In Uganda , most tribes have different cuisines but the most popular breakfast dishes are Porridge and Katogo . Porridge is made by mixing maize flour or millet flour with water and bringing the mixture to a boil . While Katogo is made from matoke ( green bananas ) , peeled and cooked in the same pot with a sauce ( Beef , peanuts , beans or greens ) , Katogo is served with tea or juice . Both dishes are popular in all regions of Uganda . Asia ( edit ) Breakfasts vary widely throughout Asia . In Arab countries , breakfast is often a quick meal , consisting of bread and dairy products , with tea and sometimes jam . Flat bread with olive oil and za'tar is also popular . China ( edit ) As mainland China is made up of many distinct provinces each with their own unique cuisine , breakfast in China can vary significantly from province to province . In general , basic choices include sweet or salty pancakes , soup , deep fried bread sticks or doughnuts ( youtiao ) , buns ( mantou ) , porridge ( congee ) , and fried or soup - based noodles . These options are often accompanied by tea or sweetened soy bean milk . However , condiments for porridge and the soup base tend to vary between provinces and regions . The types of teas that are served and spices that are used can also differ significantly between the provinces . A typical Hong Kong style Cha chaan teng breakfast may include pan fried eggs and a bun , including a cup of milk tea Due to its near two centuries history as a British colony and proximity to China 's Canton region , both English and traditional Cantonese style breakfasts are of somewhat equal popularity in Hong Kong , as well as the hybrid form of breakfast commonly offered in Cha chaan teng . Cha Chaan Teng breakfasts often include Hong Kong - style milk tea , pan fried egg , bread , Cantonese noodles or Hong Kong style macaroni in soup . Traditional Cantonese breakfast may include dim sum , which include a variety of different ingredients and are prepared in numerous different forms from delicately wrapped baby shrimp steamed dumplings to sweet water chestnut cake . Each dish is designed to be sampled and diners can go through a large selection of dim sum quickly accompanied by a generous amount of good tea . Tieguanyin is the most common accompaniment , but other teas such as pu'er and oolong are also common . Fried and rice - based noodles and cakes are also popular . In modern times , dim sum is commonly prepared and served in Yum Cha restaurants rather than at home because of the skill and efforts involved in the preparation . India ( edit ) In all , there are at least 25 types of Indian breakfasts , each consisting of a choice of over 100 different food items . Each state in India has different specialties and items for breakfast . Thus there is no single standard Indian breakfast , with items changing with regions . However , one can broadly classify breakfast varieties in India into 2 types ; North Indian and South Indian . The eastern and western parts of India also have individual breakfast items unique to their culture or state . A typical south Indian breakfast consists of idli , vada or dosa coupled with chutney and sambar . Many variations of these dishes exist such as Rava idli , thayir vadai ( yogurt vada ) , sambar vada and masala dosa . Other popular south Indian breakfast items are pongal , bisibelebath ( sambar rice ) , upma , and poori . The state of Kerala has some special breakfast items such as appam , parotta , puttu , idiyappam and palappam . A typical north Indian breakfast may either be a type of paratha or roti served with a vegetable curry , curd and pickles . There are several varieties of parathas available depending on the type of stuffing such as aloo ( potato ) paratha , Paneer ( cottage cheese ) Paratha , Mooli Paratha ( Radish Paratha ) , etc . Other popular breakfast items in the north are poori bhaji , poha and bhindi bhujia . Among Bengals roti and curry are the general variants in breakfast . The menu may also include `` Indian French toast '' which is also known as `` Bombay toast '' , chire bhaja ( flaked rice fried in oil and salt is added to it according to taste ) , and boiled eggs . In Western India , a Gujarati household may serve dhoklas , khakhras or theplas for breakfast , the most popular of which is methi thepla . In Mangalore the breakfast delicacy Oondees may be served . In Maharashtra typical breakfast ( Nashta ) consists of ' Kande Pohe ' , ' Upma , ' Ukkad ' , Thalipeeth , ' Spiced Puree ' . Sometimes ' Chapati Bhaji ' or ' Chapati roll with tea ' becomes breakfast . South Indian Dosa served with Chutney and sambar . A south Indian breakfast with idlis and a vada , served with chutney and sambar . Aloo Paratha Dhoklas being sold in a market in Gujarat Iran ( edit ) Breakfast in Iran generally consists of different kinds of flatbread such as barbari , taftoon , sangak , lavash , white cheese , butter , jam and marmalade ( morabba ) , honey , clotted cream ( sar sheer ) , nuts and fresh / dried fruits , and black tea or coffee . Frequently breakfast can be as simple as butter and jam on bread with tea . Iranians prefer to drink their hot black tea with sugar . Traditional cooked dishes for breakfast include haleem ( wheat and chicken / lamb / turkey porridge eaten with cinnamon ) or kale pache ( sheep 's feet , stomach and other offal ) , adasi ( green lentil soup ) , fried / boiled / soft - boiled eggs , omlet ( eggs cooked in tomato sauce ) . Israel ( edit ) Main article : Israeli breakfast Israeli breakfast The Israeli breakfast is a mix of culinary influences from eastern Europe , agrarian Yishuv culture , North African cuisine and Levantine cuisine . It usually consists of a range of cheeses along with sliced vegetables , scrambled eggs ( or another kind of fried egg ) and bread , served with spreads like butter , jam or honey . The most commonly used vegetables are cucumbers , tomatoes , and red bell peppers ; carrots , onions and radishes may also be included . Cheeses include , at the very least , cottage cheese , quark or fromage blanc , and a local variety of Edam ( `` yellow cheese '' ) , and often Tzfatit and labneh too . Side dishes including pickled olives and herring may also be served . Typical Middle Eastern mezze such as Israeli salad , hummus , tehina and baba ghanoush , as well as Shakshouka and a variety of salads may be served . The meal is most often accompanied by coffee , tea and orange juice . A typical Israeli meal could be either dairy - or meat - based , but not both . Only certain types of meat are considered kosher . Israeli hotels usually present this type of breakfast as a buffet . Restaurants may prefer a pre-set `` Israeli Breakfast '' menu item . Japan ( edit ) A complete traditional Japanese kaiseki breakfast at a ryokan in Kyoto Breakfast in modern Japanese households comes in two major variations : Japanese style and Western style . Japanese - style breakfasts are eaten widely in Japan , but often only on weekends and non-working days . Younger Japanese couples may prefer Western - style breakfasts because they are generally less time consuming to prepare . The standard Japanese breakfast consists of steamed white rice , a bowl of miso soup , and Japanese styled pickles ( like takuan or umeboshi ) . A raw egg and nori are often served ; the raw egg is beaten in a small bowl and poured on the hot rice to make golden colored tamago kake gohan , whilst the nori ( sheets of dried seaweed ) is used to wrap rice . Grilled fish and Japanese green tea are often served as well . Western - style breakfasts in Japanese households are similar to those in the United States . Japanese children often eat corn flakes and drink milk , hot chocolate or fruit juice . Japanese adults ( especially younger ones ) tend to have toast with butter or jam , eggs , and slices of vegetables . They often drink coffee or orange juice . Traditional Japanese inns ( like ryokan ) serve complete traditional breakfast . Western - style hotels and restaurants in Japan generally offer a mix of the Western and Japanese styles . Korea ( edit ) Korean kimchi Traditionally , Korean breakfasts consist mainly of rice and soup dishes . These can include small amounts of fish or beef , and some form of broth , stew or porridge . Like all Korean meals , breakfast is usually served with banchan , or side dishes consisting of kimchi , Gyeran - jjim ( steamed eggs ) and tofu . Myanmar ( edit ) htamin jaw -- leftover or cold rice fried with onions and boiled peas from a streethawker is quick and popular . In Burma the traditional breakfast is htamin jaw , fried rice with boiled peas ( pè byouk ) , and yei nway jan ( green tea ) , especially among the poor . Glutinous rice or kao hnyin is steamed and wrapped in banana leaf often served with peas as kao hnyin baung with a sprinkle of crushed and salted toasted sesame . Equally popular is the purple variety of rice known as nga cheik which is cooked the same way and called nga cheik paung . Si damin is sticky rice cooked with turmeric and onions in peanut oil which is served with crushed and salted toasted sesame and crisp fried onions . Assorted fritters such as baya jaw ( urad dal ) are often served as a complement . Nan bya or naan ( Indian - style flatbreads ) again with pè byouk or simply buttered , is served with Indian tea or coffee . It goes well with hseiksoup ( mutton soup ) . Fried chapati , blistered like nan bya but crispy , with pè byouk and crispy fried onions is a popular alternative . Htat ta ya , lit . `` a hundred layers '' , is flaky multi-layered fried paratha served with either pè byouk or a sprinkle of sugar . Eeja gway ( Chinese - style fried breadsticks or youtiao ) with Indian tea or coffee is another favourite . Mohinga , perhaps the most popular of all , now available as an `` all - day breakfast '' in many towns and cities , is rice vermicelli in fish broth kept on the boil with chickpea flour or crushed toasted rice , lemon grass , sliced banana stem , onions , garlic , ginger , pepper and fish paste and served with crispy fried onions , crushed dried chilli , coriander , fish sauce and lime . Add fritters such as split chickpea ( pè jan jaw ) , urad dal ( baya jaw ) or gourd ( bu jaw ) , boiled egg and fried fish cake ( nga hpè jaw ) . Philippines ( edit ) Tapsilog This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A traditional Filipino breakfast might include pandesal ( small bread rolls ) , kesong puti ( white cheese ) , champorado ( chocolate rice porridge ) , sinangag ( garlic fried rice ) , and meat -- such as tapa , longganisa , tocino , karne norte ( corned beef ) , or fish such as daing na bangus ( salted and dried milkfish ) -- or itlog na pula ( salted duck eggs ) . Coffee is also commonly served particularly kapeng barako , a variety of coffee produced in the mountains of Batangas noted for having a strong flavor . Certain portmanteaus in Filipino have come into use to describe popular combinations of items in a Filipino breakfast . One is tapsi : an order of tapa and sinangág . Other examples include variations using a silog suffix , usually some kind of meat served with sinangág and itlog ( egg ) . The three most commonly seen silogs are tapsilog ( having tapa as the meat portion ) , tocilog ( having tocino as the meat portion ) , and longsilog ( having longganisa as the meat portion ) . Other silogs include hotsilog ( with a hot dog ) , bangsilog ( with bangus ( milkfish ) ) , dangsilog ( with danggit ( rabbitfish ) ) , spamsilog ( with spam ) , adosilog ( with adobo ) , chosilog ( with chorizo ) , chiksilog ( with chicken ) , cornsilog ( with corned beef ) , and litsilog ( with lechon / litson ) . Pankaplog is a slang term referring to a breakfast consisting of pandesal , kape ( coffee ) , and itlog ( egg ) . An establishment that specializes in such meals is called a tapsihan or `` tapsilugan '' . Singapore ( edit ) A traditional Singaporean breakfast contains kaya toast ( coconut milk jam with bread ) , half - boiled eggs and Kopi . Locals usually dip the toast into the eggs mixed with soya sauce and pepper . Turkey ( edit ) The city of Van is known for especially lavish Turkish breakfasts . In Turkish cuisine , a typical breakfast consists of bread , cheese ( beyaz peynir , kaşar etc . ) , butter , olives , eggs , tomatoes , cucumbers , jam , honey , and kaymak . Sucuk ( spicy Turkish sausage ) , pastırma , börek , simit , poğaça and soups are eaten as a morning meal in Turkey . A common Turkish specialty for breakfast is called menemen , which is prepared with tomatoes , green peppers , onion , olive oil and eggs . Various soups ( çorba ) are also very common and traditional for Turkish breakfast ; mainly chicken broth , lentil soup , and a national delicacy , tarhana soup ( Turkish cereal food consisting of flour yogurt and vegetables fermented then dried ; it is consumed as a soup by mixing it with stock or water ) are most well known soups . Tripe soup , trotter soup , sheep 's head soup are also traditionally very common all over Turkey for breakfast . The Turkish word for breakfast , kahvaltı , means `` before coffee , '' ( kahve , ' coffee ' ; altı , ' under ' ) . but since after the First World War , during which the Ottoman Empire lost its coffee - producing territories , tea has displaced coffee as the everyday hot drink in Turkey . In Sirkeci district of Instanbul , Pide is a popular morning meal . Australia / oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Cornflakes with milk Toast with vegemite Prior to the Second World War and the widespread adoption of household refrigerators , the traditional Australian breakfast consisted of grilled steaks and fried eggs , mainly because of the ready availability of beefsteak during that period . Although this is still eaten in the bush , very few urban Australians today would recall this breakfast format -- but the steak - and - eggs breakfast has survived as the customary pre-landing breakfast of the United States Marine Corps , due to the Marines having copied it from Australian soldiers when the two countries campaigned together during the Pacific War . The majority of urban Australians eat commercially prepared cereal with pasteurised milk or yogurt and toast with preserves such as marmalade or vegemite for breakfast . Two of the most common cereals are cornflakes and a type of biscuit made from wheat , called Weet - bix . Fruit is also common at breakfast , either on the cereal or eaten separately . While not unusual , a cooked breakfast is more likely to be eaten on weekends or on special occasions either at home or at a café . A cooked breakfast can include sausage , bacon , breakfast steaks , mushrooms , tomato , hash browns and pancakes , similar to both the British and American cooked breakfast . Breakfast habits differ more between age groups or families than between cities . Fiji ( edit ) In ethnically Fijian villages , breakfast may be tea served with milk and sugar , and food made out of flour : tovoi or babakau ( a type of fried dough ) , pancakes , bread or biscuits with butter . Sometimes a starch , such as cassava , taro in coconut milk , or rice , is served instead . Leftover fish or meat from the previous night 's meal may be served as well . Tea made from lemon leaves ( called draunimoli ) and fruits such as pineapple , banana , papaya , plantain , and watermelon are also occasionally served . In urban households , tea and cereals are often consumed . Breakfast foods eaten by Fiji Indians often include a vegetable curry with roti and sometimes differ from the above . Fijians living in Rotuma sometimes eat nuqa fish in tarotaro ( fermented coconut yogurt ) , with fresh tropical fruits . Porridge with milk New Zealand ( edit ) Breakfast in New Zealand is very similar to the Australian breakfast . The range of processed breakfast cereals is vast and children are more likely to eat those that contain added sugar . New Zealanders , particularly in winter , are likely to eat a hot oat cereal called `` porridge '' . Porridge is typically served with milk , sugar , fruit or yogurt . Sliced bread which has been toasted and topped with preserves or spreads is a common alternative breakfast . Eating breakfast at a restaurant was unheard of until the 1990s ; however cafes which serve breakfast until midday or all day are now common . The Big Breakfast is the main item at cafes , which is similar to the British cooked breakfast , except that it seldom includes black pudding . Other common menu items are : eggs done how you like , eggs benedict , beans on toast , pancakes , cereal and yogurt , and smoothies . Breakfast nearly always includes coffee , tea or both , with children drinking milk either on their cereal , in a glass or hot milo . Recent concern has been raised about the cost of milk and some families being unable to afford it . New Zealand chains of the fast food franchise McDonald 's offer a `` kiwi big breakfast '' which includes two sausages , hash brown , scrambled eggs , toasted muffin and choice of a small Filter coffee , Hot chocolate or tea . Some NGOs and charities , such as the New Zealand Red Cross , provide breakfast to underclass primary school children . Survey results released in 2013 claim that nearly half of all New Zealanders skip breakfast at least once a week with almost a third of those skipping breakfast up to three times a week . Europe ( edit ) A continental breakfast for two people According to Merriam - Webster , a continental breakfast usually includes coffee , jam , fruit , and baked goods such as bread and pastries , items chosen because they are shelf - stable , and can be served in portion sizes that are appropriate for large groups of people . The term originated in Britain in the mid-19th century , first used in 1896 public hygiene book The Sanitarian , in which `` continent '' refers to the countries of mainland Europe , though the idea had been around for a few decades as American hotels endeavored to appeal to the changing tastes of the emerging middle class and European travelers visiting America . The term refers to the type of breakfast found in places such France and the Mediterranean , which is lighter and more delicate than the typical full English breakfast , which tends to consist of a large plate of eggs , bacon , sausage , toast , beans , and roasted mushrooms and tomatoes , and American breakfasts featuring eggs , breakfast meats , pancakes , potatoes , and toast . Continental breakfasts are also more cost - effective for the establishments serving them , because they require less staff to prepare them . In southeast Europe , in countries such as Bulgaria , Bosnia , Montenegro , Macedonia and parts of Croatia breakfast usually consists of various kinds of savory or sweet pastry , with cheese , meat or jam filling . The most typical breakfast consists of two slices of burek and a glass of yogurt . Breakfast also often consists of open sandwiches . The sandwich is buttered ( with margarine ) , with toppings such as prosciutto and yellow cheese . Albania ( edit ) In Albania the breakfast often consists of a scone , milk , tea , eggs , jam or cheese . Meat is not preferred during the breakfast and it is usually substituted for seafood such as canned sardines or tuna which is typically served with condiments such as mustard or mayonnaise . Wholegrain cereals and pastries are mostly consumed by children . Croatia ( edit ) In Croatia the base is a continental breakfast with a variety of pastries with or without fillings ( marmalade , chocolate , cheese , ham , nuts , poppy ) and fermented milk products ( yogurt , soured milk , soured cream ) . Cold cuts , such as prosciutto , ham , salami , kulen , bacon , and various cheeses , are also favored . Fried eggs or omelet and Vienna sausage with mayonnaise , mustard or ajvar are very often consumed . In continental parts sir i vrhnje ( cottage cheese with soured cream and some spices ) is traditional . Coffee is much preferred over tea ( mostly herbal tea ) . Denmark ( edit ) A typical breakfast in Denmark consists of slices of rye bread ( ' rugbrød ' ) with yellow cheese , a soft - boiled egg -- or more rarely -- ham , salami or liver spread ( ' leverpostej ' ) or it may consist of breakfast cereals such as oatmeal , corn flakes , yogurt being popular options . White bread or bread rolls ( rundstykker ) with yellow cheese and different kinds of jams , usually made from berries or citrus fruits , and other toppings , accompanied by coffee , or tea . Weekends or festive occasions may call for Danish pastries ( wienerbrød ) , chocolate , or a bitters , such as Gammel Dansk . Finland ( edit ) Breakfast usually consists of coffee or tea with open sandwiches . The sandwich is often buttered ( with margarine ) , with toppings such as hard cheese or cold cuts . Finns usually do not have sweets on their breads such as jam , or chocolate . Sour milk products such as yogurt or viili are also common breakfast foods , usually served in a bowl with cereals such as corn flakes , muesli , and sometimes with sugar , fruit or jam . Oatmeal or mixed grain porridge may also be served , usually topped with butter . France ( edit ) In France , a typical domestic breakfast consists of a cup of coffee , often café au lait , or hot chocolate , sometimes accompanied by a glass of orange or grapefruit juice . The main food consists of sweet products such as tartines ( slices of baguette or other breads spread with butter , jam or chocolate paste ) , sometimes dunked in the hot drink . Brioches and other pastries such as croissants , pains au chocolat ( chocolatine ) and pains aux raisins are also traditional , but more of a weekend special treat . Other products such as breakfast cereals , fruit compote , fromage blanc , and yogurt are becoming increasingly common as part of the meal . A traditional French breakfast does not include any savory product , but breakfast buffets in hotels often include ham , cheese and eggs . Germany and austria ( edit ) German breakfast foods as offered in hotels The typical German breakfast consists of bread or bread rolls , butter , jam , ham , cheeses , meat spreads , cold cuts , hard - or soft - boiled eggs and coffee or tea . Cereals have become popular , and regional variation is significant . Yogurt , granola and fruit ( fresh or stewed ) may appear , as well as eggs cooked to order ( usually at smaller hotels or bed - and - breakfasts ) . A second breakfast is traditional in parts of Germany , notably Bavaria where it is called Brotzeit ( literally `` bread time '' ) . Greece ( edit ) Home breakfasts in Greece include bread with butter , honey or marmalade with coffee or milk . Breakfast cereals are also eaten . Children also eat Nutella type cream on bread . No breakfast at all is common . Various kinds of savoury pastry ( Tyropita , spanakopita , and bougatsa ) are also eaten for breakfast , also by those eating out , usually accompanied with Greek coffee or Frappé coffee . Traditional Greek breakfast ( hot milk , fresh bread , butter and honey , or yogurt ) was also available in special `` milk shops '' ( in Greek Galaktopoleia -- Γαλακτοπωλεία γαλακτοπωλείο ) . Milk shops were phased out between 1970 and 1990 -- there are very few left , one is in Athens and some in small towns . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary people usually have a large breakfast . Hungarian breakfast generally is an open sandwich with fresh bread or a toast , butter , cheese or different cream cheeses , túró cheese or körözött ( Liptauer cheese spread ) , cold cuts such as ham , liver pâté ( called májkrém or kenőmájas ) , bacon , salami , beef tongue , mortadella , disznósajt ( head cheese ) , different Hungarian sausages or kolbász . Even eggs , ( fried , scrambled or boiled ) , French toast called bundás kenyér and vegetables ( like peppers , bell peppers , tomatoes , radish , scallion and cucumber ) are part of the Hungarian breakfast . Sometimes breakfast is a cup of milk , tea or coffee with pastries , bread rolls or crescent - shaped bread ( kifli ) , toast , pastries with different fillings ( sweet and salty as well ) , butter , jam or honey and a bun or a strudel Hungarian cuisine , or cereal like muesli and perhaps fruit . Italy ( edit ) The traditional breakfast in Italy simply consists of a caffè latte ( hot coffee with milk ) with bread or rolls , butter and jam -- known as prima colazione or just colazione . Fette biscottate ( a cookie - like hard bread often eaten with hazelnut chocolate spread or butter and jam ) and biscotti ( cookies ) are commonly eaten . Hot coffee may be sometimes replaced by hot tea , depending on personal taste . Children often drink hot chocolate , plain milk , hot milk with barley coffee , or hot milk with very little coffee . Cereals , yogurt and fruit juices are also common . If breakfast is eaten in a bar ( coffee shop ) , it is composed of cappuccino and cornetto ( frothed hot milk with coffee , and a pastry ) . It is not uncommon for Italians to have a quick breakfast snack during the morning . Latvia ( edit ) Typical Latvian breakfast usually consists of open sandwiches with toppings made of vegetables , fish , eggs or cheese . Just like Finland it is often buttered with margarine . Curd mixed with vegetables and salt as well as other sour milk products are very popular as well . Very often light oat porridge is eaten too . In general light , sour and salty tasting food is common for morning meal . Latvians usually drink coffee for breakfast . Malta ( edit ) On the island of Malta , breakfast integrates both British and continental elements . Usually the Maltese start their day with a bowl of cereal mixed with milk , sometimes with a cup of coffee or tea . Marmalade / jams or even chocolate spreads are also common on bread or toast . Today cereal bars are also becoming a common type of breakfast on the island . The traditional English breakfast of eggs , sausages and fried bacon was also popular among the Maltese , especially on Sundays , due to the strong British influence on the island but this has diminished almost completely , as locals have rediscovered a more Mediterranean and continental diet over the recent years . Hotels usually serve both a continental as well as a full English breakfast . Prayers are often said before breakfast in order to bless the meal . Netherlands and belgium ( edit ) For breakfast , Dutch and Belgians typically eat sliced bread with butter or margarine and various choices of toppings : dairy products ( numerous variations of cheese ) , a variety of cured and sliced meats , or sweet or semi-sweet products such as jam , syrup ( from sugar beets or fruit ) , honey , Kokosbrood ( a coconut product that is served thinly sliced like sliced cheese ) or peanut butter . Another type of sweet toppings are the chocolate toppings ; the Dutch have chocolate toppings in all variations : hagelslag ( chocolate sprinkles ) , chocoladevlokken ( chocolate flakes ) ( both typically Dutch ) , and chocoladepasta ( chocolate spread ) . Tea , dripolator coffee , milk , and juice are the most popular breakfast beverages . Breakfast may also include raisin bread and fried or boiled eggs . On special occasions , such as Easter , Christmas , Mother 's Day etc. , breakfast is usually the same , but with a wider range of choices ( i.e. premium cheeses , special ham , hot buns , croissants etc . ) . A 2012 opinion poll concluded that the Dutch believe that breakfast should be a more important meal than it is and that more time should be spent on it ; almost three - quarters of those polled ate their sandwiches in less than fifteen minutes , and blame for an all - too quick breakfast was placed on `` fast '' breakfast products . A perfect `` weekend breakfast '' for the Dutch contained coffee or tea , fresh - baked bread rolls ( and croissants ) , and a boiled egg . The poll also concluded that men are more interested than women in having breakfast with their partner . Norway ( edit ) 80 % of Norwegians eat breakfast ( frokost ) daily , mostly at home . The most common breakfast is open sandwiches ( smørbrød ) , often whole wheat bread , with cheese , often Jarlsberg , Norvegia or brunost , cold cuts , leverpostei , jam etc . Common drinks are water , various types of coffee such as French press , cafe latte or espresso , milk and juice . Another common breakfast is breakfast cereals like corn flakes eaten with milk , kulturmelk or yogurt . Whole - grain porridges with regular milk or butter are also eaten by some . More ample breakfasts may include fish , a diverse array of cheese , eggs , bacon , breads , and hot and cold cereals eaten in various combinations . Pastries such as croissants or pain au chocolat have become increasingly common since the 1990s . Poland ( edit ) The traditional Polish breakfast is a large spread with a variety of sides eaten with bread or toast . Sides include various cold cuts , meat spreads , the Polish sausage kielbasa , tomatoes , Swiss cheese , and sliced pickles . Twaróg , a Polish cheese , is the breakfast classic and comes in many forms . Twaróg can be eaten plain , with salt , sugar , or honey , or it can be mixed with chives into a cream cheese - like spread . Eggs are served often as the main breakfast item , mostly soft - boiled or scrambled . For a quick winter breakfast , hot oatmeal , to which cocoa is sometimes added , is often served . Jam spreads are popular for a quick breakfast , including plum , raspberry , and black or red currant spreads . Breakfast drinks include coffee , milk , hot cocoa , or tea . Traditionally , the Poles avoid heavy - cooked foods for breakfast . For the most part , one will not see fried meats or potatoes in a classic Polish breakfast . Emphasis is placed on a large variety of foods to satisfy everyone at the breakfast table . Romania ( edit ) The traditional Romanian breakfast is milk , tea or coffee alongside ( toasted ) bread with butter or margarine and on top of it , honey or fruit jams or preserves . Sometimes the buttered bread is served savory instead of sweet , in which case the Romanians add cured meats , salami or cheese . Another option is to spread on a slice of bread some liver pâté . In recent years , Romanians have also started to serve cereal with dried fruits and milk instead of the traditional breakfast , though that is not yet very widespread . According to a 2014 study , 35 % of Romanians eat cooked dishes such as omelet or fried eggs and 15 % eat sandwiches . Most people drink coffee and 67 % serve Turkish coffee ( made in an ibrik ) , though more and more people are starting to use drip or filter coffee . While crêpes served with fruit preserves , jams or cheese have traditionally been served as desserts , in the recent years more Romanians have started to have them as breakfast during weekends . Russia ( edit ) Traditional Russian breakfast are concentrated on kashas , or porridges -- the most important staple in Russian nutritional culture , with buckwheat and oat , as well as semolina , serving as the three most important bases of such dishes , usually cooked on water or milk , as well as consumed with or without milk . Breakfast foods also include pancakes or oladushki . Oladushki are made from flour and rise on yeast . Blini , or crepes , are also popular for breakfast and are also made with flour , but without the yeast . Sirniki , is a cheese form of pancake . Sirniki are made of tvorog ( quark cheese ) , which can be eaten separately with honey for breakfast . Also , a popular dish is buterbrod , open sandwiches with cold cuts and cheeses . Serbia ( edit ) In Serbia domestic breakfast may include : eggs in different forms ( e.g. omelet with bacon , onion and feta cheese ) , canned fish or opened sandwiches with prosciutto or ham , feta cheese and salad ( e.g. pickles ) . Different types of pies and pastry with various filings ( e.g. Proja , Gibanica , Burek ) are also served as the main dish . Yogurt and coffee are preferred breakfast drinks . In the past it was a custom to drink Sljivovica before breakfast and after that Slatko with water . Spain ( edit ) Churros served with thick hot chocolate In Central Spain there is a special breakfast ' known as chocolate con churros -- hot chocolate with Spanish - style fritters , which are extruded sticks of doughnut - like dough with a star - shaped profile covered in sugar . The chocolate drink is made very thick and sweet . In Madrid , churros are somewhat smaller and shaped like a charity ribbon . This meal is normally served in cafeterías but it is not a regular or usual breakfast at Madrid homes . The usual one is the same as in the rest of Spain : coffee with milk or Cola Cao , orange juice , biscuits or toasts , with butter and jam . In the North , East and West it is more common to have a cup of coffee ( usually with milk ) or Cola Cao and a toast with a choice of olive oil and salt , tomato and olive oil , butter , jam , pâté , jamón serrano ( cured ham ) , and other options like sobrasada ( a raw cured spiced sausage that is easy to spread ) , and in Andalucia , pringá . Freshly squeezed orange juice is widely available in most places as an alternative for coffee . The breakfast is not often larger than these two items , because usually in late morning there is a break known as almuerzo when there is a snack . Sometimes , toast is replaced with galletas ( a type of cookie made with flour , sugar , oil and vanilla flavour ) , magdalenas ( a Spanish version of the French madeleine made with oil instead of butter ) or buns . Sweden ( edit ) Breakfast in Sweden is usually an open sandwich of soft bread or crisp bread , cold cuts , smörgåskaviar , cheese , cottage cheese , cream cheese , eggs , scrambled or boiled , pâté ( leverpastej ) with pickled cucumber , tomatoes or cucumber , or a toast with marmalade or maybe honey , juices , coffee , hot chocolate or tea . Breakfast cereals or muesli with milk , yogurt or filmjölk , currants and fruits are popular or warm whole - grain porridge with milk and jam ( for example lingonberry jam ) . Bilberry - soup ( blåbärssoppa ) and rose hip soup are also possible breakfast alternatives . Switzerland ( edit ) Swiss breakfasts are often similar to those eaten in neighboring countries . Traditionally , zopf ( or züpfe ) is eaten on Sunday mornings and New Year 's Day . A notable breakfast food of Swiss origin , now found throughout Europe , is muesli , ( Birchermüesli in Swiss German ) , introduced in 1900 by Maximilian Bircher - Benner for patients in his hospital . United kingdom and Ireland ( edit ) See also : English breakfast In the contemporary UK and Ireland , a weekday breakfast may involve a cereal dish , such as muesli , porridge or cereal , or toast or simply bread spread with jam or marmalade . Tea and coffee remain equally popular accompaniments . Marmalade , originally a Portuguese confection , had been a popular British spread to consume in the evening , before the Scots moved it to the breakfast table in the 18th century . A full English breakfast with fried egg , sausage , white and black pudding , bacon , mushrooms , baked beans , hash browns , toast , and half a tomato It is however becoming very common to ' skip breakfast ' entirely or take coffee or pastries on the morning commute . Portable quick snacks such as granola bars , ready - cut fruit and warm takeaway foods are becoming increasingly commonly consumed away from home and are sold at commuting points and newsagents and local shops in all urban areas . The traditional breakfast most associated with Britain and Ireland remains , however , the `` full breakfast '' of eggs ( fried , scrambled , or poached ) with bacon and sausages , usually with mushrooms , tomatoes , baked beans , fried bread , black pudding or white pudding and toast . Dating from a time when hard labour was more common , calorie intakes were necessarily higher , and servant labour was more available , it is nowadays regarded as a meal for the weekend or holidays when time is available for preparation , prepared by parents to welcome children , or as a special occasion such as a birthday or anniversary , or following a night of drinking . A healthy and nutritious version consists of grilling the protein and using poached , rather than fried , eggs , and variations based on one egg , one protein and toast abound . It remains by far the most common choice on brunch menus and breakfast cafes across the region . The `` full Scottish breakfast '' tends to omit pork sausages and have beef sausages or lamb haggis instead . At its most extensive it consists of eggs , square sausage , fried dumpling , potato scone , tomato , mushrooms , bacon beef links and fried bread . Originating in the British isles during the Victorian era , the full breakfast is among the most internationally recognised British dishes . Another traditional British breakfast consists of porridge , although now associated with Scotland , it has been consumed across Britain as a staple food since at least the Middle Ages . The breakfast cereal Scott 's Porage Oats was produced in Glasgow in 1880 . Before the arrival of American - style breakfast cereals in the early 20th century , dried bread soaked in hot milk or tea and porridge ( boiled oats ) was the common daily breakfast , while leftover vegetables ( often , cabbage ) and potatoes not eaten the night before were often served re-fried becoming ' bubble - and - squeak ' ; in Ireland the dish is known as colcannon . Traditionally , breakfast would be served with a small amount of fruit , such as a slice of orange , believed to prevent the onset of scurvy . Also traditional , but now less popular breakfasts included fish in the form of kippers ( smoked herring ) with poached egg and toast , and kedgeree ( a Scoto - Indian smoked haddock , egg and rice dish originating in Colonial India ) . Most British breakfasts are consumed with tea , coffee or fruit juice . In Old English , breakfast was known as morgenmete , meaning `` morning meal '' . A continental breakfast of pastries , fruit , slices of cheese and meat A continental breakfast in UK and Irish hotels normally consists of baked goods ( fresh bread , toast , pastries such as croissants or pain au chocolat etc . ) slices of cheese and cold meat , cereal , yogurts , fruit and drinks like coffee , tea or fruit juices . Although this is the traditional breakfast in parts of continental Europe , elsewhere these breakfasts are common only in the hospitality sector ( particularly in economy and limited service hotels with no restaurant , as they require little preparation ) . North America ( edit ) As with other continents around the world , breakfasts in North America vary widely from country to country . Canada ( edit ) Breakfast in Canada is similar to that of the US . Traditional breakfast foods include pork sausages or bacon , fried potatoes , eggs , toast , cereals , pancakes ( or French toast ) and maple syrup , or hot oatmeal . Coffee and tea are both widely consumed in Canada during breakfast . Costa Rica ( edit ) Gallo pinto In Costa Rica the most common breakfast is called `` gallo pinto , '' which basically is made up of rice and beans ( red or black ) previously cooked . Sautéed in a pan with chile , onions , culantro ( an herb typical to the region ) and bean stock for color . It is accompanied with fried egg , cheese and fried plantain or cooking plantain . Black coffee as well as with milk are traditional drinks . As this is the most common breakfast of the country , in Limón Province they prepare gallo pinto with coconut milk instead . Another popular breakfast food is the `` chorreadas '' which are basically savory sweet corn pancakes ; they are usually accompanied with cheese or a type of sour cream called `` natilla '' . Cuba ( edit ) Cuban bread Breakfast in urban areas traditionally consists of café con leche that is sweetened and includes a pinch of salt . Toasted buttered Cuban bread , cut into lengths , is dunked in the coffee . In rural Cuba , farmers eat roasted pork , beans and white rice , café con leche and cuajada sweetened with caramel . Dominican Republic ( edit ) Dominican Mangú In the Dominican Republic , breakfast varies depending on the region . In the interior of the island it is accustomed to have breakfast with a side of vegetables , the green plantain or cooking plantain being the most popular . It is served boiled or mashed known as Mangú . In the capital , breakfast is more light . It includes coffee with milk or hot chocolate , along with bread , butter and cheese . Normally accompanied by orange juice and other juices of fruits typical to the region . Milk punch ( milk , egg , nutmeg and malt ) boiled eggs with `` harina de negrito '' or some other type of cornstarch . Traditional breakfast bread is a water - based bread . Guatemala ( edit ) Huevos divorciados from Guatemala In Guatemala , breakfast consists of one or two eggs either fried , scrambled or boiled accompanied by baked / fried beans with coffee . With this comes fresh cream , fresh cheese and fried plantains ( or cooking plantain ) . It is common to add hot sauce made out of `` chiltepes '' ( a type of pepper ) . They are prepared raw or boiled , then they are ground with some vinegar , chopped onions and chopped cilantro to make the hot sauce . A traditional egg dish prepared with both green and red sauces is called `` huevos divorciados . '' In the eastern part of the country , specifically in Zacapa you can find `` huevos a caballo '' or ( eggs on a horse ) which is basically two fried eggs over roasted steak . Baleadas from Honduras Other types of breakfast include milk cereals . The most common drinks are orange juice or other fruits , milk , atol ( a milk pudding with chocolate ) and corn starch . The coffee is normally served with sweet bread also called `` pan de manteca '' ( or butter bread ) . Honduras ( edit ) In Honduras it is typical to start the day with homemade bread , with coffee or a glass of milk . Then , a plate of food with beans , alongside eggs that can be scrambled or sunny side up , slivers of fried plantain ( or cooking plantain ) , corn , tortillas , cheese and butter . Versions of egg preparation vary : `` estrellados '' which consists of just cracking the shell , in `` torta '' or omelette ( beaten with some salt ) , scrambled or boiled . Another typical breakfast are the baleadas and tortillas with cheese ; sometimes they are fried together with cheese in between . In the `` garífuna '' culture , coffee is accompanied by `` mínimo '' bread ( banana bread ) or coconut bread . Jamaica ( edit ) A Jamaican breakfast includes ackee and saltfish , seasoned callaloo , boiled green bananas , and fried dumplings . Mexico ( edit ) Mexican huevos rancheros A traditional Mexican breakfast consists of eggs prepared in different ways ( like Huevos rancheros ) , accompanied by beans with chile and tortillas . Also very traditional are chilaquiles ( pieces of corn tortilla with a cheese and chile sauce ) and entomatadas ( a variation of the spicy enchiladas ) . Nicaragua ( edit ) In Nicaragua the typical breakfast consists of `` gallo pinto '' ( national dish made out of red beans and rice ) , eggs , cheese , corn tortillas and sweet plantains . Meals are normally accompanied by different juices and coffee . On Sundays , nacatamales are the traditional breakfast . These consist of a mass of corn with rice , potatoes , pork or chicken and sliced onions wrapped in plantain leaves and is usually accompanied by cacao as a drink . Panama ( edit ) In Panama , breakfast is a heavy meal , especially in the interior of the country where hard labor requires it . It always includes black coffee ( tinto ) or with milk ( called pintado ) with any of these sides : corn tortillas , traditional white cheese ( or queso del pais ) , another type of tortillas or `` torrejas '' made of wheat flour known as `` hojaldres . '' Another traditional breakfast side is `` bollo '' made out of either corn , white corn , or coconut that is wrapped in corn leaves and `` preña'o '' ( meaning with child ) that means it 's filled with some type of meat . Corn tortillas with steak and onions from Panama As protein , a large serving of beef liver with onion , scrambled or fried eggs , beef stew or `` tasajo '' ( a type of beef jerky ) , pork rinds and different kinds of sausages like chorizo or morcilla are the most popular . These are also accompanied by : slices of green plantain or cooking plantain , `` patacones '' ( double fried plantain ) , carimañolas ( yuca filled with meat ) , as well as different bread pastries both savory and sweet . These large breakfasts are normally reserved for special occasions while everyday breakfasts consist of more traditional food from the west like toast , ham , cheese , jam etc . It is important to mention that the prolonged US presence has also influenced urban areas of Panama by introducing meals like cereal with milk as well as pancakes with syrup as traditional breakfast meals . United States ( edit ) An example of an American diner breakfast , with overeasy eggs , home fries , bacon and buttered toast The average starting time for breakfasts in the United States has been found to be 8 : 12 a.m , and varies from 8 : 08 a.m. in the South to 8 : 17 a.m. in the West . Breakfast often consists of a combination of hot or cold cereals , eggs , breakfast meats , and breakfast quick breads such as pancakes , waffles , or biscuits . Variants of the full breakfast and continental breakfast are also common . In the Southeastern United States , grits , and biscuits and gravy are popularly eaten at breakfast . In many regions around the country , bagels are a common breakfast item , and are often served sliced in half , toasted , and spread with butter or cream cheese or other toppings . Another popular breakfast item in the United States are doughnuts , which are often consumed exclusive of other breakfast foods . Coffee is a common beverage , as is tea , and orange juice , tomato juice , and other fruit juices are consumed by people of all ages . In the United States , 65 % of coffee is drunk during breakfast hours . Milk is also widely consumed , drunk either plain or prepared with various flavorings , such as chocolate or strawberry . Across the country , breakfast sandwiches are a common choice for the first meal of the day . A typical sandwich is composed of egg , cheese , and cooked breakfast meat such as bacon or sausage , on a roll , although regional varietals are common . In New Jersey , bacon is often swapped out of the breakfast sandwich and replaced with a processed meat called Pork Roll ( also known as Taylor Ham ) . Other areas alter the breakfast sandwich medium with regional favorites : in New York , bagels are popular , and in the South , biscuits . A variation is the breakfast burrito , which originates from Southwestern and Tex - Mex cuisines . South America ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2018 ) Argentina ( edit ) In Argentina , breakfast is simple : tostadas or medialunas , usually served with coffee and orange juice . Brazil ( edit ) Breakfast in Brazil tends to be lighter as `` Brazilians consider lunch to be a more important meal '' . It is called Café da Manhã in Portuguese , which translates to `` morning coffee '' , and consists of a combination of bread , fruits , cheese , cereal , pão de queijo , cakes , coffee , milk , and fruit juice . Regional differences also exist . Gallery ( edit ) A croissant , served mainly in France and Western Europe . A breakfast consisting of a novelty - stamped waffle , cantaloupe melon slices , grapes , and butter . Photo taken in Currier House of Harvard College A pancake from Japan , topped with butter and honey idli and sambar - a south Indian breakfast Inflight airline meal -- breakfast during a Thai Airways flight See also ( edit ) Food portal Health and fitness portal Breakfast television Brunch Instant breakfast List of breakfast beverages List of breakfast foods List of breakfast topics Midnight breakfast Wedding breakfast Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The World Bank wrote that a progressive elimination of imported coffee seems common in poorer areas of Senegal as a result of the global recession of 2009 : a Senegalese a restaurant owner stated , `` We were n't used to consume ( sic ) the Tuba Coffee for breakfast , but since the crisis people drink it a lot , also children . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` breakfast -- definition of breakfast by the Free Online Dictionary , Thesaurus and Encyclopedia '' . Thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Heather Arndt ( 2013 ) . Breakfast : A History . AltaMira Press . ISBN 0759121656 Jump up ^ Albala , Ken ( 2002 ) . Hunting for Breakfast in Medieval and Early Modern Europe . Devon , UK . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Giovannini M , Verduci E , Scaglioni S , Salvatici E , Bonza M , Riva E , Agostoni C ( 2008 ) . `` Breakfast : a good habit , not a repetitive custom '' . J Int Med Res. 36 ( 4 ) : 613 -- 24 . doi : 10.1177 / 147323000803600401 . PMID 18652755 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast is ' most important meal ' '' . BBC . 7 March 2003 . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Maki KC , Phillips - Eakley AK , Smith KN ( 2016 ) . `` The Effects of Breakfast Consumption and Composition on Metabolic Wellness with a Focus on Carbohydrate Metabolism '' . Adv Nutr. 7 ( 3 ) : 613S -- 21S . doi : 10.3945 / an. 115.010314 . PMC 4863265 . PMID 27184288 . Jump up ^ Carroll AE ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Sorry , There 's Nothing Magical About Breakfast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Leidy HJ , Gwin JA , Roenfeldt CA , Zino AZ , Shafer RS ( 2016 ) . `` Evaluating the Intervention - Based Evidence Surrounding the Causal Role of Breakfast on Markers of Weight Management , with Specific Focus on Breakfast Composition and Size '' . Adv Nutr. 7 ( 3 ) : 563S -- 75S . doi : 10.3945 / an. 115.010223 . PMC 4863262 . PMID 27184285 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast in Africa '' . mrbreakfast.com . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Special Events ( 18 July 2013 ) . `` The Art of Moroccan Cuisine -- Cooking Classes in Morocco Fes Cooking and Cultural Tours '' . Fescooking.com . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Africa : : Nigeria '' . cia.gov . Jump up ^ Dosti , Rose ( 25 February 1988 ) . `` Nigerian Bean Cakes Make a Hearty Breakfast '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Foods and Drinks '' . Motherland Nigeria . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Heltberg , Rasmus ; Hossain , Naomi ; Reva , Anna , eds. ( 2012 ) . Living Through Crises : How the Food , Fuel , and Financial Shocks Affect the Poor . New Frontiers of Social Policy . Washington , DC : World Bank . p. 223 . doi : 10.1596 / 978 - 0 - 8213 - 8940 - 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8213 - 8940 - 9 . OCLC 769421434 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Cherruau , Pierre . Reportage : Le café Touba fait battre les coeurs , PressAfrik , Dakar , 25 November 2009 . Retrieved on 21 November 2012 . ( in French ) Jump up ^ Mayer , Julie . `` Breakfast in Ouakam , Dakar , Senegal '' , 22 July 2011 . Retrieved on 21 November 2012 . ( in French ) ( in English ) Jump up ^ `` A taste of Senegal : exotic and tantalizing , ... '' , Prepared Foods , May 2008 Jump up ^ Abdullahi , pp. 111 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi , Culture and Customs of Somalia , ( Greenwood Press : 2001 ) , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Little Business Women Jump up ^ `` Porridge '' . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Katogo '' . Monitor News paper . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Cuisine '' . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cha chaan teng cheat sheet : What to order at the most popular eateries in Hong Kong '' . travel.cnn.com . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Taste of Chinese Breakfast '' . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jaffrey , Madhur ( 2015 ) . Vegetarian India . New Delhi : Penguin Random House . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Regional Indian Recipes . Jaico Publishing House . 1970 - 01 - 01 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7224 - 035 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Types of Parathas '' . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Chire Bhaja or Fried Flaked Rice ( East Indian - vegetarian ) Archived 6 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Methi Thepla of Gujarat '' . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thalipeeth '' . Archived from the original on 15 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Gagnon , Lynn ( 15 May 2016 ) . `` The Israeli breakfast -- Best in the world ! '' . BonVoyageurs . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dubois , Jill ; Rosh , Mair ( 2004 ) . Cultures of the World : Israel . Singapore : Marshall Cavendish . p. 122 . ISBN 9780761416692 . Jump up ^ Marks , Gil ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of Jewish Food . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 9780544186316 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typical Israeli Breakfast : Bountiful '' . CBSNews.com . New York City . 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Torgerson , Dial ( 6 September 1979 ) . `` Israeli Breakfast ... is being replaced by the continental breakfast : coffee and a roll '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Sarasota . pp. 8 -- CF . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Deane , Daniela ( 10 August 2012 ) . `` Smart Mouth : The delectable nature of Israeli breakfast '' . Washington Post . Washington , DC . Archived from the original on 28 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ashkenazi , Michael ; Jacob , Jeanne ( 2003 ) . Food culture in Japan . Books.google.co.jp . pp. 119 -- 20 . ISBN 9780313324383 . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Akiyama , Nobuo ; Akiyama , Carol ( 1999 ) . Learn Japanese ( Nihongo ) : the fast and fun way . Books.google.co.jp . p. 123 . ISBN 9780764106231 . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kong , Foong Ling ; Ming Tsai ; Chiong Liew ( 2002 ) . The Food of Asia . Tuttle Publishing . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7946 - 0146 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lane , Jo ( 28 February 2012 ) . `` A taste of Yangon : 6 must - try Burmese dishes '' . Travel Wire Asia . Hybrid News Limited . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Tin Cho Chaw ( 22 May 2009 ) . `` burmese paratha '' . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Köllner , Helmut ; Axel Bruns ( 1998 ) . Myanmar ( Burma ) . Hunter Publishing . p. 215 . Jump up ^ `` Pakaplog '' . Pinoy Slang . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 12 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee Drinking Habits in Turkey '' . Lexio Philes. 24 September 2008 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hasnat , Karim ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` World Breakfasts : Pide '' . www.savisto.com . Instanbul : Savisto . p. 52 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Home and kitchen essentials Jump up ^ `` Steak and Eggs Landing Party Breakfast at Monroe VFW hall -- MonroeTalks.com calendar , powered by Helios Calendar '' . Monroetalks.com. 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Steven J. Morabito ( 12008 ) . Terranova , a Remembrance . Books.google.com.au . ISBN 9781467864909 . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Vegemite '' . About-australia-shop.com . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Australia . Lonely Planet . 2004 . p. 72 . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 447 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` What Do Australians Eat ? Discover Australia Favorite Foods '' . Start-a-new-life-in-australia.com . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What Australians eat for breakfast : an analysis of data from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey '' . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : A.A.J. Jansen ; Susan Parkinson ; A.F.S. Robertson , eds. ( 1990 ) . Food and Nutrition in Fiji : Food production , composition , and intake . Suva , Fiji : Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Fiji School of Medicine . pp. 180 , 183 , 196 , 234 241 , 242 , 255 , 263 , 311 . OCLC 180559487 . Jump up ^ R.R. Nayacakalou ( 1972 ) . Tradition and change in the Fijian village . South Pacific Social Sciences Association in association with the Institute of Pacific Studies . pp. 5 , 146 . OCLC 478256695 . ^ Jump up to : Seeto , Lance ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Weekend Food '' . The Fiji Times . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Report Shows Eating Breakfast Helps Children 's Adademic Performance '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ New Zealand . Lonely Planet . 2002 . p. 79 . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 196 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Fonterra takes fresh look at school milk -- National -- NZ Herald News '' . Nzherald.co.nz. 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ kiwi big breakfast Jump up ^ Children offered breakfast to start school day Retrieved April 2013 Jump up ^ Back to work , back to school ... back to breakfast ! Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Anna ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` What Is a Continental Breakfast , and What Makes It Continental ? '' . Kitchn . Jump up ^ `` Continental Breakfast Centers '' . Mount Holyoke College . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Molokhovets , Elena ( 1998 ) . Classic Russian Cooking . Indiana University Press . p. 331 . ^ Jump up to : Slavic Cuisine ISBN 9781156606315 Jump up ^ `` Danish Food Culture : Breakfast '' . Denmark.dk . Archived from the original on 30 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2009 . Jump up ^ www.vesijalanjalki.org : liha Archived 27 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Escoffier , Georges Auguste ( 2002 ) . Escoffier : The Complete Guide to the Art of Modern Cookery . New York : John Wiley and Sons . pp. Foreword . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 29016 - 2 . Jump up ^ Austrian Cooking and Baking , Gretel Beer , ISBN 9780486232201 Jump up ^ Do we Greeks eat breakfast ? Eleftherotypia newspaper Archived 3 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hidden milk shop in Athens ( in Greek ) '' ( in Greek ) . Dailysecret.com . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Gundel 's Hungarian Cookbook , Karoly Gundel , p. 34 Jump up ^ József Venesz ISBN 963 - 13 - 0219 - 9 : Corvina Press 1977 . Jump up ^ The Silver Spoon ISBN 88 - 7212 - 223 - 6 , 1997 ed . ^ Jump up to : And the New Scandinavian Cuisine Marcus Samuelsson ISBN 0618109412 Jump up ^ Darmanin , Francis . A Guide To Maltese Cooking . Malta : Jumbo Productions . p. 14 . ISBN 99909 - 79 - 00 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wintle , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` Diet and Modernization in The Netherlands During the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries '' . In Thomas M. Wilson . Food , Drink and Identity in Europe . Rodopi . pp. 63 -- 84 . ISBN 9789042020863 . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederland wil ontbijt terug op de kaart '' ( in Dutch ) . Nu.nl. 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Vil bevare brødskiven på frokostbordet Archived 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Byavisen.net ( in Norwegian ) Jump up ^ Polish Cooking Marianna Olszewska Heberle Penguin 2005 ISBN 9781440624759 Jump up ^ `` Micul dejun în lume - unde și ce se mănâncă dimineața '' . Știri pe surse . Bucharest. 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ce consumă românii la micul dejun . Studiu Ipsos Research '' . economica.net . Bucharest. 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clătite la micul dejun , noul trend în nutriție '' . 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Iosebashvili , Irakli ( 4 December 2009 ) . `` Russia 's national cuisine : Oladi pancakes '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ The Gastronomical Me Jump up ^ Unesco , The Mediterranean diet Jump up ^ Rutiga kokboken , 2002 , ISBN 91 - 534 - 1950 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Zopf : the Sunday joy '' . MySwitzerland.com , Switzerland Tourism. 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mike MacEacheran ( 14 August 2017 ) . `` How Switzerland transformed breakfast '' . BBC Travel . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spread over centuries '' ( 19 August 2003 ) . The Age . 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Colin ( 2003 ) . British Food : An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13110 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Scott 's Porage -- Our Heritage '' . Scott 's Porage Oats . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Caroline Conran , Traditional Cooking ( British Cookery ) 1978 ISBN 0233 97053 3 Jump up ^ Dr E.J.C. Kendall , ( 1955 ) Scurvy during some British polar expeditions , 1875 -- 1917 Polar Record , 7 , pp. 467 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Difference between Continental and English breakfast '' . Travelwebdir.com. 8 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Foods The Canada Guide '' . The Canada Guide . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ es : Desayuno # Costa Rica Jump up ^ Grupo 2 : -- Span201. 002 -- Patterson Jump up ^ es : Desayuno # República Dominicana Jump up ^ Deborah S. Hartz Authentic Jamaican breakfast 1 August 1991 Ocala Star - Banner p. 44 Jump up ^ `` Desayunos típicos alrededor del mundo '' . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Kirsten . `` Nicaragua Food and Drink '' . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ es : Desayuno # Panamá Jump up ^ When is dinner ? Jump up ^ Charles L. , Cutler ( 2002 ) . Tracks that speak : the legacy of Native American words in North American culture . US : Houghton Mifflin . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 06510 - 5 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Specialty Coffee Statistics '' . e-importz.com . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Emina , S. ; Eggs , M. ( 2013 ) . The Breakfast Bible . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4088 - 3990 - 4 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argentinean breakfast : tostadas and medialunas '' . therealargentina.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Brazilians Have for Breakfast '' . The Brazil Business . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Further reading ( edit ) Kealey , Terence ( 2016 ) . Breakfast is a Dangerous Meal : Why You Should Ditch Your Morning Meal For Health and Wellbeing . London : Fourth Estate . ISBN 978 - 0008172343 . OCLC 994867927 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Breakfast . Look up breakfast in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 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-3543915856740575211 | 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification | 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 7 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Tournament details Dates 12 March 2015 -- 15 November 2017 Teams 210 ( from 6 confederations ) Tournament statistics Matches played 849 Goals scored 2,410 ( 2.84 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Robert Lewandowski Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil ( 16 goals each ) ← 2014 2022 → All statistics correct as of 10 October 2017 ( including any matches not played but awarded ) . The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification process is a series of tournaments organised by the six FIFA confederations to decide 31 of the 32 teams which will play in the 2018 FIFA World Cup , with Russia qualifying automatically as hosts . All 210 remaining FIFA member associations were eligible to enter the qualifying process , and for the first time in World Cup history , all eligible national teams registered for the preliminary competition , but Zimbabwe and Indonesia were disqualified before playing their first matches . Bhutan , South Sudan , Gibraltar and Kosovo made their FIFA World Cup qualification debuts . Myanmar , having successfully appealed against a ban from the competition for crowd trouble during a 2014 World Cup qualifying tie against Oman , were obliged to play all their home matches outside the country . While the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , on 25 July 2015 , a number of qualification matches were played before that . The first began in Dili , Timor Leste , on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC 's qualification , with East Timorese player Chiquito do Carmo scoring the first goal of qualification . Matches were also played in CONCACAF prior to the main draw . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualified teams 2 Qualification process 2.1 Summary of qualification 3 Format 3.1 Tiebreakers 4 Confederation qualification 4.1 AFC 4.1. 1 Final positions ( third round ) 4.1. 2 Play - off for 5th place ( fourth round ) 4.2 CAF 4.2. 1 Current stage ( third round ) 4.3 CONCACAF 4.3. 1 Final positions ( fifth round ) 4.4 CONMEBOL 4.4. 1 Final positions 4.5 OFC 4.5. 1 Final positions ( third round ) 4.6 UEFA 4.6. 1 Final positions ( first round ) 4.6. 2 Next stage ( second round ) 5 Inter-confederation play - offs 5.1 CONCACAF v AFC 5.2 OFC v CONMEBOL 6 Top goalscorers 7 References 8 External links Qualified teams Team qualified for World Cup Team may qualify for World Cup Team failed to qualify for World Cup , but has matches left to play Team failed to qualify for World Cup , and all matches have been played Team expelled from the tournament by FIFA prior to playing a match Country not a FIFA member Team Method of qualification Date of qualification Finals appearance Last appearance Consecutive finals appearances Previous best performance Russia Host 01 2 December 2010 11th 2014 Fourth place ( 1966 ) Brazil CONMEBOL Round Robin winners 02 28 March 2017 21st 2014 21 Winners ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) Iran AFC Third Round Group A winners 03 12 June 2017 5th 2014 Group stage ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 ) Japan AFC Third Round Group B winners 04 31 August 2017 6th 2014 6 Round of 16 ( 2002 , 2010 ) Mexico CONCACAF Fifth Round winners 05 1 September 2017 16th 2014 7 Quarter - finals ( 1970 , 1986 ) Belgium UEFA Group H winners 06 3 September 2017 13th 2014 Fourth place ( 1986 ) South Korea AFC Third Round Group A runners - up 07 5 September 2017 10th 2014 9 Fourth place ( 2002 ) Saudi Arabia AFC Third Round Group B runners - up 08 5 September 2017 5th 2006 Round of 16 ( 1994 ) Germany UEFA Group C winners 09 5 October 2017 19th 2014 17 Winners ( 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 ) England UEFA Group F winners 10 5 October 2017 15th 2014 6 Winners ( 1966 ) Spain UEFA Group G winners 11 6 October 2017 15th 2014 11 Winners ( 2010 ) Nigeria CAF Third Round Group B winners 12 7 October 2017 6th 2014 Round of 16 ( 1994 , 1998 , 2014 ) Costa Rica CONCACAF Fifth Round runners - up 13 7 October 2017 5th 2014 Quarter - finals ( 2014 ) Poland UEFA Group E winners 14 8 October 2017 8th 2006 Third place ( 1974 , 1982 ) Egypt CAF Third Round Group E winners 15 8 October 2017 3rd 1990 First round ( 1934 , 1990 ) Iceland UEFA Group I winners 16 9 October 2017 1st -- -- Serbia UEFA Group D winners 17 9 October 2017 12th Fourth place ( 1930 , 1962 ) Portugal UEFA Group B winners 18 10 October 2017 7th 2014 5 Third place ( 1966 ) France UEFA Group A winners 19 10 October 2017 15th 2014 6 Winners ( 1998 ) Uruguay CONMEBOL Round Robin runners - up 20 10 October 2017 13th 2014 Winners ( 1930 , 1950 ) Argentina CONMEBOL Round Robin third place 21 10 October 2017 17th 2014 12 Winners ( 1978 , 1986 ) Colombia CONMEBOL Round Robin fourth place 22 10 October 2017 6th 2014 Quarter - finals ( 2014 ) Panama CONCACAF Fifth Round third place 23 10 October 2017 1st -- -- Notes : This is the 4th appearance of Russia at the FIFA World Cup ; however , FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union who themselves qualified on 7 occasions . : Russia 's best result is group stage in 1994 , 2002 and 2014 ; however , FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union who achieved this result . : Germany between 1951 and 1990 is often referred to as `` West Germany '' , as a separate East German state and team existed then . : This is the 2nd appearance of Serbia at the FIFA World Cup . However , FIFA considers Serbia as the successor team of the Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro national teams , who between them qualified on 10 occasions . : No official third place match took place in 1930 and no official third place was awarded at the time ; both United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . However , FIFA lists the teams as third and fourth respectively . Qualification process The number of teams participating in the final tournament is 32 . Even though the qualification process began in March 2015 , the allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress . It was decided that the same allocation as 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Summary of qualification While all FIFA members entered the tournament , not all competed . Zimbabwe were expelled from the competition on 12 March 2015 for their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee and Indonesia were excluded from the qualifying competition following the suspension of their football association by FIFA on 30 May 2015 . Kuwait had a number of their qualifiers cancelled for a similar suspension that began while their campaign was underway , which eventually resulted in their elimination . As of all matches played on 10 October 2017 Confederation Teams started Teams that have qualified Teams that can still qualify Teams that have been eliminated Remaining places in finals Total places in finals Next matchday Qualifying end date AFC 46 41 0 or 1 4 or 5 10 November 2017 15 November 2017 CAF 54 8 44 5 10 November 2017 14 November 2017 CONCACAF 35 31 0 or 1 3 or 4 10 November 2017 15 November 2017 CONMEBOL 10 5 0 or 1 4 or 5 11 November 2017 15 November 2017 OFC 11 0 10 0 or 1 0 or 1 11 November 2017 15 November 2017 UEFA 54 + 1 9 + 1 8 37 13 + 1 9 November 2017 14 November 2017 Total 210 + 1 22 + 1 20 168 9 31 + 1 9 November 2017 15 November 2017 Note : One team each from AFC , CONCACAF , CONMEBOL , and OFC will play in the inter-confederation play - offs , to be played between 6 -- 15 November 2017 ( CONCACAF v AFC and OFC v CONMEBOL ) . Note : UEFA total includes + 1 for Russia as hosts . Format The formats of the qualifying competitions depend on each confederation ( see below ) . Each round may be played in either of the following formats : League format , where more than two teams form groups to play home - and - away round - robin matches , or in exceptions permitted by the FIFA Organizing Committee , single round - robin matches hosted by one of the participating teams or on neutral territory . Knockout format , where two teams play home - and - away two - legged matches . Tiebreakers In league format , the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria ( regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7 ) : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Overall goal difference Overall goals scored Points in matches between tied teams Goal difference in matches between tied teams Goals scored in matches between tied teams Away goals scored in matches between tied teams ( if the tie is only between two teams in home - and - away league format ) Fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points direct red card : minus 4 points yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee In cases where teams finishing in the same position across different groups are compared for determining which teams advance to the next stage , the criteria is decided by the confederation and require the approval of FIFA ( regulations Article 20.8 ) . In knockout format , the team that has the higher aggregate score over the two legs progresses to the next round . In the event that aggregate scores finish level , the away goals rule is applied , i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs progresses . If away goals are also equal , then thirty minutes of extra time are played , divided into two fifteen - minutes halves . The away goals rule is again applied after extra time , i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level , the visiting team qualifies by virtue of more away goals scored . If no goals are scored during extra time , the tie is decided by penalty shoot - out ( regulations Article 20.9 ) . Confederation qualification AFC Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) The AFC Executive Committee meeting on 16 April 2014 approved the proposal to merge the preliminary qualification rounds of the FIFA World Cup and the AFC Asian Cup , which will be expanded to 24 teams starting in 2019 : First round : A total of 12 teams ( teams ranked 35 -- 46 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The six winners advanced to the second round . Second round : A total of 40 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 34 and six first round winners ) were divided into eight groups of five teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The eight group winners and the four best group runners - up advanced to the third round of FIFA World Cup qualification as well as qualified for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup finals . Third round : The 12 teams ( an increase from 10 for 2014 ) which advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of six teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The top two teams of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the two third - placed teams advanced to the fourth round . Fourth round : The two third - placed teams of each group from the third round played home - and - away over two legs . The winners advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the fourth - placed CONCACAF team . A total of 24 teams eliminated from World Cup qualification in the second round compete in the third round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ( which is separate from the third round of 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ) , where they are divided into six groups of four teams and compete for the remaining slots of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . The 24 teams consist of the 16 highest ranked teams eliminated in the second round , and the eight teams that advanced from the play - off round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification which are contested by the remaining 12 teams eliminated in the second round . Final positions ( third round ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 12 April 2016 at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 10 6 0 10 + 8 22 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 South Korea 10 11 10 + 1 15 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 Syria 10 9 8 + 1 13 Advance to fourth round 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 Uzbekistan 10 5 6 7 − 1 13 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 5 China PR 10 8 10 − 2 12 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 6 Qatar 10 7 8 15 − 7 7 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Japan 10 6 17 7 + 10 20 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 Saudi Arabia 10 6 17 10 + 7 19 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Australia 10 5 16 11 + 5 19 Advance to fourth round 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 -- 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 United Arab Emirates 10 5 10 13 − 3 13 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 5 Iraq 10 5 11 12 − 1 11 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 4 -- 0 6 Thailand 10 0 8 6 24 − 18 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Play - off for 5th place ( fourth round ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Fourth Round The third - placed teams from each group in the third round played against each other home - and - away over two legs to determine which team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Syria 2 -- 3 Australia 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) CAF Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CAF ) The CAF Executive Committee approved the format for the qualifiers of the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 14 January 2015 . However , on 9 July 2015 FIFA officially announced that only three rounds will be played instead of four . First round : A total of 26 teams ( teams ranked 28 -- 53 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The 13 winners advanced to the second round . Second round : A total of 40 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 27 and 13 first round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The 20 winners advanced to the third round . Third round : The 20 teams which advance from the second round were divided into five groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The winners of each group will qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Zimbabwe , even though they entered the competition , were expelled on 12 March 2015 for their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee . Therefore , only 53 African teams were involved in the draw . Current stage ( third round ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- CAF Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 24 June 2016 at the CAF headquarters in Cairo , Egypt . Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Tunisia 5 0 11 + 7 13 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 11 Nov DR Congo 5 11 6 + 5 10 2 -- 2 -- 11 Nov 4 -- 0 Guinea ( E ) 5 0 5 11 − 6 1 -- 4 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 2 Libya ( E ) 5 0 10 − 6 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 7 October 2017 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers ( E ) Eliminated . Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Nigeria ( Q ) 5 0 11 + 8 13 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 Zambia ( E ) 5 6 5 + 1 7 1 -- 2 -- 11 Nov 3 -- 1 Cameroon ( E ) 5 5 7 − 2 6 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 Algeria ( E ) 5 0 10 − 7 10 Nov 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 7 October 2017 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers ( E ) Eliminated ; ( Q ) Qualified to the phase indicated . Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Morocco 5 0 9 0 + 9 9 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 6 -- 0 Ivory Coast 5 7 + 4 8 11 Nov -- 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 Gabon ( E ) 5 7 − 5 5 0 -- 0 0 -- 3 -- 11 Nov Mali ( E ) 5 0 9 − 8 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 7 October 2017 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers ( E ) Eliminated . Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Senegal 0 6 + 4 8 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 14 Nov Burkina Faso 5 6 6 0 6 2 -- 2 -- 14 Nov 1 -- 1 Cape Verde 5 0 8 − 4 6 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 South Africa 6 6 0 10 Nov 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 7 October 2017 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Notes : Jump up ^ FIFA ordered a replay of the original South Africa v Senegal match after the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) upheld the lifetime ban of match referee Joseph Lamptey . Originally South Africa had defeated Senegal 2 -- 1 . Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Egypt ( Q ) 5 0 7 + 4 12 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 Uganda ( E ) 5 + 1 8 1 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 Ghana ( E ) 5 6 + 2 6 12 Nov 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1 Congo ( E ) 5 0 11 − 7 1 -- 2 12 Nov 1 -- 5 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 8 October 2017 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers ( E ) Eliminated ; ( Q ) Qualified to the phase indicated . CONCACAF Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONCACAF ) An amendment to the qualification process for this tournament had been suggested , which would see the first three rounds played as knockout rounds , with both the fourth round and the final round ( referred to as ' The Hex ' ) played as group stages . The first round would be played during the FIFA international dates of 23 -- 31 March 2015 . CONCACAF announced the full details on 12 January 2015 : First round : A total of 14 teams ( teams ranked 22 -- 35 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The seven winners advanced to the second round . Second round : A total of 20 teams ( teams ranked 9 -- 21 and seven first round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The ten winners advanced to the third round . Third round : A total of 12 teams ( teams ranked 7 -- 8 and ten second round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The six winners advanced to the fourth round . Fourth round : A total of 12 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 6 and six third round winners ) were divided into three groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The top two teams of each group advanced to the fifth round . Fifth round : The six teams which advanced from the fourth round played home - and - away round - robin matches in one single group . The top three teams qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the fourth - placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the winner of the Asian Football Confederation play - off . Final positions ( fifth round ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- CONCACAF Fifth Round The draw for the fifth round ( to decide the fixtures ) was held on 8 July 2016 at the CONCACAF headquarters in Miami Beach , United States . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Mexico 10 6 16 7 + 9 21 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Costa Rica 10 14 8 + 6 16 1 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 Panama 10 9 10 − 1 13 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 -- 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 Honduras 10 13 19 − 6 13 Advance to inter-confederation play - offs 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 5 United States 10 17 13 + 4 12 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 4 -- 0 6 -- 0 -- 2 -- 0 6 Trinidad and Tobago 10 0 8 7 19 − 12 6 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers CONMEBOL Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONMEBOL ) The qualification structure was the same as the previous five editions . The ten teams played in a league of home - and - away round - robin matches . The top four teams qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the fifth - placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the winners of the Oceania Football Confederation qualifying competition . Unlike previous qualifying tournaments where the fixtures were pre-determined , the fixtures were decided by a draw held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . Final positions Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 18 12 5 41 11 + 30 41 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 Uruguay 18 9 5 32 20 + 12 31 1 -- 4 -- 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 3 -- 0 Argentina 18 7 7 19 16 + 3 28 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 Colombia 18 7 6 5 21 19 + 2 27 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 Peru 18 7 5 6 27 26 + 1 26 Advance to inter-confederation play - offs 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 -- 3 -- 4 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 6 Chile 18 8 8 26 27 − 1 26 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 -- 0 -- 3 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 7 Paraguay 18 7 8 19 25 − 6 24 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 4 2 -- 1 -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 8 Ecuador 18 6 10 26 29 − 3 20 0 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 -- 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 9 Bolivia 18 12 16 38 − 22 14 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 3 0 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 -- 4 -- 2 10 Venezuela 18 6 10 19 35 − 16 12 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 4 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 5 -- 0 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Notes : ^ Jump up to : FIFA awarded Peru and Chile 3 -- 0 wins as a result of Bolivia fielding the ineligible player Nelson Cabrera . Originally Bolivia had defeated Peru 2 -- 0 and drawn 0 -- 0 with Chile . Nelson Cabrera had previously represented Paraguay and did not meet eligibility rules . OFC Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC ) The qualification structure was as follows : First round : American Samoa , Cook Islands , Samoa , and Tonga played a round - robin tournament at a single country . The winners advanced to the second round . Second round ( OFC Nations Cup ) : A total of eight teams ( Fiji , New Caledonia , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , Tahiti , Vanuatu , and the first round winner ) played the tournament at a single country . For the group stage , they were divided into two groups of four teams . The top three teams of each group advanced to the third round of World Cup qualifying . The top two teams of each group also advanced to the knockout stage ( semi-finals and final ) to decide the 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners which would play in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . Third round : The six teams which advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of three teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The two group winners met in a two - legged match with the winners advancing to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the fifth - placed South American team . The OFC had considered different proposals of the qualifying tournament . A previous proposal adopted by the OFC in October 2014 would have the eight teams divided into two groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches in the second round , followed by the top two teams of each group advancing to the third round to play in a single group of home - and - away round - robin matches to decide the winners of the 2016 OFC Nations Cup which would qualify to the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and advance to the inter-confederation play - offs . However , it was later reported in April 2015 that the OFC had reversed its decision , and the 2016 OFC Nations Cup was played as a one - off tournament similar to the 2012 OFC Nations Cup . Final positions ( third round ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- OFC Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 8 July 2016 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland , New Zealand . Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 6 0 + 6 10 Advance to OFC Final -- 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 New Caledonia 5 − 1 5 0 -- 0 -- 2 -- 1 Fiji 0 8 − 5 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Solomon Islands 0 6 6 0 9 Advance to OFC Final -- 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 Tahiti 0 7 + 3 6 3 -- 0 -- 1 -- 2 Papua New Guinea 0 6 9 − 3 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Notes : Jump up ^ FIFA awarded Tahiti a 3 -- 0 win as a result of the Solomon Islands fielding the ineligible player Henry Fa'arodo , after Tahiti had defeated the Solomon Islands 1 -- 0 . Fa'arodo failed to serve a one - game ban after receiving two yellow cards in the 2016 OFC Nations Cup . Final The draw for the final ( which decided the order of legs ) was held on 15 June 2017 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland , New Zealand . The winners of the final advanced to inter-confederation play - offs . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg New Zealand 8 -- 3 Solomon Islands 6 -- 1 2 -- 2 UEFA Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( UEFA ) Russia have qualified automatically as hosts . The qualifying format for the remaining FIFA - affiliated UEFA teams was confirmed by the UEFA Executive Committee meeting on 22 -- 23 March 2015 in Vienna . The draw for the UEFA zone took place on 25 July 2015 in St. Petersburg . First round ( group stage ) : The 52 UEFA teams affiliated with FIFA at the time of the draw were divided into nine groups ( seven groups of six teams and two groups of five teams ) to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The winners of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the eight best runners - up advanced to the second round ( play - offs ) . With the admission of Gibraltar and Kosovo as FIFA members in May 2016 , both national teams were eligible to make their debuts in World Cup qualifying . With initially two groups in the first round having only five teams , Kosovo was assigned to Group I as it was decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia should not play against Kosovo for security reasons , and Gibraltar was then added to Group H , so that each of the nine groups then had six teams . Second round ( play - offs ) : The eight best runners - up from the first round play one other team over two legs , home and away , the draw being 17 October 2017 . The four winners will qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Final positions ( first round ) The draw for the first round was held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup Advance to Second round ( play - offs ) Group A Group B Group C Pos Team Pld Pts France 10 23 Sweden 10 19 Netherlands 10 19 Bulgaria 10 13 5 Luxembourg 10 6 6 Belarus 10 5 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Portugal 10 27 Switzerland 10 27 Hungary 10 13 Faroe Islands 10 9 5 Latvia 10 7 6 Andorra 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Germany 10 30 Northern Ireland 10 19 Czech Republic 10 15 Norway 10 13 5 Azerbaijan 10 10 6 San Marino 10 0 Source : FIFA Group D Group E Group F Pos Team Pld Pts Serbia 10 21 Republic of Ireland 10 19 Wales 10 17 Austria 10 15 5 Georgia 10 5 6 Moldova 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Poland 10 25 Denmark 10 20 Montenegro 10 16 Romania 10 13 5 Armenia 10 7 6 Kazakhstan 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts England 10 26 Slovakia 10 18 Scotland 10 18 Slovenia 10 15 5 Lithuania 10 6 6 Malta 10 Source : FIFA Group G Group H Group I Pos Team Pld Pts Spain 10 28 Italy 10 23 Albania 10 13 Israel 10 12 5 Macedonia 10 11 6 Liechtenstein 10 0 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Belgium 10 28 Greece 10 19 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 17 Estonia 10 11 5 Cyprus 10 10 6 Gibraltar 10 0 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Iceland 10 22 Croatia 10 20 Ukraine 10 17 Turkey 10 15 5 Finland 10 9 6 Kosovo 10 Source : FIFA Ranking of runners - up In deciding the eight best runners - up , the matches against the sixth - placed team in each group were discarded . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Switzerland 8 7 0 18 6 + 12 21 Advance to second round ( play - offs ) Italy 8 5 12 8 + 4 17 Denmark 8 13 6 + 7 14 Croatia 8 8 + 4 14 5 Sweden 8 18 9 + 9 13 6 Northern Ireland 8 10 6 + 4 13 7 Greece 8 9 5 + 4 13 8 Republic of Ireland 8 7 5 + 2 13 9 Slovakia 8 0 11 6 + 5 12 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Counting only matches against teams ranked first to fifth in the group , 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored ; 4 ) Fair play points ; 5 ) Drawing of lots . Next stage ( second round ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- UEFA Second Round The draw for the second round ( play - offs ) was held on 17 October 2017 at the FIFA headquarters in Zürich , Switzerland . The winners of each tie will qualify for the World Cup . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Northern Ireland Match 1 Switzerland 9 Nov 12 Nov Croatia Match 2 Greece 9 Nov 12 Nov Denmark Match 3 Republic of Ireland 11 Nov 14 Nov Sweden Match 4 Italy 10 Nov 13 Nov Inter-confederation play - offs Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( inter-confederation play - offs ) There are two inter-confederation playoffs to determine the final two qualification spots to the finals . The first legs will be played on 10 and 11 November 2017 , and the second legs will be played on 15 November 2017 . The matchups were decided at the preliminary draw which was held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . CONCACAF v AFC Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONCACAF -- AFC play - off ) Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Honduras Play - off 1 Australia 10 Nov 15 Nov OFC v CONMEBOL Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC -- CONMEBOL play - off ) Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg New Zealand Play - off 2 Peru 11 Nov 15 Nov Top goalscorers As of all matches played on 10 October 2017 Note : Players in bold are still active in the qualification competition . 16 goals Robert Lewandowski Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil 15 goals Cristiano Ronaldo 11 goals Tim Cahill Romelu Lukaku Sardar Azmoun 10 goals Omar Kharbin Edinson Cavani 9 goals Carlos Ruiz André Silva Hassan Al - Haidos Ali Mabkhout 8 goals Yang Xu Christian Eriksen Mehdi Taremi Chris Wood Marcus Berg Jozy Altidore For each confederation and inter-confederation play - offs , see sections in each article : AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Inter-confederation play - offs References Jump up ^ `` Road to Russia with new milestone '' . FIFA.com. 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe expelled from the preliminary competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . FIFA.com. 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impact of Football Association of Indonesia suspension '' . AFC. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Modest Bhutan begin World Cup adventure '' . FIFA.com. 11 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Sudan 's World Cup debut ended early by rain '' . bbc.co.uk. 7 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Congress drives football forward , first female secretary general appointed '' . FIFA.com. 13 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kosovo to play in Group I in European Qualifiers '' . uefa.org . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kosovo and Gibraltar assigned to 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying groups '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Myanmar appeal partially upheld '' . FIFA. 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Organising Committee for the FIFA World Cup extends its responsibilities to cover 2018 and 2022 '' . FIFA.com. 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Konstantinovsky Palace to stage Preliminary Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethics : Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 / 2022 FIFA World Cup TM bidding process '' . FIFA.com. 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Long road to Russia begins in Dili '' . FIFA.com. 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup TM confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA.com. 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Suspension of the Kuwait Football Association '' . FIFA.com. 16 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` ExCo approves expanded AFC Asian Cup finals '' . AFC. 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup draw looms large in Asia '' . FIFA.com. 13 April 2015 . Completing the tournament 's qualifying contenders will be the next 16 highest ranked teams , with the remaining 12 sides battling it out in play - off matches to claim the last eight spots . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup : Asian Qualifying Round 3 line up complete '' . Asian Football Confederation . 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FORMAT OF 2017 AFCON QUALIFIERS AND 2018 WORLD CUP '' . CAFonline.com. 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary Draw procedures outlined '' . fifa.com. 9 July 2015 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` June draw for third round of African Zone qualifiers '' . FIFA.com. 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa vs. Senegal World Cup qualifier to be replayed in November '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Concacaf estrenará formato de eliminatoria ; sigue el Hexagonal '' ( New format for Concacaf qualification - Hexagonal retained ) ( in Spanish ) . ESPN Mexico . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada begins 2018 World Cup qualification in June '' . Sportsnet. 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF to Hold Preliminary FIFA World Cup Qualifying Draw in Miami on January 15 '' . CONCACAF. 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USMNT to start 2018 World Cup qualifying in November of 2015 '' . Sports Illustrated . 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Draw Scheduled for the Final Round of CONCACAF Qualifying for FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 '' . CONCACAF.com. 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A unanimous decision : A draw will determine the classifications for the World Cup and CONMEBOL Tournaments '' . CONMEBOL.com. 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia sanctioned for fielding ineligible player '' . FIFA.com. 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary competition format outlined '' . Oceania Football Confederation . 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OFC Executive Committee decisions '' . OFC . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OFC Executive Committee outcomes '' . Oceania Football Confederation . 20 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Football : Heat goes on NZ after switch '' . New Zealand Herald . 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stage 3 draw complete '' . Oceania Football Confederation . Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Several member associations sanctioned for incidents during FIFA World Cup qualifiers and friendlies '' . FIFA.com. 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand at home first in OFC play - off '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Committee date in Vienna '' . UEFA.org. 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New distribution concept for club competitions approved '' . UEFA.org. 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA 2018 Qualifying Format '' . ESPN.co.uk. 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Focus switches to World Cup qualifying '' . UEFA.com. 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format - FIFA World Cup - News - UEFA.com '' . uefa.com . UEFA . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As it stands : ranking of second - placed teams '' . UEFA.com. 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup European play - off draw to take place on 17 October '' . FIFA.com. 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dates set for Socceroos - Honduras World Cup qualifier '' . SBS the World Game . 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Whites to play first leg against Peru on Saturday afternoon '' . nzherald.co.nz . The New Zealand Herald . 15 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . External links Official FIFA World Cup website Qualifiers , FIFA.com 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification AFC First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round ( play - off ) CAF First Round Second Round Third Round CONCACAF First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Fifth Round CONMEBOL Round Robin OFC First Round Second Round ( Nations Cup ) Third Round UEFA First Round Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Group I Second Round ( play - offs ) Play - offs CONCACAF v AFC OFC v CONMEBOL 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Qualification Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Marketing Mascot Officials Opening ceremony Preparations Seeding Squads Statistics Venues FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification&oldid=809080814 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup qualification 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use dmy dates from February 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 00 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-6008984205934767030 | National Science Foundation | National science Foundation - wikipedia National science Foundation Jump to : navigation , search National Science Foundation Seal of the National Science Foundation Flag of the National Science Foundation Agency overview Formed May 10 , 1950 ; 67 years ago ( 1950 - 05 - 10 ) Headquarters Alexandria , Virginia , U.S. Motto Where Discoveries Begin Employees 1700 Annual budget $7.8 billion for 2018 Agency executive France A. Córdova , Director Website www.NSF.gov The National Science Foundation ( NSF ) is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering . Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health . With an annual budget of about US $ 7.0 billion ( fiscal year 2012 ) , the NSF funds approximately 24 % of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States ' colleges and universities . In some fields , such as mathematics , computer science , economics , and the social sciences , the NSF is the major source of federal backing . The NSF 's director and deputy director are appointed by the President of the United States , and confirmed by the United States Senate , whereas the 24 presidentially appointed members of the National Science Board ( NSB ) do not require Senate confirmation . The director and deputy director are responsible for administration , planning , budgeting and day - to - day operations of the foundation , while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies . The current NSF director , confirmed in March 2014 , is astronomer France A. Córdova , former president of Purdue University . Contents ( hide ) 1 Grants and the merit review process 2 Scope and organization 2.1 Research directorates 2.2 Other research offices 2.3 Overseas offices 2.4 Crosscutting programs 2.5 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics 3 History and mission 3.1 Budget and performance history 3.2 Legislative history 3.3 Timeline 4 Public attitudes and understanding 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Grants and the merit review process ( edit ) The NSF seeks to fulfill its mission chiefly by issuing competitive , limited - term grants in response to specific proposals from the research community . The NSF also makes some contracts . Some proposals are solicited , and some are not ; the NSF funds both kinds . The NSF does not operate its own laboratories , unlike other federal research agencies , notable examples being the NASA and the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) . The NSF receives over 50,000 such proposals each year , and funds about 10,000 of them . Those funded are typically projects that are ranked highest in a ' merit review ' process , the current version of which was introduced in 1997 . Reviews are carried out by ad hoc reviewers and panels of independent scientists , engineers , and educators who are experts in the relevant fields of study , and who are selected by the NSF with particular attention to avoiding conflicts of interest . For example , reviewers can not work at the NSF itself , nor for the institution that employs the proposing researchers . All proposal evaluations are confidential : the proposing researchers may see them , but they do not see the names of the reviewers . The first merit review criterion is ' intellectual merit ' , the second is that of the ' broader societal impact ' of the proposed research ; the latter has been met with opposition from the scientific and policy communities since its inception in 1997 . In June 2010 , the National Science Board ( NSB ) , the governing body for NSF and science advisers to both the legislative and executive branches , convened a ' Task Force on Merit Review ' to determine `` how well the current Merit Review criteria used by the NSF to evaluate all proposals were serving the agency . '' The task force reinforced its support for both criteria as appropriate for the goals and aims of the agency , and published a revised version of the merit review criteria in its 2012 report , to clarify and improve the function of the criteria . However , both criteria already had been mandated for all NSF merit review procedures in the 2010 re-authorization of the America COMPETES Act . The Act also includes an emphasis on promoting potentially transformative research , a phrase which has been included in the most recent incarnation of the ' merit review ' criteria . Most NSF grants go to individuals or small groups of investigators , who carry out research at their home campuses . Other grants provide funding for mid-scale research centers , instruments , and facilities that serve researchers from many institutions . Still , others fund national - scale facilities that are shared by the research community as a whole . Examples of national facilities include the NSF 's national observatories , with their giant optical and radio telescopes ; its Antarctic research sites ; its high - end computer facilities and ultra-high - speed network connections ; the ships and submersibles used for ocean research ; and its gravitational wave observatories . In addition to researchers and research facilities , NSF grants also support science , engineering and mathematics education from pre-K through graduate school . Undergraduates can receive funding through Research Experiences for Undergraduates summer programs . Graduate students are supported through Integrative Graduate Education Research Traineeships ( IGERT ) and Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate ( AGEP ) programs and through the Graduate Research Fellowships , NSF - GRF . K - 12 and some community college instructors are eligible to participate in compensated Research Experiences for Teachers programs . In addition , an early career - development program ( CAREER ) supports teacher - scholars that most effectively integrate research and education within the mission of their organization , as a foundation for a lifetime of integrated contributions . Scope and organization ( edit ) National Science Foundation 's former headquarters The NSF 's workforce numbers about 1,700 , nearly all working at its Alexandria headquarters . That includes about 1,200 career employees , 150 scientists from research institutions on temporary duty , 200 contract workers , and the staff of the National Science Board office and the Office of the Inspector General , which examines the foundation 's work and reports to the NSB and Congress . The NSF relocated its headquarters to Alexandria , Virginia in 2017 from Arlington , Virginia . Research directorates ( edit ) The NSF organizes its research and education support through seven directorates , each encompassing several disciplines : Biological Sciences ( molecular , cellular , and organismal biology , environmental science ) Computer and Information Science and Engineering ( fundamental computer science , computer and networking systems , and artificial intelligence ) Engineering ( bioengineering , environmental systems , civil and mechanical systems , chemical and transport systems , electrical and communications systems , and design and manufacturing ) Geosciences ( geological , atmospheric and ocean sciences ) Mathematical and Physical Sciences ( mathematics , astronomy , physics , chemistry and materials science ) Social , Behavioral and Economic Sciences ( neuroscience , management , psychology , sociology , anthropology , linguistics , science of science policy and economics ) Education and Human Resources ( science , technology , engineering and mathematics education at every level , pre-K to grey ) Other research offices ( edit ) The NSF also supports research through several offices within the Office of the Director : Office of Cyberinfrastructure Office of Polar Programs Office of Integrative Activities Office of International Science and Engineering Overseas offices ( edit ) NSF also has three overseas offices , to promote collaboration between the science and engineering communities of the United States and other continents ' scientific communities : Brussels for Europe , formerly based in Paris Tokyo for East Asia , except China Beijing for China Crosscutting programs ( edit ) In addition to the research it funds in specific disciplines , the NSF has launched a number of projects that coordinate the efforts of experts in many disciplines , which often involve collaborations with other U.S. federal agencies . Examples include initiatives in : Nanotechnology The science of learning Digital libraries The ecology of infectious diseases National Center for science and engineering Statistics ( edit ) NSF 's National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics ( NCSES ) gathers data from surveys and partnerships with other agencies to offer official data on the American science and engineering workforce , graduates of advanced U.S. science and engineering programs , and R&D expenditures by U.S. industry . NCSES is one of the principal U.S. statistical agencies . History and mission ( edit ) The NSF was established by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950 . Its stated mission is `` To promote the progress of science ; to advance the national health , prosperity , and welfare ; and to secure the national defense . '' Some historians of science have argued that the result was an unsatisfactory compromise between too many clashing visions of the purpose and scope of the federal government . The NSF was certainly not the primary government agency for the funding of basic science , as its supporters had originally envisioned in the aftermath of World War II . By 1950 , support for major areas of research had already become dominated by specialized agencies such as the National Institutes of Health ( medical research ) and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission ( nuclear and particle physics ) . That pattern would continue after 1957 when U.S. anxiety over the launch of Sputnik led to the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( space science ) and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( defense - related research ) . The NSF 's scope has expanded over the years to include many areas that were not in its initial portfolio , including the social and behavioral sciences , engineering , and science and mathematics education . The NSF is the only U.S. federal agency with a mandate to support all non-medical fields of research . Budget and Performance history ( edit ) The NSF has come to enjoy strong bipartisan support from Congress . Especially after the technology boom of the 1980s , both sides of the aisle have generally embraced the notion that government - funded basic research is essential for the nation 's economic health and global competitiveness , and for national defense . That support has manifested itself in an expanding budget -- from $1 billion in 1983 ( $2.19 bn in 2010 dollars ) to just over $6.87 billion by FY 2010 , ( fiscal year 2011 request and 2010 enacted level ) stagnating since with $6.9 billion for FY 2013 NSF has published annual reports since 1950 , which since the new millennium have been two reports , variously called Performance Report and Accountability Report or Performance Highlights and Financial Highlights ; the latest available FY 2013 Agency Financial Report was posted December 16 , 2013 , and the 6 page FY 2013 Performance and Financial Highlights was posted March 25 , 2013 . Recently , the organization has been focusing on obtaining high return on investment from their spending on scientific research . Legislative history ( edit ) In the midst of World War II US policymakers became convinced that something had to be done with America 's scientific infrastructure . Although the federal government had established nearly 40 scientific organizations between 1910 and 1940 , the US relied upon a primarily laissez - faire approach to scientific research and development . Growing rubber shortages and other war - related bottlenecks led many to rethink America 's decentralized and market - driven approach to science . Despite a growing consensus that something had to be done , there was no consensus on what to do . Two primary proposals emerged , one from New Deal Senator Harley M. Kilgore and another from Vannevar Bush . Harley Kilgore 's vision Narratives about the National Science Foundation typically concentrated on Vannevar Bush and his 1945 publication Science - The Endless Frontier . This began to change in the late 1970s when scholars looked closer at the historical record , discovering that the NSF first appeared as a comprehensive New Deal Policy proposed by Sen. Harley Kilgore of West Virginia . Swept into office on the wave of new deal politicians , Kilgore was a small businessman with a deep distrust of monopolies . Looking about the landscape of wartime research Kilgore was concerned about the largely laissez - faire approach to producing technologies and products . He was also concerned about the lack of coordination between the federal government and private firms , believing that organizational chaos would lead to a failure in technology production . He was distressed by the concentration of research activities in the hands of a few elite universities and a few private firms . He feared that monopolistic industries had no incentives to develop the products needed for war and postwar economic and social welfare . His solution was to propose a comprehensive and centralized research body that would be responsible to many stakeholders and that would be in charge of producing both basic and applied research . According to this vision , research would no longer be driven by the invisible hand of the market . Research projects would be selected by the public . This public would be represented by a committee of stakeholders including commuting members , industry , and academia . Research results and products would not be owned by private interests , instead the public would own the rights to all patents funded by public monies . Rather than let the market pursue applied research , the proposed agency would pursue both basic and applied research that would support science direct economic and social importance . Responding to his worry about concentration , research monies would be equitably spread across universities . Vannevar Bush 's approach Kilgore 's proposals met mixed support . Non-elite universities as well as small businesses supported his proposals . The Budget Bureau also supported him . Opponents feared that the policy would take research out of the hands of scientists . Others suggested that the policy would socialize a large and independent section of the economy . Another opponent was Vannevar Bush , who was the liaison between Congress and the Office of Scientific Research and Development . He recognized some of the same problems as Kilgore highlighted , and liked some things in Kilgore 's proposals , but he thought that the proposed federal science agency should have a much different form . Bush did not like the idea of letting social interests and community members drive science policy . He feared that the selection of research projects would become politicized , and he also had complete faith in the ability of scientists to pick the best possible projects . Furthermore , in contrast to Kilgore , he felt that the agency should have the narrower mandate of pursuing only basic science , rather than basic and applied science . Unlike Kilgore , he believed the public should not own research results and products , instead responsible researchers should own the research results . Broadly speaking , Bush 's vision was significantly more narrow than Kilgore 's proposal . It maintained the status quo in patenting arrangements , it limited project selection to scientists , and it narrowed projects to basic research . Reception and passage of the ' Technology Mobilization Act ' in 1950 Kilgore first introduced his policy in 1942 under the title the Technology Mobilization Act . After failing multiple attempts , the NSF Act passed in 1950 . The final bill mostly took on the character of Vannevar Bush 's proposal . Broadly speaking it brought about a fragmented or pluralistic system of federal funding for research . During the eight years between initial proposal and final passage , new and existing agencies claimed pieces from the original proposal , leaving the science foundation with limited responsibilities . In the end the final policy represented a failure for those who believed in popular control over research resources , and those who believe that planning and coordination could be extended to the sphere of science policy . Conversely the final policy represented a victory for business interests who feared competition from the government in the area of applied research and who saw Kilgore 's patent law proposal as a threat to their property rights and for scientists who gained control of what would later become an important source of resources and professional autonomy . Timeline ( edit ) Pre -- World War II Academic research in science and engineering was not considered a federal responsibility ; almost all support came from private contributions and charitable foundations . Governmental research into science and technology was largely uncoordinated ; military research was compartmentalized to the point where different branches were often working on the same subject without realizing it . 1940 -- 49 Amidst growing awareness that US military capability depended on strength in science and engineering , Congress considered several proposals to support research in these fields . Separately , President Franklin D. Roosevelt sponsored creation of organizations to coordinate federal funding of science for war , including the National Defense Research Committee and the Office of Scientific Research and Development both from 1941 - 1947 . Senator Harley M. Kilgore introduced the `` Science Mobilization Act '' ( S. 1297 ) in 1942 , which did not pass . Vannevar Bush , head of the Office of Scientific Research and Development which ran the Manhattan Project that outlived it , wrote a report on what should be done in the postwar years to further foster government commitment to science and technology , entitled Science -- The Endless Frontier issued to President Harry S. Truman in July 1945 . The report laid out a strong case for federally funded scientific research , arguing that the nation would reap rich dividends in the form of better health care , a more vigorous economy , and a stronger national defense and proposes creating a new federal agency , the National Research Foundation . Despite broad agreement over the principle of federal support for science , working out a consensus how to organize and manage it required five years . 1950 -- 1959 In 1950 Harry S. Truman signed Public Law 507 , or 42 U.S.C. 16 creating the National Science Foundation . which provided for a National Science Board of twenty - four part - time . In 1951 Truman nominated Alan T. Waterman , chief scientist at the Office of Naval Research , to become the first Director . With the Korean War underway , the agency 's initial budget was just $151,000 for 9 months . After moving its administrative offices twice , NSF began its first full year of operations with an appropriation from Congress of $3.5 million , far less the almost $33.5 million requested with which 28 research grants were awarded . After the 1957 Soviet Union orbited Sputnik 1 , the first ever man - made satellite , national self - appraisal questioned American education , scientific , technical and industrial strength and Congress increased the NSF appropriation for 1958 to $40 million . In 1958 the NSF selected Kitt Peak , near Tucson , Arizona , as the site of the first national observatory , that would give any astronomer unprecedented access to state - of - the - art telescopes ; previously major research telescopes were privately funded , available only to astronomers who taught at the universities that ran them . The idea expanded to encompass the National Optical Astronomy Observatory , the National Radio Astronomy Observatory , the National Solar Observatory , the Gemini Observatory and the Arecibo Observatory , all of which are funded in whole or in part by NSF . The NSF 's astronomy program forged a close working relationship with NASA , also founded in 1958 , in that the NSF provides virtually all the U.S. federal support for ground - based astronomy , while NASA 's responsibility is the U.S. effort in space - based astronomy . In 1959 the U.S. and other nations concluded the Antarctic Treaty reserving Antarctica for peaceful and scientific research , and a presidential directive gave the NSF responsibility for virtually all U.S. Antarctic operations and research in form of the United States Antarctic Program . 1960 -- 1969 Emphasis on international scientific and technological competition accelerated NSF growth . The foundation started the `` Institutional Support Program '' , a capital funding program designed to build a research infrastructure among U.S. universities ; it was the single largest beneficiary of NSF budget growth in the 1960s . In 1960 , the NSF 's appropriation was $152.7 million and 2,000 grants were made . In 1968 the Deep Sea Drilling Project began ( until 1983 ) , which revealed evidence about the concepts of continental drift , sea floor spreading and the general youthfulness of the ocean basins compared to Earth . The program became a model of international cooperation as several foreign countries joined . By 1968 , the NSF budget stood at nearly $500 million . 1970 -- 1979 In 1972 the NSF took over management of twelve interdisciplinary materials research laboratories from the Defense Department 's Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) . These university - based laboratories had taken a more integrated approach than did most academic departments at the time , encouraging physicists , chemists , engineers , and metallurgists to cross departmental boundaries and use systems approaches to attack complex problems of materials synthesis or processing . The NSF expanded these laboratories into a nationwide network of Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers . In 1972 the NSF launched the biennial `` Science & Engineering Indicators '' report to the US President and Congress , as required by the NSF Act of 1950 . In 1977 the first interconnection of unrelated networks was developed , run by DARPA . 1980 -- 1989 During this decade , increasing NSF involvement lead to a three - tiered system of internetworks managed by a mix of universities , nonprofit organizations and government agencies . By the mid-1980s , primary financial support for the growing project was assumed by the NSF . In 1983 , NSF budget topped $1 billion for the first time . Major increases in the nation 's research budget were proposed as `` the country recognizes the importance of research in science and technology , and education '' . The U.S. Antarctic Program was taken out of the NSF appropriation now requiring a separate appropriation . The NSF received more than 27,000 proposals and funded more than 12,000 of them in 1983 . In 1985 , the NSF delivered ozone sensors , along with balloons and helium , to researchers at the South Pole so they can measure stratospheric ozone loss . This was in response to findings earlier that year , indicating a steep drop in ozone over a period of several years . The Internet project continued , now known as NSFNET . 1990 -- 1999 In 1990 the NSF 's appropriation passed $2 billion for the first time . NSF funded the development of several curricula based on the NCTM standards , devised by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics . These standards were widely adopted by school districts during the subsequent decade . However , in what newspapers such as the Wall Street Journal called the `` math wars '' , organizations such as Mathematically Correct complained that some elementary texts based on the standards , including Mathland , have almost entirely abandoned any instruction of traditional arithmetic in favor of cutting , coloring , pasting , and writing . During that debate , NSF was both lauded and criticized for favoring the standards . In 1991 the NSFNET acceptable use policy was altered to allow commercial traffic . By 1995 , with private , commercial market thriving , NSF decommissioned the NSFNET , allowing for public use of the Internet . In 1993 students and staff at the NSF - supported National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) at the University of Illinois , Urbana - Champaign , developed Mosaic , the first freely available browser to allow World Wide Web pages that include both graphics and text . Within 18 months , NCSA Mosaic becomes the Web browser of choice for more than a million users , and sets off an exponential growth in the number of Web users . In 1994 NSF , together with DARPA and NASA , launched the Digital Library Initiative . One of the first six grants went to Stanford University , where two graduate students , Larry Page and Sergey Brin , began to develop a search engine that used the links between Web pages as a ranking method , which they later commercialized under the name Google . In 1996 NSF - funded research established beyond doubt that the chemistry of the atmosphere above Antarctica was grossly abnormal and that levels of key chlorine compounds are greatly elevated . During two months of intense work , NSF researchers learned most of what is known about the ozone hole . In 1998 two independent teams of NSF - supported astronomers discovered that the expansion of the universe was actually speeding up , as if some previously unknown force , now known as dark energy , is driving the galaxies apart at an ever - increasing rate . Since passage of the Small Business Technology Transfer Act of 1992 ( Public Law 102 - 564 , Title II ) , NSF has been required to reserve 0.3 % of its extramural research budget for Small Business Technology Transfer awards , and 2.8 % of its R&D budget for small business innovation research . 2000 -- 2009 NSF joined with other federal agencies in the National Nanotechnology Initiative , dedicated to the understanding and control of matter at the atomic and molecular scale . NSF 's roughly $300 million annual investment in nanotechnology research was still one of the largest in the 23 - agency initiative . In 2001 , NSF 's appropriation passed $4 billion . The NSF 's `` Survey of Public Attitudes Toward and Understanding of Science and Technology '' revealed that the public had a positive attitude toward science , but a poor understanding of it . During 2004 -- 5 NSF sent `` rapid response '' research teams to investigate the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster and Hurricane Katrina . An NSF - funded engineering team helped uncover why the levees failed in New Orleans . In 2005 , NSF 's budget stood at $5.6 billion , in 2006 it stood at $5.91 billion for the 2007 fiscal year ( October 1 , 2006 through September 30 , 2007 ) , and in 2007 NSF requested $6.43 billion for FY 2008 . 2010 -- present President Obama requested $7.373 billion for fiscal year 2013 . Due to the October 1st 2013 shutdown of the Federal Government , and NSF 's lapse in funding , their website was down `` until further notice , '' but was brought back online after the US government passed their budget . In 2014 , NSF awarded rapid response grants to study a chemical spill that contaminated the drinking water of about 300,000 West Virginia residents . Public Attitudes and understanding ( edit ) NSF surveys of public attitudes and knowledge have consistently shown that the public has a positive view of science but has little scientific understanding . The greatest deficit remains the public 's understanding of the scientific method . Comparison surveys elsewhere in the world , including Japan and Europe , have indicated public interest in science and technology is lower than in the US , with China a notable exception . A majority of Americans ( 54 % ) had heard `` nothing at all '' about nanotechnology in 2008 . Criticism ( edit ) In May 2011 , Republican Senator Tom Coburn released a 73 - page report , `` National Science Foundation : Under the Microscope '' , receiving immediate attention from such media outlets as The New York Times , Fox News , and MSNBC . The report found fault with various research projects and was critical of the social sciences , It started a controversy about political bias and a Congressional Inquiry into federally sponsored research . In 2014 , Republicans proposed a bill to limit the NSF Board _́ s authority in grant - writing . In 2013 , the NSF had funded the work of Mark Carey at University of Oregon with a $412,930 grant , which included a study concerning gender in glaciological research . After its January 2016 release , the NSF drew criticism for alleged misuse of funding . See also ( edit ) American Association for the Advancement of Science Capital Jury Project C - MORE , the Center for Microbial Oceanography : Research and Education , an NSF Science and Technology Center International Council on Nanotechnology Mid-InfraRed Technologies for Health and the Environment ( MIRTHE ) ( largely based at Princeton University in the US ) National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program National Digital Library Program ( NDLP ) Research council Scientific literacy Science and Technology Policy Institute SedDB , online database for sediment geochemistry U.S. Civilian Research & Development Foundation United States National Academy of Sciences Glossary of areas of mathematics Glossary of astronomy Glossary of biology Glossary of chemistry Glossary of engineering Glossary of physics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Visit NSF '' . Jump up ^ `` Trump , Congress approve largest U.S. research spending increase in a decade '' . Science AAAS. 23 March 2018 . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About the National Science Foundation '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ National Science Board ( NSB ) Jump up ^ Morello , Lauren ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` US Senate approves France Córdova to lead NSF '' . Nature . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide '' ( PDF ) . NSF . Jan 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Merit Review '' . NSF . January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lok , Corie ( 2010 ) . `` Science funding : Science for the masses '' . Nature . 465 : 416 -- 418 . doi : 10.1038 / 465416a . Jump up ^ NSB ( 2011 ) . `` National Science Foundation 's Merit Review Criteria : Review and Revisions . '' National Science Board . Available at : https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/publications/2011/meritreviewcriteria.pdf Jump up ^ Holbrook , J.B. ( 2005 ) . `` Assessing the Science - Society Relation : The Case of the US National Science Foundation 's Second Merit Review Criterion '' ( PDF ) . Technology in Society . 27 : 437 -- 451 . doi : 10.1016 / j. techsoc. 2005.08. 001 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter III - NSF Proposal Processing and Review '' . Grant proposal Guide . NSF. 1 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . 2 . To what extent do the proposed activities suggest and explore creative , original , or potentially transformative concepts ? Jump up ^ NSF : IGERT Projects Accepting Students Jump up ^ NSF : IGERT Programs Jump up ^ NSF : AGEP Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate Jump up ^ `` Research Experiences for Teachers ( RET ) in Engineering and Computer Science '' . National Science Foundation . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ nsf.gov - Funding - Faculty Early Career Development ( CAREER ) Program - US National Science Foundation ( NSF ) Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/24/national-science-foundation-relocating-to-its-new.html Jump up ^ NSF Biological Sciences '' Jump up ^ Computer and Information Science and Engineering Jump up ^ Engineering Jump up ^ Geosciences Jump up ^ Mathematical and Physical Sciences Jump up ^ Social , Behavioral and Economic Sciences Jump up ^ Education and Human Resources Jump up ^ Office of Cyberinfrastructure Jump up ^ Office of Polar Programs Jump up ^ Office of Integrative Activities Jump up ^ Office of International Science and Engineering Jump up ^ `` NSF Overseas Offices '' . Jump up ^ `` NSF Europe Regional Office '' . Jump up ^ `` NSF Tokyo Regional Office '' . Jump up ^ `` NSF Beijing Office '' . Jump up ^ crosscutting Jump up ^ Nanotechnology Jump up ^ The science of learning Jump up ^ Digital libraries Jump up ^ The ecology of infectious diseases Jump up ^ NCSES home page at nsf.gov Jump up ^ `` 42 U.S. Code Chapter 16 - NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION '' . www.law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ `` US NSF - About - NSF at a Glance '' . Nsf.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ David M. Hart , The Forged Consensus : Science , Technology , and Economic Policy in the United States , 1921 -- 1953 ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ `` FY 2013 Performance and Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . NSF . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NSF Annual Reports '' . NSF . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ NSF Budget Request 2014 . Available : https://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2014/ ^ Jump up to : Kleinman , Daniel ( 1995 ) . Politics on the Endless Frontier . Duke University Press . 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Truman : `` Statement by the President Upon Signing Bill Creating the National Science Foundation. , '' May 10 , 1950 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 81 -- 507 , 64 Stat. 149 , enacted May 10 , 1950 Jump up ^ `` Chapter 7 . Science and Technology : Public Attitudes and Understanding '' . Science and Engineering Indicators. 2014 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 - Chapter 7 : Science and Technology : Public Attitudes and Understanding - Information Sources , Interest , and Perceived Knowledge Jump up ^ `` National Science Foundation : Under the Microscope '' Archived 2011 - 06 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , May 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Dr. Coburn Releases New Oversight Report Exposing Waste , Mismanagement at the National Science Foundation '' Archived 2011 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , May 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ JENNY MANDEL of Greenwire ( 2011 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Sen. Coburn Sets Sight on Waste , Duplication at Science Agency '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Office of Sen. Tom Coburn ( 2010 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Senate Report Finds Billions In Waste On Science Foundation Studies '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Alan . `` Cosmic Log - Funny science sparks serious spat '' . Cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Gramling Q&A : Author of ' feminist glaciology ' study reflects on sudden appearance in culture wars March 11 , 2016 , retrieved 12 July 2017 Jump up ^ Paul Basken U.S. House Backs New Bid to Require ' National Interest ' Certification for NSF Grants February 11 , 2016 , retrieved 12 July 2017 Further reading ( edit ) Oral history interview with Bruce H. Barnes , 26 - Sep - 1990 - Charles Babbage Institute , University of Minnesota . Barnes describes his duties as a program director at NSF . He provides brief overviews and examples of NSF 's support of research in theoretical computer science , computer architecture , numerical methods , software engineering , and the development of networking . He describes NSF 's support for the development of computing facilities through the ' Coordinated Experimental Research Program ' . 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-5756028754418160697 | List of countries and territories by land borders | List of countries and territories by land borders - wikipedia List of countries and territories by land borders Jump to : navigation , search Countries without a land border This is a list of countries and territories by land borders . The number of unique land borders of each country or territory is indicated as well the names of its neighboring countries and territories . The length of each land border is included , as is the total length of each country 's and territory 's land borders . Countries or territories that are connected only by bridges or other man - made causeways are not considered to have land borders . However , borders along lakes , rivers , and other internal waters are considered land borders for the purposes of this article . Footnotes are included to provide clarity regarding the status of certain countries and territories . Land borders ( edit ) Contents : Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Country or territory ( Territories without full sovereignty in italics ) Total length of land borders No. of unique land borders No. of unique land neighbours Land border neighbours and border length ( Territories without full sovereignty in italics ) ( # ) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory km mi Adélie Land ( France ) 0 0 Includes : Australian Antarctic Territory ( Australia ) ( 2 ) Afghanistan 5,529 3,436 6 ( 7 ) 6 ( 7 ) Includes : People 's Republic of China : 76 km ( 47 mi ) Iran : 936 km ( 582 mi ) Pakistan : 2,430 km ( 1,510 mi ) Tajikistan : 1,206 km ( 749 mi ) Turkmenistan : 744 km ( 462 mi ) Uzbekistan : 137 km ( 85 mi ) Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( United Kingdom ) 152 94 6 Includes : Cyprus ( 5 ) : Åland Islands ( Finland ) 0.5 0.31 Albania 720 450 Includes : Greece : 282 km ( 175 mi ) Kosovo : 112 km ( 70 mi ) Macedonia : 151 km ( 94 mi ) Montenegro : 172 km ( 107 mi ) Algeria 6,343 3,941 7 7 Includes : Libya : 982 km ( 610 mi ) Mali : 1,376 km ( 855 mi ) Mauritania : 463 km ( 288 mi ) Morocco : 1,559 km ( 969 mi ) Niger : 956 km ( 594 mi ) Tunisia : 965 km ( 600 mi ) Western Sahara : 42 km ( 26 mi ) American Samoa ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Amsterdam Island and Île Saint - Paul ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Andorra 120 75 Includes : France : 56.6 km ( 35.2 mi ) Spain : 63.7 km ( 39.6 mi ) Angola 5,198 3,230 5 Includes : Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 2 ) : 2,511 km ( 1,560 mi ) Republic of the Congo : 201 km ( 125 mi ) Namibia : 1,376 km ( 855 mi ) Zambia : 1,110 km ( 690 mi ) Anguilla ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Antártica Chilena Province ( Chile ) 0 0 Includes : Argentine Antarctica ( Argentina ) British Antarctic Territory ( United Kingdom ) Antigua and Barbuda 0 0 0 0 Argentina 9,665 6,006 6 5 Includes : Bolivia : 832 km ( 517 mi ) Brazil : 1,224 km ( 761 mi ) Chile ( 2 ) : 5,300 km ( 3,300 mi ) Paraguay : 1,880 km ( 1,170 mi ) Uruguay : 579 km ( 360 mi ) Armenia 1,254 779 5 Includes : Azerbaijan ( 6 ) : 787 km ( 489 mi ) Georgia : 164 km ( 102 mi ) Iran : 35 km ( 22 mi ) Turkey : 268 km ( 167 mi ) Aruba ( Netherlands ) 0 0 0 0 Ashmore and Cartier Islands ( Australia ) 0 0 0 0 Australia 0 0 0 0 Australian Antarctic Territory ( Australia ) 0 0 Includes : Adélie Land ( France ) ( 2 ) Queen Maud Land ( Norway ) Ross Dependency ( New Zealand ) Austria 2,562 1,592 9 8 Includes : Czech Republic : 362 km ( 225 mi ) Germany : 784 km ( 487 mi ) Hungary : 366 km ( 227 mi ) Italy : 430 km ( 270 mi ) Liechtenstein : 35 km ( 22 mi ) Slovakia : 91 km ( 57 mi ) Slovenia : 330 km ( 210 mi ) Switzerland ( 2 ) : 164 km ( 102 mi ) Azerbaijan 2,013 1,251 7 5 Includes : Armenia ( 6 ) : 787 km ( 489 mi ) Georgia : 322 km ( 200 mi ) Iran ( 2 ) : 432 km ( 268 mi ) Russia : 284 km ( 176 mi ) Turkey : 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) Azores ( Portugal ) 0 0 0 0 Bahamas 0 0 0 0 Bahrain 0 0 0 0 Baker Island and Howland Island ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Bangladesh 4,246 2,638 Includes : India ( 2 ) , including Dahagram - Angarpota : 4,053 km ( 2,518 mi ) Myanmar : 193 km ( 120 mi ) Barbados 0 0 0 0 Bassas da India , Europa Island , and Juan de Nova Island ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Belarus 2,900 1,800 5 5 Includes : Latvia : 141 km ( 88 mi ) Lithuania : 502 km ( 312 mi ) Poland : 407 km ( 253 mi ) Russia : 959 km ( 596 mi ) Ukraine : 891 km ( 554 mi ) Belgium 1,385 861 39 Includes : France : 620 km ( 390 mi ) Germany ( 6 ) : 167 km ( 104 mi ) Luxembourg : 148 km ( 92 mi ) Netherlands ( 31 ) : 450 km ( 280 mi ) Belize 516 321 Includes : Guatemala : 266 km ( 165 mi ) Mexico : 250 km ( 160 mi ) Benin 1,989 1,236 Includes : Burkina Faso : 306 km ( 190 mi ) Niger : 266 km ( 165 mi ) Nigeria : 773 km ( 480 mi ) Togo : 644 km ( 400 mi ) Bermuda ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Bhutan 1,075 668 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 470 km ( 290 mi ) India : 605 km ( 376 mi ) Bolivia 6,743 4,190 5 5 Includes : Argentina : 832 km ( 517 mi ) Brazil : 3,400 km ( 2,100 mi ) Chile : 861 km ( 535 mi ) Paraguay : 750 km ( 470 mi ) Peru : 900 km ( 560 mi ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,459 907 5 Includes : Croatia ( 2 ) : 932 km ( 579 mi ) Montenegro : 225 km ( 140 mi ) Serbia ( 2 ) : 302 km ( 188 mi ) Botswana 4,015 2,495 Includes : Namibia : 1,360 km ( 850 mi ) South Africa : 1,840 km ( 1,140 mi ) Zambia : 0.15 km ( 0.093 mi ) Zimbabwe : 813 km ( 505 mi ) Bouvet Island 0 0 0 0 Brazil 14,691 9,129 10 10 Includes : Argentina : 1,224 km ( 761 mi ) Bolivia : 3,400 km ( 2,100 mi ) Colombia : 1,643 km ( 1,021 mi ) French Guiana ( France ) : 673 km ( 418 mi ) Guyana : 1,119 km ( 695 mi ) Paraguay : 1,290 km ( 800 mi ) Peru : 1,560 km ( 970 mi ) Suriname : 597 km ( 371 mi ) Uruguay : 985 km ( 612 mi ) Venezuela : 2,200 km ( 1,400 mi ) British Antarctic Territory ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 Includes : Antártica Chilena Province ( Chile ) Argentine Antarctica ( Argentina ) Queen Maud Land ( Norway ) British Indian Ocean Territory ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 British Virgin Islands ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Brunei 381 237 Includes : Malaysia ( 2 ) : 381 km ( 237 mi ) Bulgaria 1,808 1,123 5 5 Includes : Greece : 494 km ( 307 mi ) Macedonia : 148 km ( 92 mi ) Romania : 608 km ( 378 mi ) Serbia : 318 km ( 198 mi ) Turkey : 240 km ( 150 mi ) Burkina Faso 3,193 1,984 6 6 Includes : Benin : 306 km ( 190 mi ) Côte d'Ivoire : 584 km ( 363 mi ) Ghana : 549 km ( 341 mi ) Mali : 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) Niger : 628 km ( 390 mi ) Togo : 126 km ( 78 mi ) Burundi 974 605 Includes : Democratic Republic of the Congo : 233 km ( 145 mi ) Rwanda : 290 km ( 180 mi ) Tanzania : 451 km ( 280 mi ) Cambodia 2,572 1,598 Includes : Laos : 541 km ( 336 mi ) Thailand : 803 km ( 499 mi ) Vietnam : 1,228 km ( 763 mi ) Cameroon 4,591 2,853 6 6 Includes : Central African Republic : 797 km ( 495 mi ) Chad : 1,094 km ( 680 mi ) Republic of the Congo : 523 km ( 325 mi ) Equatorial Guinea : 189 km ( 117 mi ) Gabon : 298 km ( 185 mi ) Nigeria : 1,690 km ( 1,050 mi ) Canada 8,893 5,526 5 Includes : Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) : 0.05 km ( 0.031 mi ) United States ( 4 ) : 8,893 km ( 5,526 mi ) Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 Cayman Islands ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic 5,213 3,239 6 6 Includes : Cameroon : 797 km ( 495 mi ) Chad : 1,197 km ( 744 mi ) Democratic Republic of the Congo : 1,577 km ( 980 mi ) Republic of the Congo : 467 km ( 290 mi ) South Sudan : 682 km ( 424 mi ) Sudan : 483 km ( 300 mi ) Chad 5,968 3,708 6 6 Includes : Cameroon : 1,094 km ( 680 mi ) Central African Republic : 1,197 km ( 744 mi ) Libya : 1,055 km ( 656 mi ) Niger : 1,175 km ( 730 mi ) Nigeria : 87 km ( 54 mi ) Sudan : 1,360 km ( 850 mi ) Chile 6,171 3,834 Includes : Argentina ( 2 ) : 5,300 km ( 3,300 mi ) Bolivia : 861 km ( 535 mi ) Peru : 160 km ( 99 mi ) People 's Republic of China 22,147 13,762 19 16 Includes : Afghanistan : 76 km ( 47 mi ) Bhutan : 470 km ( 290 mi ) Hong Kong ( PR China ) : 30 km ( 19 mi ) India ( 3 ) : 3,380 km ( 2,100 mi ) Kazakhstan : 1,533 km ( 953 mi ) North Korea : 1,416 km ( 880 mi ) Kyrgyzstan : 858 km ( 533 mi ) Laos : 423 km ( 263 mi ) Macau ( PR China ) : 0.34 km ( 0.21 mi ) Mongolia : 4,677 km ( 2,906 mi ) Myanmar : 2,185 km ( 1,358 mi ) Nepal : 1,236 km ( 768 mi ) Pakistan : 523 km ( 325 mi ) Russia ( 2 ) : 3,645 km ( 2,265 mi ) Tajikistan : 414 km ( 257 mi ) Vietnam : 1,281 km ( 796 mi ) Christmas Island ( Australia ) 0 0 0 0 Clipperton Island ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) 0 0 0 0 Colombia 6,004 3,731 5 5 Includes : Brazil : 1,643 km ( 1,021 mi ) Ecuador : 590 km ( 370 mi ) Panama : 225 km ( 140 mi ) Peru : 1,496 km ( 930 mi ) Venezuela : 2,050 km ( 1,270 mi ) Comoros 0 0 0 0 Democratic Republic of the Congo 10,730 6,670 10 9 Includes : Angola ( 2 ) : 2,511 km ( 1,560 mi ) Burundi : 233 km ( 145 mi ) Central African Republic : 1,577 km ( 980 mi ) Republic of the Congo : 2,410 km ( 1,500 mi ) Rwanda : 217 km ( 135 mi ) South Sudan : 628 km ( 390 mi ) Tanzania : 459 km ( 285 mi ) Uganda : 765 km ( 475 mi ) Zambia : 1,930 km ( 1,200 mi ) Republic of the Congo 5,504 3,420 5 5 Includes : Angola : 201 km ( 125 mi ) Cameroon : 523 km ( 325 mi ) Central African Republic : 467 km ( 290 mi ) Democratic Republic of the Congo : 2,410 km ( 1,500 mi ) Gabon : 1,903 km ( 1,182 mi ) Cook Islands 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 639 397 Includes : Nicaragua : 309 km ( 192 mi ) Panama : 330 km ( 210 mi ) Côte d'Ivoire 3,110 1,930 5 5 Includes : Burkina Faso : 584 km ( 363 mi ) Ghana : 668 km ( 415 mi ) Guinea : 610 km ( 380 mi ) Liberia : 716 km ( 445 mi ) Mali : 532 km ( 331 mi ) Croatia 2,197 1,365 6 5 Includes : Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 2 ) : 932 km ( 579 mi ) Hungary : 329 km ( 204 mi ) Montenegro : 25 km ( 16 mi ) Serbia : 241 km ( 150 mi ) Slovenia : 670 km ( 420 mi ) Crozet Islands ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Cuba 0 0 0 0 Curaçao ( Netherlands ) 0 0 0 0 Cyprus 152 94 6 Includes : Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( United Kingdom ) ( 5 ) Northern Cyprus 0 0 Includes : Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( United Kingdom ) Cyprus Czech Republic 1,881 1,169 Includes : Austria : 362 km ( 225 mi ) Germany : 815 km ( 506 mi ) Poland : 658 km ( 409 mi ) Slovakia : 215 km ( 134 mi ) Denmark 68 42 Includes : Germany : 68 km ( 42 mi ) Djibouti 516 321 Includes : Eritrea : 109 km ( 68 mi ) Ethiopia : 349 km ( 217 mi ) Somalia : 58 km ( 36 mi ) Dominica 0 0 0 0 Dominican Republic 360 220 Includes : Haiti : 360 km ( 220 mi ) East Timor 228 142 Includes : Indonesia ( 2 ) : 228 km ( 142 mi ) Ecuador 2,010 1,250 Includes : Colombia : 590 km ( 370 mi ) Peru : 1,420 km ( 880 mi ) Egypt 2,665 1,656 Includes : Gaza Strip ( Palestinian territories ) : 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) Israel : 266 km ( 165 mi ) Libya : 1,115 km ( 693 mi ) Sudan : 1,273 km ( 791 mi ) El Salvador 545 339 Includes : Guatemala : 203 km ( 126 mi ) Honduras : 342 km ( 213 mi ) England ( United Kingdom ) 411 255 Includes : Scotland : 154 km ( 96 mi ) Wales : 257 km ( 160 mi ) Equatorial Guinea 539 335 Includes : Cameroon : 189 km ( 117 mi ) Gabon : 350 km ( 220 mi ) Eritrea 1,626 1,010 Includes : Djibouti : 109 km ( 68 mi ) Ethiopia : 912 km ( 567 mi ) Sudan : 605 km ( 376 mi ) Estonia 633 393 Includes : Latvia : 339 km ( 211 mi ) Russia : 294 km ( 183 mi ) Ethiopia 5,328 3,311 6 6 Includes : Djibouti : 349 km ( 217 mi ) Eritrea : 912 km ( 567 mi ) Kenya : 861 km ( 535 mi ) Somalia : 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) South Sudan : 883 km ( 549 mi ) Sudan : 723 km ( 449 mi ) European Union 13,180 8,190 26 20 Includes : Albania : 282 km ( 175 mi ) Andorra : 120.3 km ( 74.8 mi ) Belarus : 1,050 km ( 650 mi ) Bosnia and Herzegovina : 932 km ( 579 mi ) Brazil : 673 km ( 418 mi ) Liechtenstein : 34.9 km ( 21.7 mi ) Macedonia : 394 km ( 245 mi ) Moldova : 450 km ( 280 mi ) Monaco : 4.4 km ( 2.7 mi ) Montenegro : 25 km ( 16 mi ) Morocco ( 3 ) : 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) Norway : 2,348 km ( 1,459 mi ) Russia ( 4 ) : 2,257 km ( 1,402 mi ) San Marino : 39 km ( 24 mi ) Serbia : 1,186 km ( 737 mi ) Suriname : 510 km ( 320 mi ) Switzerland : 1,811 km ( 1,125 mi ) Turkey : 446 km ( 277 mi ) Ukraine ( 2 ) : 1,257 km ( 781 mi ) Vatican City : 3.2 km ( 2.0 mi ) Falkland Islands ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) 0 0 0 0 Fiji 0 0 0 0 Finland 2,690 1,670 7 Includes : Norway : 736 km ( 457 mi ) Sweden ( 4 ) : 614 km ( 382 mi ) Russia ( 2 ) : 1,340 km ( 830 mi ) France 2,889 1,795 10 8 Includes : Andorra : 56.6 km ( 35.2 mi ) Belgium : 620 km ( 390 mi ) Germany : 451 km ( 280 mi ) Italy : 488 km ( 303 mi ) Luxembourg : 73 km ( 45 mi ) Monaco : 4.4 km ( 2.7 mi ) Spain ( 3 ) : 623 km ( 387 mi ) Switzerland : 573 km ( 356 mi ) France ( including French overseas departments , collectivities , and territories ) → includes : → Clipperton Island → French Guiana → French Polynesia → French Southern and Antarctic Lands → Guadeloupe → Martinique → Mayotte → New Caledonia → Réunion → Saint Barthélemy → Saint Martin → Saint Pierre and Miquelon → Wallis and Futuna 4,082 2,536 13 11 Includes : Andorra : 56.6 km ( 35.2 mi ) Belgium : 620 km ( 390 mi ) Brazil : 673 km ( 418 mi ) Germany : 451 km ( 280 mi ) Italy : 488 km ( 303 mi ) Luxembourg : 73 km ( 45 mi ) Monaco : 4.4 km ( 2.7 mi ) Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) : 10.2 km ( 6.3 mi ) Spain ( 3 ) : 623 km ( 387 mi ) Suriname : 510 km ( 320 mi ) Switzerland : 573 km ( 356 mi ) French Guiana ( France ) 1,183 735 Includes : Brazil : 673 km ( 418 mi ) Suriname : 510 km ( 320 mi ) French Polynesia ( France ) 0 0 0 0 French Southern and Antarctic Lands ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Gabon 2,551 1,585 Includes : Cameroon : 298 km ( 185 mi ) Republic of the Congo : 1,903 km ( 1,182 mi ) Equatorial Guinea : 350 km ( 220 mi ) The Gambia 740 460 Includes : Senegal : 740 km ( 460 mi ) Gaza Strip ( Palestinian territories ) 62 39 Includes : Egypt : 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) Israel : 51 km ( 32 mi ) Georgia 1,461 908 Includes : Armenia : 164 km ( 102 mi ) Azerbaijan : 322 km ( 200 mi ) Russia : 723 km ( 449 mi ) Turkey : 252 km ( 157 mi ) Germany 3,621 2,250 15 9 Includes : Austria : 784 km ( 487 mi ) Belgium ( 6 ) : 167 km ( 104 mi ) Czech Republic : 815 km ( 506 mi ) Denmark : 68 km ( 42 mi ) France : 451 km ( 280 mi ) Luxembourg : 138 km ( 86 mi ) Netherlands : 577 km ( 359 mi ) Poland : 456 km ( 283 mi ) Switzerland ( 2 ) : 334 km ( 208 mi ) Ghana 2,094 1,301 Includes : Burkina Faso : 549 km ( 341 mi ) Côte d'Ivoire : 668 km ( 415 mi ) Togo : 877 km ( 545 mi ) Gibraltar ( United Kingdom ) 0.75 Includes : Spain : 1.2 km ( 0.75 mi ) Glorioso Islands ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Greece 1,228 763 Includes : Albania : 282 km ( 175 mi ) Bulgaria : 494 km ( 307 mi ) Turkey : 206 km ( 128 mi ) Macedonia : 246 km ( 153 mi ) Greenland ( Denmark ) 0 0 0 0 Grenada 0 0 0 0 Guadeloupe ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Guam ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Guatemala 1,687 1,048 Includes : Belize : 266 km ( 165 mi ) El Salvador : 203 km ( 126 mi ) Honduras : 256 km ( 159 mi ) Mexico : 962 km ( 598 mi ) Guernsey ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Guinea 3,399 2,112 6 6 Includes : Côte d'Ivoire : 610 km ( 380 mi ) Guinea - Bissau : 386 km ( 240 mi ) Liberia : 563 km ( 350 mi ) Mali : 858 km ( 533 mi ) Senegal : 330 km ( 210 mi ) Sierra Leone : 652 km ( 405 mi ) Guinea - Bissau 724 450 Includes : Guinea : 386 km ( 240 mi ) Senegal : 338 km ( 210 mi ) Guyana 2,462 1,530 Includes : Brazil : 1,119 km ( 695 mi ) Suriname : 600 km ( 370 mi ) Venezuela : 743 km ( 462 mi ) Haiti 360 220 Includes : Dominican Republic : 360 km ( 220 mi ) Heard Island and McDonald Islands ( Australia ) 0 0 0 0 Honduras 1,520 940 Includes : Guatemala : 256 km ( 159 mi ) El Salvador : 342 km ( 213 mi ) Nicaragua : 922 km ( 573 mi ) Hong Kong ( People 's Republic of China ) 30 19 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 30 km ( 19 mi ) Howland Island and Baker Island ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Hungary 2,171 1,349 7 7 Includes : Austria : 366 km ( 227 mi ) Croatia : 329 km ( 204 mi ) Romania : 443 km ( 275 mi ) Serbia : 151 km ( 94 mi ) Slovakia : 677 km ( 421 mi ) Slovenia : 102 km ( 63 mi ) Ukraine : 103 km ( 64 mi ) Iceland 0 0 0 0 Île Saint - Paul and Amsterdam Island ( France ) 0 0 0 0 India 14,103 8,763 10 ( 9 ) 6 Includes : Bangladesh ( 2 ) , including Dahagram - Angarpota : 4,053 km ( 2,518 mi ) Bhutan : 605 km ( 376 mi ) People 's Republic of China ( 3 ) : 3,380 km ( 2,100 mi ) Myanmar : 1,463 km ( 909 mi ) Nepal : 1,690 km ( 1,050 mi ) Pakistan : 2,912 km ( 1,809 mi ) Indonesia 2,830 1,760 Includes : East Timor ( 2 ) : 228 km ( 142 mi ) Malaysia : 1,782 km ( 1,107 mi ) Papua New Guinea : 820 km ( 510 mi ) Iran 5,440 3,380 8 7 Includes : Afghanistan : 936 km ( 582 mi ) Armenia : 35 km ( 22 mi ) Azerbaijan ( 2 ) : 432 km ( 268 mi ) Iraq : 1,458 km ( 906 mi ) Pakistan : 909 km ( 565 mi ) Turkey : 499 km ( 310 mi ) Turkmenistan : 992 km ( 616 mi ) Iraq 3,650 2,270 6 6 Includes : Iran : 1,458 km ( 906 mi ) Jordan : 181 km ( 112 mi ) Kuwait : 240 km ( 150 mi ) Saudi Arabia : 814 km ( 506 mi ) Syria : 605 km ( 376 mi ) Turkey : 352 km ( 219 mi ) Ireland 499 310 Includes : United Kingdom : 499 km ( 310 mi ) Isle of Man ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Israel 1,017 632 6 5 Includes : Egypt : 266 km ( 165 mi ) Gaza Strip ( Palestinian territories ) : 51 km ( 32 mi ) Jordan : 238 km ( 148 mi ) Lebanon : 79 km ( 49 mi ) Syria : 76 km ( 47 mi ) West Bank ( Palestinian territories ) : 307 km ( 191 mi ) Italy 1,932 1,200 7 6 Includes : Austria : 430 km ( 270 mi ) France : 488 km ( 303 mi ) San Marino : 39 km ( 24 mi ) Slovenia : 232 km ( 144 mi ) Switzerland ( 2 ) : 740 km ( 460 mi ) Vatican City : 3.2 km ( 2.0 mi ) Jamaica 0 0 0 0 Japan 0 0 0 0 Jarvis Island ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Jersey 0 0 0 0 Johnston Atoll ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Jordan 1,635 1,016 5 5 Includes : Iraq : 181 km ( 112 mi ) Israel : 238 km ( 148 mi ) Saudi Arabia : 744 km ( 462 mi ) Syria : 375 km ( 233 mi ) West Bank ( Palestinian territories ) : 97 km ( 60 mi ) Juan de Nova Island , Bassas da India , and Europa Island ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Kazakhstan 12,012 7,464 5 5 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 1,533 km ( 953 mi ) Kyrgyzstan : 1,051 km ( 653 mi ) Russia : 6,846 km ( 4,254 mi ) Turkmenistan : 379 km ( 235 mi ) Uzbekistan : 2,203 km ( 1,369 mi ) Kenya 3,477 2,161 5 5 Includes : Ethiopia : 861 km ( 535 mi ) Somalia : 682 km ( 424 mi ) South Sudan : 232 km ( 144 mi ) Tanzania : 769 km ( 478 mi ) Uganda : 933 km ( 580 mi ) Kerguelen Islands ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Kiribati 0 0 0 0 North Korea 1,673 1,040 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 1,416 km ( 880 mi ) South Korea : 238 km ( 148 mi ) Russia : 19 km ( 12 mi ) South Korea 238 148 Includes : North Korea : 238 km ( 148 mi ) Kosovo 701 436 Includes : Albania : 112 km ( 70 mi ) Macedonia : 159 km ( 99 mi ) Montenegro : 79 km ( 49 mi ) Serbia : 352 km ( 219 mi ) Kuwait 462 287 Includes : Iraq : 240 km ( 150 mi ) Saudi Arabia : 222 km ( 138 mi ) Kyrgyzstan 3,878 2,410 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 858 km ( 533 mi ) Kazakhstan : 1,051 km ( 653 mi ) Tajikistan ( 3 ) : 870 km ( 540 mi ) Uzbekistan ( 6 ) : 1,099 km ( 683 mi ) Laos 5,083 3,158 5 5 Includes : Cambodia : 541 km ( 336 mi ) People 's Republic of China : 423 km ( 263 mi ) Myanmar : 235 km ( 146 mi ) Thailand : 1,754 km ( 1,090 mi ) Vietnam : 2,130 km ( 1,320 mi ) Latvia 1,150 710 Includes : Belarus : 141 km ( 88 mi ) Estonia : 339 km ( 211 mi ) Lithuania : 453 km ( 281 mi ) Russia : 217 km ( 135 mi ) Lebanon 454 282 Includes : Israel : 79 km ( 49 mi ) Syria : 375 km ( 233 mi ) Lesotho 909 565 Includes : South Africa : 909 km ( 565 mi ) Liberia 1,585 985 Includes : Guinea : 563 km ( 350 mi ) Côte d'Ivoire : 716 km ( 445 mi ) Sierra Leone : 306 km ( 190 mi ) Libya 4,348 2,702 6 6 Includes : Algeria : 982 km ( 610 mi ) Chad : 1,055 km ( 656 mi ) Egypt : 1,115 km ( 693 mi ) Niger : 354 km ( 220 mi ) Sudan : 383 km ( 238 mi ) Tunisia : 459 km ( 285 mi ) Liechtenstein 76 47 Includes : Austria : 34.9 km ( 21.7 mi ) Switzerland : 41.1 km ( 25.5 mi ) Lithuania 1,273 791 Includes : Belarus : 502 km ( 312 mi ) Latvia : 453 km ( 281 mi ) Poland : 91 km ( 57 mi ) Russia : 227 km ( 141 mi ) Luxembourg 359 223 Includes : Belgium : 148 km ( 92 mi ) France : 73 km ( 45 mi ) Germany : 138 km ( 86 mi ) Macau ( People 's Republic of China ) 0.34 0.21 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 0.34 km ( 0.21 mi ) Macedonia 7,666 4,763 5 5 Includes : Albania : 151 km ( 94 mi ) Bulgaria : 148 km ( 92 mi ) Greece : 246 km ( 153 mi ) Kosovo : 159 km ( 99 mi ) Serbia : 62 km ( 39 mi ) Macquarie Island ( Australia ) 0 0 0 0 Madagascar 0 0 0 0 Madeira ( Portugal ) 0 0 0 0 Malawi 2,881 1,790 Includes : Mozambique : 1,569 km ( 975 mi ) Tanzania : 475 km ( 295 mi ) Zambia : 837 km ( 520 mi ) Malaysia 3,147 1,955 Includes : Brunei ( 2 ) : 381 km ( 237 mi ) Indonesia : 1,782 km ( 1,107 mi ) Thailand : 506 km ( 314 mi ) Maldives 0 0 0 0 Mali 7,243 4,501 7 7 Includes : Algeria : 1,376 km ( 855 mi ) Burkina Faso : 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) Côte d'Ivoire : 532 km ( 331 mi ) Guinea : 858 km ( 533 mi ) Mauritania : 2,237 km ( 1,390 mi ) Niger : 821 km ( 510 mi ) Senegal : 419 km ( 260 mi ) Malta 0 0 0 0 Marshall Islands 0 0 0 0 Martinique ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Mauritania 5,074 3,153 Includes : Algeria : 463 km ( 288 mi ) Mali : 2,237 km ( 1,390 mi ) Senegal : 813 km ( 505 mi ) Western Sahara : 1,561 km ( 970 mi ) Mauritius 0 0 0 0 Mayotte ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Mexico 4,353 2,705 Includes : Belize : 250 km ( 160 mi ) Guatemala : 962 km ( 598 mi ) United States : 3,141 km ( 1,952 mi ) Federated States of Micronesia 0 0 0 0 Midway Atoll ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Moldova 1,389 863 Includes : Romania : 450 km ( 280 mi ) Ukraine : 939 km ( 583 mi ) Monaco 4.4 2.7 Includes : France : 4.4 km ( 2.7 mi ) Mongolia 8,220 5,110 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 4,677 km ( 2,906 mi ) Russia : 3,485 km ( 2,165 mi ) Montenegro 625 388 5 5 Includes : Albania : 172 km ( 107 mi ) Bosnia and Herzegovina : 225 km ( 140 mi ) Croatia : 25 km ( 16 mi ) Kosovo : 79 km ( 49 mi ) Serbia : 124 km ( 77 mi ) Montserrat ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Morocco 2,018 1,254 5 Includes : Algeria : 1,559 km ( 969 mi ) Western Sahara : 443 km ( 275 mi ) Spain ( 3 ) : 17 km ( 11 mi ) Mozambique 4,571 2,840 6 6 Includes : Malawi : 1,569 km ( 975 mi ) South Africa ( 2 ) : 491 km ( 305 mi ) Swaziland : 105 km ( 65 mi ) Tanzania : 756 km ( 470 mi ) Zambia : 419 km ( 260 mi ) Zimbabwe : 1,231 km ( 765 mi ) Myanmar 5,876 3,651 5 5 Includes : Bangladesh : 193 km ( 120 mi ) People 's Republic of China : 2,185 km ( 1,358 mi ) India : 1,463 km ( 909 mi ) Laos : 235 km ( 146 mi ) Thailand : 1,800 km ( 1,100 mi ) Nagorno - Karabakh Republic 0 0 Includes : Armenia Azerbaijan Iran Namibia 3,936 2,446 Includes : Angola : 1,376 km ( 855 mi ) Botswana : 1,360 km ( 850 mi ) South Africa : 967 km ( 601 mi ) Zambia : 233 km ( 145 mi ) Nauru 0 0 0 0 Navassa Island ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Nepal 2,926 1,818 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 1,236 km ( 768 mi ) India : 1,690 km ( 1,050 mi ) Netherlands 1,027 638 32 Includes : Belgium ( 31 ) : 450 km ( 280 mi ) Germany : 577 km ( 359 mi ) Netherlands , Kingdom of the → includes : → Aruba → Curaçao → Netherlands ( including Caribbean Netherlands ) → Sint Maarten 1,037 644 33 Includes : Belgium ( 31 ) : 450 km ( 280 mi ) Germany : 577 km ( 359 mi ) Saint Martin ( France ) : 10.2 km ( 6.3 mi ) New Caledonia ( France ) 0 0 0 0 New Zealand 0 0 0 0 Nicaragua 1,231 765 Includes : Costa Rica : 309 km ( 192 mi ) Honduras : 922 km ( 573 mi ) Niger 5,697 3,540 7 7 Includes : Algeria : 956 km ( 594 mi ) Benin : 266 km ( 165 mi ) Burkina Faso : 628 km ( 390 mi ) Chad : 1,175 km ( 730 mi ) Libya : 354 km ( 220 mi ) Mali : 821 km ( 510 mi ) Nigeria : 1,497 km ( 930 mi ) Nigeria 4,047 2,515 Includes : Benin : 773 km ( 480 mi ) Cameroon : 1,690 km ( 1,050 mi ) Chad : 87 km ( 54 mi ) Niger : 1,497 km ( 930 mi ) Niue 0 0 0 0 Norfolk Island ( Australia ) 0 0 0 0 Northern Ireland ( United Kingdom ) 499 310 Includes : Ireland : 499 km ( 310 mi ) Northern Mariana Islands ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Norway 2,551 1,585 Includes : Finland : 736 km ( 457 mi ) Sweden : 1,619 km ( 1,006 mi ) Russia : 196 km ( 122 mi ) Oman 1,374 854 6 Includes : Saudi Arabia : 676 km ( 420 mi ) United Arab Emirates ( 4 ) : 410 km ( 250 mi ) Yemen : 288 km ( 179 mi ) Pakistan 6,774 4,209 4 ( 3 ) 4 ( 3 ) Includes : Afghanistan : 2,430 km ( 1,510 mi ) People 's Republic of China : 523 km ( 325 mi ) India : 2,912 km ( 1,809 mi ) Iran : 909 km ( 565 mi ) Palau 0 0 0 0 Palestine 466 290 Includes : Egypt : 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) Israel ( 2 ) : 358 km ( 222 mi ) Jordan : 97 km ( 60 mi ) Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Panama 555 345 Includes : Colombia : 225 km ( 140 mi ) Costa Rica : 330 km ( 210 mi ) Papua New Guinea 820 510 Includes : Indonesia : 820 km ( 510 mi ) Paraguay 3,920 2,440 Includes : Argentina : 1,880 km ( 1,170 mi ) Bolivia : 750 km ( 470 mi ) Brazil : 1,290 km ( 800 mi ) Peru 5,536 3,440 5 5 Includes : Bolivia : 900 km ( 560 mi ) Brazil : 1,560 km ( 970 mi ) Chile : 160 km ( 99 mi ) Colombia : 1,496 km ( 930 mi ) Ecuador : 1,420 km ( 880 mi ) Peter I Island 0 0 0 0 Philippines 0 0 0 0 Pitcairn Islands ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Poland 2,788 1,732 7 7 Includes : Belarus : 407 km ( 253 mi ) Czech Republic : 658 km ( 409 mi ) Germany : 456 km ( 283 mi ) Lithuania : 91 km ( 57 mi ) Russia : 206 km ( 128 mi ) Slovakia : 444 km ( 276 mi ) Ukraine : 526 km ( 327 mi ) Portugal 1,214 754 Includes : Spain : 1,214 km ( 754 mi ) Puerto Rico ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Qatar 60 37 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) Includes : Saudi Arabia : 60 km ( 37 mi ) Queen Maud Land ( Norway ) 0 0 Includes : Australian Antarctic Territory ( Australia ) British Antarctic Territory ( United Kingdom ) Réunion ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Romania 2,508 1,558 6 5 Includes : Bulgaria : 608 km ( 378 mi ) Hungary : 443 km ( 275 mi ) Moldova : 450 km ( 280 mi ) Serbia : 476 km ( 296 mi ) Ukraine ( 2 ) : 531 km ( 330 mi ) Ross Dependency ( New Zealand ) 0 0 Includes : Australian Antarctic Territory ( Australia ) Russia 20,017 12,438 16 14 Includes : Azerbaijan : 284 km ( 176 mi ) Belarus : 959 km ( 596 mi ) People 's Republic of China ( 2 ) : 3,645 km ( 2,265 mi ) Estonia : 294 km ( 183 mi ) Finland ( 2 ) : 1,340 km ( 830 mi ) Georgia : 723 km ( 449 mi ) Kazakhstan : 6,846 km ( 4,254 mi ) North Korea : 19 km ( 12 mi ) Latvia : 217 km ( 135 mi ) Lithuania : 227 km ( 141 mi ) Mongolia : 3,485 km ( 2,165 mi ) Norway : 196 km ( 122 mi ) Poland : 206 km ( 128 mi ) Ukraine : 1,576 km ( 979 mi ) Rwanda 893 555 Includes : Burundi : 290 km ( 180 mi ) Democratic Republic of the Congo : 217 km ( 135 mi ) Tanzania : 217 km ( 135 mi ) Uganda : 169 km ( 105 mi ) Saint Barthélemy ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0 0 0 0 Saint Lucia 0 0 0 0 Saint Martin 10.2 6.3 Includes : Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) : 10.2 km ( 6.3 mi ) Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) 0.05 0.031 headerstyle = font - weight : normal ; text - align : left ; Includes :| Canada : 0.05 km ( 0.031 mi ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0 0 0 0 Samoa 0 0 0 0 San Marino 39 24 Includes : Italy : 39 km ( 24 mi ) São Tomé and Príncipe 0 0 0 0 Saudi Arabia 4,431 2,753 7 7 Includes : Iraq : 814 km ( 506 mi ) Jordan : 744 km ( 462 mi ) Kuwait : 222 km ( 138 mi ) Oman : 676 km ( 420 mi ) Qatar : 60 km ( 37 mi ) United Arab Emirates : 457 km ( 284 mi ) Yemen : 1,458 km ( 906 mi ) Scotland ( United Kingdom ) 154 96 Includes : England : 154 km ( 96 mi ) Senegal 2,640 1,640 5 5 Includes : The Gambia : 740 km ( 460 mi ) Guinea : 330 km ( 210 mi ) Guinea - Bissau : 338 km ( 210 mi ) Mali : 419 km ( 260 mi ) Mauritania : 813 km ( 505 mi ) Serbia 2,027 1,260 8 8 Includes : Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 2 ) : 302 km ( 188 mi ) Bulgaria : 318 km ( 198 mi ) Croatia : 241 km ( 150 mi ) Hungary : 151 km ( 94 mi ) Kosovo : 352 km ( 219 mi ) Macedonia : 62 km ( 39 mi ) Montenegro : 124 km ( 77 mi ) Romania : 476 km ( 296 mi ) Seychelles 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone 958 595 Includes : Guinea : 652 km ( 405 mi ) Liberia : 306 km ( 190 mi ) Singapore 0 0 0 0 Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) 10.2 6.3 Includes : Saint Martin ( France ) : 10.2 km ( 6.3 mi ) Slovakia 1,524 947 5 5 Includes : Austria : 91 km ( 57 mi ) Czech Republic : 215 km ( 134 mi ) Hungary : 677 km ( 421 mi ) Poland : 444 km ( 276 mi ) Ukraine : 97 km ( 60 mi ) Slovenia 1,334 829 Includes : Austria : 330 km ( 210 mi ) Croatia : 670 km ( 420 mi ) Italy : 232 km ( 144 mi ) Hungary : 102 km ( 63 mi ) Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 Somalia 2,340 1,450 Includes : Djibouti : 58 km ( 36 mi ) Ethiopia : 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) Kenya : 682 km ( 424 mi ) Somaliland 0 0 Includes : Djibouti : 58 km ( 36 mi ) Ethiopia Somalia South Africa 4,862 3,021 6 6 Includes : Botswana : 1,840 km ( 1,140 mi ) Lesotho : 909 km ( 565 mi ) Mozambique ( 2 ) : 491 km ( 305 mi ) Namibia : 967 km ( 601 mi ) Swaziland : 430 km ( 270 mi ) Zimbabwe : 225 km ( 140 mi ) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 South Sudan 4,797 2,981 6 6 Includes : Central African Republic : 682 km ( 424 mi ) Democratic Republic of the Congo : 628 km ( 390 mi ) Ethiopia : 883 km ( 549 mi ) Kenya : 232 km ( 144 mi ) Sudan : 1,937 km ( 1,204 mi ) Uganda : 435 km ( 270 mi ) Spain 1,918 1,192 9 5 Includes : Andorra : 63.7 km ( 39.6 mi ) France ( 3 ) : 623 km ( 387 mi ) Gibraltar : 1.2 km ( 0.75 mi ) Portugal : 1,214 km ( 754 mi ) Morocco ( 3 ) : 17 km ( 11 mi ) Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 Sudan 6,764 4,203 7 7 Includes : Central African Republic : 483 km ( 300 mi ) Chad : 1,360 km ( 850 mi ) Egypt : 1,273 km ( 791 mi ) Eritrea : 605 km ( 376 mi ) Ethiopia : 723 km ( 449 mi ) Libya : 383 km ( 238 mi ) South Sudan : 1,937 km ( 1,204 mi ) Suriname 1,707 1,061 Includes : Brazil : 597 km ( 371 mi ) French Guiana ( France ) : 510 km ( 320 mi ) Guyana : 600 km ( 370 mi ) Svalbard ( Norway ) 0 0 0 0 Swaziland 535 332 Includes : Mozambique : 105 km ( 65 mi ) South Africa : 430 km ( 270 mi ) Sweden 2,233 1,388 5 Includes : Finland ( 4 ) : 614 km ( 382 mi ) ( including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands ) Norway : 1,619 km ( 1,006 mi ) Switzerland 1,852 1,151 8 5 Includes : Austria ( 2 ) : 164 km ( 102 mi ) France : 573 km ( 356 mi ) Italy ( 2 ) : 740 km ( 460 mi ) Liechtenstein : 41 km ( 25 mi ) Germany ( 2 ) : 334 km ( 208 mi ) Syria 2,253 1,400 6 5 Includes : Iraq : 605 km ( 376 mi ) Israel : 76 km ( 47 mi ) Jordan : 375 km ( 233 mi ) Lebanon : 375 km ( 233 mi ) Turkey ( 2 ) : 822 km ( 511 mi ) Taiwan 0 0 0 0 Tajikistan 3,651 2,269 Includes : Afghanistan : 1,206 km ( 749 mi ) People 's Republic of China : 414 km ( 257 mi ) Kyrgyzstan ( 3 ) : 870 km ( 540 mi ) Uzbekistan ( 2 ) : 1,161 km ( 721 mi ) Tanzania 3,861 2,399 8 8 Includes : Burundi : 451 km ( 280 mi ) Democratic Republic of the Congo : 459 km ( 285 mi ) Kenya : 769 km ( 478 mi ) Malawi : 475 km ( 295 mi ) Mozambique : 756 km ( 470 mi ) Rwanda : 217 km ( 135 mi ) Uganda : 396 km ( 246 mi ) Zambia : 338 km ( 210 mi ) Thailand 4,863 3,022 Includes : Cambodia : 803 km ( 499 mi ) Laos : 1,754 km ( 1,090 mi ) Malaysia : 506 km ( 314 mi ) Myanmar : 1,800 km ( 1,100 mi ) Togo 1,647 1,023 Includes : Benin : 644 km ( 400 mi ) Burkina Faso : 126 km ( 78 mi ) Ghana : 877 km ( 545 mi ) Tokelau ( New Zealand ) 0 0 0 0 Tonga 0 0 0 0 Transnistria 0 0 Includes : Moldova Ukraine Tromelin Island ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 0 Tunisia 1,424 885 Includes : Algeria : 965 km ( 600 mi ) Libya : 459 km ( 285 mi ) Turkey 2,648 1,645 9 8 Includes : Armenia : 268 km ( 167 mi ) Azerbaijan : 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) Bulgaria : 240 km ( 150 mi ) Georgia : 252 km ( 157 mi ) Greece : 206 km ( 128 mi ) Iran : 499 km ( 310 mi ) Iraq : 352 km ( 219 mi ) Syria ( 2 ) : 822 km ( 511 mi ) Turkmenistan 3,736 2,321 Includes : Afghanistan : 744 km ( 462 mi ) Iran : 992 km ( 616 mi ) Kazakhstan : 379 km ( 235 mi ) Uzbekistan : 1,621 km ( 1,007 mi ) Turks and Caicos Islands ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 Uganda 2,698 1,676 5 5 Includes : Democratic Republic of the Congo : 765 km ( 475 mi ) Kenya : 933 km ( 580 mi ) Rwanda : 169 km ( 105 mi ) South Sudan : 435 km ( 270 mi ) Tanzania : 396 km ( 246 mi ) Ukraine 4,663 2,897 8 7 Includes : Belarus : 891 km ( 554 mi ) Hungary : 103 km ( 64 mi ) Moldova : 939 km ( 583 mi ) Poland : 526 km ( 327 mi ) Romania ( 2 ) : 531 km ( 330 mi ) Russia : 1,576 km ( 979 mi ) Slovakia : 97 km ( 60 mi ) United Arab Emirates 867 539 5 ( 6 ) 2 ( 3 ) Includes : Oman ( 4 ) : 410 km ( 250 mi ) Saudi Arabia : 457 km ( 284 mi ) United Kingdom 499 310 Includes : Ireland : 499 km ( 310 mi ) United Kingdom ( plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies ) → including : → Akrotiri and Dhekelia → Anguilla → Bermuda → British Indian Ocean Territory → British Virgin Islands → Cayman Islands → Falkland Islands → Gibraltar → Guernsey → Isle of Man → Jersey → Montserrat → Pitcairn Islands → Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha → South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands → Turks and Caicos Islands 513 319 7 Includes : Cyprus ( 5 ) : 152 km ( 94 mi ) Ireland : 360 km ( 220 mi ) Spain : 1.2 km ( 0.75 mi ) United States 12,034 7,478 5 Includes : Canada ( 4 ) : 8,893 km ( 5,526 mi ) Mexico : 3,141 km ( 1,952 mi ) United States Virgin Islands ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Uruguay 1,564 972 Includes : Argentina : 579 km ( 360 mi ) Brazil : 985 km ( 612 mi ) Uzbekistan 6,221 3,866 5 5 Includes : Afghanistan : 137 km ( 85 mi ) Kazakhstan : 2,203 km ( 1,369 mi ) Kyrgyzstan ( 6 ) : 1,099 km ( 683 mi ) Tajikistan ( 2 ) : 1,161 km ( 721 mi ) Turkmenistan : 1,621 km ( 1,007 mi ) Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 Vatican City 3.2 2.0 Includes : Italy : 3.2 km ( 2.0 mi ) Venezuela 4,993 3,103 Includes : Brazil : 2,200 km ( 1,400 mi ) Colombia : 2,050 km ( 1,270 mi ) Guyana : 743 km ( 462 mi ) Vietnam 4,639 2,883 Includes : Cambodia : 1,228 km ( 763 mi ) People 's Republic of China : 1,281 km ( 796 mi ) Laos : 2,130 km ( 1,320 mi ) Wake Island ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Wales ( United Kingdom ) 257 160 Includes : England : 257 km ( 160 mi ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) 0 0 0 0 West Bank ( Palestinian territories ) 404 251 Includes : Israel : 307 km ( 191 mi ) Jordan : 97 km ( 60 mi ) Western Sahara 2,046 1,271 Includes : Algeria : 42 km ( 26 mi ) Mauritania : 1,561 km ( 970 mi ) Morocco : 443 km ( 275 mi ) Yemen 1,746 1,085 Includes : Oman : 288 km ( 179 mi ) Saudi Arabia : 1,458 km ( 906 mi ) Zambia 5,667 3,521 8 8 Includes : Angola : 1,110 km ( 690 mi ) Botswana : 0.15 km ( 0.093 mi ) Democratic Republic of the Congo : 1,930 km ( 1,200 mi ) Malawi : 837 km ( 520 mi ) Mozambique : 419 km ( 260 mi ) Namibia : 233 km ( 145 mi ) Tanzania : 338 km ( 210 mi ) Zimbabwe : 797 km ( 495 mi ) Zimbabwe 3,066 1,905 Includes : Botswana : 813 km ( 505 mi ) Mozambique : 1,231 km ( 765 mi ) South Africa : 225 km ( 140 mi ) Zambia : 797 km ( 495 mi ) Superlatives ( edit ) Longest land border : China : 22,147 km ( 13,762 mi ) Longest land border between two countries : Canada -- United States : 8,891 km ( 5,525 mi ) ( Canada -- United States border ) Longest single segments of land borders : Kazakhstan -- Russia : 6,846 km ( 4,254 mi ) Canada -- United States : 6,414 km ( 3,985 mi ) Argentina -- Chile : 5,150 km ( 3,200 mi ) Shortest land borders between two countries : Canada -- Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) : 50 m ( 160 ft ) Botswana -- Zambia : 155 m ( 509 ft ) near Kazungula Gibraltar ( UK ) -- Spain : 1.2 km ( 0.75 mi ) Shortest single segments of land border : Canada -- Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) : 50 m ( 160 ft ) Åland Islands , Finland -- Sweden : 55 m ( 180 ft ) at Märket Morocco -- Spain : 75 m ( 246 ft ) at Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera Canada -- United States : 140 m ( 460 ft ) at the southern tip of Dall Island Finland -- Russia : 140 m ( 460 ft ) at Koiluoto Botswana -- Zambia : 155 m ( 509 ft ) Belgium -- Netherlands : 210 m ( 690 ft ) at Baarle - Nassau / Baarle - Hertog Belgium -- Netherlands : 215 m ( 705 ft ) at Baarle - Nassau / Baarle - Hertog Belgium -- Netherlands : 250 m ( 820 ft ) north of Baarle - Nassau / Baarle - Hertog Belgium -- Netherlands : 260 m ( 850 ft ) at Baarle - Nassau / Baarle - Hertog Most separate segments of land borders between any two countries or territories : Belgium -- Netherlands : 31 Armenia -- Azerbaijan : 6 Belgium -- Germany : 6 Kyrgyzstan -- Uzbekistan : 6 Cyprus -- Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( UK ) : 6 Finland - Sweden : 4 Oman -- United Arab Emirates : 4 Highest number of bordering countries : China : 14 ( 16 if Hong Kong and Macau are included ) Russia : 14 ( 16 if Abkhazia and South Ossetia are included ) See also ( edit ) How Long Is the Coast of Britain ? Island nations Landlocked List of countries and territories by maritime boundaries List of countries that border only one other country List of land borders by date of establishment List of divided islands List of island nations List of political and geographic borders List of sets of countries that border one another List of bordering countries with greatest differences in GDP ( PPP ) per person Separation barrier References ( edit ) ^ `` CIA World Factbook '' . April 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . ^ The concept of state sovereignty is somewhat imprecise and there are disagreements about whether certain territories are sovereign . There are currently 195 states that are generally regarded as `` fully '' sovereign : this includes the 193 member states of the United Nations plus Vatican City and Palestine . Some of these states have under their jurisdiction territories , dependencies , or collectivities that are clearly non-sovereign geographical areas . These territories are generally regarded as being subsumed within the overarching sovereignty of the governing state . For example , the United Kingdom holds sovereignty over the territory of Gibraltar , even though Gibraltar is not considered to be part of the United Kingdom . There are a few territories in the world that are neither clearly sovereign nor clearly subsumed under another state 's sovereignty . Often , these territories have declared themselves to be sovereign , but they are either not widely recognized as such or lack some of the necessary conditions for sovereign statehood . In these cases , explanatory footnotes indicate how the territory is treated for the purposes of this list . ^ Note : land border lengths will vary depending on the scale by which they are measured , and therefore these figures without a source accompanied by an explanation of how they were measured and at what scale makes comparisons impossible ; for more information see coastline paradox . ^ This is a territorial claim in Antarctica . Territorial claims in Antarctica have been recognized only between the few countries making claims in the area . Because some of the claims overlap and there is a low number of recognition for these claims , Antarctic territorial claims are not included in this chart when listing countries ' neighbouring countries and territories . The specific Antarctic claims are included in this chart , but only in reference to each other . ^ This territory is part of the widely dispersed French Southern and Antarctic Lands , an overseas territory of France . ^ This territory is not sovereign but is a British overseas territory . Its territory constitutes part of the sovereign territory of the United Kingdom but strictly speaking is not part of the United Kingdom itself . ^ Akrotiri shares one border with Cyprus . Dhekelia shares one main boundary with Cyprus , but there are three separate enclaves of Cyprus within the main Dhekelia -- Cyprus border , which creates three additional borders . ^ In 2008 , Kosovo declared independence from Serbia . Although Kosovo 's sovereignty has been recognized by 111 UN member states , it is not a member of the United Nations and Serbia disputes its sovereignty , claiming that Kosovo remains one of its provinces . For purposes of this list , Kosovo is considered to be a sovereign country . If Kosovo is considered part of Serbia , some numbers in the table would be reduced by one ( e.g. , when a state borders both Serbia and Kosovo ) . Other numbers would remain the same ( e.g. , when a state borders Kosovo but not Serbia ) . ^ Western Sahara is a non-self - governing territory . Administration is split between Morocco and the largely unrecognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , both of which claim sovereignty over the entire territory ( see Legal status of Western Sahara ) . For purposes of this list , Western Sahara is considered to be a sovereign country . ^ This territory is not sovereign , but is an insular area of the United States . U.S. territories are considered to be part of the sovereign territory of the United States . ^ 225 km abbr = on ) ) via Angola 's discontiguous Cabinda Province . ^ Claims to territory overlap . ^ 5,150 km abbr = on ) ) via the long continental border and 150 km abbr = on ) ) via the border on Tierra del Fuego . ^ 566 km abbr = on ) ) with Azerbaijan - proper and 221 km abbr = on ) ) with the Nakhichevan enclave . Additionally , in Armenia , there exist three Azerbaijani enclaves : Barxudarlı , Yuxarı Əskipara and Karki ( located north of the region of Nakhchivan ) Reciprocally , there exists one Armenian enclave , a village called Artsvashen in north - western Azerbaijan . This makes a total of 6 separate borders , including the 2 major borders . ^ This territory is not sovereign , but is a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands . For purposes of this list , Aruba , Curaçao , Sint Maarten and the Netherlands are considered constituent parts of one sovereign state . ^ This territory is not sovereign but is part of the sovereign territory of Australia . ^ One via Azerbaijan - proper and one via the Nakhichevan exclave . ^ Via the Nakhichevan exclave . ^ This territory is not sovereign but is an autonomous region of Portugal . Its territory constitutes a constituent part of the sovereign territory of Portugal . ^ On the India - Bangladesh border in the Indian district of Cooch - Behar , before 1 August 2015 , there were 92 Bangladeshi exclaves , with a total area of 47.7 km abbr = on ) ) 2 . Similarly , there were 106 Indian exclaves inside Bangladesh , with a total area of 69.5 km abbr = on ) ) 2 . Twenty - one of the Bangladeshi exclaves were within Indian exclaves , and three of the Indian exclaves were within Bangladeshi exclaves . The largest Indian exclave , Balapara Khagrabari , surrounded a Bangladeshi exclave , Upanchowki Bhajni , which itself surrounded an Indian exclave called Dahala Khagrabari , of less than one hectare . These 198 exclave borders plus the main border gave a total of 199 sections of border . Today the only remaining exclave is the Bangadeshi exclave of Dahagram - Angarpota . ( `` The end of the enclaves '' . The Economist . September 7 , 2011. ) ^ Madagascar claims sovereignty over Bassas da India , Europa Island , and Juan de Nova Island . ^ Germany has a group of 5 enclaves created by the Vennbahn railway trackbed between the towns of Roetgen and Monschau ( south of Aachen ) that was granted Belgian sovereignty . Belgium therefore has 5 borders with these exclaves and one border with the rest of Germany . ^ The town of Baarle in the southern Netherlands is made up of the municipality of Baarle - Hertog , a group of 22 Belgian enclaves within the Netherlands ; and of the Dutch municipality of Baarle - Nassau , which itself has one enclave in the main body of Belgium and 7 counter-enclaves inside two of the Belgian enclaves . There are therefore 30 separate enclave border sections , plus the main border for a total of 31 distinct sections . ^ The town of Sastavci ( part of Rudo municipality , Foča Region ) is completely surrounded by the Serbian municipality of Priboj , in Zlatibor District . ^ This territory is not sovereign and is a dependent territory of Norway . It is not part of the Kingdom of Norway , but it is considered to be part of the sovereign territory of Norway . ^ This territory is not sovereign but is an overseas department and an overseas region of France . As such , it is sovereign French territory that is an integral part of the French Republic . ^ 6,416 km abbr = on ) ) via the contiguous 48 states and 2,477 km abbr = on ) ) via Alaska . ^ For information on the Republic of China , see the listing in this table under `` Taiwan '' . ^ Hong Kong is not sovereign but since 1997 has been a Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China . Hong Kong has a high degree of autonomy , including separate passports and a defined international boundary within China , but it is not considered a separate sovereign state for the purposes of this list . ^ Macau is not sovereign but since 1999 has been a Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China . Macau has a high degree of autonomy , including separate passports and a defined international boundary within China , but it is not considered a separate sovereign state for the purposes of this list . ^ Pakistan borders China only via Kashmir , a territory disputed between Pakistan and India . If India 's territorial claims are accepted , China and Pakistan do not border one another . ^ Clipperton Island is not sovereign but is property of the government of France ; as such , it is part of the sovereign territory of France . ^ The Cook Islands is a self - governing country in free association with New Zealand . The Cook Islands controls a portion of its own foreign affairs , including the establishment and regulation of borders . However , the Cook Islands is not a member of the United Nations and is part of the Realm of New Zealand , with Cook Island people being New Zealand citizens . ^ Cuba has a 29 km border with the United States Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay . However , the naval base is sovereign Cuban territory and subject to a 1903 treaty is leased perpetually by the U.S. government ; therefore , this does not constitute an international border . ^ Northern Cyprus declared independence in 1983 , shortly after Turkey invaded the island in response to a coup d'état by Greek Cypriots that was backed by Greece . Cyprus disputes the declaration of sovereignty and considers Northern Cyprus to be part of its territory . The United Nations and the European Union also do not recognize the sovereignty of Northern Cyprus . The only sovereign state that recognizes Northern Cyprus 's sovereignty is Turkey . Northern Cyprus also lacks some of the indicators of legal sovereignty , relying heavily on Turkey for its continuing existence separate from Cyprus . Because of these factors , Northern Cyprus is not considered a sovereign state for the purposes of this list and is not included in other countries ' listings of neighbouring countries and territories . ^ Northern Cyprus borders Dhekelia only , not Akrotiri . ^ `` CIA - The World Factbook -- Czech Republic '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 31 . ^ In 1988 , the Palestinian Liberation Organization declared as sovereign the State of Palestine . Palestinian sovereignty is recognized by 135 countries , and it has observer status at the United Nations . The State of Palestine consists of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip . In this list , for purposes of counting bordering states , Palestine is considered to be a single sovereign entity . ^ This country is a part of the United Kingdom . ^ Via French Guiana ^ Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands , which is a British overseas territory . ^ This territory is not sovereign , but is a country within the Kingdom of Denmark . For purposes of this list , Denmark , the Faroe Islands , and Greenland are considered constituent parts of one sovereign state . ^ Excluding French overseas departments , collectivities , and territories . ^ The town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory . France has one border with it and two sections of border with the rest of Spain ( separated by Andorra ) . ^ Excluding Adélie Land . ^ Via Saint Martin . ^ This territory is not sovereign , but is an overseas collectivity of France , and as such it is part of the sovereign territory of France . ^ This territory is not sovereign but is an overseas territory of France . ^ Büsingen , Germany is an exclave in the canton of Schaffhausen , northern Switzerland . Switzerland has one border with it and one border with the rest of Germany . ^ Madagascar claims sovereignty over the Glorioso Islands . ^ This territory is not sovereign but it a British Crown Dependency . Crown Dependencies are possessions of the British Crown but strictly speaking are not part of the United Kingdom . ^ ( 4 not including the Palestinian Territories ) ^ ( 6 if the West Bank and Gaza strip are counted separately ; 4 if they are not counted ) ^ Campione d'Italia is enclaved in the canton of Ticino , Switzerland , although in practice it is administered as part of Switzerland . It is part of Swiss customs , uses the Swiss franc , its inhabitants have to pay income tax to Italy , though in a reduced measure , and it is under Italian sovereignty . Switzerland therefore has one border with it and one border with the rest of Italy . ^ The Tajik village of Vorukh , along with another small piece of land near Kairagach are embodied in Kyrgyz land . There are therefore 3 sections of border between the two countries . ^ Barak , a small Kyrgyz village , is surrounded by Uzbekistan . Reciprocally , the Uzbek towns of So'x ( 39 ° 58 ′ N 71 ° 08 ′ E / 39.967 ° N 71.133 ° E / 39.967 ; 71.133 ) and Shohimardon as well as the two tiny territories of Qal'acha and Khalmion ( north of So'x ) are all surrounded by Kyrgyz territory . There are therefore 5 enclave borders in addition to the main Kyrgyz / Uzbek border for a total of 6 . ^ Via Kaliningrad . ^ 6.3 km abbr = on ) ) via Ceuta ; 9.6 km abbr = on ) ) via Melilla ; 85 m via Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera ^ The Nagorno - Karabakh Republic declared independence from Azerbaijan in 1991 . However , neither Azerbaijan nor any other state or international organization has recognized Nagorno - Karabakh as a sovereign state . For this reason , Nagorno - Karabakh is not considered a sovereign state for the purposes of this list and is not included in other countries ' listings of neighbouring countries and territories . ^ Haiti claims sovereignty over Navassa Island , which is a United States insular area . ^ Does not include Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten . ^ New Caledonia is not sovereign but is a sui generis collectivity of France and as such it is part of the sovereign territory of France . ^ Niue is a self - governing country in free association with New Zealand . Niue controls a portion of its own foreign affairs , including the establishment and regulation of borders . However , Niue is not a member of the United Nations and is part of the Realm of New Zealand , with Niuean people being New Zealand citizens . ^ 51 km abbr = on ) ) via the Gaza Strip and 307 km abbr = on ) ) via the West Bank . ^ Consisting of one border of 362 km abbr = on ) ) and another of 169 km abbr = on ) ) . ^ Singapore is connected to Malaysia by a causeway and a bridge . ^ Somaliland declared independence from Somalia in 1991 . However , neither Somalia nor any other state or international organization has recognized Somaliland as a sovereign state . For this reason , Somaliland is not considered a sovereign state for the purposes of this list and is not included in other countries ' listings of neighbouring countries and territories . ^ This territory is not sovereign , but is a constituent part of the Kingdom of Norway . ^ In 1949 , during the Chinese Civil War , the government and leaders of the Republic of China ( ROC ) , led by Chiang Kai - shek , retreated from mainland China to the island of Taiwan . In Taiwan , the ROC continues to claim sovereignty over all China , including the mainland and Taiwan . The People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , which has governed mainland China since the ROC government retreated , also claims to be the sole representative of all China , including Taiwan . Even though the ROC government in Taiwan has never asserted that Taiwan 's sovereignty is separate from that of China 's , for many practical purposes Taiwan is treated by other countries and international organizations as a country that is separate from the PRC . However , Taiwan is not considered to be a sovereign entity that is separate from China for purposes of this list and is not included in other countries ' listings of neighbouring countries and territories . ^ The Tajik village of Sarvan is in Uzbek territory . Uzbekistan has one border with it , and another with the rest of Tajikistan . ^ Tokelau is a non-self - governing territory within the Realm of New Zealand . For purposes of this list , Tokelau , the Cook Islands , New Zealand , and Niue are considered constituent parts of one sovereign state . ^ In the early 1990 , Transnistria attempted to separate itself , first from the Moldavian SSR and then from sovereign Moldova . Moldova disputes Transnistrian sovereignty and considers it to be part of its territory . There are no sovereign states that recognize Transnistria 's sovereignty . Because of the lack of international recognition , Transnistria is not considered a sovereign state for the purposes of this list and is not included in other countries ' listings of neighbouring countries and territories . ^ Madagascar claims sovereignty over Tromelin Island . ^ The United Kingdom does not include British overseas territories or Crown dependencies . ^ The Marshall Islands claims sovereignty over Wake Island , which is an insular area of the United States . ^ Via the 48 contiguous states . Lists of countries by geographical rankings Area Total Exclusive Economic Zone Forest Irrigated Extreme points Elevation highest average lowest Latitude Northernmost Southernmost Longitude Easternmost Westernmost Perimeter Coastline length Land border length Number of bordering countries land - only land and maritime maritime - only List of countries and territories by border / area ratio Other Freshwater resources withdrawal Time zones List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_and_territories_by_land_borders&oldid=808136877 '' Categories : Lists of countries by geography Geography - related lists Border - related lists Borders by country Talk About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Português Suomi اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 02 : 48 . 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"\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Andorra",
"Belgium",
"Germany",
"Italy",
"Luxembourg",
"Monaco",
"Spain",
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-1955691900478302377 | Fast Five | Fast Five - wikipedia Fast Five This article is about the 2011 film . For other uses , see Fast Five ( disambiguation ) . Fast Five Theatrical release poster Directed by Justin Lin Produced by Neal H. Moritz Vin Diesel Michael Fottrell Written by Chris Morgan Based on Characters by Gary Scott Thompson Starring Vin Diesel Paul Walker Jordana Brewster Tyrese Gibson Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges Matt Schulze Sung Kang Dwayne Johnson Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Stephen F. Windon Edited by Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Production companies Original Film One Race Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 15 ) ( Rio de Janeiro ) April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $125 million Box office $626.1 million Fast Five ( alternatively known as Fast & Furious 5 or Fast & Furious 5 : Rio Heist ) is a 2011 American action film directed by Justin Lin and written by Chris Morgan . It is the fifth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise . It was released first in Australia on April 20 , 2011 , and then in the United States on April 29 , 2011 . Fast Five follows Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) , Brian O'Conner ( Paul Walker ) , and Mia Toretto ( Jordana Brewster ) as they plan a heist to steal $100 million from corrupt businessman Hernan Reyes ( Joaquim de Almeida ) while being pursued for arrest by U.S. Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs ( Dwayne Johnson ) . While developing Fast Five , Universal Studios deliberately departed from the street racing theme prevalent in previous films in the series , to transform the franchise into a heist action series involving cars . By doing so , they hoped to attract wider audiences that might otherwise be put off by a heavy emphasis on cars and car culture . Fast Five is considered the transitional film in the series , featuring only one car race and giving more attention to action set pieces such as gun fights , brawls , and the heist of $100 million . The production mounted a comprehensive marketing campaign , marketing the film through social media , virtual games , cinema chains , automobile manufacturers , and at NASCAR races . Fast Five achieved financial success , breaking box office records for the highest - grossing April opening weekend and the second - highest spring opening weekend , and surpassing Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) to become the highest - grossing film in the franchise . Fast Five grossed over $625 million worldwide , making it number 66 on the all - time worldwide list of highest - grossing films , in unadjusted dollars , and the seventh - highest - grossing film of 2011 . Fast Five received mostly positive reviews , with critics praising the combination of comedy and `` action sequences that toy idly with the laws of physics '' ; some labeled it the best film in the series . Johnson was singled out for praise in numerous reviews for his performance , with critics calling him `` the best thing , by far , in Fast Five '' and remarking that scenes shared by Johnson and Diesel were often the `` best moments '' . Despite the positive response , many were critical of the film 's running time , considering it too long , and others criticized the treatment of women , stating `` ( Women ) cameo strikingly in buttock form . Others actually have first names . '' South American reviewers were critical of the film 's portrayal of Rio de Janeiro as a haven for drug trafficking and corruption , labeling it a `` stereotype '' . A sequel , Fast & Furious 6 , was released in May 2013 to box office success , surpassing Fast Five as the highest - grossing film in the franchise . Another sequel , Furious 7 , released in April 2015 , soon surpassed Fast & Furious 6 , grossing over $1.5 billion worldwide . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Vehicle stunts 4 Music 5 Marketing 6 Release 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Brazilian critics 6.4 Accolades and recognition 6.5 Home media 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) When Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus , his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus , causing it to crash and freeing Dom . While the authorities search for them , the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro . Awaiting Dom 's arrival , Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train . Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property . When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants , he realizes that the lead participant , Zizi , is only interested in stealing one car - a Ford GT40 . Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen , during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles . Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes , the owner of the cars and Zizi 's boss . Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car , but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse . While Brian , Dom , and Mia examine the car to discover its importance , Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it . He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own , and Dom forces him to leave . Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains the complete financial details of Reyes ' criminal empire , including the locations of US $100 million in cash . Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian . With the help of local officer Elena Neves , they travel to Dom 's safehouse , but find it under assault by Reyes ' men . Brian , Dom and Mia escape ; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio , but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian 's child . Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life . They organize a team to perform the heist : Han , Roman , Tej , Gisele , Leo , and Santos . Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes ' men . Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom , Mia , Brian , and Vince . While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States , the convoy is attacked by Reyes ' men , who kill Hobbs ' team . Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom , Brian , Mia , and Vince as they fight back and escape , but Vince is shot in the process and dies . Wanting to avenge his murdered team , Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist . The gang break into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes ' money from the building using their cars , dragging it through the city . After an extensive police chase , Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes , using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles . Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom 's assault . Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team . Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free , he gives them a 24 - hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is . However , the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase . After splitting the cash ( Vince 's share is given to his family ) , they go their separate ways . On a tropical beach , Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax . They are met by Dom and Elena . Brian challenges Dom to a final , no - stakes race to prove who is the better driver . In a mid-credits scene , Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin , where he discovers a recent photo of Dom 's former girlfriend Letty , who had been presumed dead . Cast ( edit ) Top to bottom : Vin Diesel , Paul Walker , and Jordana Brewster reprised their roles from the original The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) Further information on the characters : List of The Fast and the Furious characters Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto A professional criminal , street racer , and fugitive . Diesel was reportedly paid $15 million to star in and produce the film . Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner A former FBI agent turned criminal . He is in a relationship with Mia Toretto . Walker did many of his own stunts for the film , training with parkour professional Paul Darnell to improve his movement . Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto Dominic 's younger sister and Brian 's girlfriend . Tyrese Gibson as Roman Pearce Brian 's childhood friend . Gibson 's involvement was confirmed on June 30 , 2010 . Gibson was committed to Transformers : Dark of the Moon at the time he signed on to Fast Five , so he flew between Puerto Rico and Atlanta to accommodate both films . Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges as Tej Parker Brian 's and Roman 's friend from Miami . Ludacris confirmed his involvement in the film on July 12 , 2010 , when he stated he had arrived in Puerto Rico to begin filming . Matt Schulze as Vince Dominic 's childhood friend . Schulze had appeared in the first film , and it was confirmed on July 16 , 2010 , that he would be returning . Sung Kang as Han Seoul - Oh A street racer who was Dominic 's business partner in the Dominican Republic . Dwayne Johnson as Luke Hobbs A Diplomatic Security Service agent . According to producer Vin Diesel , the role of Hobbs was originally developed with Tommy Lee Jones in mind . However , when reading feedback on his Facebook page , Diesel noted a fan stating a desire to see Diesel and Johnson in a film together . Diesel and Lin then redesigned the role for Johnson . Johnson wanted to work with Universal Studios , citing their support for him during his transition from wrestling to acting . He described the role as a former bounty hunter turned US Marshal and as `` the government 's version of the best bounty hunter on the planet '' . He undertook an extensive daily workout regime to enlarge his physique , wanting his character to appear as a `` hunter '' and to be formidable enough to present a credible threat to the protagonists . Gal Gadot as Gisele Yashar A former Mossad agent . Although Gadot had prior experience handling motorbikes , she was required to learn how to ride the larger , more powerful Ducati Streetfighter for the film . Joaquim de Almeida as Hernan Reyes A ruthless drug lord posing as a legitimate businessman . It was confirmed on July 16 , 2010 , that Almeida would play Reyes . Having previously played several antagonists , he hesitated to take this role , but accepted it after speaking with Lin and hearing his take on the character . Elsa Pataky as Elena Neves A Rio police officer who works with Hobbs ' team and becomes Dominic 's love interest . It was confirmed on July 16 , 2010 , that Pataky would take this role . She underwent several days of tactical training with a police / military technical advisor and was required to learn how to handle her gun in a variety of situations to portray Elena believably . The central cast is rounded out by Puerto Rican singers Tego Calderón and Don Omar as Leo and Santos respectively , members of the heist team . Michael Irby plays Reyes ' right - hand man Zizi . Alimi Ballard , Fernando Chien , Yorgo Constantine , and Geoff Meedy portray Hobbs ' team members Fusco , Wilkes , Chato , and Macroy . Michelle Rodriguez appears in photographs as Letty Ortiz , Dominic 's girlfriend who is presumed dead following the events of Fast & Furious . Eva Mendes appears in an uncredited cameo as Agent Monica Fuentes , reprising her role from 2 Fast 2 Furious . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) By February 3 , 2010 , it was confirmed that a fifth film , referred to as Fast Five , was going into production in the Fast and Furious series , and that a sixth film was being planned . It was also confirmed that Diesel , Walker , writer Chris Morgan and producer Neal H. Moritz would all return to their roles for the new installment . Moritz said that , following the success of Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) , which had reunited Diesel , Brewster , Walker and Rodriguez from the original film , the production wanted to bring them back again for the next one . Diesel felt that the story between the characters portrayed by himself and Walker should continue , envisioning it as three chapters , of which Fast Five would be the last . Diesel also wanted to bring back a variety of characters that had been in previous films without interacting , put them together and `` have a lot of fun '' . The production had originally intended to film on location in Rio de Janeiro . However , the Puerto Rican government offered tax incentives totaling nearly $11 million , influencing the decision to film there , using Puerto Rico to represent Rio de Janeiro . Universal intended to transform the series from street - racing action into a series of heist films with car chases in the vein of The Italian Job ( 1969 ) and The French Connection ( 1971 ) , with Fast Five as the transitional movie . In April 2011 , Universal chairman Adam Fogelson said : The question putting Fast Five and Fast Six together for us was : Can we take it out of being a pure car culture movie and into being a true action franchise in the spirit of those great heist films made 10 or 15 years ago ? Fogelson said that the racing aspect had put a `` ceiling '' on the number of people willing to see films in the series , and that , by turning it into a series where car driving ability is just one aspect of the film , he hoped to increase the series ' audience . Writing ( edit ) `` For me , each chapter in this franchise is an extension of the first one , and they each get bigger . It is always a privilege to be able to revisit a good character - driven story . This franchise is more than street racing and tuner cars ; it really is about this larger family and community of racers . '' -- Morgan on his approach to writing the film Lin wanted to explore the elements of `` freedom and family '' in the film and collaborated with Morgan towards that ideal , both having worked together on previous installments of the franchise . Morgan worked with Diesel to produce a story arc that would further explore and develop Diesel 's character . An idea involving heisting a large safe had been conceived by Morgan during the production of Fast & Furious , but that film 's premise did not work with how Morgan envisioned it . He later incorporated it into Fast Five . Filming ( edit ) On a budget of $125 million , the shooting of Fast Five was scheduled for July and August 2010 . Shooting had started by July 14 , 2010 , but it took longer than forecast : the film was still being shot in early November 2010 . Three film units worked simultaneously . The main cast were required to travel to Rio at the behest of Lin , who felt it important to understand the area and its culture to give the film a good sense of place . Diesel agreed that it was important to shoot key scenes in Brazil , commenting `` we were able to shoot where other productions might not be able to shoot because our franchise has such good street cred . '' The Rio film unit captured aerial shots of the city including Sugarloaf Mountain , Fort Copacabana , Ipanema Beach , the Dona Marta lookout point and the Christ the Redeemer statue . Establishing shots of the heist team members were taken as each arrived in Rio . Gibson was filmed arriving in character at Galeão International Airport but , when it became publicly known that a scene was being shot at the airport , the cast and crew were mobbed . A similar situation occurred while Ludacris was shooting a scene in which his character buys a car to drive around the city . A scene where the completed heist team walk down a beach was filmed in Copacabana . The rooftop chase across favelas was filmed in Puerto Rico , where the production could have more control over the area . The main and second filming units began filming in and around the capital , San Juan . The island 's mixture of tropical greenery and wide streets allowed the production to re-create the densely populated favelas of Rio while completing the larger action and external scenes without incident . Production designer Peter Wenham had the task of transforming Puerto Rico and Atlanta into the previously scouted Rio locations in four weeks , as the production deemed Rio unsuitable for filming many of the larger scenes . Wenham had to reinforce buildings to support the heavy camera equipment , and to alter the colors of more than 30 buildings in the city to make them suitable for filming . His team needed to alter the buildings and strew debris to make the area look disheveled and appear as a Rio shantytown . Wenham remarked that , though the development was difficult , in part due to the heat , it was `` a walk in the park '' compared with filming in the Rio favelas themselves . Wenham aimed to maintain a monochromatic color scheme for the film , with muted blacks and grays , including his choice of colors for the cars used . He only chose to add a multitude of colors in the favela set . The Teodoro Moscosco bridge connecting San Juan to neighboring Isla Verde was used to film the final showdown between Dom and Reyes , while a U.S. Navy base pier 60 miles outside San Juan stood in for the bridge for scenes involving the vault smashing cars . Action scenes were also filmed in the Hato Rey and Río Piedras districts of San Juan . A foot pursuit in which Diesel , Brewster and Walker are chased across favela rooftops by Johnson and his team was filmed over the course of a week in the small hillside town of Naranjito , Puerto Rico . The scene was considered difficult to shoot , as pathways were slippery from moist tropical heat and the scene involved actors and stunt doubles running while avoiding dogs , chickens and other stray animals loose in the area . To capture the scene , a 420 - foot cable - camera rig was used to allow for a fast moving , birds - eye view of the action , and cameras on cranes were set up on rooftops and in alleyways . Walker and Brewster made multiple takes of the conclusion of the scene , requiring them to jump nearly 30 feet from a building onto a waiting safety mat . In total the production employed 236 technicians , 13,145 extras , and generated 16,824 room nights at hotels , contributing $27 million to the Puerto Rican community . Filming moved to Atlanta , Georgia for the final phase . Wenham and his team transformed a defunct train yard into an abandoned auto plant used by the protagonists as their headquarters . Redesigning the train yard took place over several months . It was required to allow enough space for stunt drivers to drive into the building , and it had to include an integrated lighting system . The design team removed walls , hauled out old railway cars , suspended rusted car parts and auto - plant car rails , and constructed smaller buildings within the main building to transform the site . With twenty - five pages of script to shoot in a limited time , cinematographer Stephen Windon and his team spent three weeks setting up a series of high - powered , motorized lights in the rafters of the building , that could be controlled remotely to allow lighting to be altered quickly while fully illuminating the set . An exterior scene involving Diesel and Walker attending a car party , involving several high - performance cars , was filmed near the Georgia Dome . The train heist scene was filmed in Rice , California over three weeks . A brawl scene between Johnson 's and Diesel 's characters was considered difficult to choreograph . The characters were written to be equally formidable , so the fight was punctuated with moments of character development , as Moritz felt this made the fight more exciting . The scene required several weeks of rehearsal and more than a week of filming by the actors and their stunt doubles , who incurred several minor injuries . Vehicle stunts ( edit ) Most of the climatic scenes were filmed in the Milla de Oro district in Hato Rey , Puerto Rico . The climactic vault heist required four weeks of preparation with every scene and camera angle determined in advance . The filmmakers hired stunt director Spiro Razatos and stunt coordinator Jack Gill to direct the second - unit action filming . The pair initially began research for the stunt by testing the capabilities of the prop vaults and the Dodge Chargers driven by Diesel and Walker . Filmed on the streets of Hato Rey , the chaotic scene demanded specific timing that had to be synchronized with the various character interactions also occurring during the scene . Razatos chose to use a series of camera cars including a crane - mounted camera atop a Porsche Cayenne , which allowed him to film from a variety of angles and heights while the vehicles were in motion , and a Subaru Impreza with a steel cage built around it that allowed for tracking shots . The Subaru 's driver Allen Padelford would occasionally accidentally collide with the vault , creating a shower of sparks that inadvertently became useful footage . Padelford also developed a top - mount dual - drive system for the Chargers that allowed a stunt driver to control the vehicle from the roof , while the actor focused on their performance inside the car . Six versions of the 8 - foot high vault were built , each with specific uses . One of the vaults was a façade built onto the front of a semitruck and was used for filming close shots of the vault destroying street cars . Another vault was a reinforced , four - wheel self - drive vehicle that was connected to 30 - foot cables and dragged through the streets of San Juan by the two stunt Dodge Chargers . The four - ton vault was driven by stunt driver Henry Kingi , who had to wear a temperature controlled suit to compensate for the temperatures within that could exceed 100 degrees . A scene where the vault tumbled as the cars rounded a corner was a practical effect , and the result was more violent than the filmmakers had anticipated . Over 200 vehicles were destroyed by the vault during filming . Several stunts had to be cut including a final scene that would have seen the vault hanging over the edge of the Teodoro Moscoso Bridge . This stunt was abandoned when it was determined that even the powerful Chargers would not be able to support the vault 's weight . The train heist presented several challenges . The filmmakers were required to effectively purchase a length of working railroad for filming and the trains necessary to ride the tracks . Then trucks had to be built that could race the train and meet the needs of the heist itself . Lin also required that the cars being carried on the train be able to jump out of the train at full speed . The scene took precise execution . The filmmakers chose to use cars they could cheaply replicate for the train heist -- a 1972 De Tomaso Pantera , a 2007 Chevrolet Corvette GS Roadster , and a Ford GT40 -- to avoid the expense of replacing a genuine $2 million Ford GT40 . Music ( edit ) Main articles : Fast Five ( soundtrack ) and Fast Five ( score ) Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) was released on iTunes on April 25 , 2011 , and on CD on May 3 , 2011 , by ABKCO Records . It features many reggaeton and rhythmic Latin tracks , including songs by Don Omar , Busta Rhymes and many others , with three pieces from Tyler 's original score for the film : `` Assembling the Team '' , `` Mad Skills '' and `` Fast Five Suite '' . Music guide AllMusic awarded the album 3 stars out of 5 , commenting that `` The goal here is to accompany a picture that , as usual , is packed with driving sequences involving flashy cars , beautiful , scantily clad women , and muscled men . That goal is accomplished with this beat - heavy music and the gruff , aggressive Latin rapping . '' Ludacris collaborated with Slaughterhouse and Claret Jai for the soundtrack 's lead single , `` Furiously Dangerous '' . The film score was released on May 3 , 2011 , by Varèse Sarabande . The release has 25 tracks and plays for 78 minutes . The score spent four weeks on the Billboard 200 , peaking as high as number 60 and reaching number 24 on the digital albums chart and number 5 on the soundtrack - only chart . Marketing ( edit ) An example of Fast Five 's cross-media marketing . A Regal Entertainment Group - branded , virtual drive - in theater in Car Town , shows the trailer for Fast Five . The first trailer for Fast Five was released on Diesel 's Facebook page on December 14 , 2010 , in what was believed to be the first ever use of this marketing approach . At the time , Diesel 's page had over 20 million subscribers ( one of the top five personal sites of celebrities ) , providing a wide audience for the trailer . Following this debut , other members of the cast with personal social media platforms released the teaser trailer to their own fans . The Facebook game Car Town by Cie Games and the theater chain Regal Entertainment Group ( REG ) collaborated with Universal in a cross-media marketing promotion . Car Town allowed players to view the trailer for the film in an REG - branded , in - game drive - in theater and race around a virtual Rio de Janeiro . The game also featured missions and locations based on the plot of the film , while allowing players to race against Fast Five characters and take part in a bank heist . REG offered players of Car Town the ability to purchase tickets in - game via Fandango for films at REG theaters . By buying these tickets in - game , players were given promotional codes which in turn allowed them to unlock a virtual 1970s Dodge Charger , used by Diesel 's character in the original film . REG promoted the partnership between the film and the game in their theaters across 37 states , online and through social media , while Universal promoted it via their own Facebook , Twitter and YouTube sites . In October 2011 , it was claimed that over 200 million races had taken place within the virtual Rio de Janeiro environment in the six months since the campaign 's April launch . Automobile manufacturer Dodge collaborated with Universal in marketing the film , supplying several Dodge Chargers to use in it . The partnership with Dodge included the `` Fast Five '' Dodge Charger driven by Robby Gordon in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series throughout April 2011 -- the opening month of Fast Five . Dodge also sponsored the world premiere of the film in Rio de Janeiro . Release ( edit ) The premiere of Fast Five took place on April 15 , 2011 , at the Cinépolis Lagoon theater in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . It was hosted by actress Susie Castillo and sponsored by car manufacturer Dodge . Box Office ( edit ) Fast Five grossed $209.8 million ( 33.5 % ) in the United States and Canada and $416.3 million ( 66.5 % ) in other territories for a total of $626.1 million . Worldwide , it is the seventy - first highest - grossing film , the seventh highest - grossing 2011 film , the fourth highest - grossing film in the Fast & Furious series ( behind Fast & Furious 6 , The Fate of the Furious , and Furious 7 ) , and the fifth highest - grossing Universal film . It achieved a worldwide opening weekend of $109.6 million . The film reached a peak of number 55 on the list of all - time highest - grossing films worldwide in October 2011 . It became the highest - grossing film of the series in worldwide grosses ( as well as separately in the US and Canada , and outside the US and Canada ) but was out - grossed in all three cases by Fast & Furious 6 . Outside the United States and Canada Fast Five is the ninth highest - grossing 2011 film , the third highest - grossing film of the Fast and Furious franchise ( behind Fast 6 and Furious 7 ) and the fifth highest - grossing Universal film . It was initially released in Australia on Wednesday , April 20 , 2011 -- nine days before the release date in North America -- followed by releases in the UK , South Korea and New Zealand . The earlier start in these countries was timed to coincide with their Easter holidays and avoided competition from forthcoming summer films , although this placed it in direct competition with Thor in some countries . By the end of its opening weekend , the film had accrued a total of $23.4 million from these countries . On its second weekend , Fast Five earned $46.3 million across 3,139 theaters in 14 countries , ranking first at the box office in each of its ten new markets . For the overall weekend , it ranked second behind Thor . In the third weekend of release , Fast Five topped the box office in a further 44 countries , playing in a total of 6,979 theaters across 58 countries . It ranked first during the weekend with $85.8 million . It set an opening - weekend record in the United Arab Emirates ( $1.65 million ) , holding this record for two weeks before being out - grossed by Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( $2.24 million ) . Across all markets , the film scored Universal 's highest - grossing opening weekend in Russia , Spain , Turkey , Argentina , Brazil , Chile , France , India , Italy , Malaysia , Mexico , the Netherlands , Thailand , the United Arab Emirates and Vietnam . United States and Canada Fast Five is the third highest - grossing film in the Fast and Furious franchise ( behind Fast 6 and Furious 7 ) , the sixteenth highest - grossing Universal film , the sixth highest - grossing 2011 film , the second highest - grossing heist / caper film , behind Inception , and the second highest - grossing car - racing film , behind Cars . According to Box Office Mojo , Fast Five is one of the most successful sequels of 2011 , when taking into account that it is one of few to have outperformed the immediately - preceding instalment of its franchise in the US and Canada . Fast Five opened on April 29 , 2011 , in 3,644 theaters , It took $3.8 million in midnight showings , setting new records for the Fast and the Furious series and Universal ( both records overtaken by Fast 6 ) . By the end of its opening day , it had accrued a total of $34.4 million ( including midnight earnings ) , setting an April opening - day record , replacing Fast & Furious ( $30.1 million ) , and marking the third largest Friday outside of the summer and holiday period , behind The Hunger Games and Alice in Wonderland . In total , Fast Five earned $86.2 million during its opening weekend , an average of $23,655 per theater , with IMAX showings contributing over $8 million . It thus set an opening - weekend record for the Fast and Furious series , for Universal , ( both records overtaken by Fast 6 ) and for films released in April ( the record was surpassed in 2014 by Captain America : The Winter Soldier ) . It also achieved the third - largest spring opening , behind The Hunger Games and Alice in Wonderland . The film also set an opening - weekend record among films starring Diesel , Walker , Brewster , Johnson , Moritz and Lin , records overtaken in all cases by Fast 6 . The film opened dropped 62 % on its second weekend , earning $32.4 million , and ranking second behind Thor . This result was partially attributed to the reduction in IMAX and large - format screens showing the film ( reduced from 244 to 20 ) , since IMAX only contributed $510,000 to the film 's second - weekend gross . On June 4 , 2011 , 37 days after release in the US , the film became the first of 2011 to accrue more than $200 million . The film received a one - week re-release in IMAX theaters on September 30 , 2011 . Release date ( s ) Budget Box office revenue Box office ranking ( current / peak ) US & Canada International Worldwide Release year All time US All time worldwide April 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) ( Australia ) April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) ( United States ) $125,000,000 $209,837,675 $416,300,000 $626,137,675 # 7 / # 1 # 116 / # 103 # 66 / # 55 Note ( s ) Box office ranking accurate as of February 2013 . Critical reception ( edit ) Dwayne Johnson received praise from several critics for his performance . Fast Five received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 77 % , based on 193 reviews , with an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sleek , loud , and over the top , Fast Five proudly embraces its brainless action thrills and injects new life into the franchise . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 67 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , praising it as `` a skillfully assembled 130 minutes at the movies , with actors capable of doing absurd things with straight faces , and action sequences that toy idly with the laws of physics '' , while Richard Corliss of Time considered it `` maybe the first great film of the post-human era '' . The New York Times said it deftly combined action and humor , stating `` The only time you wo n't be watching the screen is when your eyes have squeezed shut because you 're laughing so hard . '' The Telegraph appreciated the presence of Johnson and Diesel together , calling it a `` cosmic event '' , and added that director Lin had revitalized the series , saying `` the start and finish here , defying every imaginable law of physics , are series highs . '' Empire also heaped praise on Johnson , saying `` How to re-ignite an ageing franchise ? Drop ( Johnson ) on it . The best thing , by far , in Fast Five ... Dwayne Johnson hulks through the movie leaving testosterone trails in his wake . '' However , Empire took the view that the film itself was `` not , by any normal criteria , a good film '' , arguing that it was too long , although conceding that the action scenes , in particular the final car chase , made the film `` the most entertaining in the series . '' Anna Smith of Time Out London also commented that the film was too long and criticized the simplistic characters and dialog , but she called the film `` slick '' and stated that these criticisms could be overlooked because `` it does n't take itself too seriously . '' Variety focused on the roles of Johnson and Diesel , lamenting the current lack of 1980s - style `` brawny '' leading men and of the `` manly men '' typical of the 1950s and 1960s , and calling their pairing `` a welcome injection of tough - guy vigor '' . Variety commented that , based on Fast Five , a `` sixth entry could be something worth waiting for '' . The New Yorker called the action scenes `` spectacular '' , praising director Lin by saying his `` direction and the sharp editing never confuse or lose momentum '' , but also found the film too long and criticized the dialog , labeling it `` subpar Ocean 's Eleven - style banter '' . On the characters , The New Yorker considered Walker and Diesel `` serviceable '' , but singled out Johnson for praise for bringing a `` hip , comic knowingness to his role ... his enjoyment is infectious and keeps the movie speeding along . '' Total Film welcomed the return of Ludacris and Tyrese Gibson to `` ( inject ) the film with much - needed laughs '' and felt that Johnson fit into the established cast with ease , though it believed the film itself was `` no mould - breaker . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone , who disliked the previous movies , gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4 , praising the transformation of the series into a heist film ( `` Damn it , it works '' ) , commenting favorably on scenes between Johnson and Diesel , and judging that `` Fast Five will push all your action buttons , and some you have n't thought of . '' The Los Angeles Times felt that scenes shared by Diesel and Johnson were the `` best moments '' and appreciated the humor , but considered the pacing a `` strange mix '' , switching between exposition , comedy scenes and then sudden action . The reviewer echoed other critics ' sentiments concerning the running time of the film , but concluded that `` the sheer audacity of `` Fast Five '' is kind of breathtaking in a metal - twisting , death - defying , mission - implausible , B - movie - on - steroids kind of way `` , labeling it the `` best '' of the series . Both Empire and Variety noted that the final chase scene of Fast Five contained allusions to Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) : Variety stated that the scene `` seems inspired in part by a similarly spectacular scene in Bad Boys II '' ; Empire said that it `` nearly out - Bad - Boys - 2s Bad Boys 2 '' . Not all reviews were positive , however . Film4 criticized both the film 's long running time and its treatment of female characters , remarking `` ( Females ) cameo strikingly in buttock form . Others actually have first names '' . But Film4 praised Johnson 's role as DSS agent Luke Hobbs , saying he `` provides a more credible anti-antagonist to our anti-heroes than the straight up villains can manage '' . The Boston Herald gave a more mixed reaction : it derided the lack of realism as removing any sense of threat to the protagonists , but conceded that `` these films may be robustly anti-intellectual and deplorably commercialized , but they are the envy of the rest of the world . '' Despite giving the film a positive review and praising the action , The Hollywood Reporter was critical of its stars , saying `` it 's clear the budget was n't used on acting lessons for the cast . '' The New York Post 's Kyle Smith gave the film a negative review , criticizing the shortage of car - related action before the finale and calling it less a `` vroomer '' and more a `` knucklehead Ocean 's Eleven '' . Smith went on to call the film 's villain Reyes ( Almeida ) `` unforgivably dull '' and considered the long running time a result of taking `` that long to read every item in the cliché dictionary . '' Time Out New York stated that `` The Fast and the Furious movies have n't exactly gotten better as they 've gone along '' but gave the director a backhanded compliment , saying `` Justin Lin , taking his third turn behind the franchise 's wheel , is at least a competent hack . '' Ebert was more complimentary , saying `` Justin Lin is emerging as a first - rate director in this second - rate genre '' and Rolling Stone managed `` Justin Lin , who misdirected the last two sequels , finds his pace this time , staging dynamite action . '' Brazilian critics ( edit ) Fast Five cast in Rio de Janeiro Brazilian reviewers criticized the use of Rio de Janeiro in the film , claiming it was stereotyped as `` dominated by heavily armed drug traffickers , corrupt police , and sexy women '' . O Globo accused the producers of using `` aerial shots and quick editing '' to `` deceive the viewer '' into believing that the criminal acts take place in Rio . Globo also reacted negatively to the use of `` foreigners '' to represent Brazilians , `` speaking Portuguese with laughable accents '' . Veja agreed with O Globo , saying , `` The city of Rio and the Rio Film Commission supported the production . But the image that will spread across the world is exactly what the city does n't want . '' Accolades and recognition ( edit ) Tyler 's score for Fast Five earned him an award at the 2011 BMI Film Music Awards . The marketing components of Fast Five were nominated for three Golden Trailer Awards , winning one for Best Summer Blockbuster 2011 TV Spot . For the 2011 Teen Choice Awards , Fast Five received five nominations , including Choice Action Movie and Choice Action Movie Actress . Three of the five available nomination slots for Choice Action Movie Actor were taken by actors from Fast Five : Vin Diesel , Dwayne Johnson and Paul Walker . The film ultimately received one Teen Choice Award , for Choice Action Movie . The film received two nominations for the 2011 People 's Choice Awards for Favorite Action Movie , and Favorite Action Movie Star for Diesel . Diesel was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture . The film 's sound and music editing was nominated for a Golden Reel Award for Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film by the Motion Picture Sound Editors society . The film also received two Saturn Award nominations from the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films for Best Action / Adventure Film and Best Editing for Kelly Matsumoto , Fred Raskin , and Christian Watner . In December , 2011 , Richard Corliss ranked the film number 10 on his list of the Top 10 Best Movies of 2011 , saying , `` A carnival of roguish heroes and pretty girls , car chases and cliffhangers , Fast Five is as much a tribute as The Artist or Hugo to the cinema 's primal thrills . '' Empire placed the film number 20 on its list of the Top 20 Films of 2011 , while IGN named it the `` Best Action Movie '' of 2011 . Fast Five was listed as the number 1 most illegally downloaded film of 2011 on BitTorrent with approximately 9.3 million downloads . Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2011 BMI Film Music Award Film Music Brian Tyler Won Golden Trailer Awards Best Action TV Spot `` Fast Women '' -- Universal Pictures , AV Squad Nominated Best Summer 2011 Blockbuster Poster `` Fast Five '' -- Universal Pictures , Cold Open Nominated Best Summer Blockbuster 2011 TV Spot `` Super Bowl '' -- Universal Pictures , AV Squad Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie -- Action Fast Five Won Choice Movie Actor -- Action Vin Diesel Nominated Dwayne Johnson Nominated Paul Walker Nominated Choice Movie Actress -- Action Jordana Brewster Nominated 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Action Movie Fast Five Nominated Favorite Action Movie Star Vin Diesel Nominated Critic 's Choice Awards Best Action Movie Fast Five Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Vin Diesel Nominated Golden Reel Awards Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film Fast Five Nominated Saturn Awards Best Action / Adventure Film Fast Five Nominated Best Editing Kelly Matsumoto , Fred Raskin , and Christian Watner Nominated Home Media ( edit ) On August 2 , 2011 , USA Network purchased the rights to the United States network premiere of Fast Five . The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray in the United Kingdom on September 5 , 2011 , and in the United States on October 4 , 2011 , in 2.35 : 1 aspect ratio with DTS HD Master Audio 5.1 sound . A triple pack was also released containing a Blu - ray , DVD , and digital copy of the film in either Blu - ray or DVD packaging . The Blu - ray versions contains several exclusive additional features , including behind - the - scenes footage , cast and crew interviews , a `` virtual car garage '' that provides further details on the vehicles used in the production , and music tracks from the film . Both the DVD and the Blu - ray contain a theatrical and extended cut of the film , director commentary , deleted scenes , a gag reel and features on the three central characters . Commenting on the extended cut , Lin said `` this is the version that I prefer . '' During first week sales in the United States the DVD was the number 1 selling DVD , the number 1 rental DVD , and the number 2 selling Blu - ray disc behind the Blu - ray re-release of The Lion King . 57 % of the total first week disc sales of Fast Five were the Blu - ray disc version . To promote the release of the DVD and Blu - ray , Universal Studios Home Entertainment sponsored the first race of the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series , at the Chicagoland Speedway . The event , renamed as the `` Fast Five 225 '' , took place on September 16 , 2011 , with Gibson and Brewster as Grand Marshals ; Gibson sang the American national anthem for the event and Brewster acted as honorary starter . The event served as the kickoff for the first weekend of the Chase for the Sprint Cup and was won by Austin Dillon . The deal marked the first time that a film promotion had been allowed to take over a NASCAR race as a title sponsor . Continuing the partnership with Car Town , the game was used as the exclusive means of pre-ordering the Blu - ray / DVD combo release at Walmart , via players clicking on a Walmart - themed truck , which in turn provided the player with Fast Five branded in - game rewards . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious 6 A sixth film in The Fast and The Furious series was planned in February 2010 as development on Fast Five began , and in April 2011 , it was confirmed that Morgan had begun work on a script for the potential sixth film . Diesel and Moritz returned as producers for the film and Lin would return to direct . Fast & Furious 6 was released on May 24 , 2013 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fast Five '' . bbfc.co.uk . British Board of Film Classification . April 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast Five '' . The - Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . 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Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mighty ' Thor ' Hammers $242 M Global Cume ; ' Fast Five ' $324 M ; ' Jumping Broom ' $13.7 M ; ' Something Borrowed ' $13.1 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . May 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' drives to No. 1 overseas '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor ' Or ' Fast Five ' # 1 In Foreign Markets While Studios Wage Global War Of Words '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . 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The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mottram , James ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five Like Pixar 's Cars , but more cartoony '' . Total Film . Future Publishing . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Verniere , Jason ( April 30 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast ' and loose '' . Boston Herald . Herald Media Inc . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lehmann , Megan ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Not So Fast '' . New York Post . News Corporation . 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The National Ledger . The National Ledger , LLC . June 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Teen Choice Awards -- All The Winners '' . RadarOnline . American Media , Inc . August 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Amy ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards nominations 2012 '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 NAACP Image Award Film And TV Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . January 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sound Editors Give ' Super 8 ′ , ' War Horse ' , ' Rise Of Planet Of Apes ' Most Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . January 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2012 . 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Archived from the original on December 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' is the most pirated movie of 2011 '' . MSN . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 BMI Film / TV Award Winners '' ( PDF ) . May 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards nominations 2012 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . January 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Hugo & The Artist Lead Critics Choice Movie Award Nominations With 11 Each '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` USA Acquires 30 Movies From Universal , Including ' Bridesmaids ' , ' Fast 5 ' & ' Fockers ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . 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October 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Latchem , John ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' Tops Overall DVD Sales , ' Lion King ' No. 1 for Blu - ray '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Dillon takes the win at the Fast Five 255 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series at Chicagoland Speedway '' . chicagolandspeedway.com . Chicagoland Speedway . September 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' vid to ride NASCAR tie - in '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Universal Schedules ' Fast & Furious 6 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . 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External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fast Five Official website Fast Five at AllMovie Fast Five at Box Office Mojo Fast Five on IMDb Fast Five at Rotten Tomatoes Fast Five at Metacritic The Fast and the Furious Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Han Lue Gisele Yashar Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Television series Fast & Furious Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious : Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Tokyo Drift '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' `` Gang Up '' Category Films directed by Justin Lin Shopping for Fangs ( 1997 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Annapolis ( 2006 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Finishing the Game ( 2007 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) Vin Diesel Director and writer Multi-Facial ( 1995 ) Strays ( 1997 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Producer A Man Apart ( 2003 ) The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Riddick ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Video games Wheelman ( 2009 , executive producer ) Related Dominic Toretto One Race Films Racetrack Records Tigon Studios Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Action The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Abduction ( 2012 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_Five&oldid=852862206 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films American films American action thriller films American heist films American sequel films Prequel films Auto racing films The Fast and the Furious Films scored by Brian Tyler Films directed by Justin Lin Films set in Brazil Films set in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Films set in Florida Films set in Germany Films set in Monaco Films set in 2009 Films set in 2011 Films shot in Arizona Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in California Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Puerto Rico Films shot in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) IMAX films One Race Films films Original Film films Universal Pictures films 2010s road movies American road movies Screenplays by Chris Morgan Sequel films Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use mdy dates from June 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 21 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the train scene in fast five filmed | [
"Filming moved to Atlanta, Georgia for the final phase.[38] Wenham and his team transformed a defunct train yard into an abandoned auto plant used by the protagonists as their headquarters.[41] Redesigning the train yard took place over several months. It was required to allow enough space for stunt drivers to drive into the building, and it had to include an integrated lighting system. The design team removed walls, hauled out old railway cars, suspended rusted car parts and auto-plant car rails, and constructed smaller buildings within the main building to transform the site. With twenty-five pages of script to shoot in a limited time, cinematographer Stephen Windon and his team spent three weeks setting up a series of high-powered, motorized lights in the rafters of the building, that could be controlled remotely to allow lighting to be altered quickly while fully illuminating the set.[42] An exterior scene involving Diesel and Walker attending a car party, involving several high-performance cars, was filmed near the Georgia Dome.[42] The train heist scene was filmed in Rice, California over three weeks.[43]\n"
] | [
"Rice, California"
] |
801757423398437378 | Economy of Hong Kong | Economy of Hong Kong - Wikipedia Economy of Hong Kong Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Economy of Hong Kong Central and Victoria Harbour of Hong Kong Currency Hong Kong dollar ( HKD ) Fiscal year 1 April -- 31 March Trade organisations APEC and WTO Statistics GDP PPP : $444.6 billion ( 2016 . ) PPP per capita rank : 8th Nominal per capita rank : 10th with USD $58,552 ( 2016 ) GDP growth 4.3 % ( 2017 ) GDP per capita HK $339,531 ; 2016 ( US $43,473 ; 2016 ) GDP by sector agriculture : ( 0.1 % ) industry : ( 9 % ) services : ( 90.9 % ) ( 2016 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 3.6 % ( 2014 ) Population below poverty line N / A Gini coefficient 53.9 ( 2017 ) Labour force 3.961. 7 million ( July 2017 ) Labour force by occupation manufacturing ( 6.5 % ) , construction ( 2.1 % ) , wholesale and retail trade , restaurants , and hotels ( 43.3 % ) , financing , insurance , and real estate ( 20.7 % ) , transport and communications ( 7.8 % ) , community and social services ( 19.5 % ) Unemployment 3.1 % ( July 2017 ) Main industries textiles , clothing , tourism , banking , shipping , electronics , plastics , toys , watches , clocks Ease - of - doing - business rank 4th ( 2017 ) External Exports $528.2 billion ( 2014 est . ) Main export partners China 54.8 % United States 9.3 % United Kingdom 7.2 % European Union 5.0 % ( 2014 est . ) Imports $560.2 billion ( 2014 est . ) Main import partners China 48.2 % European Union 10.4 % Japan 8.1 % Singapore 6.6 % ( 2014 est . ) Public finances Public debt HK $1.5 billion ( 2014 ) Revenues $65 billion ( 2017 - 2018 est ) Expenses $62.9 billion ( 2017 est . ) Economic aid N / A Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : AAA ( Domestic ) AAA ( Foreign ) AAA ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : Aa1 Outlook : Stable Fitch : AA+ Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves US $413.5 billion ( mid-2017 ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong 's service - oriented economy is characterized by its low taxation , almost free port trade and well established international financial market . Its currency , called the Hong Kong dollar , is legally issued by three major international commercial banks , and pegged to the US dollar . Interest rates are determined by the individual banks in Hong Kong to ensure it is fully market - driven . There is no officially recognised central banking system , although Hong Kong Monetary Authority functions as a financial regulatory authority . When destabilising factors are hitting the financial market of Hong Kong , they will be monitored and inspected by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority , the financial regulatory agency in Hong Kong . Electronic finance trading is evolutionarily impacting the financial market of Hong Kong . According to Index of Economic Freedom , Hong Kong has had the highest degree of economic freedom in the world since the inception of the Index in 1995 . Its economy is governed under positive non-interventionism , and is highly dependent on international trade and finance . In 2009 , Hong Kong 's real economic growth fell by 2.8 % as a result of the global financial turmoil . The 2017 version of the Economic Freedom of the World Index lists Hong Kong as the number one nation , with a score of 8.97 . Hong Kong 's economic strengths include a sound banking system , virtually no public debt , a strong legal system , ample foreign exchange reserves at around US $408 billion as of mid-2017 , rigorous anti-corruption measures and close ties with the mainland China . Despite the downturn , these strengths enable it to quickly respond to changing circumstances . It has the most efficient and a corruption - free application procedure , the lowest income tax , the lowest corporate tax as well as an abundant and sustainable government finance . The government of Hong Kong consistently upheld the policy of encouraging and supporting activities of private businesses . Examples include the Cyberport and the Hong Kong Disneyland . This has a positive impact on the overall economic performance by removing unnecessary barriers for the private enterprises in the Special Administrative Region . The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is a favourable destination for international firms and firms from the mainland China to be listed due to Hong Kong 's highly internationalised and modernised financial industry along with its capital market in Asia , its size , regulations and available financial tools , which are comparable to London and New York . Hong Kong 's gross domestic product has grown 180 times between 1961 and 1997 . Also , the GDP per capita rose by 87 times within the same time frame . Its economy size is slightly bigger than Israel and Ireland and its GDP per capita at purchasing power parity is the sixth highest globally in 2011 , higher than the United States and the Netherlands and slightly lower than the Brunei . By the late 20th century , Hong Kong was the seventh largest port in the world and second only to New York and Rotterdam in terms of container throughput . Hong Kong is a full Member of World Trade Organization . The Kwai Chung container complex was the largest in Asia ; while Hong Kong shipping owners were second only to those of Greece in terms of total tonnage holdings in the world . The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the sixth largest in the world , with a market capitalisation of about US $3.732 trillion . Hong Kong has also had an abundant supply of labour from the regions nearby . A skilled labour force coupled with the adoption of modern British / Western business methods and technology ensured that opportunities for external trade , investment , and recruitment were maximised . Prices and wages in Hong Kong are relatively flexible , depending on the performance and stability of the economy of Hong Kong . Hong Kong raises revenues from the sale and taxation of land and through attracting international businesses to provide capital for its public finance , due to its low tax policy . According to Healy Consultants , Hong Kong has most attractive business environment within East Asia , in terms of attracting foreign direct investment ( FDI ) . This has led to Hong Kong being the third largest recipient of FDI in the world . From its revenues , the government has built roads , schools , hospitals , and other public infrastructure facilities and services . Low levels of spending relative to GDP by having no spending on armed forces , minimal outlays for foreign affairs and modest recurrent social welfare spending have allowed the accumulation of very large fiscal reserves with minimal foreign debt . Though not conventionally regarded as a tax haven , Hong Kong ranked fourth on the Tax Justice Network 's 2011 Financial Secrecy Index . Acting as a government of the Special Administrative Region , Hong Kong is the second highest ranked Asian government in the World Economic Forum 's Network Readiness Index ( NRI ) -- an indicator for determining the development level of a government 's information and communication technologies . Hong Kong ranked eighth overall in the 2014 NRI ranking , up from 14 in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stock exchange 2 Economic predictions 3 Positive non-interventionism 4 Economic freedom 5 Economic indicators 5.1 GDP 5.2 Population 5.3 Labour 5.4 FY 2017 -- 18 budget ( forecast ) 5.5 Trade ( selective data for various years ) 6 Poverty 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Stock Exchange ( edit ) Main article : Hong Kong Stock Exchange The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the sixth largest in the world , with a market capitalisation of about US $3.732 trillion as of mid-2017 . In 2006 , the value of initial public offerings ( IPO ) conducted in Hong Kong was second highest in the world after London . In 2009 , Hong Kong raised 22 percent of IPO capital , becoming the largest centre of IPOs in the world . The rival stock exchange of the future is expected to be the Shanghai Stock Exchange . As of 2006 , Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing ( HKEX ) has an average daily turnover of 33.4 billion dollars , which is 12 times that of Shanghai . Economic predictions ( edit ) Cathay Pacific City , the headquarters of Cathay Pacific Since the 1997 handover , Hong Kong 's economic future became far more exposed to the challenges of economic globalisation and the direct competition from cities in the mainland China . In particular , Shanghai claimed to have a geographical advantage . The Shanghai municipal government dreamt of turning the city into China 's main economic centre by as early as 2010 . The target is to allow Shanghai to catch up to New York by 2040 -- 2050 . Hong Kong , on the other hand , continues to have a more positive and realistic approach , and remains the principal international financial centre in China . Until then , Hong Kong is expected to have higher overall economic figures yearly . Hong Kong 's main trading partners are China , the United States , Japan , Taiwan , Germany , Singapore , and South Korea . Positive non-interventionism ( edit ) Main article : Positive non-interventionism Hong Kong 's economic policy has often been cited by economists such as Milton Friedman and the Cato Institute as an example of laissez - faire capitalism , attributing the city 's success to the policy . However , others have argued that the economic strategy is not adequately characterised by the term laissez - faire . They point out that there are still many ways in which the government is involved in the economy , some of which exceed the degree of involvement in other capitalist countries . For example , the government is involved in public works projects , healthcare , education , and social welfare spending . Further , although rates of taxation on personal and corporate income are low by international standards , unlike most other countries Hong Kong 's government raises a significant portion of its revenues from land leases and land taxation . All land in Hong Kong is owned by the government and is leased to private developers and users on fixed terms , for fees which are paid to the state treasury . By restricting the sale of land leases , the Hong Kong government keeps the price of land at what some consider as artificially high prices and this allows the government to support relatively some public spending with a low tax rate on income and profit . The economy functions well into the night . Economic Freedom ( edit ) Main article : Economic freedom Hong Kong has been ranked as the world 's freest economy in the Index of Economic Freedom of The Heritage Foundation for 20 consecutive years , since its inception in 1995 . The index measures restrictions on business , trade , investment , finance , property rights and labour , and considers the impact of corruption , government size and monetary controls in 183 economies . Hong Kong is the only one to have ever scored 90 points or above on the 100 - point scale in 2014 Index . Economic Indicators ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) Treemap of Hong Kong export in 2014 GDP ( edit ) GDP ( nominal , 2016 ) -- HK $2,491,001 million GDP -- real growth rate : + 3.9 % ( 2016 ) GDP -- per capita : HK $339,531 ( 2016 ) GDP -- composition by sector ( 2015 ) : Finance and insurance : 17.6 % Tourism : 5.0 % Trade : 22.2 % Professional Services : 12.4 % Other Sectors : 42.8 % Economy of Hong Kong Identity Hong Kong Dollar Banknotes Coins Monetary Authority Four Asian Tigers Resources Employment Transport Tourism Postal Agri / Aqua Ports Manufacturing Companies Stock Exchange Growth Enterprise Market Companies listed on HKSE Other Hong Kong topics Culture Education Geography History Politics Hong Kong Portal Population ( edit ) Population : -- 7.389 million ( mid-2017 ) , + 0.9 % p.a. ( 2015 -- 16 ) Unemployment rate : 3.1 % ( 2017 ) Labour Force Participation Rate ( 2009 ) : Overall : 60.3 % Male : 68.9 % Female : 52.9 % Age 15 -- 24 : 8.5 % Age 25 -- 39 : 36.8 % Age 39 + : 43.7 % Labour ( edit ) Labour force : 3.9 million ( mid-2017 ) Employed : 3.81 million ( 96.8 % , mid-2017 ) Public administration , social and personal services 510,321 Finance and insurance 223.221 Import / export , wholesale and retail trade 808,251 Transport , storage , postal and courier service 178 , 1 Average Work Week : 45 hours Unemployed : 128,200 ( 3.1 % , mid-2017 ) Underemployed : 44,200 ( 1.2 % , mid-2017 ) FY 2017 -- 18 budget ( forecast ) ( edit ) Total Revenues : HK $507.7 billion Total Expenditures : $491.4 billion Balance : $16.3 billion Government debt HK $11,227.5 million ( US $1.44 billion ; 30 June 2011 ) Trade ( selective data for various years ) ( edit ) Two - way Trade : US $823.9 billion , + 23.6 % ( 2010 ) , + 11.1 % p.a. ( 1986 -- 2010 ) With China : ' $402.6 billion , + 24.2 % ( 2010 ) , 48.9 % share Exports : $459.4 billion , - 0.5 % ( 2016 ) To China : ' $205.7 billion , + 26.5 % ( 2010 ) , 52.7 % share Re-exports : $381.2 billion , + 22.8 % ( 2010 ) , + 14.3 % p.a. ( 1986 -- 2010 ) To China : ' $247.7 ( 2016 ) Imports : $513.8 billion , + 9.1 % ( 2016 ) , From China : ' $245.3 billion ( 2016 ) Poverty ( edit ) At least 100,000 persons live in cage homes in the poor districts of Hong Kong . See also ( edit ) Hong Kong portal Mainland and HK Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement ( CEPA ) Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement ( CEPA ) Economy of China Economy of East Asia Individual Visit Scheme Positive non-interventionism The Hongs Taiwan Miracle Poverty Campaign : Speak Up Seamen 's strike of 1922 Nylonkong References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong SAR : Gross domestic product per capita , current prices ( U.S. dollars ) '' . 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September 2007 . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Gough , Neil ; Sang - Hun , Choe ( 19 July 2012 ) . `` Asian Financial Regulators Examine Local Lending Rates '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Hong Kong Association of Banks '' . hkab.org.hk . Jump up ^ Chiu , Peter . `` Hong Kong 's Banking Industry Facing Keen Competition '' . revues.org . Jump up ^ http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.115.5329&rep=rep1&type=pdf Jump up ^ `` Trade and Investment '' ( PDF ) . unescap.org . Jump up ^ http://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap12g.pdf ( see page 134 ~ 136 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Index of Economic Freedom '' . Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong '' . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` London retains financial services crown '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ http://www.zyen.com/images/GFCI_25March2013.pdf Jump up ^ Rikkie Yeung ( 2008 ) . Moving Millions : The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong 's Railways . 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( dead link ) Jump up ^ `` The World 's Freest Economy Is Also Its Least - Affordable Housing Market '' . Bloomburg BusinessWeek . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Index of Economic Freedom -- Hong Kong '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) '' . Census and Statistics Department . 2016 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Key Industries and Other Selected Industries '' . Census and Statistics Department . 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Quarterly Report on General Household Survey , July to September 2009 , Census and Statistics Department Jump up ^ Financial results for the three months ended June 30 , 2011 . Info.gov.hk ( 30 June 2011 ) . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Vivir en jaulas , el drama de miles de chinos pobres en Hong Kong External links ( edit ) Hong Kong Economy Hong Kong Government Hong Kong Economic Structure , The Economist , 10 January 2007 . Retrieved 24 February 2007 . The Hong Kong Experiment by Milton Friedman Economic History of Hong Kong Catherine R. Schenk , University of Glasgow Key Economic and Social Indicators -- Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department Hong Kong Forex Nows ( IBTimes HK ) World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Hong Kong Tariffs applied by Hong Kong as provided by ITC 's Market Access Map , an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements Hong Kong articles History Prehistoric Imperial China Bao'an County and Xin'an County British colony 1800s -- 1930s Battle of Hong Kong Japanese occupation 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Geography Administrative divisions Areas Bays Beaches Buildings and structures Channels Cities and towns Climate Country parks and conservation Ecology Land reclamation Harbours Islands and peninsulas Lakes Marine parks Mountains and peaks Public parks and gardens Reservoirs Rivers Villages Politics Anthem Autonomy Basic Law Chief Executive Districts Councils Elections Flag Foreign relations Government departments and agencies Independence Judiciary Legal system Legislative Council LGBT history Military One country , two systems Political parties Sino - British Joint Declaration Special administrative regions of China Public services Education Fire services Food and Health Bureau Healthcare Police Royal Hong Kong Regiment Economy Banks Companies Dollar ( currency ) Employment Hawkers Port Stock Exchange Communications The Hongs Real Estate Hegemony Tourism Landmarks and tourist attractions Disneyland Ocean Park Transport Airlines Airport Buses light buses Cycling Ferries List of roads Major roads Chung Ying Street Rail Taxis Culture Languages Cantonese English Architecture Kowloon Walled City List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong Graffiti in Hong Kong Hong Kong comics Music Cantonese opera Cantopop Hakka hill song Cinema Television drama McDull Media Television Literature Cuisine Cantonese cuisine Street food Cheung Chau Bun Festival Religion Shopping Sport National football team National rugby union team Hong Kong Sevens Hong Kong orchid Lion Rock Spirit Ngai jong Demographics Honours system International rankings Museums Public holidays RTHK Women Youth Outline Index Portal Economy of Hong Kong History Seamen 's strike of 1922 Black Saturday ( 1983 ) Four Asian Tigers Ting Hai effect 1997 Asian financial crisis Stock disasters in Hong Kong Brand Hong Kong Positive non-interventionism Tai - pan Poverty Campaign : Speak Up Pearl River Delta Currency Hong Kong dollar Hong Kong Mint Hong Kong Note Printing Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar Coins of the Hong Kong dollar Industry and Business List of companies of Hong Kong Agriculture and aquaculture in Hong Kong CSI Cross-Straits 500 Index Hong Kong Export Credit Insurance Corporation Real Estate Hegemony Government agencies Hong Kong Trade Development Council Hong Kong Monetary Authority Inland Revenue Department Agriculture , Fisheries and Conservation Department Employment and Tax Employment in Hong Kong Estate Duty Ordinance Goepfert case Inland Revenue Ordinance Partnership taxation Profits tax Rates ( tax ) SDO s45 Transfer between associated bodies corporate Salaries tax Minimum Wage Ordinance Stamp Duty Ordinance Stamp duty Goods and Service Tax Infrastructure and Transport Port of Hong Kong Hong Kong -- Zhuhai -- Macau Bridge Rankings International rankings of Hong Kong Finance and Banking Hong Kong Futures Exchange Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Securities and Futures Commission Hong Kong Stock Exchange Linked exchange rate Red chips Electronic Payment Services Growth Enterprise Market Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange Hang Seng Index Agreements CEPA Ship Registration in Hong Kong Outward Processing Arrangement Energy List of power stations in Hong Kong Other Water supply in Hong Kong Individual Visit Scheme Economic freedom See also : Economy of Macau Economy of Asia Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Australia Brunei Canada Chile China Hong Kong 1 Indonesia Japan Republic of Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Chinese Taipei 2 Thailand United States Vietnam Meetings 1991 1995 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Other APEC Business Travel Card APEC blue APEC Climate Center APEC Youth Science Festival 1 . 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-5840186039922382418 | Mississippi River | Mississippi River - wikipedia Mississippi River For a different river in Canada , see Mississippi River ( Ontario ) . For other uses of `` Mississippi '' , see Mississippi ( disambiguation ) . Mississippi River Ojibwe : Misi - ziibi , Dakota : Mníšošethąka , Myaamia : Mihsi - siipiiwi , Cheyenne : Ma'xeé'ometāā'e , Kiowa : Xósáu , Arapaho : Beesniicie , Pawnee : Kickaátit Mississippi River near Fire Point in Effigy Mounds National Monument , Iowa Name origin : Ojibwe word misi - ziibi , meaning `` Great River '' , or gichi - ziibi , meaning `` Big River '' Nickname : `` Old Man River , '' `` Father of Waters '' Country United States States Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , Louisiana Tributaries - left St. Croix River , Wisconsin River , Rock River , Illinois River , Kaskaskia River , Ohio River - right Minnesota River , Des Moines River , Missouri River , White River , Arkansas River Cities Saint Cloud , MN , Minneapolis , MN , St. Paul , MN , La Crosse , WI , Quad Cities , IA / IL , St. Louis , MO , Memphis , TN , Baton Rouge , LA , New Orleans , LA Source Lake Itasca - location Itasca State Park , Clearwater County , MN - elevation 1,475 ft ( 450 m ) - coordinates 47 ° 14 ′ 23 '' N 95 ° 12 ′ 27 '' W / 47.23972 ° N 95.20750 ° W / 47.23972 ; - 95.20750 Mouth Gulf of Mexico - location Pilottown , Plaquemines Parish , LA - elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) - coordinates 29 ° 09 ′ 04 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 Coordinates : 29 ° 09 ′ 04 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 Length 2,320 mi ( 3,734 km ) Basin 1,151,000 sq mi ( 2,981,076 km ) Discharge for mouth ; max and min at Baton Rouge , LA - average 593,000 cu ft / s ( 16,792 m / s ) - max 3,065,000 cu ft / s ( 86,791 m / s ) - min 159,000 cu ft / s ( 4,502 m / s ) Mississippi River basin The Mississippi River is the chief river of the second - largest drainage system on the North American continent , second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system . The stream is entirely within the United States ( although its drainage basin reaches into Canada ) , its source is Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota and it flows generally south for 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico . With its many tributaries , the Mississippi 's watershed drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains . The Mississippi ranks as the fourth - longest and fifteenth - largest river by discharge in the world . The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , and Louisiana . Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries . Most were hunter - gatherers , but some , such as the Mound Builders , formed prolific agricultural societies . The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers , then settlers , ventured into the basin in increasing numbers . The river served first as a barrier , forming borders for New Spain , New France , and the early United States , and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link . In the 19th century , during the height of the ideology of manifest destiny , the Mississippi and several western tributaries , most notably the Missouri , formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States . Formed from thick layers of the river 's silt deposits , the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country , which resulted in the river 's storied steamboat era . During the American Civil War , the Mississippi 's capture by Union forces marked a turning point towards victory due to the river 's importance as a route of trade and travel , not least to the Confederacy . Because of substantial growth of cities and the larger ships and barges that supplanted riverboats , the first decades of the 20th century saw the construction of massive engineering works such as levees , locks and dams , often built in combination . Since modern development of the basin began , the Mississippi has also seen its share of pollution and environmental problems -- most notably large volumes of agricultural runoff , which has led to the Gulf of Mexico dead zone off the Delta . In recent years , the river has shown a steady shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta ; a course change would be an economic disaster for the port city of New Orleans . Contents 1 Name and significance 2 Physical geography 2.1 Divisions 2.1. 1 Upper Mississippi 2.1. 2 Middle Mississippi 2.1. 3 Lower Mississippi 2.2 Watershed 2.3 Outflow 2.4 Course changes 2.4. 1 Prehistoric courses 2.4. 2 Historic course changes 2.5 New Madrid Seismic Zone 3 Length 4 Cultural geography 4.1 State boundaries 4.2 Communities along the river 4.3 Bridge crossings 5 Navigation and flood control 5.1 19th century 5.2 20th century 5.3 21st century 6 History 6.1 Native Americans 6.2 European exploration 6.3 Colonization 6.4 Steamboat era 6.5 Civil War 6.6 20th and 21st centuries 6.7 Future 7 Recreation 8 Ecology 8.1 Fish 8.2 Other fauna 8.3 Introduced species 9 Cultural references 9.1 Literature 9.2 Music 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Name and significance ( edit ) The word Mississippi itself comes from Misi zipi , the French rendering of the Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe or Algonquin ) name for the river , Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) . In the 18th century , the river was the primary western boundary of the young United States , and since the country 's expansion westward , the Mississippi River has been widely considered a convenient if approximate dividing line between the Eastern , Southern , and Midwestern United States , and the Western United States . This is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase `` Trans - Mississippi '' as used in the name of the Trans - Mississippi Exposition . It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it , such as `` the highest peak east of the Mississippi '' or `` the oldest city west of the Mississippi '' . The FCC also uses it as the dividing line for broadcast callsigns , which begin with W to the east and K to the west , mixing together in media markets along the river . Physical geography ( edit ) The geographical setting of the Mississippi River includes considerations of the course of the river itself , its watershed , its outflow , its prehistoric and historic course changes , and possibilities of future course changes . The New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy . These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway and its adjacent lands . Divisions ( edit ) The Mississippi River can be divided into three sections : the Upper Mississippi , the river from its headwaters to the confluence with the Missouri River ; the Middle Mississippi , which is downriver from the Missouri to the Ohio River ; and the Lower Mississippi , which flows from the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico . Upper Mississippi ( edit ) The beginning of the Mississippi River at Lake Itasca ( 2004 ) Mississippi head of navigation , St. Anthony Falls Confluence of the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers , viewed from Wyalusing State Park in Wisconsin The Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis , Missouri . It is divided into two sections : The headwaters , 493 miles ( 793 km ) from the source to Saint Anthony Falls in Minneapolis , Minnesota ; and A navigable channel , formed by a series of man - made lakes between Minneapolis and St. Louis , Missouri , some 664 miles ( 1,069 km ) . The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca , 1,475 feet ( 450 m ) above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County , Minnesota . The name `` Itasca '' was chosen to designate the `` true head '' of the Mississippi River as a combination of the last four letters of the Latin word for truth ( veritas ) and the first two letters of the Latin word for head ( caput ) . However , the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams . From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis , Missouri , the waterway 's flow is moderated by 43 dams . Fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes , including power generation and recreation . The remaining 29 dams , beginning in downtown Minneapolis , all contain locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river . Taken as a whole , these 43 dams significantly shape the geography and influence the ecology of the upper river . Beginning just below Saint Paul , Minnesota , and continuing throughout the upper and lower river , the Mississippi is further controlled by thousands of wing dikes that moderate the river 's flow in order to maintain an open navigation channel and prevent the river from eroding its banks . The head of navigation on the Mississippi is the Coon Rapids Dam in Coon Rapids , Minnesota . Before it was built in 1913 , steamboats could occasionally go upstream as far as Saint Cloud , Minnesota , depending on river conditions . The uppermost lock and dam on the Upper Mississippi River is the Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in Minneapolis . Above the dam , the river 's elevation is 799 feet ( 244 m ) . Below the dam , the river 's elevation is 750 feet ( 230 m ) . This 49 - foot ( 15 m ) drop is the largest of all the Mississippi River locks and dams . The origin of the dramatic drop is a waterfall preserved adjacent to the lock under an apron of concrete . Saint Anthony Falls is the only true waterfall on the entire Mississippi River . The water elevation continues to drop steeply as it passes through the gorge carved by the waterfall . After the completion of the St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in 1963 , the river 's head of navigation moved upstream , to the Coon Rapids Dam . However , the Locks were closed in 2015 to control the spread of invasive Asian carp , making Minneapolis once again the site of the head of navigation of the river . The Upper Mississippi has a number of natural and artificial lakes , with its widest point being Lake Winnibigoshish , near Grand Rapids , Minnesota , over 11 miles ( 18 km ) across . Lake Onalaska , created by Lock and Dam No. 7 , near La Crosse , Wisconsin , is more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) wide . Lake Pepin , a natural lake formed behind the delta of the Chippewa River of Wisconsin as it enters the Upper Mississippi , is more than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) wide . By the time the Upper Mississippi reaches Saint Paul , Minnesota , below Lock and Dam No. 1 , it has dropped more than half its original elevation and is 687 feet ( 209 m ) above sea level . From St. Paul to St. Louis , Missouri , the river elevation falls much more slowly , and is controlled and managed as a series of pools created by 26 locks and dams . The Upper Mississippi River is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling in the Twin Cities ; the St. Croix River near Prescott , Wisconsin ; the Cannon River near Red Wing , Minnesota ; the Zumbro River at Wabasha , Minnesota ; the Black , La Crosse , and Root rivers in La Crosse , Wisconsin ; the Wisconsin River at Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin ; the Rock River at the Quad Cities ; the Iowa River near Wapello , Iowa ; the Skunk River south of Burlington , Iowa ; and the Des Moines River at Keokuk , Iowa . Other major tributaries of the Upper Mississippi include the Crow River in Minnesota , the Chippewa River in Wisconsin , the Maquoketa River and the Wapsipinicon River in Iowa , and the Illinois River in Illinois . The Upper Mississippi is largely a multi-thread stream with many bars and islands . From its confluence with the St. Croix River downstream to Dubuque , Iowa , the river is entrenched , with high bedrock bluffs lying on either side . The height of these bluffs decreases to the south of Dubuque , though they are still significant through Savanna , Illinois . This topography contrasts strongly with the Lower Mississippi , which is a meandering river in a broad , flat area , only rarely flowing alongside a bluff ( as at Vicksburg , Mississippi ) . The confluence of the Mississippi ( left ) and Ohio ( right ) rivers at Cairo , Illinois , the demarcation between the Middle and the Lower Mississippi River Middle Mississippi ( edit ) The Mississippi River is known as the Middle Mississippi from the Upper Mississippi River 's confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis , Missouri , for 190 miles ( 310 km ) to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo , Illinois . The Middle Mississippi is relatively free - flowing . From St. Louis to the Ohio River confluence , the Middle Mississippi falls 220 feet ( 67 m ) over 180 miles ( 290 km ) for an average rate of 1.2 feet per mile ( 23 cm / km ) . At its confluence with the Ohio River , the Middle Mississippi is 315 feet ( 96 m ) above sea level . Apart from the Missouri and Meramec rivers of Missouri and the Kaskaskia River of Illinois , no major tributaries enter the Middle Mississippi River . Lower Mississippi ( edit ) Lower Mississippi River near New Orleans The Mississippi River is called the Lower Mississippi River from its confluence with the Ohio River to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico , a distance of about 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) . At the confluence of the Ohio and the Middle Mississippi , the long - term mean discharge of the Ohio at Cairo , Illinois is 281,500 cubic feet per second ( 7,970 cubic meters per second ) , while the long - term mean discharge of the Mississippi at Thebes , Illinois ( just upriver from Cairo ) is 208,200 cu ft / s ( 5,900 m / s ) . Thus , by volume , the main branch of the Mississippi River system at Cairo can be considered to be the Ohio River ( and the Allegheny River further upstream ) , rather than the Middle Mississippi . In addition to the Ohio River , the major tributaries of the Lower Mississippi River are the White River , flowing in at the White River National Wildlife Refuge in east central Arkansas ; the Arkansas River , joining the Mississippi at Arkansas Post ; the Big Black River in Mississippi ; and the Yazoo River , meeting the Mississippi at Vicksburg , Mississippi . The widest point of the Mississippi River is in the Lower Mississippi portion where it exceeds 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) in width in several places . Deliberate water diversion at the Old River Control Structure in Louisiana allows the Atchafalaya River in Louisiana to be a major distributary of the Mississippi River , with 30 % of the Mississippi flowing to the Gulf of Mexico by this route , rather than continuing down the Mississippi 's current channel past Baton Rouge and New Orleans on a longer route to the Gulf . Although the Red River is commonly thought to be a tributary , it is actually not , because its water flows separately into the Gulf of Mexico through the Atchafalaya River . Watershed ( edit ) Map of the Mississippi River watershed Play media An animation of the flows along the rivers of the Mississippi watershed See also : List of drainage basins by area The Mississippi River has the world 's fourth - largest drainage basin ( `` watershed '' or `` catchment '' ) . The basin covers more than 1,245,000 square miles ( 3,220,000 km ) , including all or parts of 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces . The drainage basin empties into the Gulf of Mexico , part of the Atlantic Ocean . The total catchment of the Mississippi River covers nearly 40 % of the landmass of the continental United States . The highest point within the watershed is also the highest point of the Rocky Mountains , Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet ( 4,400 m ) . Sequence of NASA MODIS images showing the outflow of fresh water from the Mississippi ( arrows ) into the Gulf of Mexico ( 2004 ) In the United States , the Mississippi River drains the majority of the area between the crest of the Rocky Mountains and the crest of the Appalachian Mountains , except for various regions drained to Hudson Bay by the Red River of the North ; to the Atlantic Ocean by the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River ; and to the Gulf of Mexico by the Rio Grande , the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers , the Chattahoochee and Appalachicola rivers , and various smaller coastal waterways along the Gulf . The Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico about 100 miles ( 160 km ) downstream from New Orleans . Measurements of the length of the Mississippi from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico vary somewhat , but the United States Geological Survey 's number is 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) . The retention time from Lake Itasca to the Gulf is typically about 90 days . Outflow ( edit ) The Mississippi River discharges at an annual average rate of between 200 and 700 thousand cubic feet per second ( 7,000 -- 20,000 m / s ) . Although it is the fifth - largest river in the world by volume , this flow is a small fraction of the output of the Amazon , which moves nearly 7 million cubic feet per second ( 200,000 m / s ) during wet seasons . On average , the Mississippi has only 8 % the flow of the Amazon River . Fresh river water flowing from the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico does not mix into the salt water immediately . The images from NASA 's MODIS ( to the right ) show a large plume of fresh water , which appears as a dark ribbon against the lighter - blue surrounding waters . These images demonstrate that the plume did not mix with the surrounding sea water immediately . Instead , it stayed intact as it flowed through the Gulf of Mexico , into the Straits of Florida , and entered the Gulf Stream . The Mississippi River water rounded the tip of Florida and traveled up the southeast coast to the latitude of Georgia before finally mixing in so thoroughly with the ocean that it could no longer be detected by MODIS . Before 1900 , the Mississippi River transported an estimated 400 million metric tons of sediment per year from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico . During the last two decades , this number was only 145 million metric tons per year . The reduction in sediment transported down the Mississippi River is the result of engineering modification of the Mississippi , Missouri , and Ohio rivers and their tributaries by dams , meander cutoffs , river - training structures , and bank revetments and soil erosion control programs in the areas drained by them . Course changes ( edit ) Over geologic time , the Mississippi River has experienced numerous large and small changes to its main course , as well as additions , deletions , and other changes among its numerous tributaries , and the lower Mississippi River has used different pathways as its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico across the delta region . Through a natural process known as avulsion or delta switching , the lower Mississippi River has shifted its final course to the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico every thousand years or so . This occurs because the deposits of silt and sediment begin to clog its channel , raising the river 's level and causing it to eventually find a steeper , more direct route to the Gulf of Mexico . The abandoned distributaries diminish in volume and form what are known as bayous . This process has , over the past 5,000 years , caused the coastline of south Louisiana to advance toward the Gulf from 15 to 50 miles ( 24 to 80 km ) . The currently active delta lobe is called the Birdfoot Delta , after its shape , or the Balize Delta , after La Balize , Louisiana , the first French settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi . Prehistoric courses ( edit ) The current form of the Mississippi River basin was largely shaped by the Laurentide Ice Sheet of the most recent Ice Age . The southernmost extent of this enormous glaciation extended well into the present - day United States and Mississippi basin . When the ice sheet began to recede , hundreds of feet of rich sediment were deposited , creating the flat and fertile landscape of the Mississippi Valley . During the melt , giant glacial rivers found drainage paths into the Mississippi watershed , creating such features as the Minnesota River , James River , and Milk River valleys . When the ice sheet completely retreated , many of these `` temporary '' rivers found paths to Hudson Bay or the Arctic Ocean , leaving the Mississippi Basin with many features `` oversized '' for the existing rivers to have carved in the same time period . Ice sheets during the Illinoian Stage , about 300,000 to 132,000 years before present , blocked the Mississippi near Rock Island , Illinois , diverting it to its present channel farther to the west , the current western border of Illinois . The Hennepin Canal roughly follows the ancient channel of the Mississippi downstream from Rock Island to Hennepin , Illinois . South of Hennepin , to Alton , Illinois , the current Illinois River follows the ancient channel used by the Mississippi River before the Illinoian Stage . View along the former riverbed at the Tennessee / Arkansas state line near Reverie , Tennessee ( 2007 ) Timeline of outflow course changes c. 5000 BC : The last Ice Age ended ; world sea level became what it is now . c. 2500 BC : Bayou Teche became the main course of the Mississippi . c. 800 BC : The Mississippi diverted further east . c. 200 AD : Bayou Lafourche became the main course of the Mississippi . c. 1000 AD : The Mississippi 's present course took over . Before c. 1400 AD : The Red River of the South flowed parallel to the lower Mississippi to the sea 15th century : Turnbull 's Bend in the lower Mississippi extended so far west that it captured the Red River of the South . The Red River below the captured section became the Atchafalaya River . 1831 : Captain Henry M. Shreve dug a new short course for the Mississippi through the neck of Turnbull 's Bend . 1833 to November 1873 : The Great Raft ( a huge logjam in the Atchafalaya River ) was cleared . The Atchafalaya started to capture the Mississippi and to become its new main lower course . 1963 : The Old River Control Structure was completed , controlling how much Mississippi water entered the Atchafalaya . Cahokia 's rise and fall linked to river flooding ( article in Popular Archaeology periodical ) Historic course changes ( edit ) In March 1876 , the Mississippi suddenly changed course near the settlement of Reverie , Tennessee , leaving a small part of Tipton County , Tennessee , attached to Arkansas and separated from the rest of Tennessee by the new river channel . Since this event was an avulsion , rather than the effect of incremental erosion and deposition , the state line still follows the old channel . The town of Kaskaskia , Illinois once stood on a peninsula at the confluence of the Mississippi and Kaskaskia ( Okaw ) Rivers . Founded as a French colonial community , it later became the capital of the Illinois Territory and was the first state capital of Illinois until 1819 . Beginning in 1844 , successive flooding caused the Mississippi River to slowly encroach east . A major flood in 1881 caused it to overtake the lower 10 miles of the Kaskaskia River , forming a new Mississippi channel and cutting off the town from the rest of the state . Later flooding destroyed most of the remaining town , including the original State House . Today , the remaining 2,300 acre island and community of 14 residents is known as an enclave of Illinois and is accessible only from the Missouri side . New Madrid Seismic Zone ( edit ) The New Madrid Seismic Zone , along the Mississippi River near New Madrid , Missouri , between Memphis and St. Louis , is related to an aulacogen ( failed rift ) that formed at the same time as the Gulf of Mexico . This area is still quite active seismically . Four great earthquakes in 1811 and 1812 , estimated at approximately 8 on the Richter magnitude scale , had tremendous local effects in the then sparsely settled area , and were felt in many other places in the midwestern and eastern U.S. These earthquakes created Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee from the altered landscape near the river . Length ( edit ) When measured from its traditional source at Lake Itasca , the Mississippi has a length of 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) . When measured from its longest stream source ( most distant source from the sea ) , Brower 's Spring in Montana , the source of the Missouri River , it has a length of 3,710 miles , making it the fourth longest river in the world after the Nile , Amazon , and Yangtze . When measured by the largest stream source ( by water volume ) , the Ohio River , by extension the Allegheny River , would be the source , and the Mississippi would begin in Pennsylvania . Cultural geography ( edit ) State boundaries ( edit ) The Mississippi River runs through or along 10 states , from Minnesota to Louisiana , and is used to define portions of these states ' borders , with Wisconsin , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , and Mississippi along the east side of the river , and Iowa , Missouri , and Arkansas along its west side . Substantial parts of both Minnesota and Louisiana are on either side of the river , although the Mississippi defines part of the boundary of each of these states . In all of these cases , the middle of the riverbed at the time the borders were established was used as the line to define the borders between adjacent states . In various areas , the river has since shifted , but the state borders have not changed , still following the former bed of the Mississippi River as of their establishment , leaving several small isolated areas of one state across the new river channel , contiguous with the adjacent state . Also , due to a meander in the river , a small part of western Kentucky is contiguous with Tennessee , but isolated from the rest of its state . Lake Pepin , the widest naturally occurring part of the Mississippi , is part of the Minnesota -- Wisconsin border . The Mississippi River in downtown Baton Rouge Communities along the River ( edit ) Metro Area Population Minneapolis - Saint Paul 3,946,533 St. Louis 2,916,447 Memphis 1,316,100 New Orleans 1,214,932 Baton Rouge 802,484 Quad Cities , IA - IL 387,630 St. Cloud , MN 189,148 La Crosse , WI 133,365 Cape Girardeau -- Jackson MO - IL 96,275 Dubuque , IA 93,653 In Minnesota , the Mississippi River runs through the Twin Cities ( 2007 ) Community of boathouses on the Mississippi River in Winona , MN ( 2006 ) The Mississippi River at the Chain of Rocks just north of St. Louis ( 2005 ) A low - water dam deepens the pool above the Chain of Rocks Lock near St. Louis ( 2006 ) Many of the communities along the Mississippi River are listed below ; most have either historic significance or cultural lore connecting them to the river . They are sequenced from the source of the river to its end . Bemidji , Minnesota Grand Rapids , Minnesota Jacobson , Minnesota Palisade , Minnesota Aitkin , Minnesota Riverton , Minnesota Brainerd , Minnesota Fort Ripley , Minnesota Little Falls , Minnesota Sartell , Minnesota St. Cloud , Minnesota Monticello , Minnesota Anoka , Minnesota Coon Rapids , Minnesota Brooklyn Park , Minnesota Brooklyn Center , Minnesota Minneapolis , Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota Nininger , Minnesota Hastings , Minnesota Prescott , Wisconsin Prairie Island , Minnesota Diamond Bluff , Wisconsin Red Wing , Minnesota Hager City , Wisconsin Maiden Rock , Wisconsin Stockholm , Wisconsin Lake City , Minnesota Maple Springs , Minnesota Camp Lacupolis , Minnesota Pepin , Wisconsin Reads Landing , Minnesota Wabasha , Minnesota Nelson , Wisconsin Alma , Wisconsin Buffalo City , Wisconsin Weaver , Minnesota Minneiska , Minnesota Fountain City , Wisconsin Winona , Minnesota Homer , Minnesota Trempealeau , Wisconsin Dakota , Minnesota Dresbach , Minnesota La Crescent , Minnesota La Crosse , Wisconsin Brownsville , Minnesota Stoddard , Wisconsin Genoa , Wisconsin Victory , Wisconsin Potosi , Wisconsin De Soto , Wisconsin Lansing , Iowa Ferryville , Wisconsin Lynxville , Wisconsin Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin Marquette , Iowa McGregor , Iowa Wyalusing , Wisconsin Guttenberg , Iowa Cassville , Wisconsin Dubuque , Iowa Galena , Illinois Bellevue , Iowa Savanna , Illinois Sabula , Iowa Fulton , Illinois Clinton , Iowa Cordova , Illinois Port Byron , Illinois LeClaire , Iowa Rapids City , Illinois Hampton , Illinois Bettendorf , Iowa East Moline , Illinois Moline , Illinois Davenport , Iowa Rock Island , Illinois Buffalo , Iowa Muscatine , Iowa New Boston , Illinois Keithsburg , Illinois Oquawka , Illinois Burlington , Iowa Dallas City , Illinois Fort Madison , Iowa Nauvoo , Illinois Keokuk , Iowa Warsaw , Illinois Quincy , Illinois Hannibal , Missouri Louisiana , Missouri Clarksville , Missouri Grafton , Illinois Portage Des Sioux , Missouri Alton , Illinois St. Louis , Missouri Ste . Genevieve , Missouri Kaskaskia , Illinois Chester , Illinois Grand Tower , Illinois Cape Girardeau , Missouri Thebes , Illinois Commerce , Missouri Cairo , Illinois Wickliffe , Kentucky Columbus , Kentucky Hickman , Kentucky New Madrid , Missouri Tiptonville , Tennessee Caruthersville , Missouri Osceola , Arkansas Reverie , Tennessee Memphis , Tennessee West Memphis , Arkansas Tunica , Mississippi Helena - West Helena , Arkansas Napoleon , Arkansas ( historical ) Arkansas City , Arkansas Greenville , Mississippi Vicksburg , Mississippi Waterproof , Louisiana Natchez , Mississippi Morganza , Louisiana St. Francisville , Louisiana New Roads , Louisiana Baton Rouge , Louisiana Donaldsonville , Louisiana Lutcher , Louisiana Destrehan , Louisiana New Orleans , Louisiana Pilottown , Louisiana La Balize , Louisiana ( historical ) Bridge crossings ( edit ) See also : List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River and List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River The Stone Arch Bridge , the Third Avenue Bridge and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis ( 2004 ) The road crossing highest on the Upper Mississippi is a simple steel culvert , through which the river ( locally named `` Nicolet Creek '' ) flows north from Lake Nicolet under `` Wilderness Road '' to the West Arm of Lake Itasca , within Itasca State Park . The earliest bridge across the Mississippi River was built in 1855 . It spanned the river in Minneapolis where the current Hennepin Avenue Bridge is located . No highway or railroad tunnels cross under the Mississippi River . The first railroad bridge across the Mississippi was built in 1856 . It spanned the river between the Rock Island Arsenal in Illinois and Davenport , Iowa . Steamboat captains of the day , fearful of competition from the railroads , considered the new bridge a hazard to navigation . Two weeks after the bridge opened , the steamboat Effie Afton rammed part of the bridge , setting it on fire . Legal proceedings ensued , with Abraham Lincoln defending the railroad . The lawsuit went to the Supreme Court of the United States , which ruled in favor of the railroad . Below is a general overview of selected Mississippi bridges which have notable engineering or landmark significance , with their cities or locations . They are sequenced from the Upper Mississippi 's source to the Lower Mississippi 's mouth . Stone Arch Bridge -- Former Great Northern Railway ( now pedestrian ) bridge at Saint Anthony Falls connecting downtown Minneapolis with the historic Marcy - Holmes neighborhood . I - 35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge -- In Minneapolis , opened in September 2008 , replacing the I - 35W Mississippi River bridge which had collapsed catastrophically on August 1 , 2007 , killing 13 and injuring over 100 . Eisenhower Bridge ( Mississippi River ) -- In Red Wing , Minnesota , opened by Dwight D. Eisenhower in November 1960 . I - 90 Mississippi River Bridge -- Connects La Crosse , Wisconsin , and Winona County , Minnesota , located just south of Lock and Dam No. 7 . Black Hawk Bridge -- Connects Lansing in Allamakee County , Iowa and rural Crawford County , Wisconsin ; locally referred to as the Lansing Bridge and documented in the Historic American Engineering Record . The Dubuque - Wisconsin Bridge ( 2004 ) Dubuque - Wisconsin Bridge -- Connects Dubuque , Iowa , and Grant County , Wisconsin . Julien Dubuque Bridge -- Joins the cities of Dubuque , Iowa , and East Dubuque , Illinois ; listed in the National Register of Historic Places . Savanna - Sabula Bridge -- A truss bridge and causeway connecting the city of Savanna , Illinois , and the island city of Sabula , Iowa . The bridge carries U.S. Highway 52 over the river , and is the terminus of both Iowa Highway 64 and Illinois Route 64 . Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 . Fred Schwengel Memorial Bridge -- A 4 - lane steel girder bridge that carries Interstate 80 and connects LeClaire , Iowa , and Rapids City , Illinois . Completed in 1966 . I - 74 Bridge -- Connects Bettendorf , Iowa , and Moline , Illinois ; originally known as the Iowa - Illinois Memorial Bridge . Government Bridge -- Connects Rock Island , Illinois and Davenport , Iowa , adjacent to Lock and Dam No. 15 ; the fourth crossing in this vicinity , built in 1896 . Rock Island Centennial Bridge -- Connects Rock Island , Illinois , and Davenport , Iowa ; opened in 1940 . Sergeant John F. Baker , Jr . Bridge -- Connects Rock Island , Illinois , and Davenport , Iowa ; opened in 1973 . Norbert F. Beckey bridge at Muscatine , Iowa , with LED lighting Norbert F. Beckey Bridge -- Connects Muscatine , Iowa , and Rock Island County , Illinois ; became first U.S. bridge to be illuminated with light - emitting diode ( LED ) lights decoratively illuminating the facade of the bridge . Great River Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge connecting Burlington , Iowa , to Gulf Port , Illinois . Fort Madison Toll Bridge -- Connects Fort Madison , Iowa , and unincorporated Niota , Illinois ; also known as the Santa Fe Swing Span Bridge ; at the time of its construction the longest and heaviest electrified swing span on the Mississippi River . Listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1999 . Keokuk -- Hamilton Bridge -- Connects Keokuk , Iowa and Hamilton , Illinois ; opened in 1985 replacing an older bridge which is still in use as a railroad bridge . Bayview Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge bringing westbound U.S. Highway 24 over the river , connecting the cities of West Quincy , Missouri , and Quincy , Illinois . Quincy Memorial Bridge -- Connects the cities of West Quincy , Missouri , and Quincy , Illinois , carrying eastbound U.S. 24 , the older of these two U.S. 24 bridges . Clark Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge connecting West Alton , Missouri , and Alton , Illinois , also known as the Super Bridge as the result of an appearance on the PBS program , Nova ; built in 1994 , carrying U.S. Route 67 across the river . This is the northernmost river crossing in the St. Louis metropolitan area , replacing the Old Clark Bridge , a truss bridge built in 1928 , named after explorer William Clark . The Chain of Rocks Bridge at St. Louis , Missouri Chain of Rocks Bridge -- Located on the northern edge of St. Louis , notable for a 22 - degree bend occurring at the middle of the crossing , necessary for navigation on the river ; formerly used by U.S. Route 66 to cross the Mississippi . Replaced for road traffic in 1966 by a nearby pair of new bridges ; now a pedestrian bridge . Eads Bridge -- A combined road and railway bridge , connecting St. Louis and East St. Louis , Illinois . When completed in 1874 , it was the longest arch bridge in the world , with an overall length of 6,442 feet ( 1,964 m ) . The three ribbed steel arch spans were considered daring , as was the use of steel as a primary structural material ; it was the first such use of true steel in a major bridge project . Chester Bridge -- A truss bridge connecting Route 51 in Missouri with Illinois Route 150 , between Perryville , Missouri , and Chester , Illinois . The bridge can be seen in the beginning of the 1967 film In the Heat of the Night . In the 1940s , the main span was destroyed by a tornado . Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge -- Connecting Cape Girardeau , Missouri and East Cape Girardeau , Illinois , completed in 2003 and illuminated by 140 lights . Caruthersville Bridge -- A single tower cantilever bridge carrying Interstate 155 and U.S. Route 412 across the Mississippi River between Caruthersville , Missouri and Dyersburg , Tennessee . The Hernando de Soto Bridge in Memphis , Tennessee ( 2009 ) Hernando de Soto Bridge -- A through arch bridge carrying Interstate 40 across the Mississippi between West Memphis , Arkansas , and Memphis , Tennessee . Harahan Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying two rail lines of the Union Pacific Railroad across the river between West Memphis , Arkansas , and Memphis , Tennessee . Frisco Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying a rail line across the river between West Memphis , Arkansas , and Memphis , Tennessee , previously known as the Memphis Bridge . When it opened on May 12 , 1892 , it was the first crossing of the Lower Mississippi and the longest span in the U.S. Listed as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark . Memphis & Arkansas Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying Interstate 55 between Memphis and West Memphis ; listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Helena Bridge Greenville Bridge Vicksburg Bridge Old Vicksburg Bridge Vicksburg Bridge Natchez - Vidalia Bridge John James Audubon Bridge -- The second - longest cable - stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere ; connects Pointe Coupee and West Feliciana Parishes in Louisiana . It is the only crossing between Baton Rouge and Natchez . This bridge was opened a month ahead of schedule in May 2011 , due to the 2011 floods . Huey P. Long Bridge -- A truss cantilever bridge carrying US 190 ( Airline Highway ) and one rail line between East Baton Rouge and West Baton Rouge Parishes in Louisiana . Horace Wilkinson Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying six lanes of Interstate 10 between Baton Rouge and Port Allen in Louisiana . It is the highest bridge over the Mississippi River . Sunshine Bridge Gramercy Bridge Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge Huey P. Long Bridge -- In Jefferson Parish , Louisiana , the first Mississippi River span built in Louisiana . Crescent City Connection -- Connects the east and west banks of New Orleans , Louisiana ; the fifth - longest cantilever bridge in the world . Navigation and flood Control ( edit ) Main article : List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River Towboat and barges at Memphis , Tennessee Ships on the lower part of the Mississippi A clear channel is needed for the barges and other vessels that make the main stem Mississippi one of the great commercial waterways of the world . The task of maintaining a navigation channel is the responsibility of the United States Army Corps of Engineers , which was established in 1802 . Earlier projects began as early as 1829 to remove snags , close off secondary channels and excavate rocks and sandbars . Steamboats entered trade in the 1820s , so the period 1830 -- 1850 became the golden age of steamboats . As there were few roads or rails in the lands of the Louisiana Purchase , river traffic was an ideal solution . Cotton , timber and food came down the river , as did Appalachian coal . The port of New Orleans boomed as it was the trans - shipment point to deep sea ocean vessels . As a result , the image of the twin stacked , wedding cake Mississippi steamer entered into American mythology . Steamers worked the entire route from the trickles of Montana , to the Ohio River ; down the Missouri and Tennessee , to the main channel of the Mississippi . Only with the arrival of the railroads in the 1880s did steamboat traffic diminish . Steamboats remained a feature until the 1920s . Most have been superseded by pusher tugs . A few survive as icons -- the Delta Queen and the River Queen for instance . Oil tanker on the Lower Mississippi near the Port of New Orleans Barge on the Lower Mississippi River A series of 29 locks and dams on the upper Mississippi , most of which were built in the 1930s , is designed primarily to maintain a 9 - foot - deep ( 2.7 m ) channel for commercial barge traffic . The lakes formed are also used for recreational boating and fishing . The dams make the river deeper and wider but do not stop it . No flood control is intended . During periods of high flow , the gates , some of which are submersible , are completely opened and the dams simply cease to function . Below St. Louis , the Mississippi is relatively free - flowing , although it is constrained by numerous levees and directed by numerous wing dams . On the lower Mississippi , from Baton Rouge to the mouth of the Mississippi , the navigation depth is 45 feet ( 14 m ) , allowing container ships and cruise ships to dock at the Port of New Orleans and bulk cargo ships shorter than 150 - foot ( 46 m ) air draft that fit under the Huey P. Long Bridge to traverse the Mississippi to Baton Rouge . There is a feasibility study to dredge this portion of the river to 50 feet ( 15 m ) to allow New Panamax ship depths . 19th century ( edit ) Lock and Dam No. 11 , north of Dubuque , Iowa ( 2007 ) In 1829 , there were surveys of the two major obstacles on the upper Mississippi , the Des Moines Rapids and the Rock Island Rapids , where the river was shallow and the riverbed was rock . The Des Moines Rapids were about 11 miles ( 18 km ) long and just above the mouth of the Des Moines River at Keokuk , Iowa . The Rock Island Rapids were between Rock Island and Moline , Illinois . Both rapids were considered virtually impassable . In 1848 , the Illinois and Michigan Canal was built to connect the Mississippi River to Lake Michigan via the Illinois River near Peru , Illinois . The canal allowed shipping between these important waterways . In 1900 , the canal was replaced by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal . The second canal , in addition to shipping , also allowed Chicago to address specific health issues ( typhoid fever , cholera and other waterborne diseases ) by sending its waste down the Illinois and Mississippi river systems rather than polluting its water source of Lake Michigan . The Corps of Engineers recommended the excavation of a 5 - foot - deep ( 1.5 m ) channel at the Des Moines Rapids , but work did not begin until after Lieutenant Robert E. Lee endorsed the project in 1837 . The Corps later also began excavating the Rock Island Rapids . By 1866 , it had become evident that excavation was impractical , and it was decided to build a canal around the Des Moines Rapids . The canal opened in 1877 , but the Rock Island Rapids remained an obstacle . In 1878 , Congress authorized the Corps to establish a 4.5 - foot - deep ( 1.4 m ) channel to be obtained by building wing dams which direct the river to a narrow channel causing it to cut a deeper channel , by closing secondary channels and by dredging . The channel project was complete when the Moline Lock , which bypassed the Rock Island Rapids , opened in 1907 . To improve navigation between St. Paul , Minnesota , and Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin , the Corps constructed several dams on lakes in the headwaters area , including Lake Winnibigoshish and Lake Pokegama . The dams , which were built beginning in the 1880s , stored spring run - off which was released during low water to help maintain channel depth . Lock and Dam No. 2 , near Hastings , Minnesota ( 2007 ) Lock and Dam No. 15 , is the largest roller dam in the world Davenport , Iowa ; Rock Island , Illinois . ( 1990 ) 20th century ( edit ) In 1907 , Congress authorized a 6 - foot - deep ( 1.8 m ) channel project on the Mississippi River , which was not complete when it was abandoned in the late 1920s in favor of the 9 - foot - deep ( 2.7 m ) channel project . In 1913 , construction was complete on Lock and Dam No. 19 at Keokuk , Iowa , the first dam below St. Anthony Falls . Built by a private power company ( Union Electric Company of St. Louis ) to generate electricity ( originally for streetcars in St. Louis ) , the Keokuk dam was one of the largest hydro - electric plants in the world at the time . The dam also eliminated the Des Moines Rapids . Lock and Dam No. 1 was completed in Minneapolis , Minnesota in 1917 . Lock and Dam No. 2 , near Hastings , Minnesota , was completed in 1930 . Before the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the Corps 's primary strategy was to close off as many side channels as possible to increase the flow in the main river . It was thought that the river 's velocity would scour off bottom sediments , deepening the river and decreasing the possibility of flooding . The 1927 flood proved this to be so wrong that communities threatened by the flood began to create their own levee breaks to relieve the force of the rising river . The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1930 authorized the 9 - foot ( 2.7 m ) channel project , which called for a navigation channel 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) feet deep and 400 feet ( 120 m ) wide to accommodate multiple - barge tows . This was achieved by a series of locks and dams , and by dredging . Twenty - three new locks and dams were built on the upper Mississippi in the 1930s in addition to the three already in existence . Formation of the Atchafalaya River and construction of the Old River Control Structure . Project design flood flow capacity for the Mississippi river in thousands of cubic feet per second . Until the 1950s , there was no dam below Lock and Dam 26 at Alton , Illinois . Chain of Rocks Lock ( Lock and Dam No. 27 ) , which consists of a low - water dam and an 8.4 - mile - long ( 13.5 km ) canal , was added in 1953 , just below the confluence with the Missouri River , primarily to bypass a series of rock ledges at St. Louis . It also serves to protect the St. Louis city water intakes during times of low water . U.S. government scientists determined in the 1950s that the Mississippi River was starting to switch to the Atchafalaya River channel because of its much steeper path to the Gulf of Mexico . Eventually the Atchafalaya River would capture the Mississippi River and become its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico , leaving New Orleans on a side channel . As a result , the U.S. Congress authorized a project called the Old River Control Structure , which has prevented the Mississippi River from leaving its current channel that drains into the Gulf via New Orleans . Because the large scale of high - energy water flow threatened to damage the structure , an auxiliary flow control station was built adjacent to the standing control station . This $300 million project was completed in 1986 by the Corps of Engineers . Beginning in the 1970s , the Corps applied hydrological transport models to analyze flood flow and water quality of the Mississippi . Dam 26 at Alton , Illinois , which had structural problems , was replaced by the Mel Price Lock and Dam in 1990 . The original Lock and Dam 26 was demolished . Soldiers of the Missouri Army National Guard sandbag the River in Clarksville , Missouri , June 2008 , following flooding . 21st century ( edit ) The Corps now actively creates and maintains spillways and floodways to divert periodic water surges into backwater channels and lakes , as well as route part of the Mississippi 's flow into the Atchafalaya Basin and from there to the Gulf of Mexico , bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans . The main structures are the Birds Point - New Madrid Floodway in Missouri ; the Old River Control Structure and the Morganza Spillway in Louisiana , which direct excess water down the west and east sides ( respectively ) of the Atchafalaya River ; and the Bonnet Carré Spillway , also in Louisiana , which directs floodwaters to Lake Pontchartrain ( see diagram ) . Some experts blame urban sprawl for increases in both the risk and frequency of flooding on the Mississippi River . Some of the pre-1927 strategy is still in use today , with the Corps actively cutting the necks of horseshoe bends , allowing the water to move faster and reducing flood heights . History ( edit ) Native Americans ( edit ) Main articles : Woodland period , Hopewell tradition , and Mississippian culture The area of the Mississippi River basin was first settled by hunting and gathering Native American peoples and is considered one of the few independent centers of plant domestication in human history . Evidence of early cultivation of sunflower , a goosefoot , a marsh elder and an indigenous squash dates to the 4th millennium BCE . The lifestyle gradually became more settled after around 1000 BCE during what is now called the Woodland period , with increasing evidence of shelter construction , pottery , weaving and other practices . A network of trade routes referred to as the Hopewell interaction sphere was active along the waterways between about 200 and 500 CE , spreading common cultural practices over the entire area between the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes . A period of more isolated communities followed , and agriculture introduced from Mesoamerica based on the Three Sisters ( maize , beans and squash ) gradually came to dominate . After around 800 CE there arose an advanced agricultural society today referred to as the Mississippian culture , with evidence of highly stratified complex chiefdoms and large population centers . The most prominent of these , now called Cahokia , was occupied between about 600 and 1400 CE and at its peak numbered between 8,000 and 40,000 inhabitants , larger than London , England of that time . At the time of first contact with Europeans , Cahokia and many other Mississippian cities had dispersed , and archaeological finds attest to increased social stress . Modern American Indian nations inhabiting the Mississippi basin include Cheyenne , Sioux , Ojibwe , Potawatomi , Ho - Chunk , Fox , Kickapoo , Tamaroa , Moingwena , Quapaw and Chickasaw . The word Mississippi itself comes from Messipi , the French rendering of the Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe or Algonquin ) name for the river , Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) . The Ojibwe called Lake Itasca Omashkoozo - zaaga'igan ( Elk Lake ) and the river flowing out of it Omashkoozo - ziibi ( Elk River ) . After flowing into Lake Bemidji , the Ojibwe called the river Bemijigamaag - ziibi ( River from the Traversing Lake ) . After flowing into Cass Lake , the name of the river changes to Gaa - miskwaawaakokaag - ziibi ( Red Cedar River ) and then out of Lake Winnibigoshish as Wiinibiigoonzhish - ziibi ( Miserable Wretched Dirty Water River ) , Gichi - ziibi ( Big River ) after the confluence with the Leech Lake River , then finally as Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) after the confluence with the Crow Wing River . After the expeditions by Giacomo Beltrami and Henry Schoolcraft , the longest stream above the juncture of the Crow Wing River and Gichi - ziibi was named `` Mississippi River '' . The Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians , known as the Gichi - ziibiwininiwag , are named after the stretch of the Mississippi River known as the Gichi - ziibi . The Cheyenne , one of the earliest inhabitants of the upper Mississippi River , called it the Máʼxe - éʼometaaʼe ( Big Greasy River ) in the Cheyenne language . The Arapaho name for the river is Beesniicíe . The Pawnee name is Kickaátit . The Mississippi was spelled Mississipi or Missisipi during French Louisiana and was also known as the Rivière Saint - Louis . European exploration ( edit ) Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto A.D. 1541 by William Henry Powell depicts Hernando De Soto and Spanish Conquistadores seeing the Mississippi River for the first time . Map of the French settlements in North America in 1750 , before the French and Indian War ( 1754 to 1763 ) . Ca . 1681 map of Marquette and Jolliet 's 1673 expedition . Route of the Marquette - Jolliete Expedition of 1673 On May 8 , 1541 , Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto became the first recorded European to reach the Mississippi River , which he called Río del Espíritu Santo ( `` River of the Holy Spirit '' ) , in the area of what is now Mississippi . In Spanish , the river is called Río Mississippi . French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi in the 17th century . Marquette traveled with a Sioux Indian who named it Ne Tongo ( `` Big river '' in Sioux language ) in 1673 . Marquette proposed calling it the River of the Immaculate Conception . When Louis Jolliet explored the Mississippi Valley in the 17th century , natives guided him to a quicker way to return to French Canada via the Illinois River . When he found the Chicago Portage , he remarked that a canal of `` only half a league '' ( less than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) , 3 km ) would join the Mississippi and the Great Lakes . In 1848 , the continental divide separating the waters of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley was breached by the Illinois and Michigan canal via the Chicago River . This both accelerated the development , and forever changed the ecology of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes . In 1682 , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle and Henri de Tonti claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley for France , calling the river Colbert River after Jean - Baptiste Colbert and the region La Louisiane , for King Louis XIV . On March 2 , 1699 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville rediscovered the mouth of the Mississippi , following the death of La Salle . The French built the small fort of La Balise there to control passage . In 1718 , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) upriver , New Orleans was established along the river crescent by Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , Sieur de Bienville , with construction patterned after the 1711 resettlement on Mobile Bay of Mobile , the capital of French Louisiana at the time . Colonization ( edit ) See also : Flood of 1851 A Home on the Mississippi ( 1871 ) Following Britain 's victory in the Seven Years War the Mississippi became the border between the British and Spanish Empires . The Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) gave Great Britain rights to all land east of the Mississippi and Spain rights to land west of the Mississippi . Spain also ceded Florida to Britain to regain Cuba , which the British occupied during the war . Britain then divided the territory into East and West Florida . Article 8 of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) states , `` The navigation of the river Mississippi , from its source to the ocean , shall forever remain free and open to the subjects of Great Britain and the citizens of the United States '' . With this treaty , which ended the American Revolutionary War , Britain also ceded West Florida back to Spain to regain the Bahamas , which Spain had occupied during the war . In 1800 , under duress from Napoleon of France , Spain ceded an undefined portion of West Florida to France . When France then sold the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. in 1803 , a dispute arose again between Spain and the U.S. on which parts of West Florida exactly had Spain ceded to France , which would in turn decide which parts of West Florida were now U.S. property versus Spanish property . These aspirations ended when Spain was pressured into signing Pinckney 's Treaty in 1795 . France reacquired ' Louisiana ' from Spain in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800 . The United States then secured effective control of the river when it bought the Louisiana Territory from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . The last serious European challenge to U.S. control of the river came at the conclusion of War of 1812 when British forces mounted an attack on New Orleans -- the attack was repulsed by an American army under the command of General Andrew Jackson . In the Treaty of 1818 , the U.S. and Great Britain agreed to fix the border running from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains along the 49th parallel north . In effect , the U.S. ceded the northwestern extremity of the Mississippi basin to the British in exchange for the southern portion of the Red River basin . So many settlers traveled westward through the Mississippi river basin , as well as settled in it , that Zadok Cramer wrote a guide book called The Navigator , detailing the features and dangers and navigable waterways of the area . It was so popular that he updated and expanded it through 12 editions over a period of 25 years . Shifting sand bars made early navigation difficult . The colonization of the area was barely slowed by the three earthquakes in 1811 and 1812 , estimated at approximately 8 on the Richter magnitude scale , that were centered near New Madrid , Missouri . Steamboat era ( edit ) Main article : Steamboats of the Mississippi Mark Twain 's book , Life on the Mississippi , covered the steamboat commerce which took place from 1830 to 1870 on the river before more modern ships replaced the steamer . The book was published first in serial form in Harper 's Weekly in seven parts in 1875 . The full version , including a passage from the then unfinished Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and works from other authors , was published by James R. Osgood & Company in 1885 . The first steamboat to travel the full length of the Lower Mississippi from the Ohio River to New Orleans was the New Orleans in December 1811 . Its maiden voyage occurred during the series of New Madrid earthquakes in 1811 -- 12 . The Upper Mississippi was treacherous , unpredictable and to make traveling worse , the area was not properly mapped out or surveyed . Until the 1840s only two trips a year to the Twin Cities landings were made by steamboats which suggests it was not very profitable . Steamboat transport remained a viable industry , both in terms of passengers and freight until the end of the first decade of the 20th century . Among the several Mississippi River system steamboat companies was the noted Anchor Line , which , from 1859 to 1898 , operated a luxurious fleet of steamers between St. Louis and New Orleans . Italian explorer Giacomo Beltrami , wrote about his journey on the Virginia , which was the first steam boat to make it to Fort St. Anthony in Minnesota . He referred to his voyage as a promenade that was once a journey on the Mississippi . The steamboat era changed the economic and political life of the Mississippi , as well as the nature of travel itself . The Mississippi was completely changed by the steamboat era as it transformed into a flourishing tourists trade . Civil War ( edit ) Battle of Vicksburg ( ca . 1888 ) Mississippi River from Eunice , Arkansas , a ghost town . Eunice was destroyed by gunboats during the Civil War . Control of the river was a strategic objective of both sides in the American Civil War . In 1862 Union forces coming down the river successfully cleared Confederate defenses at Island Number 10 and Memphis , Tennessee , while Naval forces coming upriver from the Gulf of Mexico captured New Orleans , Louisiana . The remaining major Confederate stronghold was on the heights overlooking the river at Vicksburg , Mississippi , and the Union 's Vicksburg Campaign ( December 1862 to July 1863 ) , and the fall of Port Hudson , completed control of the lower Mississippi River . The Union victory ending the Siege of Vicksburg on July 4 , 1863 , was pivotal to the Union 's final victory of the Civil War . 20th and 21st centuries ( edit ) See also : Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , Great Flood of 1951 , and Great Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Flood of 1993 The `` Big Freeze '' of 1918 -- 19 blocked river traffic north of Memphis , Tennessee , preventing transportation of coal from southern Illinois . This resulted in widespread shortages , high prices , and rationing of coal in January and February . In the spring of 1927 , the river broke out of its banks in 145 places , during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and inundated 27,000 sq mi ( 70,000 km ) to a depth of up to 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) . In 1962 and 1963 , industrial accidents spilled 3.5 million US gallons ( 13,000,000 L ) of soybean oil into the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers . The oil covered the Mississippi River from St. Paul to Lake Pepin , creating an ecological disaster and a demand to control water pollution . On October 20 , 1976 , the automobile ferry , MV George Prince , was struck by a ship traveling upstream as the ferry attempted to cross from Destrehan , Louisiana , to Luling , Louisiana . Seventy - eight passengers and crew died ; only eighteen survived the accident . In 1988 , the water level of the Mississippi fell to 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) below zero on the Memphis gauge . The remains of wooden - hulled water craft were exposed in an area of 4.5 acres ( 18,000 m ) on the bottom of the Mississippi River at West Memphis , Arkansas . They dated to the late 19th to early 20th centuries . The State of Arkansas , the Arkansas Archeological Survey , and the Arkansas Archeological Society responded with a two - month data recovery effort . The fieldwork received national media attention as good news in the middle of a drought . The Great Flood of 1993 was another significant flood , primarily affecting the Mississippi above its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo , Illinois . Two portions of the Mississippi were designated as American Heritage Rivers in 1997 : the lower portion around Louisiana and Tennessee , and the upper portion around Iowa , Illinois , Minnesota and Missouri . The Nature Conservancy 's project called `` America 's Rivershed Initiative '' announced a ' report card ' assessment of the entire basin in October 2015 and gave the grade of D+ . The assessment noted the aging navigation and flood control infrastructure along with multiple environmental problems . Campsite at the river in Arkansas In 2002 , Slovenian long - distance swimmer Martin Strel swam the entire length of the river , from Minnesota to Louisiana , over the course of 68 days . In 2005 , the Source to Sea Expedition paddled the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers to benefit the Audubon Society 's Upper Mississippi River Campaign . Future ( edit ) Geologists believe that the lower Mississippi could take a new course to the Gulf . Either of two new routes -- through the Atchafalaya Basin or through Lake Pontchartrain -- might become the Mississippi 's main channel if flood - control structures are overtopped or heavily damaged during a severe flood . Failure of the Old River Control Structure , the Morganza Spillway , or nearby levees would likely re-route the main channel of the Mississippi through Louisiana 's Atchafalaya Basin and down the Atchafalaya River to reach the Gulf of Mexico south of Morgan City in southern Louisiana . This route provides a more direct path to the Gulf of Mexico than the present Mississippi River channel through Baton Rouge and New Orleans . While the risk of such a diversion is present during any major flood event , such a change has so far been prevented by active human intervention involving the construction , maintenance , and operation of various levees , spillways , and other control structures by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . The Old River Control Structure complex . View is to the east - southeast , looking downriver on the Mississippi , with the three dams across channels of the Atchafalaya River to the right of the Mississippi . Concordia Parish , Louisiana is in the foreground , on the right , and Wilkinson County , Mississippi , is in the background , across the Mississippi on the left . The Old River Control Structure , between the present Mississippi River channel and the Atchafalaya Basin , sits at the normal water elevation and is ordinarily used to divert 30 % of the Mississippi 's flow to the Atchafalaya River . There is a steep drop here away from the Mississippi 's main channel into the Atchafalaya Basin . If this facility were to fail during a major flood , there is a strong concern the water would scour and erode the river bottom enough to capture the Mississippi 's main channel . The structure was nearly lost during the 1973 flood , but repairs and improvements were made after engineers studied the forces at play . In particular , the Corps of Engineers made many improvements and constructed additional facilities for routing water through the vicinity . These additional facilities give the Corps much more flexibility and potential flow capacity than they had in 1973 , which further reduces the risk of a catastrophic failure in this area during other major floods , such as that of 2011 . Because the Morganza Spillway is slightly higher and well back from the river , it is normally dry on both sides . Even if it failed at the crest during a severe flood , the flood waters would have to erode to normal water levels before the Mississippi could permanently jump channel at this location . During the 2011 floods , the Corps of Engineers opened the Morganza Spillway to 1 / 4 of its capacity to allow 150,000 ft / sec of water to flood the Morganza and Atchafalaya floodways and continue directly to the Gulf of Mexico , bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans . In addition to reducing the Mississippi River crest downstream , this diversion reduced the chances of a channel change by reducing stress on the other elements of the control system . Some geologists have noted that the possibility for course change into the Atchafalaya also exists in the area immediately north of the Old River Control Structure . Army Corps of Engineers geologist Fred Smith once stated , `` The Mississippi wants to go west . 1973 was a forty - year flood . The big one lies out there somewhere -- when the structures ca n't release all the floodwaters and the levee is going to have to give way . That is when the river 's going to jump its banks and try to break through . '' Another possible course change for the Mississippi River is a diversion into Lake Pontchartrain near New Orleans . This route is controlled by the Bonnet Carré Spillway , built to reduce flooding in New Orleans . This spillway and an imperfect natural levee about 4 -- 6 meters ( 12 to 20 feet ) high are all that prevents the Mississippi from taking a new , shorter course through Lake Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico . Diversion of the Mississippi 's main channel through Lake Pontchartrain would have consequences similar to an Atchafalaya diversion , but to a lesser extent , since the present river channel would remain in use past Baton Rouge and into the New Orleans area . Recreation ( edit ) Great River Road in Wisconsin near Lake Pepin ( 2005 ) The sport of water skiing was invented on the river in a wide region between Minnesota and Wisconsin known as Lake Pepin . Ralph Samuelson of Lake City , Minnesota , created and refined his skiing technique in late June and early July 1922 . He later performed the first water ski jump in 1925 and was pulled along at 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) by a Curtiss flying boat later that year . There are seven National Park Service sites along the Mississippi River . The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area is the National Park Service site dedicated to protecting and interpreting the Mississippi River itself . The other six National Park Service sites along the river are ( listed from north to south ) : Effigy Mounds National Monument Gateway Arch National Park ( includes Gateway Arch ) Vicksburg National Military Park Natchez National Historical Park New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve Ecology ( edit ) The American paddlefish is an ancient relict from the Mississippi The Mississippi basin is home to a highly diverse aquatic fauna and has been called the `` mother fauna '' of North American fresh water . Fish ( edit ) About 375 fish species are known from the Mississippi basin , far exceeding other North Hemisphere river basin exclusively within temperate / subtropical regions , except the Yangtze . Within the Mississippi basin , streams that have their source in the Appalachian and Ozark highlands contain especially many species . Among the fish species in the basin are numerous endemics , as well as relicts such as paddlefish , sturgeon , gar and bowfin . Because of its size and high species diversity , the Mississippi basin is often divided into subregions . The Upper Mississippi River alone is home to about 120 fish species , including walleye , sauger , large mouth bass , small mouth bass , white bass , northern pike , bluegill , crappie , channel catfish , flathead catfish , common shiner , freshwater drum and shovelnose sturgeon . Other fauna ( edit ) In addition to fish , several species of turtles ( such as snapping , musk , mud , map , cooter , painted and softshell turtles ) , American alligator , aquatic amphibians ( such as hellbender , mudpuppy , three - toed amphiuma and lesser siren ) , and cambarid crayfish ( such as the red swamp crayfish ) are native to the Mississippi basin . Introduced species ( edit ) Numerous introduced species are found in the Mississippi and some of these are invasive . Among the introductions are fish such as Asian carp , including the silver carp that have become infamous for outcompeting native fish and their potentially dangerous jumping behavior . They have spread throughout much of the basin , even approaching ( but not yet invading ) the Great Lakes . The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources has designated much of the Mississippi River in the state as infested waters by the exotic species zebra mussels and Eurasian watermilfoil . Cultural references ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Literature ( edit ) Herman Melville 's novel The Confidence - Man portrayed a Canterbury Tales - style group of steamboat passengers whose interlocking stories are told as they travel down the Mississippi River . The novel is written both as cultural satire and a metaphysical treatise . Many of the works of Mark Twain deal with or take place near the Mississippi River . One of his first major works , Life on the Mississippi , is in part a history of the river , in part a memoir of Twain 's experiences on the river , and a collection of tales that either take place on or are associated with the river . Twain 's most famous work , Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , is largely a journey down the river . The novel works as an episodic meditation on American culture with the river having multiple different meanings including independence , escape , freedom , and adventure . William Faulkner uses the Mississippi River and Delta as the setting for many hunts throughout his novels . It has been proposed that in Faulkner 's famous story The Bear , young Ike first begins his transformation into a man , thus relinquishing his birthright to land in Yoknapatawpha County through his realizations found within the woods surrounding the Mississippi River . Much of Edna Ferber 's 1926 novel Show Boat takes place on the Mississippi River . The novel is the basis for the 1927 musical play of the same title by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II . Jonathan Raban 's Old Glory : An American Voyage , a 1981 travel book describing the author 's single - handed journey by boat down the river , was the winner of The Royal Society of Literature 's Heinemann Award and the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award . Music ( edit ) On The Mississippi , music sheet cover for a 1912 song The song `` When the Levee Breaks '' , made famous in the version performed by Led Zeppelin on the album Led Zeppelin IV , was composed by Memphis Minnie McCoy in 1929 after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 . Ferde Grofé composed a set of movements for symphony orchestra entitled `` Mississippi Suite '' , based on the lands the river travels through . `` Ghost , '' a song by Indigo Girls , mentions the `` mighty '' Mississippi and its watershed 's relative narrowness . The stage and movie musical Show Boat 's central musical piece is the spiritual - influenced ballad `` Ol ' Man River '' . Its composer , Jerome Kern , also composed an orchestral piece entitled `` Mark Twain Suite '' . The musical Big River is based on the travels of Huckleberry Finn down the river . The Johnny Cash song `` Big River '' is about the Mississippi River , and about drifting the length of the river to pursue a relationship that fails . The places mentioned in the song are Saint Paul , Davenport , St. Louis , Memphis , Baton Rouge and New Orleans . `` Louisiana 1927 '' is a 1974 song written and recorded by Randy Newman on the album Good Old Boys . It tells the story of the Great Mississippi River Flood of 1927 which left 700,000 people homeless in Louisiana and Mississippi . Illinois - born singer Lissie has a song called Oh Mississippi dedicated to the river . `` Roll On Mississippi '' and `` Mississippi Cotton Picking Delta Town '' are two classics from Charley Pride that refer to the Mississippi River . The late Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn collaborated on the song `` Louisiana Woman , Mississippi Man '' . Paul Simon mentions the river and the Mississippi Delta in his song `` Graceland '' . See also ( edit ) Atchafalaya Basin Capes on the Mississippi River Chemetco Great River Road List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) Lists of crossings of the Mississippi River Mississippi embayment Mississippi River floods The Waterways Journal Weekly Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ decolonialatlas ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Headwaters of the Mississippi River in Ojibwe '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AISRI Dictionary Database Search '' . Jump up ^ `` Myaamia Dictionary Search '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` English -- Cheyenne '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` English -- Kiowa '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` XML File of Arapaho Place Names '' . Jump up ^ `` Southband Pawnee Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ James L. Shaffer and John T. Tigges . 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Jump up ^ Delisle , Guillaume ( 1675 -- 1726 ) Auteur du texte ( January 1 , 1718 ) . `` Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi. 100 lieues françoises ( = 0m. 092 ; 1 : 4.830. 000 environ ) . Dressé sur un grand nombre de mémoires entre autres sur ceux de M. Le Maire / par Guillaume Delisle de l'Académie Royale des Sciences '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fer , Nicolas de ( 1647 ? -- 1720 ) Cartographe ( January 1 , 1718 ) . `` Le cours du Mississipi ou de St Louis , fameuse rivière ... aux environs de laquelle se trouve le pays appellé Louisiane / dressée ... par N. de Fer '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NA - Watersheds. gif ( 3060x2660 pixels ) '' . cec.org . June 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jolliet and La Salle 's Canal Plans '' . Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois & Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor '' . Nps.gov . August 24 , 1984 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pierre Le Moyne , Sieur d'Iberville '' ( bio ) , webpage from The Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume VII , 1910 , New York : CathEn - 07614b . Jump up ^ `` Plan of New Orleans the Capital of Louisiana ; With the Disposition of Its Quarters and Canals as They Have Been Traced by Mr. de la Tour in the Year 1720 '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roseman , Curtis C. , and Elizabeth M. Roseman . Grand Excursions On The Upper Mississippi River : Places , Landscapes , And Regional Identity After 1854 . Iowa City : University Of Iowa Press , 2004 . eBook Academic Collection ( EBSCOhost ) . Web . March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Thomas Ruys . River Of Dreams : Imagining The Mississippi Before Mark Twain . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2007 . eBook Academic Collection ( EBSCOhost ) . Web . March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Missouri State University : The Big Freeze , 1918 -- 1919 '' . Semo.edu . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Manulik , Joseph ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Mississippi River Oil Spill , 1962 -- 1963 '' . MNopedia . Minnesota Historical Society . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ UA - WRI Research Station , Historical Archeology . `` Ghost Boats of the Mississippi '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi River Basin Receives D+ in First - Ever Report Card '' ( Press Release ) . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Mississippi Valley Division . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . US Army Corps of Engineers website Jump up ^ `` Source to Sea '' . Source to Sea . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Mississippi River Campaign '' . National Audubon Society . 2006 . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2006 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Paddling the Mississippi River to Benefit the Audubon Society '' . Source to Sea : The Mississippi River Project . Source to Sea 2006 . 2006 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2006 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Controlling the Mighty Mississippi 's path to the sea '' . Americaswetlandresources.com . January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi Rising : Apocalypse Now ? ( April 28 , 2011 ) '' . Daily Impact . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will the Mississippi River change its course in 2011 to the red line ? '' . Mappingsupport . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Jeff Masters ' WunderBlog : Mississippi River sets all - time flood records ; 2nd major spillway opens : Weather Underground '' . Wunderground.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Contributing Op - Ed columnist . `` Floods are a reminder of the Mississippi River 's power : John Barry '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Morganza ready for flood The Advertiser '' . theadvertiser.com . May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Estimated Inundation ( US Army Corps of Engineers ) Jump up ^ Mark Schleifstein , The Times - Picayune . `` Mississippi River flooding in New Orleans area could be massive if Morganza spillway stays closed '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPhee , John ( February 23 , 1987 ) . `` McPhee , The Control of Nature : Atchafalaya '' . Newyorker.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnet Carre Spillway , Norco , LA '' . Johnweeks.com. April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Beginning '' . USA Water Ski.org. 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , W.J. ( 1998 ) . Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology . pp. 5 and 236 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4615 - 4066 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ye , S. ; Li , Z. ; Liu , J ; , Zhang , T. ; and Xie , S. ( 2011 ) . `` Distribution , Endemism and Conservation Status of Fishes in the Yangtze River Basin , China '' . Ecosystems Biodiversity . pp. 41 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 953 - 307 - 417 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Fish of the Mississippi River '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Fish Species of the Mississippi River '' . Jump up ^ Conant , R. ; and J.T. Collins ( 1998 ) . Reptiles and Amphibians , Eastern and Central North America . Peterson Field Guides ( 3 ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 395 - 90452 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hobbs , H.H. , Jr. ( 1989 ) . `` An Illustrated Checklist of the American Crayfishes ( Decapoda : Astacidae , Cambaridae , and Parastacidae ) '' . Smithsonian Journal of Zoology. 480 ( 480 ) : 1 -- 236 . doi : 10.5479 / si. 00810282.480 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Matheny , K. ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Invasive Asian carp less than 50 miles from Lake Michigan '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Designation of Infested Waters '' . Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . Further reading ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen . The Mississippi and the Making of a Nation : From the Louisiana Purchase to Today ( National Geographical Society , 2002 ) heavily illustrated Anfinson , John O. ; Thomas Madigan ; Drew M. Forsberg ; Patrick Nunnally ( 2003 ) . The River of History : A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area . St. Paul , MN : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , St. Paul District . OCLC 53911450 . Anfinson , John Ogden . Commerce and conservation on the Upper Mississippi River ( US Army Corps of Engineers , St. Paul District , 1994 ) Bartlett , Richard A. ( 1984 ) . Rolling rivers : an encyclopedia of America 's rivers . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 003910 - 0 . OCLC 10807295 . Botkin , Benjamin Albert . A Treasury of Mississippi River folklore : stories , ballads & traditions of the mid-American river country ( 1984 ) . Carlander , Harriet Bell . A history of fish and fishing in the upper Mississippi River ( PhD Diss . Iowa State College , 1954 ) online ( PDF ) Daniel , Pete . Deep'n as it come : The 1927 Mississippi River flood ( University of Arkansas Press , 1977 ) Fremling , Calvin R. Immortal river : the Upper Mississippi in ancient and modern times ( U. of Wisconsin Press , 2005 ) , popular history Milner , George R . `` The late prehistoric Cahokia cultural system of the Mississippi River valley : Foundations , florescence , and fragmentation . '' Journal of World Prehistory ( 1990 ) 4 # 1 pp : 1 -- 43 . Morris , Christopher . The Big Muddy : An Environmental History of the Mississippi and Its Peoples From Hernando de Soto to Hurricane Katrina ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 300 pages ; links drought , disease , and flooding to the impact of centuries of increasingly intense human manipulation of the river . Penn , James R. ( 2001 ) . Rivers of the world : a social , geographical , and environmental sourcebook . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 042 - 5 . OCLC 260075679 . Smith , Thomas Ruys ( 2007 ) . River of dreams : imagining the Mississippi before Mark Twain . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3233 - 3 . OCLC 182615621 . Scott , Quinta ( 2010 ) . The Mississippi : A Visual Biography . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1840 - 7 . OCLC 277196207 . Pasquier , Michael ( 2013 ) . Gods of the Mississippi . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 2530 - 0806 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mississippi River . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mississippi River . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mississippi River . Mississippi River , project of the American Land Conservancy Flood management in the Mississippi River Friends of the Mississippi River Mississippi River Challenge -- annual canoe & kayak event on the Twin Cities stretch Mississippi River Field Guide Mississippi National River and Recreation Area ( MN ) from the NPS Mississippi River Facts from the NPS `` Mark Twain 's Mississippi '' , from the digital library of Northern Illinois University Interactive detailed satellite photos and zoomable USGS topographic quad maps of the lower Mississippi , the alternative course for the river , and the various control structures and floodways Lower Mississippi Valley -- Engineering Geology Mapping Program -- PDF files of publications about and maps of the geology of the Mississippi River Valley and its tributaries . Ecoregions of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Map `` Old Man River Loses His Kinks '' , April 1942 , Popular Science article on 1930 - 40s project to improve barge navigation between Helena and Natchez The short film `` The River ( 1938 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` The River ( Part II ) ( 1937 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` The Valley of the Giant : Mississippi River story '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive Geographic data related to Mississippi River at OpenStreetMap Roundtable discussion on Imagining the River , University of Minnesota , 2009 MRTIS -- Mississippi River Traffic Information System American Heritage Rivers Rivers Blackstone & Woonasquatucket Connecticut Cuyahoga Detroit Hanalei Hudson Lower Mississippi Potomac New Rio Grande St. Johns Upper Mississippi Upper Susquehanna & Lackawanna Willamette United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - 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4306635096330146081 | One Tree Hill (season 6) | One Tree Hill ( season 6 ) - wikipedia One Tree Hill ( season 6 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One Tree Hill ( season 6 ) One Tree Hill Season 6 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network The CW Original release September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) -- May 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of One Tree Hill episodes The sixth season of One Tree Hill , an American television series , began on September 1 , 2008 and concluded on May 18 , 2009 with a total of 24 episodes . This is the third season to air on The CW television network . The season 's seventh episode , `` Messin ' with the Kid '' achieved a series high in Adults 18 -- 34 with a 2.7 rating . Season six is the final season for original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton . Their characters , Lucas and Peyton , leave Tree Hill with their newborn baby in the finale . Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Storylines 5 Reception 6 DVD release 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) Lucas proposes to Peyton . They decide to get married . Peyton gives Lucas the startling news that she is having his baby . Nathan tries to make a comeback in basketball , Haley has to make a decision involving her career , Brooke takes in a young girl named Sam and deals with being attacked in her own store , and Dan spends time with Jamie as he waits on a heart transplant . Meanwhile , a movie producer named Julian Baker comes to Tree Hill and wants to make An Unkindness of Ravens into a movie . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill characters Regular ( edit ) Chad Michael Murray as Lucas Scott ( 24 episodes ) James Lafferty as Nathan Scott ( 24 episodes ) Hilarie Burton as Peyton Sawyer Scott ( 24 episodes ) Bethany Joy Galeotti as Haley James Scott ( 24 episodes ) Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis ( 24 episodes ) Jackson Brundage as Jamie Scott ( 22 episodes ) Antwon Tanner as Skills Taylor ( 14 episodes ) Lee Norris as Mouth McFadden ( 15 episodes ) Lisa Goldstein as Millicent Huxtable ( 17 episodes ) Paul Johansson as Dan Scott ( 13 episodes ) Barbara Alyn Woods as Deb Lee ( 8 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Ashley Rickards as Sam Walker ( 19 episodes ) Daphne Zuniga as Victoria Davis ( 7 episodes ) Austin Nichols as Julian Baker ( 14 episodes ) Kate Voegele as Mia Catalano ( 12 episodes ) Gregory Harrison as Paul Norris ( 2 episodes ) Burgess Jenkins as Bobby Irons ( 8 episodes ) Jaden Harmon as Andre Fields ( 7 episodes ) Joe Manganiello as Owen Morello ( 7 episodes ) Michael May as Chuck Scolnik ( 7 episodes ) Stephen Colletti as Chase Adams ( 12 episodes ) Vaughn Wilson as Fergie Thompson ( 7 episodes ) Cullen Moss as Junk Moretti ( 6 episodes ) Evan Peters as Jack Daniels ( 6 episodes ) Kelsey Chow as Gigi Silveri ( 6 episodes ) Allison Munn as Lauren ( 5 episodes ) Robbie Jones as Quentin Fields ( 5 episodes ) Torrey DeVitto as Carrie ( 5 episodes ) James Van Der Beek as Adam Reese ( 4 episodes ) Katherine Landry as Madison ( 4 episodes ) Devin McGee as Xavier Daniels ( 3 episodes ) John Doe as Mick Wolf ( 3 episodes ) Bradley Evans as Jerry ( 3 episodes ) Michaela McManus as Lindsey Strauss ( 2 episodes ) Barry Corbin as Whitey Durham ( 1 episode ) Kelley Davis as Chuck 's Mom ( 1 episode ) Moira Kelly as Karen Roe ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 107 `` Touch Me I 'm Going to Scream , Part 1 '' Stuart Gillard Mark Schwahn September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) 3T7551 3.25 Lucas proposes to Peyton , however the two decide Vegas is n't romantic enough . Victoria returns to steal Brooke 's company . Carrie takes Dan hostage seeking revenge , and Brooke is attacked . This episode is named after a song by My Morning Jacket . 108 `` One Million Billionth of a Millisecond on a Sunday Morning '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn September 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 08 ) 3T7552 3.28 Brooke seeks help from Deb after the attack . Dan notes that Carrie 's plan is a total failure . Skills and Deb are seen kissing by Jamie . This episode is named after a song by The Flaming Lips . 109 `` Get Cape . Wear Cape . Fly . '' Liz Friedlander Mark Schwahn September 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 15 ) 3T7553 3.37 Everyone is shocked about Quentin 's unexpected death . Haley and Nathan must find the words to help Jamie understand . Brooke continues to hide the truth of her attack which strains her friendship with Peyton and Lucas and Skills meet Quentin 's grief - stricken family . Dan finds a mysterious grave while unsuccessfully trying to run away from Carrie 's house . This episode is named after Sam Duckworth and his band , Get Cape . Wear Cape . Fly . 110 `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' Paul Johansson Terrence Coli September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 3T7554 3.15 Lucas struggles to inspire the Ravens , while Haley investigates the disappearance of Dan . Brooke confronts an old demon from her past , as Nathan comes to terms with Deb 's relationship with Skills . Peyton is surprised when a famous musician visits her studio . The episode is named after the song by Simon and Garfunkel from the album of the same name . 111 5 `` You 've Dug Your Own Grave , Now Lie in It '' John Asher William H. Brown September 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) 3T7555 3.42 Lucas and Peyton set a wedding date . After talking more to Mick about her dad and Ellie , Peyton believes Mick is her father . Lucas goes to New York and sees Lindsay , to plan his new book and he comes clean . Nathan is asked to coach a team while Haley , Dan , Jamie and Deb have to deal with a crazed Nanny Carrie . Meanwhile Sam and Brooke bond . This episode is named after a song by Kenotia . 112 6 `` Choosing My Own Way of Life '' Clark Mathis John A. Norris October 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 13 ) 3T7556 3.47 Lucas leaves for his book tour , and is surprised to see that the publishers have sent someone else other than Lindsey . Nathan is given an opportunity to play basketball again , but not in a way he expects . Haley tries to help a student in need . Brooke considers a life - changing proposition . Peyton and Mick have a confrontation over his identity . The episode ends with Mouth giving up his dream job for his dream girl , and he and Lucas drive home to Tree Hill . This episode is named after a song by Suicidal Tendencies . 113 7 `` Messin ' with the Kid '' Greg Prange Mike Herro & David Strauss October 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 20 ) 3T7557 3.70 Lucas and Peyton discover more about each other . Jamie has been fighting with a kid at school . Brooke continues to look after Sam who begins stealing and sneaking away from Brooke . Owen returns to Brooke but she rejects him . To stop Jamie from being bullied Nathan comes to his school wearing a cape and shows the other kids how cool it is to have a cape by slam dunking . This episode is named after the song by Junior Wells . 114 8 `` Our Life Is Not a Movie or Maybe '' Peter Kowalski Mark Schwahn October 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 27 ) 3T7558 3.21 Lucas is offered to turn his book into a movie by someone his fiancée knows very well . Peyton meets her brother Derek and decides to organize a USO concert at Tric . This episode is named after a song by Okkervil River . 115 9 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' Bradley Walsh Michael Daniels November 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) 3T7559 3.02 Nathan confronts an old rival ; Brooke faces a dark past ; Lucas 's decision with making his book into a movie puts him in troubled waters . This episode is named after a song by The Rolling Stones . 116 10 `` Even Fairy Tale Characters Would Be Jealous '' Janice Cooke Nikki Schiefelbein November 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 10 ) 3T7560 3.00 Nathan wrestles with his former self as to whether to give up basketball to be a family - man only or pursue his dream , as he encourages Haley to perform at a USO concert for the armed forces . Lucas punches Julian in the face but must reconsider collaborating on the movie he already sold the rights to . Angels and Airwaves also performs . This episode is named after a song by PlayRadioPlay ! 117 11 `` We Three ( My Echo , My Shadow and Me ) '' Joe Davola Chad Michael Murray November 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) 3T7561 2.72 As Lucas is talking on the phone with Peyton in present time , Lucas falls asleep and has a film noir dream about a club he owns in an alternate reality . Haley 's on stage and Dan practically owns her . Nathan 's a bartender who 's deployed to war not before him and Haley elope , Skills a piano player , Brooke 's desperate for money and Peyton is sort of with Dan . Mouth discovers Dan 's true intentions and whilst trying to uncover the truth , he is thrown off a bridge by Dan , And Lucas and Dan face off ending in Peyton and Julian 's deaths . Then , Lucas wakes up , realizing it was all a dream . Peyton collapses after making a call to Lucas after he wakes up from his dream . This episode is named after a song by The Ink Spots . 118 12 `` You Have to Be Joking ( Autopsy of the Devil 's Brain ) '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn November 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 24 ) 3T7562 2.65 As Lucas takes a trip to Hollywood to meet his film director , Nathan gets a pro basketball try - out . Peyton struggles with Mia to focus on her follow - up album , and Millicent confronts Mouth about Gigi . Julian approaches a dubious Brooke about designing clothes for his movie , and Haley takes a reluctant Jamie to his school talent show . Meanwhile , Peyton fears she may have cancer , because it runs in the family . This episode is named after a song by The Flaming Lips . 119 13 `` Things a Mama Do n't Know '' Michael J. Leone Karin Gist January 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 05 ) 3T7563 2.66 Peyton shares some startling news with Lucas . Brooke frantically searches for runaway Sam , and in doing so , she encounters some obstacles which confronts Brooke to recall the night of her attack . In the meantime , Millicent confesses to Mouth that she has slept with someone and Lucas discovers that Julian has been keeping another secret from him when trouble arise at the company . Chase returns to find Owen has reverted to his old ways ( guest star Stephen Colletti ) . This episode is named after a song by Mica Roberts . 120 14 `` A Hand to Take Hold of the Scene '' Chad Michael Murray Mike Daniels January 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 12 ) 3T7564 3.06 News of Peyton 's pregnancy spreads quickly through Tree Hill . Brooke has to deal with Julian 's intentions and in the meantime , Lucas and Peyton babysit Jamie and his friend . Haley and Nathan double up with Mia and Chase on their date . Millie attempts to reconcile her relationship with Mouth to no avail . This episode is named after a song by Okkervil River . 121 15 `` We Change , We Wait '' Les Butler John Norris January 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 19 ) 3T7565 2.60 Problems arise when Lucas and Julian try to find a new director . Peyton is puzzled by a present from Lucas and Brooke battles with some complications in her love life . This episode is named after a song by The Maine . 122 16 `` Screenwriter 's Blues '' Bethany Joy Lenz Mike Herro & David Strauss February 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) 3T7566 2.65 Tree Hill is in an uproar again when Lucas has problems with the casting for the movie and Peyton tries to solve the wedding plans . Brooke meets the actress who will play her in the movie . Nathan gets good news and Haley must make a tough decision by herself . Dan advises Jamie on how to deal with a school crush . This episode is named after a song by Soul Coughing . 123 17 `` You and Me and the Bottle Makes Three Tonight '' Greg Prange Terrence Coli March 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) 3T7567 2.41 Peyton and Lucas receive some startling news about their baby 's condition . Brooke and Julian come to a crossroads within their relationship . It 's Nathan and Haley 's wedding anniversary , and as they celebrate , Dan and Deb are left to babysit Jamie . Elsewhere Mouth and Millie try to pick up the pieces of their relationship . This episode is named after a song by Big Bad Voodoo Daddy . 124 18 `` Searching for a Former Clarity '' Joe Davola Mark Schwahn March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) 3T7568 2.40 Lucas and Julian hit a setback with the production of the film . Peyton and Haley help Mia with her new single . Brooke must intervene when Sam is arrested . Jamie discovers the truth about Dan and Uncle Keith . This episode is named after a song by Against Me ! 125 19 `` Letting Go '' Paul Johansson David Handelman March 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 30 ) 3T7569 2.36 Julian asks Brooke to move to LA with him . Lucas brings Nathan and Jamie to an important place from his past , while Peyton prepares for the future . Sam and Jack take a stand against the principal who fired Haley . Skills takes Mouth on a road trip to get his mind off Millie . Towards the end of this episode Brooke shows up at the airport and turns Julian 's offer to go to LA down . This episode is named after a song by Paul McCartney and Wings . 126 20 `` I Would for You '' Peter B. Kowalski Chris `` CARM '' Armstrong & Bryan Gracia April 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 20 ) 3T7570 2.45 When Peyton 's pregnancy is threatened , Lucas struggles to pick up the pieces . Victoria returns to lure Brooke back to Clothes Over Bros. Haley and Nathan clash over the decision to pull Jamie from his school . Mouth tries to mend fences with Millicent . Sam 's friend Jack leaves to a foster home , which leads Victoria to comfort her . This episode is named after a song by Janes Addiction . 127 21 `` A Kiss to Build a Dream On '' Erica Dunton Karin Gist April 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 27 ) 3T7571 2.28 Brooke discovers something that could change Sam 's life . Nathan questions his dreams of playing in the NBA while Haley receives an unexpected offer from Nick Lachey . Jamie and Skills mend their broken hearts at Jamie 's first school dance . Meanwhile , Lucas and Peyton have a road trip to remember . This episode is named after a song by Louis Armstrong . 128 22 `` Show Me How to Live '' James Lafferty William H. Brown May 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 04 ) 3T7572 2.23 Brooke and Haley throw Peyton a baby shower , while Sam grows closer to Victoria . Lucas and Jamie bond while working on Peyton 's car , and Nathan learns that NBA scouts will be at his next game . Meanwhile , Skills and Lauren go on a date that goes all wrong . Sam leaves Brooke 's house to go live with her birth mother . This episode is named after a song by Audioslave . 129 23 `` Forever and Almost Always '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 3T7573 2.30 Peyton and Lucas ' wedding day has finally arrived and surprise guests attend . Haley plays an unexpected role in the ceremony while Nathan hopes to be called up to the NBA . Skills keeps Jamie on a short leash , and Brooke does the same with Nick Lachey as she tries to make Julian jealous after he shows up with a date . This episode is named after a song by Kate Voegele . 130 24 `` Remember Me as a Time of Day '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn May 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) 3T7574 2.67 Peyton is rushed to surgery after losing blood and fainting . On the eve of Peyton 's delivery , Peyton and Lucas receive a surprise visit from a friend of theirs , and they welcome a daughter , Sawyer Brooke Scott . Victoria finally understands Brooke 's pain , and gives her the company back . They make amends and Victoria urges Brooke to do one special thing . Nathan is released from the Chiefs but gets surprising news he 's made it to the NBA . Facing death , Dan visits someone from the past , and apologizes for everything that happened . Dan wants him to take his life , but he offers redemption to Dan . Lucas , Peyton and Sawyer pack up their stuff , and ride away in to the sunset with the newly repaired Comet , leaving Tree Hill for good as this season finale closes . This episode is named after a song by Explosions in the Sky . Production ( edit ) The CW announced on March 3 , 2008 that One Tree Hill was renewed for a sixth season . It was later reported the season would consist of twenty - four episodes . Storylines ( edit ) Brooke begins her battle with her mom , Victoria , who battles to claim Clothes Over Bro 's . Lucas and the Ravens basketball team must come to terms with the death of the star player . Nathan begins his comeback , Haley also hits the recording studio , while Peyton and Lucas settle down and begin a family . Brooke , left broken and shaken after her attack , takes in foster child Sam , who was responsible for the attack , and the attacker also turned out to be Q 's killer . Nanny Carrie returns , after hitting Dan with a car , and taking him hostage , she lures Haley and Jamie to her , and attacks them , only to be killed by Dan , after weeks of torture . Mouth and Millicent have dramas and depart , while newcomer Julian Baker , rocks Brooke 's world and begins to turn Lucas ' book into a movie . With Peyton 's alarming pregnancy , Lucas ' finally allows for a wedding , only for Peyton to collapse at home , and go into a coma . The season finale ends with Brooke and Julian declaring their love for one another , Nathan making it into the NBA , and Lucas and Peyton leave Tree Hill . Reception ( edit ) The season opened to 3.24 million viewers and a 1.7 Adults 18 -- 49 rating . Episode 7 hit series highs in Adults 18 -- 34 with a 2.7 rating , it also hit its second best numbers in The CW 's target audience of Women 18 - 34 with a 4.0 rating . The episode also reached its highest Adults 18 -- 49 rating of the season , with a 1.9 . The finale was seen by 2.67 million viewers and achieved a 1.3 Adults 18 -- 49 . DVD release ( edit ) The DVD release of season six was released after the season has completed broadcast on television . It has been released in Region 1 . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast , deleted scenes , gag reels and behind - the - scenes featurettes . The Complete Sixth Season Set details Special features 24 episodes 1102 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 1058 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 850 minutes ( Region 4 ) 7 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : English , Spanish French ( Region 1 ) Audio commentaries `` You Have to Be Joking ( Autopsy of the Devil 's Brain ) '' - with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn , and actor ( s ) James Lafferty Jackson Brundage Kate Voegele Stephen Colletti `` Searching for a Former Clarity '' - with creator / executive producer / co-writer Mark Schwahn and executive producers Joe Davola , and actor ( s ) Sophia Bush Daphne Zuniga Kate Voegele Deleted scenes Episodes : 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 13 , 15 , 20 Gag reel `` One Tree Hill Goes Back in Time '' `` Slammin ' with OTH '' `` OTH Celebrity Soundtrack '' `` OTH -- The Director 's Debut '' Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia August 25 , 2009 October 5 , 2009 February 3 , 2010 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( 2008 - 10 - 21 ) . `` '' ONE TREE HILL '' HITS ALL - TIME SERIES HIGHS IN ADULTS 18 - 34 ; SOARS TO SECOND BEST IN SHOW 'S HISTORY WITH WOMEN 18 - 34 `` . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Korbi ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` Chad Michael Murray & Hilarie Burton 's ' One Tree Hill ' departures confirmed '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer & director ) ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Remember Me as a Time of Day '' . One Tree Hill . Season 6 . Episode 24 . The CW . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - Episodes '' . The CW . CBS Corporation . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Stuart Gillard ( director ) ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Touch Me I 'm Going To Scream , Part 1 '' . One Tree Hill . Season 6 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( September 9 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , September 8 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , September 15 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , September 22 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , September 29 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , October 13 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , October 20 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , October 27 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , November 3 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , November 10 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , November 10 - 16 , 2008 . Tv by the Numbers . November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' We Three ( My Echo , My Shadow and Me ) '' description `` . MSN . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Chad Michael Murray on One Tree Hill 's New Season ! '' . The CW Source . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , November 17 - 23 . TV by the Numbers . November 25 , 2008 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' You Have to Be Joking ( Autopsy of the Devil 's Brain ) '' description `` . MSN . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , January 5 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( January 13 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , January 12 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , January 19 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , February 2 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , March 16 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , March 23 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , March 30 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( April 21 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , April 20 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , April 27 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , May 4 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , May 11 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , May 18 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , May 25 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill '' renewed for sixth season Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 2008 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Exclusive : More ' Gossip , ' ' Tree Hill , ' ' 90210 ' on the Way ! '' . Entertainment Weekly.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://hmv.com/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=280;-1;-1;-1;-1&sku=930662 Jump up ^ Buy One Tree Hill - The Complete 6th Season ( 7 Disc Set ) on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au Archived 2010 - 03 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . 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-88748795535484539 | Conversion of Paul the Apostle | Conversion of Paul the Apostle - wikipedia Conversion of Paul the Apostle For other uses , see Conversion of Paul the Apostle ( disambiguation ) . Illumination depicting Paul 's conversion , from Livre d'Heures d'Étienne Chevalier ( c. 1450 -- 1460 ) , a book of hours by Jean Fouquet now in the Château de Chantilly This article contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry . Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally - worded summary with appropriate citations . Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote . ( May 2018 ) The conversion of Paul the Apostle , was , according to the New Testament , an event in the life of Paul the Apostle that led him to cease persecuting early Christians and to become a follower of Jesus . It is normally dated to AD 33 -- 36 . The phrases Pauline conversion , Damascene conversion and Damascus Christophany , and road to Damascus allude to this event . Contents ( hide ) 1 New Testament accounts 1.1 Before conversion 1.2 Pauline epistles 1.3 Acts of the Apostles 2 Differences between the accounts 2.1 `` Hear '' or `` Understand '' ? 2.2 `` Voice '' or `` Sound '' ? 3 Theological implications 4 Alternative explanations 5 Cultural references 5.1 Art 5.2 Music and theatre 5.3 Literature 5.4 Popular usage 6 Feast day 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links New Testament accounts ( edit ) Paul 's conversion experience is discussed in both the Pauline epistles and in the Acts of the Apostles . According to both sources , Paul was not a follower of Jesus and did not know him before his crucifixion . Paul 's conversion occurred after Jesus ' crucifixion . The accounts of Paul 's conversion experience describe it as miraculous , supernatural , or otherwise revelatory in nature . Before conversion ( edit ) Before his conversion , Paul , then known as Saul , was `` a Pharisee of Pharisees '' , who `` intensely persecuted '' the followers of Jesus . Says Paul in his Epistle to the Galatians : `` For you have heard of my previous way of life in Judaism , how intensely I persecuted the church of God and tried to destroy it . I was advancing in Judaism beyond many of my own age among my people and was extremely zealous for the traditions of my fathers . '' ( Galatians 1 : 13 -- 14 ) , NIV Paul also discusses his pre-conversion life in his Epistle to the Philippians , and his participation in the stoning of Stephen is described in Acts 7 : 57 - 8 : 3 . Pauline epistles ( edit ) In the Pauline epistles , the description of the conversion experience is brief . The First Epistle to the Corinthians describes Paul as having seen the risen Christ : For what I received I passed on to you as of first importance : that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures , that he was buried , that he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures , and that he appeared to Cephas , and then to the Twelve . After that , he appeared to more than five hundred of the brothers and sisters at the same time , most of whom are still living , though some have fallen asleep . Then he appeared to James , then to all the apostles , and last of all he appeared to me also , as to one abnormally born . -- 1 Cor. 15 : 3 -- 8 , NIV The Epistle to the Galatians also describes his conversion as a divine revelation , with Jesus appearing to Paul . I want you to know , brothers and sisters , that the gospel I preached is not of human origin . I did not receive it from any man , nor was I taught it ; rather , I received it by revelation from Jesus Christ . For you have heard of my previous way of life in Judaism , how intensely I persecuted the church of God and tried to destroy it ... But when God , who set me apart from my mother 's womb and called me by his grace , was pleased to reveal his Son in me so that I might preach him among the Gentiles , my immediate response was not to consult any human being . -- Galatians 1 : 11 - 16 , NIV Acts of the Apostles ( edit ) Acts of the Apostles discusses Paul 's conversion experience at three different points in the text , in far more detail than in the accounts in Paul 's letters . The Book of Acts says that Paul was on his way from Jerusalem to Syrian Damascus with a mandate issued by the High Priest to seek out and arrest followers of Jesus , with the intention of returning them to Jerusalem as prisoners for questioning and possible execution . The journey is interrupted when Paul sees a blinding light , and communicates directly with a divine voice . Acts 9 tells the story as a third - person narrative : As he neared Damascus on his journey , suddenly a light from heaven flashed around him . He fell to the ground and heard a voice say to him , `` Saul , Saul , why do you persecute me ? '' `` Who are you , Lord ? '' Saul asked . `` I am Jesus , whom you are persecuting , '' he replied . `` Now get up and go into the city , and you will be told what you must do . '' The men traveling with Saul stood there speechless ; they heard the sound but did not see anyone . Saul got up from the ground , but when he opened his eyes he could see nothing . So they led him by the hand into Damascus . For three days he was blind , and did not eat or drink anything . -- Acts 9 : 3 -- 9 , NIV Ananias Restoring the Sight of St. Paul ( c. 1631 ) by Pietro da Cortona . The account continues with a description of Ananias of Damascus receiving a divine revelation instructing him to visit Saul at the house of Judas on the Street Called Straight and there lay hands on him to restore his sight ( the house of Judas is traditionally believed to have been near the west end of the street ) . Ananias is initially reluctant , having heard about Saul 's persecution , but obeys the divine command : Then Ananias went to the house and entered it . Placing his hands on Saul , he said , `` Brother Saul , the Lord -- Jesus , who appeared to you on the road as you were coming here -- has sent me so that you may see again and be filled with the Holy Spirit . '' Immediately , something like scales fell from Saul 's eyes , and he could see again . He got up and was baptized , and after taking some food , he regained his strength . -- Acts 9 : 13 -- 19 , NIV Paul on trial before Agrippa ( Acts 26 ) , as pictured by Nikolai Bodarevsky , 1875 . Acts ' second telling of Paul 's conversion occurs in a speech Paul gives when he is arrested in Jerusalem . Paul addresses the crowd and tells them of his conversion , with a description essentially the same as that in Acts 9 , but with slight differences . For example , Acts 9 : 7 notes that Paul 's companions did not see who he was speaking to , while Acts 22 : 9 indicates that they did share in seeing the light ( see also Differences between the accounts , below ) . This speech was most likely originally in Aramaic ( see also Aramaic of Jesus ) , with the passage here being a Greek translation and summary . The speech is clearly tailored for its Jewish audience , with stress being placed in Acts 22 : 12 on Ananias 's good reputation among Jews in Damascus , rather than on his Christianity . Acts ' third discussion of Paul 's conversion occurs when Paul addresses King Agrippa , defending himself against the accusations of antinomianism that have been made against him . This account is more brief than the others . The speech here is again tailored for its audience , emphasizing what a Roman ruler would understand : the need to obey a heavenly vision , and reassuring Agrippa that Christians were not a secret society . Differences between the accounts ( edit ) An apparent contradiction in the details of the account of Paul 's revelatory vision given in Acts has been the subject of much debate . Specifically , the experience of Paul 's traveling companions as told in Acts 9 : 7 and Acts 22 : 9 has raised questions about the historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles , and generated debate about the best translations of the relevant passages . The two passages each describe the experience of Paul 's traveling companions during the revelation , with Acts 9 : 7 ( the author 's description of the event ) stating that Paul 's traveling companions heard the voice that spoke to him ; and Acts 22 : 9 ( the author 's quotation of Paul 's own words ) traditionally stating they did not . Biblical translations of Acts 9 : 7 generally state that Paul 's companions did , indeed , hear the voice ( or sound ) that spoke to him : And the men which journeyed with him stood speechless , hearing a voice , but seeing no man . -- Acts 9 : 7 , King James Version ( KJV ) The men who were traveling with him stood speechless , for they heard the voice but could see no one . -- Acts 9 : 7 , New American Bible ( NAB ) The men traveling with Saul stood there speechless ; they heard the sound but did not see anyone . -- Acts 9 : 7 , New International Version ( NIV ) By contrast , Catholic translations and older Protestant translations preserve the apparent contradiction in Acts 22 : 9 , while many modern Protestant translations such as the New International Version ( NIV ) do not : And they that were with me saw indeed the light , and were afraid ; but they heard not the voice of him that spake to me . -- Acts 22 : 9 , King James Version ( KJV ) My companions saw the light but did not hear the voice of the one who spoke to me . -- Acts 22 : 9 , New American Bible ( NAB ) My companions saw the light , but they did not understand the voice of him who was speaking to me . -- Acts 22 : 9 , New International Version ( NIV ) `` Hear '' or `` understand '' ? ( edit ) Critics of the NIV , New Living Translation , and similar versions contend that the translation used for Acts 22 : 9 is inaccurate . The verb used here -- akouō ( ἀκούω ) -- can be translated both `` hear '' and `` understand '' ( both the KJV and NIV translate akouō as `` understand '' in 1 Cor. 14 : 2 , for example ) . It often takes a noun in the genitive case for a person is being heard , with a noun in the accusative for the thing being heard . More classically , the use of the accusative indicates hearing with understanding . There is indeed a case difference here , with Acts 9 : 7 using the genitive tēs phōnēs ( τῆς φωνῆς ) , and Acts 22 : 9 using the accusative tēn phōnēn ( τὴν φωνὴν ) . However , there has been debate about which rule Luke was following here . On the second interpretation , Paul 's companions may indeed have heard the voice ( as is unambiguously stated in Acts 9 : 7 ) , yet not understood it , although New Testament scholar Daniel B. Wallace finds this argument based on case inconclusive . `` Voice '' or `` sound '' ? ( edit ) A similar debate arises with the NIV 's use of the word `` sound '' instead of `` voice '' in Acts 9 : 7 . The noun used here -- phōnē ( φωνῆ ) -- can mean either . By translating 9 : 7 as `` they heard the sound '' instead of `` they heard the voice , '' the NIV allows for Paul 's companions to have heard an audible sound in Acts 9 : 7 without contradicting the statement in Acts 22 : 9 that they did not hear a comprehensible voice . The New American Standard Bible , New Century Version , and English Standard Version maintain the `` hear '' / `` understand '' distinction while using `` voice '' in both passages . On the other hand , the Holman Christian Standard Bible has `` sound '' / `` voice '' with `` hear '' in both passages , and The Message adopts a similar translation , but with `` sound '' / `` conversation . '' The French La Bible du Semeur distinguishes between entendaient ( `` heard '' ) and compris ( `` understood '' ) . Although it is possible that there is a contradiction in these two passages unnoticed by their author , Richard Longenecker suggests that first - century readers probably understood the two passages to mean that everybody heard the sound of the voice , but `` only Paul understood the articulated words . '' Similar comments have been made by other scholars . Theological implications ( edit ) The Conversion of Saint Paul , a 1600 painting by the Italian artist Caravaggio . The conversion of Paul , in spite of his attempts to completely eradicate Christianity , is seen as evidence of the power of Divine Grace , with `` no fall so deep that grace can not descend to it '' and `` no height so lofty that grace can not lift the sinner to it . '' It also demonstrates `` God 's power to use everything , even the hostile persecutor , to achieve the divine purpose . '' The transforming effect of Paul 's conversion influenced the clear antithesis he saw `` between righteousness based on the law , '' which he had sought in his former life ; and `` righteousness based on the death of Christ , '' which he describes , for example , in the Epistle to the Galatians . Alternative explanations ( edit ) The Acts of the Apostles says that Paul 's conversion experience was an encounter with the resurrected Christ . Alternative explanations have been proposed , including sun stroke and seizure . In 1987 , D. Landsborough published an article in the Journal of Neurology , Neurosurgery , and Psychiatry , in which he stated that Paul 's conversion experience , with the bright light , loss of normal bodily posture , a message of strong religious content , and his subsequent blindness , suggested `` an attack of ( temporal lobe epilepsy ) , perhaps ending in a convulsion ... The blindness which followed may have been post-ictal . '' This conclusion was challenged in the same journal by James R. Brorson and Kathleen Brewer , who stated that this hypothesis failed to explain why Paul 's companions heard a voice ( Acts 9 : 7 ) , saw a light , or fell to the ground . Furthermore , no lack of awareness of blindness ( a characteristic of cortical blindness ) was reported in Acts , nor is there any indication of memory loss . Additionally , Paul 's blindness remitted in sudden fashion , rather than the gradual resolution typical of post-ictal states , and no mention is made of epileptic convulsions ; indeed such convulsions may , in Paul 's time , have been interpreted as a sign of demonic influence , unlikely in someone accepted as a religious leader . A 2012 paper in the Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences suggested that Paul 's conversion experience might be understood as involving psychogenic events . This occurring in the overall context of Paul 's other auditory and visual experiences that the authors propose may have been caused by mood disorder associated psychotic spectrum symptoms . A completely different theory has been put forward in 2015 by astronomer W.K. Hartmann who argues that the three accounts in the book of Acts describe exactly the sequence of events that occur when a fireball , like the Chelyabinsk meteor of 2013 , passes through the sky . This includes people being knocked off their feet , the physical effects on Saul 's eyesight , etc . Cultural references ( edit ) La conversion de Saint Paul by Luca Giordano ( 1690 ) , Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy . Art ( edit ) The conversion of Paul has been depicted by many artists , including Albrecht Dürer , Francisco Camilo , Giovanni Bellini , Fra Angelico , Fra Bartolomeo , Pieter Bruegel the Elder , William Blake , Luca Giordano , and Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante . The Renaissance Italian master Caravaggio painted two works depicting the event : The Conversion of Saint Paul and Conversion on the Way to Damascus . Peter Paul Rubens also produced several works on the theme . Michelangelo 's The Conversion of Saul is housed in the Cappella Paolina of the Vatican Palace . Music and theatre ( edit ) The conversion of Paul is the main term of argument of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy 's oratorio Paulus ( St. Paul ) , MWV A 14 / Op. 36 ) ( 1833 -- 36 ) . It is also the subject of the medieval play The Digby Conversion of Saint Paul and the choral motet Saule , Saule , quid me persequeris by Giaches de Wert ( 1535 -- 1596 ) . It is also the focus of an eight part mixed choir a cappella piece ( The Conversion of Saul ) composed by Z . Randall Stroope . Literature ( edit ) In chapter seventeen of Ralph Ellison 's Invisible Man , there is a literary device to the Saul to Paul conversion : `` ' You start Saul , and end up Paul , ' my grandfather had often said . ' When you 're a youngun , you Saul , but let life whup your head a bit and you starts to trying to be Paul -- though you still Sauls around on the side . ' '' Popular usage ( edit ) From the conversion of Paul , we get the metaphorical reference to the `` Road to Damascus '' that has come to refer to a sudden or radical conversion of thought or a change of heart or mind even in matters outside of a Christian context . For example , Australian politician Tony Abbott was described as having been `` on his own road to Damascus '' after pledging increased mental health funding , and a New Zealand drug dealer turned police officer was likewise described as taking `` the first step on the road to Damascus . '' Feast day ( edit ) The Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul the Apostle is a feast celebrated during the liturgical year on January 25 , recounting the conversion . This feast is celebrated in the Roman Catholic , Anglican and Lutheran churches . This feast is at the conclusion of the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity , an international Christian ecumenical observance that began in 1908 , which is an octave ( an eight - day observance ) spanning from January 18 ( observed in Anglican and Lutheran tradition as the Confession of Peter , and in the pre-1961 Roman Catholic Church as the feast of the Chair of Saint Peter at Rome ) to January 25 . In rural England , the day functioned much like groundhog day does in the modern - day United States . Supposed prophecies ranged from fine days predicting good harvests , to clouds and mists signifying pestilence and war in the coming months . The collect is : O God , who taught the whole world through the preaching of the blessed Apostle Paul , draw us , we pray , nearer to you through the example of him whose conversion we celebrate today , and so make us witnesses to your truth in the world . See also ( edit ) On Paul 's conversion Acts 9 , Acts 22 , Acts 26 Split of early Christianity and Judaism Tabor Light On the Feast day Calendar of saints General Roman Calendar General Roman Calendar of 1954 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bromiley , Geoffrey William ( 1979 ) . International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : A-D ( International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ( W.B. Eerdmans ) ) . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . p. 689 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3781 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Paul ( 2002 ) . Jesus , the Rise of Early Christianity : A History of New Testament Times . InterVarsity Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 2699 - 8 . Jump up ^ L. Niswonger , Richard ( 1993 ) . New Testament History . Zondervan Publishing Company . p. 200 . ISBN 0 - 310 - 31201 - 9 . Jump up ^ Acts 9 : 2 Jump up ^ John Phillips , Exploring Acts : An expository commentary , Kregel Academic , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 8254 - 3490 - 4 , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : C.K. Barrett , A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles : Introduction and commentary on Acts XV - XXVIII , Continuum , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 567 - 08395 - 0 , pp. 1029 - 1031 . Jump up ^ Charles H. Talbert , Reading Acts : A Literary and Theological Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles , Smyth & Helwys , 2005 , ISBN 1 - 57312 - 277 - 7 , pp 208 - 209 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Witherington , The Acts of the Apostles : A socio - rhetorical commentary , Eerdmans , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4501 - 0 , pp. 312 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Mike Davis , The Atheist 's Bible Companion to the New Testament : A Comprehensive Guide to Christian Bible Contradictions . Denver : Outskirts Press , Inc. , 2009 , pp 169 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon : ἀκούω Jump up ^ J.W. Wenham , The Elements of New Testament Greek , Cambridge , 1991 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Herbert Weir Smyth and Gordon M. Messing , Greek Grammar , 2nd ed. , Harvard University Press , 1956 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 36250 - 0 , p. 323 . ^ Jump up to : Nigel Turner , Grammatical Insights Into the New Testament , Continuum , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 567 - 08198 - 2 , pp. 87 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Frederick Fyvie Bruce , The Acts of the Apostles : The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary , 2nd ed , Eerdmans , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 0966 - 9 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Daniel B. Wallace , Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics : An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament , Zondervan , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 310 - 21895 - 0 , p. 313 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon : φωνή Jump up ^ NASB : Acts 9 : 7 and 22 : 9 . Jump up ^ NCV : Acts 9 : 7 and 22 : 9 . Jump up ^ ESV : Acts 9 : 7 and 22 : 9 . Jump up ^ HCSB : Acts 9 : 7 and 22 : 9 . Jump up ^ The Message : Acts 9 : 7 and 22 : 9 . Jump up ^ La Bible du Semeur : Acts 9 : 7 and 22 : 9 . Jump up ^ Richard N. Longenecker , The Ministry and Message of Paul , Zondervan , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 310 - 28341 - 8 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ For example , R.C.H. Lenski , Interpretation of the Acts of the Apostles 1 -- 14 , Volume 1 , 1944 ( reprinted 2008 by Augsburg Fortress , ISBN 0 - 8066 - 8075 - X ) , p. 356 ; or the Ignatius Catholic study Bible on Acts 9 : 7 . ^ Jump up to : Johann Peter Lange ( ed . ) , A commentary on the Holy Scriptures : critical , doctrinal , and homiletical , Volume 8 , Scribner , 1868 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Jean Marie Hiesberger , The Catholic Bible , Personal Study Edition : New American Bible , Oxford University Press US , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 528926 - 9 , p. 341 . ^ Jump up to : G. Walter Hansen , `` Paul 's Conversion and His Ethic of Freedom in Galatians , '' in The Road from Damascus : The impact of Paul 's conversion on his life , thought , and ministry , Richard N. Longenecker ( ed . ) , Eerdmans , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4191 - 0 , pp. 213 -- 37 ( quotes on p. 214 ) . ^ Jump up to : D. Landsborough , `` St. Paul and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy , '' J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987 ; 50 ; 659 -- 64 : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : J.R. Brorson and K. Brewer , `` Matters arising : St Paul and temporal lobe epilepsy , '' J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988 ; 51 ; 886 -- 87 : ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Murray , ED. ; Cunningham MG , Price BH. ( 1 ) . `` The role of psychotic disorders in religious history considered '' . J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neuroscience 24 ( 4 ) : 410 -- 26 . doi : 10.1176 / appi. neuropsych. 11090214 . PMID 23224447 Jump up ^ Hartmann , William K. ( 2015 ) . `` Chelyabinsk , Zond IV , and a possible first - century fireball of historical importance '' . Meteoritics & Planetary Science . 50 ( 3 ) : 368 . Bibcode : 2015M&PS ... 50 ... 368H . doi : 10.1111 / maps. 12428 . Jump up ^ `` Falling meteor may have changed the course of Christianity - space - 22 April 2015 - New Scientist '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gosudarstvennyĭ Ėrmitazh , Peter Paul Rubens , a touch of brilliance : oil sketches and related works from the State Hermitage Museum and the Courtauld Institute Gallery , Prestel , 2003 . Jump up ^ Mental health experts praise Abbott 's spending pledge , ABC News , Thu Jul 1 , 2010 12 : 04am AEST , accessed 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Savage , Jared ( 3 July 2010 ) . `` Drug dealer hired as police officer '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Exciting holiness : collects and readings for the festivals by B. Tristam ISBN 1 - 85311 - 479 - 0 Canterbury Press 2003 pages 54 - 55 Jump up ^ Folklore Myths and Legends of Britain ( 2 ed . ) . Great Britain : Reader 's Digest Association Ltd. 1977 . p. 23 . ISBN 9780276000393 . Jump up ^ Roman Missal Further Reading ( edit ) Richard N. Longenecker ( ed . ) , The Road from Damascus : The impact of Paul 's conversion on his life , thought , and ministry , Eerdmans , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4191 - 0 , 253 pages . Thomas Martone , The theme of the conversion of Paul in Italian paintings from the early Christian period to the high Renaissance , Garland Pub. , 1985 , ISBN 0 - 8240 - 6882 - 3 , 254 pages . Landsborough , D. ( 1987 ) , `` St Paul and temporal lobe epilepsy '' , Journal of Neurology , Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 50 ( 6 ) : 659 -- 664 , doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 50.6. 659 , PMC 1032067 , PMID 3302109 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Conversion of Saint Paul . The dictionary definition of road to Damascus at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of Pauline conversion at Wiktionary Biblical Art on the WWW : On the Way to Damascus Thinking Faith - The Conversion of Paul hide Acts of the Apostles Bible Acts 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Places Achaea Alexandria Amphipolis Antioch of Pisidia Antioch of Syria Asia Assos Atalia Athens Berea Bithynia Caesarea Cenchrea Chios Cilicia Corinth Cos Creta Cyprus Derbe Ephesus Forum Appii Galatia Iconium Italy Jerusalem Lycaonia Lystra Macedonia Malta Mytilene Miletus Mysia Neapolis Paphos Pamphilia Patara Perga Philippi Phrygia Pisidia Pontus Ptolemais Puteoli Regium Rodos Rome Salamis Samos Samothrace Seleucia Syracuse Syria Thessalonica Thyatira Tyre Three Taverns Troas People Aeneas Agabus Agrippa Agrippa II Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ben Nebedeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Bar - jesus Barnabas Berenice Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Drusilla Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Felix Festus Gallio Gamaliel James the Just Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Lysias Manaen ( John ) Mark Mary mother of John Mark Matthias Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Paullus Peter Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon the Sorcerer Sopater Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Other Events Ascension Pentecost Conversion of Paul Peter 's vision Peter 's liberation Council of Jerusalem Areopagus sermon Book burning at Ephesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of John ( chapter 21 ) Epistle to the Romans ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle&oldid=845829220 '' Categories : Biblical dreams and visions New Testament miracles 1st - century Christianity Paul the Apostle Visions of Jesus and Mary Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2018 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 12 : 37 . 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857719509265277123 | Capital punishment in South Korea | Capital punishment in South Korea - wikipedia Capital punishment in South Korea Capital punishment is a legal penalty in South Korea . As of 2017 , there are at least 300 people in South Korea under a death sentence . Executions are carried out by hanging . On February 19 , 2016 , the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence passed on a man known by the surname ' Lim ' , a 24 - year - old conscripted Army sergeant who killed five fellow soldiers and injured seven others in a shooting rampage near the border with North Korea in 2014 . He became the 361st person on death row in South Korea . According to Yonhap , of the 361 people on death row , 45 , including Lim , were soldiers . Contents 1 History 2 Developments 3 Notable cases 4 Notes History ( edit ) Executions in Korea have existed since the Joseon Period . The purpose of executions was to cause reactions and stop crimes . Methods of executions included slow slicing , hanging , and dismemberment . Heads of executed people have always been used as warnings to others . Specifically , dismembered heads were displayed to the public both to serve as public warning and enforce military courtesy . However , bodies of executed people were allowed funeral proceedings . In contemporary history , the first execution law was established on March 25 , 1895 , by the Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan acting under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan . The first death sentence was given four days later , on March 29 , 1895 to Jeon Bongjun . Since 1948 , a total of 902 people have been executed . Currently , the Penal Code of South Korea regulates executions as a form of punishment for some crimes according to the Criminal Law section 41 . Those crimes include : Rebellion ( Section 87 ) , Conspiracy with foreign countries ( Section 92 ) , homicide ( Section 250 ) , robbery - homicide ( Section 338 ) , and other 12 sections . People under 18 can not be executed according to Juvenile Law ( Section 59 , Juvenile Law ) . Developments ( edit ) In February 1998 , then - president Kim Dae - jung enacted a moratorium on executions . This moratorium is still in effect as of 2013 . Thus , executions in Korea are considered to be abolished de facto . The last executions took place in December 1997 , when 23 people were put to death . However , there are still at least 60 people with a death sentence , as of 2013 . In 2010 the Constitutional Court of Korea ruled that capital punishment did not violate `` human dignity and worth '' in the Constitution of the Republic of Korea . In a five - to - four decision , capital punishment was upheld as constitutional . Institutions such as Amnesty International considered this a ' major setback for South Korea ' . Later in 2010 , Justice Minister Lee Kwi - nam alluded to a possibility of resuming executions . In 2013 , three bills which proposed abolishment of the death penalty lapsed at the end of the National Assembly 's term . Executions are still a matter of debate . People have called for executions for violent crimes , especially those involving rape of minors . A 2017 poll found younger South Koreans are more likely to support capital punishment than older ones . people in their 20s were the most supportive at 62.6 percent . Notable cases ( edit ) Kang Ho - sun was convicted of kidnapping and killing eight women between 2006 and 2008 , and of burning to death his wife and mother - in - law in 2005 . Kang , 38 , was arrested in January for the murder of a female college student and later confessed to killing and secretly burying seven other women . Other death row inmates include Yoo Young - chul and members of the Chijon family , a former gang of cannibals . In March 2010 , in contrast to prior speculations , Minister Lee Kwi - nam hinted that the executions of death row inmates will resume , breaking the virtual 13 - year moratorium . The remarks came a few days after Kim Kil - tae , who raped and murdered a 15 - year - old schoolgirl , was convicted . However , this did not happen . In December 2010 , Kimk 's death sentence was reduced to life imprisonment and the prosecutors did not appeal to the Supreme Court . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Amnesty International Report 2013 ( PDF ) , Amnesty International Report , Amnesty International , 2013 , pp. 162 -- 164 Jump up ^ http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2016/02/19/0200000000AEN20160219006500315.html?input=www.tweeter.com Jump up ^ http://bigstory.ap.org/article/373e0fa302cc4154b6b8a75d4fdb3e2b/s-korea-top-court-oks-soldiers-death-penalty-over-rampage Jump up ^ `` 사형 '' . Academy of Korean Studies . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 사형 ( Todesstrafe , 死刑 ) '' . Doosan Corporation . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bright , Arthur . `` India uses death penalty : 5 other places where it 's legal but rare '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Korea death penalty abolition set back by Constitutional Court ruling '' . Amnesty International . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Korea must not resume use of the death penalty '' . Amnesty International . February 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Park , Si - soo ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Minister Hints at Resuming Death Row Executions '' . The Korea Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jaeyeon ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Hideous Crimes Spark Debate on Death Penalty '' . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2017/11/06/0200000000AEN20171106005500315.html Jump up ^ http://www.malaysiandigest.com/world/706299-over-half-of-s-korean-people-support-carrying-out-death-penalty-poll.html Jump up ^ `` Korean killer gets death penalty '' . BBC News . 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Minister Hints at Resuming Death Row Execution '' . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bae , Hyun - jung ( 2010 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Rapist - murderer 's sentence reduced to life imprisonment '' . The Korean Herald English Edition . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 20 . Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Guatemala Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Stoning Crucifixion Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged , drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_South_Korea&oldid=852537663 '' Categories : South Korean law Capital punishment by country Death in South Korea Human rights in South Korea Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 മലയാളം 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 17 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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-1924068352076601884 | Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki | Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki - Wikipedia Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Jump to : navigation , search Kasam -- Tere Pyaar Ki Also known as Kasam Genre Fiction Drama Romance Starring Kratika Sengar Sharad Malhotra Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 451 as of 12 December 2017 Production Producer ( s ) Ekta Kapoor Shobha Kapoor Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 minutes approx . Production company ( s ) Balaji Telefilms Release Original network Colors TV Picture format 576i ( PAL ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 7 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) -- present External links Official website colors.in.com/in/shows/kasam-3699.html Kasam -- Tere Pyaar Ki ( English : Swear On Your Love ) is an Indian Hindi romantic television series . Kratika Sengar and Sharad Malhotra play the roles of Tanu / Tanuja and Rishi respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 After 17 Years 1.2 After 20 Years 1.3 After 7 Years 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Awards 4 International broadcast 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The story revolves around Tanushree Khurana , fondly called Tanu Khurana and Rishi Singh Bedi who are childhood friends . One day , Tanu saves Rishi and a sadhu woman ( Katyani Bai ) prophesies that Tanu and Rishi 's kundli matches very well , and Tanu will shield Rishi from danger . But Rano , Rishi 's mother , dislikes Tanu 's family and brainwashes her husband Raaj 's mind to move to America . After 17 years ( edit ) Tanu eagerly waits for Rishi to return . Rishi , who now is a boxer and does n't believe in love , has forgotten Tanu and also denies going to India but Raaj threatens Rano to donate all his wealth and they all are forced to go to India . Rishi and his family reach Patiala , where Tanu resides , and on the same day Tanu 's parents are killed in a terrorist attack . Raaj reaches Tanu 's home and comes to know that his friend has died . Bani , Tanu 's aunt , takes Rishi and family to Mumbai , where Bani 's own daughters , Swati and Neha reside . Bani changes her daughter Neha 's name to Tanu in front of Rishi 's family . Tanu and Ahana also reach Mumbai . On the same night , Rishi and Tanu meet , and Rishi instantly falls for Tanu , without knowing that she is Tanu . Rishi 's marriage is fixed with Neha . Bani changes Tanu 's name to Tanvi by saying that Raaj does n't like Tanu and Ahana . Tanu 's marriage gets fixed with Pawan , a man from Jalandhar . Rishi and Tanu 's marriage is going to take place on the same day . He finds out that Pawan is already married to a girl , Saloni and fails to expose them . On the day of their marriage , Tanu 's sister Ahana drugs Tanu and helps Rishi in kidnapping her. they both marry after Tanu reveals that she is the real Tanu but Pawan follows them . Everyone gets to know the truth by Ahana , Katyani Bai and Manpreet that Pawan is married to Saloni and Tanvi is real Tanu . Neha tells Sandy , his boyfriend that Rishi molested her and Sandy decides to kill Rishi . When Rishi and Tanu are about to travel back to home , Sandy shoots Tanu instead of Rishi and she dies . Rishi tries to commit suicide but Tanu 's soul comes and stops him . Her soul says that she will come back . After 20 years ( edit ) Tanu is reborn as Tanuja Vikram Sikand ( Sandy 's niece ) . Rishi becomes harsh due to Tanu 's death . In an accident , Tanuja 's face gets burnt badly and mistakenly she gets Tanu 's face . Rishi becomes more cold towards Tanuja . Also Rishi hates Tanuja as she is Sandy 's niece . On the day of Rishi 's marriage with his friend Malaika , who wants Rishi 's property . Raj sees her with her boyfriend Shekhar Singh Ahlawat . Raaj asks Tanuja to be the bride without knowing anyone while Malaika gets late for the marriage as she is in the traffic jam . Rishi marries Tanuja . Rishi 's hatred towards Tanuja increases but he realizes his love for Tanuja later . Rano and Malaika plot against Tanuja to separate her from Rishi but in vain . On the marriage day Rishi plays a smaller game with Malaika and open his real face and Later Malaika is thrown out of Bedi house after her secret is revealed as she had planned to destroy Bedi family along with her boyfriend Shekhar . On that very night Rishi and Tanuja consummate their marriage . Due to circumstances , Tanuja tells Rishi to divorce her as she thinks that she is unlucky for him and he will die if Tanuja remains in his life as his wife. Rishi agrees and they both sign divorce papers but later they are reunited as Tanuja gets to know she is right for Rishi . Rishi 's stepbrother Purab Vohra comes and demands 51 % shares of Rishi 's company to take revenge from Raj. Rishi goes to give him 51 % shares but Tanuja gets all Rishi 's property and Bedi family business on her name to stop Rishi giving 51 % shares to Purab as he wants to destroy Rishi . Divya , Yuvraj 's wife is with Purab as she thinks they treat Yuvraj badly . Netra , Rano 's friend 's daughter loves Rishi and Rano wants Netra to marry Rishi . Rishi agrees to marry Netra so he can make Tanuja jealous so she confesses her love . On the day of Rishi and Netra 's engagement , Rishi gets angry on Tanuja and tells her to sign property papers in 15 minutes and give his property back to him otherwise he will get engaged to Netra . Tanuja signs the property papers but Malaika steal the papers and gives it to Netra and asks her to take the credit of getting property back . Rishi gets engaged to Netra . Rishi gets drunk . Tanuja who is pregnant sees Rishi getting very close to Netra . Netra 's trap gets successful . Thus , Tanuja leaves from Bedi House . Rishi goes to stop her at the railway station but they have a fight there and rishi slaps tanujaandin anger Tanuja gets in the train . Tanuja realises that she is pregnant with Rishi 's child but it was too late . After 7 Years ( edit ) Tanuja lives with her friend Abhishek Khurana and her and Rishi 's daughter Natasha in London . Rishi lives with Netra and her daughter , Tanya . Natasha and Tanya assume Abhishek and Rishi as their respective father . Rishi and Abhishek also loves them as their own daughter . Tanuja is Abhishek 's house 's caretaker . Tanuja and Abhishek pretend to be husband and wife in front of the world so does Rishi and Netra . Abhishek comes to India with Tanuja and Natasha to take over Rishi company . Rishi and Abhishek are business competitors . Natasha gets admission in Tanya 's school . Natasha meets Rishi in her school . Rishi has developed bonding with Natasha . Rishi comes to know that Natasha is Abhishek 's daughter . Rishi and Tanuja meet at a restaurant but they have a fight . Rishi and Manpreet are trying to find Tanuja . Manpreet gets Tanuja ' phone number and address . Rishi and Abhishek 's bankers tell them to collaborate their businesses . Rishi and Abhishek at the beginning refuse but later agrees . Abhishek calls Rishi , Netra and Tanya to his house for a dinner . Abhishek introduces Tanuja to Rishi and Netra as his wife . Rishi is doing his best to have Tanuja back in her life but she does n't wants to go back . After Natasha saves Tanya from a car accident , Rishi finds out she is his daughter . Later , it is found out Tanya is n't Netra 's daughter , but Ahana and Manpreet 's granddaughter , whom they told their unwed daughter Smiley to abort . then came the news of Tanuja ' marriage with Abhishek Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Sharad Malhotra as Rishi Singh Bedi , Childhood friend / Lover ( later husband ) of Tanu and Tanuja Kratika Sengar as Tanushree Rishi Singh Bedi / Tanushree Veerender Singh Khurrana / Tanvi ( fake name ) / Tanuja Vikram Sikand / Tanuja Rishi Singh Bedi / Tanuja Abhishek Khuranna , Rishi 's wife , Abhishek Khuranaa 's fake wife , Natasha 's mother ( reincarnated Tanuja ) Now Tanuja as Rishi 's lover and wife . Shivani Tomar as Tanuja Vikram Sikand : Reincarnated version of Tanu . Tomar portrayed the role of Tanuja for approximately one month before Sengar returned to the series . Poor audience response due to a perceived lack of chemistry between Tomar and Malhotra was cited as a reason for her dismissal . Amit Tandon as Abhishek Khurana , Tanuja 's friend and Rishi 's business rival . Pranitaa Pandit as Netra , Rano 's friend 's daughter Shivika as Natasha singhBedi , Rishi & Tanuja _́ s daughter Chahat Tewani as Tanya Singh Bedi , Rishi 's adopted daughter Recurring cast ( edit ) Saba Mirza as Biji / Preeti Singh Bedi , Rishi 's grandmother Vijay Kashyap as Raj Singh Bedi , Rishi , Manpreet and Yuvraaj 's father Vibha Chibber as Rano Raj Bedi , Rishi 's mother Lalit Bisht as Yuvraj Singh Bedi , Raj 's adopted son Chetna Kaintura as Divya Yuvraj Singh Bedi , Yuvraaj 's wife Zuber K. Khan as Manpreet Singh Bedi , Rishi 's younger brother Shraddha Arya as Swati Bohra ( Cameo ) Aditi Sharma Ved as Ahana Manpreet Singh Bedi , Tanu 's sister and Manpreet 's wife Manorama Bhattishyam as Katyayni , Rishi and Tanu 's love astrologer Nikhil Khurana / Pranav Misshra as Nakul Singh Bedi , Yuvraaj 's son Farhad Khan / Chandni Sandhu as Smiley Singh Bedi , Manpreet 's daughter Devarsh Nirmal as Chintu Singh Bedi , Manpreet 's son Roma Bali as Bani Kuljeet Khurrana , Tanu 's aunt Chandan Kakrosh as Kuljeet Khurrana , Tanu 's uncle Arun Singh Rana / Sharhaan Singh as Sandeep Sikand / Sandy , Neha 's husband and Tanu 's murderer Renee Dhyani as Neha Sandeep Sikand , Bani 's daughter and Tanu 's murder Suman Jain as Swati Kuljeet Khurrana , Bani 's daughter Hema Sood as Nidhi Sandeep Sikand , Sandy and Neha 's daughter Shreya Gupta as Vidhi Sandeep Sikand , Sandy and Neha 's daughter Vishnu Sharma as Veerendra Khurrana , Tanu 's father Jyoti Gauba as Sharda Khurrana , Tanu 's mother Malhar Pandya as Pawan Malhotra , Tanu 's ex-fiancé . Sehrish Ali as Saloni Malhotra , Pawan 's wife Parveen Kaur as Savitri Malhotra , Pawan 's mother Smriti Khanna as Malaika Malhotra , Shekar 's girlfriend Rohit Sharma as Shekhar , Malaika 's boyfriend and a business rival of Rishi Puneet Sachdeva as Purab Bohra , Illegitimate son of Raaj Abhilash Kumar as Rohit , Smiley 's boyfriend Aansh Arora as Samar , Abhishek 's childhood friend Awards ( edit ) 2016 - Zee Gold Awards for Best Refresh Jodi of the year - Sharad Malhotra and Kratika Sengar ( won ) 2017 - Colors Golden Petal Awards for Best Favorite Jodi - Sharad Malhotra and Kratika Sengar ( won ) 2017 - Zee Gold Awards for Power pack performer of the year Male - Sharad Malhotra ( won ) International broadcast ( edit ) The series aired in Pakistan by Filmazia simultaneously with Colors TV till 15 October 2016 . The series is again running on Filmazia Mon to Fri from 10 : 00pm to 10 : 30 simultaneously with Colors TV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kasam Teri Pyaar Ki : Kratika Sengar a.k.a. Tanu to return on popular demand '' . India Today . 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kasam-tere-pyaar-ki-ssharad-malhotra-aka-rishi-upset-shivani-tomar-aka-tanujas-exit-693455 Jump up ^ `` Pemra enforces blanket ban on Indian content in Pakistan '' . DAWN. 19 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Programs currently broadcast by Colors Reality show Bigg Boss 11 Entertainment Ki Raat Weekly drama Chandrakanta Mahakali Drama fiction Dil Se Dil Tak Ishq Mein Marjawan Karamafal Daata Shani Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Laado Veerpur Ki Mardani Sasural Simar Ka Savitri Devi College & Hospital Shakti Tu Aashiqui Udaan Balaji Telefilms Key individuals Jeetendra Shobha Kapoor Ekta Kapoor Tusshar Kapoor Companies Balaji Telefilms Balaji Motion Pictures ALT Digital Media Entertainment BOLT Media Limited Film productions Kyo Kii ... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta 2003 Kucch To Hai Krishna Cottage 2005 Kyaa Kool Hai Hum Koi Aap Sa 2007 Shootout at Lokhandwala 2008 Mission Istanbul C Kkompany EMI -- Liya Hai Toh Chukana Parega Love Sex aur Dhokha Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai 2011 Taryanche Bait Shor in the City Ragini MMS The Dirty Picture 2012 Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum 2013 Ek Thi Daayan Shootout at Wadala Lootera Once Upon Ay Time In Mumbai Dobaara ! 2014 Shaadi Ke Side Effects Ragini MMS 2 Main Tera Hero Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi Ek Villain 2016 Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3 Azhar Udta Punjab Great Grand Masti Flying Jat 2017 Half Girlfriend Super Singh Lipstick Under My Burkha 2018 Vishwaroopam II ( Upcoming ) XXX ( Upcoming ) Veere Di Wedding ( Upcoming ) Kedarnath ( Upcoming ) Present TV shows Zee TV Kumkum Bhagya ( 2014 - ) Kundali Bhagya ( 2017 - ) Star Plus Ye Hai Mohabbatein ( 2013 - ) Colors Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki ( 2016 - ) Chandrakanta - Ek Mayavi Gaatha ( 2017 - ) Naagin ( season 3 ) ( Upcoming ) DD National Yuva ( Upcoming ) Past TV shows Star Plus Chandra Nandni Dhhai Kilo Prem K. Street Pali Hill Kaahin Kissii Roz Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii Kahiin to Hoga Kalash Karam Apnaa Apnaa Karma Kasautii Zindagii Kay Kasturi Kayamath Kesar Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil Kkavyanjali Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Nach Baliye 7 Pardes Mein Hai Meraa Dil Tere Liye Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna Zee TV Brahmarakshas Hum Paanch Jodha Akbar Kammal Kasamh Se Keshav Pandit Kohi Apna Sa Koshish Mano Ya Na Mano Pavitra Rishta Sony TV Bade Achhe Lagte Hain Bayttaab Dil Kee Tamanna Hai Box Cricket League 1 Ghar Ek Mandir Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Yaar Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai Khwaish Kkoi Dil Mein Hai Kuchh Is Tara Kuchh Jhuki Palkain Kutumb Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat Kya Huaa Tera Vaada Pyaar Ka Bandhan Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do Colors Bairi Piya Box Cricket League 2 Kavach ... Kaali Shaktiyon Se Koi Aane Ko Hai Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi Naagin ( season 1 ) Naagin ( season 2 ) Parichay - Naye Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka Life OK Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh Ek Thhi Naayika Kalash - Ek Vishwaas Mazaak Mazaak Mein Savdhaan India Imagine TV Bandini Kitani Mohabbat Hai Kitani Mohabbat Hai 2 Sarvggun Sampanna Channel V Confessions of an Indian Teenager Gumrah : End of Innocence Gumrah ( Season 2 ) Gumrah ( Season 3 ) Gumrah ( Season 4 ) Gumrah ( Season 5 ) V The Serial MTV India Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi DD National Kayaamat Pavitra Bandhan Star One Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani Sahara One Kahi To Milenge 9X Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki Kahe Naa Kahe Kya Dill Mein Hai Zoom Kyaa Kahein Metro Gold Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii Kundali Sony Pal Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai &TV Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasam_Tere_Pyaar_Ki&oldid=815514489 '' Categories : 2016 Indian television series debuts Indian drama television series Colors ( TV channel ) series Hindi - language television programs Television shows set in Pune Hidden categories : Use Indian English from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia සිංහල தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 08 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | kasam tere pyar ki serial actor real name | [
"Kasam — Tere Pyaar Ki (English: Swear On Your Love) is an Indian Hindi romantic television series. Kratika Sengar and Sharad Malhotra play the roles of Tanu/Tanuja and Rishi respectively.",
"Kasam — Tere Pyaar Ki (English: Swear On Your Love) is an Indian Hindi romantic television series. Kratika Sengar and Sharad Malhotra play the roles of Tanu/Tanuja and Rishi respectively."
] | [
". Kratika Sengar",
"Sharad Malhotra"
] |
4086028560141622301 | Religion in ancient Rome | Religion in ancient Rome - wikipedia Religion in ancient Rome Jump to : navigation , search Defaced Dea Roma holding Victory and regarding an altar with a cornucopia and other offerings , copy of a relief panel from an altar or statue base Religion in ancient Rome Marcus Aurelius ( head covered ) sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter Practices and beliefs libation sacrifice votum temples festivals ludi funerals Imperial cult mystery religions Priesthoods Pontifices Augures Vestales Flamines Fetiales Epulones Fratres Arvales Deities List of Roman deities Twelve major gods Capitoline Triad Aventine Triad underworld gods indigitamenta Deified emperors Divus Julius Divus Augustus Related topics Glossary of ancient Roman religion Roman mythology Ancient Greek religion Etruscan religion Gallo - Roman religion Interpretatio graeca Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Augustus as Pontifex Maximus ( Via Labicana Augustus ) Religion in ancient Rome includes the ancestral ethnic religion of the city of Rome that the Romans used to define themselves as a people , as well as the religious practices of peoples brought under Roman rule , in so far as they became widely followed in Rome and Italy . The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious , and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety ( pietas ) in maintaining good relations with the gods . The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored , a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists . The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture , introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo . The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks ( interpretatio graeca ) , adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art , as the Etruscans had . Etruscan religion was also a major influence , particularly on the practice of augury . According to legends , most of Rome 's religious institutions could be traced to its founders , particularly Numa Pompilius , the Sabine second king of Rome , who negotiated directly with the gods . This archaic religion was the foundation of the mos maiorum , `` the way of the ancestors '' or simply `` tradition '' , viewed as central to Roman identity . Cybele enthroned , with lion , cornucopia and Mural crown . Roman marble , c. 50 CE . Getty Museum Roman religion was practical and contractual , based on the principle of do ut des , `` I give that you might give '' . Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer , ritual , and sacrifice , not on faith or dogma , although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs . Even the most skeptical among Rome 's intellectual elite such as Cicero , who was an augur , saw religion as a source of social order . As the Roman Empire expanded , migrants to the capital brought their local cults , many of which became popular among Italians . Christianity was in the end the most successful of these , and in 380 became the official state religion . For ordinary Romans , religion was a part of daily life . Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family 's domestic deities were offered . Neighborhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city . The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances . Women , slaves , and children all participated in a range of religious activities . Some public rituals could be conducted only by women , and women formed what is perhaps Rome 's most famous priesthood , the state - supported Vestals , who tended Rome 's sacred hearth for centuries , until disbanded under Christian domination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Founding myths and divine destiny 3 Roman deities 4 Holidays and festivals 5 Temples and shrines 6 Religious practice 6.1 Prayers , vows , and oaths 6.2 Sacrifice 6.2. 1 Animal sacrifice 6.2. 2 Human sacrifice 6.3 Domestic and private cult 7 Religio and the state 7.1 Public priesthoods and religious law 7.1. 1 The Vestals 7.2 Augury 7.2. 1 Haruspicy 7.2. 2 Omens and prodigies 8 Funerals and the afterlife 9 Religion and the military 10 Women and religion 11 Superstitio and magic 12 History of Roman religion 12.1 Religion and politics 12.2 Early Republic 12.3 Later Republic to Principate 12.4 Roman Empire 12.4. 1 Absorption of cults 12.4. 2 Imperial cult 12.4. 3 Jews and Roman religion 12.4. 4 Christianity in the Roman Empire 12.4. 4.1 Emperor Constantine and Christianity 12.4. 5 Transition to Christian hegemony 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References and further reading Overview ( edit ) The priesthoods of public religion were held by members of the elite classes . There was no principle analogous to separation of church and state in ancient Rome . During the Roman Republic ( 509 -- 27 BC ) , the same men who were elected public officials might also serve as augurs and pontiffs . Priests married , raised families , and led politically active lives . Julius Caesar became pontifex maximus before he was elected consul . The augurs read the will of the gods and supervised the marking of boundaries as a reflection of universal order , thus sanctioning Roman expansionism as a matter of divine destiny . The Roman triumph was at its core a religious procession in which the victorious general displayed his piety and his willingness to serve the public good by dedicating a portion of his spoils to the gods , especially Jupiter , who embodied just rule . As a result of the Punic Wars ( 264 -- 146 BC ) , when Rome struggled to establish itself as a dominant power , many new temples were built by magistrates in fulfillment of a vow to a deity for assuring their military success . As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world , their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them , since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability . One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage , building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion . Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side - by - side worship of local and Roman deities , including dedications made by Romans to local gods . By the height of the Empire , numerous international deities were cultivated at Rome and had been carried to even the most remote provinces , among them Cybele , Isis , Epona , and gods of solar monism such as Mithras and Sol Invictus , found as far north as Roman Britain . Foreign religions increasingly attracted devotees among Romans , who increasingly had ancestry from elsewhere in the Empire . Imported mystery religions , which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife , were a matter of personal choice for an individual , practiced in addition to carrying on one 's family rites and participating in public religion . The mysteries , however , involved exclusive oaths and secrecy , conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of `` magic '' , conspiratorial ( coniuratio ) , or subversive activity . Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity , as with the senate 's efforts to restrict the Bacchanals in 186 BC . Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only , religious tolerance was not an issue in the sense that it is for competing monotheistic systems . The monotheistic rigor of Judaism posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions , but sometimes to intractable conflict . For example , religious disputes helped cause the First Jewish -- Roman War and the Bar Kokhba revolt . In the wake of the Republic 's collapse , state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors . Augustus , the first Roman emperor , justified the novelty of one - man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform . Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the well - being of the emperor . So - called `` emperor worship '' expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman veneration of the ancestral dead and of the Genius , the divine tutelary of every individual . The Imperial cult became one of the major ways in which Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire . Rejection of the state religion was tantamount to treason . This was the context for Rome 's conflict with Christianity , which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio . Ultimately , Roman polytheism was brought to an end with the adoption of Christianity as the official religion of the empire . Founding myths and divine destiny ( edit ) Relief panel from an altar to Venus and Mars depicting Romulus and Remus suckling the she - wolf , and gods representing Roman topography such as the Tiber river and Palatine Hill See also : Roman mythology and Founding of Rome The Roman mythological tradition is particularly rich in historical myths , or legends , concerning the foundation and rise of the city . These narratives focus on human actors , with only occasional intervention from deities but a pervasive sense of divinely ordered destiny . For Rome 's earliest period , history and myth are difficult to distinguish . Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas , son of Venus , who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium , Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy . These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the Vestals , Rome 's female priesthood . Aeneas had been given refuge by King Evander , a Greek exile from Arcadia , to whom were attributed other religious foundations : he established the Ara Maxima , `` Greatest Altar , '' to Hercules at the site that would become the Forum Boarium , and he was the first to celebrate the Lupercalia , an archaic festival in February that was celebrated as late as the 5th century of the Christian era . The myth of a Trojan founding with Greek influence was reconciled through an elaborate genealogy ( the Latin kings of Alba Longa ) with the well - known legend of Rome 's founding by Romulus and Remus . The most common version of the twins ' story displays several aspects of hero myth . Their mother , Rhea Silvia , had been ordered by her uncle the king to remain a virgin , in order to preserve the throne he had usurped from her father . Through divine intervention , the rightful line was restored when Rhea Silvia was impregnated by the god Mars . She gave birth to twins , who were duly exposed by order of the king but saved through a series of miraculous events . Romulus and Remus regained their grandfather 's throne and set out to build a new city , consulting with the gods through augury , a characteristic religious institution of Rome that is portrayed as existing from earliest times . The brothers quarrel while building the city walls , and Romulus kills Remus , an act that is sometimes seen as sacrificial . Fratricide thus became an integral part of Rome 's founding myth . Romulus was credited with several religious institutions . He founded the Consualia festival , inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate ; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus 's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome 's myth of origins . As a successful general , Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome 's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima , the prime spoils taken in war , in the celebration of the first Roman triumph . Spared a mortal 's death , Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified . Aeneas urged by the Penates to continue his journey to found Rome ( 4th century AD illustration ) His Sabine successor Numa was pious and peaceable , and credited with numerous political and religious foundations , including the first Roman calendar ; the priesthoods of the Salii , flamines , and Vestals ; the cults of Jupiter , Mars , and Quirinus ; and the Temple of Janus , whose doors stayed open in times of war but in Numa 's time remained closed . After Numa 's death , the doors to the Temple of Janus were supposed to have remained open until the reign of Augustus . Each of Rome 's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic . Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius instituted the fetial priests . The first `` outsider '' Etruscan king , Lucius Tarquinius Priscus , founded a Capitoline temple to the triad Jupiter , Juno and Minerva which served as the model for the highest official cult throughout the Roman world . The benevolent , divinely fathered Servius Tullius established the Latin League , its Aventine Temple to Diana , and the Compitalia to mark his social reforms . Servius Tullius was murdered and succeeded by the arrogant Tarquinius Superbus , whose expulsion marked the beginning of Rome as a republic with annually elected magistrates . Roman historians regarded the essentials of Republican religion as complete by the end of Numa 's reign , and confirmed as right and lawful by the Senate and people of Rome : the sacred topography of the city , its monuments and temples , the histories of Rome 's leading families , and oral and ritual traditions . According to Cicero , the Romans considered themselves the most religious of all peoples , and their rise to dominance was proof they received divine favor in return . Roman deities ( edit ) See also : List of Roman deities Twelve principal deities ( Di Consentes ) corresponding to those honored at the lectisternium of 217 BC , represented on a 1st - century altar from Gabii that is rimmed by the zodiac Rome offers no native creation myth , and little mythography to explain the character of its deities , their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world , but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales ( immortal gods ) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth . There were gods of the upper heavens , gods of the underworld and a myriad of lesser deities between . Some evidently favoured Rome because Rome honoured them , but none were intrinsically , irredeemably foreign or alien . The political , cultural and religious coherence of an emergent Roman super-state required a broad , inclusive and flexible network of lawful cults . At different times and in different places , the sphere of influence , character and functions of a divine being could expand , overlap with those of others , and be redefined as Roman . Change was embedded within existing traditions . Several versions of a semi-official , structured pantheon were developed during the political , social and religious instability of the Late Republican era . Jupiter , the most powerful of all gods and `` the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested '' , consistently personified the divine authority of Rome 's highest offices , internal organization and external relations . During the archaic and early Republican eras , he shared his temple , some aspects of cult and several divine characteristics with Mars and Quirinus , who were later replaced by Juno and Minerva . A conceptual tendency toward triads may be indicated by the later agricultural or plebeian triad of Ceres , Liber and Libera , and by some of the complementary threefold deity - groupings of Imperial cult . Other major and minor deities could be single , coupled , or linked retrospectively through myths of divine marriage and sexual adventure . These later Roman pantheistic hierarchies are part literary and mythographic , part philosophical creations , and often Greek in origin . The Hellenization of Latin literature and culture supplied literary and artistic models for reinterpreting Roman deities in light of the Greek Olympians , and promoted a sense that the two cultures had a shared heritage . Three goddesses on a panel of the Augustan Ara Pacis , consecrated in 9 BC ; the iconography is open to multiple interpretations The impressive , costly , and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual 's domestic and personal deities , the patron divinities of Rome 's various neighborhoods and communities , and the often idiosyncratic blends of official , unofficial , local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion . In this spirit , a provincial Roman citizen who made the long journey from Bordeaux to Italy to consult the Sibyl at Tibur did not neglect his devotion to his own goddess from home : I wander , never ceasing to pass through the whole world , but I am first and foremost a faithful worshiper of Onuava . I am at the ends of the earth , but the distance can not tempt me to make my vows to another goddess . Love of the truth brought me to Tibur , but Onuava 's favorable powers came with me . Thus , divine mother , far from my home - land , exiled in Italy , I address my vows and prayers to you no less . Holidays and festivals ( edit ) See also : Roman festivals , Fasti , Roman calendar , Ludi , and Roman triumph Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals . Some lasted several days , others a single day or less : sacred days ( dies fasti ) outnumbered `` non-sacred '' days ( dies nefasti ) . A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal groups that allowed for different local traditions . Some of the most ancient and popular festivals incorporated ludi ( `` games , '' such as chariot races and theatrical performances ) , with examples including those held at Palestrina in honour of Fortuna Primigenia during Compitalia , and the Ludi Romani in honour of Liber . Other festivals may have required only the presence and rites of their priests and acolytes , or particular groups , such as women at the Bona Dea rites . This fresco from outside Pompeii shows Roman men celebrating a religious festival , probably the Compitalia Other public festivals were not required by the calendar , but occasioned by events . The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows , though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event . During the late Republic , the political elite competed to outdo each other in public display , and the ludi attendant on a triumph were expanded to include gladiator contests . Under the Principate , all such spectacular displays came under Imperial control : the most lavish were subsidised by emperors , and lesser events were provided by magistrates as a sacred duty and privilege of office . Additional festivals and games celebrated Imperial accessions and anniversaries . Others , such as the traditional Republican Secular Games to mark a new era ( saeculum ) , became imperially funded to maintain traditional values and a common Roman identity . That the spectacles retained something of their sacral aura even in late antiquity is indicated by the admonitions of the Church Fathers that Christians should not take part . The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome 's intellectual elite , but the more obscure they were , the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation -- a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform , which often cloaked autocratic innovation , nor on his only rival as mythmaker of the era , Ovid . In his Fasti , a long - form poem covering Roman holidays from January to June , Ovid presents a unique look at Roman antiquarian lore , popular customs , and religious practice that is by turns imaginative , entertaining , high - minded , and scurrilous ; not a priestly account , despite the speaker 's pose as a vates or inspired poet - prophet , but a work of description , imagination and poetic etymology that reflects the broad humor and burlesque spirit of such venerable festivals as the Saturnalia , Consualia , and feast of Anna Perenna on the Ides of March , where Ovid treats the assassination of the newly deified Julius Caesar as utterly incidental to the festivities among the Roman people . But official calendars preserved from different times and places also show a flexibility in omitting or expanding events , indicating that there was no single static and authoritative calendar of required observances . In the later Empire under Christian rule , the new Christian festivals were incorporated into the existing framework of the Roman calendar , alongside at least some of the traditional festivals . Temples and shrines ( edit ) Portico of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina , later incorporated into a church Main article : Roman temple Public religious ceremonies of the official Roman religion took place outdoors , and not within the temple building . Some ceremonies were processions that started at , visited , or ended with a temple or shrine , where a ritual object might be stored and brought out for use , or where an offering would be deposited . Sacrifices , chiefly of animals , would take place at an open - air altar within the templum or precinct , often to the side of the steps leading up to the raised portico . The main room ( cella ) inside a temple housed the cult image of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated , and often a small altar for incense or libations . It might also display art works looted in war and rededicated to the gods . It is not clear how accessible the interiors of temples were to the general public . The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself , but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury : `` The architecture of the ancient Romans was , from first to last , an art of shaping space around ritual . '' The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer to this sacred precinct , and the more common Latin words aedes , delubrum , or fanum for a temple or shrine as a building . The ruins of temples are among the most visible monuments of ancient Roman culture . Temple buildings and shrines within the city commemorated significant political settlements in its development : the Aventine Temple of Diana supposedly marked the founding of the Latin League under Servius Tullius . Many temples in the Republican era were built as the fulfillment of a vow made by a general in exchange for a victory . Religious practice ( edit ) Prayers , vows , and oaths ( edit ) All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective . Pliny the Elder declared that `` a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods . '' Prayer by itself , however , had independent power . The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action , and knowledge of the correct verbal formulas the key to efficacy . Accurate naming was vital for tapping into the desired powers of the deity invoked , hence the proliferation of cult epithets among Roman deities . Public prayers ( prex ) were offered loudly and clearly by a priest on behalf of the community . Public religious ritual had to be enacted by specialists and professionals faultlessly ; a mistake might require that the action , or even the entire festival , be repeated from the start . The historian Livy reports an occasion when the presiding magistrate at the Latin festival forgot to include the `` Roman people '' among the list of beneficiaries in his prayer ; the festival had to be started over . Even private prayer by an individual was formulaic , a recitation rather than a personal expression , though selected by the individual for a particular purpose or occasion . Oaths -- sworn for the purposes of business , clientage and service , patronage and protection , state office , treaty and loyalty -- appealed to the witness and sanction of deities . Refusal to swear a lawful oath ( sacramentum ) and breaking a sworn oath carried much the same penalty : both repudiated the fundamental bonds between the human and divine . A votum or vow was a promise made to a deity , usually an offer of sacrifices or a votive offering in exchange for benefits received . Sacrifice ( edit ) Roman relief depicting a scene of sacrifice , with libations at a flaming altar and the victimarius carrying the sacrificial axe In Latin , the word sacrificium means the performance of an act that renders something sacer , sacred . Sacrifice reinforced the powers and attributes of divine beings , and inclined them to render benefits in return ( the principle of do ut des ) . Offerings to household deities were part of daily life . Lares might be offered spelt wheat and grain - garlands , grapes and first fruits in due season , honey cakes and honeycombs , wine and incense , food that fell to the floor during any family meal , or at their Compitalia festival , honey - cakes and a pig on behalf of the community . Their supposed underworld relatives , the malicious and vagrant Lemures , might be placated with midnight offerings of black beans and spring water . Animal sacrifice ( edit ) Further information : October Horse , Tauromachy , Taurobolium , and Haruspicy The most potent offering was animal sacrifice , typically of domesticated animals such as cattle , sheep and pigs . Each was the best specimen of its kind , cleansed , clad in sacrificial regalia and garlanded ; the horns of oxen might be gilded . Sacrifice sought the harmonisation of the earthly and divine , so the victim must seem willing to offer its own life on behalf of the community ; it must remain calm and be quickly and cleanly dispatched . Sacrifice to deities of the heavens ( di superi , `` gods above '' ) was performed in daylight , and under the public gaze . Deities of the upper heavens required white , infertile victims of their own sex : Juno a white heifer ( possibly a white cow ) ; Jupiter a white , castrated ox ( bos mas ) for the annual oath - taking by the consuls . Di superi with strong connections to the earth , such as Mars , Janus , Neptune and various genii -- including the Emperor 's -- were offered fertile victims . After the sacrifice , a banquet was held ; in state cults , the images of honoured deities took pride of place on banqueting couches and by means of the sacrificial fire consumed their proper portion ( exta , the innards ) . Rome 's officials and priests reclined in order of precedence alongside and ate the meat ; lesser citizens may have had to provide their own . Denarius issued under Augustus , with a bust of Venus on the obverse , and ritual implements on the reverse : clockwise from top right , the augur 's staff ( lituus ) , libation bowl ( patera ) , tripod , and ladle ( simpulum ) Chthonic gods such as Dis pater , the di inferi ( `` gods below '' ) , and the collective shades of the departed ( di Manes ) were given dark , fertile victims in nighttime rituals . Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering , and there was no shared banquet , as `` the living can not share a meal with the dead '' . Ceres and other underworld goddesses of fruitfulness were sometimes offered pregnant female animals ; Tellus was given a pregnant cow at the Fordicidia festival . Color had a general symbolic value for sacrifices . Demigods and heroes , who belonged to the heavens and the underworld , were sometimes given black - and - white victims . Robigo ( or Robigus ) was given red dogs and libations of red wine at the Robigalia for the protection of crops from blight and red mildew . A sacrifice might be made in thanksgiving or as an expiation of a sacrilege or potential sacrilege ( piaculum ) ; a piaculum might also be offered as a sort of advance payment ; the Arval Brethren , for instance , offered a piaculum before entering their sacred grove with an iron implement , which was forbidden , as well as after . The pig was a common victim for a piaculum . The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it , and so might be placated in advance . Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey , or encounters with banditry , piracy and shipwreck , with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return . In times of great crisis , the Senate could decree collective public rites , in which Rome 's citizens , including women and children , moved in procession from one temple to the next , supplicating the gods . Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice : in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War , Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring ( see ver sacrum ) , to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies . The `` contract '' with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed . All due care would be taken of the animals . If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice , they would count as already sacrificed , since they had already been consecrated . Normally , if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain , the offered sacrifice would be withheld . In the imperial period , sacrifice was withheld following Trajan 's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period . In Pompeii , the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull : presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult , though minor offerings ( incense and wine ) were also made . The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal , comprising in Cicero 's enumeration the gall bladder ( fel ) , liver ( iecur ) , heart ( cor ) , and lungs ( pulmones ) . The exta were exposed for litatio ( divine approval ) as part of Roman liturgy , but were `` read '' in the context of the disciplina Etrusca . As a product of Roman sacrifice , the exta and blood are reserved for the gods , while the meat ( viscera ) is shared among human beings in a communal meal . The exta of bovine victims were usually stewed in a pot ( olla or aula ) , while those of sheep or pigs were grilled on skewers . When the deity 's portion was cooked , it was sprinkled with mola salsa ( ritually prepared salted flour ) and wine , then placed in the fire on the altar for the offering ; the technical verb for this action was porricere . Human sacrifice ( edit ) Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented . After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium , in a stone chamber `` which had on a previous occasion ( 228 BC ) also been polluted by human victims , a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings '' . Livy avoids the word `` sacrifice '' in connection with this bloodless human life - offering ; Plutarch does not . The rite was apparently repeated in 113 BC , preparatory to an invasion of Gaul . Its religious dimensions and purpose remain uncertain . In the early stages of the First Punic War ( 264 BC ) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held , described as a funeral blood - rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat . The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice , probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpose . Even so , the gladiators swore their lives to the infernal gods , and the combat was dedicated as an offering to the di manes or other gods . The event was therefore a sacrificium in the strict sense of the term , and Christian writers later condemned it as human sacrifice . The small woollen dolls called Maniae , hung on the Compitalia shrines , were thought a symbolic replacement for child - sacrifice to Mania , as Mother of the Lares . The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus , traditionally Rome 's Republican founder and first consul . Political or military executions were sometimes conducted in such a way that they evoked human sacrifice , whether deliberately or in the perception of witnesses ; Marcus Marius Gratidianus was a gruesome example . Officially , human sacrifice was obnoxious `` to the laws of gods and men . '' The practice was a mark of the `` Other '' , attributed to Rome 's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls . Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty . A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committed for magical purposes . Pliny saw the ending of human sacrifice conducted by the druids as a positive consequence of the conquest of Gaul and Britain . Despite an empire - wide ban under Hadrian , human sacrifice may have continued covertly in North Africa and elsewhere . Domestic and private cult ( edit ) Small bronze statues of gods for a lararium ( 1st to 3rd century AD , Vindobona ) The mos maiorum established the dynastic authority and obligations of the citizen - paterfamilias ( `` the father of the family '' or the `` owner of the family estate '' ) . He had priestly duties to his lares , domestic penates , ancestral Genius and any other deities with whom he or his family held an interdependent relationship . His own dependents , who included his slaves and freedmen , owed cult to his Genius . Genius was the essential spirit and generative power -- depicted as a serpent or as a perennial youth , often winged -- within an individual and their clan ( gens ( pl . gentes ) . A paterfamilias could confer his name , a measure of his genius and a role in his household rites , obligations and honours upon those he fathered or adopted . His freed slaves owed him similar obligations . A pater familias was the senior priest of his household . He offered daily cult to his lares and penates , and to his di parentes / divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth . His wife ( mater familias ) was responsible for the household 's cult to Vesta . In rural estates , bailiffs seem to have been responsible for at least some of the household shrines ( lararia ) and their deities . Household cults had state counterparts . In Vergil 's Aeneid , Aeneas brought the Trojan cult of the lares and penates from Troy , along with the Palladium which was later installed in the temple of Vesta . Religio and the state ( edit ) Portrait of the emperor Antoninus Pius ( reigned 138 -- 161 AD ) in ritual attire as an Arval Brother Roman religio ( religion ) was an everyday and vital affair , a cornerstone of the mos maiorum , Roman tradition or ancestral custom . Care for the gods , the very meaning of religio , had therefore to go through life , and one might thus understand why Cicero wrote that religion was `` necessary '' . Religious behavior -- pietas in Latin , eusebeia in Greek -- belonged to action and not to contemplation . Consequently religious acts took place wherever the faithful were : in houses , boroughs , associations , cities , military camps , cemeteries , in the country , on boats . ' When pious travelers happen to pass by a sacred grove or a cult place on their way , they are used to make a vow , or a fruit offering , or to sit down for a while ' ( Apuleius , Florides 1.1 ) . Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings , according to the principle do ut des ( `` I give , that you might give '' ) . Proper , respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity . Religious neglect was a form of atheism : impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual were vitia ( impious errors ) . Excessive devotion , fearful grovelling to deities and the improper use or seeking of divine knowledge were superstitio . Any of these moral deviations could cause divine anger ( ira deorum ) and therefore harm the State . The official deities of the state were identified with its lawful offices and institutions , and Romans of every class were expected to honour the beneficence and protection of mortal and divine superiors . Participation in public rites showed a personal commitment to their community and its values . Official cults were state funded as a `` matter of public interest '' ( res publica ) . Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities . The difference between public and private cult is often unclear . Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to state deities . The public Vestals prepared ritual substances for use in public and private cults , and held the state - funded ( thus public ) opening ceremony for the Parentalia festival , which was otherwise a private rite to household ancestors . Some rites of the domus ( household ) were held in public places but were legally defined as privata in part or whole . All cults were ultimately subject to the approval and regulation of the censor and pontifices . Public priesthoods and religious law ( edit ) Flamines wearing their distinctive pointed headgear ( grouped to the left ) , in a panel from the Ara Pacis Rome had no separate priestly caste or class . The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices , officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes . Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation . In household cult , the paterfamilias functioned as priest , and members of his familia as acolytes and assistants . Public cults required greater knowledge and expertise . The earliest public priesthoods were probably the flamines ( the singular is flamen ) , attributed to king Numa : the major flamines , dedicated to Jupiter , Mars and Quirinus , were traditionally drawn from patrician families . Twelve lesser flamines were each dedicated to a single deity , whose archaic nature is indicated by the relative obscurity of some . Flamines were constrained by the requirements of ritual purity ; Jupiter 's flamen in particular had virtually no simultaneous capacity for a political or military career . In the Regal era , a rex sacrorum ( king of the sacred rites ) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king ( rex ) or in his absence , and announced the public festivals . He had little or no civil authority . With the abolition of monarchy , the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices increased . By the late Republican era , the flamines were supervised by the pontifical collegia . The rex sacrorum had become a relatively obscure priesthood with an entirely symbolic title : his religious duties still included the daily , ritual announcement of festivals and priestly duties within two or three of the latter but his most important priestly role -- the supervision of the Vestals and their rites -- fell to the more politically powerful and influential pontifex maximus . Public priests were appointed by the collegia . Once elected , a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine , which offered him lifetime influence , privilege and immunity . Therefore , civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family . Religious law was collegial and traditional ; it informed political decisions , could overturn them , and was difficult to exploit for personal gain . Priesthood was a costly honour : in traditional Roman practice , a priest drew no stipend . Cult donations were the property of the deity , whose priest must provide cult regardless of shortfalls in public funding -- this could mean subsidy of acolytes and all other cult maintenance from personal funds . For those who had reached their goal in the Cursus honorum , permanent priesthood was best sought or granted after a lifetime 's service in military or political life , or preferably both : it was a particularly honourable and active form of retirement which fulfilled an essential public duty . For a freedman or slave , promotion as one of the Compitalia seviri offered a high local profile , and opportunities in local politics ; and therefore business . During the Imperial era , priesthood of the Imperial cult offered provincial elites full Roman citizenship and public prominence beyond their single year in religious office ; in effect , it was the first step in a provincial cursus honorum . In Rome , the same Imperial cult role was performed by the Arval Brethren , once an obscure Republican priesthood dedicated to several deities , then co-opted by Augustus as part of his religious reforms . The Arvals offered prayer and sacrifice to Roman state gods at various temples for the continued welfare of the Imperial family on their birthdays , accession anniversaries and to mark extraordinary events such as the quashing of conspiracy or revolt . Every January 3 they consecrated the annual vows and rendered any sacrifice promised in the previous year , provided the gods had kept the Imperial family safe for the contracted time . The Vestals ( edit ) A Roman sculpture depicting a Vestal The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta , goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame . A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction , public status and privileges , and could exercise considerable political influence . Upon entering her office , a Vestal was emancipated from her father 's authority . In archaic Roman society , these priestesses were the only women not required to be under the legal guardianship of a man , instead answering directly to the Pontifex Maximus . A Vestal 's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women , with elements of both virgin bride and daughter , and Roman matron and wife . Unlike male priests , Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children , and were required to take a vow of chastity that was strictly enforced : a Vestal polluted by the loss of her chastity while in office was buried alive . Thus the exceptional honor accorded a Vestal was religious rather than personal or social ; her privileges required her to be fully devoted to the performance of her duties , which were considered essential to the security of Rome . The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community . Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta 's flame . The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home . Besides their own festival of Vestalia , they participated directly in the rites of Parilia , Parentalia and Fordicidia . Indirectly , they played a role in every official sacrifice ; among their duties was the preparation of the mola salsa , the salted flour that was sprinkled on every sacrificial victim as part of its immolation . One mythological tradition held that the mother of Romulus and Remus was a Vestal virgin of royal blood . A tale of miraculous birth also attended on Servius Tullius , sixth king of Rome , son of a virgin slave - girl impregnated by a disembodied phallus arising mysteriously on the royal hearth ; the story was connected to the fascinus that was among the cult objects under the guardianship of the Vestals . Augustus ' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals . They were given high - status seating at games and theatres . The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia , wife of Augustus . They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well into the 4th century , after political power within the Empire had shifted to the Christians . When the Christian emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus , he took steps toward the dissolution of the order . His successor Theodosius I extinguished Vesta 's sacred fire and vacated her temple . Augury ( edit ) Main article : Augur Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur . The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space , and only later referred to a building . Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space ; its ancient boundary ( pomerium ) had been marked by Romulus himself with oxen and plough ; what lay within was the earthly home and protectorate of the gods of the state . In Rome , the central references for the establishment of an augural templum appear to have been the Via Sacra ( Sacred Way ) and the pomerium . Magistrates sought divine opinion of proposed official acts through an augur , who read the divine will through observations made within the templum before , during and after an act of sacrifice . Divine disapproval could arise through unfit sacrifice , errant rites ( vitium ) or an unacceptable plan of action . If an unfavourable sign was given , the magistrate could repeat the sacrifice until favourable signs were seen , consult with his augural colleagues , or abandon the project . Magistrates could use their right of augury ( ius augurum ) to adjourn and overturn the process of law , but were obliged to base their decision on the augur 's observations and advice . For Cicero , himself an augur , this made the augur the most powerful authority in the Late Republic . By his time ( mid 1st century BC ) augury was supervised by the college of pontifices , whose powers were increasingly woven into the magistracies of the cursus honorum . Haruspicy ( edit ) Main article : haruspex The bronze Liver of Piacenza is an Etruscan artifact that probably served as an instructional model for the haruspex Haruspicy was also used in public cult , under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate . The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice , particularly the liver . They also interpreted omens , prodigies and portents , and formulated their expiation . Most Roman authors describe haruspicy as an ancient , ethnically Etruscan `` outsider '' religious profession , separate from Rome 's internal and largely unpaid priestly hierarchy , essential but never quite respectable . During the mid-to - late Republic , the reformist Gaius Gracchus , the populist politician - general Gaius Marius and his antagonist Sulla , and the `` notorious Verres '' justified their very different policies by the divinely inspired utterances of private diviners . The senate and armies used the public haruspices : at some time during the late Republic , the Senate decreed that Roman boys of noble family be sent to Etruria for training in haruspicy and divination . Being of independent means , they would be better motivated to maintain a pure , religious practice for the public good . The motives of private haruspices -- especially females -- and their clients were officially suspect : none of this seems to have troubled Marius , who employed a Syrian prophetess . Omens and prodigies ( edit ) Omens observed within or from a divine augural templum -- especially the flight of birds -- were sent by the gods in response to official queries . A magistrate with ius augurium ( the right of augury ) could declare the suspension of all official business for the day ( obnuntiato ) if he deemed the omens unfavourable . Conversely , an apparently negative omen could be re-interpreted as positive , or deliberately blocked from sight . Prodigies were transgressions in the natural , predictable order of the cosmos -- signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune . The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false , or genuine and in the public interest , in which case it was referred to the public priests , augurs and haruspices for ritual expiation . In 207 BC , during one of the Punic Wars ' worst crises , the Senate dealt with an unprecedented number of confirmed prodigies whose expiation would have involved `` at least twenty days '' of dedicated rites . Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio . The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons , the apparent shrinking of the sun 's disc , two moons in a daylit sky , a cosmic battle between sun and moon , a rain of red - hot stones , a bloody sweat on statues , and blood in fountains and on ears of corn : all were expiated by sacrifice of `` greater victims '' . The minor prodigies were less warlike but equally unnatural ; sheep become goats , a hen become a cock ( and vice versa ) -- these were expiated with `` lesser victims '' . The discovery of an androgynous four - year - old child was expiated by its drowning and the holy procession of 27 virgins to the temple of Juno Regina , singing a hymn to avert disaster : a lightning strike during the hymn rehearsals required further expiation . Religious restitution is proved only by Rome 's victory . In the wider context of Graeco - Roman religious culture , Rome 's earliest reported portents and prodigies stand out as atypically dire . Whereas for Romans , a comet presaged misfortune , for Greeks it might equally signal a divine or exceptionally fortunate birth . In the late Republic , a daytime comet at the murdered Julius Caesar 's funeral games confirmed his deification ; a discernible Greek influence on Roman interpretation . Funerals and the afterlife ( edit ) Main article : Roman funerals and burial Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied , and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy . The traditional care of the dead , however , and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion . Ancient votive deposits to the noble dead of Latium and Rome suggest elaborate and costly funeral offerings and banquets in the company of the deceased , an expectation of afterlife and their association with the gods . As Roman society developed , its Republican nobility tended to invest less in spectacular funerals and extravagant housing for their dead , and more on monumental endowments to the community , such as the donation of a temple or public building whose donor was commemorated by his statue and inscribed name . Persons of low or negligible status might receive simple burial , with such grave goods as relatives could afford . One of the earliest Christian inscriptions ( 3rd century ) , this funerary stele preserves the traditional abbreviation D.M. , Dis Manibus , `` for the Manes gods '' , with the Christian motto in Greek Ikhthus zōntōn ( `` fish of the living '' ) and the identity of the deceased in Latin Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth , status and religious context . In Cicero 's time , the better - off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation . The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre , Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar , and the family at the site of the cremation . For the less well - off , inhumation with `` a libation of wine , incense , and fruit or crops was sufficient '' . Ceres functioned as an intermediary between the realms of the living and the dead : the deceased had not yet fully passed to the world of the dead and could share a last meal with the living . The ashes ( or body ) were entombed or buried . On the eighth day of mourning , the family offered further sacrifice , this time on the ground ; the shade of the departed was assumed to have passed entirely into the underworld . They had become one of the di Manes , who were collectively celebrated and appeased at the Parentalia , a multi-day festival of remembrance in February . A standard Roman funerary inscription is Dis Manibus ( to the Manes - gods ) . Regional variations include its Greek equivalent , theoîs katachthoníois and Lugdunum 's commonplace but mysterious `` dedicated under the trowel '' ( sub ascia dedicare ) . In the later Imperial era , the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped . Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members , and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part - match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica . The customary offers of wine and food to the dead continued ; St Augustine ( following St Ambrose ) feared that this invited the `` drunken '' practices of Parentalia but commended funeral feasts as a Christian opportunity to give alms of food to the poor . Christians attended Parentalia and its accompanying Feralia and Caristia in sufficient numbers for the Council of Tours to forbid them in AD 567 . Other funerary and commemorative practices were very different . Traditional Roman practice spurned the corpse as a ritual pollution ; inscriptions noted the day of birth and duration of life . The Christian Church fostered the veneration of saintly relics , and inscriptions marked the day of death as a transition to `` new life '' . Religion and the military ( edit ) A Genius of the legion ( 2nd -- 3rd century CE ) Military success was achieved through a combination of personal and collective virtus ( roughly , `` manly virtue '' ) and the divine will : lack of virtus , civic or private negligence in religio and the growth of superstitio provoked divine wrath and led to military disaster . Military success was the touchstone of a special relationship with the gods , and to Jupiter Capitolinus in particular ; triumphal generals were dressed as Jupiter , and laid their victor 's laurels at his feet . Roman commanders offered vows to be fulfilled after success in battle or siege ; and further vows to expiate their failures . Camillus promised Veii 's goddess Juno a temple in Rome as incentive for her desertion ( evocatio ) , conquered the city in her name , brought her cult statue to Rome `` with miraculous ease '' and dedicated a temple to her on the Aventine Hill . Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual ; in effect they were Rome in miniature . The commander 's headquarters stood at the centre ; he took the auspices on a dais in front . A small building behind housed the legionary standards , the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperial era , the image of the ruling emperor . In one camp , this shrine is even called Capitolium . The most important camp - offering appears to have been the suovetaurilia performed before a major , set battle . A ram , a boar and a bull were ritually garlanded , led around the outer perimeter of the camp ( a lustratio exercitus ) and in through a gate , then sacrificed : Trajan 's column shows three such events from his Dacian wars . The perimeter procession and sacrifice suggest the entire camp as a divine templum ; all within are purified and protected . Panel from Trajan 's Column depicting the lustral procession of the suovetaurilia victims under military standards Each camp had its own religious personnel ; standard bearers , priestly officers and their assistants , including a haruspex , and housekeepers of shrines and images . A senior magistrate - commander ( sometimes even a consul ) headed it , his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured that every citizen - soldier knew his duty . As in Rome , whatever gods he served in his own time seem to have been his own business ; legionary forts and vici included shrines to household gods , personal deities and deities otherwise unknown . From the earliest Imperial era , citizen legionaries and provincial auxiliaries gave cult to the emperor and his familia on Imperial accessions , anniversaries and their renewal of annual vows . They celebrated Rome 's official festivals in absentia , and had the official triads appropriate to their function -- in the Empire , Jupiter , Victoria and Concordia were typical . By the early Severan era , the military also offered cult to the Imperial divi , the current emperor 's numen , genius and domus ( or familia ) , and special cult to the Empress as `` mother of the camp . '' The near ubiquitous legionary shrines to Mithras of the later Imperial era were not part of official cult until Mithras was absorbed into Solar and Stoic Monism as a focus of military concordia and Imperial loyalty . A votive statue of Jupiter Dolichenus dedicated by a centurion for the wellbeing of the emperor ( Carnuntum , 3rd century ) The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make , promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods . Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus ; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson , all bearing the same name , also devoted themselves . Before the battle , Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate . When he offers sacrifice , the victim 's liver appears `` damaged where it refers to his own fortunes '' . Otherwise , the haruspex tells him , the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods . In a prayer recorded by Livy , Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus , charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks , and is killed ; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering . Had he failed to die , his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void , with possibly disastrous consequences . The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator . The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful . In the early days of Rome 's war against Carthage , the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher ( consul 249 BC ) launched a sea campaign `` though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices . '' In defiance of the omen , he threw them into the sea , `` saying that they might drink , since they would not eat . He was defeated , and on being bidden by the senate to appoint a dictator , he appointed his messenger Glycias , as if again making a jest of his country 's peril . '' His impiety not only lost the battle but ruined his career . Women and religion ( edit ) See also Women in ancient Rome : Religious life Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances . Some rituals specifically required the presence of women , but their active participation was limited . As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice , the central rite of most major public ceremonies . In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals , some cult practices were reserved for women only . The rites of the Bona Dea excluded men entirely . Because women enter the public record less frequently than men , their religious practices are less known , and even family cults were headed by the paterfamilias . A host of deities , however , are associated with motherhood . Juno , Diana , Lucina , and specialized divine attendants presided over the life - threatening act of giving birth and the perils of caring for a baby at a time when the infant mortality rate was as high as 40 percent . Literary sources vary in their depiction of women 's religiosity : some represent women as paragons of Roman virtue and devotion , but also inclined by temperament to self - indulgent religious enthusiasms , novelties and the seductions of superstitio . Superstitio and magic ( edit ) See also : Magic in the Greco - Roman world Mosaic from Pompeii depicting masked characters in a scene from a play : two women consult a witch Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio , in the sense of `` doing or believing more than was necessary '' , to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone . The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite . The famous tirade of Lucretius , the Epicurean rationalist , against what is usually translated as `` superstition '' was in fact aimed at excessive religio . Roman religion was based on knowledge rather than faith , but superstitio was viewed as an `` inappropriate desire for knowledge '' ; in effect , an abuse of religio . In the everyday world , many individuals sought to divine the future , influence it through magic , or seek vengeance with help from `` private '' diviners . The state - sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods , not foretelling the future . Secretive consultations between private diviners and their clients were thus suspect . So were divinatory techniques such as astrology when used for illicit , subversive or magical purposes . Astrologers and magicians were officially expelled from Rome at various times , notably in 139 BC and 33 BC . In 16 BC Tiberius expelled them under extreme penalty because an astrologer had predicted his death . `` Egyptian rites '' were particularly suspect : Augustus banned them within the pomerium to doubtful effect ; Tiberius repeated and extended the ban with extreme force in AD 19 . Despite several Imperial bans , magic and astrology persisted among all social classes . In the late 1st century AD , Tacitus observed that astrologers `` would always be banned and always retained at Rome '' . In the Graeco - Roman world , practitioners of magic were known as magi ( singular magus ) , a `` foreign '' title of Persian priests . Apuleius , defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells , defined the magician as `` in popular tradition ( more vulgari ) ... someone who , because of his community of speech with the immortal gods , has an incredible power of spells ( vi cantaminum ) for everything he wishes to . '' Pliny the Elder offers a thoroughly skeptical `` History of magical arts '' from their supposed Persian origins to Nero 's vast and futile expenditure on research into magical practices in an attempt to control the gods . Philostratus takes pains to point out that the celebrated Apollonius of Tyana was definitely not a magus , `` despite his special knowledge of the future , his miraculous cures , and his ability to vanish into thin air '' . Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius , the doomed son of Pompey the Great , as convinced `` the gods of heaven knew too little '' and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho , who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves , feeding on rotting corpses . Erichtho , it is said , can arrest `` the rotation of the heavens and the flow of rivers '' and make `` austere old men blaze with illicit passions '' . She and her clients are portrayed as undermining the natural order of gods , mankind and destiny . A female foreigner from Thessaly , notorious for witchcraft , Erichtho is the stereotypical witch of Latin literature , along with Horace 's Canidia . Bound tablets with magic inscriptions from late antiquity The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation ( malum carmen , or ' noisome metrical charm ' ) ; this included the `` charming of crops from one field to another '' ( excantatio frugum ) and any rite that sought harm or death to others . Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome 's divine and human communities ; although sometimes the recipients of public rites , these were conducted outside the sacred boundary of the pomerium . Individuals seeking their aid did so away from the public gaze , during the hours of darkness . Burial grounds and isolated crossroads were among the likely portals . The barrier between private religious practices and `` magic '' is permeable , and Ovid gives a vivid account of rites at the fringes of the public Feralia festival that are indistinguishable from magic : an old woman squats among a circle of younger women , sews up a fish - head , smears it with pitch , then pierces and roasts it to `` bind hostile tongues to silence '' . By this she invokes Tacita , the `` Silent One '' of the underworld . Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells ( defixiones ) , magical papyri and so - called `` voodoo dolls '' from a very early era . Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain , in both urban and rural settings . Some seek straightforward , usually gruesome revenge , often for a lover 's offense or rejection . Others appeal for divine redress of wrongs , in terms familiar to any Roman magistrate , and promise a portion of the value ( usually small ) of lost or stolen property in return for its restoration . None of these defixiones seem produced by , or on behalf of the elite , who had more immediate recourse to human law and justice . Similar traditions existed throughout the empire , persisting until around the 7th century AD , well into the Christian era . History of Roman religion ( edit ) Religion and politics ( edit ) Temple of Bacchus ( `` Temple of the Sun '' ) , c. 150 AD A fresco from Herculaneum depicting Heracles and Achelous from Greco - Roman mythology , 1st century AD Rome 's government , politics and religion were dominated by an educated , male , landowning military aristocracy . Approximately half Rome 's population were slave or free non-citizens . Most others were plebeians , the lowest class of Roman citizens . Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights ; far fewer could actually exercise them . Women had no vote . However , all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices , in the name of the senate and people of Rome . `` In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans ' relationship with the divine , just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans '' . The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome 's internal governance , diplomacy and development from kingdom , to Republic and to Empire . Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite : kingship was replaced by two annually elected consular offices . In the early Republic , as presumably in the regal era , plebeians were excluded from high religious and civil office , and could be punished for offenses against laws of which they had no knowledge . They resorted to strikes and violence to break the oppressive patrician monopolies of high office , public priesthood , and knowledge of civil and religious law . The senate appointed Camillus as dictator to handle the emergency ; he negotiated a settlement , and sanctified it by the dedication of a temple to Concordia . The religious calendars and laws were eventually made public . Plebeian tribunes were appointed , with sacrosanct status and the right of veto in legislative debate . In principle , the augural and pontifical colleges were now open to plebeians . In reality , the patrician and to a lesser extent , plebeian nobility dominated religious and civil office throughout the Republican era and beyond . While the new plebeian nobility made social , political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves , their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults . During the Punic crisis , popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy ; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber , the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms , and with Roman Bacchus . Official consternation at these enthusiastic , unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion , and was followed by ferocious suppression . Much later , a statue of Marsyas , the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo , became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus ' censorship . Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo ; but his settlement appealed to all classes . Where loyalty was implicit , no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced ; Liber 's festival continued . The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society . In the middle Republican era , even Scipio 's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter 's special protege sat ill with his colleagues . Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal ; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus . Julius Caesar went further ; he claimed her as his ancestress , and thus an intimate source of divine inspiration for his personal character and policies . In 63 BC , his appointment as pontifex maximus `` signaled his emergence as a major player in Roman politics '' . Likewise , political candidates could sponsor temples , priesthoods and the immensely popular , spectacular public ludi and munera whose provision became increasingly indispensable to the factional politics of the Late Republic . Under the principate , such opportunities were limited by law ; priestly and political power were consolidated in the person of the princeps ( `` first citizen '' ) . `` Because of you we are living , because of you we can travel the seas , because of you we enjoy liberty and wealth . '' A thanksgiving prayer offered in Naples ' harbour to the princeps Augustus , on his return from Alexandria in 14 AD , shortly before his death . Early Republic ( edit ) A fresco depicting Theseus , from Herculaneum ( Ercolano ) , Italy , 45 - 79 AD By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city - state , with a large plebeian , artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods . The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours ; according to tradition , Rome 's Etruscan connections established a temple to Minerva on the predominantly plebeian Aventine ; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter , Juno and Minerva , installed in a Capitoline temple , built in an Etruscan style and dedicated in a new September festival , Epulum Jovis . These are supposedly the first Roman deities whose images were adorned , as if noble guests , at their own inaugural banquet . Rome 's diplomatic agreement with its neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the `` commune Latinorum Dianae templum '' : At about the same time , the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount , its stylistic resemblance to the new Capitoline temple pointing to Rome 's inclusive hegemony . Rome 's affinity to the Latins allowed two Latin cults within the pomoerium : and the cult to Hercules at the ara maxima in the Forum Boarium was established through commercial connections with Tibur. and the Tusculan cult of Castor as the patron of cavalry found a home close to the Forum Romanum : Juno Sospita and Juno Regina were brought from Italy , and Fortuna Primigenia from Praeneste . In 217 , Venus was brought from Sicily and installed in a temple on the Capitoline hill . Later Republic to principate ( edit ) The disasters of the early part of Rome 's second Punic War were attributed , in Livy 's account , to a growth of superstitious cults , errors in augury and the neglect of Rome 's traditional gods , whose anger was expressed directly in Rome 's defeat at Cannae ( 216 BC ) . The Sibilline books were consulted . They recommended a general vowing of the ver sacrum and in the following year , the burial of two Greeks and two Gauls ; not the first or the last of its kind , according to Livy . The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome 's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays . In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater ( Great Mother ) from Pessinus , installed on the Palatine in 191 BC . The mystery cult to Bacchus followed ; it was suppressed as subversive and unruly by decree of the Senate in 186 BC . Greek deities were brought within the sacred pomerium : temples were dedicated to Juventas ( Hebe ) in 191 BC , Diana ( Artemis ) in 179 BC , Mars ( Ares ) in 138 BC ) , and to Bona Dea , equivalent to Fauna , the female counterpart of the rural Faunus , supplemented by the Greek goddess Damia . Further Greek influences on cult images and types represented the Roman Penates as forms of the Greek Dioscuri . The military - political adventurers of the Later Republic introduced the Phrygian goddess Ma ( identified with Roman Bellona , the Egyptian mystery - goddess Isis and Persian Mithras . ) A 3rd - century Roman Pallas Athena mosaic from Tusculum , now in the Vatican Museums The spread of Greek literature , mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome 's festivals and rituals , and the embellishment of its mythology . Ennius translated the work of Graeco - Sicilian Euhemerus , who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals . In the last century of the Republic , Epicurean and particularly Stoic interpretations were a preoccupation of the literate elite , most of whom held - or had held - high office and traditional Roman priesthoods ; notably , Scaevola and the polymath Varro . For Varro - well versed in Euhemerus ' theory - popular religious observance was based on a necessary fiction ; what the people believed was not itself the truth , but their observance led them to as much higher truth as their limited capacity could deal with . Whereas in popular belief deities held power over mortal lives , the skeptic might say that mortal devotion had made gods of mortals , and these same gods were only sustained by devotion and cult . Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods , so did some individual Romans . In the mid-to - late Republican era , and probably much earlier , many of Rome 's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult , along with a share of their divinity . Most notably in the very late Republic , the Julii claimed Venus Genetrix as ancestor ; this would be one of many foundations for the Imperial cult . The claim was further elaborated and justified in Vergil 's poetic , Imperial vision of the past . Polyphemus hears of the arrival of Galatea ; ancient Roman fresco painted in the `` Fourth Style '' of Pompeii ( 45 - 79 AD ) In the late Republic , the Marian reforms lowered an existing property bar on conscription and increased the efficiency of Rome 's armies but made them available as instruments of political ambition and factional conflict . The consequent civil wars led to changes at every level of Roman society . Augustus ' principate established peace and subtly transformed Rome 's religious life -- or , in the new ideology of Empire , restored it ( see below ) . Towards the end of the Republic , religious and political offices became more closely intertwined ; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative . Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political , military and priestly powers ; at first temporarily , then for his lifetime . He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome 's major priesthoods , including that of pontifex maximus ; as he invented none , he could claim them as traditional honours . His reforms were represented as adaptive , restorative and regulatory , rather than innovative ; most notably his elevation ( and membership ) of the ancient Arvales , his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality . Augustus obtained the pax deorum , maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation . This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors . Roman Empire ( edit ) Absorption of cults ( edit ) Mithras in a Roman wall painting The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures ; in principle , Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin , Etruscan and other Italian peoples , cults and deities as Roman . Those who acknowledged Rome 's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars , independent of Roman religious law . Newly municipal Sabratha built a Capitolium near its existing temple to Liber Pater and Serapis . Autonomy and concord were official policy , but new foundations by Roman citizens or their Romanised allies were likely to follow Roman cultic models . Romanisation offered distinct political and practical advantages , especially to local elites . All the known effigies from the 2nd century AD forum at Cuicul are of emperors or Concordia . By the middle of the 1st century AD , Gaulish Vertault seems to have abandoned its native cultic sacrifice of horses and dogs in favour of a newly established , Romanised cult nearby : by the end of that century , Sabratha 's so - called tophet was no longer in use . Colonial and later Imperial provincial dedications to Rome 's Capitoline Triad were a logical choice , not a centralised legal requirement . Major cult centres to `` non-Roman '' deities continued to prosper : notable examples include the magnificent Alexandrian Serapium , the temple of Aesculapeus at Pergamum and Apollo 's sacred wood at Antioch . The overall scarcity of evidence for smaller or local cults does not always imply their neglect ; votive inscriptions are inconsistently scattered throughout Rome 's geography and history . Inscribed dedications were an expensive public declaration , one to be expected within the Graeco - Roman cultural ambit but by no means universal . Innumerable smaller , personal or more secretive cults would have persisted and left no trace . Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas . Rome 's citizen - soldiers set up altars to multiple deities , including their traditional gods , the Imperial genius and local deities -- sometimes with the usefully open - ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus ( all the gods and goddesses ) . They also brought Roman `` domestic '' deities and cult practices with them . By the same token , the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military . Traders , legions and other travellers brought home cults originating from Egypt , Greece , Iberia , India and Persia . The cults of Cybele , Isis , Mithras , and Sol Invictus were particularly important . Some of those were initiatory religions of intense personal significance , similar to Christianity in those respects . Imperial cult ( edit ) The Maison Carrée in Nîmes , one of the best - preserved Roman temples . It is a mid-sized Augustan provincial temple of the Imperial cult . Main article : Imperial cult of ancient Rome In the early Imperial era , the princeps ( lit . `` first '' or `` foremost '' among citizens ) was offered genius - cult as the symbolic paterfamilias of Rome . His cult had further precedents : popular , unofficial cult offered to powerful benefactors in Rome : the kingly , god - like honours granted a Roman general on the day of his triumph ; and in the divine honours paid to Roman magnates in the Greek East from at least 195 BC . The deification of deceased emperors had precedent in Roman domestic cult to the dii parentes ( deified ancestors ) and the mythic apotheosis of Rome 's founders . A deceased emperor granted apotheosis by his successor and the Senate became an official State divus ( divinity ) . Members of the Imperial family could be granted similar honours and cult ; an Emperor 's deceased wife , sister or daughter could be promoted to diva ( female divinity ) . The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar , who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy ; he was murdered soon after . Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors , and offered similar cult to Caesar 's successor , Augustus , who accepted with the cautious proviso that expatriate Roman citizens refrain from such worship ; it might prove fatal . By the end of his reign , Augustus had appropriated Rome 's political apparatus -- and most of its religious cults -- within his `` reformed '' and thoroughly integrated system of government . Towards the end of his life , he cautiously allowed cult to his numen . By then the Imperial cult apparatus was fully developed , first in the Eastern Provinces , then in the West . Provincial Cult centres offered the amenities and opportunities of a major Roman town within a local context ; bathhouses , shrines and temples to Roman and local deities , amphitheatres and festivals . In the early Imperial period , the promotion of local elites to Imperial priesthood gave them Roman citizenship . In an empire of great religious and cultural diversity , the Imperial cult offered a common Roman identity and dynastic stability . In Rome , the framework of government was recognisably Republican . In the Provinces , this would not have mattered ; in Greece , the emperor was `` not only endowed with special , super-human abilities , but ... he was indeed a visible god '' and the little Greek town of Akraiphia could offer official cult to `` liberating Zeus Nero for all eternity '' . In Rome , state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional . As princeps ( first citizen ) he must respect traditional Republican mores ; given virtually monarchic powers , he must restrain them . He was not a living divus but father of his country ( pater patriae ) , its pontifex maximus ( greatest priest ) and at least notionally , its leading Republican . When he died , his ascent to heaven , or his descent to join the dii manes was decided by a vote in the Senate . As a divus , he could receive much the same honours as any other state deity -- libations of wine , garlands , incense , hymns and sacrificial oxen at games and festivals . What he did in return for these favours is unknown , but literary hints and the later adoption of divus as a title for Christian Saints suggest him as a heavenly intercessor . In Rome , official cult to a living emperor was directed to his genius ; a small number refused this honour and there is no evidence of any emperor receiving more than that . In the crises leading up to the Dominate , Imperial titles and honours multiplied , reaching a peak under Diocletian . Emperors before him had attempted to guarantee traditional cults as the core of Roman identity and well - being ; refusal of cult undermined the state and was treasonous . Jews and Roman religion ( edit ) Jewish ritual objects in 2nd - century gold glass from Rome See also : Fiscus Judaicus , Religio licita , and History of the Jews in the Roman Empire For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate , Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea 's Hellenised elite . Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them . Early Italian synagogues have left few traces ; but one was dedicated in Ostia around the mid-1st century BC and several more are attested during the Imperial period . Judaea 's enrollment as a client kingdom in 63 BC increased the Jewish diaspora ; in Rome , this led to closer official scrutiny of their religion . Their synagogues were recognised as legitimate collegia by Julius Caesar . By the Augustan era , the city of Rome was home to several thousand Jews . In some periods under Roman rule , Jews were legally exempt from official sacrifice , under certain conditions . Judaism was a superstitio to Cicero , but the Church Father Tertullian described it as religio licita ( an officially permitted religion ) in contrast to Christianity . Christianity in the Roman Empire ( edit ) See also : Pentarchy , History of Christianity , Persecution of religion in ancient Rome , and State church of the Roman Empire Roman investigations into early Christianity found it an irreligious , novel , disobedient , even atheistic sub-sect of Judaism : it appeared to deny all forms of religion and was therefore superstitio . By the end of the Imperial era , Nicene Christianity was the one permitted Roman religio ; all other cults were heretical or pagan superstitiones . After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD , Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats , who were later persecuted and killed . From that point on , Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution . During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century , `` contemporaries were predisposed to decode any crisis in religious terms '' , regardless of their allegiance to particular practices or belief systems . Christianity drew its traditional base of support from the powerless , who seemed to have no religious stake in the well - being of the Roman State , and therefore threatened its existence . The majority of Rome 's elite continued to observe various forms of inclusive Hellenistic monism ; Neoplatonism in particular accommodated the miraculous and the ascetic within a traditional Graeco - Roman cultic framework . Christians saw these practices as ungodly , and a primary cause of economic and political crisis . In the wake of religious riots in Egypt , the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to `` ancestral gods '' or suffer a penalty : only Jews were exempt . Decius ' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults ; no ancestral gods were specified by name . The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman . Apostasy was sought , rather than capital punishment . A year after its due deadline , the edict expired . Valerian singled out Christianity as a particularly self - interested and subversive foreign cult , outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome 's traditional gods . In another edict , he described Christianity as a threat to Empire -- not yet at its heart but close to it , among Rome 's equites and Senators . Christian apologists interpreted his eventual fate - a disgraceful capture and death - as divine judgement . The next forty years were peaceful ; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile , due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence . Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference -- he had written to Decius ' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein -- and Hippolytus recognised a `` pagan '' basis in Christian heresies . The Christian churches were disunited ; Paul of Samosata , Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 both for his doctrines , and for his unworthy , indulgent , elite lifestyle . Meanwhile , Aurelian ( 270 - 75 ) appealed for harmony among his soldiers ( concordia militum ) , stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official , Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome 's Campus Martius . In 295 , a certain Maximilian refused military service ; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath . Both were executed for treason ; both were Christians . At some time around 302 , a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian 's domus and a subsequent ( but undated ) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military triggered a series of edicts against Christianity . The first ( 303 AD ) `` ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts , forbade services to be held , degraded officials who were Christians , re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians , and reduced the legal rights of all Christians ... ( Physical ) or capital punishments were not imposed on them '' but soon after , several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed . The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice . An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods , in terms that recall the Decian edict . In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced : some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred . Others complied . Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian , but powerful and influential ; and some provincial authorities were lenient , notably the Caesar in Gaul , Constantius Chlorus , the father of Constantine I. Diocletian 's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311 , when he asked Christians to pray for him . `` This meant an official recognition of their importance in the religious world of the Roman empire , although one of the tetrarchs , Maximinus Daia , still oppressed Christians in his part of the empire up to 313 . '' Emperor Constantine and Christianity ( edit ) The Aula Palatina of Trier , Germany ( then part of the Roman province of Gallia Belgica ) , built during the reign of Constantine I ( r . 306 - 337 AD ) The conversion of Constantine I ended the Christian persecutions . Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was ( in traditional Roman terms ) auspicious - or in Christian terms , what was orthodox . The edict of Milan ( 313 ) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration . Constantine had triumphed under the signum ( sign ) of the Christ : Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital , Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests . He passed laws to protect Christians from persecution ; he also funded the building of churches , including Saint Peter 's basilica . He may have officially ended -- or attempted to end -- blood sacrifices to the genius of living emperors , though his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian 's in their supra - human elevation of the Imperial hierarch . Constantine promoted orthodoxy in Christian doctrine , so that Christianity might become a unitary force , rather than divisive . He summoned Christian bishops to a meeting , later known as the First Council of Nicaea , at which some 318 bishops ( mostly easterners ) debated and decided what was orthodox , and what was heresy . The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed . At Constantine 's death , he was honored as a Christian and as an Imperial `` divus '' . Later , Philostorgius would criticiize those Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine . Transition to Christian hegemony ( edit ) Main article : Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism See also : Persecution of pagans by the Christian Roman Empire Monogramme of Christ ( the Chi Rho ) on a plaque of a sarcophagus , 4th - century CE , marble , Musei Vaticani , on display in a temporary exhibition at the Colosseum in Rome , Italy Christianity and traditional Roman religion proved incompatible . From the 2nd century onward , the Church Fathers had condemned the diverse non-Christian religions practiced throughout the Empire as `` pagan '' . Constantine 's actions have been regarded by some scholars as causing the rapid growth of Christianity , though revisionist scholars disagree . Constantine 's unique form of Imperial orthodoxy did not outlast him . After his death in 337 , two of his sons , Constantius II and Constans , took over the leadership of the empire and re-divided their Imperial inheritance . Constantius was an Arian and his brothers were Nicene Christians . Constantine 's nephew Julian rejected the `` Galilean madness '' of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism , Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult . Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism , attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights . He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem 's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the `` irrational impieties '' of Christian doctrine . His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate , with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia , after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned . The empire once again fell under Christian control , this time permanently . In 380 , under Theodosius I , Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire . Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution , though Rome 's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms , and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions . The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus , and against the protests of the senate , removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals . Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire : in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults . He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate - house , but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple : the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors . Ambrose , the influential Bishop of Milan and future saint , wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus 's request for tolerance . Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of Pacatus , and despite his active dismantling of Rome 's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic senate in traditional Hellenic terms . He was the last emperor of both East and West . See also ( edit ) Religion in ancient Greece Hellenistic religion Italo - Roman neopaganism Sibylline Oracles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For an overview of the representation of Roman religion in early Christian authors , see R.P.C. Hanson , `` The Christian Attitue to Pagan Religions up to the Time of Constantine the Great , '' and Carlos A. Contreras , `` Christian Views of Paganism , '' in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 23.1 ( 1980 ) 871 -- 1022 . Jump up ^ Jörg Rüpke , `` Roman Religion -- Religions of Rome , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Apuleius , Florides 1.1 ; John Scheid , `` Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 279 . Jump up ^ `` This mentality , '' notes John T. Koch , `` lay at the core of the genius of cultural assimilation which made the Roman Empire possible '' ; entry on `` Interpretatio romana , '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ( ABC - Clio , 2006 ) , p. 974 . Jump up ^ Rüpke , `` Roman Religion -- Religions of Rome , '' p. 4 ; Benjamin H. Isaac , The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity ( Princeton University Press , 2004 , 2006 ) , p. 449 ; W.H.C. Frend , Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church : A Study of Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus ( Doubleday , 1967 ) , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Janet Huskinson , Experiencing Rome : Culture , Identity and Power in the Roman Empire ( Routledge , 2000 ) , p. 261 . See , for instance , the altar dedicated by a Roman citizen and depicting a sacrifice conducted in the Roman manner for the Germanic goddess Vagdavercustis in the 2nd century CE . Jump up ^ A classic essay on this topic is Arnaldo Momigliano , `` The Disadvantages of Monotheism for a Universal State , '' Classical Philology 81.4 ( 1986 ) 285 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Alexandre Grandazzi , The Foundation of Rome : Myth and History ( Cornell University Press , 1997 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 1 ; 189 - 90 ( Aeneas and Vesta ) : 123 - 45 ( Aeneas and Venus as Julian ancestors ) . See also Vergil , Aeneid . Jump up ^ T.P. Wiseman , Remus : A Roman Myth ( Cambridge University Press , 1995 ) , passim . Jump up ^ Or else was murdered by his resentful senate , who successfully concealed their crime . See Beard et al , Vol. 1 , 1 ; Vol. 2 , 4.8 a for Livy , 1.9 & 5 - 7 ( Sabines and temple to Jupiter ) and Plutarch , Romulus , 11 , 1 - 4 . Jump up ^ Illustration of Vergil , Aeneid 3.147 ; MS Vat . lat. 3225 , folio 28 recto Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 1 - 2 & Vol. 2 : 1.2 , ( Livy , 1.19. 6 ) : 8.4 a ( Plutarch , Numa , 10 ) . For Augustus ' closure of Janus 's temple doors , see Augustus , Res Gestae , 13 . Festus connects Numa to the triumphal spolia opima and Jupiter Feretrius . Jump up ^ Beard et al , Vol. 1 , 3 , and footnotes 4 & 5 . Jump up ^ The Augustan historian Livy places Rome 's foundation more than 600 years before his own time . His near contemporary Dionysius of Halicarnassus appear to share some common sources , including an earlier history by Quintus Fabius Pictor , of which only a terse summary survives . See also Diocles of Peparethus , Romulus and Remus and Plutarch , The Parallel Lives , Life of Romulus , 3 . Loeb edn . available at Thayer 's site : ( 1 ) . Fragments of an important earlier work ( now lost ) of Quintus Ennius are cited by various later Roman authors . On the chronological problems of the kings ' list , see Cornell , pp. 21 -- 26 , and 199 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Beard et al , Vol. 1 , 8 - 10 ; Cornell , pp. 1 -- 30 ; Feeney , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 129 - 42 , on religious themes in Roman Historiography and epic ; Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 31 - 42 for broad discussion of sources , modern schools of thought and divergent interpretations . Jump up ^ Cicero , On the Responses of the Haruspices , 19 . Jump up ^ Rüpke , in Rüpke ( ed ) 4 and Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 10 - 43 ; in particular , 30 - 35 . Jump up ^ The reasons for this change remain unclear , though they are attributed to Etruscan influence . For a summary of Jupiter 's complex development from the Regal to Republican eras , see Beard et al. , , Vol. 1 , 59 - 60 . Jupiter 's image in the Republican and Imperial Capitol bore regalia associated with Rome 's ancient kings and the highest consular and Imperial honours . Jupiter , Mars and Quirinus were collectively and individually associated with Rome 's agricultural economy , social organisation and success in war . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 134 - 5 , 64 - 67 . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 58 . For related conceptual and interpretive difficulties offered by Roman deities and their cults , see Rüpke , in Rüpke ( ed ) 1 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rüpke , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ CIL 13.581 , quotation from Van Andringa , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 91 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , 6 - 7 ; those titled in capital letters on Roman calendars were probably more important and ancient than those titled in small letters : it is not known how ancient they were , nor to whom they were important . Their attribution to Numa or Romulus is doubtful . The oldest surviving religious calendars date to the late Republic ; the most detailed are Augustan and later . Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 6 : a selection of festivals is given in Vol. 2 , 3.1 - 3 . For a list of Fasti , with bibliography and sources , see Degrassi , Inscriptiones Italiae , Vol . XIII - Fasti et elogia , fasc. II - Fasti anni Numani et Iuliani , Rome , 1963 . See also Scullard , 1981 . Jump up ^ Beard et al , Vol. 1 , 134 - 5 , 64 - 67 : citing Cicero . Jump up ^ Rüpke , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 4 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 47 - 49 , 296 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Religions of Rome , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 2 , 6.4 a ; Vol. 1 , 174 - 6 & 207 - 8 . Jump up ^ Carole E. Newlands , Playing with Time : Ovid and the Fasti ( Cornell University Press , 1995 ) , passim ; `` Transgressive Acts : Ovid 's Treatment of the Ides of March , '' Classical Philology 91.4 ( 1996 ) 320 - 338 . Jump up ^ See the Calendar of Filocalus ( AD 354 ) , cited in Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 250 , and that of Polemius Silvius . See also early and later Christian festivals in Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 378 - 80 , 382 - 3 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 1 , citing Frank E. Brown , Roman Architecture , ( New York ) 1961 , 9 . Jump up ^ Beard , et al. , Vol. 1 , 321 - 3 Jump up ^ Pliny , Natural History 28.10 . Jump up ^ Halm , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 235 -- 236 et passim . The Roman belief in the power of the word may be reflected also in the importance of persuasive speech , formally oratory , in political life and the law courts . ^ Jump up to : Halm , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 241 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hahn , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 239 - 45 . Jump up ^ Livy , 41.16. 1 . Jump up ^ Hahn , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 235 - 6 . Jump up ^ Orr , 23 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural History , 28 , 27 . Jump up ^ Lott , 31 : Dionysius of Halicarnassus claims the Compitalia contribution of honey - cakes as a Servian institution . Jump up ^ Ovid , Fasti , 2.500 - 539 . See also Thaniel , G. , Lemures and Larvae , The American Journal of Philology , 94.2 , ( 1973 ) 182 -- 187 : the offering of black beans is distinctively chthonic . Beans were considered seeds of life . Lemures may have been the restless dead who had not passed into the underworld , and still craved the life they had lost . Beans were a ritual pollution for Jupiter 's priesthood , possibly because his offerings must be emasculated and thus devoid of generative power . Jump up ^ Halm , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 239 . ^ Jump up to : Scheid , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 263 - 271 . Jump up ^ Though the household Lares do just that , and at least some Romans understood them to be ancestral spirits . Sacrifices to the spirits of deceased mortals are discussed below in Funerals and the afterlife . Jump up ^ Jörg Rüpke , Religion of the Romans ( Polity Press , 2007 , originally published in German 2001 ) , p. 81 online . Jump up ^ William Warde Fowler , The Religious Experience of the Roman People ( London , 1922 ) , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Robert E.A. Palmer , `` The Deconstruction of Mommsen on Festus 462 / 464 L , or the Hazards of Interpretation '' , in Imperium sine fine : T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic ( Franz Steiner , 1996 ) , p. 99 , note 129 online ; Roger D. Woodard , Indo - European Sacred Space : Vedic and Roman Cult ( University of Illinois Press , 2006 ) , p. 122 online . The Augustan historian Livy ( 8.9. 1 -- 11 ) says P. Decius Mus is `` like '' a piaculum when he makes his vow to sacrifice himself in battle ( devotio ) . Jump up ^ Hahn , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 238 . Jump up ^ Beard et al , Vol 1 , 32 - 36 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 21 : but this need not imply sacrifice as a mutual contract , breached in this instance . Evidently the gods had the greater power and freedom of choice in the matter . See Beard et al , 34 : `` The gods would accept as sufficient exactly what they were offered - no more , no less . '' Human error in the previous annual vows and sacrifice remains a possibility . Jump up ^ Gradel , 78 , 93 Jump up ^ Cicero , De divinatione 2.12. 29 . According to Pliny ( Natural History 11.186 ) , before 274 BC the heart was not included among the exta . Jump up ^ Robert Schilling , `` The Roman Religion '' , in Historia Religionum : Religions of the Past ( Brill , 1969 ) , vol. 1 , pp. 471 -- 472 , and `` Roman Sacrifice , '' Roman and European Mythologies ( University of Chicago Press , 1992 ) , p. 79 ; John Scheid , An Introduction to Roman Religion ( Indiana University Press , 2003 , originally published in French 1998 ) , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Livy 22.55 - 57 Jump up ^ Livy , 22.57. 4 ; Plutarch , Roman Questions , 83 & Marcellus , 3 . For further context and interpretive difficulties , see Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 81 : the live burial superficially resembles the punishment of Vestals who broke their vows . A living entombment assuages the blood - guilt of the living : the guilty are consigned to earth deities . But the Vestals are entombed outside the city limits , not its centre ; no sacrificial victims are burned in either case , and the Gauls and Greeks appear to be personally guiltless . Jump up ^ Welch , 18 - 19 : citing Livy , summary 16 . Jump up ^ For example , Prudentius , Contra Symmachum 1.379 -- 398 ; see Donald G. Kyle , Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome ( Routledge , 1998 , 2001 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ The sacrifice was demanded by an oracle during the reign of the last king , the Etruscan Tarquinius Superbus . See Macrobius , Saturnalia , 1.7 & Lilly Ross Taylor , `` The Mother of the Lares '' , American Journal of Archaeology , 29. 3 , ( July - September 1925 ) , pp 299 - 313 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 233 - 4 , 385 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 36 - 8 : the paterfamilias held -- in theory at least , and through ancient right -- powers of life and death over every member of his extended familia , including children , slaves and freedmen . In practice , the extreme form of this right was seldom exercised , and was eventually limited by law . Jump up ^ See also Severy , 9 - 10 for interpretation of the social , economic and religious role of the paterfamilias within the immediate and extended family and the broader community . Jump up ^ Beard et al , vol 1 , 67 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brent , 62 - 3 . Jump up ^ Beard et al , 1997 , 2 - 3 , citing Vergil , Aeneid , 8,306 - 58 . Jump up ^ Belayche , ( verbatim ) in Rüpke ( ed ) , 279 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 217 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 3 , 15 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 9 - 15 : citing legal definitions from Festus ( epitome of Verrius Flaccus ) `` De verborum significatu '' p. 284 L : in Wissowa , 1912 , 398ff : and Geiger , 1914 ) : see also Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 251 . Jump up ^ Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 39 - 40 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 18 - 34 , 54 - 61 : `` ( the underlying purpose being that ) whoever bore the title rex should never again be in a position to threaten the city with tyranny . '' See also Religion and politics in this article . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 104 - 8 : there can be no doubt that politicians attempted to manipulate religious law and priesthoods for gain ; but were compelled to do so lawfully , and often failed . Jump up ^ Horster , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 331 - 2 . Jump up ^ See Gradel , 9 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 21 . Jump up ^ Gary Forsythe , A Critical History of Early Rome : From Prehistory to the First Punic War ( University of California Press , 2005 , 2006 ) , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 52 - 53 . Jump up ^ Beard et al , Vol. 1 , 51 - 54 , 70 - 71 , 297 . For comparison of Vestal constraints to those of Jupiter 's flamen , see Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 39 - 40 Jump up ^ Forsythe , A Critical History of Early Rome , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 50 - 53 . Jump up ^ Ariadne Staples , From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins : Sex and Category in Roman Religion ( Routledge , 1998 ) , pp. 154 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 193 - 4 . Jump up ^ Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 36 . Jump up ^ Beard et al , Vol 1 , 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brent , 17 - 20 : citing Cicero , De Natura Deorum , 2.4 . ^ Jump up to : Brent , 21 - 25 . Jump up ^ Beard et al , Vol 1 , 12 - 20 . See also Scheid , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 266 . Jump up ^ Horster , in Rüpke ( ed ) 336 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cicero finds all forms of divination false , except those used in State rituals ; most Romans were less skeptical . See Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 300 , and Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 67 . Jump up ^ Caesar used his ius augurium to declare obnuntiato to Cicero 's disadvantage : and vice versa . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 65 - 66 . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 60 . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 297 . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 295 - 8 : the task fell to the haruspex , who set the child to drown in the sea . The survival of such a child for four years after its birth would have between regarded as extreme dereliction of religious duty . Jump up ^ Livy , 27.37. 5 -- 15 ; the hymn was composed by the poet Livius Andronicus . Cited by Halm , in Rüpke ( ed ) 244 . For remainder , see Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 297 . Jump up ^ See Livy , 22.1 ff : The expiatory burial of living human victims in the Forum Boarium followed Rome 's defeat at Cannae in the same wars . In Livy 's account , Rome 's victory follows its discharge of religious duties to the gods . Jump up ^ For Livy 's use of prodigies and portents as markers of Roman impiety and military failure , see Feeney , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 138 - 9 . For prodigies in the context of political decision - making , see Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 295 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 293 . Jump up ^ Hertz , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 315 . Jump up ^ Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 35 - 6 : Rome 's Latin neighbours significantly influenced the development of its domestic and funerary architecture . Jump up ^ Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 35 - 6 . Jump up ^ Scheid , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 267 , 270 - 71 . Jump up ^ From a Romano - Athenian veteran 's tomb ; Cagnat , René , Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes . Paris 1906 -- 27 , 3.917 . Jump up ^ Haensch , in Rüpke , ( ed ) 186 - 7 . Jump up ^ This recommended Christian commemorative rites on the 3rd , 9th & 30th days after death . Jump up ^ Saltzman , in Rüpke , ( ed ) , 114 - 116 . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 58 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 44 , 59 - 60 , 143 . Jump up ^ Cornell , T. , in Walbank et al. , 299 , citing Livy 21.8 - 9 and 22.3 - 6 . Livy describes this as evocatio ( a `` calling forth '' ) initiated by Roman soldiers who snatched the goddess 's sacrificial portion during her Veiian rites ; the Veiian priest had announced that whoever possessed the sacred entrails would win the coming battle . Preview via googlebooks ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Moede , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 171 , & Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 326 - 7 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 324 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brent , 268 - 9 . Jump up ^ Books.Google.co.uk , Le Bohec , 249 : limited preview available via Google Books Jump up ^ Books.Google.co.uk , Dixon , 78 : limited preview available from Google Books Jump up ^ Livy , 5.21. 3. , & 8.9. 8 ; Beard et al. , Vol 1 , 35 - 36 ; Hertz , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 312 ; Halm , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 239 . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 3OO , citing Suetonius , Tiberius , 2.2 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 297 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 296 - 7 . This exclusion prompted prurient speculation on the part of men , and a scandalous , impious intrusion by Publius Clodius Pulcher . Jump up ^ Beard et al , Vol. 1 , 297 . Ibid 217 , citing the obituary of a woman whose virtues included `` religio without superstitio '' ( ILS 8393.30 - 31 of `` Turia '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Rüpke , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 5 . Jump up ^ See Beard et al , Vol. 1 , 217 . Jump up ^ Clifford Ando , The Matter of the Gods : Religion and the Roman Empire ( University of California Press , 2008 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , 230 - 31 . Jump up ^ Phillips , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 14 . Jump up ^ Ogden , in Flint et al. , 83 : citing Pliny , Natural History , 28.17 - 18 ; Seneca , Natural Questions , 4.7. 2 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 231 - 233 , citing Tacitus , Histories , 1.22 . Tacitus ' prediction was accurate : in the late 3rd century , Diocletian issued a general ban on astrology . Jump up ^ Apuleius , Apologia , 26.6 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural History , 30.1 - 18 ; see also Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 219 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 217 - 219 & 224 , citing Philostratus , Life of Apollonius , I. 2 , IV. 18 , V. 12 , VII. 11 , 20 , 33 - 4 , 39 , VIII. 5 , 7 , 19 , 30 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 219 - 20 , citing Lucan , Pharsalia , VI. 413 - 830 . Jump up ^ Scheid , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 263 . Jump up ^ Haensch , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 186 : about 200 of these British defixiones are from Sulla - Minerva 's spring in urban Bath and the remainder from a shrine to a Celtic deity ( Nodens ) , at rural Uley . For defixiones as direct appeals to divine justice , see Belayche , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 286 . For the widespread persistence of curse - tablet rituals , see Ogden , in Flint et al. , 3 - 5 . Jump up ^ During the Augustan era , the city of Rome probably housed around a million people , including an unknown number of provincials : by Mouritsen 's estimate , around 200,000 Roman citizens were eligible to vote in Rome itself during the late Republican era but during major elections , the influx of rural voters and the bottleneck of the city 's ancient electoral apparatus meant that perhaps 12 % of eligible citizens actually voted . This nevertheless represents a substantial increase from the estimated 1 % adult male enfranchisement rights of 145 BC . At any time , the overwhelming majority of citizens -- meaning the plebs -- had minimal direct involvement in central government . See Henrik Mouritsen , Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic ( Cambridge , U.K. , Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) , 32ff . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 61 . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 59 - 60 . Jump up ^ Belayche , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 283 : citing Plutarch , Camillus , 42 . Belayche describes this as a votive offering ( uotum ) , which `` offered a supernatural legitimacy for decisions or actions ... ( and ) entailed being assisted and reassured , through the forwarding of hopes or dis - appointments , anger or contentment , to superior powers . '' See also Versnel , Henrik S. , ( ed ) , `` Religious mentality in ancient prayer , '' in Versnel , Henrik S. , Faith , Hope and Worship : Aspects of Religious Mentality in the Ancient World , Leyden , 1981 , pp 1 -- 64 . Jump up ^ The collegia were opened to plebs by the Lex Ogulnia of 300 BC . Jump up ^ `` The change that comes about at the end of the republic and solidifies under Augustus is not political , but cultural '' . Galinsky , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 72 : citing Habinek , T. , and Schiesaro , A. , ( eds . ) The Roman Cultural Revolution . Princeton , New Jersey , 1997 & Wallace - Hadrill , A. , `` Mutatas formas : the Augustan transformation of Roman knowledge '' , in : Galinsky , K. , ( ed . ) The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus , Cambridge , 2005 , pp 55 -- 84 : contra Syme , R. , The Roman Revolution , 1939 . Jump up ^ Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 42 . Jump up ^ Galinsky , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 72 : `` ... the change that comes about at the end of the republic and solidifies under Augustus is not political , but cultural . Most of the members of the priestly colleges in Augustus ' time continued to be aristocrats , but the real power and control over religion and the calendar now flowed from professional experts , such as the polymath Varro , because they had the power of knowledge . Jump up ^ Two centuries later , when Decius and Diocletian required universal sacrifice to Roman gods as a test of loyalty , any traditional gods served the purpose : loyal compliance with Imperial dictat made them Roman . Jump up ^ Scipio did not claim personal connections with Jupiter ; but he did not deny rumours to that effect . Contrary to usual practice , his imago ( funeral mask ) was stored in the Temple of Jupiter . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 66 . Jump up ^ Otherwise , electoral bribery ( ambitus ) : see Cicero , Letters to friends , 2.3 : see also Beard et al , Vol. 1 , 65 - 67 . Jump up ^ Hertz , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 310 . Jump up ^ `` From Etruria the Romans derived the idea of housing a deity in a temple and of providing him with a cult statue ... The most famous ... dedicated in the first year of the Republic to the Etruscan triad , Tinia , Uni and Minerva . Of these deities , however , two were Italian , Juno and Minerva , while Tinia was identified with Jupiter . '' Howard Hayes Scullard , ( 2003 ) , A History of the Roman World , 753 to 146 BC , page 397 . Routledge Jump up ^ `` Her cult at Aricia was first attested in Latin literature by Cato the Elder , in a surviving quote by the late grammarian Priscian . Supposed Greek origins for the Aricia cult are strictly a literary topos . '' Arthur E. Gordon , `` On the Origin of Diana '' , Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 63 ( 1932 , pp. 177 - 192 ) page 178 note , and page 181 . Jump up ^ Varro , Ling . Lat . v. 43 Jump up ^ Pomoerium , A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , page 930 - 1 . London , 1875 . Jump up ^ Ara Maxima Herculis , A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome , page 253 - 4 . Oxford University Press , 1929 . Jump up ^ `` Traditionally in 499 , the cult of Castor and Pollux was introduced from Tusculum and temple was erected in the Forum . '' Howard Hayes Scullard , ( 2003 ) , A History of the Roman World , 753 to 146 BC , page 398 . Routledge Jump up ^ Livy , 23.31 . Jump up ^ Ver Sacrum , A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , page 1189 , London , 1875 . Jump up ^ Dionysius and the Bacchanalia , 186 B.C. from Livy : History of Rome . Jump up ^ Hebe entry in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 1867 Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke , ( ed ) , 65 Jump up ^ Galinsky , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 76 . See also Res Gestae . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Epistles , 10.50 . Jump up ^ As at Narbonne and Salona . See Andringa , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 89 . Jump up ^ Van Andringa , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 89 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. 1998 Jump up ^ Van Andringa , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 88 . Jump up ^ Haensch , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 180 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann - Heinimann , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 200 . Jump up ^ Haensch , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 184 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 32 - 52 . Jump up ^ Beard , 272 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fishwick , Vol 3 , part 1 , 3 : citing Cassius Dio , 51 , 20 , 6 - 7 Jump up ^ Fishwick , Vol 1 , book 1 , 77 & 126 - 30 . Jump up ^ Fishwick , Vol 1 , book 1 , 97 - 149 . Jump up ^ Hertz , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 309 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 263 - 8 , 199 . Jump up ^ Rees , 46 - 56 , 73 - 4 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 266 - 7 , 270 . Jump up ^ Smallwood , 2 - 3 , 4 - 6 : the presence of practicing Jews in Rome is attested `` at least a century '' before 63 BC . Smallwood describes the preamble to Judaea 's clientage as the Hellenising of ruling Jewish dynasties , their claims to kingly messianism and their popular , traditionalist rejection in the Maccabaean revolt . In Rome , the more `` characteristically Jewish '' beliefs and customs were subjects of scorn and mockery.Books.Google.co.uk Ibid , 120 - 143 for early Roman responses to Judaistic practice ; but see also Tessa Rajack , `` Was there a Roman Charter for the Jews ? '' Journal of Roman Studies , 74 , ( 1984 ) 107 - 23 ; no `` Roman charter '' for Judaism should be inferred from local , ad hoc attempts to suppress anti-Jewish acts ( as in Josephus ' account ) ; Judaism as religio licita is only found later , in Tertullian . Cicero , pro Flacco , 66 , refers to Judaism as superstitio . Jump up ^ Smallwood , 2 - 3 , 4 - 6 : superstitio in Cicero , pro Flacco , 66 , but legislation by Julius Caesar recognised the synagogues in Rome as legitimate collegia and Augustus maintained their status . Josephus infers an early `` charter '' offering protection to Jews , but Tessa Rajack , `` Was there a Roman Charter for the Jews ? '' Journal of Roman Studies , 74 , ( 1984 ) 107 - 23 , finds evidence only for Rome 's official suppression of anti-Jewish activities . Religio licita is first found much later than this , in Tertullian . Jump up ^ Beard et al , vol. 1 , 225 : citing Pliny the Younger , Letters , 10.96. 8 , & Beard et al , Vol. 2 , 11.11 a : citing Tacitus , Annals , 15.44. 5 . Jump up ^ Leppin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 98 . Jump up ^ Potter , 241 - 3 : see 242 for Decian `` libellus '' ( certificate ) of oath and sacrifice on papyrus , dated to 250 AD . Jump up ^ Beard et al , Vol. 1 , 241 . Jump up ^ Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective ; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults : see Leppin , in Rüpke , ( ed ) , 100 . Jump up ^ Books.Google.co.uk , Rees , 60 . Limited preview available at Google Books Jump up ^ Bowman et al , 622 - 33 . Books.Google.co.uk , Limited preview available at Google Books ^ Jump up to : Rees , 60 . Jump up ^ Beard et al , 241 . Jump up ^ See Leppin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 98 - 99 ; citing Eusebius , Historia ecclesiastica 6.19. 15 ; 21.3 -- 4 ; 36.3 Jump up ^ Leppin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 99 ; citing Eusebius , Historia ecclesiastica , 7.29 -- 30 : Paul actually remained in office until `` Aurelian 's victory over Palmyra in 272 , when he was forced to leave the ' building of the church ' ... Political conflicts , local rivalry , and theological debates converged in this quarrel . '' Jump up ^ Cascio , in Bowman et al. ( eds ) , 171 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , II. 6.10. 1 - 4 . A date of 302 is regarded as likely . Eusebius also says the persecutions of Christians began in the army ; see Eusebius , II. 8.1. 8 . Jump up ^ Leppin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 103 : citing Lactantius , De mortibus persecutorum , 14.2 ; Eusebius , Historia ecclesiastica , 8.6. 6 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia ecclesiastica 8.2. 5 , 8.6. 10 . Jump up ^ Leppin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 103 : citing Lactantius , De mortibus persecutorum , 34 & 13 & ; Eusebius , Historia ecclesiastica 8.17. 3 -- 10 & 8.2. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Christopher ( 2006 ) . The Roman Empire : A Very Short Introduction . New York : Oxford UP . Jump up ^ Constantine 's permission for a new cult temple to himself and his family in Umbria is extant : the terms are vague -- cult `` should not be polluted by the deception of any contagious superstition '' . See Momigliano , 104 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Julian ( 2003 ) . Constantine Ruler of Christian Rome . New York : Rosen Central . Jump up ^ `` Roman Emperor Constantine I '' . Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bunson , Matthew ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire ( revised ed . ) . Facts on File . Jump up ^ Momigliano , 104 . Jump up ^ See Peter Brown , in Bowersock et al , Late antiquity : a guide to the postclassical world , Harvard University Press , ( 1999 ) , for `` pagan '' as a mark of socio - religious inferiority in Latin Christian polemic : ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Ramsay MacMullen , Christianizing the Roman empire . A.D. 100 - 400 . Yale University Press . p. 51 Jump up ^ Paul Stephenson , Constantine : Unconquered emperor , Christian victor ( 2009 ) p. 5 Jump up ^ Rodney Stark , The Triumph of Christianity : How the Jesus Movement Became the World 's Largest Religion ( Harper Collins 2011 ) pp. 169 - 182 Jump up ^ A summary of relevant legislation is available online at the Wisconsin Lutheran College website - FourthCentury.com ( accessed 30 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ See Julian 's Against the Galilaeans ( trans . Wright , from Cyril of Alexandria 's later refutation , Contra Julianum ) at Tertullian.org ( accessed 30 August 2009 ) . Julian admired the work of the Platonist ( or neo-Platonist ) Iamblichus . Jump up ^ Stefan Heid , `` The Romanness of Roman Christianity , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , pp. 406 -- 426 ; on vocabulary in particular , Robert Schilling , `` The Decline and Survival of Roman Religion '' , Roman and European Mythologies ( University of Chicago Press , 1992 , from the French edition of 1981 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ The correspondence is available online at Internet Medieval Sourcebook : Letter of St. Ambrose , trans . H. De Romestin , 1896. , Fordham.edu ( accessed 29 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Books.Google.co.uk , Williams & Friell , 65 - 67 . Limited preview at googlebooks Jump up ^ Nixon & Rodgers , 437 - 48 : Full text of Latinus Pacata Drepanius , Panegyric of Theodosius ( 389 ) with commentary and context . References and further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religion in ancient Rome . Beard , M. , North , J. , Price , S. , Religions of Rome , Volume I , illustrated , reprint , Cambridge University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31682 - 0 Beard , M. , North , J. , Price , S. , Religions of Rome , Volume II , illustrated , reprint , Cambridge University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45646 - 0 Beard , M. , The Roman Triumph , The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Mass. , and London , England , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02613 - 1 Clarke , John R. , The Houses of Roman Italy , 100 BC - AD 250 . Ritual , Space and Decoration , illustrated , University Presses of California , Columbia and Princeton , 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08429 - 2 Cornell , T. , The beginnings of Rome : Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars ( c. 1000 -- 264 BC ) , Routledge , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 01596 - 7 Fishwick , Duncan . The Imperial Cult in the Latin West : Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire , volume 1 , Brill Publishers , 1991 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 07179 - 2 Fishwick , Duncan . The Imperial Cult in the Latin West : Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire , volume 3 , Brill Publishers , 2002 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 12536 - 1 Flint , Valerie I.J. , et al ... , Athlone History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe : Ancient Greece and Rome , Vol. 2 , Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 485 - 89002 - 0 Fox , R.L. , Pagans and Christians Lott , John . B. , The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome , Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82827 - 9 MacMullen , R. , Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries , Yale University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08077 - 8 MacMullen , R. , Paganism in the Roman Empire , Yale University Press , 1984 . Momigliano , Arnaldo , On Pagans , Jews , and Christians , reprint , Wesleyan University Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6218 - 1 Orr , D.G. , Roman domestic religion : the evidence of the household shrines , Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt , II , 16 , 2 , Berlin , 1978 , 1557 ‐ 91 . Rees , R. , Diocletian and the Tetrarchy , Edinburgh University Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 1661 - 9 Revell , L. , `` Religion and Ritual in the Western Provinces '' , Greece and Rome , volume 54 , number 2 , October 2007 . Rüpke , Jörg ( Editor ) , A Companion to Roman Religion , Wiley - Blackwell , 2007 . 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6084983588301719522 | The Dark Side of the Moon | The Dark Side of the Moon - wikipedia The Dark Side of the Moon studio album by Pink Floyd This article is about the album by Pink Floyd . For other uses , see Dark side of the Moon . For the far or hidden side of the Moon , see Far side of the Moon . The Dark Side of the Moon Studio album by Pink Floyd Released 1 March 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 01 ) Recorded June 1972 -- January 1973 Studio Abbey Road Studios , London Genre Progressive rock Length 42 : 49 Label Harvest Producer Pink Floyd Pink Floyd chronology Obscured by Clouds ( 1972 ) Obscured by Clouds 1972 The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) Wish You Were Here ( 1975 ) Wish You Were Here 1975 30th anniversary SACD Re-issue Singles from The Dark Side of the Moon `` Money '' Released : 7 May 1973 `` Us and Them '' Released : 4 February 1974 The Dark Side of the Moon is the eighth studio album by English rock band Pink Floyd , released on 1 March 1973 by Harvest Records . The album built on ideas explored in earlier recordings and live shows , but lacks the extended instrumental excursions that characterised their earlier work . Its themes explore conflict , greed , the passage of time , and mental illness , the latter partly inspired by the deteriorating mental state of founding member Syd Barrett . Developed during live performances , an early version of the album was premiered several months before recording began ; new material was recorded in two sessions in 1972 and 1973 at Abbey Road Studios in London . The group used some advanced recording techniques at the time , including multitrack recording and tape loops . Analogue synthesizers were prominent in several tracks , and snippets from recorded interviews with Pink Floyd 's road crew and others provided philosophical quotations throughout . Engineer Alan Parsons was responsible for many distinctive sonic aspects and the recruitment of singer Clare Torry . The album 's iconic sleeve was designed by Storm Thorgerson ; following keyboardist Richard Wright 's request for a `` simple and bold '' design , it depicts a prism spectrum , representing the band 's lighting and the record 's themes . Upon its release , The Dark Side of the Moon was a commercial and critical success . It topped the Billboard Top LPs & Tapes chart for a week , and remained on the chart for 741 weeks from 1973 to 1988 . Following a change in methodology in 2009 , the album re-entered the chart and has since appeared for over 900 weeks . With an estimated 45 million copies sold , it is Pink Floyd 's most successful album and one of the best - selling worldwide . It has been remastered and re-released several times , and covered in its entirety by several acts . It produced two singles -- `` Money '' and `` Us and Them '' -- and is often regarded as one of the greatest albums of all time . Contents 1 Background 2 Concept 3 Recording 3.1 Instrumentation 3.2 Voices 3.3 Completion 4 Packaging 5 Release 5.1 Label 5.2 Sales 5.3 Re-issues and remastering 6 Legacy 6.1 Rankings 6.2 Covers , tributes and samples 6.3 Dark Side of the Rainbow 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Charts 9.2 Certifications 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Following Meddle in 1971 , Pink Floyd assembled for a tour of Britain , Japan and the United States in December of that year . In a band meeting at drummer Nick Mason 's home in Camden , bassist Roger Waters proposed that a new album could form part of the tour . Waters ' idea was for an album that dealt with things that `` make people mad '' , focusing on the pressures faced by the band during their arduous lifestyle , and dealing with the apparent mental problems suffered by former band member Syd Barrett . The band had explored a similar idea with 1969 's The Man and The Journey . In an interview for Rolling Stone , guitarist David Gilmour said : `` I think we all thought -- and Roger definitely thought -- that a lot of the lyrics that we had been using were a little too indirect . There was definitely a feeling that the words were going to be very clear and specific . '' `` Money '' ( demo ) Waters ' early demo recording of `` Money '' , made in his garden shed . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Generally , all four members agreed that Waters ' album concept unified by a single theme was a good idea . Waters , Gilmour , Mason and keyboardist Richard Wright participated in the writing and production of the new material , and Waters created the early demo tracks at his Islington home in a small studio built in his garden shed . Parts of the new album were taken from previously unused material ; the opening line of `` Breathe '' came from an earlier work by Waters and Ron Geesin , written for the soundtrack of The Body , and the basic structure of `` Us and Them '' borrowed from an original composition by Wright for Zabriskie Point . The band rehearsed at a warehouse in London owned by The Rolling Stones , and then at the Rainbow Theatre in Finsbury Park , London . They also purchased extra equipment , which included new speakers , a PA system , a 28 - track mixing desk with a four channel quadraphonic output , and a custom - built lighting rig . Nine tonnes of kit was transported in three lorries ; this would be the first time the band had taken an entire album on tour . The album had been given the provisional title of Dark Side of the Moon ( an allusion to lunacy , rather than astronomy ) . However , after discovering that that title had already been used by another band , Medicine Head , it was temporarily changed to Eclipse . The new material premièred at The Dome in Brighton , on 20 January 1972 , and after the commercial failure of Medicine Head 's album the title was changed back to the band 's original preference . The Rainbow Theatre in London , where The Dark Side of the Moon was played for the press in 1972 Dark Side of the Moon : A Piece for Assorted Lunatics , as it was then known , was performed in the presence of an assembled press on 17 February 1972 -- more than a year before its release -- at the Rainbow Theatre , and was critically acclaimed . Michael Wale of The Times described the piece as `` bringing tears to the eyes . It was so completely understanding and musically questioning . '' Derek Jewell of The Sunday Times wrote `` The ambition of the Floyd 's artistic intention is now vast . '' Melody Maker was less enthusiastic : `` Musically , there were some great ideas , but the sound effects often left me wondering if I was in a bird - cage at London zoo . '' The following tour was praised by the public . The new material was performed in the same order in which it was eventually recorded ; differences included the lack of synthesizers in tracks such as `` On the Run '' , and Bible readings replaced by Clare Torry 's vocals on `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' . Pink Floyd 's lengthy tour through Europe and North America gave them the opportunity to make continual improvements to the scale and quality of their performances . Work on the album was interrupted in late February when the band travelled to France and recorded music for French director Barbet Schroeder 's film La Vallée . They then performed in Japan and returned to France in March to complete work on the film . After a series of dates in North America , the band flew to London to begin recording , from 24 May to 25 June . More concerts in Europe and North America followed before the band returned on 9 January 1973 to complete the album . Concept ( edit ) The Dark Side of the Moon built upon experiments Pink Floyd had attempted in their previous live shows and recordings , but lacks the extended instrumental excursions which , according to critic David Fricke , had become characteristic of the band after founding member Syd Barrett left in 1968 . Gilmour , Barrett 's replacement , later referred to those instrumentals as `` that psychedelic noodling stuff '' , and with Waters cited 1971 's Meddle as a turning - point towards what would be realised on the album . The Dark Side of the Moon 's lyrical themes include conflict , greed , the passage of time , death , and insanity , the latter inspired in part by Barrett 's deteriorating mental state . The album is notable for its use of musique concrète and conceptual , philosophical lyrics , as found in much of the band 's other work . Each side of the album is a continuous piece of music . The five tracks on each side reflect various stages of human life , beginning and ending with a heartbeat , exploring the nature of the human experience , and ( according to Waters ) `` empathy '' . `` Speak to Me '' and `` Breathe '' together stress the mundane and futile elements of life that accompany the ever - present threat of madness , and the importance of living one 's own life -- `` Do n't be afraid to care '' . By shifting the scene to an airport , the synthesizer - driven instrumental `` On the Run '' evokes the stress and anxiety of modern travel , in particular Wright 's fear of flying . `` Time '' examines the manner in which its passage can control one 's life and offers a stark warning to those who remain focused on mundane aspects ; it is followed by a retreat into solitude and withdrawal in `` Breathe ( Reprise ) '' . The first side of the album ends with Wright and vocalist Clare Torry 's soulful metaphor for death , `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' . Opening with the sound of cash registers and loose change , the first track on side two , `` Money '' , mocks greed and consumerism using tongue - in - cheek lyrics and cash - related sound effects ( ironically , `` Money '' has been the most commercially successful track from the album , with several cover versions produced by other bands ) . `` Us and Them '' addresses the isolation of the depressed with the symbolism of conflict and the use of simple dichotomies to describe personal relationships . `` Any Colour You Like '' concerns the lack of choice one has in a human society . `` Brain Damage '' looks at a mental illness resulting from the elevation of fame and success above the needs of the self ; in particular , the line `` and if the band you 're in starts playing different tunes '' reflects the mental breakdown of former bandmate Syd Barrett . The album ends with `` Eclipse '' , which espouses the concepts of alterity and unity , while forcing the listener to recognise the common traits shared by humanity . Recording ( edit ) Abbey Road Studios The album was recorded at Abbey Road Studios , in two sessions , between May 1972 and January 1973 . The band were assigned staff engineer Alan Parsons , who had worked as assistant tape operator on Atom Heart Mother , and who had also gained experience as a recording engineer on the Beatles ' Abbey Road and Let It Be . The recording sessions made use of some of the most advanced studio techniques of the time ; the studio was capable of 16 - track mixes , which offered a greater degree of flexibility than the eight - or four - track mixes they had previously used , although the band often used so many tracks that to make more space available second - generation copies were made . Beginning on 1 June , the first track to be recorded was `` Us and Them '' , followed six days later by `` Money '' . Waters had created effects loops from recordings of various money - related objects , including coins thrown into a food - mixing bowl taken from his wife 's pottery studio , and these were later re-recorded to take advantage of the band 's decision to record a quadraphonic mix of the album ( Parsons has since expressed dissatisfaction with the result of this mix , attributed to a lack of time and the paucity of available multi-track tape recorders ) . `` Time '' and `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' were the next pieces to be recorded , followed by a two - month break , during which the band spent time with their families and prepared for an upcoming tour of the US . The recording sessions suffered regular interruptions ; Waters , a supporter of Arsenal F.C. , would often break to see his team compete , and the band would occasionally stop work to watch Monty Python 's Flying Circus on the television , leaving Parsons to work on material recorded up to that point . Gilmour has , however , disputed this claim ; in an interview in 2003 he said : `` We would sometimes watch them but when we were on a roll , we would get on . '' The EMS VCS 3 ( Putney ) synthesizer Returning from the US in January 1973 , they recorded `` Brain Damage '' , `` Eclipse '' , `` Any Colour You Like '' and `` On the Run '' , while fine - tuning the work they had already laid down in the previous sessions . A foursome of female vocalists was assembled to sing on `` Brain Damage '' , `` Eclipse '' and `` Time '' , and saxophonist Dick Parry was booked to play on `` Us and Them '' and `` Money '' . With director Adrian Maben , the band also filmed studio footage for Pink Floyd : Live at Pompeii . Once the recording sessions were complete , the band began a tour of Europe . Instrumentation ( edit ) The album features metronomic sound effects during `` Speak to Me '' , and tape loops opening `` Money '' . Mason created a rough version of `` Speak to Me '' at his home , before completing it in the studio . The track serves as an overture and contains cross-fades of elements from other pieces on the album . A piano chord , replayed backwards , serves to augment the build - up of effects , which are immediately followed by the opening of `` Breathe '' . Mason received a rare solo composing credit for `` Speak to Me '' . The sound effects on `` Money '' were created by splicing together Waters ' recordings of clinking coins , tearing paper , a ringing cash register , and a clicking adding machine , which were used to create a 7 - beat effects loop ( later adapted to four tracks in order to create a `` walk around the room '' effect in quadraphonic presentations of the album ) . At times the degree of sonic experimentation on the album required the engineers and band to operate the mixing console 's faders simultaneously , in order to mix down the intricately assembled multitrack recordings of several of the songs ( particularly `` On the Run '' ) . Along with the conventional rock band instrumentation , Pink Floyd added prominent synthesizers to their sound . For example , the band experimented with an EMS VCS 3 on `` Brain Damage '' and `` Any Colour You Like '' , and a Synthi A on `` Time '' and `` On the Run '' . They also devised and recorded unconventional sounds , such as an assistant engineer running around the studio 's echo chamber ( during `` On the Run '' ) , and a specially treated bass drum made to simulate a human heartbeat ( during `` Speak to Me '' , `` On the Run '' , `` Time '' and `` Eclipse '' ) . This heartbeat is most prominent as the intro and the outro to the album , but it can also be heard sporadically on `` Time '' and `` On the Run '' . `` Time '' features assorted clocks ticking , then chiming simultaneously at the start of the song , accompanied by a series of Rototoms . The recordings were initially created as a quadraphonic test by Parsons , who recorded each timepiece at an antique clock shop . Although these recordings had not been created specifically for the album , elements of this material were eventually used in the track . `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' features Richard Wright 's piano composition accompanied by improvised vocal work from Clare Torry . This selection is taken from about two minutes forty seconds onwards . `` Money '' `` Money '' makes use of tape loops and a 7 / 4 time signature . Although similar to the original demo track recorded by Waters , it is considerably more rock - orientated . This is an excerpt from the start of the track . Voices ( edit ) Several tracks , including `` Us and Them '' and `` Time '' , demonstrated Richard Wright 's and David Gilmour 's ability to harmonise their voices . In the 2003 Classic Albums documentary The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon , Waters attributed this to the fact that their voices sounded extremely similar . To take advantage of this , Parsons utilised studio techniques such as the double tracking of vocals and guitars , which allowed Gilmour to harmonise with himself . The engineer also made prominent use of flanging and phase shifting effects on vocals and instruments , odd trickery with reverb , and the panning of sounds between channels ( most notable in the quadraphonic mix of `` On the Run '' , when the sound of the Hammond B3 organ played through a Leslie speaker rapidly swirls around the listener ) . The album 's credits include Clare Torry , a session singer and songwriter , and a regular at Abbey Road . She had worked on pop material and numerous cover albums , and after hearing one of those albums Parsons invited her to the studio to sing on Wright 's composition `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' . She declined this invitation as she wanted to watch Chuck Berry perform at the Hammersmith Odeon , but arranged to come in on the following Sunday . The band explained the concept behind the album , but were unable to tell her exactly what she should do . Gilmour was in charge of the session , and in a few short takes on a Sunday night Torry improvised a wordless melody to accompany Wright 's emotive piano solo . She was initially embarrassed by her exuberance in the recording booth , and wanted to apologise to the band -- only to find them delighted with her performance . Her takes were then selectively edited to produce the version used on the track . For her contribution she was paid £ 30 , equivalent to about £ 360 in 2018 , but in 2004 she sued EMI and Pink Floyd for songwriting royalties , arguing that her contribution to `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' was substantial enough to be considered co-authorship . The High Court agreed with her , but the terms of the settlement were not disclosed . All post-2005 pressings therefore credit Wright and Torry jointly for the song . Clare Torry in 2003 Snippets of voices between and over the music are another notable feature of the album . During recording sessions , Waters recruited both the staff and the temporary occupants of the studio to answer a series of questions printed on flashcards . The interviewees were placed in front of a microphone in a darkened Studio 3 , and shown such questions as `` What 's your favourite colour ? '' and `` What 's your favourite food ? '' , before moving on to themes more central to the album ( such as madness , violence , and death ) . Questions such as `` When was the last time you were violent ? '' , followed immediately by `` Were you in the right ? '' , were answered in the order they were presented . Roger `` The Hat '' Manifold proved difficult to find , and was the only contributor recorded in a conventional sit - down interview , as by then the flashcards had been mislaid . Waters asked him about a violent encounter he had had with another motorist , and Manifold replied `` ... give ' em a quick , short , sharp shock ... '' When asked about death he responded `` live for today , gone tomorrow , that 's me ... '' Another roadie , Chris Adamson , who was on tour with Pink Floyd , recorded the snippet which opens the album : `` I 've been mad for fucking years -- absolutely years '' . The band 's road manager Peter Watts ( father of actress Naomi Watts ) contributed the repeated laughter during `` Brain Damage '' and `` Speak to Me '' . His second wife , Patricia `` Puddie '' Watts ( now Patricia Gleason ) , was responsible for the line about the `` geezer '' who was `` cruisin ' for a bruisin ' '' used in the segue between `` Money '' and `` Us and Them '' , and the words `` I never said I was frightened of dying '' heard halfway through `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' . Perhaps the most notable responses `` I am not frightened of dying . Any time will do : I do n't mind . Why should I be frightened of dying ? There 's no reason for it -- you 've got to go sometime '' and closing words `` there is no dark side in the moon , really . As a matter of fact it 's all dark '' came from the studios ' Irish doorman , Gerry O'Driscoll . Paul and Linda McCartney were also interviewed , but their answers were judged to be `` trying too hard to be funny '' , and were not included on the album . McCartney 's Wings bandmate Henry McCullough contributed the line `` I do n't know , I was really drunk at the time '' . Completion ( edit ) Following the completion of the dialogue sessions , producer Chris Thomas was hired to provide `` a fresh pair of ears '' . Thomas 's background was in music , rather than engineering . He had worked with Beatles producer George Martin , and was acquainted with Pink Floyd 's manager Steve O'Rourke . All four members of the band were engaged in a disagreement over the style of the mix , with Waters and Mason preferring a `` dry '' and `` clean '' mix which made more use of the non-musical elements , and Gilmour and Wright preferring a subtler and more `` echoey '' mix . Thomas later claimed there were no such disagreements , stating `` There was no difference in opinion between them , I do n't remember Roger once saying that he wanted less echo . In fact , there were never any hints that they were later going to fall out . It was a very creative atmosphere . A lot of fun . '' Although the truth remains unclear , Thomas 's intervention resulted in a welcome compromise between Waters and Gilmour , leaving both entirely satisfied with the end product . Thomas was responsible for significant changes to the album , including the perfect timing of the echo used on `` Us and Them '' . He was also present for the recording of `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' ( although Parsons was responsible for hiring Torry ) . Interviewed in 2006 , when asked if he felt his goals had been accomplished in the studio , Waters said : When the record was finished I took a reel - to - reel copy home with me and I remember playing it for my wife then , and I remember her bursting into tears when it was finished . And I thought , `` This has obviously struck a chord somewhere '' , and I was kinda pleased by that . You know when you 've done something , certainly if you create a piece of music , you then hear it with fresh ears when you play it for somebody else . And at that point I thought to myself , `` Wow , this is a pretty complete piece of work '' , and I had every confidence that people would respond to it . Packaging ( edit ) The album 's artwork depicts the light refracting from a triangular prism . It felt like the whole band were working together . It was a creative time . We were all very open . -- Richard Wright The album was originally released in a gatefold LP sleeve designed by Hipgnosis and George Hardie . Hipgnosis had designed several of the band 's previous albums , with controversial results ; EMI had reacted with confusion when faced with the cover designs for Atom Heart Mother and Obscured by Clouds , as they had expected to see traditional designs which included lettering and words . Designers Storm Thorgerson and Aubrey Powell were able to ignore such criticism as they were employed by the band . For The Dark Side of the Moon , Richard Wright instructed them to come up with something `` smarter , neater -- more classy '' . The design was inspired by a photograph of a prism with a colour beam projected through it that Thorgerson had found in a photography book . The artwork was created by their associate , George Hardie . Hipgnosis offered the band a choice of seven designs , but all four members agreed that the prism was by far the best . The final design depicts a glass prism dispersing light into colour . The design represents three elements : the band 's stage lighting , the album lyrics , and Wright 's request for a `` simple and bold '' design . The spectrum of light continues through to the gatefold -- an idea that Waters came up with . Added shortly afterwards , the gatefold design also includes a visual representation of the heartbeat sound used throughout the album , and the back of the album cover contains Thorgerson 's suggestion of another prism recombining the spectrum of light , facilitating interesting layouts of the sleeve in record shops . The light band emanating from the prism on the album cover has six colours , missing indigo compared to the traditional division of the spectrum into red , orange , yellow , green , blue , indigo and violet . Inside the sleeve were two posters and two pyramid - themed stickers . One poster bore pictures of the band in concert , overlaid with scattered letters to form PINK FLOYD , and the other an infrared photograph of the Great Pyramids of Giza , created by Powell and Thorgerson . The band were so confident of the quality of Waters ' lyrics that , for the first time , they printed them on the album 's sleeve . Release ( edit ) Professional ratings Retrospective reviews Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Billboard Christgau 's Record Guide Encyclopedia of Popular Music MusicHound Rock NME 8 / 10 Q The Rolling Stone Album Guide Sputnikmusic Uncut A live performance of The Dark Side of the Moon at Earls Court , shortly after its release in 1973 . ( left to right ) David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Dick Parry , Roger Waters As the quadraphonic mix of the album was not then complete , the band ( with the exception of Wright ) boycotted the press reception held at the London Planetarium on 27 February . The guests were , instead , presented with a quartet of life - sized cardboard cut - outs of the band , and the stereo mix of the album was presented through a poor - quality public address system . Generally , however , the press were enthusiastic ; Melody Maker 's Roy Hollingworth described side one as `` so utterly confused with itself it was difficult to follow '' , but praised side two , writing : `` The songs , the sounds , the rhythms were solid and sound , Saxophone hit the air , the band rocked and rolled , and then gushed and tripped away into the night . '' Steve Peacock of Sounds wrote : `` I do n't care if you 've never heard a note of the Pink Floyd 's music in your life , I 'd unreservedly recommend everyone to The Dark Side of the Moon '' . In his 1973 review for Rolling Stone magazine , Loyd Grossman declared Dark Side `` a fine album with a textural and conceptual richness that not only invites , but demands involvement '' . In his 1981 review of the album , Robert Christgau found its lyrical ideas clichéd and its music pretentious , but called it a `` kitsch masterpiece '' that can be charming with highlights such as taped speech fragments , Parry 's saxophone , and studio effects which enhance Gilmour 's guitar solos . The Dark Side of the Moon was released first in the US on 1 March 1973 , and then in the UK on 16 March . It became an instant chart success in Britain and throughout Western Europe ; by the following month , it had gained a gold certification in the US . Throughout March 1973 the band played the album as part of their US tour , including a midnight performance at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on 17 March before an audience of 6,000 . The album reached the Billboard Top LP 's & Tape chart 's number one spot on 28 April 1973 , and was so successful that the band returned two months later for another tour . Label ( edit ) Much of the album 's early American success is attributed to the efforts of Pink Floyd 's US record company , Capitol Records . Newly appointed chairman Bhaskar Menon set about trying to reverse the relatively poor sales of the band 's 1971 studio album Meddle . Meanwhile , disenchanted with Capitol , the band and manager O'Rourke had been quietly negotiating a new contract with CBS president Clive Davis , on Columbia Records . The Dark Side of the Moon was the last album that Pink Floyd were obliged to release before formally signing a new contract . Menon 's enthusiasm for the new album was such that he began a huge promotional advertising campaign , which included radio - friendly truncated versions of `` Us and Them '' and `` Time '' . In some countries -- notably the UK -- Pink Floyd had not released a single since 1968 's `` Point Me at the Sky '' , and unusually `` Money '' was released as a single on 7 May , with `` Any Colour You Like '' on the B - side . It reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 in July 1973 . A two - sided white label promotional version of the single , with mono and stereo mixes , was sent to radio stations . The mono side had the word `` bullshit '' removed from the song -- leaving `` bull '' in its place -- however , the stereo side retained the uncensored version . This was subsequently withdrawn ; the replacement was sent to radio stations with a note advising disc jockeys to dispose of the first uncensored copy . On 4 February 1974 , a double A-side single was released with `` Time '' on one side , and `` Us and Them '' on the opposite side . Menon 's efforts to secure a contract renewal with Pink Floyd were in vain however ; at the beginning of 1974 , the band signed for Columbia with a reported advance fee of $1 M ( in Britain and Europe they continued to be represented by Harvest Records ) . Sales ( edit ) The Dark Side of the Moon became one of the best - selling albums of all time and is in the top 25 of a list of best - selling albums in the United States . Although it held the number one spot in the US for only a week , it remained in the Billboard album chart for 741 weeks from 1973 to 1988 . The album re-appeared on the Billboard charts with the introduction of the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart in May 1991 , and has been a perennial feature since then . In the UK , it is the seventh - best - selling album of all time and the highest selling album never to reach number one . ... I think that when it was finished , everyone thought it was the best thing we 'd ever done to date , and everyone was very pleased with it , but there 's no way that anyone felt it was five times as good as Meddle , or eight times as good as Atom Heart Mother , or the sort of figures that it has in fact sold . It was ... not only about being a good album but also about being in the right place at the right time . -- Nick Mason In the US the LP was released before the introduction of platinum awards in 1976 . It therefore held only a gold disc until 16 February 1990 , when it was certified 11 × platinum . On 4 June 1998 the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the album 15 × platinum , denoting sales of fifteen million in the United States -- making it their biggest - selling work there ( The Wall is 23 × platinum , but as a double album this signifies sales of 11.5 million ) . `` Money '' has sold well as a single , and as with `` Time '' , remains a radio favourite ; in the US , for the year ending 20 April 2005 , `` Time '' was played on 13,723 occasions , and `` Money '' on 13,731 occasions . Industry sources suggest that worldwide sales of the album total about 45 million . `` On a slow week '' between 8,000 and 9,000 copies are sold , and a total of 400,000 were sold in 2002 , making it the 200th - best - selling album of that year -- nearly three decades after its initial release . The album has sold 9,502,000 copies in the US since 1991 when Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales for Billboard . To this day , it occupies a prominent spot on Billboard 's Pop Catalog Chart . It reached number one when the 2003 hybrid CD / SACD edition was released and sold 800,000 copies in the US . On the week of 5 May 2006 The Dark Side of the Moon achieved a combined total of 1,716 weeks on the Billboard 200 and Pop Catalog charts . One in every fourteen people in the US under the age of 50 is estimated to own , or to have owned , a copy . Upon a change in methodology in 2009 allowing catalogue titles to be included in the Billboard 200 , The Dark Side of the Moon returned to the chart at number 189 on 12 December of that year for its 742nd charting week . It has continued to sporadically appear on the Billboard 200 since then , with the total at 937 weeks on the chart as of January 2018 . `` The combination of words and music hit a peak , '' explained Gilmour . `` All the music before had not had any great lyrical point to it . And this one was clear and concise . The cover was also right . I think it 's become like a benevolent noose hanging behind us . Throughout our entire career , people have said we would never top the Dark Side record and tour . But The Wall earned more in dollar terms . '' Re-issues and remastering ( edit ) In 1979 , The Dark Side of the Moon was released as a remastered LP by Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab , and in April 1988 on their `` Ultradisc '' gold CD format . The album was released by EMI on the then - new compact disc format in 1984 , and in 1992 it was re-released as a remastered CD in the box set Shine On . This version was re-released as a 20th anniversary box set edition with postcards the following year . The cover design was again by Storm Thorgerson , the designer of the original 1973 cover . On some pressings , a faintly audible orchestral version of the Beatles ' `` Ticket to Ride '' can be heard after `` Eclipse '' over the album 's closing heartbeats . The original quadraphonic mix , created by Alan Parsons , was commissioned by EMI but never endorsed by Pink Floyd , as Parsons was disappointed with his mix . To celebrate the album 's 30th anniversary , an updated surround version was released in 2003 . The band elected not to use Parsons ' quadraphonic mix ( done shortly after the original release ) , and instead had engineer James Guthrie create a new 5.1 channel surround sound mix on the SACD format . Guthrie had worked with Pink Floyd since co-producing and engineering their eleventh album , The Wall , and had previously worked on surround versions of The Wall for DVD - Video and Waters ' In the Flesh for SACD . Speaking in 2003 , Alan Parsons expressed some disappointment with Guthrie 's SACD mix , suggesting that Guthrie was `` possibly a little too true to the original mix '' , but was generally complimentary . The 30th - anniversary edition won four Surround Music Awards in 2003 , and has since sold more than 800,000 copies . The cover image was created by a team of designers including Storm Thorgerson . The image is a photograph of a custom - made stained glass window , built to match the exact dimensions and proportions of the original prism design . Transparent glass , held in place by strips of lead , was used in place of the opaque colours of the original . The idea is derived from the `` sense of purity in the sound quality , being 5.1 surround sound ... '' The image was created out of a desire to be `` the same but different , such that the design was clearly DSotM , still the recognisable prism design , but was different and hence new '' . The Dark Side of the Moon was also re-released in 2003 on 180 - gram virgin vinyl ( mastered by Kevin Gray at AcousTech Mastering ) and included slightly different versions of the original posters and stickers that came with the original vinyl release , along with a new 30th anniversary poster . In 2007 the album was included in Oh , by the Way , a box set celebrating the 40th anniversary of Pink Floyd , and a DRM - free version was released on the iTunes Store . In 2011 the album was re-released as part of the Why Pink Floyd ... ? campaign , featuring a remastered version of the album along with various other material . Legacy ( edit ) It 's changed me in many ways , because it 's brought in a lot of money , and one feels very secure when you can sell an album for two years . But it has n't changed my attitude to music . Even though it was so successful , it was made in the same way as all our other albums , and the only criterion we have about releasing music is whether we like it or not . It was not a deliberate attempt to make a commercial album . It just happened that way . We knew it had a lot more melody than previous Floyd albums , and there was a concept that ran all through it . The music was easier to absorb and having girls singing away added a commercial touch that none of our records had . -- Richard Wright The success of the album brought wealth to all four members of the band ; Richard Wright and Roger Waters bought large country houses , and Nick Mason became a collector of upmarket cars . Some of the profits were invested in the production of Monty Python and the Holy Grail . Engineer Alan Parsons received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Engineered Recording , Non-Classical for The Dark Side of the Moon , and he went on to have a successful career as a recording artist with the Alan Parsons Project . Although Waters and Gilmour have on occasion downplayed his contribution to the success of the album , Mason has praised his role . In 2003 , Parsons reflected : `` I think they all felt that I managed to hang the rest of my career on Dark Side of the Moon , which has an element of truth to it . But I still wake up occasionally , frustrated about the fact that they made untold millions and a lot of the people involved in the record did n't . '' Part of the legacy of The Dark Side of the Moon is in its influence on modern music , the musicians who have performed cover versions of its songs , and even in modern urban myths . Its release is often seen as a pivotal point in the history of rock music , and comparisons are sometimes drawn between Pink Floyd and Radiohead -- specifically their 1997 album OK Computer -- which has been called The Dark Side of the Moon of the 1990s , owing to the fact that both albums share themes relating to the loss of a creative individual 's ability to function in the modern world . Rankings ( edit ) The Dark Side of the Moon has frequently appeared on rankings of the greatest albums of all - time . In 1987 , Rolling Stone listed the record 35th on its `` Top 100 Albums of the Last 20 Years '' , and sixteen years later , in 2003 the album polled in 43rd position on the magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ''. and was voted 43rd again on the magazine 's 2012 list . In 2006 , it was voted `` My Favourite Album '' by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's audience . NME readers voted the album eighth in their 2006 `` Best Album of All Time '' online poll , and in 2009 , Planet Rock listeners voted the album the `` greatest of all time '' . The album is also number two on the `` Definitive 200 '' list of albums , made by the National Association of Recording Merchandisers `` in celebration of the art form of the record album '' . It came 29th in The Observer 's 2006 list of `` The 50 Albums That Changed Music '' , and 37th in The Guardian 's 1997 list of the `` 100 Best Albums Ever '' , as voted for by a panel of artists and music critics . The album 's cover has been lauded by critics and listeners alike , VH1 proclaiming it the fourth greatest in history , and Planet Rock listeners the greatest of all time . In 2013 , The Dark Side of the Moon was selected for preservation in the United States National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress for being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . In 2014 , readers of Rhythm voted it the seventh most influential progressive drumming album . Covers , tributes and samples ( edit ) One of the more notable covers of The Dark Side of the Moon is Return to the Dark Side of the Moon : A Tribute to Pink Floyd . Released in 2006 , the album is a progressive rock tribute featuring artists such as Adrian Belew , Tommy Shaw , Dweezil Zappa , and Rick Wakeman . In 2000 , The Squirrels released The Not So Bright Side of the Moon , which features a cover of the entire album . The New York dub collective Easy Star All - Stars released Dub Side of the Moon in 2003 and Dubber Side of the Moon in 2010 . The group Voices on the Dark Side released the album Dark Side of the Moon a Cappella , a complete a cappella version of the album . The bluegrass band Poor Man 's Whiskey frequently play the album in bluegrass style , calling the suite Dark Side of the Moonshine . A string quartet version of the album was released in 2004 . In 2009 , The Flaming Lips released a track - by - track remake of the album in collaboration with Stardeath and White Dwarfs , and featuring Henry Rollins and Peaches as guest musicians . Industrial metal band Ministry called their seventh studio album Dark Side of the Spoon as a play of word to The Dark Side of the Moon with reference to heroin , as several members of the band suffered from long - term addiction to said substance at the time . Several notable acts have covered the album live in its entirety , and a range of performers have used samples from The Dark Side of the Moon in their own material . Jam - rock band Phish performed a semi-improvised version of the entire album as part their show on 2 November 1998 in West Valley City , Utah . Progressive metal band Dream Theater have twice covered the album in their live shows , and in May 2011 Mary Fahl released From the Dark Side of the Moon , a song - by - song `` re-imagining '' of the album . Milli Vanilli used the tape loops from Pink Floyd 's `` Money '' to open their track `` Money '' , followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch on Music for the People . Dark Side of the Rainbow ( edit ) Main article : Dark Side of the Rainbow Dark Side of the Rainbow and Dark Side of Oz are two names commonly used in reference to rumours ( circulated on the Internet since at least 1994 ) that The Dark Side of the Moon was written as a soundtrack for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . Observers playing the film and the album simultaneously have reported apparent synchronicities , such as Dorothy beginning to jog at the lyric `` no one told you when to run '' during `` Time '' , and Dorothy balancing on a tightrope fence during the line `` balanced on the biggest wave '' in `` Breathe '' . David Gilmour and Nick Mason have both denied a connection between the two works , and Roger Waters has described the rumours as `` amusing '' . Alan Parsons has stated that the film was not mentioned during production of the album . Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Roger Waters . Side one No . Title Music Lead vocals Length 1 . `` Speak to Me '' Nick Mason instrumental 1 : 30 2 . `` Breathe '' ( listed as `` Breathe in the Air '' on the original LP label ) Roger Waters David Gilmour Richard Wright David Gilmour 2 : 43 3 . `` On the Run '' Waters Gilmour instrumental 3 : 30 4 . `` Time '' ( containing `` Breathe ( Reprise ) '' ) Waters Gilmour Wright Mason Gilmour with Richard Wright 6 : 53 5 . `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Wright Clare Torry Clare Torry 4 : 15 Total length : 18 : 51 Side two No . Title Music Lead vocals Length 1 . `` Money '' Waters Gilmour 6 : 30 2 . `` Us and Them '' Waters Wright Gilmour 7 : 51 3 . `` Any Colour You Like '' Gilmour Mason Wright instrumental 3 : 24 4 . `` Brain Damage '' Waters Roger Waters 3 : 50 5 . `` Eclipse '' Waters Waters 2 : 03 Total length : 23 : 38 Personnel ( edit ) Pink Floyd David Gilmour -- vocals , guitars , Synthi AKS Nick Mason -- drums , percussion , tape effects Richard Wright -- organ ( Hammond and Farfisa ) , piano , electric piano ( Wurlitzer , Rhodes ) , vocals , VCS 3 , Synthi AKS Roger Waters -- bass guitar , vocals , VCS 3 , tape effects Additional musicians Dick Parry -- saxophone on `` Us and Them '' and `` Money '' Clare Torry -- vocals on `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Doris Troy -- backing vocals Lesley Duncan -- backing vocals Liza Strike -- backing vocals Barry St. John -- backing vocals Production Alan Parsons -- engineering Peter James -- assistant ( incorrectly identified as `` Peter Jones '' on first US pressings of the LP ) Chris Thomas -- mix supervisor Design Hipgnosis -- sleeve design , photography George Hardie -- sleeve art , stickers art Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Canada Top Albums / CDs ( RPM ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Spanish Albums ( AFE ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) UK Albums ( OCC ) 7 US Billboard 200 23 Chart ( 1993 -- 94 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 11 Canada Top Albums / CDs ( RPM ) 20 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 59 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 28 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 16 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 45 Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 48 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 42 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 28 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 30 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 41 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 6 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 7 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 24 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Chart ( 2005 -- 06 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 24 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 55 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 49 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 26 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 10 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 43 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 5 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 16 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 24 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 96 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 16 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 47 Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 22 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 10 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 16 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 6 Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) 13 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 21 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 19 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 16 French Albums ( SNEP ) 7 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 25 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 5 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 8 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 11 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 8 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) 5 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 15 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Albums ( OCC ) 11 US Billboard 200 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Argentina ( CAPIF ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 Australia ( ARIA ) 14 × Platinum 980,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Diamond 2,000,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 2,084,500 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 1,000,000 Italy ( FIMI ) ( since 2009 ) 4 × Platinum 200,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 16 × Platinum 240,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 14 × Platinum 4,300,000 United States ( RIAA ) 15 × Platinum 15,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Label Format Catalogue no . Canada 1 March 1973 Harvest Records Vinyl , Cassette , 8 - Track SMAS - 11163 ( LP ) 4XW - 11163 ( CC ) 8XW - 11163 ( 8 - Track ) United States Capitol Records United Kingdom 16 March 1973 Harvest Records SHVL 804 ( LP ) TC - SHVL 804 ( CC ) Q8 - SHVL 804 ( 8 - Track ) Australia 1973 Vinyl Q4 SHVLA. 804 References ( edit ) Informational notes Jump up ^ `` At one time , it was called Eclipse because Medicine Head did an album called Dark Side of the Moon . But , that did n't sell well , so what the hell . I was against Eclipse and we felt a bit annoyed because we had already thought of the title before Medicine Head came out . Not annoyed at them but because we wanted to use the title . '' -- David Gilmour Jump up ^ This material was later released under the title Obscured by Clouds . Jump up ^ Mason is responsible for most of the sound effects used on Pink Floyd 's discography . Jump up ^ Harvest / Capitol 3609 Jump up ^ Harvest / Capitol 3832 Jump up ^ According to Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems Jump up ^ Harvest Q4SHVL - 804 Jump up ^ Alan Parsons was paid a weekly wage of £ 35 while working on the original album ( equivalent to £ 400 in 2016 ) . Jump up ^ All post-2005 pressings including `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' credit both Wright and Torry for the song , as per her successful court challenge . Citations Jump up ^ Mason 2005 , p. 165 Jump up ^ Harris , John ( 12 March 2003 ) , ' Dark Side ' at 30 : Roger Waters , rollingstone.com , archived from the original on 26 March 2009 , retrieved 8 June 2011 ^ Jump up to : Mabbett 1995 , p. n / a ^ Jump up to : Harris , John ( 12 March 2003 ) , ' Dark Side ' at 30 : David Gilmour , rollingstone.com , hosted at web.archive.org , archived from the original on 19 September 2007 , retrieved 31 May 2010 Jump up ^ Mason 2005 , p. 166 Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , pp. 73 -- 74 ^ Jump up to : Classic Albums : The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon ( DVD ) , Eagle Rock Entertainment , 26 August 2003 ^ Jump up to : Mason 2005 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , pp. 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ Schaffner 1991 , p. 159 Jump up ^ Reising 2005 , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Schaffner 1991 , p. 162 ^ Jump up to : Povey 2007 , p. 154 ^ Jump up to : Povey 2007 , pp. 154 -- 155 Jump up ^ Wale , Michael ( 18 February 1972 ) , Pink Floyd -- The Rainbow , Issue 58405 ; col F , infotrac.galegroup.com , p. 10 , retrieved 21 March 2009 Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , pp. 91 -- 93 Jump up ^ Povey 2007 , p. 159 Jump up ^ Mason 2005 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Schaffner 1991 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Povey 2007 , pp. 164 -- 173 Jump up ^ Reising 2005 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Whiteley 1992 , pp. 105 -- 106 Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , pp. 78 -- 79 Jump up ^ Whiteley 1992 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Reising 2005 , pp. 181 -- 184 Jump up ^ Whiteley 1992 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Mason 2005 , p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Richardson , Ken ( May 2003 ) , Another Phase of the Moon page 1 , soundandvisionmag.com , retrieved 20 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006 , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , pp. 103 -- 108 Jump up ^ Waldon , Steve ( 24 June 2003 ) , There is no dark side of the moon , really ... , theage.com , retrieved 19 March 2009 ^ Jump up to : Harris , John ( 12 March 2003 ) , ' Dark Side ' at 30 : Alan Parsons , rollingstone.com , hosted at web.archive.org , archived from the original on 24 June 2008 , retrieved 31 May 2010 Jump up ^ Schaffner 1991 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , pp. 109 -- 114 ^ Jump up to : Schaffner 1991 , p. 164 Jump up ^ Mason 2005 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , pp. 104 -- 105 Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , pp. 118 -- 120 Jump up ^ Mason 2005 , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : Povey 2007 , p. 161 ^ Jump up to : Blake 2008 , pp. 198 -- 199 Jump up ^ Mason 2005 , p. 174 ^ Jump up to : UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . 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Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . `` Pink Floyd '' . Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 . Jump up ^ Graff & Durchholz 1999 , p. 874 . ^ Jump up to : The Dark Side Of The Moon Review , tower.com , 20 March 1993 , p. 33 , archived from the original on 18 August 2009 Jump up ^ Davis , Johnny ( October 1994 ) , The Dark Side of the Moon Review , Q , p. 137 Jump up ^ Coleman 1992 , p. 545 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Hernan M. ( 5 March 2012 ) , Review : Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon , Sputnikmusic , retrieved 22 October 2013 ^ Jump up to : Povey 2007 , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Schaffner 1991 , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : Povey 2007 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Hollingworth , Roy ( 1973 ) , Historical info -- 1973 review , Melody Maker , pinkfloyd.com , archived from the original on 28 February 2009 , retrieved 30 March 2009 Jump up ^ Grossman , Lloyd ( 24 May 1973 ) , Dark Side Of The Moon Review , rollingstone.com , hosted at web.archive.org , archived from the original on 18 June 2008 , retrieved 31 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Advertisement '' , Billboard , New York , 24 February 1973 , Album available March 1 . Tour begins March 5 . Jump up ^ `` EMI Offers Special Deal to Dealers '' , Billboard , 24 March 1973 , EMI is to offer stock on a sale - or - return basis to selected dealers taking part in a $50,000 campaign on four albums released March 16 . The four albums are : Pink Floyd 's `` Dark Side of the Moon '' , T. Rex 's `` Tanx '' , The Electric Light Orchestra 's `` ELO 2 '' and Roy Wood 's `` Wizzard Brew . '' Already 100,000 copies of the four albums have been sold even before the promotion . 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Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Albums : Issue 4816 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian charts portal ( 17 / 1973 ) '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . 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Chart - Track . IRMA . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian chart portal ( 09 / 10 / 2011 ) '' . australiancharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon -- Experience Edition '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track Albums : Week 39 , 2011 '' . Chart - Track . IRMA . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian charts portal ( 06 / 10 / 2011 ) '' . italiancharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand charts portal ( 03 / 10 / 2011 ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon -- Experience Edition '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese charts portal ( 40 / 2011 ) '' . portuguesecharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish charts portal ( 02 / 11 / 2011 ) '' . spanishcharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish charts portal ( 07 / 10 / 2011 ) '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argentinian album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2007 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Enter Pink Floyd in the field Interpret . Enter The Dark Side of the Moon in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums `` Tout Temps '' '' ( in French ) . infodisc.fr . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Pink Floyd ; ' The Dark Side of the Moon ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- The Dark Side of the Moon '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter The Dark Side of the Moon in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Gumble , Daniel ( 5 July 2016 ) . `` UK 's 60 Biggest Selling Albums of All Time '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Pink Floyd -- Dark Side of the Moon '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Bibliography Blake , Mark ( 2008 ) , Comfortably Numb -- The Inside Story of Pink Floyd , Da Capo , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81752 - 7 Buckley , Peter ( 2003 ) , The Rough Guide to Rock , Rough Guides , ISBN 1 - 84353 - 105 - 4 Christgau , Robert ( 1981 ) , `` Pink Floyd : The Dark Side of the Moon '' , Christgau 's Record Guide : Rock Albums of the Seventies , Ticknor & Fields , ISBN 0 - 89919 - 025 - 1 Dallas , Karl ( 1987 ) , Pink Floyd : Bricks in the Wall , Shapolsky Publishers / Baton Press , ISBN 0 - 933503 - 88 - 1 Graff , Gary ; Durchholz , Daniel ( eds ) ( 1999 ) , MusicHound Rock : The Essential Album Guide , Farmington Hills , Michigan : Visible Ink Press , ISBN 1 - 57859 - 061 - 2 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Griffiths , Dai ( 2004 ) , OK Computer , Continuum International Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1663 - 2 Harris , John ( 2006 ) , The Dark Side of the Moon ( third ed . ) , Harper Perennial , ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 779090 - 6 Mabbett , Andy ( 1995 ) , The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd , Omnibus Press , ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4301 - X Mason , Nick ( 2005 ) , Philip Dodd , ed. , Inside Out : A Personal History of Pink Floyd ( Paperback ed . ) , Phoenix , ISBN 0 - 7538 - 1906 - 6 Parker , Alan ; O'Shea , Mick ( 2006 ) , And Now for Something Completely Digital , The Disinformation Company , ISBN 1 - 932857 - 31 - 1 Povey , Glenn ( 2007 ) , Echoes , Mind Head Publishing , ISBN 0 - 9554624 - 0 - 1 Reising , Russell ( 2005 ) , Speak to Me , Ashgate Publishing , Ltd , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 4019 - 1 Ruhlmann , William ( 2004 ) , Breaking Records , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 94305 - 1 Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1991 ) , Saucerful of Secrets ( first ed . ) , London : Sidgwick & Jackson , ISBN 0 - 283 - 06127 - 8 Coleman , Mark ( 1992 ) . `` Pink Floyd '' . In DeCurtis , Anthony ; Henke , James ; George - Warren , Holly . The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 3rd ed . ) . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73729 - 4 . Whiteley , Sheila ( 1992 ) , The Space Between the Notes , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 06816 - 9 External links ( edit ) Quotations related to The Dark Side of the Moon at Wikiquote The Dark Side of the Moon Songs Side one `` Speak to Me '' `` Breathe '' `` On the Run '' `` Time '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Side two `` Money '' `` Us and Them '' `` Any Colour You Like '' `` Brain Damage '' `` Eclipse '' Related articles Dark Side of the Moon Tour The Dark Side of the Moon Live Dark Side of the Rainbow Darkside Tribute albums Dub Side of the Moon Dubber Side of the Moon The Flaming Lips and Stardeath and White Dwarfs Doing The Dark Side of the Moon From the Dark Side of the Moon Return to the Dark Side of the Moon Us and Them : Symphonic Pink Floyd Pink Floyd Nick Mason Roger Waters Richard Wright Syd Barrett David Gilmour Studio albums The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Live albums Ummagumma Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Is There Anybody Out There ? The Wall Live 1980 -- 81 Singles `` Arnold Layne '' / `` Candy and a Currant Bun '' `` See Emily Play '' / `` The Scarecrow '' `` Flaming '' / `` The Gnome '' ( US ) `` Apples and Oranges '' / `` Paint Box '' ( UK ) `` It Would Be So Nice '' / `` Julia Dream '' `` Let There Be More Light '' / `` Remember a Day '' ( US ) `` Point Me at the Sky '' / `` Careful with That Axe , Eugene '' ( UK ) `` One of These Days '' / `` Fearless '' ( US ) `` Free Four '' `` Money '' / `` Any Colour You Like '' ( US ) `` Time '' / `` Us and Them '' ( US ) `` Have a Cigar '' / `` Welcome to the Machine '' ( US ) or `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond Part I '' ( Europe ) `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part II ) '' / `` One of My Turns '' `` Run Like Hell '' / `` Do n't Leave Me Now '' ( Europe / some US ) or `` Comfortably Numb '' ( later US ) `` Comfortably Numb '' / `` Hey You '' ( US ) `` Pink Floyd The Wall - Music From The Film '' ( `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' / `` Bring the Boys Back Home '' ) `` Not Now John '' / `` The Hero 's Return ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' `` Learning to Fly '' / `` Terminal Frost '' and / or `` One Slip '' `` On the Turning Away '' / `` Run Like Hell ( live ) '' ( UK ) `` One Slip '' / `` Terminal Frost '' / `` The Dogs of War '' ( UK ) `` Take It Back '' / `` Astronomy Domine ( live ) '' ( US ) `` High Hopes '' / `` Keep Talking '' / `` Marooned '' `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' / `` Coming Back to Life ( live ) / `` Keep Talking ( live ) '' ( UK ) `` Louder than Words '' Compilations The Best of the Pink Floyd / Masters of Rock Relics A Nice Pair A Collection of Great Dance Songs Works 1967 : The First Three Singles Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd The Best of Pink Floyd : A Foot in the Door 1965 : Their First Recordings Box sets Shine On Oh , by the Way Discovery The Early Years 1965 -- 1972 Films Concerts London ' 66 -- ' 67 Live at Pompeii Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Narratives The Wall The Final Cut Documentaries The Pink Floyd and Syd Barrett Story London ' 66 -- ' 67 The Story of Wish You Were Here Soundtracks San Francisco The Committee Tonite Lets All Make Love in London More Zabriskie Point Obscured by Clouds Pink Floyd -- The Wall La Carrera Panamericana Tours World Tour 1968 The Man and The Journey Tour Atom Heart Mother World Tour Meddle Tour Dark Side of the Moon Tour Wish You Were Here Tour In the Flesh The Wall Tour A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour The Division Bell Tour Related media and tributes 19367 Pink Floyd The Amazing Pudding The Australian Pink Floyd Show Barn Jams Brit Floyd The Dark Side of the Moo `` Grantchester Meadows '' `` Embryo '' Inside Out : A Personal History of Pink Floyd The Man and The Journey Music from The Body Nick Mason 's Saucerful of Secrets Pinkfloydia `` Proper Education '' Synalpheus pinkfloydi Umma gumma Their Mortal Remains Other topics Discography Videography Song list Unreleased material Members Bootleg recordings Pink Floyd live performances The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream Azimuth Co-ordinator Blackhill Enterprises Britannia Row Studios Dark Side of the Rainbow EMS Synthi A Games for May Midsummer High Weekend Pink Floyd pigs Publius Enigma Why Pink Floyd ... ? Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Side_of_the_Moon&oldid=853532488 '' Categories : 1973 albums Albums produced by David Gilmour Albums produced by Nick Mason Albums produced by Richard Wright ( musician ) Albums produced by Roger Waters Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios Albums with cover art by Hipgnosis Albums with cover art by Storm Thorgerson Capitol Records albums Concept albums Science fiction concept albums Works about the Moon EMI Records albums Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Harvest Records albums Pink Floyd albums United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with short description EngvarB from August 2016 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors Certification Table Entry usages for Argentina Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Featured articles Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 12 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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8272111600619777208 | Market system | Market system - wikipedia Market system This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Not to be confused with market economy or market mechanism . A market system is any systematic process enabling many market players to bid and ask : helping bidders and sellers interact and make deals . It is not just the price mechanism but the entire system of regulation , qualification , credentials , reputations and clearing that surrounds that mechanism and makes it operate in a social context . Because a market system relies on the assumption that players are constantly involved and unequally enabled , a market system is distinguished specifically from a voting system where candidates seek the support of voters on a less regular basis . However , the interactions between market and voting systems are an important aspect of political economy , and some argue they are hard to differentiate , e.g. systems like cumulative voting and runoff voting involve a degree of market - like bargaining and trade - off , rather than simple statements of choice . Contents 1 Types 2 Protocols 3 Importance of trust 4 Criticisms 5 See also 6 References Types ( edit ) In economics , market forms are studied . These look at the impacts of a particular form on larger markets , rather than technical characteristics of how bidders and sellers interact . Heavy reliance on many interacting market systems and different forms of markets is a feature of capitalism , and advocates of socialism often criticize markets and aim to substitute markets with economic planning to varying degrees . Competition is the regulatory mechanism of the market system . This article does not discuss the political impact of any particular system nor applications of a particular mechanism to any particular problem in real life . For more on specific types of real - life markets , see commodity markets , insurance markets , bond markets , energy markets , flea markets , debt markets , stock markets , online auctions , media exchange markets , real estate market , each of which is explained in its own article with features of its application , referring to market systems as such if needed . One of the most important characteristics of a market economy , also called a free enterprise economy , is the role of a limited government ( citation needed ) . Protocols ( edit ) The market itself provides a medium of exchange for the contracts and coupons and cash to seek prices relative to each other , and for those to be publicized . This publication of current prices is a key feature of market systems , and is often relevant far beyond the current groups of buyers and sellers , affecting others ' supply and demand decisions , e.g. whether to produce more of a commodity whose price is now falling . Market systems are more abstract than their application to any one use , and typically a ' system ' describes a protocol of offering or requesting things for sale . Well - known market systems that are used in many applications include : auctions - the most common , including : Dutch auctions reverse auctions silent auctions rationing Administrative allocation ( including the command economy of some states ) regulated market ( including most real - life examples as above ) black market ( the term ' black ' indicating lack of regulation , or any trade , often illegal , operating in violation of official regulations ) The term ' laissez - faire ' ( `` let alone '' ) is sometimes used to describe some specific compromise between regulation and black market , resulting in the political struggle to define or exploit `` free markets '' . This is not an easy matter to separate from other debates about the nature of capitalism . There is no such thing as a `` free '' market other than in the sense of a black market , and most free - market advocates favor at least some form of regulated market , e.g. to prevent outright fraud , theft , and retain some degree of credibility with the larger public . This political debate is out of the scope of this article , other than to note that the `` free '' market is usually a `` less regulated '' market , but not qualitatively different from other regulated markets , in any society with laws , and that what opponents of `` free markets '' usually seek is some kind of moral purchasing rather than pure rationing . As this debate suggests , key debates over market systems relate to their accessibility , safety , fairness , and ability to guarantee clearance and closure of all transactions in a reasonable period of time . Importance of trust ( edit ) The degree of trust in a political or economic authority ( such as a bank or central bank ) is often critical in determining the success of a market . A market system depends inherently on a stable money system to ensure that units of account and standards of deferred payment are uniform across all players - and to ensure that the balance of contracts due within that market system are accepted as a store of value , i.e. as `` collateral '' of the holder of the contract , which justifies `` credit '' from a lender of cash . Banks , themselves , are often described in terms of markets , as `` transducers of trust '' between lenders ( who deposit money ) and borrowers ( who take it out again ) . Trust in the bank to manage this process makes more economic activity possible . However , critics say , this trust is also quite easy to abuse , and has many times proven difficult to limit or control ( see business cycle ) , resulting in ' runs on banks ' and other such ' crises of trust ' in ' the system ' . Criticisms ( edit ) In The Economics of Innocent Fraud , Economist John Kenneth Galbraith criticized the concept of the `` market system '' as nonsensical and as a weasel word intended to replace the term `` capitalism '' , but which does not specify anything specific . See also ( edit ) The Economics of Innocent Fraud Capitalism Financial capital Free price system Market abolitionism Market economy Market forms Money Moral purchasing Risk Voting system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Campb33ll R. McConnell , Stanley L. Brue ( 2005 ) . Economics : Principles , Problems , and Policies . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 281935 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market_system&oldid=832695743 '' Categories : Economic systems Market ( economics ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 14 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which economic system relies on the interaction of buyers and sellers | [
"A market system is any systematic process enabling many market players to bid and ask: helping bidders and sellers interact and make deals. It is not just the price mechanism but the entire system of regulation, qualification, credentials, reputations and clearing that surrounds that mechanism and makes it operate in a social context.[1]\n"
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-951652082538148507 | PlayStation 4 | PlayStation 4 - wikipedia PlayStation 4 Jump to : navigation , search `` PS4 '' redirects here . For other uses , see PS4 ( disambiguation ) . PlayStation 4 The original PlayStation 4 console with DualShock 4 controller Developer Sony Interactive Entertainment Manufacturer Sony , Foxconn Product family PlayStation Type Home video game console Generation Eighth generation Release date NA : November 15 , 2013 PAL : November 29 , 2013 JP : February 22 , 2014 Introductory price US $399.99 , € 399.99 , £ 349.99 Units sold 73.6 million ( as of December 31 , 2017 ) Units shipped 76.5 million ( as of December 31 , 2017 ) Media Blu - ray Disc , DVD Operating system PlayStation 4 system software CPU Semi-custom 8 - core AMD x86 - 64 Jaguar 1.6 GHz CPU ( integrated into APU ) Secondary low power processor ( for background tasks ) Memory 8 GB GDDR5 ( unified ) 256 MB DDR3 RAM ( for background tasks ) Storage Hard drive , 500 GB , 1 TB ( user upgradeable , supports SSD ) Display HDMI ( 480p , 720p , 1080i , 1080p , and 4K for pictures and videos only ) Graphics Semi-custom AMD GCN Radeon ( integrated into APU ) Controller input DualShock 4 , PlayStation Move , PlayStation Vita Camera PlayStation Camera Connectivity 802.11 b / g / n ( Slim and Pro : a / b / g / n / ac ) Wireless , Bluetooth 2.1 ( Slim and Pro : 4.0 ) , USB 3.0 ( Slim and Pro : 3.1 ) , Ethernet 10 / 100 / 1000 Online services PlayStation Network Backward compatibility PlayStation Now cloud - based emulation and PS2 emulation Predecessor PlayStation 3 Website playstation.com/ps4/ PlayStation 4 ( PS4 ) is a line of eighth - generation home video game consoles developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 during a press conference on February 20 , 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia ; and February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch , and Microsoft 's Xbox One . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86 - 64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the `` most powerful '' APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off - console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( `` Remote Play '' ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( `` Share Play '' ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 high - dynamic - range color and playback of 4K multimedia . Reception to the original PlayStation 4 model was positive , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embrace of independent game development , and for not imposing restrictive digital rights management schemes that Microsoft had previously announced for Xbox One prior to its release . Critics and third - party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as being `` significant '' and `` obvious '' . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of 2016 , more than 53 million consoles have been sold worldwide , with more than 57 million shipped . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled two hardware revisions of PlayStation 4 ; a smaller `` Slim '' version of the original hardware , and a `` Pro '' version with an upgraded GPU and higher CPU clock rate to support 4K gameplay on supported titles . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Hardware 2.1 Technical specifications 2.2 Controllers 2.3 Camera 2.4 PlayStation VR 3 Software and services 3.1 PlayStation 4 system software 3.2 Multimedia features 3.3 PlayStation Network 3.4 Second screen and remote play 4 Social features 4.1 Community creation 4.2 Media sharing 4.3 Live streaming 4.4 Share Play 5 Games 5.1 Backward compatibility 5.2 PlayStation Now 6 Release 6.1 Critical reception 6.1. 1 Pre-release 6.1. 2 Post-release 6.2 Sales 7 Hardware revisions 7.1 PlayStation 4 Slim 7.2 PlayStation 4 Pro 8 References 9 External links History PlayStation 4 at E3 2013 According to lead architect Mark Cerny , development of Sony 's fourth video game console began as early as 2008 . Less than two years earlier , the PlayStation 3 had launched after months of delays due to issues with production . The delay placed Sony almost a year behind Microsoft 's Xbox 360 , which was already approaching unit sales of 10 million by the time the PS3 launched . PlayStation Europe CEO Jim Ryan said Sony wanted to avoid repeating the same mistake with PS3 's successor . In designing the system , Sony worked with software developer Bungie , who offered their input on the controller and how to make it better for shooting games . In 2012 , Sony began shipping development kits to game developers , consisting of a modified PC running the AMD Accelerated Processing Unit chipset . These development kits were known as `` Orbis '' . In early 2013 , Sony announced that an event known as PlayStation Meeting 2013 would be held in New York City , U.S. , on February 20 , 2013 , to cover the `` future of PlayStation '' . Sony officially announced the PlayStation 4 at the event . It revealed details about the console 's hardware and discussed some of the new features it will introduce . Sony also showed off real - time footage of games in development , as well as some technical demonstrations . The design of the console was unveiled in June 2013 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo , and the initial recommended retail prices of $399 ( NA ) , € 399 ( Europe ) , and £ 349 ( UK ) given . The company revealed release dates for North America , Central America , South America , Europe and Australia , as well as final pieces of information , at a Gamescom press event in Cologne , Germany , on August 20 , 2013 . The console was released on November 15 , 2013 in the United States and Canada , followed by further releases on November 29 , 2013 . By the end of 2013 , the PS4 was launched in more European , Asian and South American countries The PS4 released in Japan at ¥ 39,980 on February 22 , 2014 . Sony finalized a deal with the Chinese government in May 2014 to sell its products in mainland China , and the PS4 will be the first product to be released . Kazuo Hirai , chief executive officer of Sony , said in May : `` The Chinese market , just given the size of it , is obviously potentially a very large market for video game products ... I think that we will be able to replicate the kind of success we have had with PS4 in other parts of the world in China . '' In September 2015 , Sony reduced the price of the PS4 in Japan to ¥ 34,980 , with similar price drops in other Southeast Asian markets . The first official sub £ 300 PS4 bundle was the £ 299.99 ' Uncharted Nathan Drake Collection 500GB ' , released in the UK on October 9 , 2015 ; a 1TB £ 329.99 version was offered at the same time . On October 9 , 2015 , the first official price cut of the PS4 in North America was announced : a reduction of $50 to $349.99 ( US ) and by $20 to $429.99 ( Canada ) . An official price cut in Europe followed in late October 2015 , reduced to € 349.99 / £ 299.99 . On June 10 , 2016 , Sony confirmed that a hardware revision of the PlayStation 4 , rumored to be codenamed `` Neo '' , was under development . The new revision is a higher - end model that is meant to support gameplay in 4K . The new model will be sold alongside the existing model , and all existing software will be compatible between the two models . Layden stated that Sony has no plans to `` bifurcate the market '' , only that gamers playing on the Neo will `` have the same experience , but one will be delivered at a higher resolution , with an enhanced graphical experience , but everything else is going to be exactly as you 'd expect '' . The high - end console was publicly revealed on September 7 , 2016 as PlayStation 4 Pro . At the same time , Sony unveiled an updated version of the original PS4 model with a smaller form factor . Hardware The technology in the PlayStation 4 is similar to the hardware found in modern personal computers . This familiarity is designed to make it easier and less expensive for game studios to develop games for the PS4 . Technical specifications Main article : PlayStation 4 technical specifications `` ( We ) have not built an APU quite like that for anyone else in the market . It is by far the most powerful APU we have built to date '' . -- John Taylor , AMD The PlayStation 4 uses an Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) developed by AMD in cooperation with Sony . It combines a central processing unit ( CPU ) and graphics processing unit ( GPU ) , as well as other components such as a memory controller and video decoder . The CPU consists of two quad - core Jaguar modules totaling 8 x86 - 64 cores . The GPU consists of 18 compute units to produce a theoretical peak performance of 1.84 TFLOPS . The system 's GDDR5 memory is capable of running at a maximum clock frequency of 2.75 GHz ( 5500 MT / s ) and has a maximum memory bandwidth of 176 GB / s . The console contains 8 GB of GDDR5 memory , 16 times the amount of RAM found in the PS3 and is expected to give the console considerable longevity . It also includes secondary custom chips that handle tasks associated with downloading , uploading , and social gameplay . These tasks can be handled seamlessly in the background during gameplay or while the system is in sleep mode . The console also contains an audio module , which can support in - game chat as well as `` a very large number '' of audio streams for use in - game . All PlayStation 4 models support high dynamic range ( HDR ) color profiles . Its read - only optical drive is capable of reading Blu - ray Discs at speeds of up to three times that of its predecessor . The console features a hardware on - the - fly decompression module boosting optical disc reading speed and buffer unread data when a game is not actively accessing the optical drive . The original PS4 model can output in 4K and play multimedia in the format , but does not play games in 4K . The console includes a 500 gigabyte hard drive for additional storage , which can be upgraded by the user . System Software 4.50 , which was released on March 9 , 2017 , enabled the use of external USB hard drives up to 8 TB for additional storage . The PlayStation 4 features Wi - Fi and Ethernet connectivity , Bluetooth , and two USB 3.0 ports . An auxiliary port is also included for connection to the PlayStation Camera , a motion detection digital camera device first introduced on the PS3 . A mono headset , which can be plugged into the DualShock 4 , is bundled with the system . Audio / video output options include HDMI TV and optical S / PDIF audio . The console does not have an analog audio / video output . The PS4 features a `` Rest mode '' feature . This places the console in a low - power state , while allowing users to immediately resume their game or app once the console is awoken . The console also is able to download content such as game and OS updates while it is in this state . Controllers Main articles : DualShock 4 and PlayStation Move DualShock 4 controller The DualShock 4 is PlayStation 4 's primary controller ; it maintains a similar design to previous iterations of the DualShock series , but with additional features and design refinements . Among other tweaks , the caps of the analog sticks were given a concave design ( similar to the Xbox 360 controller ) , the shape of the triggers and shoulder buttons were refined , the D - pad buttons were given a steeper downward angle to provide a resting space in the center for the user 's thumb , and the hand grips were made thicker and given microtexturing to improve their feel . A major addition to the DualShock 4 is a touchpad ; it is capable of detecting up to two simultaneous touch presses , and can also be pressed down as a button . The `` Start '' and `` Select '' buttons were replaced by `` Options '' and `` Share '' buttons ; the latter is designed to allow access to the PlayStation 4 's social features ( including streaming , video recording , and screenshot tools ) . The DualShock 4 is powered by a non-removable , rechargeable lithium - ion battery , which can be charged using its micro USB connector . The controller also features an internal speaker , and a headphone jack for headsets or headphones ; the console is bundled with a pair of headset earbuds . For motion tracking , the DualShock 4 includes a more - sensitive orientation sensor than the PS3 's Sixaxis and DualShock 3 controllers . An LED `` light bar '' was additionally added to the front of the controller ; it is designed to allow the PlayStation Camera accessory to further track its motion , but can also be used to provide visual effects and feedback within games . Although the PS4 and DualShock 4 continue to use Bluetooth for wireless connectivity , the console is incompatible with PlayStation 3 controllers . An exception are the PlayStation Move motion controllers originally released for PS3 , which are officially supported for use with the PlayStation Camera . In October 2013 , Shuhei Yoshida stated on Twitter that the DualShock 4 would support `` basic functions '' when attached to a PC . In August 2016 , Sony unveiled an official USB wireless adapter for the DualShock 4 , enabling use of all of the controller 's functionality on PC . In December 2016 , Valve 's Steam platform was updated to provide support and controller customization functionality for DualShock 4 , through existing APIs for the Steam Controller . A revision of the DualShock 4 was released alongside the `` Slim '' and Pro models in 2016 , and is bundled with these systems ; it is largely identical to the original model , except that the light bar 's lighting is now visible via a `` stripe '' across the top of the touchpad , and the controller can communicate non-wirelessly when connected to the console over USB . Camera Main article : PlayStation Camera The PlayStation Camera is an optional motion sensor and camera for the PlayStation 4 , similar to Kinect on Xbox . It includes two 1280 × 800 pixel lenses operating with an aperture of f / 2.0 , with 30 cm focusing distance , and an 85 ° field of view . The dual camera setup allows for different modes of operation , depending on the initiated and running application . The two cameras can be used together for depth - sensing of its surrounding objects in its field of vision . Alternatively , one of the cameras can be used for generating the video image , with the other used for motion tracking . PlayStation Camera also features a four - channel microphone array , which helps reduce unwanted background noise and can be used for voice commands . With the PlayStation Camera connected , different users can automatically log - on to the system via face detection . PlayStation VR Main article : PlayStation VR PlayStation VR and camera PlayStation VR is a virtual reality system for PlayStation 4 ; it consists of a headset , which features a 1080p display panel , LED lights on the headset that are used by PlayStation Camera to track its motion , and a control box that processes 3D audio effects , as well as video output to the external display ( either simulcasting the player 's VR perspective , or providing an asymmetrical secondary perspective ) . PlayStation VR can also be used with PlayStation Move motion controllers . Software and services Main articles : PlayStation 4 system software and List of PlayStation applications PlayStation 4 system software The PlayStation 4 's operating system is called `` Orbis OS '' , based upon a customized FreeBSD 9 . The console does not require an Internet connection for usage , although more functionality is available when connected . The PS4 is the first to include a WebKit - based web browser , which is a departure from its predecessor 's NetFront browser ; it is based on the same modern WebKit core as Google Chrome and Safari , giving it high compatibility in HTML5 compliance testing . The console introduces a new customizable menu interface titled the `` PlayStation Dynamic Menu '' , featuring a variety of color schemes . The interface displays the player 's profile , recent activity , notifications , and other details in addition to unlocked trophies . It allows multiple user accounts , all with their own pass - codes . Each player account has the option to share their real name with friends , or use a nickname in other situations when anonymity is important . Facebook profiles can be connected to PlayStation Network accounts , making it easier to recognize friends . The default home screen features real time content from friends . The `` What 's New '' activity feed includes shared media , recently played games , and other notifications . Services from third - party vendors , such as Netflix and Amazon Video , can be accessible within the interface . Multitasking is available during gameplay , such as opening the browser or managing party chat , and switching between applications is done by double - tapping the `` PS '' button . The PlayStation Camera or a microphone enables the user to control the system using voice input . Players can command the interface to start a game , take screenshots , and save videos . Saying `` PlayStation '' initiates voice control , and `` All Commands '' displays a list of possible commands . Multimedia features The PlayStation 4 system software supports Blu - ray and DVD playback and 3D functionality . Playing a CD is unsupported , but custom music and video files can be played from DLNA servers and USB drives using the Media Player app . PlayStation Network Main article : PlayStation Network The PlayStation 4 allows users to access a variety of free and premium PlayStation Network ( PSN ) services , including the PlayStation Store , PlayStation Plus subscription service , PlayStation Music powered by Spotify , and the PlayStation Video subscription service , which allows owners to rent or buy TV shows and films à la carte . A United States - exclusive cloud - based television - on - demand service known as PlayStation Vue began beta testing in late November 2014 . Sony intends to expand and evolve the services it offers over the console 's lifespan . Unlike PS3 , a PlayStation Plus membership is required to access multiplayer in most games ; this requirement does not apply to free - to - play or subscription - based titles . Second screen and Remote Play Main articles : PlayStation App and Remote Play Smartphones and tablets can interact with the PlayStation 4 as second screen devices , and can also wake the console from sleep mode . A Sony Xperia smartphone , tablet or the PlayStation Vita can be used for streaming gameplay from the console to handheld , allowing supported games to be played remotely from around a household or away from home . Sony has ambitions to make all PS4 games playable on PlayStation Vita . Developers can add Vita - specific controls for use via Remote Play . This feature was later expanded to enable PS4 Remote Play functionality on Microsoft Windows PCs and on Apple OS X Macs . The update , released in April 2016 , allows for Remote Play functionality on computers running Windows 8.1 , Windows 10 , OS X Yosemite , and OS X El Capitan . Remote Play supports resolution options of 360p , 540p , and 720p ( 1080p is available on PS4 Pro ) , frame rate options of 30 - 60 FPS , and the DualShock 4 can be connected via USB . The PlayStation App allows iOS and Android mobile devices to interact with the PlayStation 4 from their device . The user can use this application to purchase PS4 titles from the console and have them remotely downloaded , watch live streams of other gamers , and / or view in - game maps while playing games . Social features `` Ustream 's integration within PS4 consoles will put gamers on a new media field . They will have the ability to direct , produce , and star in their own video game production , simply by being an awesome ( or not so awesome ! ) gamer . '' -- Ustream co-founder Brad Hunstable Sony is focused on `` social '' aspects as a major feature of the console . Although the PS4 has improved social functionality , the features are optional and can be disabled . Community creation Users have the option to create or join community groups based upon personal interest . Communities include a discussion board , accomplishments and game clips shared by other members , plus the ability to join group chat and launch cooperative games . Sony stated that `` communities are a good way to socialize with like - minded players '' , particularly when `` you want to tackle a big multiplayer raid , but do n't have enough friends available '' . Media sharing The DualShock 4 controller includes a `` SHARE '' button , allowing the player to cycle through the last 60 minutes of recorded gameplay to select a screenshot or video clip appropriate for sharing . Media is uploaded seamlessly from the console to other PSN users or social networking sites such as Dailymotion , Facebook , Twitter and YouTube , or else users can copy media to a USB flash drive and upload to a social network or website of their preference . Players can also use a free video editing application named ShareFactory to cut and assemble their favorite video clips , add custom music or voice commentary with green screen effects . Subsequent updates have added options for picture - in - picture layouts , the ability to create photo collages and animated GIFs . Live streaming Gamers can either watch live gameplay of titles which their friends are playing through the PS4 interface with cross-game camera and microphone input , spectate silently , or broadcast their own gameplay live via DailyMotion , Twitch , Ustream , Niconico , or YouTube Gaming , allowing for friends and members of the public to view and comment upon them from other web browsers and devices . If a user is not screen - casting , a friend can send them a `` Request to Watch '' notification . Share Play Share Play allows users to invite an online friend to join their play session via streaming , even if they do not own a copy of the game . Users can pass control of the game entirely to the remote user , or partake in cooperative multiplayer as if they were physically present . Mark Cerny says that remote assistance is particularly useful when confronted by a potentially game - defeating obstacle . `` You can even see that your friend is in trouble and reach out through the network to take over the controller and assist them through some difficult portion of the game '' , he said . Share Play requires a PlayStation Plus subscription and can only be used for one hour at a time . Games Main article : List of PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 games are distributed at retail on Blu - ray Disc , and digitally as downloads through the PlayStation Store . Games are not region - locked , so titles purchased in one region can be played on consoles in all regions , and players can sign - on to any PS4 console to access their entire digital game library . All PlayStation 4 games must be installed to the console 's storage : users can begin to play portions of a game ( such as opening levels ) once the installation or download reaches a specific point , while the remainder of the game is downloaded or installed in the background . Updates to games and system software are also downloaded in the background and while in standby . PS4 users will , in the future , be able to browse titles and stream games via Gaikai to demo them almost instantaneously . Sony says it is committed to releasing an ever - increasing number of free - to - play games , including PlanetSide 2 and War Thunder . Sony also took steps to make it easier for independent game developers to release titles for the PS4 by giving them the option to self - publish their own games rather than rely upon others to distribute their titles . Backward compatibility See also : PlayStation 4 system software § Backward compatibility , and List of PlayStation 2 games for PlayStation 4 PlayStation 4 is not compatible with PlayStation 3 games directly . Selected PS3 games are available for streaming via PlayStation Now . On December 5 , 2015 , Sony first released emulated versions of selected PlayStation 2 games as digital purchases , upscaled to high definition and with support for PS4 social features . PlayStation 4 is , otherwise , not compatible with PS2 games . PlayStation Now Main articles : PlayStation Now and List of PlayStation Now games In December 2013 , Andrew House indicated that Sony was planning to launch a cloud gaming service for the PS4 in North America within the third quarter of 2014 , with a European launch to follow in 2015 . At Consumer Electronics Show on January 7 , 2014 , Sony unveiled PlayStation Now , a digital distribution service which will initially allow users to access PlayStation 3 games on the PS4 via a cloud - based streaming system , purchasing games individually or via a subscription , as a solution of no backwards compatibility on the hardware of the console . The United States Open Beta went live on July 31 , 2014 . The official United States release of the service was on January 13 , 2015 . PlayStation Now is in closed beta in the United Kingdom . Release Critical reception Pre-release `` It 's abundantly clear that PS4 is being driven as a collaboration between East and West , as opposed to a dictation from one side to the other . Developers are fully involved , activated , discussed and doing really cool collaborative things . '' -- Mark Rein , Epic Games Pre-release reception to the console from developers and journalists was positive . Mark Rein of Epic Games praised the `` enhanced '' architecture of Sony 's system , describing it as `` a phenomenal piece of hardware '' . John Carmack , programmer and co-founder of id Software , also commended the design by saying `` Sony made wise engineering choices '' , while Randy Pitchford of Gearbox Software expressed satisfaction with the amount of high - speed memory in the console . Eurogamer also called the graphics technology in the PS4 `` impressive '' and an improvement from the difficulties developers experienced on the PlayStation 3 . Numerous industry professionals have acknowledged the PlayStation 4 's performance advantage over the Xbox One . Speaking to Edge magazine , multiple game developers have described the difference as `` significant '' and `` obvious '' . ExtremeTech says the PS4 's graphics processing unit offers a `` serious advantage '' over the competition , but due to the nature of cross-platform development , titles that share the same assets will appear `` very similar '' . In other scenarios , designers may tap some of PS4 's additional power in a straightforward manner , to boost frame rate or output at a higher resolution , whereas games from Sony 's own first - party studios that take full advantage of the hardware `` will probably look significantly better than anything on the Xbox One '' . In response to concerns surrounding the possibility of DRM measures to hinder the resale of used games ( and in particular , the initial DRM policies of Xbox One , which did contain such restrictions ) , Jack Tretton explicitly stated during Sony 's E3 press conference that there would be `` no restrictions '' on the resale and trading of PS4 games on physical media , while software product development head Scott Rohde specified that Sony was planning to disallow online passes as well , going on to say that the policies were designed to be `` consumer - friendly , extremely retailer - friendly , and extremely publisher - friendly '' . After Sony 's E3 2013 press conference , IGN responded positively to Sony 's attitude towards indie developers and trading games , stating they thought `` most gamers would agree '' that `` if you care about games like ( Sony ) do , you 'll buy a PlayStation 4 '' . PlayStation 4 's removable and upgradable hard drive also drew praise from IGN , with Scott Lowe commenting that the decision gave the console `` another advantage '' over the Xbox One , whose hard drive can not be accessed . GameSpot called the PlayStation 4 `` the gamer 's choice for next - generation '' , citing its price , lack of restrictive digital rights management , and most importantly , Sony 's efforts to `` acknowledge its consumers '' and `` respect its audience '' as major factors . Post-release The PlayStation 4 has received very positive reviews by critics . Scott Lowe of IGN gave it an 8.2 rating out of 10 praising the console 's DualShock 4 design and social integration features . He criticized the console 's lack of software features and for underutilizing the DualShock 4 's touch pad . The Gadget Show gave a similar review complimenting the DualShock 4 's new triggers and control sticks , in addition to the new Remote Play feature , yet criticized the system 's lack of media support at launch . IGN compared the Xbox One and the PlayStation 4 over various categories , allowing their readers to vote for their preferred system . The PS4 won every category offered , and IGN awarded the PS4 with their People 's Choice Award . Shortly following the launch , it became apparent that some games released on multiple platforms were available in higher resolutions on the PS4 as opposed to other video game consoles . Kirk Hamilton of Kotaku reported on the differences in early games such as Call of Duty : Ghosts and Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag which ran at 1080p on the PS4 , but in 720p and 900p , respectively , on the Xbox One . SALES Region Lifetime hardware sell - through by region United States 14.2 M ( as of July 30 , 2016 ) Japan 5.0 M ( as of July 30 , 2017 ) Germany 3.2 M ( as of July 2016 ) United Kingdom 3M ( as of January 31 , 2016 ) France 2M ( as of January 21 , 2016 ) Spain 700K ( as of June 17 , 2015 ) South Africa 50,000 ( as of December 12 , 2014 ) Worldwide 73.6 M ( as of December 31 , 2017 ) Demand for PlayStation 4 was strong . In August 2013 , Sony announced the placement of over a million preorders for the console , while on the North American launch alone , one million PlayStation 4 consoles were sold . In the UK , the PlayStation 4 became the best - selling console at launch , with the sale of 250,000 consoles within a 48 - hour period and 530,000 in the first five weeks . On January 7 , 2014 , Andrew House announced in his Consumer Electronics Show keynote speech that 4.2 million PS4 units had been sold - through by the end of 2013 , with more than 9.7 million software units sold . On February 18 , 2014 , Sony announced that , as of February 8 , it had sold over 5.3 million console units following the release of the PS4 onto the North American and Western European markets . Within the first two days of release in Japan during the weekend of February 22 , 2014 , 322,083 consoles were sold . PS4 software unit sales surpassed 20.5 million on April 13 , 2014 . During Japan 's 2013 fiscal year , heightened demand for the PS4 helped Sony top global console sales , beating Nintendo for the first time in eight years . According to data released by Nielsen in August 2014 , nine months after the PS4 was released , thirty - one percent of its sales were to existing Wii and Xbox 360 owners , none of whom had by then owned a PS3 . At Gamescom 2014 , it was announced that 10 million PS4 units had been sold - through to consumers worldwide , and on November 13 , it was announced that the PlayStation 4 was the top - selling console in the U.S. for the tenth consecutive month . In its first sales announcement of 2015 , Sony confirmed on January 4 that it had sold - through 18.5 million PlayStation 4 units . Sony updated the sell - through figures for the system throughout 2015 : over 20 million consoles as of March 3 , 2015 , over 30 million as of November 22 , 2015 , and over 35 million by the end of 2015 . As of May 22 , 2016 , total worldwide sell - through reached 40 million . By December 2017 , over 70 million consoles and more than 617.8 million PlayStation 4 games have been sold worldwide . The PlayStation 4 holds a market share of at least 70 % within all European countries , as of June 2015 . Lifetime worldwide hardware sell - through Lifetime worldwide software sell - through Tie ratio 2.1 M ( as of December 1 , 2013 ) N / A N / A 4.2 M ( as of December 28 , 2013 ) 9.7 M ( as of December 28 , 2013 ) 2.31 games / console 5.3 M ( as of February 8 , 2014 ) N / A N / A 6.0 M ( as of March 2 , 2014 ) 13.7 M ( as of March 2 , 2014 ) 2.28 games / console 7.0 M ( as of April 6 , 2014 ) 20.5 M ( as of April 6 , 2014 ) 2.93 games / console 10.0 M ( as of August 10 , 2014 ) 30M ( as of August 10 , 2014 ) 3 games / console 14.4 M ( as of November 22 , 2014 ) 64.0 M ( as of November 22 , 2014 ) 4.44 games / console 18.5 M ( as of January 4 , 2015 ) 81.8 M ( as of January 4 , 2015 ) 4.42 games / console 20.2 M ( as of March 1 , 2015 ) N / A N / A 30.2 M ( as of November 22 , 2015 ) N / A N / A 35.9 M ( as of January 3 , 2016 ) N / A N / A 40.0 M ( as of May 22 , 2016 ) 270.9 M ( as of May 22 , 2016 ) 6.77 games / console 50.0 M ( as of December 6 , 2016 ) 369.6 M ( as of December 4 , 2016 ) 7.39 games / console 53.4 M ( as of January 1 , 2017 ) 401.1 M ( as of January 1 , 2017 ) 7.51 games / console 60.4 M ( as of June 11 , 2017 ) 487.8 M ( as of June 11 , 2017 ) 8.08 games / console 70.6 M ( as of December 3 , 2017 ) 617.8 M ( as of December 3 , 2017 ) 8.75 games / console 73.6 M ( as of December 31 , 2017 ) 645M ( as of December 31 , 2017 ) 8.76 games / console Worldwide hardware shipments Quarterly Lifetime 4.5 M ( Launch -- December 31 , 2013 ) 4.5 M ( as of December 31 , 2013 ) 3.0 M ( January 1 , 2014 -- March 31 , 2014 ) 7.5 M ( as of March 31 , 2014 ) 2.7 M ( April 1 , 2014 -- June 30 , 2014 ) 10.2 M ( as of June 30 , 2014 ) 3.3 M ( July 1 , 2014 -- September 30 , 2014 ) 13.5 M ( as of September 30 , 2014 ) 6.4 M ( October 1 , 2014 -- December 31 , 2014 ) 19.9 M ( as of December 31 , 2014 ) 2.4 M ( January 1 , 2015 -- March 31 , 2015 ) 22.3 M ( as of March 31 , 2015 ) 3.0 M ( April 1 , 2015 -- June 30 , 2015 ) 25.3 M ( as of June 30 , 2015 ) 4.0 M ( July 1 , 2015 -- September 30 , 2015 ) 29.3 M ( as of September 30 , 2015 ) 8.4 M ( October 1 , 2015 -- December 31 , 2015 ) 37.7 M ( as of December 31 , 2015 ) 2.3 M ( January 1 , 2016 -- March 31 , 2016 ) 40.0 M ( as of March 31 , 2016 ) 3.5 M ( April 1 , 2016 -- June 30 , 2016 ) 43.5 M ( as of June 30 , 2016 ) 3.9 M ( July 1 , 2016 -- September 30 , 2016 ) 47.4 M ( as of September 30 , 2016 ) 9.7 M ( October 1 , 2016 -- December 31 , 2016 ) 57.1 M ( as of December 31 , 2016 ) 2.9 M ( January 1 , 2017 -- March 31 , 2017 ) 60.0 M ( as of March 31 , 2017 ) 3.3 M ( April 1 , 2017 -- June 30 , 2017 ) 63.3 M ( as of June 30 , 2017 ) 4.2 M ( July 1 , 2017 -- September 30 , 2017 ) 67.5 M ( as of September 30 , 2017 ) 9.0 M ( October 1 , 2017 -- December 31 , 2017 ) 76.5 M ( as of December 31 , 2017 ) Hardware revisions Main article : PlayStation 4 models The PlayStation 4 has been produced in various models : the original , the Slim , and the Pro . Successive models have added or removed various features , and each model has variations of Limited Edition consoles . PlayStation 4 Slim On September 7 , 2016 , Sony announced a hardware revision of PlayStation 4 , model number CUH - 2000 , known colloquially as the PlayStation 4 Slim . It is a revision of the original PS4 hardware with a smaller form factor ; it has a rounded body with a matte finish on the top of the console rather than a two - tone finish , and is 40 % smaller in size than the original model . The two USB ports on the front have a larger gap between them , and the optical audio port was removed . It was released on September 15 , 2016 , with a 500GB model at the same price as the original version of the PlayStation 4 . On April 18 , 2017 , Sony announced that it would replace the 500 GB slim model with a new 1 TB version at the same price point . PlayStation 4 Pro The PlayStation 4 Pro PlayStation 4 Pro ( codenamed Neo ) was announced on September 7 , 2016 , and launched worldwide on November 10 , 2016 . Its model number is CUH - 7000 . It is an upgraded version of the PlayStation 4 with improved hardware to enable 4K rendering and improved PlayStation VR performance , including an upgraded GPU with 4.2 teraflops of processing power and hardware support for checkerboard rendering , and a higher CPU clock . Games marketed as PS4 Pro Enhanced may be optimized for higher graphics quality , resolution , or HDR support when running on PS4 Pro . Although capable of streaming 4K video , the PS4 Pro does not support Ultra HD Blu - ray . Rendering games at 4K resolution is achieved through various rendering techniques and hardware features ; PlayStation technical chief Mark Cerny explained that Sony could not `` brute force '' 4K without compromising form factor and cost , so the console was designed to support `` streamlined rendering techniques '' using custom hardware , `` best - in - breed temporal and spatial anti-aliasing algorithms '' , and `` many new features from the AMD Polaris architecture as well as several even beyond it '' . The most prominent technique used is checkerboard rendering , wherein the console only renders portions of a scene using a checkerboard pattern , and then uses algorithms to fill in the non-rendered segments . The checkerboarded screen can then be smoothed using an anti-aliasing filter . Hermen Hulst of Guerrilla Games explained that PS4 Pro could render something `` perceptively so close ( to 4K ) that you would n't be able to see the difference '' . 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Jump up ^ 2014 - 01 - 07 , PlayStation 4 sales topped 4.2 million in 2013 , Gematsu Jump up ^ Byford , Sam ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Sony has sold over 5.3 million PlayStation 4 consoles worldwide '' . The Verge . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Natasha Lomas ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Sony Beats Its PS4 Sales Target , With 5.3 M Consoles Sold In 3 - Months '' . TechCrunch . AOL Inc . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2014 - 02 - 25 , プレイステーション 4 が 発売 2 日間 で 32 万 2083 台 を 販売 , Famitsu Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` PlayStation 4 sales top 7 million worldwide '' . gematsu.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony tops game consoles for 1st time in 8 years '' . Nikkei Asian Review . June 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eddie Makuch . PS4 Poaching Players From Microsoft , Nintendo , Gamespot , August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Sony has sold 10 million PlayStation 4s '' . The Verge . 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Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 4 dominates Europe with ' 70 - 90 % ' of console market '' . VG247 . June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PLAYSTATION ® 4 ( PS4 TM ) GLOBAL SALES SURPASS 2.1 MILLION UNITS FOLLOWING EUROPE , AUSTRALASIA AND LATIN AMERICA LAUNCH '' . www.sie.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PLAYSTATION ® 4 ( PS4 TM ) GLOBAL CUMULATIVE SALES SURPASS 4.2 MILLION '' . www.sie.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PLAYSTATION ® 4 SALES SURPASS 5.3 MILLION UNITS WORLDWIDE '' . www.sie.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PLAYSTATION ® 4 ( PS4 TM ) SALES SURPASS 6.0 MILLION UNITS WORLDWIDE IN LESS THAN 4 MONTHS SINCE LAUNCH '' . www.sie.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PLAYSTATION ® 4 ( PS4 TM ) SALES SURPASS 7.0 MILLION UNITS WORLDWIDE '' . www.sie.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PLAYSTATION ® 4 ( PS4 TM ) SALES SURPASS 10 MILLION UNITS WORLDWIDE '' . www.sie.com . 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Jump up ^ `` PLAYSTATION 4 SALES SURPASS 70.6 MILLION UNITS WORLDWIDE '' . SIE . December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unit Sales of Hardware ( FY2013 - ) Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc '' . www.sie.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Leadbetter . Digital Foundry : Hands - on with the CUH - 2000 PS4 Slim , Eurogamer , September 9 , 2016 . Accessed October 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Sony 's PS4 Slim now comes with a 1TB hard drive for the same price '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Layden , Shawn . `` PlayStation 4 Pro Launches Today '' . blog.us.playstation.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Co , Alex ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` New Official PS4 Peripherals Announced , Includes New DualShock 4 , PS Camera and Headset '' . PlayStation Lifestyle . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The PS4 Pro , as explained by the man who designed it '' . Engadget . Jump up ^ `` Games with PS4 Pro features will have a ' PS4 Pro Enhanced ' on the cover '' . VG24 / 7 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's new PlayStation 4 Pro ca n't play 4K Blu - rays '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony announces PlayStation 4 Pro with 4K HDR gaming for $399 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The PlayStation 4 Pro vs. the original PS4 : What 's changed ? '' . Engadget . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tech Analysis : 4K gaming on PlayStation 4 Pro '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 4 Pro is not a real 4K console '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The PS4 Pro , as explained by the man who designed it '' . Engadget . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PS4 Pro `` Share '' grabs 4K screens , caps 1080p video `` . Polygon . Vox Media . September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . 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776119614636106292 | Atomic number | Atomic number - wikipedia Atomic number wikidata An explanation of the superscripts and subscripts seen in atomic number notation . Atomic number is the number of protons , and therefore also the total positive charge , in the atomic nucleus . The Rutherford -- Bohr model of the hydrogen atom ( Z = 1 ) or a hydrogen - like ion ( Z > 1 ) . In this model it is an essential feature that the photon energy ( or frequency ) of the electromagnetic radiation emitted ( shown ) when an electron jumps from one orbital to another , be proportional to the mathematical square of atomic charge ( Z ) . Experimental measurement by Henry Moseley of this radiation for many elements ( from Z = 13 to 92 ) showed the results as predicted by Bohr . Both the concept of atomic number and the Bohr model were thereby given scientific credence . The atomic number or proton number ( symbol Z ) of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom . It is identical to the charge number of the nucleus . The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element . In an uncharged atom , the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons . The sum of the atomic number Z and the number of neutrons , N , gives the mass number A of an atom . Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass ( and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes ) and the mass defect of nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass , the atomic mass of any atom , when expressed in unified atomic mass units ( making a quantity called the `` relative isotopic mass '' ) , is within 1 % of the whole number A . Atoms with the same atomic number Z but different neutron numbers N , and hence different atomic masses , are known as isotopes . A little more than three - quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes ( see monoisotopic elements ) , and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element ( called the relative atomic mass ) in a defined environment on Earth , determines the element 's standard atomic weight . Historically , it was these atomic weights of elements ( in comparison to hydrogen ) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century . The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word Zahl meaning number , which , before the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics , merely denoted an element 's numerical place in the periodic table , whose order is approximately , but not completely , consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights . Only after 1915 , with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms , did the word Atomzahl ( and its English equivalent atomic number ) come into common use in this context . Contents 1 History 1.1 The periodic table and a natural number for each element 1.2 The Rutherford - Bohr model and van den Broek 1.3 Moseley 's 1913 experiment 1.4 Missing elements 1.5 The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons 1.6 The discovery of the neutron makes Z the proton number 2 The symbol of Z 3 Chemical properties 4 New elements 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) The periodic table and a natural number for each element ( edit ) Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev , creator of the periodic table . Loosely speaking , the existence or construction of a periodic table of elements creates an ordering of the elements , and so they can be numbered in order . Dmitri Mendeleev claimed that he arranged his first periodic tables ( first published on March 6th , 1869 ) in order of atomic weight ( `` Atomgewicht '' ) . However , in consideration of the elements ' observed chemical properties , he changed the order slightly and placed tellurium ( atomic weight 127.6 ) ahead of iodine ( atomic weight 126.9 ) . This placement is consistent with the modern practice of ordering the elements by proton number , Z , but that number was not known or suspected at the time . A simple numbering based on periodic table position was never entirely satisfactory , however . Besides the case of iodine and tellurium , later several other pairs of elements ( such as argon and potassium , cobalt and nickel ) were known to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights , thus requiring their placement in the periodic table to be determined by their chemical properties . However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements , whose atomic number was not obvious , led to inconsistency and uncertainty in the periodic numbering of elements at least from lutetium ( element 71 ) onwards ( hafnium was not known at this time ) . Niels Bohr , creator of the Bohr model . The Rutherford - Bohr model and Van den Broek ( edit ) In 1911 , Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom 's mass and a positive charge which , in units of the electron 's charge , was to be approximately equal to half of the atom 's atomic weight , expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms . This central charge would thus be approximately half the atomic weight ( though it was almost 25 % different from the atomic number of gold ( Z = 79 , A = 197 ) , the single element from which Rutherford made his guess ) . Nevertheless , in spite of Rutherford 's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 ( but was element Z = 79 on the periodic table ) , a month after Rutherford 's paper appeared , Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom was exactly equal to its place in the periodic table ( also known as element number , atomic number , and symbolized Z ) . This proved eventually to be the case . Moseley 's 1913 experiment ( edit ) Henry Moseley in his lab . The experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913 . Moseley , after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab ( and who had used Van den Broek 's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom ) , decided to test Van den Broek 's and Bohr 's hypothesis directly , by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory 's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of Z . To do this , Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions ( K and L lines ) produced by the elements from aluminum ( Z = 13 ) to gold ( Z = 79 ) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube . The square root of the frequency of these photons ( x-rays ) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression . This led to the conclusion ( Moseley 's law ) that the atomic number does closely correspond ( with an offset of one unit for K - lines , in Moseley 's work ) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus , i.e. the element number Z . Among other things , Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series ( from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive ) must have 15 members -- no fewer and no more -- which was far from obvious from the chemistry at that time . Missing elements ( edit ) After Moseley 's death in 1915 , the atomic numbers of all known elements from hydrogen to uranium ( Z = 92 ) were examined by his method . There were seven elements ( with Z < 92 ) which were not found and therefore identified as still undiscovered , corresponding to atomic numbers 43 , 61 , 72 , 75 , 85 , 87 and 91 . From 1918 to 1947 , all seven of these missing elements were discovered . By this time the first four transuranium elements had also been discovered , so that the periodic table was complete with no gaps as far as curium ( Z = 96 ) . The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons ( edit ) In 1915 the reason for nuclear charge being quantized in units of Z , which were now recognized to be the same as the element number , was not understood . An old idea called Prout 's hypothesis had postulated that the elements were all made of residues ( or `` protyles '' ) of the lightest element hydrogen , which in the Bohr - Rutherford model had a single electron and a nuclear charge of one . However , as early as 1907 Rutherford and Thomas Royds had shown that alpha particles , which had a charge of + 2 , were the nuclei of helium atoms , which had a mass four times that of hydrogen , not two times . If Prout 's hypothesis were true , something had to be neutralizing some of the charge of the hydrogen nuclei present in the nuclei of heavier atoms . In 1917 Rutherford succeeded in generating hydrogen nuclei from a nuclear reaction between alpha particles and nitrogen gas , and believed he had proven Prout 's law . He called the new heavy nuclear particles protons in 1920 ( alternate names being proutons and protyles ) . It had been immediately apparent from the work of Moseley that the nuclei of heavy atoms have more than twice as much mass as would be expected from their being made of hydrogen nuclei , and thus there was required a hypothesis for the neutralization of the extra protons presumed present in all heavy nuclei . A helium nucleus was presumed to be composed of four protons plus two `` nuclear electrons '' ( electrons bound inside the nucleus ) to cancel two of the charges . At the other end of the periodic table , a nucleus of gold with a mass 197 times that of hydrogen , was thought to contain 118 nuclear electrons in the nucleus to give it a residual charge of + 79 , consistent with its atomic number . The discovery of the neutron makes Z the proton number ( edit ) All consideration of nuclear electrons ended with James Chadwick 's discovery of the neutron in 1932 . An atom of gold now was seen as containing 118 neutrons rather than 118 nuclear electrons , and its positive charge now was realized to come entirely from a content of 79 protons . After 1932 , therefore , an element 's atomic number Z was also realized to be identical to the proton number of its nuclei . The symbol of Z ( edit ) The conventional symbol Z possibly comes from the German word Atomzahl ( atomic number ) . However , prior to 1915 , the word Zahl ( simply number ) was used for an element 's assigned number in the periodic table . Chemical properties ( edit ) Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom , which is Z ( the atomic number ) . The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics . The number of electrons in each element 's electron shells , particularly the outermost valence shell , is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior . Hence , it is the atomic number alone that determines the chemical properties of an element ; and it is for this reason that an element can be defined as consisting of any mixture of atoms with a given atomic number . New elements ( edit ) The quest for new elements is usually described using atomic numbers . As of 2010 , all elements with atomic numbers 1 to 118 have been observed . Synthesis of new elements is accomplished by bombarding target atoms of heavy elements with ions , such that the sum of the atomic numbers of the target and ion elements equals the atomic number of the element being created . In general , the half - life becomes shorter as atomic number increases , though an `` island of stability '' may exist for undiscovered isotopes with certain numbers of protons and neutrons . See also ( edit ) Look up atomic number in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Atomic theory Effective atomic number History of the periodic table List of elements by atomic number Prout 's hypothesis References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Periodic Table of Elements , American Institute of Physics Jump up ^ The Development of the Periodic Table , Royal Society of Chemistry Jump up ^ Ordering the Elements in the Periodic Table , Royal Chemical Society Jump up ^ Moseley , H.G.J. ( 1913 ) . `` XCIII. The high - frequency spectra of the elements '' . Philosophical Magazine . Series 6 . 26 ( 156 ) : 1024 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308635052 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Eric Scerri , A tale of seven elements , ( Oxford University Press 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539131 - 2 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Scerri chaps. 3 -- 9 ( one chapter per element ) Jump up ^ Ernest Rutherford NZHistory.net.nz , New Zealand history online . Nzhistory.net.nz ( 19 October 1937 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Origin of symbol Z. frostburg.edu GND : 4306456 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_number&oldid=854761533 '' Categories : Chemical properties Nuclear physics Atoms Dimensionless numbers of chemistry Hidden categories : Articles with short description Use dmy dates from July 2015 Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 111 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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-6295216203377151037 | United States twenty-dollar bill | United States twenty - dollar bill - wikipedia United States twenty - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search Twenty dollars ( United States ) Value $20 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight Approx . 1.0 g Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1861 -- present Obverse Design Andrew Jackson Design date 2003 Reverse Design White House Design date 2003 The United States twenty - dollar bill ( $20 ) is a denomination of U.S. currency . The seventh U.S. President ( 1829 -- 1837 ) , Andrew Jackson , has been featured on the front side of the bill since 1928 ; the White House is featured on the reverse . As of December 2013 , the average circulation life of a $20 bill is 7.9 years before it is replaced due to wear . About 11 % of all notes printed in 2009 were $20 bills . Twenty - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in violet straps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre -- Federal Reserve history 2 Federal Reserve history 3 Proposal for a woman 's portrait 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Pre -- Federal Reserve history ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1863 $20 Legal Tender note 1880 $20 Legal Tender depicting Alexander Hamilton Series 1905 $20 gold certificate 1861 : A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front , and an abstract design on the back . The back is printed green . 1862 : A note that is very similar , the first $20 United States note . The back is different , with several small variations extant . 1863 : A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face . The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements . The back is orange . 1865 : A national bank note with `` The Battle of Lexington '' and Pocahontas 's marriage to John Rolfe in black , and a green border . 1869 : A new United States note design , with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword . The back design is green . 1875 : As above , except with a different reverse . 1878 : A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face . The back design is black . 1882 : A new gold certificate , with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face . The back is orange and features an eagle . 1882 : A new national bank note . The front is similar , but the back is different and printed in brown . 1886 : A new silver certificate $20 note , with Daniel Manning on the center of the face . 1890 : A treasury ( coin ) note with John Marshall on the left of the face . Two different backs exist both with abstract designs . 1902 : A new national bank note . The front features Hugh McCulloch , and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America . 1905 : A new gold certificate $20 note , with George Washington on the center of the face . The back design is orange . Federal Reserve history ( edit ) 1914 $20 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 $20 small - size Federal Reserve Note . Series 1929 $20 National Currency note issued by the Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank . Series 1995 $20 Federal Reserve Note . Series 1996 $20 Federal Reserve Note . The security strip in a twenty - dollar bill glows green under a blacklight . Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928 . Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson 's election as president , it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson . ( Cleveland 's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year ) . According to the U.S. Treasury , `` Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence . '' The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony ; as president , he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank . In his farewell address to the nation , he cautioned the public about paper money . 1914 : Began as a large - sized note , a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face , and , on the back , a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left , and a steamship approaching from the right . 1918 : A federal reserve banknote with Grover Cleveland on the front , and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 : Switched to a small - sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse . The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver ( at the bearer 's discretion ) at any Federal Reserve Bank . 1933 : With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard , the bill is no longer redeemable in gold , but rather in `` lawful money '' , meaning silver . 1942 : A special emergency series , with brown serial numbers and `` HAWAII '' overprinted on both the front and the back , is issued . These notes are designed to circulate on the islands and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion . 1948 : The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself , including the addition of the Truman Balcony , as well as the passage of time . Most notably , the trees are larger . 1950 : Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly , presumably for aesthetic reasons . 1963 : `` Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand '' is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait , and the legal tender designation is shortened to `` This note is legal tender for all debts , public and private '' ( eliminating `` and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury , or at any Federal Reserve Bank . '' ) Also , `` In God We Trust '' is added above the White House on the reverse . These two acts ( one taking U.S. currency off the silver backing , and the other authorizing the national motto ) are coincidental , even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign . Also , several design elements are rearranged , less perceptibly than the change in 1950 , mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations . 1969 : The new treasury seal appears on all denominations , including the $20 . 1977 : A new type of serial - number press results in a slightly different font . The old presses are gradually retired , and old - style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination . 1992 : Anti-counterfeiting features are added : microprinting around the portrait , and a plastic strip embedded in the paper . Even though the bills read Series 1990 , the first bills were printed in April 1992 . September 24 , 1998 : Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting ; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view . A larger , off - center portrait of Jackson was used on the front , and several anti-counterfeiting features were added , including color - shifting ink , microprinting , and a watermark . The plastic strip now reads `` USA 20 '' and glows green under a black light . The bills were first printed in June 1998 . October 9 , 2003 : The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow , and no oval around Andrew Jackson 's portrait ( background images of eagles , etc. were also added to the front ) ; the back is the same view of the White House , but without the oval around it . Ninety faint `` 20 '' s are scattered on the back in yellow as a `` EURion constellation '' to prevent photocopying . The first issue 's series date is 2004 with Marin - Snow signatures . The bills were first printed in April 2003 . Proposal for a woman 's portrait ( edit ) In a campaign called `` Women on 20s '' , selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill . The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020 , the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote . Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman , Eleanor Roosevelt , Rosa Parks , and Wilma Mankiller , the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation . On May 12 , 2015 , Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that `` grassroots '' poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman , followed by Roosevelt , Parks and Mankiller . On June 17 , 2015 , then - Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman 's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020 , replacing Alexander Hamilton . However , that decision was reversed , at least in part due to Hamilton 's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton . On April 20 , 2016 , Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill , while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill , with Jackson appearing on the reverse . Lew simultaneously announced that the five - and ten - dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade . On August 31 , 2017 , Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said that he would not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty - dollar bill , explaining `` People have been on the bills for a long period of time . This is something we 'll consider ; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on . '' See also ( edit ) Twenty Bucks , a 1993 movie that follows the travels of a $20 bill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How long is the life span of U.S. paper money ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Money Facts '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Currency FAQs '' . U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson as President '' . CliffsNotes . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson Vetoes Bank Bill -- July 10 , 1832 '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Andrew Jackson 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1990 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` New $20 Bill Debuts September 24th - 09 / 21 / 98 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1996 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Counterfeiting '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . United States Treasury . 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2004 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Why the $20 ? '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tan , Avianne ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Women on 20s ' to Ask President Obama to Put One of These 4 Women on $20 Bill '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Which country has the least sexist banknotes ? BBC . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved on April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Round Candidates '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harriet Tubman wins poll to replace Andrew Jackson on $20 bill '' . New York Post . Reuters . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson To Be Taken Off The $20 Bill '' . Huffington Post . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina. `` '' Hamilton '' Fans , Rejoice : Founding Father to Stay on the $10 Bill `` . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : `` Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman , Lays Out Plans for New $20 , $10 and $5 '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of the Treasury . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Ben ; McCaskill , Nolan D. `` Treasury 's Lew to announce Hamilton to stay on $10 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on the front of the $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Temple - West , Patrick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mnuchin dismisses question about putting Harriet Tubman on $20 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 20 United States dollar banknotes . ( hide ) United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_twenty-dollar_bill&oldid=826373896 '' Categories : 1861 establishments in the United States Currency introduced in 1861 Andrew Jackson Banknotes of the United States Twenty - base - unit banknotes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 19 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who appeared on the 20 dollar bill in 1865 | [
"\n1861: A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front, and an abstract design on the back. The back is printed green.\n1862: A note that is very similar, the first $20 United States note. The back is different, with several small variations extant.\n1863: A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face. The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements. The back is orange.\n1865: A national bank note with \"The Battle of Lexington\" and Pocahontas's marriage to John Rolfe in black, and a green border.\n1869: A new United States note design, with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword. The back design is green.\n1875: As above, except with a different reverse.\n1878: A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face. The back design is black.\n1882: A new gold certificate, with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face. The back is orange and features an eagle.\n1882: A new national bank note. The front is similar, but the back is different and printed in brown.\n1886: A new silver certificate $20 note, with Daniel Manning on the center of the face.\n1890: A treasury (coin) note with John Marshall on the left of the face. Two different backs exist both with abstract designs.\n1902: A new national bank note. The front features Hugh McCulloch, and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America.\n1905: A new gold certificate $20 note, with George Washington on the center of the face. The back design is orange.\n",
"\n1861: A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front, and an abstract design on the back. The back is printed green.\n1862: A note that is very similar, the first $20 United States note. The back is different, with several small variations extant.\n1863: A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face. The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements. The back is orange.\n1865: A national bank note with \"The Battle of Lexington\" and Pocahontas's marriage to John Rolfe in black, and a green border.\n1869: A new United States note design, with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword. The back design is green.\n1875: As above, except with a different reverse.\n1878: A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face. The back design is black.\n1882: A new gold certificate, with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face. The back is orange and features an eagle.\n1882: A new national bank note. The front is similar, but the back is different and printed in brown.\n1886: A new silver certificate $20 note, with Daniel Manning on the center of the face.\n1890: A treasury (coin) note with John Marshall on the left of the face. Two different backs exist both with abstract designs.\n1902: A new national bank note. The front features Hugh McCulloch, and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America.\n1905: A new gold certificate $20 note, with George Washington on the center of the face. The back design is orange.\n"
] | [
"Pocahontas",
"John Rolfe"
] |
-5802885977224750327 | Can't Help Falling in Love (film) | Ca n't Help Falling in Love ( film ) - wikipedia Ca n't Help Falling in Love ( film ) Ca n't Help Falling in Love Theatrical release poster Directed by Mae Czarina Cruz - Alviar Produced by John Leo Garcia Screenplay by Carmi Raymundo Kristine Gabriel Starring Kathryn Bernardo Daniel Padilla Music by Jessie Lasaten Production company ABS - CBN Film Productions , Inc . Distributed by Star Cinema Release date 15 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) Running time 119 minutes Country Philippines Language Filipino English Box office ₱ 320 Million ( US $6.3 million ) Ca n't Help Falling in Love is a 2017 Filipino romantic comedy - drama film directed by Mae Cruz - Alviar , starring Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla . It was their first project right after their blockbuster film Barcelona : A love Untold last 2016 . The film was produced and released by Star Cinema on April 15 , 2017 . Ca n't Help Falling in Love earned ₱ 33 million on its first day making it the highest opening Black Saturday Filipino film . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 2.3 Special Participation 3 Production 4 Music and soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Promotion 5.2 Box office 5.3 International release 5.4 Critical reception 5.5 Feedback 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Gab ( Kathryn Bernardo ) is a `` close to perfect girl '' who 's already set to wed her long - time boyfriend Jason ( Matteo Guidicelli ) . Her world , however , suddenly turns upside down when she discovers that she is already married - but to a total stranger , the happy - go - lucky Dos ( Daniel Padilla ) . As she figures out with Dos how this unlikely incident happened between them , Gab starts breaking her own rules to survive their crazily confusing situation . But with the changes in her well - planned life seems to come a change of heart as well . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Kathryn Bernardo as Gabriela `` Gab '' Benedictos Dela Cuesta Daniel Padilla as Jose Ibarra `` Dos '' Garcia Gonzales Jr . Supporting cast ( edit ) Matteo Guidicelli as Jason Aguinaldo Cherry Pie Picache as Mama Em Lito Pimentel as Papa Jun Lotlot de Leon as Mama Two Dennis Padilla as Papa Two Joross Gamboa as Nilo / Alpen Rose Kristel Fulgar as Viel Janus del Prado as William Charles Pinky Amador as Mrs. Alma Aguinaldo , Jason 's mother Johnny Revilla as Mr. George Aguinaldo , Jason 's father Hannah Ledesma as Marie Devon Seron as Tet Chienna Filomeno as Shine Earl Ignacio as Atty . John Francis Langit RS Francisco as Zach China Cojuanco - Gonzalez as Ms. Faye Corpuz Niña Dolino as Janine Aguinaldo Belle Mariano as Grace Dela Cuesta Clarence Delgado as Prince Dela Cuesta Special Participation ( edit ) Zanjoe Marudo as Mayor Luis Villarin Ejay Falcon Piolo Pascual Ruben Maria Soriquez as Cristofano Lanie Martin Gumarang as Jonabelle Min Bernardo Emily Fulgar Lhexine Alcantara Adam Jordan Lim Malaya Production ( edit ) Cruz - Alviar at the grand press conference shared that Ca n't Help Falling in Love was shot almost immediately after Barcelona : A Love Untold . It took Padilla and Bernardo a while before they were able to shed the personalities of their Barcelona characters . On January 21 , there were reports of shots from some underwater scenes for Ca n't Help Falling in Love . The photos of them spread online as they were seen shooting scenes diving in the Moalboal located in the southwestern tip of Cebu . Based on the photos , they travel around South Cebu went from Cabana Beach Club Resort in Moalboal on Sunday to visit the hidden Mantayupan falls , located in Barili town , around 30 km from their first location . They were in Cebu for a week in January 2017 to shoot some important scenes for their movie . They explored the white sand beaches of Moalboal , Bukilat Cave and Boho Rock Resort of Camotes Island , Osmeña Peak in Dalaguete , as well as the towns of Boljoon , Argao and Oslob . Editing process finished on April 5 , 2017 Just 9 days before the official release . The film received a rating of PG - 13 from the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board ( MTRCB ) and rated B by The Cinema Evaluation Board ( CEB ) . Music and soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack title for Ca n't Help Falling in Love is a pop ballad song originally recorded by Elvis Presley with the same title performed by the lead actor , Daniel Padilla . The music video officially released on March 16 , 2017 , while the song officially released on radio through MOR 101.9 on March 23 , 2017 . The MV launched for the first time on ABS - CBN 's music program , ASAP on April 2 , 2017 . The song officially released on April 13 , 2017 through iTunes and Spotify . Release ( edit ) Promotion ( edit ) During filming , the first teaser of the trailer officially released on March 15 , while the second teaser was released on March 21 , 2017 has garnered more than 2 million views in less than 24 hours . The production of the film still on editing room , when Star Cinema released first trailer on 29 March . followed by the press conference which was held on 30 March at Villa Immaculada Events Place , Intramuros , Manila . The malls tour promotion , dubbed `` Ca n't Help Summer Road Tour '' kicked off on April 2 , 2017 at TriNoma & Market ! Market ! and ended on April 10 at SM Seaside City Cebu which has aired live on TV Patrol . To promoted the film , Padilla and Bernardo performed on several live shows such as ASAP , I t 's Show Time , and Your Face Sounds Familiar : Kids 1 . They also guest starred in episodes of Magandang Buhay , Tonight with Boy Abunda. and an episode of Family Feud . Box office ( edit ) The film was released on April 14 , 2017 initially in 270 cinemas and was expanded to 300 cinemas and eventually in 400 cinemas ( worldwide ) for its seventh days . Ca n't Help Falling in Love has grossed ₱ 33 million on its first day of showing , making it the biggest Black Saturday opening for a Filipino film . After 4 days , the film grossed ₱ 100 million . After 10 days , the film grossed ₱ 180 million . On its 13th day , the film grossed ₱ 200 million locally . On its 24th day , the film grossed ₱ 300 million worldwide . ( Partial Gross ) International release ( edit ) For the first time in the Filipino movie history , a local film held a premiere night at United Arab Emirates . Ca n't Help Falling In Love has an advanced screening for fans on April 19 at 8pm at Novo Cinema Festival City . The film released across the UAE on April 20 and it has grossed $150,443 after 4 days . The film has grossed $900,000 in North America after 10 days . The film was screened in the United States and Canada starting April 21 in 63 cinemas . Due to popular demand it was extended up to four weeks The film also screened in keycountries worldwide including Qatar , Bahrain , Oman , United Kingdom , Austria , Italy , Spain , Australia , New Zealand , Saipan , Taiwan , Malaysia , Singapore , Hongkong , and for the first time in The Filipino Channel history screened in Brunei Darussalam and Indonesia . Critical reception ( edit ) Ca n't Help Falling In Love received mix to positive reviews from critics . Pablo A. Tariman of The Philippine Star reviewed the film as `` a different kind of kilig '' In other hand , Philbert Ortiz Dy a professional movie critics of The Neighborhood rated the film 2.5 out of 5 , called it `` lapsing into lazy formula , '' stated the screenplay is `` patchy '' . But he gave credit to the leads especially Padilla 's performance . Francis Joseph Cruz a movie critics of Rappler also stated the film is `` relentlessly charming '' and `` too committed to formula , '' bu admitted it as , `` ... Cruz - Alviar 's most entertaining movie , '' and complimented Padilla stating that he , `` ... who really manages to keep the movie from being tedious in its reliance on formula . '' Irish Eden R. Belleza of Gulf News share same thought , she name it as `` typical romantic comedy , '' but `` ... lovely and refreshing at the same time . '' Stephanie Mayo a film reviewer of Concept News Central admitted , `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love may have some cringingly corny scenes '' but `` ... it fun and entertaining '' and rated the film 3 out of 5 . Nazamel Tabarres a film enthusiast of Pelikulamania also rated the film 3 out of 5 stated the film `` predictable , formulaic but lovely . '' Ro Manalo of Cosmopolitan complimented the film wrote , `` Overall , I found the movie to be funny , fast - paced , and full of kilig . '' Feedback ( edit ) According to Twitter Philippines , `` Filipinos could n't stop talking '' about the film , releasing 700,000 tweets related to the movie from April 10 -- 17 . Netizens ca n't help but give their positive reviews , ratings and comments about the movie . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Admin , Star Cinema ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' CHFIL ' producer is proud of KathNiel Star Cinema '' . ABS - CBN Film Productions Inc . ( Star Cinema ) . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TMT , Christina Alpad ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` KathNiel returns to rom - com in grown - up fashion - The Manila Times Online '' . The Manila Times . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lo , Ricky ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Direk Mae : Her films reflect growing maturity '' . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Showbitz , Manila Standard ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` KathNiel 's magic continues in ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' '' . Manila Standard . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Times , The Manila ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Black Saturday in cinemas - The Manila Times Online '' . The Manila Times . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Showbitz , Manila Standard ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` KathNiel film is biggest summer movie '' . Manila Standard . Jump up ^ Hsu , Marty . `` ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' takes P33 million on opening day ! Star Cinema '' . ABS - CBN Film Productions Inc . ( Star Cinema ) . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kathniel Official Website '' . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Villano , Allex ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` 5 things to know about KathNiel film ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' '' . Rappler . Jump up ^ Cheska , Espina . `` Kathryn and Daniel take on a new challenge for ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' '' . Star Cinema . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ta - as , Apple ( 22 January 2017 ) . `` KathNiel in Moalboal to shoot film '' . Cebu Daily News . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ta - as , Apple ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` After Moalboal , KathNiel explores more towns in southern Cebu '' . Cebu Daily News . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ta - as , Apple ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` KathNiel 's new film features Cebu 's scenic spots '' . Cebu Daily News . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serna , Roger ( 12 April 2017 ) . `` KathNiel ca n't help but fall for Cebu '' . SunStar . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Espina , Cheska ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love is Graded B by Cinema Evaluation Board Star Cinema '' . ABS - CBN Film Productions Inc . ( Star Cinema ) . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Espina , Cheska ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Daniel serenades Kathryn in ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' music video Star Cinema '' . ABS - CBN Film Productions Inc . ( Star Cinema ) . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Daniel shares sweet moments with Kathryn in new music video '' . ABS - CBN News . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling In Love ( From `` Ca n't Help Falling In Love '' ) - Single by Daniel Padilla on Apple Music `` . iTunes Store ( Apple ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling In Love ( From `` Ca n't Help Falling In Love '' ) `` . Spotify. 10 April 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : KathNiel is married in ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' teaser '' . Rappler . March 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wang , Nickie ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` After LizQuen , it 's KathNiel 's turn '' . Manila Standard . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Teaser for new Daniel - Kathryn film goes viral '' . ABS - CBN News . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' . CNN Philippines . April 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` WATCH : ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' first trailer '' . ABS - CBN News . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lo , Ricky ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` Help them , they 're falling ! '' . philstar.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Bakit ' ca n't help falling in love ' ang KathNiel '' . ABS - CBN News ( in Filipino ) . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` WATCH : Kathryn , Daniel in ' Ca n't Help Falling in Love ' duet '' . ABS - CBN News ( in Filipino ) . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` WATCH : Daniel , Kathryn sing ' Panalangin ' '' . ABS - CBN News ( in Filipino ) . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Bakit ' ca n't help falling in love ' ang KathNiel '' . ABS - CBN News . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kathryn , Daniel bakit ' di mapigilang mahalin ang isa 't isa ? '' . ABS - CBN News ( in Filipino ) . Jump up ^ Corp. , ABS - CBN ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Fast Talk with Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla '' . entertainment.abs-cbn.com . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN ( 16 April 2017 ) . `` New movie of Kathryn , Daniel earns P33M on first day '' . ABS - CBN News . Archived from the original on 16 April 2017 . The movie is now showing in over 300 cinemas nationwide . Jump up ^ Quinto , Keneth ( 29 April 2017 ) . `` KathNiel 's Ca n't Help Falling in Love Rakes ₱ 200 Million '' . Archived from the original on 27 May 2017 . the film is still showing in more than 400 cinemas worldwide . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love opens w / P33 million , accdg to SC '' . Philippine Entertainment Portal. April 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodmagaru ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ( BOX OFFICE ) Ca n't Help Falling In Love Gross is The Highest Local Black Saturday Of all Time - The Rod Magaru Show '' . rodmagaru.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Espina , Cheska ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' earns whopping P100 million in just 4 days ! Star Cinema '' . ABS - CBN Film Productions Inc . ( Star Cinema ) . Jump up ^ ABS - CBN News ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' Crosses P180 - M mark ABS - CBN News '' . ABS - CBN News . Jump up ^ ABS - CBN News ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ca n't Help Falling in Love ' hits P200 - M mark ABS - CBN News '' . ABS - CBN News . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' ng KathNiel , kumita na ng P300M '' . ABS - CBN News . Archived from the original on 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Espina , Cheska . `` For The First Time Ever ! ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' holds premiere in UAE Star Cinema '' . ABS - CBN Film Productions Inc . ( Star Cinema ) . Jump up ^ Videographer , Iris Eden Belleza ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Demystifying KathNiel fans in Dubai '' . Gulf News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Videographer , Irish Eden Belleza , ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` KathNiel return to big screen with ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' '' . Gulf News . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Weekend Report `` Movie City News '' . moviecitynews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wharton , Dexie J. ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` '' Ca n't Help Falling In Love '' International Screenings `` . FeistyMomma . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love Theater List '' . Archived from the original on 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love Theater List TFC CANADA '' . www.tfc-ca.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Ca n't Help Falling in Love ' is Set to Screen in Key Countries Worldwide '' . InsideShowbiz.PH. 25 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KathNiel Flies To Hongkong For Ca n't Help Falling In Love Screening - InsideShowbiz.PH '' . InsideShowbiz.PH. 7 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TFC The Filipino Channel '' . web.facebook.com . For the first time in history , The Filipino Channel is holding the international screening `` Ca n't Help Falling In Love '' in beautiful Brunei this May 11 ! Jump up ^ Tariman , Pablo A. ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` A different kind of kilig '' . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dy , Philbert ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` ' Ca n't Help Falling in Love ' Ca n't Help Lapsing into Lazy Formula The Neighborhood '' . The Neighborhood . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Francis Joseph ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ca n't Help Falling in Love ' review : Relentlessly charming '' . Rappler . Jump up ^ Videographer , Irish Eden R. Belleza , ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ca n't Help Falling in Love ' film review '' . Gulf News . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayo , Stephanie ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Review ' Ca n't Help Falling in Love ' brings out the authentic DJ - Concept News Central '' . Concept News Central . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tabares , Nazamel ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` '' Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' Review : Predictable & Formulaic but Lovely `` . Pelikula Mania . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Manalo , Ro . `` An Honest Review Of ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' By A Pinoy Rom - Com Fan '' . Cosmo.ph . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Philippines on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Ca n't Help Falling in Love Official website Ca n't Help Falling in Love on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Help_Falling_in_Love_(film)&oldid=847858669 '' Categories : 2017 films Philippine films Star Cinema films Star Cinema drama films Hidden categories : CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 08 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6877072796867477086 | Cochlear implant | Cochlear implant - wikipedia Cochlear implant Cochlear implant Cochlear implant MedlinePlus 007203 ( edit on Wikidata ) A cochlear implant ( CI ) is surgically implanted neuroprosthetic device that provides a sense of sound to a person with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss . Cochlear implants bypass the normal acoustic hearing process , instead they replace it with electric hearing . Namely , the sound sensation comes from the sound that is converted to electric signals which directly stimulate the auditory nerve . The brain adapts to the new mode of hearing , and eventually can interpret the electric signals as sound and speech . The implant has two main components . The outside component is generally worn behind the ear , but could also be attached to clothing , for example , in young children . This component , the sound processor , contains microphones , electronics that include DSP chips , battery , and a coil which transmits a signal to the implant across the skin . The inside component , the actual implant , has a coil to receive signals , electronics , and an array of electrodes which is placed into the cochlea , which stimulate the cochlear nerve . The surgical procedure is performed under general anesthesia . Surgical risks are minimal but can include tinnitus and dizziness . From the early days of implants in 70s and 80s , speech perception via an implant has steadily increased . Many users of modern implants gain reasonable to good hearing and speech perception skills post-implantation , especially when combined with lipreading . One of the challenges that remains with these implants is that the range of hearing and speech understanding skills after implantation show a wide range across individual implant users . Factors such as duration and cause of hearing loss , how the implant is situated in the cochlea , the overall health of the cochlear nerve , but also individual capabilities of re-learning are considered to contribute to this variation , yet no certain predictive factors are known . In children with severe to profound hearing loss , implants have shown to positively contribute to spoken language development . Despite providing the ability for hearing and oral speech communication to children and adults with severe to profound hearing loss , there is also controversy around the devices . Much of the strongest objection to cochlear implants has come from the deaf community . For some in the deaf community , cochlear implants are an affront to their culture , which as some view it , is a minority threatened by the hearing majority . An infant with a cochlear implant . Contents 1 History 2 Parts 3 Surgical procedure 4 Efficacy 5 Society and culture 5.1 Usage 5.2 Cost 5.3 Manufacturers 5.4 Criticism and controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) André Djourno and Charles Eyriès invented the original cochlear implant in 1957 . This original design distributed stimulation using a single channel . Two years later they went their separate ways due to personal and professional differences ( Svirsky M , 2017 ) . The first cochlear implant was invented by Dr. William House , in 1961 . In 1964 , Blair Simmons and Robert J. White implanted a six channel electrode in a patient 's cochlea at Stanford University . The modern multichannel cochlear implant was independently developed and commercialized by Graeme Clark from Australia and Ingeborg Hochmair and her future husband , Erwin Hochmair , with the Hochmairs ' first implanted in a person in December 1977 and Clark 's in August 1978 . Parts ( edit ) Cochlear implants bypass most of the peripheral auditory system which receives sound and converts that sound into movements of hair cells in the cochlea ; the inside - portion of these hair cells release potassium ions in response to the movement of the hairs , and the potassium in turn stimulates other cells to release the neurotransmitter , glutamate , which makes the cochlear nerve send signals to the brain , which creates the experience of sound . Instead , the devices pick up sound and digitize it , convert that digitized sound into electrical signals , and transmit those signals to electrodes embedded in the cochlea . The electrodes electrically stimulate the cochlear nerve , causing it to send signals to the brain . There are several systems available , but generally they have the following components : External An illustration of a cochlear implant . one or more microphones that pick up sound from the environment a speech processor which selectively filters sound to prioritize audible speech a transmitter that sends power and the processed sound signals across the skin to the internal device by radio frequency transmission Internal : The internal part of a cochlear implant ( model Cochlear Freedom 24 RE ) a receiver / stimulator , which receives signals from the speech processor and converts them into electric impulses . an electrode array embedded in the cochlea Surgical procedure ( edit ) The surgical procedure most often used to implant the device is called mastoidectomy with facial recess approach ( MFRA ) . If a person 's individual anatomy prevents MFRA , other approaches , such as through the suprameatal triangle are used . A systematic literature review published in 2016 found that studies comparing the two approaches were generally small , not randomized , and retrospective so were not useful for making generalizations ; it is not known which approach is safer or more effective . The procedure is usually done under general anesthesia . Risks of the procedures include mastoiditis , otitis media ( acute or with effusion ) , shifting of the implanted device requiring a second procedure , damage to the facial nerve , damage to the chorda tympani , and wound infections . The rate of complications is about 12 % for minor complications and 3 % for major complications ; major complications include infections , facial paralysis , and device failure . To avoid the risk of bacterial meningitis , which while low is about thirty times as high compared to people who do n't undergo CI procedures , the FDA recommends vaccination prior to the procedure . The rate of transient facial nerve palsy is estimated to be approximately 1 % . Device failure requiring reimplantation is estimated to occur in 2.5 - 6 % of the time . Up to one - third of people experience disequilibrium , vertigo , or vestibular weakness lasting more than 1 week after the procedure ; in people under 70 these symptoms generally resolve over weeks to months , but in people over 70 the problems tend to persist . Cochlear implants are only approved for people who are deaf in both ears ; as of 2014 a cochlear implant had been used experimentally in some people who had acquired deafness in one ear after they had learned how to speak , and none who were deaf in one ear from birth ; clinical studies as of 2014 had been too small to draw generalizations from . Efficacy ( edit ) A 2011 AHRQ review of the evidence of the effectiveness of CI in people with bilateral hearing loss - the device 's primary use - found low to moderate quality data that showed speech perception in noisy conditions was much better for people who had implants in both ears done at the same time compared to people who had only one . The data also showed that no conclusions could be drawn about changes in speech perception in quiet conditions and health - related quality - of - life . There was only one good study comparing implanting implants in both ears at the same time to implanting them sequentially ; this study found that in the sequential approach , the second implantation made no change , or made things worse . A 2012 review found that the ability to communicate in spoken language was better the earlier the implantation was done . This review also found that , overall , the efficacy of cochlear implants is highly variable , and that it was not possible to accurately predict which children will and will not acquire spoken language successfully . A 2015 review examined whether CI implantation to treat people with bilateral hearing loss had any effect on tinnitus . This review found the quality of evidence to be poor and the results variable : overall total tinnitus suppression rates varied from 8 % to 45 % of people who received CI ; decrease of tinnitus was seen in 25 % to 72 % , of people ; for 0 % to 36 % of the people there was no change ; increase of tinnitus occurred in between 0 % to 25 % of patients ; and , in between 0 and 10 % of cases , people who did not have tinnitus before the procedure , got it . A 2016 systematic review of CI for people with unilateral hearing loss ( UHL ) found that of the studies conducted and published , none were randomized , only one evaluated a control group , and no study was blinded . After eliminating multiple uses of the same subjects , the authors found that 137 people with UHL had received a CI . While acknowledging the weakness of the data , the authors found that CI in people with UHL improves sound localization compared with other treatments in people who lost hearing after they learned to speak ; in the one study that examined this , CI did improve sound localization in people with UHL who lost hearing before learning to speak . It appeared to improve speech perception and to reduce tinnitus . A 2015 literature review on the use of CI for people with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder found that , as of that date , description and diagnosis of the condition was too heterogeneous to make clear claims about whether CI is a safe and effective way to manage it . Society and culture ( edit ) Usage ( edit ) As of December 2012 , approximately 324,000 cochlear implant devices had been surgically implanted . In the U.S. , roughly 58,000 devices were implanted in adults and 38,000 in children . Cost ( edit ) In the United States , the overall cost of getting cochlear implants was about $100,000 as of 2017 . Some or all of this may be covered by health insurance . In the United Kingdom , the NHS covers cochlear implants in full , as does Medicare in Australia , and the Department of Health in Ireland , Seguridad Social in Spain and Israel , and the Ministry of Health or ACC ( depending on the cause of deafness ) in New Zealand . According to the US National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders , the estimated total cost is $60,000 per person implanted . A study by Johns Hopkins University determined that for a three - year - old child who receives them , cochlear implants can save $30,000 to $50,000 in special - education costs for elementary and secondary schools as the child is more likely to be mainstreamed in school and thus use fewer support services than similarly deaf children . Manufacturers ( edit ) As of 2013 , the three cochlear implant devices approved for use in the U.S. were manufactured by Cochlear Limited ( Australia ) , Advanced Bionics ( a division of Sonova ) and MED - EL ( Austria ) . In Europe , Africa , Asia , South America , and Canada , an additional device manufactured by Neurelec ( France , a division of William Demant ) was available . A device made by Nurotron ( China ) was also available in some parts of the world . Each manufacturer has adapted some of the successful innovations of the other companies to its own devices . There is no consensus that any one of these implants is superior to the others . Users of all devices report a wide range of performance after implantation . Criticism and controversy ( edit ) Much of the strongest objection to cochlear implants has come from within the deaf community , some of whom are pre-lingually deaf people whose first language is a sign language . For some in the deaf community , cochlear implants are an affront to their culture , which , as they view it , is a minority threatened by the hearing majority . This is an old problem for the deaf community , going back as far as the 18th century with the argument of manualism vs. oralism . This is consistent with medicalisation and the standardisation of the `` normal '' body in the 19th century , when differences between normal and abnormal began to be debated . It is important to consider the sociocultural context , particularly in regards to the deaf community , which considers itself to possess its own unique language and culture . This accounts for the cochlear implant being seen as an affront to their culture , as many do not believe that deafness is something that needs to be cured . However , it has also been argued that this does not necessarily have to be the case : the cochlear implant can act as a tool deaf people can use to access the `` hearing world '' without losing their deaf identity . Cochlear implants for congenitally deaf children are considered to be most effective when implanted at a young age , during the critical period in which the brain is still learning to interpret sound . Hence they are implanted before the recipients can decide for themselves , on the assumption that deafness is a disability . Deaf culture critics argue that the cochlear implant and the subsequent therapy often become the focus of the child 's identity at the expense of a possible future deaf identity and ease of communication in sign language , and claim that measuring the child 's success only by their mastery of hearing and speech will lead to a poor self - image as `` disabled '' ( because the implants do not produce normal hearing ) rather than having the healthy self - concept of a proudly deaf person . Children with cochlear implants are more likely to be educated orally , in the standard fashion , and without access to sign language and are often isolated from other deaf children and from sign language . Cochlear implants have been one of the technological and social factors implicated in the decline of sign languages in the developed world . Some of the more extreme responses from deaf activists have labeled the widespread implantation of children as `` cultural genocide '' . As the trend for cochlear implants in children grows , deaf - community advocates have tried to counter the `` either or '' formulation of oralism vs manualism with a `` both and '' approach ; some schools are now successfully integrating cochlear implants with sign language in their educational programs . See also ( edit ) Auditory brainstem response Auditory brainstem implant Bone - anchored hearing aid Bone conduction Brain implant Ear trumpet Electric Acoustic Stimulation Electrophonic hearing Hearing Aid Neuroprosthetics Noise health effects Visual prosthesis Language deprivation § Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clark , Graeme M. ( April 2015 ) . `` The multi-channel cochlear implant : Multi-disciplinary development of electrical stimulation of the cochlea and the resulting clinical benefit '' . Hearing Research . 322 : 4 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / j. heares. 2014.08. 002 . Jump up ^ Shannon , Robert V. ( February 2012 ) . `` Advances in auditory prostheses '' . Current Opinion in Neurology . 25 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 66 . doi : 10.1097 / WCO. 0b013e32834ef878 . Jump up ^ Blamey , Peter ; Artieres , Françoise ; Başkent , Deniz ; Bergeron , François ; Beynon , Andy ; Burke , Elaine ; Dillier , Norbert ; Dowell , Richard ; Fraysse , Bernard ; Gallégo , Stéphane ; Govaerts , Paul J. ; Green , Kevin ; Huber , Alexander M. ; Kleine - Punte , Andrea ; Maat , Bert ; Marx , Mathieu ; Mawman , Deborah ; Mosnier , Isabelle ; O'Connor , Alec Fitzgerald ; O'Leary , Stephen ; Rousset , Alexandra ; Schauwers , Karen ; Skarzynski , Henryk ; Skarzynski , Piotr H. ; Sterkers , Olivier ; Terranti , Assia ; Truy , Eric ; Van de Heyning , Paul ; Venail , Fréderic ; Vincent , Christophe ; Lazard , Diane S. ( 2013 ) . `` Factors Affecting Auditory Performance of Postlinguistically Deaf Adults Using Cochlear Implants : An Update with 2251 Patients '' . Audiology and Neurotology. 18 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 47 . doi : 10.1159 / 000343189 . Jump up ^ Başkent , D. ; Gaudrain , E. ; Tamati , T.N. ; Wagner , A. ( 2016 ) . Perception and psychoacoustics of speech in cochlear implant users , in Scientific Foundations of Audiology : Perspectives from Physics , Biology , Modeling , and Medicine , Eds . A.T. Cacace , E. de Kleine , A.G. Holt , and P. van Dijk . San Diego , CA , USA : Plural Publishing , Inc . pp. 285 -- 319 . Jump up ^ Pisoni , David B. ; Kronenberger , William G. ; Harris , Michael S. ; Moberly , Aaron C. ( December 2017 ) . `` Three challenges for future research on cochlear implants '' . World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery . 3 ( 4 ) : 240 -- 254 . doi : 10.1016 / j. wjorl. 2017.12. 010 . Jump up ^ Geers , Ann E. ; Nicholas , Johanna G. ; Sedey , Allison L. ( February 2003 ) . `` Language Skills of Children with Early Cochlear Implantation '' . Ear and Hearing . 24 ( Supplement ) : 46S -- 58S . doi : 10.1097 / 01. AUD. 0000051689.57380. 1B . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cochlear Implant Controversy , Issues And Debates '' . NEW YORK : CBS News . September 4 , 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( December 15 , 2012 ) . `` Dr. William F. House , Inventor of Pioneering Ear - Implant Device , Dies at 89 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mudry , A ; Mills , M ( May 2013 ) . `` The early history of the cochlear implant : a retrospective '' . JAMA Otolaryngology -- Head & Neck Surgery . 139 ( 5 ) : 446 -- 53 . PMID 23681026 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Lasker ~ DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award : Modern cochlear implant '' . The Lasker Foundation . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roche JP , Hansen MR ( 2015 ) . `` On the Horizon : Cochlear Implant Technology '' . Otolaryngol . Clin. North Am. 48 : 1097 -- 116 . doi : 10.1016 / j. otc. 2015.07. 009 . PMC 4641792 . PMID 26443490 . ^ Jump up to : NIH Publication No. 11 - 4798 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Cochlear Implants '' . National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Yawn R , Hunter JB , Sweeney AD , Bennett ML ( 2015 ) . `` Cochlear implantation : a biomechanical prosthesis for hearing loss '' . F1000Prime Rep. 7 : 45 . doi : 10.12703 / P7 - 45 . PMC 4447036 . PMID 26097718 . ^ Jump up to : Bruijnzeel H , et al. Systematic Review on Surgical Outcomes and Hearing Preservation for Cochlear Implantation in Children and Adults . Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Feb 16 . Review . doi : 10.1177 / 0194599815627146 PMID 26884363 Jump up ^ Tokita , J ; Dunn , C ; Hansen , MR ( October 2014 ) . `` Cochlear implantation and single - sided deafness '' . Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery . 22 ( 5 ) : 353 -- 8 . doi : 10.1097 / moo. 0000000000000080 . PMC 4185341 . PMID 25050566 . Jump up ^ Raman G , et al. Effectiveness of Cochlear Implants in Adults with Sensorineural Hearing Loss ( Internet ) . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( US ) ; 2011 Jun 17 . PMID 25927131 Free full text Jump up ^ Ganek , Hillary ; Robbins , Amy McConkey ; Niparko , John K. `` Language Outcomes After Cochlear Implantation '' . Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America . 45 ( 1 ) : 173 -- 185 . doi : 10.1016 / j. otc. 2011.08. 024 . PMID 22115689 . Jump up ^ Ramakers GG , van Zon A , Stegeman I , Grolman W ( 2015 ) . `` The effect of cochlear implantation on tinnitus in patients with bilateral hearing loss : A systematic review '' . Laryngoscope. 125 : 2584 -- 92 . doi : 10.1002 / lary. 25370 . PMID 26153087 . ^ Jump up to : Cabral Junior F , Pinna MH , Alves RD , Malerbi AF , Bento RF ( 2016 ) . `` Cochlear Implantation and Single - sided Deafness : A Systematic Review of the Literature '' . Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 20 : 69 -- 75 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 0035 - 1559586 . PMC 4687988 . PMID 26722349 . Jump up ^ Harrison RV , Gordon KA , Papsin BC , Negandhi J , James AL ( 2015 ) . `` Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder ( ANSD ) and cochlear implantation '' . Int. J. Pediatr . Otorhinolaryngol. 79 : 1980 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijporl. 2015.10. 006 . PMID 26545793 . Jump up ^ `` Cochlear Implants '' . American Academy of Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beaumont Hospital - Cochlear Implant - How to Refer '' . Jump up ^ John M. Williams ( 2000 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Do Health - Care Providers Have to Pay for Assistive Tech ? '' . Business Week . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lock , M. and Nguyen , V-K. , An Anthropology of Biomedicine , Oxford , Wiley - Blackwell , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Power D ( 2005 ) . `` Models of deafness : cochlear implants in the Australian daily press '' . Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education . 10 ( 4 ) : 451 -- 9 . doi : 10.1093 / deafed / eni042 . PMID 16000690 . Jump up ^ Paul Oginni ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) . `` UCI Research with Cochlear Implants No Longer Falling on Deaf Ears '' . New University . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ NAD Cochlear Implant Committee . `` Cochlear Implants '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ringo , Allegra ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Understanding Deafness : Not Everyone Wants to Be ' Fixed ' '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Johnston , T ( 2004 ) . `` W ( h ) ither the deaf community ? Population , genetics , and the future of Australian sign language '' . American annals of the deaf . 148 ( 5 ) : 358 -- 75 . PMID 15132016 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , John B. ; Leigh , Irene W. ; Spencer , Patricia Elizabeth ; Lucker , Jay R. ( 2001 ) . Cochlear implants in children : ethics and choices ( ( Online - Ausg . ) ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Gallaudet University Press . pp. 304 -- 305 . ISBN 9781563681165 . Jump up ^ Denworth , Lydia ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Science Gave My Son the Gift of Sound '' . Time . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cochlear implants . Cochlear Implants at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) What is it like to live with a cochlear implant ? A short documentary video clip What do cochlear implants sound like ? An audio example Cochlear Implants Information from the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) . NASA Spinoff article on engineer Adam Kissiah 's contribution to cochlear implants beginning in the 1970s . Wilson , Blake S. ; Finley , Charles C. ; Lawson , Dewey T. ; Wolford , Robert D. ; Eddington , Donald K. ; Rabinowitz , William M. ( 1991 ) . `` Better speech recognition with cochlear implants '' . Nature . 352 ( 6332 ) : 236 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1991Natur. 352 ... 236W . doi : 10.1038 / 352236a0 . PMID 1857418 . NPR Story about improvements to improve the processing of music . Includes simulations of what someone with implants might hear . More recent NPR Story about improvements to improve the processing of music . Includes updated simulations of music , before and after these updates . Tuning In PBS article about advances in cochlear implant technology with simulations of what someone with each type of implant would hear . My Bionic Quest for Boléro ( Wired , November 2005 ) : Author Michael Chorost writes about his own implant and trying the latest software from researchers in a quest to hear music better . Charles Limb , `` Building the musical muscle '' , TEDMED 2011 , October 2011 NDL : 00577308 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochlear_implant&oldid=854411711 '' Categories : 1979 introductions 1979 in science Artificial organs Audiology Australian inventions Bionics Cybernetics Implants ( medicine ) Medical devices NASA spin - off technologies Neuroprosthetics Otology Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 04 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who developed and commercialised the modern multichannel cochlear implant (bionic ear) | [
"The modern multichannel cochlear implant was independently developed and commercialized by Graeme Clark from Australia and Ingeborg Hochmair and her future husband, Erwin Hochmair, with the Hochmairs' first implanted in a person in December 1977 and Clark's in August 1978.[10]\n",
"The modern multichannel cochlear implant was independently developed and commercialized by Graeme Clark from Australia and Ingeborg Hochmair and her future husband, Erwin Hochmair, with the Hochmairs' first implanted in a person in December 1977 and Clark's in August 1978.[10]\n",
"The modern multichannel cochlear implant was independently developed and commercialized by Graeme Clark from Australia and Ingeborg Hochmair and her future husband, Erwin Hochmair, with the Hochmairs' first implanted in a person in December 1977 and Clark's in August 1978.[10]\n"
] | [
"Graeme Clark",
"Ingeborg Hochmair",
"Erwin Hochmair"
] |
-641034880286132983 | Legal status of tattooing in the United States | Legal status of Tattooing in the United states - wikipedia Legal status of Tattooing in the United states In the United States , there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing . However , all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years or older . This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor can not enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure . Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian , but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission , with the exception of medical necessity ( such as markings placed for radiation therapy ) . In all jurisdictions , individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings , such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal , or limiting the type and / or location of where they are willing to tattoo ( such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body ) . They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork , including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive , or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated . Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true , so as to avoid arguments with clients . Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State State Minimum Age ( with parent / guardian consent ) Form of Parent / Guardian Consent Notes & Exceptions Intoxicated / Impaired Individuals Area of Law / Type of Penalty Licensing & Regulation Relevant Statute ( s ) and Rules Alabama none specified informed written consent , signed in presence of the artist / service provider or their agent Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules . can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor , punishable by a fine of up to $100 and / or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation . Alabama 's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo , body piercing , & body art facilities , and sets standards for their operation . Individual tattoo artists , piercers , etc. require a permit . Ala . Code § 22 - 1 - 17A State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities . Alaska 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure Minors may be pierced with parental consent no restriction Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 Arizona none specified parent / guardian must be physically present Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent / guardian , can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider . no restriction Violations are a class 6 felony . There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona . Tattoos . Ariz . Rev. Stat. § 13 - 3721 Arkansas 16 parent / guardian must both give written consent and be physically present none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced . Ark . Stat . Ann . § § 20 - 27 - 1501 et seq . California 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must be present during procedure Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent . They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent , but not on their genitals or nipples . Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples , when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent . no restriction Body Art . Cal . Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328 Cal . Penal Code 653 Colorado 18 Express written consent of parent or guardian parent / guardian must be present during procedure Persons who are `` noticeably impaired '' can not have body art procedures Body Artists . Colo . Rev. Stat. § 25 - 4 - 2101 to 2103 Connecticut none specified permission of parent or guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Tattooing may only be performed by physicians , or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician . no restrictions Conn . Gen. Stat . § 19a - 92a , Conn . Gen. Stat . § 19a - 92g District of Columbia 18 ( ear piercing excepted ) written consent ( for ear piercing ) minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent no restrictions Body Artists . DC Code § 47 - 2853.76 d Delaware 18 notarized written consent to the specific procedure none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced Del . Code Ann . Title 11 , Ch 5 § 1114 ( a ) Del . Code Ann . Title 16 , Ch 2 § 122 ( 3 ) ( w ) Florida 16 Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship , both parent and minor must present photo ID , and a consent form must be notarized . for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist no restriction Fla . Stat . § 381.00787 Fla . Stat. § 381.0775 et seq . Fla . Stat . § 381.075 Georgia 18 ( body piercing excepted ) For body piercing : prior written consent of parent / guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for `` medical or cosmetic purposes . '' No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket . no restrictions Ga . Code § 31 - 40 - 1 to 31 - 40 - 10 Ga . Code § 16 - 12 - 5 Ga . Code § 16 - 5 - 71.1 Hawaii none specified written consent of parent / guardian Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 13 Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 379 Idaho 14 Written informed consent of parent / guardian , executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their agent / employee . Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent . Piercing for medical procedures exempt . no restrictions Idaho Code § 18 - 1523 ( 2004 ) Illinois 18 ( body piercings excepted ) Written consent of parent / guardian ( for body piercings ) Minors can not be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent / guardian . Minors can have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions Ill . Stat. 720 § 5 / 12 - 10.1 Ill . Stat. 410 § 54 / 1 t0 54 / 999 Indiana none specified Parent / guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions Ind . Code Ann . § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 Ind . Code Ann . § 16 - 19 - 3 - 4.1 Iowa 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa , however county or city laws may regulate it . no restrictions Iowa Code § 135.37 Iowa Code § 135.37 Kansas 16 Parent / guardian must give written consent , written consent must be notarized , and the parent / guardian must be present during the procedure . Minors may have their ears pierced no restrictions Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1953 Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1940 to 65 - 1954 Kentucky 16 Parent / guardian must give written , notarized consent . none ( ear piercing also requires written , notarized consent ) . Ky. Rev. Stat . § 211.760 Ky. Rev. Stat . § 194A. 050 ; 211.760 Louisiana 16 Parent or guardian must consent , and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos , but not for body piercings . no restrictions La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 14 : 93.2 La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 40 : 2831 et seq . Maine 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings : prior legal consent of parent / guardian . Maine law does not require parent / guardian consent for ear piercing no restrictions Me . Rev. Stat . Ann . Title 32 § 4201 - 4329 Maryland none specified written consent , which must be retained for 3 years . Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt no restriction Health Department Regulations A license is not required , but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations COMAR 10.06. 01.02 and 10.06. 01.06 Massachusetts 18 ( except body piercing other than genitalia ) Minors can not receive tattoo , branding , or scarification at all . For piercing of areas other than the genitalia , a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document . Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation . no restriction County Health Department regulates body art , but all follow a model regulation set by the state . Artists must have a permit , and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments Michigan none specified Written , informed consent of parent / guardian . Must be executed ( signed ) in the presences of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced . Mich . Comp . Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112 Minnesota 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : presence of parent / guardian and a consent form are both required . Minors can not be tattooed . They can be body pierced , but not in the nipples or genitals . Branding , scarification , suspension , subdermal implantation , microdermal , and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors . can not have any body art procedures . Minnesota Statutes 146B. 07 Mississippi 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear . no restriction Miss. Code Ann . § 73 - 61 Missouri none specified For both piercings and tattoos , parent / guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded or body pierced . violations are a misdemeanor , punishable with a fine of up to $500 ( more for repeat offenses ) The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists , and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments . Mo . Rev. Stat . § 324.520 Montana none specified Parent or guardian must give `` explicit , in - person '' consent . Montana administrative rules also require that the parent / guardian be present throughout the procedure . can not be tattooed or body pierced . A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent / guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children , punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail , or both . Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor , with punishments ranging from a fine of $50 -- 100 for a first offense to $300 and / or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense . Montana 's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments . Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department 's . Mont . Code Ann . § 45 - 5 - 623 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 101 to 110 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 201 to 209 Nebraska none specified written consent , must be present during procedure Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear No restrictions Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1008 , 38 - 1009 , 38 - 1010 , 38 - 1011 , 38 - 1060 , 38 - 10,165 Nevada n / a n / a Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos , piercings , or other body art . Regional health districts may regulate the practice . The southern Nevada Health District , for example , does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed , and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14 - to 18 - year - olds . The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol . n / a n / a New Hampshire 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure . Minors can not be tattooed or branded . They may be pierced with parent / guardian consent . Minors may have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 314 New Jersey none specified written permission of parent / guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing . Parent / guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing . Minors can not have genital piercings even with parent / guardian consent . no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions N.J. Stat . Ann . § 2C : 40 - 21 N.J.A.C. 8 : 27 - 1 et seq . N.J. Stat . Ann . § 26 - 1A - 7 New Mexico none specified Written consent and presence during the procedure . Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt no restrictions Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists All body artists are required to be licensed through the state , and are subject to regulations from the Board Body Art Safe Practices Act . N.M. Stat . Ann . § 61 - 17B et seq. , N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq . New York 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent , signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner . Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings . no restrictions New York Public Health Law , Article 4 - A N.Y. Public Health Law § 460 - 466 N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21 North Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . `` Prior consent '' of parent / guardian is required for body piercings . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions N.C. Gen. Stat . § 130A - 283 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14 - 400 North Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent . can not get tattoos or other body art N.D. Code § 23 - 01 - 35 N.D. Code § 12.1 - 31 - 13 Ohio none specified Parent / guardian must both sign a consent form and `` appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed . '' none - parent / guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings . no restrictions Ohio Rev. Code Ann . § 3730.01 to 3730.99 Oklahoma 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure . Ear piercing is not governed / restricted by Oklahoma law . Scleral tattooing is illegal . can not be tattooed . Okla . Stat . Title 21 § 842.1 , 842.2 , 842.3 Oregon 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity . Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician . Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders can not be tattooed or pierced . Minors can not be pierced on the genitals or nipples , even with parent / guardian consent . Piercing on testes , deep shaft ( corpus cavernosa ) , uvula , eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited . can not be tattooed or pierced . Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor . Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined ( various amounts ) . Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office . With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners , the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art . Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410 Or . Rev. Stat . § 679.500 Health Licensing Office Rules , especially Divisions 900 , 905 , 915 & 920 Pennsylvania none specified parent / guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure . no restrictions Pa . Cons . Stat . Title 18 § 6311 Rhode Island 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure . no restrictions Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense ( misdemeanor ) , maximum fine $300 Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health , artists must be registered . RI Gen L § 23 - 1 - 39 RI Gen L § 11 - 9 - 15 South Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must either give written , notarized consent or be present during the procedure . Head , face , and neck tattoos are illegal . can not be tattooed or body pierced Under the Health Code , persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor . Upon conviction , they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year , or both . Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control . Tattoo facilities are licensed , body piercing facilities require a permit , and artists must be registered S.C. Code § 44 - 32 - 10 to 44 - 32 - 120 S.C. Code § 44 - 34 - 10 to 44 - 34 - 110 South Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must sign a consent form . can not be tattooed or pierced Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor . Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules . Municipalities may set stricter regulations , and have the authority to license body artists . S.D. Codified Laws Ann . § 26 - 10 - 19 S.D. Laws § 9 - 34 - 17 Tennessee 18 ( piercings excepted ) For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . For piercings : Parent / Guardian must give written consent , be present during the procedure . Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo , with parent / guardian consent . Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a `` delinquent act , '' are required to pay a fine of $50 -- $250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service . Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor , breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor . Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health , tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department . Tenn . Code § § 62 - 38 - 201 - 310 Texas 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / guardian must be present during procedure , sign an affidavit Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes Minors may , with parent / guardian consent , be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive , gang - related , or drug - related content , or `` other words , symbols , or markings that the person 's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover '' Tongue splitting prohibited . Cannot be tattooed or pierced . Misrepresenting one 's age to get a tattoo , or to get a piercing without parental consent , is a class B misdemeanor Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor , with each day of violation counting as a separate offense . Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed Texas Health and Safety Code Ann . § 146 Utah none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure , give written permission , and provide proof of identity . Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor , shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation . Utah Code Ann . § 76 - 10 - 2201 Vermont none specified Tattooists and body piercers must be registered . Vt . Stat . Ann . Title 26 § 4101 to 4109 Virginia none specified Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . Virginia law does not limit minors ' ability to have their ears pierced . Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor Tattoo artists and body piercers , as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments , are licensed by the state . Civic / local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments . Va . Code § 54.1 - 700 et seq . Va . Code § 15.2 - 912 Va . Code § 18.2 - 371.3 . Washington 18 ( piercings excepted ) can not have tattoos , body piercings , or other body art . Wash . Code § 26.28. 085 Wash . Code § 18.300 Wash . Code § 246 - 145 - 001 to 060 Wash . Code § 70.54 West Virginia none specified parent / guardian must give written consent All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol . Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health , and must be registered as a business with the state W. Va . Code § 16 - 37 W. Va . Code § 16 - 38 Wisconsin 18 n / a ( tattooing not permitted under 18 ) Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt no restriction Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200 Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department . Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235 Wyoming none specified Verbal consent , presence during procedure . Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician , and piercing of the ear , do not count as body art for this law . no restriction Misdemeanor criminal offense , punishable by fine and prison time Wyoming Statute § 14 - 3 - 107 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 2 '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RULES OF STATE BOARD OF HEALTH BUREAU OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION OF FOOD , MILK , AND LODGING Chapter 420 - 3 - 23 BODY ART PRACTICE AND FACILITIES '' ( PDF ) . http://www.adph.org/ . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Chapter 17A : REGULATION OF TATTOOING , BRANDING , AND BODY PIERCING '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 8 : PENALTIES '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 7 : POWERS AND DUTIES OF DEPARTMENT '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TATOOING AND BODY PIERCING : STATE LAWS , STATUTES AND REGULATIONS '' . http://www.ncsl.org/ . National Council of State Legislatures . Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 . : Alaska Statutes - Section 08.13. 217. : Tattooing and permanent cosmetic coloring or body piercing on a minor '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Statutes - Chapter 08.13. : BARBERS AND HAIRDRESSERS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : Arizona Revised Statutes § 13 - 3721 . Tattoos , brands , scarifications and piercings ; minors ; anesthesia ; exception ; defense ; violation ; classification ; definitions . Jump up ^ Health regulations sought for Arizona tattoo shops , Tucson Citizen , Jul 05 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Custom Solution : Arkansas Code Research Tool '' . lexisnexis.com . ^ Jump up to : `` § 20 - 27 - 1502 - Unlawful to perform body art on a person under eighteen years of age . : : 2010 Arkansas Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` CAL . PEN . CODE § 653 : California Code - Section 653 '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` CAL . HSC . CODE § 119302 : California Code - Section 119302 '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` California Law - HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE ( HSC Sections 119300 . - 119328 . ) '' . regstoday.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nchd.org/Downloads/Body%20Art/Body%20Art%20Regulations%20final%203-26(2)-10.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Section 19a - 92g - Body piercing . : : 2012 Connecticut General Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` & § 47 -- 2853.76 e Prohibitions and penalties . : : 2014 District of Columbia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 11 '' . delaware.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes & Constitution '' . state.fl.us . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71.1 - Piercing of the body : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 12 - 5 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` HI Rev Stat § 321 - 379 : : Enforcement ; penalties . : : 2011 Hawaii Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes '' . idaho.gov . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=32700000&SeqEnd=33400000 ^ Jump up to : `` Ind . Code § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Indiana Code - Section 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Tattooing or body piercing a minor '' . Findlaw . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ISDH : Tattoo Information '' . in.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Iowa Code 135.37 '' . iowa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature '' . kslegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature '' . kslegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` 211.760 Tattooing and body piercing of humans by nonmedical personnel for remuneration -- Registration -- Administrative regulations -- Compliance checks -- Hearings. : : 2014 Kentucky Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` 902 KAR 45 : 070 . Body piercing and ear piercing '' . state.ky.us . Jump up ^ `` LA Rev Stat § 14 : 93.2 : : RS 14 : 93.2 -- Tattooing and body piercing of minors ; prohibition : : 2011 Louisiana Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4203 : Minors '' . mainelegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4323 : Body piercing of minors '' . mainelegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4321 : Definitions '' . mainelegislature.org . ^ Jump up to : `` COMAR 10.06. 01.06 '' . dsd.state.md.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Disclose the risks of the procedure , obtain the client 's written consent for the performance of the procedure or , in the case of a minor , the consent of the parent or guardian , and retain the consent on file for a period of 3 years and make it available to the health officer , if requested ; Jump up ^ `` COMAR 10.06. 01.02 Definitions '' . dsd.state.md.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . ( 29 ) Skin - Penetrating Body Adornment Procedure ^ Jump up to : dph / environment . `` Body Art ( Body Piercing , Tattooing and Branding / Scarification ) '' ( PDF ) . Health and Human Services . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mich . Comp . Laws § 333.13102 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 - 131 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 : : Act 368 of 1978 : : Chapter 333 -- HEALTH : : 2006 Michigan Compiled Laws : : Michigan Compiled Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/tattooing-and-body-piercing.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` 146B. 07 - 2014 Minnesota Statutes '' . mn.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 324.520 Definitions -- tattooing , branding , body piercing , prohibited , when , penalty . : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Section 324.522 Licensing required , when -- rulemaking authority . : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` 45 - 5 - 623 . Unlawful transactions with children '' . mt.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` 37.112. 158 : RESTRICTIONS AND PROHIBITIONS - Administrative Rules of the State of Montana '' . mtrules.org . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 108 . Penalties -- misdemeanor '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 103 . Rulemaking authority '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 203 . Licensure and regulation by local boards of health '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents , Title 50 , Chapter 48 , MCA '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents , Title 50 , Chapter 48 , MCA '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 10,165 '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1010 '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Nevada Health District Regulations Governing the Sanitation of Tattoo and Permanent Makeup Establishments '' . southernnevadahealthdistrict.org . ^ Jump up to : http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-8.htm Jump up ^ http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-4.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Section 2C : 40 - 21 - Tattooing of a minor ; parental permission , required : : 2013 New Jersey Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico Administrative Code 16.36. 5 '' . New Mexico Administrative Code . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . the signature of the client and , if the client is a minor , written proof of parental or legal guardian presence and consent ; ^ Jump up to : `` ARTICLE 17B Body Art Safe Practices Act '' . public.nmcompcomm.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Section 260.21 of New York State Penal Law - Unlawfully Dealing with a Child in the Second Degree '' . ny.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Article 4 - A Regulation of Body Piercing and Tattooing '' . ny.gov . Jump up ^ `` Body Art - Tattooing and Body Piercing '' . ny.gov . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByArticle/Chapter_14/Article_52.pdf Jump up ^ `` GS_130A - 283 '' . state.nc.us . Jump up ^ http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-400.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t12-1c31.pdf?20150627113430 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/information/acdata/pdf/33-41-01.pdf?20150627114138 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t23c01.pdf?20150627113445 ^ Jump up to : `` Lawriter - ORC '' . ohio.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 21 - 842.1 . Performing or offering to perform body piercing or tattooing on child under 18 years -- Definitions. : : 2014 Oklahoma Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Section 690.992 - Criminal penalties . : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Section 690.360 - Prohibited acts ; exceptions . : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` 6311 - Tattooing and body piercing . : : 2010 Pennsylvania Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 11 - 9 - 15 Tattooing of minors . : : CHAPTER 11 - 9 Children : : Title 11 Criminal Offenses : : 2010 Rhode Island General Laws : : Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 23 - 1 - 39 - Tattooing and / or body piercing . : : 2014 Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 44 - 34 - 100 - Unlawful acts ; penalties . : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 120 . Minors or persons impaired by drugs , alcohol , or otherwise incapable of consenting ; unhealthy skin surfaces ; penalty . : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER 32 - BODY PIERCING : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Section 44 - 34 - 20 - Establishment of sterilization , sanitation , and safety standards ; licensing ; engaging in other retail business . : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 20 . Sterilization , sanitation and safety standards ; certificate of completion of blood - borne pathogens and body piercing infection control course ; permits . : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 34 - TATTOOING : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 26 - 10 - 19 Tattooing minor without parental consent as misdemeanor. : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 9 - 34 - 17 Tattooing and body piercing . : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 211 - Tattoos for persons under 18 years of age -- Reporting tattooing of minors -- Tattoos to cover up existing tattoos for minors 16 years of age or older -- False statements of age or exhibiting false identification by minors for purpose of obtaining tattoos. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 305 - Minimum age for procedure -- Exception authorized with consent -- Recordkeeping. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 62 - 38 - 310 - Penalty. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2014/title-62/chapter-38/part-2/section-62-38-204/ Jump up ^ `` § 62 - 38 - 302 - License required -- Sanitation and sterilization compliance required . : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 38 - Tattoos and Body Piercing : : 2010 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.012 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.012 : TATTOOS PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0125 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0125 : BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED WITHOUT PARENTAL CONSENT ; EXCEPTION '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0025 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0025 : EXEMPTIONS FROM LICENSING REQUIREMENTS ; EAR PIERCING ESTABLISHMENTS EXEMPT '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0126 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0126 : TONGUE SPLITTING PROHIBITED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0124 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0124 : BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.018 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.018 : OFFENSE ; CRIMINAL PENALTY '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.019 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.019 : ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTY '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0021 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0021 : EMPLOYMENT OF TATTOOISTS AND BODY PIERCERS ; REGISTRATION REQUIRED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.002 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.002 : LICENSE REQUIRED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` Texas Statutes - Chapter 146 : TATTOO AND CERTAIN BODY PIERCING STUDIOS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah State Legislature '' . utah.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Vermont Laws '' . vermont.gov . Jump up ^ `` Professions and Occupations '' . vermont.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 18.2 - 371.3 . Tattooing or body piercing of minors '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 54.1 - 703 . License required '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 54.1 - 704.1 . License required for barbershop , cosmetology salon , nail care salon , waxing salon , tattoo parlor , body - piercing salon , and esthetics spa '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 15.2 - 912 . Regulation of tattoo parlors and body - piercing salons ; definition ; exception '' . virginia.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` RCW 26.28. 085 : Applying tattoo to a minor -- Penalty '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` WAC 246 - 145 - 015 : Restrictions '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 18.300 RCW : BODY ART , BODY PIERCING , AND TATTOOING '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 246 - 145 WAC : BODY ART , BODY PIERCING , ELECTROLOGY AND TATTOOING STANDARDS FOR STERILIZATION PROCEDURES AND INFECTION CONTROL '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 70.54 RCW : MISCELLANEOUS HEALTH AND SAFETY PROVISIONS '' . wa.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 38 - 3 . Operation standards . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 38 - 7 . Violations and penalties . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 38 - 6 . Registration requirements ; inspections by local or regional boards of health ; permit fees . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 37 - 3 . Registration requirements ; inspections by local boards of health ; posting of permit ; power of local board of health to order studio to close . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE 38 . TATTOO STUDIO BUSINESS. : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 948.70 '' . Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 252.23 '' . Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` TITLE 14 - CHILDREN , CHAPTER 3 - PROTECTION , ARTICLE 1 - PROHIBITED ACTS '' . legisweb.state.wy.us . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Tattoos and Tattooing Topics History Medical issues Religious perspectives Removal Categories Medical Permanent makeup Temporary Process Artist Ink Machine Art style Black - and - gray Burmese Flash Japanese ( Irezumi ) Maori ( Tā moko ) Marquesan Old school Samoan ( Malu / Peʻa ) Cambodian / Lao / Vietnamese ( Yantra ) Location on body Body suit Cornea Genital Lower - back Scalp Sclera Sleeve Legal status in ... the European Union South Korea the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States&oldid=856244050 '' Categories : Tattooing and law United States law Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 21 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | legal age to get a tattoo in all states | [
"In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).\n"
] | [
"18 years or older"
] |
4909085195941176995 | This Is Us (season 2) | This is Us ( season 2 ) - wikipedia This is Us ( season 2 ) This Is Us ( season 2 ) Promotional poster Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Parker Bates Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Eris Baker Faithe Herman Lonnie Chavis Country of origin United States No. of episodes 18 Release Original network NBC Original release September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) -- March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of This Is Us episodes The second season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods . The season was produced by Rhode Island Ave . Productions , Zaftig Films , and 20th Century Fox Television , with Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker , and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners . A second and third season of This Is Us were ordered in January 2017 , with production for season two beginning that July . The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Eris Baker , Faithe Herman , and Lonnie Chavis . The second season , consisting of 18 episodes , aired from September 26 , 2017 , to March 13 , 2018 , on NBC . This Is Us served as the lead - out program for Super Bowl LII in February 2018 with the second season 's fourteenth episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of This Is Us characters Main ( edit ) Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon Ron Cephas Jones as William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie Eris Baker as Tess Pearson Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson Recurring ( edit ) Jermel Nakia as young adult William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill Lyric Ross as Deja , Randall and Beth 's foster child . Debra Jo Rupp as Linda , a social worker who works with Randall and Beth when they foster Deja . Caitlin Thompson as Madison , Kate 's group 's resident thin member , who Kate discovers is bulimic . Joy Brunson as Shauna , Deja 's mother . Guest ( edit ) Sylvester Stallone as himself , an actor in Kevin 's movie . Sam Anderson as Walter Crowder , the judge in young adult William Hill 's case . Delroy Lindo as Ernest Bradley , the judge in Randall 's adoption case . Kate Burton as Barbara , a psychologist at Kevin 's rehab who facilitates his meeting with the family . Garrett Morris as Lloyd , a resident of William 's old apartment building . Iantha Richardson as adult Tess Pearson , a social worker . Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski ( aka Dr. K ) , Rebecca 's former childbirth obstetrician . Susan Blakely as Anne , Dr. K 's wife . Pam Grier as G.G. , Shauna 's grandmother and Deja 's great - grandmother . Dan Lauria as Toby 's father Wendie Malick as Toby 's mother Melanie Liburd as Zoe , Beth 's cousin Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` A Father 's Advice '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 2AZC01 12.94 On the Big Three 's 37th birthday , Randall wants to adopt a baby , but Beth convinces him they can honor William 's legacy by adopting an older child . Kate leaves an audition because all the other women there are thin , but she returns to go through with it . She is rejected because of her inexperience , not her weight ; Kate is confident she can work her way up . Toby tells Kevin that he , not Kevin , needs to be Kate 's `` person . '' Kevin explains that Kate informed him of their father 's death , and being Kate 's brother is the only thing he is really good at . In the past , Rebecca takes the Big Three to a movie after her argument with Jack . Rebecca urges Jack to come home ; Jack admits his drinking is out of control . Later , the family house has burned and Rebecca , in the car with Jack 's possessions in a bag , screams and cries . 20 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' John Fortenberry Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 2AZC02 11.06 Kevin is invited back for the 100th `` The Manny '' episode . The producers try to embarrass him for how he left the show , but Sophie helps him do it anyway . Randall , Beth , their girls , Rebecca , and Miguel travel across the country to see the live episode . Randall and Beth take a walk during the taping to discuss Randall 's worries about fostering an older child who could have major issues . Also during the taping , Kate gets a call for her first gig ; however , she does not want her mother to criticize her performance , so Kate asks both Rebecca and Toby not to follow her , but they do anyway . Later , Kate confronts Rebecca about how she has always treated her . Rebecca seeks support from Toby , but he clearly sides with Kate , which wins Rebecca 's approval . After the episode taping , Beth learns from Kevin that Randall only risked failure once : in asking her out . Beth reassures Randall they can go through with their plan . In flashbacks , Jack confesses to teenage Kate that he has an alcoholism problem . Jack ( when on the wagon before ) vented his anger on a punching bag ; this time , he lets Rebecca take him to an AA meeting . 21 `` Déjà Vu '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 2AZC03 11.02 On Kevin 's movie set , Kate -- excited that Sylvester Stallone is his co-star -- bonds with `` Sly '' and tells him what his films meant to her father , and about his death . After talking with Stallone , Kevin 's memories of his dad surface , affecting his performance in a scene . Randall learns that a young girl , Deja , is being brought to his home . Later , when Deja yells at Beth for `` stealing '' her mom 's cigarettes , Randall defends his wife , and Deja shrinks to defend herself from apparent aggression . Randall talks to Deja about the joy he found in having Jack and Rebecca , as well as William . Kevin takes pain medication after his old football knee injury is reinjured during battle scene filming . In flashbacks , when the kids are teenagers , Jack talks about his efforts to rehabilitate from alcoholism ; Randall tries to find his birth parents through an ad , and is comforted by Kate and Kevin after a woman claims to be his birth mother for his family 's money . 22 `` Still There '' Ken Olin Vera Herbert October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 2AZC04 10.65 Randall takes his daughters and Deja bowling , which does not go as expected . Beth offers to help Deja take care of her hair and the two bond . Randall admits to Deja that he has had problems with nervous breakdowns and has taken up running to deal with his anxiety ; he invites her to come with him . Kevin undergoes surgery on his injured knee and continues to overuse his pain medication . Kate visits a gynaecologist for an ultrasound , revealing that she is pregnant . In flashbacks , Kate and Kevin contract the chicken pox and their doctor urges Randall to do his best to catch them as well so it will not occur later for him . Rebecca 's mother pops in , intent on staying for a while , and her overbearing attitude and the fact that she treats Randall differently than Kate and Kevin leads to Rebecca confronting her and calling her a racist , which Randall overhears . Rebecca 's mother takes her words to heart and reaches out to Randall , recognizing for the first time how special he is . 23 5 `` Brothers '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Tyler Bensinger October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2AZC05 10.60 Kate and Toby share news of her pregnancy . Kevin , set to be auctioned off by Sophie for a large - scale charity event she is hosting , gets drunk while trying to get a pain medication prescription ; he misses the auction , embarrassing Sophie . Randall earns Deja 's trust . In the past , when Jack takes 10 - year - old Kevin and Randall camping , Rebecca learns that Jack 's father is dying . She calls Jack , but his past issues with his father combined with his focus on making sure Kevin gets along with Randall keep Jack from returning . Rebecca reassures Jack 's father ( who sees his granddaughter , Kate ) that Jack is a great father and husband . Kevin finds a notebook where Randall wrote reminders to himself on how to keep the peace between them , motivating him to be nice to Randall . Later , Jack looks at a picture of him and his brother in the army . During Jack 's childhood , he and his never - before - seen brother await their father 's return to the car as he gets drunk at a bar . 24 6 `` The 20 's '' Regina King Don Roos October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2AZC06 8.43 In flashbacks , with the 10 - year - old Big Three , Rebecca takes Randall trick - or - treating while Jack takes Kate and Kevin to a haunted house . Randall learns about Kyle 's death from the neighbors ; Rebecca then tells him the facts of his adoption . In other flashbacks , with the Big Three being in their twenties , Kate finds out she is involved with a married man . Kevin , desperate for work as an actor , attempts to steal a role from his roommate and best friend . Meanwhile , Randall and Beth prepare for the arrival of their first daughter . Beth unexpectedly goes into labor after agreeing to help Rebecca create a Facebook account . With no time to get to the hospital , Randall helps Beth through a home delivery . Kate and Kevin commiserate about their deadbeat lives and decide to live together . When Rebecca posts a photo of her granddaughter on Facebook , she gets a message from Miguel asking how she has been the last eight years . ( Jack 's death was sometime before Miguel last saw Rebecca . ) 25 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' Chris Koch Kay Oyegun November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2AZC07 9.89 Jack and Rebecca prepare to finalize Randall 's adoption when Randall is a year old . Their case worker gives a glowing recommendation , but their judge is against interracial adoption . After Rebecca 's letter about being Randall 's mother , the judge recuses himself ; the new judge grants the adoption . Concurrently , William pleads guilty to a drug charge . Although the judge is disappointed because William had a clean record , William claims to be more disappointed , due to the loss of his loved ones and son . The judge visits William in jail , offering to reduce the sentence and get him help , if he stays sober . William keeps this promise for at least 30 years , until hearing his cancer is terminal . As he is about to use , Randall introduces himself as William 's biological son . In the present , Randall takes Deja to visit her mother Shauna in prison , but Shauna declines the visit . Randall later talks to Shauna , who intends to take Deja back after her release . He lets Shauna call Deja collect . Kevin 's relationship with Sophie deteriorates as he continues abusing pain medication and alcohol . Kate and Toby announce their pregnancy to Kevin , plan to get married at city hall , but then consider a big wedding . 26 8 `` Number One '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2AZC08 10.05 In flashbacks , baby Kevin walks first . Teenage Kevin disrespects a Pitt football recruiter , thinking Pitt inferior , so Jack scolds Kevin . As Jack speaks with his sponsor , and recites the serenity prayer , Kevin remains flippant , but Jack apologizes to Kevin . A game injury ends Kevin 's football prospects while Jack and Randall are away at a college tour . Jack comes to the hospital and assures Kevin he has other talents , and will find his purpose . Kevin apologizes for his attitude . Jack gives him a pendant , symbolizing `` purpose '' , given to him in Vietnam at a personal low point . Jack says Kevin is his purpose . Present - day Kevin , exhausted by substance abuse , is an honored alumnus at his high school . His football coach introduces him ; Kevin imagines Jack giving the speech . Kevin declares himself unworthy of his award . He pantomimes football on the field , giving play - by - play commentary on his failures . He has sex with fellow honoree Charlotte , a doctor , and uses her prescription pad to create a forgery ; he quickly leaves a pharmacy after police enter , having left the pendant in Charlotte 's house , but she keeps him out . He collapses , begging for help . He visits Randall , who assumes Kevin 's desire to talk concerns Kate 's miscarriage . 27 9 `` Number Two '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 2AZC09 9.34 In flashbacks , baby Kate walks second . Teenage Kate bonds with the dog , Louie . Kate seems unconcerned with college applications ; Rebecca is pleased to discover Kate 's application for Berklee . At Kevin 's game , Kate accepts Rebecca 's praise just as Kevin is injured . At the hospital , Kate admits she feared disappointing Rebecca ; Rebecca acknowledges their emotional distance , but is ready to support Kate when needed . Kate watches her parents embrace . Present - day Kate talks to her unborn baby ; she and Toby focus on her prenatal care , but she miscarries . Kate leaves a singing gig , overcome at seeing a family ; she loads a buffet plate but leaves it untouched . Toby works frantically to avert the delivery of a baby bath . At home , Kate blames Toby for getting her excited about the baby ; she tells Toby that the miscarriage did n't happen to him , but he asserts that he shares their loss . Rebecca arrives and Kate accepts her support . Kate admits feeling she hurt Toby by miscarrying ; Rebecca shares that concealing from Jack her grief over triplet Kyle 's death led her to a breakdown in a supermarket after six weeks . Kate tells Toby how she feels , and they agree to try again soon ; they reaffirm their love . 28 10 `` Number Three '' Ken Olin Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 2AZC10 10.94 In flashbacks , baby Randall walks third . Jack expects teenage Randall to attend Harvard , but lets Randall tour Howard . Jack takes the official tour ; a friend shows Randall around . Randall tells Jack that others ' reactions make him feel `` off - balance '' as the only black family member . Jack shows Randall the Vietnam Veterans Memorial ; Jack felt off - balance when he returned from the war . Jack believes Randall will find balance and be `` spectacular '' . They return to Pittsburgh for hospitalized Kevin ; Jack admits monitoring all three children is difficult . In the present , the charges against Deja 's mother Shauna are dropped ; Randall and Beth consider fighting for custody . Randall recalls William 's account of following Rebecca home after her second visit ; he realized Randall had a full life without him , and left . Randall observes Shauna preparing for Deja 's homecoming , and realizes Deja 's home is with Shauna ; Beth agrees . They attend Deja 's school presentation . Shauna takes Deja home ; Randall offers help . Randall and Beth agree to foster again ; a young boy meets with his social worker . Kevin arrives , but leaves quickly after drinking vodka . Kevin is speeding -- Tess , hidden in his backseat because she `` hates '' home , admonishes him ; Kevin is arrested for DUI ; Tess is safe . 29 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' Chris Koch Vera Herbert January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2AZC11 9.65 When the kids are 10 , Jack takes the family to a cabin vacation , getting Kevin after football camp . Randall 's new glasses are missing . Rebecca notices Kate 's food obsession ; Jack has her exercise , but takes her for ice cream . During a thunderstorm , Kevin brings Randall 's glasses to their parents ' room -- where Kate and Randall are sleeping . He sleeps on the floor . Present - day Toby finds junk - food trash . Tess tells her parents she was sad when Deja had to leave . The family visits Kevin at rehab ; Barbara , the facilitator , wants only immediate family at Kevin 's first session . Kevin apologizes to the family , but Barbara has him discuss family issues . Kevin says they are a family of addicts . Kevin felt like an outcast ( `` fifth wheel '' ) : Kate had Jack 's support ; Rebecca loved Randall more than Kevin . Randall scolds Kevin ; Rebecca , crying , says why Randall was easier to love . Toby , Beth , and Miguel , at a bar , discuss being outsiders , Miguel the only one who knew Jack . After the session , the Big Three reconcile . Kate admits to Toby about hiding junk food since miscarrying . Rebecca tells Kevin why she never worried about him , but they had their moments . ( In the flashback , Rebecca joins Kevin on the floor . ) 30 12 `` Clooney '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2AZC12 9.82 Jack and Rebecca take the teenage Big Three shopping for suits and dresses for the winter formal and Jack 's job . Randall asks a redhead girl out . Though the teenagers are almost starting college , Jack again wants to start `` Big Three Homes '' ( which he put aside to support his family ) . Presently , William 's stray cat `` Clooney '' wanders . After rehab , Kevin stays with Rebecca -- whom Miguel is protecting , since Kevin upset her by getting arrested and criticizing her at rehab . Miguel later tells Kevin that Jack and Rebecca were a unified couple , not individuals ; he did not love Rebecca while Jack was alive , but does now and is staying . Kate befriends Madison from support group ; they go wedding dress shopping ; Kate discovers Madison 's bulimia . Madison later faints and calls Kate for help . Kate says losing weight as a teenager did not make her happy . Randall visits Beth at work ; she says working again would help him . Randall gets William 's box from storage , searches for a lady about whom William wrote and drew , and discovers from a picture it was Billie Holiday . Randall tells Beth he wants to buy and manage the run - down building with her . In the flashback , they forget smoke detector batteries . 31 13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' Uta Briesewitz Kay Oyegun & Don Roos January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 2AZC13 9.37 Around 1980 , an elderly couple look through their junk , including a jukebox which would play `` That 'll Be the Day '' . When their house gets a buyer , the man gives his neighbor , Jack , a slow cooker with a tricky switch . In 1998 , Jack and Rebecca watch the Super Bowl alone as the teenagers are otherwise occupied -- Kevin is with Sophie , Randall is on a date , and Kate is making a music college audition tape ( which Jack videotapes , to Kate 's initial disapproval ) . In the present , Randall and Beth buy William 's old building . Kevin helps Randall do repairs ; they soon find themselves overwhelmed -- and bugs , so the building is vacated when an exterminator is called . When Toby looks for a dog on the internet , Kate -- with mixed feelings -- adopts a dog . Kevin tries to make amends to Sophie , receives his missing pendant in the mail -- and knows that he can not make amends to his dad . In 1998 , the old slow cooker 's faulty switch causes a house fire . 32 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 2AZC14 26.97 In 1998 , Jack evacuates the family ( Kevin is away ) from the burning house , then retrieves Kate 's dog and family mementos . Jack , hospitalized for smoke inhalation , dies suddenly of cardiac arrest , to Rebecca 's shock . She tells Miguel , Randall , and Kate ; Kate tells Kevin . On the 20th anniversary of Jack 's death , Kate 's VCR damages her audition tape Jack recorded -- and saved from the fire -- which she watches cathartically , blaming herself . Toby gets the tape repaired and digitized . Kate tells Toby he strengthens her , and Jack would have loved him . Kevin visits Jack 's memorial tree , admitting he has not lived up to Jack 's legacy , but pledging to make him proud . Rebecca makes Jack 's favorite lasagna , and bonds with Kevin . Randall holds a Super Bowl party to commemorate Jack , but is emotional when the family 's new pet lizard dies . Tess admits trying to prevent social workers from calling , fearing recent changes mean Randall wants a `` new life '' . He reassures her he will always be devoted to her ; she is happy the family participates in fostering . Deja unexpectedly arrives ; Randall and Beth comfort her . The boy seen earlier is placed with a couple ; the social worker is an adult Tess , whom an older Randall meets for dinner . 33 15 `` The Car '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 2AZC15 10.13 Jack buys a costly Wagoneer because his young children love it . The Pearsons , going to see `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , slowly cross a bridge Rebecca fears . Jack drives Rebecca , awaiting MRI results , to his `` favorite tree '' ( nearest a pay phone ) ; Rebecca is fine , as Jack anticipated . Jack predicts he will die first ; he asks to be outside , not buried . The brothers fight during Randall 's driving lesson ; Jack exhorts them to be close like him and his brother , who died in Vietnam . Jack drives truant Kate to Alanis Morissette 's autograph session ; they compare Morrissette with Bruce Springsteen . Rebecca drives the teenagers to Jack 's funeral , stalking the urn because she was not in Jack 's room when he died . Dr. K and his second wife attend the funeral ; he tells Rebecca Jack often sought his advice and she has always been strong . Kate decides to give away her dog ; Rebecca affirms that Jack 's death is not Kate 's fault -- Jack made his own decisions . The brothers bicker over manly duties ; Rebecca tells them to remain teenagers ; they make peace . The Pearsons scatter Jack 's ashes at the tree ; Kate keeps some . Jack had purchased Springsteen tickets for that night ; Rebecca drives the family to the concert -- crossing the bridge . 34 16 `` Vegas , Baby '' Joanna Kerns Laura Kenar February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) h 2AZC16 9.74 Jack and Rebecca celebrate their early wedding anniversaries -- she , with small thoughtful gifts ; he , with grand romantic gestures . The children , age 10 , plan a romantic anniversary celebration ( despite Rebecca 's desire not to celebrate ) , including an attempted dinner , and culminating in observing a meteor shower . Rebecca decides they should always celebrate their anniversary . In the present , Toby and Kate hold their bachelor and bachelorette parties in Las Vegas . Kevin , Randall , Beth , and others attend ; Toby has no close male friends , and Kate and Beth are not close . Kevin maintains his sobriety , despite struggling when learning his film scenes may have been cut . Weeks after providing Deja money for Shauna 's utility bill , Randall worries about Deja ; Beth wants to move on ; they argue . Kate tries to mediate , revealing she feels Beth replaced her in Randall 's life ; Kate explains she was closest to Randall during part of their youth ; Beth admits her love for absent Deja hurts . Toby supports Kevin and Randall , saying his own brother never desired a close relationship . Ron Howard tells Kevin his great work is still in the movie . When returning home , Beth decides she and Randall should visit Deja ; they find her and Shauna living in a car . 35 17 `` This Big , Amazing , Beautiful Life '' Rebecca Asher Kay Oyegun March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 2AZC17 8.90 Flashbacks show other characters ' experiences paralleling Deja 's . 16 - year - old Shauna gives birth to Deja ; Shauna 's grandmother `` G.G. '' urges Shauna towards accountability . Three years later , G.G. financially supports Shauna . G.G. dies ; Shauna depends on Deja . Adolescent Deja injures herself cooking Shauna 's birthday dinner ; Linda removes Deja from her home . Stress drives Shauna to drug use and Deja stays in the foster system . Deja and her foster sister Raven , after shoplifting , are removed from a physically abusive foster father 's home ; Raven was willing to endure physical abuse for stability . Deja returns to Shauna ; Shauna 's mooching boyfriend Lonzo brings a gun into the home ; Deja 's alopecia begins amid the adults ' fighting . The gun is found in Shauna 's car ; Deja lives with the Pearsons , returning to Shauna after the charges are dropped . Shauna breaks up with Lonzo but spends her and Deja 's savings to bail him out of jail ; Deja attempts to raise money , but decides not to pawn G.G. 's brooch ; Shauna and Deja are evicted for unpaid rent . Randall and Beth take in Shauna and Deja . Deja concludes that the human experience is universal . Shauna believes she deprived Deja of a childhood ; she decides to leave Deja with the Pearsons . 36 18 `` The Wedding '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 2AZC18 10.94 As Kate 's wedding approaches , her recurring dream of Jack and Rebecca renewing their vows on their 40th wedding anniversary does not include Toby . After unsuccessfully seeking `` something old '' connected to Jack , Kate makes room in her heart for Toby by resolving her grief over Jack ; she scatters the remainder of Jack 's ashes near the Pearson cabin . Kate tells Rebecca she admires her . Toby 's divorced parents disapprove of the marriage , fearing a relapse of the depression Toby suffered after his first marriage ; Toby demands they celebrate the wedding or leave ; they stay to celebrate . Kate and Toby marry ; Jack once told Kate she would someday marry a man better than himself . Kevin allows himself to grieve over Jack . Deja is surly after Shauna requested termination of parental rights ; Beth 's cousin Zoe , the wedding photographer , consoles Deja by sharing how she accepted Beth 's family 's love after her own mother abandoned her . However , after Toby 's mother says Deja resembles Randall , Deja vandalizes Randall 's car . In the future , Kevin ( contemplating Jack and Nicky 's Vietnam War picture ) and Zoe fly to Vietnam together ; Kate nurses a cripplingly depressed Toby . Further in the future , Randall and adult Tess feel unprepared to see an unnamed female , though neither is ready to do so . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 18 , 2017 , NBC renewed the series for a second and third season of 18 episodes each , for a total of 36 additional episodes . Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker , and Elizabeth Berger served as the season 's showrunners . Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , and Ron Cephas Jones returned from the first season as Jack Pearson , Rebecca Pearson , Randall Pearson , Kate Pearson , Kevin Pearson , Beth Pearson , Toby Damon , and William H. Hill , respectively . Jon Huertas and Alexandra Breckenridge , who recurred as Miguel and Sophie , respectively , throughout the first season , were subsequently promoted to the principal cast in the second season . Also promoted to series regulars are young actors Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate , Niles Fitch as teenage Randall , Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin , Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate , Parker Bates as young Kevin , Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson , and Eris Baker as Tess Pearson . Lonnie Chavis began the season continuing as young Randall in a recurring role , but was ultimately promoted to series regular . In August 2017 , Sylvester Stallone and Debra Jo Rupp were cast in guest starring roles . Filming ( edit ) The show was awarded over $9.9 million in tax incentives by the California Film Commission for its second season . Production on the season began on July 11 , 2017 , in Los Angeles . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The second season was originally set to move to a Thursday timeslot , to anchor a new Must See TV lineup , alongside Will & Grace , Great News and Law & Order True Crime : The Menendez Murders , with NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt explaining , `` While this is a bit risky , there is a bigger case to be made about redoing Thursday night . If there is one show we could move , it would be this one . '' However , on May 30 , 2017 , NBC decided to keep the series on Tuesdays at 9 pm EST , allowing it a run of 10 uninterrupted original episodes in the fall . The season aired from September 26 , 2017 , to March 13 , 2018 , on NBC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . This Is Us served as the lead - out program for Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % approval rating , with an average rating of 8.09 / 10 , and an average episode score of 95 % , based on 20 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` This is Us continues to tug at heartstrings with an emotional exploration of family that ensures viewers will want to keep the tissues close -- and their loved ones closer . '' This Is Us ( season 2 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` A Father 's Advice '' September 26 , 2017 3.9 / 13 12.94 2.6 6.93 6.5 19.87 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' October 3 , 2017 3.1 / 11 11.06 2.4 6.15 5.5 17.21 `` Déjà Vu '' October 10 , 2017 2.8 / 10 11.02 2.2 6.11 5.0 17.13 `` Still There '' October 17 , 2017 2.9 / 10 10.65 2.3 6.32 5.2 16.97 5 `` Brothers '' October 24 , 2017 2.8 / 10 10.60 2.2 6.09 5.0 16.69 6 `` The 20 's '' October 31 , 2017 2.0 / 7 8.43 2.4 6.50 4.4 14.94 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' November 7 , 2017 2.5 / 9 9.89 2.3 6.28 4.8 16.17 8 `` Number One '' November 14 , 2017 2.6 / 9 10.05 2.2 6.10 4.8 16.15 9 `` Number Two '' November 21 , 2017 2.5 / 9 9.34 2.0 5.71 4.5 15.05 10 `` Number Three '' November 28 , 2017 2.8 / 10 10.94 2.0 5.65 4.8 16.60 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' January 9 , 2018 2.7 / 9 9.65 2.3 6.34 5.0 15.99 12 `` Clooney '' January 16 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.82 2.5 6.35 5.0 16.18 13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' January 23 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.37 2.6 7.10 5.2 16.58 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' February 4 , 2018 9.3 / 32 26.97 2.3 6.44 11.6 33.40 15 `` The Car '' February 6 , 2018 2.7 / 10 10.13 2.2 6.03 4.9 16.16 16 `` Vegas , Baby '' February 27 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.74 2.0 5.65 4.5 15.39 17 `` This Big , Amazing , Beautiful Life '' March 6 , 2018 2.3 / 8 8.90 2.3 6.57 4.6 15.67 18 `` The Wedding '' March 13 , 2018 2.8 / 10 10.94 6.13 4.9 17.07 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Susan Kelechi Watson Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series Vera Herbert for `` Still There '' Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Alexandra Breckenridge , & Jon Huertas Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : 7 Young Actors Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coulston , John Connor ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Reveals Why William Never Contacted Randall '' . popculture.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Lost alum to guest on This Is Us '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Everything 's Deja new for ' This Is Us ' star Lyric Ross '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us : That ' 70s Show star to play role in Randall 's adoption plot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Canfield , David ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us recap : ' Clooney ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' EP on Transracial Adoption , Kevin 's Worsening Addiction and a Pearson Wedding '' . Variety . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Season 2 Adds Sylvester Stallone in Guest Starring Role '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blickley , Leigh ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kevin 's Addiction Will Surely Signal New Revelations About Jack On ' This Is Us ' '' . HuffPost . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us producer on that ominous clue about Jack 's death : ' We are very close ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Stacey ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` There 's a Very Slim Chance You Recognized Adult Tess on This Is Us '' . PopSugar . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us Recap : ' We 're Gonna Be OK ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us Recap : Deja 's View '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Season 2 Details : EP Dan Fogelman Talks ; Sylvester Stallone To Guest Star -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harnick , Chris ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Toby 's Parents on This Is Us Are TV Legends '' . E !. Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Kelsie ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Get to Know Beth 's Cousin on This Is Us , Because You 'll See a Lot of Her Next Season '' . PopSugar . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Final numbers for Super Bowl LII and ' This Is Us ' : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger Named Co-Showrunners In New 20th TV Deal , ' HIMYM ' Spinoff On Hold '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' & ' Timeless ' Among TV Projects Awarded California Tax Credits '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us creator , stars reveal photos from first day of filming season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Fall 2017 Schedule : ' This Is Us ' Moves To Thursday To Anchor New Must See TV With ' Will & Grace ' , ' Blacklist ' Relocates '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Will Stay On Tuesday As NBC Reverses Big Move , Tweaks Fall Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blyth , Antonia ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : NBC 's Jennifer Salke Says `` Season 2 Will Be Incredible '' -- ATX `` . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates : ' This Is Us ' , ' Will & Grace ' , ' The Voice ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' To Air After the Super Bowl , Mulls Christmas Episode As It Faces Pre-emptions On New Night '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Is Us : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . General references `` This Is Us Season 2 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- This Is Us on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of This Is Us episodes on IMDb List of This Is Us season 2 episodes at TV.com Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_Us_(season_2)&oldid=846275469 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons This Is Us ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 16 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is season finale of this is us season 2 | [
"The second season, consisting of 18 episodes, aired from September 26, 2017, to March 13, 2018, on NBC. This Is Us served as the lead-out program for Super Bowl LII in February 2018 with the second season's fourteenth episode."
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-3189032853025116866 | List of highest-grossing Indian films | List of highest - grossing Indian films - Wikipedia List of highest - grossing Indian films Jump to : navigation , search This is a ranking of the highest grossing Indian films which includes films from various languages based on the conservative global box office estimates as reported by reputable sources . There is no official tracking of domestic box office figures within India , and Indian sites publishing data are frequently pressured to increase their domestic box office estimates . Indian films have been screened in markets around the world since the early 20th century . As of 2003 , there are markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . During the first decade of the 21st century , there was a steady rise in the ticket price , a tripling in the number of theaters and an increase in the number of prints of a film being released , which led to a large increase in the box office collections . The majority of highest - grossing Indian films are Bollywood ( Hindi ) films . As of 2014 , Bollywood represents 43 % of the net box office revenue in India , while Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36 % , and other regional industries constitute 21 % . See List of highest - grossing films in India for domestic gross figures and List of highest - grossing Indian films in overseas markets for overseas gross figures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Global gross figures 2 Highest - grossing films by language 2.1 Bengali ( Tollywood ) 2.2 Bhojpuri 2.3 Gujarati 2.4 Hindi ( Bollywood ) 2.5 Kannada 2.6 Malayalam 2.7 Marathi 2.8 Punjabi 2.9 Tamil ( Kollywood ) 2.10 Telugu ( Tollywood ) 3 Highest - grossing films by year 4 Highest - grossing franchises and film series 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Global gross figures The following list shows India 's top 25 highest - grossing films , which include films from all the Indian languages . The figures are not adjusted for inflation . The following list of films is sorted in terms of Indian rupees . Currency conversions to US dollars are also given as reference points , but may not be consistent , as the dollar - rupee exchange rate has varied over time , from 48 rupees per dollar in 2009 to over 65 rupees per dollar in 2017 . * Denotes films still running in theatres Denotes films that ranked first when they were still playing Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Primary language Worldwide gross Source Dangal * 2016 Nitesh Tiwari Aamir Khan Productions UTV Motion Pictures Walt Disney Studios Hindi 330 ! ₹ 2,122.3 crore ( US $330 million ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * 2017 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works Telugu Tamil 260 ! ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) Secret Superstar * 2017 Advait Chandan Aamir Khan Productions Hindi 150 ! ₹ 965 crore ( US $150 million ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan * 2015 Kabir Khan Salman Khan Films Kabir Khan Films Hindi 141 ! ₹ 904.49 crore ( US $141 million ) 5 PK 2014 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films Rajkumar Hirani Films Hindi 140 ! ₹ 854 crore ( US $140 million ) 6 Baahubali : The Beginning 2015 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works Telugu Tamil 100 ! ₹ 650 crore ( US $100 million ) 7 Sultan 2016 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films Hindi 092 ! ₹ 589.25 crore ( US $92 million ) 8 Dhoom 3 2013 Vijay Krishna Acharya Yash Raj Films Hindi 101 ! ₹ 589.2 crore ( US $101 million ) 9 Padmaavat * 2018 Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures Hindi 090 ! ₹ 585 crore ( US $90 million ) 10 Tiger Zinda Hai * 2017 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films Hindi 087.32 ! ₹ 569 crore ( US $87.32 million ) 11 3 Idiots 2009 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films Hindi 088 ! ₹ 459.96 crore ( US $88 million ) 12 Prem Ratan Dhan Payo 2015 Sooraj R. Barjatya Fox Star Studios Rajshri Productions Hindi 067 ! ₹ 432 crore ( US $67 million ) 13 Chennai Express 2013 Rohit Shetty Red Chillies Entertainment Hindi 072 ! ₹ 423 crore ( US $72 million ) 14 Dilwale 2015 Rohit Shetty Red Chillies Entertainment Rohit Shetty Productions Hindi 064 ! ₹ 408.15 crore ( US $64 million ) 15 Kick 2014 Sajid Nadiadwala Nadiadwala Grandson Hindi 066 ! ₹ 402 crore ( US $66 million ) 16 Happy New Year 2014 Farah Khan Red Chillies Entertainment Hindi 065 ! ₹ 397 crore ( US $65 million ) 17 Bajirao Mastani 2015 Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Eros International Hindi 056 ! ₹ 356.2 crore ( US $55 million ) 18 Bang Bang ! 2014 Siddharth Anand Fox Star Studios Hindi 056 ! ₹ 340 crore ( US $56 million ) 19 Ek Tha Tiger 2012 Kabir Khan Yash Raj Films Hindi 060 ! ₹ 320 crore ( US $60 million ) 20 Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani 2013 Ayan Mukerji Dharma Productions Hindi 054 ! ₹ 318 crore ( US $54 million ) 21 Golmaal Again 2017 Rohit Shetty Rohit Shetty Productions Hindi 048 ! ₹ 309.45 crore ( US $47 million ) 22 Raees 2017 Rahul Dholakia Red Chillies Entertainment Hindi 045 ! ₹ 308.88 crore ( US $47 million ) 23 Krrish 3 2013 Rakesh Roshan Filmkraft Productions Hindi 050 ! ₹ 291.52 crore ( US $50 million ) 24 Enthiran S. Shankar Sun Pictures Tamil 063 ! ₹ 289 crore ( US $63 million ) 25 Kabali 2016 Pa . Ranjith V Creations Tamil 045 ! ₹ 286 -- 499 crore ( US $45 -- 77 million ) Highest - grossing films by language Bengali cinema was the center of Indian cinema in the 1930s , and accounted for a quarter of India 's film output in the 1950s . Cinema in South India accounted for nearly half of India 's cinema halls in the 1940s . In 2009 , South India accounted for 75 % of film revenues in India . As of 2014 , Bollywood ( Hindi cinema ) represents 43 % of net box office revenue in India , while Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36 % , and other regional industries constitute 21 % . Bengali ( Tollywood ) Main article : List of highest - grossing Bengali films Bengali cinema is the Bengali language film industry centered in the Tollygunge neighborhood of Kolkata , West Bengal . It has been known by the nickname Tollywood , a portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood , since 1932 . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Amazon Obhijaan * 2017 Kamaleswar Mukherjee Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 48.63 crore ( US $7.4 million ) Chander Pahar 2013 Kamaleswar Mukherjee Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 16.53 crore ( US $2.5 million ) Boss 2 : Back to Rule 2017 Baba Yadav Jeetz Fireworks Walzen Media Works Jaaz Multimedia ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.8 million ) Paglu 2011 Rajiv Kumar Biswas Surinder Films ₹ 9.92 crore ( US $1.5 million ) 5 Saathi 2002 Haranath Chakraborty Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 9.78 crore ( US $1.5 million ) 6 Rangbaaz 2013 Raja Chanda Surinder Films ₹ 9 crore ( US $1.4 million ) 7 Praktan 2016 Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy Windows ₹ 8.5 crore ( US $1.3 million ) 8 Awara 2012 Rabi Kinagi Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 8.46 crore ( US $1.3 million ) 9 Khoka 420 2013 Rajiv Kumar Biswas Eskay Movies ₹ 8 crore ( US $1.2 million ) 10 Posto 2017 Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy Windows ₹ 8 crore ( US $1.2 million ) Bhojpuri The Bhojpuri cinema produces films in the Bhojpuri language . It caters to an audience from eastern Uttar Pradesh , western Bihar and Nepal . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Sasura Bada Paisawala Ajay Sinha Balaji Cinevision Pvt Ltd ₹ 9 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Gujarati The Gujarati cinema produces films in Gujarati language and is primarily focused on the audience in Gujarat and Maharashtra . The film industry is sometimes referred to as Dhollywood or Gollywood . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya 1998 Govindbhai Patel GN films ₹ 22 crore ( US $3.4 million ) Chhello Divas 2015 Krishnadev Yagnik Belvedere Films ₹ 18 crore ( US $2.8 million ) Gujjubhai the Great 2015 Ishaan Randeria Siddharth Randeria Productions ₹ 15 crore ( US $2.3 million ) GujjuBhai - Most Wanted 2014 Ishaan Randeria Pen India , SRF ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.5 million ) 5 Bey Yaar 2014 Abhishek Jain CineMan productions ₹ 8.5 crore ( US $1.3 million ) 6 Karsandas Pay & Use 2017 Krishnadev Yagnik Belvedere Films ₹ 4 crore ( US $610,000 ) Hindi ( Bollywood ) See also : List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films The Hindi language film industry , based in Mumbai , India , is frequently known as Bollywood . Bollywood is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest centres of film production in the world . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Dangal * 2016 Nitesh Tiwari Aamir Khan Productions UTV Motion Pictures Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 330 ! ₹ 2,122.3 crore ( US $330 million ) Secret Superstar * 2017 Advait Chandan Aamir Khan Productions 150 ! ₹ 965 crore ( US $150 million ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan * 2015 Kabir Khan Salman Khan Films Kabir Khan Films 141 ! ₹ 904.49 crore ( US $141 million ) PK 2014 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films Rajkumar Hirani Films 140 ! ₹ 854 crore ( US $140 million ) 5 Sultan 2016 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films 092 ! ₹ 589.25 crore ( US $92 million ) 6 Dhoom 3 2013 Vijay Krishna Acharya Yash Raj Films 101 ! ₹ 589.2 crore ( US $101 million ) 7 Padmaavat * 2018 Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures 090 ! ₹ 585 crore ( US $90 million ) 8 Tiger Zinda Hai * 2017 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films 087.32 ! ₹ 569 crore ( US $87.32 million ) 9 3 Idiots 2009 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films 088 ! ₹ 459.96 crore ( US $88 million ) 10 Prem Ratan Dhan Payo 2015 Sooraj Barjatya Fox Star Studios Rajshri Productions 067 ! ₹ 432 crore ( US $67 million ) Kannada Bengaluru is the center for the Kannada cinema , films produced in the Kannada language . It is sometimes known by the nickname `` Sandalwood '' . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Raajakumara 2017 Santhosh Ananddram Hombale Productions ₹ 75 crore ( US $11 million ) Mungaru Male 2006 Yogaraj Bhat E.K. Entertainers ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Kirik Party 2016 Rishab Shetty Paramvah Studios ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari 2014 Santhosh Ananddram Jayanna Combines ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) 5 Doddmane Hudga 2016 Duniya Soori Ajay Pictures ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna 2012 Naganna Sri Sangolli Rayanna Cine Combines ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) Uppi 2 2015 Upendra Upendra Productions ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) 8 Kotigobba 2 2016 K.S. Ravikumar Rambabu Productions ₹ 35 crore ( US $5.4 million ) -- ₹ 38 crore ( US $5.8 million ) 9 Dandupalya 2012 Srinivas Raju Apple Blossom Creations ₹ 35 crore ( US $5.4 million ) Shivalinga 2016 P. Vasu Jayanna Films ₹ 35 crore ( US $5.4 million ) Malayalam Malayalam cinema is a part of Indian cinema based in Kerala dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Malayalam language . It is sometimes known by the nickname `` Mollywood '' by certain media outlets . These are the top 10 highest grossing Malayalam films . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Pulimurugan 2016 Vysakh Mulakuppadam Films ₹ 152 crore ( US $23 million ) Drishyam 2013 Jeethu Joseph Aashirvad Cinemas ₹ 75 crore ( US $11 million ) Oppam 2016 Priyadarshan Aashirvad Cinemas ₹ 65 crore ( US $10 million ) Premam 2015 Alphonse Puthren Anwar Rasheed Entertainments ₹ 60 crore ( US $9.2 million ) 5 Two Countries 2015 Shafi Rejaputhra Visual Media ₹ 55 crore ( US $8.4 million ) 6 Ennu Ninte Moideen 2015 R.S. Vimal Newton Movies ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Ezra 2017 Jay K AVA Productions , E4 Entertainment ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol 2017 Jibu Jacob Weekend Blockbusters ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) The Great Father 2017 Haneef Adeni August Cinema ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) 10 Bangalore Days 2014 Anjali Menon Anwar Rasheed Entertainments , Weekend Blockbusters ₹ 49.5 crore ( US $7.6 million ) Marathi The Marathi cinema industry produces films in the Marathi language and is based in the state of Maharashtra , India . India 's first full - length film , Raja Harishchandra , was released in 1913 in Marathi . It is sometimes known by the nickname `` M - town '' by media . # + Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Sairat 2016 Nagraj Manjule Essel Vision Productions , Aatpat Production ₹ 110 crore ( US $17 million ) Sachin : A Billion Dreams 2017 James Erskine 200 NotOut Productions ₹ 76.86 crore ( US $12 million ) Natsamrat 2016 Mahesh Manjrekar Fincraft Media & Entertainment & Great Maratha Entertainment ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Katyar Kaljat Ghusali 2015 Subodh Bhave Essel Vision Productions ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) Timepass 2 2015 Ravi Jadhav Essel Vision Productions ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) Lai Bhaari 2014 Nishikant Kamath Mumbai Film Company ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) 7 Timepass 2014 Ravi Jadhav Zee Talkies ₹ 33 crore ( US $5.1 million ) 8 Duniyadari 2013 Sanjay Jadhav Dreaming 24 / 7 Productions ₹ 32 crore ( US $4.9 million ) 9 Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy 2009 Santosh Manjrekar Everest Entertainment ₹ 25.5 crore ( US $3.9 million ) 10 Ventilator 2016 Rajesh Mapuskar Purple Pebble Pictures ₹ 25 crore ( US $3.8 million ) Punjabi Punjabi cinema , producing films in the Punjabi language , is primarily based in the state of Punjab . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Chaar Sahibzaade 2014 Harry Baweja Baweja Movies ₹ 70 crore ( US $11 million ) Sardaar Ji 2015 Rohit Jugraj Chauhan White Hill Production ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Ambarsariya 2016 Mandeep Kumar Tips Industries Limited ₹ 21.22 crore ( US $3.3 million ) Punjab 1984 2014 Anurag Singh White Hill Production ₹ 21 crore ( US $3.2 million ) 5 Jatt & Juliet 2 2013 Anurag Singh White Hill Production ₹ 20 crore ( US $3.1 million ) 6 Sardaar Ji 2 2016 Rohit Jugraj Chauhan White Hill Production ₹ 19 crore ( US $2.9 million ) 7 Angrej 2015 Simerjit Singh Dara Productions ₹ 12.45 crore ( US $1.9 million ) 8 Chaar Sahibzaade : Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur 2016 Harry Baweja Baweja Movies ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.8 million ) Tamil ( Kollywood ) Tamil cinema , the Tamil language film industry is based in the Kodambakkam neighbourhood of Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . It is sometimes colloquially known as `` Kollywood '' , a portmanteau of Kodambakkam and Hollywood . Worldwide gross figures ( including dubbed versions ) are given below . # + Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version . Rank Movie Year Director Studio Worldwide gross Source Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * 2017 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) # + Baahubali : The Beginning 2015 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 650 crore ( US $100 million ) # + Enthiran S. Shankar Sun Pictures ₹ 289 crore ( US $44 million ) Kabali 2016 Pa . Ranjith V Creations ₹ 286 -- 499 crore ( US $45 -- 77 million ) 5 Mersal * 2017 Atlee Thenandal Studio Limited ₹ 250 crore ( US $38 million ) 6 2015 S. Shankar Aascar Films Pvt. Ltd ₹ 240 crore ( US $37 million ) 7 Vishwaroopam 2013 Kamal Haasan Raaj Kamal Films International ₹ 220 crore ( US $34 million ) # + 8 Dasavathaaram 2008 K.S. Ravikumar Aascar Films Pvt. Ltd ₹ 200 crore ( US $31 million ) 9 Thuppakki 2012 AR Murugadoss Sri Saravanaa Creations ₹ 180 crore ( US $28 million ) 10 Theri 2016 Atlee S. Dhanu ₹ 172 crore ( US $26 million ) Telugu ( Tollywood ) It has been suggested that List of highest - grossing Telugu films be merged into this section . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2016 . Main article : List of highest - grossing Telugu films Telugu cinema , also known by its nickname `` Tollywood '' is a part of Indian cinema producing films in the Telugu language , in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and is centered in the Hyderabad neighbourhood of Film Nagar . # + Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version . Rank Title Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Ref ( s ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * 2017 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) # + Baahubali : The Beginning 2015 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 650 crore ( US $100 million ) # + Srimanthudu 2015 Koratala Siva G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment Pvt. Ltd Mythri Movie Makers ₹ 200 crore ( US $31 million ) Khaidi No. 150 2017 V.V. Vinayak Konidela Production Company ₹ 164 crore ( US $25 million ) 5 Gabbar Singh 2012 Harish Shankar Parameswara Art Productions ₹ 150 crore ( US $23 million ) Magadheera 2009 S.S. Rajamouli Geetha Arts ₹ 150 crore ( US $23 million ) Spyder 2017 A.R. Murugadoss NVR Cinema ₹ 150 crore ( US $23 million ) # + 8 Janatha Garage 2016 Koratala Siva Mythri Movie Makers ₹ 135 crore ( US $21 million ) 9 Attarintiki Daredi 2013 Trivikram Srinivas Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra ₹ 131 crore ( US $20 million ) -- ₹ 187 crore ( US $29 million ) 10 Jai Lava Kusa 2017 K.S. Ravindra N.T.R. Arts ₹ 129 crore ( US $20 million ) Highest - grossing films by year Year Title Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source 1940 Zindagi P.C. Barua New Theatres 0181 ! ₹ 55 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 181 crore or US $28 million in 2016 ) 1941 Khazanchi Moti B. Gidwani Pancholi Art Pictures 0235 ! ₹ 70 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 235 crore or US $35 million in 2016 ) 1942 Basant Amiya Chakrabarty Bombay Talkies 0235 ! ₹ 80 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 235 crore or US $36 million in 2016 ) 1943 Kismet Gyan Mukherjee Bombay Talkies 0309 ! ₹ 1 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 309 crore or US $47 million in 2016 ) 1944 Rattan M. Sadiq Gemini Pictures 0275 ! ₹ 1 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 275 crore or US $42 million in 2016 ) 1945 Zeenat Shaukat Hussain Rizvi Eastern Pictures 0188 ! ₹ 70 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 188 crore or US $29 million in 2016 ) 1946 Anmol Ghadi Mehboob Khan Mehboob Productions 0249 ! ₹ 1 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 249 crore or US $38 million in 2016 ) 1947 Jugnu Shaukat Hussain Rizvi Shaukat Art Productions 0363 ! ₹ 50 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 363 crore or US $55 million in 2016 ) 1948 Chandralekha S.S. Vasan Gemini Studios 0215 ! ₹ 1.55 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 215 crore or US $33 million in 2016 ) 1949 Barsaat Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 0269 ! ₹ 2 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 269 crore or US $41 million in 2016 ) 1950 Samadhi Ramesh Saigal N / A 0188 ! ₹ 1.35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 188 crore or US $28 million in 2016 ) 1951 Awaara Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 0739 ! ₹ 5.75 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 739 crore or US $110 million in 2016 ) 1952 Aan Mehboob Khan Mehboob Productions 0373 ! ₹ 3.57 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 373 crore or US $55 million in 2016 ) 1953 Anarkali Nandlal Jaswantlal Filmistan 0296 ! ₹ 2.35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 296 crore or US $45 million in 2016 ) 1954 Nagin Nandlal Jaswantlal Filmistan 0363 ! ₹ 2.9 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 363 crore or US $55 million in 2016 ) 1955 Shree 420 Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 0618 ! ₹ 4.94 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 618 crore or US $92 million in 2016 ) 1956 Jagte Raho Sombhu Mitra Amit Maitra R.K. Films 0477 ! ₹ 4.44 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 477 crore or US $72 million in 2016 ) 1957 Mother India Mehboob Khan Mehboob Productions 0961 ! ₹ 8 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 961 crore or US $146 million in 2016 ) 1958 Madhumati Bimal Roy Bimal Roy Productions 0478 ! ₹ 4 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 478 crore or US $71 million in 2016 ) 1959 Char Dil Char Rahen Khwaja Ahmad Abbas Naya Sansar 0591 ! ₹ 5.27 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 591 crore or US $88 million in 2016 ) 1960 Mughal - e-Azam K. Asif Sterling Investment Corporation 2000 ! ₹ 11 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 2,000 crore ( US $310 million ) in 2017 ) 1961 Gunga Jumna Nitin Bose Citizen Films 1250 ! ₹ 11.27 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,250 crore or US $186 million in 2016 ) 1962 Bees Saal Baad Biren Nag Geetanjali Pictures 0182 ! ₹ 3 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 182 crore or US $28 million in 2017 ) 1963 Mere Mehboob H.S. Rawail Rahul Theatre 0665 ! ₹ 6 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 665 crore or US $99 million in 2016 ) 1964 Sangam Raj Kapoor Mehboob Studio 0410 ! ₹ 8 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 417 crore or US $64 million in 2017 ) 1965 Waqt Yash Chopra Yash Raj Films 0285 ! ₹ 6 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 285 crore or US $44 million in 2017 ) 1966 Phool Aur Patthar O.P. Ralhan Ralhan Productions 0847 ! ₹ 17.17 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 847 crore or US $128 million in 2016 ) 1967 Hamraaz B.R. Chopra United Producers 0759 ! ₹ 13.33 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 759 crore or US $113 million in 2016 ) 1968 Ankhen Ramanand Sagar Sagar Art International 0239 ! ₹ 6.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 239 crore or US $37 million in 2017 ) 1969 Aradhana Shakti Samanta United Producers 0805 ! ₹ 17.85 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 805 crore or US $121 million in 2016 ) 1970 Johny Mera Naam Vijay Anand Mehboob Studios 0276 ! ₹ 8 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 281 crore or US $43 million in 2017 ) 1971 Haathi Mere Saathi M.A. Thirumugam Devar Films 0611 ! ₹ 16.35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 611 crore or US $92 million in 2016 ) 1972 Seeta Aur Geeta Ramesh Sippy Sippy Films 0692 ! ₹ 19.53 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 692 crore or US $103 million in 2016 ) 1973 Bobby Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 1155 ! ₹ 30.24 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,155 crore or US $172 million in 2016 ) Roti Kapda Aur Makaan Manoj Kumar Filmistan 0224 ! ₹ 10.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 224 crore or US $34 million in 2017 ) Sholay Ramesh Sippy United Producers 1500 ! ₹ 35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,700 crore or US $270 million in 2017 ) 1976 Barood Pramod Chakravorty Jugnu Enterprises 0591 ! ₹ 19.32 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 591 crore or US $88 million in 2016 ) 1977 Amar Akbar Anthony Manmohan Desai Hirawat Jain & Co . 0485 ! ₹ 15.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 485 crore or US $71 million in 2016 ) 1978 Muqaddar Ka Sikandar Prakash Mehra Prakash Mehra Productions 0631 ! ₹ 26.89 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 631 crore or US $94 million in 2016 ) 1979 Suhaag Manmohan Desai Sharma Cine Associates 0275 ! ₹ 10 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 275 crore or US $42 million in 2016 ) 1980 Qurbani Feroz Khan F.K. International 0296 ! ₹ 12 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 296 crore or US $45 million in 2016 ) 1981 Kranti Manoj Kumar V.I.P. Films 0410 ! ₹ 20 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 410 crore or US $62 million in 2016 ) 1982 Disco Dancer Babbar Subhash B. Subhash Movie Unit 1261 ! ₹ 100.7 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,261 crore or US $189 million in 2016 ) Coolie Manmohan Desai Aasia Films 0309 ! ₹ 18 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 282 crore ( US $43 million ) in 2016 ) 1984 Jagir Pramod Chakravorty Pramod Films 0181 ! ₹ 15.79 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 181 crore or US $28 million in 2016 ) 1985 Ram Teri Ganga Maili Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 0326 ! ₹ 19 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 326 crore ( US $50 million ) in 2016 ) 1986 Karma Subhash Ghai Mukta Arts 0241 ! ₹ 14 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 241 crore ( US $37 million ) in 2016 ) Hukumat Anil Sharma N / A 0189 ! ₹ 11 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 189 crore ( US $29 million ) in 2016 ) 1988 Tezaab N. Chandra N / A 0275 ! ₹ 16 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 275 crore ( US $42 million ) in 2016 ) 1989 Maine Pyar Kiya Sooraj Barjatya Rajshri Productions 0481 ! ₹ 28 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 481 crore ( US $74 million ) in 2016 ) 1990 Dil Indra Kumar Maruti International 0309 ! ₹ 18 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 309 crore ( US $47 million ) in 2016 ) 1991 Saajan Lawrence D'Souza Eros Entertainment 0309 ! ₹ 18 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 309 crore ( US $47 million ) in 2016 ) 1992 Beta Indra Kumar Maruti International 0404 ! ₹ 23.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 404 crore ( US $62 million ) in 2016 ) 1993 Aankhen David Dhawan Chiragdeep International 0434 ! ₹ 25.25 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 434 crore ( US $66 million ) in 2016 ) 1994 Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! Sooraj Barjatya Rajshri Productions 1316 ! ₹ 135 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,316 crore ( US $200 million ) in 2016 ) 1995 Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Aditya Chopra Yash Raj Films 1087 ! ₹ 126.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,087 crore ( US $170 million ) in 2016 ) Raja Hindustani Dharmesh Darshan Cineyug 0711 ! ₹ 87.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 711 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 ) 1997 Dil To Pagal Hai Yash Chopra Yash Raj Films 0562 ! ₹ 71.87 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 562 crore ( US $86 million ) in 2016 ) 1998 Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Karan Johar Dharma Productions 0753 ! ₹ 106.74 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 753 crore ( US $120 million ) in 2016 ) 1999 Hum Saath Saath Hain Sooraj Barjatya Rajshri Productions 0551 ! ₹ 81.71 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 551 crore ( US $84 million ) in 2016 ) 2000 Mohabbatein Aditya Chopra Yash Raj Films 0532 ! ₹ 90.01 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 532 crore ( US $81 million ) in 2016 ) 2001 Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham Karan Johar Dharma Productions 0703 ! ₹ 135.53 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 703 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 ) 2002 Devdas Sanjay Leela Bhansali Red Chillies Entertainment 0456 ! ₹ 99.87 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 456 crore ( US $70 million ) in 2016 ) 2003 Kal Ho Naa Ho Nikhil Advani Dharma Productions 0284 ! ₹ 86.09 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 284 crore ( US $43 million ) in 2016 ) Veer - Zaara Yash Chopra Yash Raj Films 0288 ! ₹ 97.64 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 288 crore ( US $44 million ) in 2016 ) 2005 No Entry Anees Bazmee SK Film Entertainment 0203 ! ₹ 97.64 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 203 crore ( US $31 million ) in 2016 ) 2006 Dhoom 2 Sanjay Gadhvi Yash Raj Films 0340 ! ₹ 151.39 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 346 crore or US $53 million in 2017 ) 2007 Om Shanti Om Farah Khan Red Chillies Entertainment 0319 ! ₹ 149.87 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 319 crore ( US $49 million ) in 2016 ) 2008 Ghajini A.R. Murugadoss Geetha Arts 0460 ! ₹ 232 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 460 crore or US $71 million in 2017 ) 2009 3 Idiots Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films 0810 ! ₹ 459.96 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 824 crore or US $130 million in 2017 ) Enthiran S. Shankar Sun Pictures 0462 ! ₹ 289 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 462 crore or US $71 million in 2017 ) 2011 Bodyguard Siddique Reel Life Productions 0338 ! ₹ 234.39 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 344 crore or US $53 million in 2017 ) 2012 Ek Tha Tiger Kabir Khan Yash Raj Films 0422 ! ₹ 320 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 429 crore or US $66 million in 2017 ) 2013 Dhoom 3 Vijay Krishna Acharya Yash Raj Films 0713 ! ₹ 589.2 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 713 crore or US $110 million in 2017 ) 2014 PK Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films 0971 ! ₹ 854 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 971 crore or US $150 million in 2017 ) 2015 Bajrangi Bhaijaan * Kabir Khan Salman Khan Films Kabir Khan Films 0972 ! ₹ 904.49 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 972 crore or US $150 million in 2017 ) 2016 Dangal * Nitesh Tiwari Aamir Khan Productions UTV Motion Pictures Walt Disney Studios 2200 ! ₹ 2,122.3 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 22 billion or US $330 million in 2017 ) 2017 Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works 1713.59 ! ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) 2018 Padmaavat * Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures 0585 ! ₹ 585 crore ( US $90 million ) Highest - grossing franchises and film series The Khiladi franchise was the first film franchise to gross over ₹ 100 crore , followed by the Krrish film series . Baahubali is the only franchise to collect over ₹ 1,000 crore at the box office , and the only franchise where both its films have grossed more than ₹ 500 crore worldwide . indicates that at least one film in the series is playing in the week commencing 23 March 2018 . Highest - grossing franchises and film series ( The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting `` show '' . ) Rank Franchise / Series Total worldwide box office ( crore INR ) No. of films Average of films ( crore INR ) Highest - grossing film ( crore INR ) ( show ) Baahubali ₹ 2,363.59 ₹ 1,182 Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( ₹ 1,710.68 ) The Conclusion ( 2017 ) ₹ 1,713.59 The Beginning ( 2015 ) ₹ 650 ( show ) Tiger ₹ 889 ₹ 445 Tiger Zinda Hai ( ₹ 569 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) ₹ 569 Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) ₹ 320 ( show ) Dhoom ₹ 813.09 ₹ 271 Dhoom 3 ( ₹ 585 ) Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) ₹ 589.2 Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) ₹ 151.39 Dhoom ( 2004 ) ₹ 72.5 ( show ) Singam ₹ 655 5 ₹ 131 Singham Returns ( ₹ 215 ) ( show ) Singham ( Hindi ) ₹ 355 ₹ 178 Singham Returns ( ₹ 215 ) Singham Returns ( 2014 ) ₹ 215 Singham ( 2011 ) ₹ 140 ( show ) Singam ( Tamil ) ₹ 300 ₹ 100 Singam II ( ₹ 125 ) Singam II ( 2013 ) ₹ 125 Si3 ( 2017 ) ₹ 110 Singam ( 2010 ) ₹ 65 5 ( show ) Golmaal ₹ 647.35 ₹ 162 Golmaal Again ( ₹ 309.45 ) Golmaal Again ( 2017 ) ₹ 309.45 Golmaal 3 ( 2010 ) ₹ 160 Golmaal Returns ( 2008 ) ₹ 108 Fun Unlimited ( 2006 ) ₹ 69.9 6 ( show ) Krrish ₹ 511.52 ₹ 171 Krrish 3 ( ₹ 291.52 ) Krrish 3 ( 2013 ) ₹ 291.52 Krrish ( 2006 ) ₹ 117 Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2003 ) ₹ 103 8 ( show ) Don ₹ 511.2 6 ₹ 85 Don 2 ( ₹ 215 ) ( show ) Don ( Hindi ) ₹ 335.2 ₹ 112 Don 2 ( ₹ 215 ) Don 2 ( 2011 ) ₹ 215 Don : The Chase Begins Again ( 2006 ) ₹ 113.2 Don ( 1978 ) ₹ 7 ( show ) Billa ( Tamil / Telugu ) ₹ 176 ₹ 59 Billa II ( ₹ 100 ) Billa II ( 2012 ) ₹ 100 Billa ( 2007 ) ₹ 50 Billa ( 2009 ) ₹ 26 7 ( show ) Housefull ₹ 500 ₹ 167 Housefull 3 ( ₹ 195 ) Housefull 3 ( 2016 ) ₹ 195 Housefull 2 ( 2012 ) ₹ 186 Housefull ( 2010 ) ₹ 119 9 ( show ) Dabangg ₹ 470 ₹ 235 Dabangg 2 ( ₹ 250 ) Dabangg 2 ( 2012 ) ₹ 250 Dabangg ( 2010 ) ₹ 220 10 ( show ) Dulhania ₹ 310.34 ₹ 155 Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( ₹ 200.34 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) ₹ 200.34 Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) ₹ 110 11 ( show ) Tanu Weds Manu ₹ 299 ₹ 150 Tanu Weds Manu : Returns ( ₹ 243 ) Returns ( 2015 ) ₹ 243 Tanu Weds Manu ( 2011 ) ₹ 56 12 ( show ) Race ₹ 268 ₹ 134 Race 2 ( ₹ 162 ) Race 2 ( 2013 ) ₹ 162 Race ( 2008 ) ₹ 106 13 ( show ) Welcome ₹ 256 ₹ 128 Welcome Back ( ₹ 136 ) Welcome Back ( 2015 ) ₹ 136 Welcome ( 2007 ) ₹ 120 14 ( show ) Judwaa ₹ 251.79 ₹ 126 Judwaa 2 ( ₹ 227.51 ) Judwaa 2 ( 2017 ) ₹ 227.51 Judwaa ( 1997 ) ₹ 24.28 15 ( show ) Gabbar Singh ₹ 250 ₹ 125 Gabbar Singh ( ₹ 150 ) Gabbar Singh ( 2012 ) ₹ 150 Sardaar Gabbar Singh ( 2016 ) ₹ 100 16 ( show ) Jolly LLB ₹ 234.3 ₹ 117 Jolly LLB 2 ( ₹ 197.3 ) Jolly LLB 2 ( 2017 ) ₹ 197.3 Jolly LLB ( 2013 ) ₹ 37 17 ( show ) Raaz ₹ 210.6 ₹ 53 Raaz 3 ( ₹ 97 ) Raaz 3 ( 2012 ) ₹ 97 Reboot ( 2016 ) ₹ 42.1 Raaz ( 2002 ) ₹ 37 The Mystery Continues ( 2009 ) ₹ 34.5 18 ( show ) ABCD ₹ 206 ₹ 103 ABCD 2 ( ₹ 130 ) ABCD 2 ( 2015 ) ₹ 130 Any Body Can Dance ( 2013 ) ₹ 76 19 ( show ) Muni ₹ 203.7 ₹ 68 Kanchana 2 ( ₹ 120 ) Kanchana 2 ( 2015 ) ₹ 120 Muni 2 : Kanchana ( 2011 ) ₹ 68.7 Muni ( 2007 ) ₹ 15 20 ( show ) Baby ₹ 199.1 ₹ 100 Baby ( ₹ 143 ) Baby ( 2015 ) ₹ 143 Naam Shabana ( 2017 ) ₹ 56.1 21 ( show ) Khiladi ₹ 199 8 ₹ 25 Khiladi 786 ( ₹ 97.05 ) Khiladi 786 ( 2012 ) ₹ 97.05 Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi ( 1996 ) ₹ 25.16 Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi ( 1997 ) ₹ 16.75 International Khiladi ( 1999 ) ₹ 16.19 5 Sabse Bada Khiladi ( 1995 ) ₹ 16.06 6 Main Khiladi Tu Anari ( 1994 ) ₹ 13.84 7 Khiladi 420 ( 2000 ) ₹ 10.2 8 Khiladi ( 1992 ) ₹ 3.75 22 ( show ) Masti ₹ 187.8 ₹ 63 Grand Masti ( ₹ 142 ) Grand Masti ( 2013 ) ₹ 142 Masti ( 2004 ) ₹ 26.8 Great Grand Masti ( 2016 ) ₹ 19 23 ( show ) Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ₹ 186.2 ₹ 93 Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ( ₹ 94.5 ) Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ( 2010 ) ₹ 94.5 Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara ! ( 2013 ) ₹ 91.7 24 ( show ) Dhamaal ₹ 159.3 ₹ 80 Dhamaal ( ₹ 88.8 ) Dhamaal ( 2007 ) ₹ 88.8 Double Dhamaal ( 2011 ) ₹ 70.5 See also Bengali Cinema portal 100 Crore Club 500 Crore Club 1000 Crore Club List of highest - grossing films in India List of highest - grossing Indian films in overseas markets List of highest - grossing films in China List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales List of most expensive Indian films Lists of Bollywood films Lists of highest - grossing films Notes ^ Jump up to : Dangal worldwide gross : ₹ 2,122.3 crore ( US $330 million ) India -- ₹ 587 crore ( US $90 million ) Overseas -- ₹ 1,535.3 crore ( US $241.8 million ) Chinese markets -- ₹ 1,318.1 crore ( US $200 million ) China -- ₹ 1,254 crore ( US $190 million ) Taiwan -- ₹ 41 crore ( US $6.3 million ) Hong Kong -- ₹ 23.1 crore ( US $3.5 million ) Other territories -- US $31.8 million ( ₹ 217.2 crore ) ^ Jump up to : Baahubali 2 worldwide gross : ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) India -- ₹ 1,416.9 crore ( US $220 million ) Overseas -- US $44,189,409 ( ₹ 296.69 crore ) Japan -- US $1,000,000 ( ₹ 6.51 crore ) Russia -- US $89,409 ( ₹ 58 lakh ) Other territories -- ₹ 289.6 crore ( $43.1 million ) ^ Jump up to : Secret Superstar worldwide gross : ₹ 965 crore ( US $150 million ) China : US $124.4 million ( ₹ 810 crore ) Other territories : ₹ 155 crore ( US $24 million ) ^ Jump up to : Bajrangi Bhaijaan worldwide gross -- ₹ 904.49 crore ( US $141 million ) India -- ₹ 433 crore ( US $ 67.41 million ) Overseas -- ₹ 471.49 crore ( US $73 million ) China -- US $40 million ( ₹ 260.44 crore ) Other territories -- US $30.9 million ( ₹ 211.05 crore ) ^ Jump up to : PK worldwide gross : ₹ 854 crore ( US $140 million ) Domestic : ₹ 489 crore ( US $80.2 million ) Overseas : US $53.4 million ( ₹ 365 crore ) ^ Jump up to : Sultan worldwide gross : ₹ 589.25 crore ( US $90 million ) Domestic : ₹ 421.25 crore ( US $65 million ) Overseas : ₹ 168 crore ( US $26 million ) ^ Jump up to : Dhoom 3 worldwide gross : ₹ 589.2 crore ( US $101 million ) Domestic gross : ₹ 372 crore Overseas gross : US $35.6 million ( ₹ 217.2 crore ) ^ Jump up to : 3 Idiots worldwide gross : ₹ 459.962 crore ( US $87.55 million ) Domestic : ₹ 273.82 crore ( US $57.05 million ) Overseas : US $30.5 million ( ₹ 186.142 crore ) Jump up ^ Dilwale worldwide gross : ₹ 408.15 crore ( US $63 million ) Domestic : ₹ 214.15 crore ( US $33 million ) Overseas : US $30.2 million ( ₹ 194 crore ) Jump up ^ Happy New Year worldwide gross : Domestic : ₹ 295 crore ( US $48 million ) Overseas : US $16.71 million ( ₹ 102 crore ) Jump up ^ Raees worldwide gross : Domestic : ₹ 213 crore ( US $33 million ) Overseas : US $14.1 million ( ₹ 95.88 crore ) ^ Jump up to : Box office gross values of ₹ 600 -- 675 crore were reported for Kabali in the first 13 days by several organisations including Financial Express and Indian Express , which were more than double the estimates made by other sources . International Business Times ( IBT ) and Firstpost criticized these estimates as inflated , explaining the discrepancy as due in part to the addition of `` pre-release business '' figures , such as music and satellite rights sales of ₹ 200 crore , being factored into the box office sales totals . Firstpost wrote , `` More conservative estimates put Kabali 's collections at around Rs 300 crores from worldwide ticket sales . '' IBT 's analysts in August 2016 estimated the film 's worldwide gross total of its first 13 days at around ₹ 3.5 billion ( US $54 million ) . Figures given in December 2016 by Financial Express indicated an estimated domestic gross of ₹ 215 crore and an international gross of ₹ 262 crore , which total ₹ 477 crore . A figure of USD $77 million given by Forbes in May 2017 converted to approximately ₹ 493 -- 499 crore . According to International Business Times in October 2017 , Kabali 's final worldwide gross was around ₹ 286 crore ( US $44 million ) . Jump up ^ 3.4804 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1940 : ₹ 13.33 per pound , $3.83 per pound Jump up ^ ₹ 55 lakh ( US $1.58 million ) in 1940 ( US $28 million or ₹ 181 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 3.3077 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1941 and 1942 : ₹ 13.33 per pound , $4.03 per pound Jump up ^ ₹ 70 lakh ( US $2.12 million ) in 1941 ( US $35 million or ₹ 235 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 80 lakh ( US $2.42 million ) in 1942 ( US $36 million or ₹ 235 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 3.3223 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1943 Jump up ^ ₹ 1 crore ( US $3.32 million ) in 1943 ( US $47 million or ₹ 309 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 3.302 Indian rupees per US dollar from in 1944 and 1945 Jump up ^ ₹ 1 crore ( US $3.03 million ) in 1944 ( US $42 million or ₹ 275 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 70 lakh ( US $2.12 million ) in 1945 ( US $29 million or ₹ 188 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 3.309 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1946 Jump up ^ ₹ 1 crore ( US $3.02 million ) in 1946 ( US $38 million or ₹ 249 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 1 Indian rupee per US dollar in 1947 Jump up ^ ₹ 50 lakh ( US $5 million ) in 1947 ( US $55 million or ₹ 363 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 4.79 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1948 to 1950 Jump up ^ ₹ 1.55 crore ( US $3.24 million ) in 1948 ( US $33 million or ₹ 215 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 2 crore ( US $4 million ) in 1949 ( US $41 million or ₹ 269 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 1.35 crore ( US $2.8 million ) in 1950 ( US $28 million or ₹ 188 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 4.7619 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1951 to 1965 ^ Jump up to : 4 Soviet rubles per US dollar from 1950 to 1960 Jump up ^ Awaara : ₹ 5.75 crore ( US $12.08 million ) in 1954 ( ₹ 739 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 2.3 crore ( US $4.83 million ) in 1951 ( US $46 million ( ₹ 302 crore ) in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 29 million SUR ( US $7.25 million , ₹ 3.45 crore ) in 1954 ( US $66 million ( ₹ 437 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ Aan worldwide gross : ₹ 3.5731 crore ( $6.04241 million ) , equivalent to ₹ 373.25 crore ( $54.7 million ) in 2016 . Domestic gross : ₹ 2.8 crore ( $5.88 million ) , equivalent to $53.2 million ( ₹ 363 crore ) in 2016 . Overseas gross : ₹ 773,060 ( $162,410 ) , equivalent to $1.5 million ( ₹ 10.25 crore ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ ₹ 2.35 crore ( US $4.94 million ) in 1953 ( US $45 million ( ₹ 296 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 2.9 crore ( US $6.09 million ) in 1954 ( US $55 million ( ₹ 363 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 35 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ Shree 420 : ₹ 4.94 crore ( US $10.38 million ) in 1956 ( ₹ 618 crore ( US $92 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 3.9 crore ( US $8.19 million ) in 1955 ( US $75 million ( ₹ 490 crore ) in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 8.75 million SUR ( US $2.19 million , ₹ 1.04 crore ) in 1956 ( US $20 million ( ₹ 128 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 33.6 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ^ Jump up to : 0.9 Soviet rubles per US dollar from 1961 to 1971 Jump up ^ Jagte Raho in Soviet Union : 8.4 million SUR ( US $9.33 million , ₹ 4.44 crore ) in 1965 ( US $72 million or ₹ 477 crore in 2016 ) Note : 1956 's highest - grossing film at the domestic Indian box office was CID , which grossed ₹ 2.5 crore in India . Jump up ^ Mother India : ₹ 8 crore ( US $16.8 million ) in 1957 ( US $146 million ( ₹ 961 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 4 crore ( US $8.4 million ) in 1958 ( US $71 million ( ₹ 478 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 39.8 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ Char Dil Char Rahen in Soviet Union : 9.95 million SUR ( US $11.06 million , ₹ 5.27 crore ) in 1962 ( US $89 million or ₹ 591 crore in 2016 ) Note : 1959 's highest - grossing film at the domestic Indian box office was Anari , which grossed ₹ 3 crore in India . Jump up ^ Mughal - e-Azam domestic gross : ₹ 11 crore in 1960 , equivalent to ₹ 2,000 crore in 2017 . Inflation rate of 200 times : ₹ 6 crore domestic nett in 1960 , equivalent to ₹ 1,300 crore ( US $200 million ) in 2017 . Jump up ^ 32.1 million Soviet tickets sold in 1965 , average Soviet ticket price of 25 kopecks in the mid-1960s Jump up ^ 0.9 Soviet rubles per US dollar from 1961 to 1971 Jump up ^ Gunga Jumna : ₹ 11.27 crore ( US $23.53 million ) in 1965 ( ₹ 1250 crore ( US $186 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 7 crore ( US $14.7 million ) in 1961 ( US $120 million or ₹ 793 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 8.03 million SUR ( US $8.92 million , ₹ 4.25 crore ) in 1965 ( US $69 million or ₹ 457 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ Mere Mehboob : ₹ 6 crore ( US $12.6 million ) in 1963 ( US $101 million or ₹ 665 crore in 2016 Jump up ^ 46.4 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ^ Jump up to : 7.5 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1967 to 1970 Jump up ^ Phool Aur Patthar : India : ₹ 7.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 322 crore or US $49 million in 2017 ) Soviet Union : 11.6 million SUR ( US $12.89 million , ₹ 9.67 crore ) in 1970 ( US $81 million or ₹ 531 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 42.4 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 7.4919 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1971 Jump up ^ Hamraaz : ₹ 13.33 crore ( US $17.78 million ) in 1967 ( ₹ 759 crore ( US $113 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 4.5 crore ( US $6 million ) in 1967 ( US $44 million or ₹ 289 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 10.6 million SUR ( US $11.78 million , ₹ 8.83 crore ) in 1971 ( US $71 million or ₹ 470 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 47.4 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ 0.829 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1972 ^ Jump up to : 7.5945 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1972 Jump up ^ Aradhana : India : ₹ 7 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 258 crore or US $40 million in 2017 ) in 1969 Soviet Union : 11.85 million SUR ( US $14.29 million , ₹ 10.85 crore ) in 1972 ( US $84 million ( ₹ 551 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 34.8 million Soviet tickets sold , average Soviet ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ 0.7536 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1974 Jump up ^ 8.1016 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1974 Jump up ^ Haathi Mere Saathi : India : ₹ 7 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 238 crore or US $37 million in 2017 ) Soviet Union : 8.7 million SUR ( US $11.54 million , ₹ 9.35 crore ) in 1974 ( US $57 million or ₹ 376 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 55.2 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ 0.758 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1976 Jump up ^ 8.804 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1976 Jump up ^ Seeta Aur Geeta : ₹ 19.53 crore ( US $22.82 million ) in 1975 ( ₹ 1155 crore ( US $172 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 3.5 crore ( US $4.61 million ) in 1972 ( US $27 million or ₹ 175 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 13.8 million SUR ( US $18.21 million , ₹ 16.03 crore ) in 1976 ( US $78 million or ₹ 517 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 7.742 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1973 Jump up ^ 62.6 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 0.73 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1975 Jump up ^ 8.973 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1975 Jump up ^ Bobby : ₹ 30.24 crore ( US $35.65 million ) in 1975 ( ₹ 1155 crore ( US $172 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 11 crore ( US $14.21 million ) in 1973 ( US $78 million or ₹ 517 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 15.65 million SUR ( US $21.44 million , ₹ 19.24 crore ) in 1975 ( US $98 million ( ₹ 638 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 8.3759 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1975 Jump up ^ Sholay : ₹ 35 crore ( US $41.79 million ) , equivalent to ₹ 1,500 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 17 billion or US $260 million in 2017 ) in 2014 . Jump up ^ 8.804 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1973 Jump up ^ 60 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 0.706 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1978 Jump up ^ 8.15 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1978 Jump up ^ Barood : ₹ 19.32 crore ( US $23.52 million ) in 1978 ( ₹ 591 crore ( US $88 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 2 crore ( US $2.27 million ) in 1976 ( US $10 million ( ₹ 67 crore ) in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 15 million SUR ( US $21.25 million , ₹ 17.32 crore ) in 1978 ( US $97 million ( ₹ 524 crore ) in 2016 ) Note : The highest domestic grosser of 1973 , Dus Numbri , grossed ₹ 9 crore in India . Jump up ^ Amar Akbar Anthony domestic gross : ₹ 15.5 crore in 1977 , equivalent to $18.05 million ( ₹ 8.5858 per US dollar in 1977 ) , or $73 million ( ₹ 485 crore ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ 25.2 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ^ Jump up to : Disco Dancer : 60 million Soviet rubles in 1984 , 0.791 rubles per US dollar in 1984 ^ Jump up to : 12.43 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1984 Jump up ^ Muqaddar Ka Sikandar : India : ₹ 17 crore in 1978 , equivalent to $20.66 million ( ₹ 8.2267 per US dollar in 1978 ) , or $78 million ( ₹ 510 crore ) in 2016 . Soviet Union : 6.3 million SUR ( US $7.96 million , ₹ 9.89 crore ) in 1984 , equivalent to US $19 million ( ₹ 121 crore ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ 8.1258 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1979 Jump up ^ Suhaag domestic gross : ₹ 10 crore ( US $12.31 million ) in 1979 ( US $42 million or ₹ 242 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 7.8629 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1980 Jump up ^ Qurbani domestic gross : ₹ 12 crore ( US $15.26 million ) in 1980 ( US $45 million or ₹ 296 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 1993 inflation rate of 17.18 times : Darr 's domestic nett of ₹ 10.73 crore in 1993 equivalent to ₹ 184.37 crore in 2016 . Jump up ^ 8.6585 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1981 Jump up ^ Qurbani domestic gross : ₹ 20 crore ( US $23.1 million ) in 1981 ( US $62 million or ₹ 410 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 9.79 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1982 Jump up ^ Disco Dancer : ₹ 100.68 crore in 1984 ( ₹ 1261 crore or US $186 million in 2016 ) India : ₹ 6.4 crore ( US $ 6.54 million ) in 1982 ₹ 88 crore ( US $13 million ) in 2016 Soviet Union : US $75.85 million ( ₹ 94.28 crore ) in 1984 ( US $179 million ( ₹ 1176 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 38 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 0.7585 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1986 Jump up ^ 12.6108 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1986 Jump up ^ Jagir in Soviet Union : 9.5 million SUR ( US $12.52 million , ₹ 15.79 crore ) in 1986 ( US $28 million or ₹ 181 crore in 2016 ) Note : 1984 's highest - grossing film at the domestic Indian box office was Tohfa , which grossed ₹ 9 crore in India . Jump up ^ Hum Aapke Hain Koun : ₹ 135 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 1,316 crore ( US $200 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 9.73 times : ₹ 72.47 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 705 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge : ₹ 126.5 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 1,087 crore ( US $170 million ) in 2016 . Domestic gross : ₹ 106.5 crore . Overseas gross : ₹ 20 crore . Inflation rate of 8.59 times : ₹ 53.31 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 458 crore ( US $70 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Raja Hindustani : ₹ 87.5 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 711 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 . Domestic gross : ₹ 85 crore . Overseas gross : ₹ 2.5 crore . Inflation rate of 8.13 times : ₹ 48 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 390 crore ( US $60 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Dil To Pagal Hai : ₹ 71.87 worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 562 crore ( US $86 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 7.82 times : ₹ 34.97 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 273.34 crore ( US $42 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Kuch Kuch Hota Hai : ₹ 106.74 worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 753 crore ( US $120 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 7.05 times : ₹ 46.87 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 330.26 crore ( US $51 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Hum Saath Saath Hain : ₹ 81.71 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 551 crore ( US $84 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 6.74 times : ₹ 39.18 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 264.13 crore ( US $40 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Mohabbatein : ₹ 90.01 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 532 crore ( US $81 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 5.91 times : ₹ 41.88 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 247.51 crore ( US $38 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham : ₹ 135.53 worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 703 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 5.19 times : ₹ 55.65 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 288.72 crore ( US $44 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Devdas : ₹ 99.87 crore worldwide gross , ( equivalent to ₹ 456 crore ( US $70 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 4.57 times : ₹ 41.66 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 190.36 crore ( US $29 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Kal Ho Naa Ho : ₹ 86.09 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 284 crore ( US $43 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 3.3 times : ₹ 38.55 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 127.2 crore ( US $19 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Veer - Zaara : ₹ 97.64 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 288 crore ( US $44 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 2.95 times : ₹ 41.86 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 123.68 crore ( US $19 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ No Entry : ₹ 74.14 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 203 crore ( US $31 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 2.74 times : ₹ 44.72 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 122.58 crore ( US $19 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Om Shanti Om : ₹ 149.87 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 319 crore ( US $49 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 2.13 times : ₹ 78.17 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 166.48 crore ( US $25 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghajini worldwide gross : ₹ 232 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 460 crore or US $71 million in 2017 ) Domestic : ₹ 162 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 321 crore or US $49 million in 2017 ) Overseas : ₹ 70 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 139 crore or US $21 million in 2017 ) Jump up ^ Don : The Chase Begins Again worldwide gross : 113.2 crore Domestic : ₹ 77.5 crore Overseas : $7.88 million ( ₹ 35.7 crore ) References Jump up ^ Priya Gupta ( 23 Nov 2013 ) . `` Box Office column discontinued '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : * Burra , Rani Day & Rao , Maithili ( 2006 ) , `` Cinema '' , Encyclopedia of India ( vol. 1 ) , Thomson Gale , ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31350 - 4 . Jump up ^ * Khanna , Amit ( 2003 ) , `` The Future of Hindi Film Business '' , Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema : historical record , the business and its future , narrative forms , analysis of the medium , milestones , biographies , Encyclopædia Britannica ( India ) Private Limited , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . p 158 Jump up ^ Binoy Prabhakar ( 26 Aug 2012 ) . `` Business of Rs 100 - cr films : Who gets what and why '' . Indiatimes The Economic Times . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Digital March Media & Entertainment in South India '' ( PDF ) . Deloitte . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Journey of Indian rupee since independence , The Times of India . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 48 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 65.11 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` Aamir Khan 's ' Secret Superstar ' Winds Down Its Domestic Run With ₹ 83 Cr. / $12.8 M Gross '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 25 November 2017 ) . `` How to tell whether ' Secret Superstar 's Taiwan numbers signal future success in China '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` ' Secret Superstar ' Tracking Well Against ' Dangal ' Taiwan Run With $285 K / ₹ 1.85 Cr . Through Day 6 '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 10 October 2017 ) . `` ' Dangal ' Continues Record Hong Kong Run To Cross ₹ 23 Cr. / $3.5 M '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 12 June 2017 ) . `` ' Dangal ' Tops $300 Million , Becoming The 5th Highest - Grossing Non-English Movie Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exchange Rates ( 68.3 INR per USD ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All time box office revenue of the highest grossing Bollywood movies worldwide '' . Statista . December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aamir Khan 's Secret Superstar earns seven times more money in China in 1 week than what it did in India '' . Hindustan Times . 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Baahubali 2 ( Bahubali 2 ) box office collection : SS Rajamouli 's film mints Rs 1,706.50 cr in 140 days '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Japan loves Baahubali The Conclusion and here 's proof . Watch video '' . Hindustan Times . 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( 2017 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo. 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Box Office > China ( 02 / 18 / 2018 ) '' . Entgroup . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Shah , Karan ( 28 January 2018 ) . `` Aamir Khan 's Secret Superstar BEATS Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai to become the Biggest Worldwide Bollywood grosser of 2017 '' . Bollywood Life . ^ Jump up to : `` Deepika Padukone 's Padmaavat beats Aamir Khan 's Dhoom 3 and Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai at the box office '' . Times Now . 27 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2015 : Top 6 highest grossing films '' . Daily News and Analysis . 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office > China '' . EntGroup . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hooli , Shekhar ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Baahubali 2 overseas box office collection : Rajamouli 's film beats Chennai Express , Kabali 's lifetime record in 1st weekend '' . International Business Times . ^ Jump up to : 10 highest worldwide grossing Bollywood movies , Asianet News , 8 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 61 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2014 . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Baahubali 2 3 - day worldwide box - office collection : SS Rajamouli 's film crosses Rs 500 cr mark in 1st weekend '' . International Business Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Baahubali rights snapped up by Netflix for Rs 25.5 crore ; The Conclusion completes 100 days in theatres '' . 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What does the success of Baahubali mean for Indian cinema ? '' . 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Special Features : Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Sultan - Box Office '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 58.512332 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bollywood 200 Crore Club Movies : Hindi Films '' . Bollywood Movie Review . 3 April 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 61.01 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Padmaavat ' a very special film for Deepika , Ranveer and Shahid - Here 's why '' . Zee News . 16 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top India Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exchange Rates ( 61.03 INR per USD ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2013 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 20 March 2016 ) . `` Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Fan ' Aims To Continue Movie Megastar 's Global Hit Streak '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Exchange Rates ( 64.2 INR per USD ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2015 . Jump up ^ Mobhani , Suleman. ( 13 January 2015 ) , Box Office : Comparison of the Top Grossers of 2014 . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved on 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Worldwide Grossers All Time '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Collection : ' Bang Bang ' Earns ₹ 340 cr Worldwide ; ' Super Nani ' Dull , ' Roar ' Steady '' . International Business Times . 2 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` New ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' Poster Brings Back The Salman Khan Fans Want To See '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 53.420806 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Golmaal Again '' . Bollywood Hungama. 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raees box office collection day 13 : Shah Rukh Khan film crosses Rs 150 mark in India '' . The Indian Express . 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2nd Saturday Box Office Collection : Baahubali Beats Endhiran 's Lifetime Record in 9 Days '' . Ibtimes.co.in. 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 46 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rajinikanth starrer Kabali box office collections rise to over Rs 650 crore , turns No. 1 movie in India - The Financial Express '' . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajinikanth starrer Kabali box office collections rise to over Rs 650 crore , turns No. 1 movie in India - The Financial Express '' . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Kabali ' box office collection : Reports of Rajinikanth - starrer raking in Rs. 675 crore in 13 days are fake '' . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajinikanth 's Kabali has earned Rs 600 crore at the global box office . Or has it ? - Firstpost '' . 3 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kabali ' Box Office collection '' . International Business Times India . 4 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajinikanth birthday today ; As superstar Rajni turns 65 , wishes pour in '' . 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Armies Of Ajith Fans Mobilize To Blast ' Vivegam ' Teaser To Record Views '' . Forbes . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Kabali , which starred blockbuster hero Rajinikanth , went on to gross nearly 5 billion rupees ( US $77 million ) worldwide , making it the 6th highest grossing Indian film in history at the time . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Mersal box office collection : A crowning - moment for Vijay as his film joins Rs 200 - crore club '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Bhaskar ( 2008 ) . `` The Melodramas of Globalization '' . Cultural Dynamics . 20 : 31 -- 51 ( 34 ) . doi : 10.1177 / 0921374007088054 . Jump up ^ `` Pather Panchali : Its history , the genius behind it , and Satyajit Rays style of working '' . Jump up ^ `` Southern movies account for over 75 % of film revenues '' . The Times of India . 18 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Amazon Obhijan ' becomes highest grossing Bengali film ever '' . The Statesman. 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://padhonews.com/amazon-obhijaan-box-office-collection/ Jump up ^ `` বক্স অফিসের নতুন চুড়ায় চাঁদের পাহাড় '' . আনন্দবাজার প্রত্রিকা. 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Tollywood delivers only five - six hits a year '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paglu Box Office Collection in India '' . Jump up ^ `` Saathi Box Office Collection in India '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 films that rocked the box office this year '' . Jump up ^ `` Out of the box : Of bad reviews and good collections in Tollywood '' . Jump up ^ `` Best film of 2012 in Tollywood '' . Spicyonion.com . Jump up ^ http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=32352&boxid=15131326 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` posto 's success is special for us said jisshu sengupta and mimi chakraborty ( ' পোস্ত'র সাফল্যটা স্পেশ্যাল , বললেন মিমি - যিশু ) , ১৪ দিনের হিসাবে ৩. ৫ কোটির মত ব্যবসা করেছে ছবিটি '' . Jump up ^ `` Posto creates history , makes 1 crore in 4 days '' . Jump up ^ `` Remembrance of things future - Himal Southasian '' . 19 December 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gujarati films : Cheaper is not better '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Good shot '' . 22 June 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Govt clerks arrested for leaking Chello Divas '' . 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarati Films to hit a century this year '' . 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Webdunia . `` ' ગુજ્જુભાઈ મોસ્ટ વોન્ટેડ ' પ્રથમ ફિલ્મ જેણે કર્યો , કમાણી 10 કરોડ પહોંચી '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hari Narayan ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` Gujarati film industry , still a work in progress '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H. `` ' Karsandas Pay & Use ' week 1 box office collection : Mayur - Deeksha starrer turns big Gujarati money spinner of 2017 '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gulzar ; Nihalani , Govind ; Chatterji , Saibal ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Encyclopædia Britannica ( India ) Pvt Ltd . pp. 10 -- 18 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 066 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pippa de Bruyn ; Niloufer Venkatraman ; Keith Bain ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's India . Frommer 's . p. 579 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 79434 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wasko , Janet ( 2003 ) . How Hollywood works . SAGE . p. 185 . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 6814 - 8 . Jump up ^ K. Jha ; Subhash ( 2005 ) . The Essential Guide to Bollywood . Roli Books . p. 1970 . ISBN 81 - 7436 - 378 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` This man is the highly paid actor in Kannada film industry '' . Jump up ^ `` Stage set for Mungaru Male sequel '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ganesh all set for Mungaru Male 2 '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rakshit Shetty 's Kirik Party Telugu remake rights sold ; talks on for other language rights '' . International Business Times . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari enters 50 crore club '' . Jump up ^ `` Dodmane Hudga lifetime collection is over ₹ 40 crore '' . www.ibtimes.co.in . Jump up ^ `` Sangolli Rayanna set to complete 100 days '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ A Sharadhaa ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Sandalwood hits Rangitaranga and Uppi 2 Run to Full House in USA '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sandalwood 2016 : Highest - grossing Kannada movies of 2016 at the box office '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dandupalya collected ₹ 25 crore in Karnataka and along with it 's Telugu dubbed version collected ₹ 10 crore '' . www.sify.com . Jump up ^ `` Dandupalya said to have made ₹ 25 crore in Karnataka '' . m.timesofindia.com . `` Dubbed Telugu version collected ₹ 10 crore '' . m.indiaglitz.com . Jump up ^ Nair , Sree Prasad ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` 2016 Box Office Kings : Mohanlal is the only Malayalam actor among top 5 , Aamir Khan tops the list , followed by Akshay Kumar and Salman Khan '' . Catch News . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ R. , Manoj Kumar ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` Aamir Khan 's Dangal rules Kerala box office , no new Malayalam releases this Friday '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ DC ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` Mohanlal 's Pulimurugan becomes first Malayalam film to gross over 100 crore rupees '' . Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 22 November 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ DNA Web Desk ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Kerala film awards : ' Premam ' snubbed says audience '' . Daily News and Analysis . Archived from the original on 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jha , Lata ( 12 August 2017 ) . `` The continued reign of Mohanlal '' . Mint . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ വാരിയർ , ഉണ്ണി കെ. ( 3 February 2017 ) . `` മോഹൻലാൽ ; 400 കോടീശ്വരൻ '' . Malayala Manorama ( in Malayalam ) . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Onmanorama Staff ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Producers put their money on debutant directors '' . Malayala Manorama . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` ' Endhiran 2 ' director Shankar praises Malayalam movie ' Premam ' '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Kaumudi Online ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Nivin 's hands are full '' . Kerala Kaumudi . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Srivatsan ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` Premam box office collection : Naga Chaitanyas film earns Rs 20 crore in 5 days '' . India Today . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Vamsi , Krishna ( 11 October 2016 ) . `` Premam box office collection : Chaitanya 's movie mints over Rs 15 crore '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kavirayani , Suresh ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Sunil to star in remake of Malayalam movie Two Countries '' . Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 29 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Content triumphed over star power in southern filmdom ( 2015 in Retrospect ) '' . Business Standard . Indo - Asian News Service . 19 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ezra : Prithviraj starrer emerges 8th Rs. 50 crore grosser of Malayalam cinema '' . Catch News . 13 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Nair , Sree Prasad ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Kerala Box Office : Mohanlal 's Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol completes 50 days , the actor 's fifth Rs. 50 crore blockbuster '' . Catch News . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Box Office : Mammootty 's The Great Father emerges as the actor 's first Rs 50 cr blockbuster '' . 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Nivin Pauly : Journey of an engineer who has become youth icon of Malayalam films '' . International Business Times . 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raja Harishchandra ( 1913 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sairat , Chauthi Koot , Tithi : Apart from Visaranai , a list of films that could have made the Oscars cut '' . 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pradhan , Bharathi ( Senior Journalist and Author ) ( 22 November 2016 ) . Show Business : How Ventilator won the battle against Demonetization ( Show Business with Actor Producer Viveck Vaswani ) ( Motion picture ) . India : Lehren TV . Event occurs at 6 : 46 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Sachin -- A Billion Dreams - Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ Narayan , Hari . `` Marathi , Punjabi films that made a mark in 2016 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sairat ' Is The Highest Grossing Marathi Film Ever , But Have You Heard About It Yet ? '' . indiatimes.com . Jump up ^ `` With Sairat , Marathi cinema flies high on box office , appreciation '' . The Indian Express . 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ritesh Deshmukh And Nargis Fakhri Starrer Was Planned As A Marathi Film ? - Movie Talkies '' . Movie Talkies . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ N , Ganesh ( 11 April 2015 ) . `` Struggle for success : Marathi films lose out in the multiplex race as popcorn - loving movie - goers prefer Hindi and English blockbusters '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Deshmukh , Gayatri ( 31 July 2014 ) . `` After Duniyadari , will Lai Bhaari break Timepass ' record ? '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ Ganesh N ( 11 April 2015 ) . `` Struggle for success : Marathi films lose out in the multiplex race as the popcorn - loving movie - goer prefers Hindi and English blockbusters Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Bollywood is jumping on the Marathi cinema bandwagon '' . mid-day. 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Narayan , Hari . `` Marathi , Punjabi films that made a mark in 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Malvania , Urvi ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Harry Baweja 's Chaar Saahibzaade gives 250 % returns '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ Singh , Jasmine ( 19 July 2015 ) . `` The turbaned prince '' . Spectrum . The Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Ambarsariya Continues Strong Run '' . Box Office India . 4 April 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H ( 12 April 2016 ) . `` ' Ambarsariya ' continues to dominate ' Love Punjab , ' ' Ardaas ' at overseas box office '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chak De Pollywood - Namrata Joshi - Aug 04 , 2014 '' . outlookindia.com. 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Last heard , it had grossed Rs 21 crore worldwide . Jump up ^ `` Jatt and Juliet 2 makes a record collection at the box office '' . The Times of India . 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . The film has made a box office collections nearing Rs. 20 crores approx ( All India ) Jump up ^ `` Box office collection : ' Udta Punjab ' and ' Raman Raghav 2.0 ' record a slow week ; ' Sardaarji 2 ' doing well worldwide '' . International Business Times . 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . The worldwide box office collection of `` Sardaarji 2 '' stands at Rs. 19 crore . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` ' Angrej ' 17 - Day Box Office Collection : Amrinder Gill Film Pips ' Ramta Jogi ' in 3rd Weekend '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H. `` Chaar Sahibzaade 2 overseas box office collection : Harry Baweja 's film remains undeterred by Dear Zindagi '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Groves , Don . `` Currency Withdrawals Short Change New Releases ' Rock On 2 ' And ' Chaar Sahibzaade ' 2 In India '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 14 November 2016 ) . `` Chaar Sahibzaade - Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur performs well ; Rock On ! ! 2 is a colossal disaster in overseas - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ilayathalapathy Vijay 's Mersal creates history ; breaches Rs 250 crore mark '' . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` SS Rajamouli 's Baahubali to Ajith 's Vedalam : The Top 10 Highest grossing Tamil movies in 2015 '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vishwaroopam ' Box Office Collection : Kamal Haasan Starrer Earns ₹ 220 Crores '' . International Business Times . 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali to Thuppakki : Tamil Cinemas 100 Cr Films - NDTV Movies '' . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Gopalan , Krishna ( 4 April 2009 ) . `` Nayagan '' . The Economic Times . p. 14 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Ghilli to Theri : 10 Ilayathalapathy Vijay action blockbusters one should know ! '' . CatchNews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Year of success for tinsel town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 26 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1 year of Srimanthudu : 8 interesting facts about the Mahesh Babu - Shruti Haasan blockbuster '' . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From Mahesh Babu to Srimanthudu Director , With Love - NDTV Movies '' . 22 September 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mahesh Babu 's hit film Srimanthudu to premier on Zee Telugu on Sunday , November 8 - Times of India '' . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khaidi No 150 : Chiranjeevi 's blockbuster mints Rs 164 cr worldwide '' . Hindustan Times . 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khaidi No 150 box office collections : At Rs 164 cr , Chiranjeevi 's comeback action movie sets new record '' . 5 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gabbar Singh highest grosser in south Archived 19 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . - India Today Retrieved 6 February 2015 Dated 19 July 2012 Jump up ^ V.P , Nicy ( 13 July 2015 ) . `` ' Baahubali ' First Weekend Box Office Collection : Rajamouli Film Breaks Lifetime Records of ' Magadheera ' , ' Attarinitik Daaredi ' in Three Days '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Web Desk , Express ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` Spyder box office : Mahesh Babu - AR Murugadoss film touches the 150 cr mark in 11 days '' . Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` '' Janatha '' garage 32 days box office collection : jr ntr film emerges as the highest grosser of 2016 `` . IBTimes. 3 Oct 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hooli , Shekhar H. `` ' Janatha Garage ' box office collection : Will Jr NTR 's film beat ' Sarrainodu , ' ' Srimanthudu , ' ' Magadheera ' lifetime records '' . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` South India dominates regional language film industry '' . Business Standard . 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jai Lava Kusa box 0ffice : NTR starrer grosses Rs 129 cr worldwide in final '' . The Times of India . 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Earners 1940 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : V.S. Somanath , International Financial Management , page 53 , I.K. International , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Computing ' Real Value ' Over Time with a Conversion between U.K. Pounds and U.S. Dollars , 1774 to Present , MeasuringWorth ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 67.175856 INR per USD in 2016 ) '' . OFX . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1941 '' . www.boxofficeindia.com . Archived from the original on 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1942 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1943 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ China 's Foreign Trade Statistics , 1864 - 1949 , page 196 , Harvard University Asia Center , 1974 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1944 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ The Statesman 's Year - Book : Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1945 , page 696 , Springer , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1945 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1946 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Oil , International Payments and Reform , page 260 , Institute for Financial Management and Research , 1975 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1947 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Joshi , Namrata ( 19 September 2011 ) . `` Reeling It All In '' . Outlook India . Archived from the original on 19 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1949 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1950 '' . Box Office India . 30 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1951 '' . Box Office India . 22 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pacific Exchange Rate Service '' ( PDF ) . UBC Sauder School of Business . University of British Columbia . p. 3 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Indian Films in Soviet Cinemas : The Culture of Movie - going After Stalin , page 211 , Indiana University Press , 2005 ^ Jump up to : `` Archive '' . Central Bank of Russia . 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1952 '' . Box Office India . 22 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator ( domestic gross ) '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . December 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajinder , Dudrah ; Jigna , Desai ( 2008 ) . The Bollywood Reader . McGraw - Hill Education . p. 65 . ISBN 9780335222124 . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator ( overseas gross ) '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . December 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1953 '' . Box Office India . 30 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1954 '' . Box Office India . 30 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1955 '' . Box Office India . 22 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ A Taste for Indian Films : Negotiating Cultural Boundaries in Post-Stalinist Soviet Society , page 163 , Indiana University , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Moscow Prime Time : How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War , page 48 , Cornell University Press , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Sergey Kudryavtsev ( 3 August 2008 ) . `` Зарубежные популярные фильмы в советском кинопрокате ( Индия ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1956 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Box Office 1957 , Box Office India , archived 22 September 2012 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1958 '' . Box Office India . 30 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . December 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1959 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . 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ISBN 9788132117889 . Jump up ^ `` Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1996 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office 1996 '' . Box Office India . 22 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Grossers : 1996 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1997 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Adjusted Nett Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1998 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1999 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2000 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2001 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide Grossers 2002 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2003 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . 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International Business Times . 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlyn Chopra sets temperatures soaring with her hot photoshoot '' . Movified. 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # Birthdayspecial : Before the grand success of Baahubali , Prabhas delivered these hits '' . Times Now . 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Housefull 3 - Movie - Box Office India '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania - Movie - Box Office India '' . boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` Special Features : Box Office : Worldwide Collections of Welcome Back - Box Office , Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Judwaa 2 - Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama. 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judwaa '' . Boxofficeindia.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 11 February 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Akshay Kumar 's Jolly LLB 2 - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special Features : Box Office : Worldwide Collections of ABCD - Any Body Can Dance - 2 - Box Office , Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ `` Kollywood 2015 : Top 10 Highest Grossing Tamil Movies in the Year '' . 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baby Total Box Office Collections in India , Overseas , Worldwide '' . Indicine.com. 20 February 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Khiladi 786 '' . Box Office India . 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"\n\nRank\nMovie\nYear\nDirector\nStudio\nWorldwide gross\nSource\n\n\n1\nBaahubali 2: The Conclusion *\n2017\nS. S. Rajamouli\nArka Media Works\n₹1,713.59 crore (US$260 million) #+\n[n 2]\n\n\n2\nBaahubali: The Beginning\n2015\nS. S. Rajamouli\nArka Media Works\n₹650 crore (US$100 million) #+\n[29]\n\n\n3\nEnthiran\n2010\nS. Shankar\nSun Pictures\n₹289 crore (US$44 million)\n[50]\n\n\n4\nKabali\n2016\nPa. Ranjith\nV Creations\n₹286–499 crore (US$45–77 million)\n[n 12]\n\n\n5\nMersal *\n2017\nAtlee\nThenandal Studio Limited\n₹250 crore (US$38 million)\n[135]\n\n\n6\nI\n2015\nS. Shankar\nAascar Films Pvt.Ltd\n₹240 crore (US$37 million)\n[136]\n\n\n7\nVishwaroopam\n2013\nKamal Haasan\nRaaj Kamal Films International\n₹220 crore (US$34 million) #+\n[137]\n\n\n8\nDasavathaaram\n2008\nK. S. Ravikumar\nAascar Films Pvt.Ltd\n₹200 crore (US$31 million)\n[138][139]\n\n\n9\nThuppakki\n2012\nAR Murugadoss\nSri Saravanaa Creations\n₹180 crore (US$28 million)\n[140]\n\n\n10\nTheri\n2016\nAtlee\nS. Dhanu\n₹172 crore (US$26 million)\n[140]\n\n"
] | [
"Baahubali 2: The Conclusion"
] |
-8629115719836813673 | List of highest paid Major League Baseball players | List of highest paid Major League baseball players - Wikipedia List of highest paid Major League baseball players This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) Alex Rodriguez earned the highest salary in MLB in 2013 at $100 . He also has the highest career earnings in MLB history . The highest - paid player in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from the 2013 season is Los Angeles Angels ' centerfielder Mike Trout with an annual salary of $33,250,000 . MLB does not have a hard salary cap , instead employing a luxury tax which applies to teams whose total payroll exceeds certain set thresholds for a given season . Free agency did not exist in MLB prior to the end of the reserve clause in the 1970s , allowing owners before that time to wholly dictate the terms of player negotiations and resulting in significantly lower salaries . ( ( Baby girl Ruth ) ) ) , widely regarded as one of the greatest baseball players ever , earned an estimated $910,696 ( $14,654,832 inflation - adjusted from 1931 dollars ) over his entire playing career . When asked whether he thought he deserved to earn $80,000 a year ( $1,171,952 inflation - adjusted ) , while the president , Herbert Hoover , had a $75,000 salary , Ruth famously remarked , `` What the hell has Hoover got to do with it ? Besides , I had a better year than he did . '' Rodriguez has signed two record - breaking contracts over the course of his career . First , he signed a $252 million , 10 - year contract with the Texas Rangers in December 2000 ( $358,107,826 inflation - adjusted from 2000 dollars ) . Sandy Alderson called the deal `` stupefying '' , while Sports Illustrated noted that Rodriguez 's early salaries under the contract ( $21 million ) would be greater than the annual payroll of the entire Minnesota Twins team that year ( $15.8 million ) . The deal was the largest sports contract in history , doubling the total value of Kevin Garnett 's $126 million National Basketball Association contract ( the previous record holder ) and more than doubling Mike Hampton 's $121 million contract , the previous MLB record which had been signed just days before . The Rangers later traded Rodriguez to the Yankees in exchange for Alfonso Soriano before the 2004 season , though they agreed to pay $67 million of the $179 million outstanding on the contract . Despite this , he opted out of the remainder of his deal after the 2007 season and renegotiated a new $275 million , 10 - year agreement with the Yankees , breaking his own record for the largest sports contract . Under this deal , Rodriguez also receives $6 million each if and when he ties the career home run totals of Willie Mays ( 660 ) , Babe Ruth ( 714 ) , Hank Aaron ( 755 ) , and Barry Bonds ( 762 ) , along with another $6 million for breaking Bonds ' mark . First base was the highest - paid position in 2010 ; regular starters at that position earned an average salary of $9,504,165 in compared to an overall average of $3,014,572 . Pitcher Nolan Ryan was the first player to earn an annual salary above $1 million , signing a $4.5 million , 4 - year contract with the Houston Astros in 1979 . Kirby Puckett and Rickey Henderson signed the first contracts which paid an average of $3 million a year in November 1989 , in 1990 Jose Canseco signed for 5 years and $23.5 million , making him the first player to earn an average of $4 million a year . It was until 2010 when the MLB average salary rose above that same mark . Five of the twenty highest - paid players in 2013 were members of the Yankees . Their team payroll for 2013 was $228,835,490 , roughly $12 million above the second - largest Los Angeles Dodgers . The Yankees have drawn criticism for their payroll , with some claiming it undermines the parity of MLB . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Highest annual salaries in 2017 3 Career earnings 4 Salary progression 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References Key ( edit ) Key Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 1B First baseman 2B Second baseman 3B Third baseman SS Shortstop LF Left fielder CF Center fielder RF Right fielder Catcher SP Starting pitcher RP Relief pitcher DH Designated hitter Highest annual salaries in 2017 ( edit ) This table refers to the salary for 2017 alone , not the overall average value of the contract . Rank Name Position Team ( s ) Salary Ref Clayton Kershaw SP Los Angeles Dodgers $33,000,000 Zack Greinke SP Arizona Diamondbacks $31,876,966 David Price SP Boston Red Sox $30,000,000 Miguel Cabrera 1B Detroit Tigers $28,000,000 Justin Verlander SP Detroit Tigers / Houston Astros $28,000,000 6 Jason Heyward OF Chicago Cubs $26,055,288 7 Albert Pujols 1B Los Angeles Angels $26,055,288 8 Felix Hernandez SP Seattle Mariners $25,857,143 9 Jon Lester SP Chicago Cubs $25,000,000 9 CC Sabathia SP New York Yankees $25,000,000 Career earnings ( edit ) Though retired since 2007 , Barry Bonds ' career earnings of over $188 million still ranks fifth - highest overall in MLB history . Earnings up to date as of the end of the 2013 season . Name Team ( s ) Position Years Earnings Ref Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers New York Yankees SS , 3B 1994 -- 2016 $396,416,252 Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees SS 1995 -- 2014 $265,159,364 Beltrán , Carlos Carlos Beltrán Kansas City Royals Houston Astros New York Mets San Francisco Giants St. Louis Cardinals New York Yankees Houston Astros CF , RF 1998 -- 2017 $221,952,782 Ramirez , Manny Manny Ramirez Cleveland Indians Boston Red Sox Los Angeles Dodgers Chicago White Sox Tampa Bay Rays LF 1993 -- 2011 $206,827,769 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds Pittsburgh Pirates San Francisco Giants LF 1986 -- 2007 $188,245,322 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson Montreal Expos Seattle Mariners Houston Astros Arizona Diamondbacks New York Yankees San Francisco Giants SP 1988 -- 2009 $175,550,019 Hunter , Torii Torii Hunter Minnesota Twins Los Angeles Angels Detroit Tigers CF 1997 -- 2015 $171,055,000 Rivera , Mariano Mariano Rivera New York Yankees RP 1995 -- 2013 $169,441,825 Jones , Chipper Chipper Jones Atlanta Braves 3B 1993 -- 2012 $168,552,133 Sheffield , Gary Gary Sheffield Milwaukee Brewers San Diego Padres Florida Marlins Los Angeles Dodgers Atlanta Braves New York Yankees Detroit Tigers New York Mets RF 1988 -- 2009 $168,008,550 Suzuki , Ichiro Ichiro Suzuki Seattle Mariners New York Yankees Miami Marlins RF 2001 -- $166,331,483 Helton , Todd Todd Helton Colorado Rockies 1B 1998 -- 2013 $161,490,000 Santana , Johan Johan Santana Minnesota Twins New York Mets SP 2000 -- 2012 $155,997,269 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux Chicago Cubs Atlanta Braves Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres SP 1986 -- 2008 $153,845,000 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . Seattle Mariners Cincinnati Reds Chicago White Sox CF 1988 -- 2010 $151,703,682 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox Toronto Blue Jays New York Yankees Houston Astros SP 1984 -- 2007 $150,601,000 Halladay , Roy Roy Halladay Toronto Blue Jays Philadelphia Phillies SP 1998 -- 2013 $148,991,666 Sabathia , CC CC Sabathia Cleveland Indians Milwaukee Brewers New York Yankees SP 2001 -- $146,357,142 Delgado , Carlos Carlos Delgado Toronto Blue Jays Florida Marlins New York Mets 1B 1993 -- 2009 $146,299,000 Martínez , Pedro Pedro Martínez Los Angeles Dodgers Montreal Expos Boston Red Sox New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies SP 1992 -- 2009 $146,259,585 Salary Progression ( edit ) Nolan Ryan ( pictured ) became the first player to earn an average salary above $1 million in 1979 . Precisely 17 years later Albert Belle became the first player to average above $10 million a year . This list documents the progression of the highest average annual value contracts / contract extensions . Average annual salary Date signed Name Team Position Contract duration ( Years ) Ref ( s ) $ 01170000 ! 1,170,000 01 ! November 19 , 1979 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan Houston Astros SP 03 ! 3 $ 02500000 ! 2,500,000 02 ! December 15 , 1980 Winfield , Dave Dave Winfield New York Yankees RF 10 $ 02600000 ! 2,600,000 03 ! September 4 , 1985 Murray , Eddie Eddie Murray Baltimore Orioles 1B 05 ! 5 $ 02633333 ! 2,633,333 03.1 ! February 16 , 1989 Hershiser , Orel Orel Hershiser Los Angeles Dodgers SP 03 ! 3 $ 02970000 ! 2,970,000 04 ! November 17 , 1989 Saberhagen , Bret Bret Saberhagen Kansas City Royals SP 03 ! 3 $ 03000000 ! 3,000,000 05 ! November 22 , 1989 Puckett , Kirby Kirby Puckett Minnesota Twins CF 03 ! 3 $ 03200000 ! 3,200,000 06 ! December 1 , 1989 Langston , Mark Mark Langston California Angels SP 05 ! 5 $ 03250000 ! 3,250,000 07 ! December 11 , 1989 Davis , Mark Mark Davis Kansas City Royals SP 04 ! 4 $ 03500000 ! 3,500,000 08 ! January 17 , 1990 Stewart , Dave Dave Stewart Oakland Athletics SP 02 ! 2 $ 03750000 ! 3,750,000 09 ! January 22 , 1990 Clark , Will Will Clark San Francisco Giants 1B 04 ! 4 $ 03860000 ! 3,860,000 10 ! April 9 , 1990 Mattingly , Don Don Mattingly New York Yankees 1B 05 ! 5 $ 04700000 ! 4,700,000 11 ! June 28 , 1990 Canseco , Jose Jose Canseco Oakland Athletics RF / DH 05 ! 5 $ 05380000 ! 5,380,000 12 ! February 2 , 1991 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox SP 04 ! 4 $ 05800000 ! 5,800,000 13 ! December 2 , 1991 Bonilla , Bobby Bobby Bonilla New York Mets 3B / RF 05 ! 5 $ 07100000 ! 7,100,000 14 ! March 2 , 1992 Sandberg , Ryne Ryne Sandberg Chicago Cubs 2B 04 ! 4 $ 07290000 ! 7,290,000 15 ! December 6 , 1992 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants LF 06 ! 6 $ 08500000 ! 8,500,000 16 ! January 31 , 1996 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . Seattle Mariners CF 04 ! 4 $ 11000000 ! 11,000,000 17 ! November 19 , 1996 Belle , Albert Albert Belle Chicago White Sox LF 05 ! 5 $ 11450000 ! 11,450,000 18 ! March 20 , 1997 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants LF 02 ! 2 $ 11500000 ! 11,500,000 19 ! August 10 , 1997 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux Atlanta Braves SP 05 ! 5 $ 12500000 ! 12,500,000 20 ! December 10 , 1997 Martínez , Pedro Pedro Martínez Boston Red Sox SP 06 ! 6 $ 13000000 ! 13,000,000 21 ! October 26 , 1998 Piazza , Mike Mike Piazza New York Mets 07 ! 7 $ 13333333 ! 13,333,333 22 ! November 25 , 1998 Vaughn , Mo Mo Vaughn Anaheim Angels 1B 06 ! 6 $ 15000000 ! 15,000,000 23 ! December 12 , 1998 Brown , Kevin Kevin Brown Los Angeles Dodgers SP 07 ! 7 $ 15450000 ! 15,450,000 24 ! August 11 , 2000 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens New York Yankees SP 02 ! 2 $ 17000000 ! 17,000,000 25 ! October 20 , 2000 Delgado , Carlos Carlos Delgado Toronto Blue Jays 1B 04 ! 4 $ 25200000 ! 25,200,000 26 ! December 10 , 2000 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers SS 10 $ 27500000 ! 27,500,000 27 ! December 13 , 2007 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez New York Yankees 3B 10 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Business and economics portal Highest - paid NBA players by season List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest - paid American television stars List of highest - paid film actors List of salaries Footnotes ( edit ) `` Earnings '' as discussed here refers to salaries paid to players under MLB contracts and does not include advertising or other sources of income . All values are listed in nominal dollars . `` Average annual value '' is calculated as the total value of a contract ( less bonuses ) divided by the number of years . A $20 million / 2 - year contract would have an average annual value of $10 million , even if the player actually received $9 million one season and $11 million in the other . This also does not include contracts for less than a season prorated in value for a full season such as Roger Clemens ' 2006 and 2007 contracts . All values are listed in nominal dollars . Dave Winfield initially negotiated a 10 - year deal in 1980 worth a projected $25 million ( $2.5 million per year ) . However , Yankees owner George Steinbrenner reportedly had not fully understood a cost of living adjustment provision in it and the 10 - year contract was renegotiated a few months later . The final precise value is unclear , although it fell between $20 and $25 million in total value ( $2 -- 2.5 million a year ) . Hershiser and Frank Viola both won the 1988 Cy Young Award and Viola signed an identically - sized $7.9 million , 3 - year contract two months after Hershiser . Rickey Henderson signed a $12 million , 4 - year contract with the Oakland Athletics on November 28 , 1989 , 6 days after Puckett signed his $9 million , 3 - year contract . Roger Clemens signed a contract extension during the 2000 season covering 2001 and 2002 along with a player option for 2003 . Clemens was paid $10.3 million each year for 2001 and 2002 , with the same $10.3 million available if he elected to play in 2003 under his option . However , Clemens also received $10.3 million if he rejected the option . As a result , he could effectively collect the full $30.9 million of contract value for only two years of play ( $15.45 million annually ) . However , the Yankees valued this deal as a $10.3 million annually , three - year deal . He became a free agent after the 2002 season and ultimately re-signed with the Yankees for a new , one - year contract in which they bought out the previous option . References ( edit ) Bibliography `` USA Today Salaries Database -- Top 25 '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . `` Highest Career and Single - Season Salaries '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Footnotes Jump up ^ `` MLB players , owners announce five - year labor deal '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Fehr does not foresee a salary cap '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Babe Ruth Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Wilborn ( 2009 ) . Babe Ruth : A twentieth - century life . New York : Viking . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 06305 - 5 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Wayne ( 2006 ) . Babe Ruth : A biography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33596 - 6 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` $252,000,000 : A-Rod , Rangers agree to richest deal in sports history '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 14 , 2000 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Selig gives blessing to mega-merger '' . ESPN.com . February 17 , 2004 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rodriguez finalizes $275 M deal with Yankees '' . ESPN.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB 's average salary eclipses $3 M for first time '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Belth , Alex ( December 2 , 2005 ) . `` From Catfish to A-Rod : Landmark moments from baseball 's free - agent era '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Salary Progression Chart '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 14 , 2000 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 MLB Salaries by team '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( April 11 , 2010 ) . `` Parity ? Yankees , Red Sox loom large for smaller market teams '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Edginess Over the Yankees ' Payroll '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clayton Kershaw '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Zach Greinke '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` David Price '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Miguel Cabrera '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Heyward '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Hernandez '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Lester '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CC Sabathia '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Jeter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . 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Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Baseball - Salary Progression Chart '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 11 , 2000 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 -- via CNNSI.com . Jump up ^ `` Nolan Ryan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dave Winfield Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( December 16 , 1980 ) . `` Yanks Sign Winfield for up to $25 million ; $1.5 million for first year Winfield becomes Yankee '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murray Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( September 6 , 1985 ) . `` Eddie Murray 's new contract surpasses all others '' . Anchorage Daily News . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Orel Hershiser Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 17 , 1989 ) . `` Another record for Hershiser : $7.9 million Dodger contract '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Saberhagen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saberhagen highest paid in baseball '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . November 18 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Kirby Puckett Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 23 , 1989 ) . `` Puckett hits the Jackpot : First $3 million man '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Langston Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( December 2 , 1989 ) . `` Angels and Langston agree on $16 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( December 12 , 1989 ) . `` Mark Davis signs with Royals for $13 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Stewart Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Stewart agrees to contract '' . Harlan Daily Enterprise . Associated Press . January 18 , 1990 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Clark Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Clark package zooms to $15 million '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 23 , 1990 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Don Mattingly Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 11 , 1990 ) . `` Sports of the Times ; Mattingly : Yankees ' last tradition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Canseco Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Koppett , Leonard ( June 28 , 1990 ) . `` Canseco gets his pitch : $23.5 million from A 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 9 , 1991 ) . `` Baseball ; Clemens signs for more than $5 million a year '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Bonilla Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 3 , 1991 ) . `` Baseball ; How Bonilla got Mets to empty their pockets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ryne Sandberg Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( March 3 , 1992 ) . `` Sandberg becomes highest - paid player , for now '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 6 , 1992 ) . `` Baseball ; Giants make investment : $43 million in Bonds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 1 , 1996 ) . `` Baseball ; Griffey becomes the first $8 million dollar man '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Belle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Claire ( November 20 , 1996 ) . `` Belle signs the richest deal : 5 years , $55 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Extension gives Bonds top salary '' . The New York Times . February 21 , 1997 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Jerry ( August 11 , 1997 ) . `` Maddux 's deal heads salary list '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 11 , 1997 ) . `` Baseball ; Martinez 's $75 million for 6 years raises bar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Piazza Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( October 25 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball ; The Mets agree to make Piazza baseball 's richest player ; Leiter says he is close to a $32 million deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mo Vaughn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 27 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball : On baseball ; Boston , with Vaughn gone , now ca n't win for signing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Brown Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( December 13 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball : Brown becomes the richest in baseball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Olney , Buster ( August 12 , 2000 ) . `` Clemens ' New Deal is most unusual '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( October 21 , 2000 ) . `` Plus : Baseball ; Delgado becomes top - paid player '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rocket relaunch : Clemens rejoins Astros '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . June 1 , 2006 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Clemens 2006 Pitching Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens to make about $4.5 million per month '' . ESPN.com . May 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` If inclined , Yankees would need Rocket 's OK on trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( February 9 , 1981 ) . `` Dave Winfield finds baseball and business the perfect mix '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Winfield finishes business with Yankees and Padres '' . The New York Times . February 3 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Richman , Milton ( February 15 , 1981 ) . `` Today 's Sport Parade '' . United Press International . Jump up ^ `` Viola gets big pact , loss '' . Spokane Chronicle . Associated Press . April 20 , 1989 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rickey Henderson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paying it forward : The Mets ' cash troubles are epitomized by the story of Bobby Bonilla '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens staying put in pinstripes : Yankees ' ace re-signs in pursuit of win No. 300 '' . Edmonton Journal . 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-4285223168950542949 | Bob Ross | Bob Ross - wikipedia Bob Ross American painter and television host For other people named Bob Ross , see Bob Ross ( disambiguation ) . Bob Ross Robert Norman Ross ( 1942 - 10 - 29 ) October 29 , 1942 Daytona Beach , Florida , U.S. July 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 07 - 04 ) ( aged 52 ) Orlando , Florida , U.S. Occupation Painter art instructor television host Years active 1981 -- 1994 Spouse ( s ) Vivian Ridge ( m . 1965 ; div. 1977 ) Jane Ross ( m . 1977 ; her death . 1992 ) Lynda Brown ( m . 1995 ; his death . 1995 ) Children Military career Allegiance United States of America Service / branch United States Air Force Years of service 1961 -- 1981 Rank Master Sergeant Website bobross.com Robert Norman Ross ( October 29 , 1942 -- July 4 , 1995 ) was an American painter , art instructor , and television host . He was the creator and host of The Joy of Painting , an instructional television program that aired from 1983 to 1994 on PBS in the United States , and also aired in Canada , Latin America , and Europe . Ross went from being a public television personality in the 1980s and 1990s to being an Internet celebrity in the 21st century , becoming popular with fans on YouTube and many other websites after his death . Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Military career 2 Career as a painter 2.1 Technique 2.2 Influences 2.3 Style 3 Other media appearances 4 Personal life 5 Illness and death 6 Legacy 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life Ross was born in Daytona Beach , Florida , to Jack and Ollie Ross ( a carpenter and waitress , respectively ) , and raised in Orlando , Florida . As a child , Ross entertained himself by caring for injured animals , purportedly including an armadillo , snake , and alligator . One of these animals , a squirrel named Peapod , was featured in a few episodes of his show . He had a half - brother , Jim , whom he mentioned in passing on his show . Ross dropped out of high school in the 9th grade to work as a carpenter with his father , Jack Ross , when he lost part of his left index finger . This , however , did not affect the way he held his palette while painting . Military career In 1961 , then 18 - year - old Ross enlisted in the United States Air Force and was put into service as a medical records technician . He eventually rose to the rank of master sergeant and served as the first sergeant of the U.S. Air Force Clinic at Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska , where he first saw the snow and mountains that later became recurring themes in his artwork . He developed his quick - painting technique to create art for sale during brief daily work breaks . Having held military positions that required him to be , in his own words , `` tough '' and `` mean '' , `` the guy who makes you scrub the latrine , the guy who makes you make your bed , the guy who screams at you for being late to work '' , Ross decided that if he ever left the military , he would never yell or raise his voice again . Career as a painter During his 20 - year tenure with the U.S. Air Force , Ross developed a taste for painting after attending an art class at the Anchorage U.S.O. club . He found himself frequently at odds with many of his painting instructors , who were more interested in abstract painting . In Ross ' own words : `` They 'd tell you what makes a tree , but they would n't tell you how to paint a tree . '' Ross was working as a part - time bartender when he discovered a TV show called The Magic of Oil Painting , hosted by German painter Bill Alexander . Alexander touted a 16th - century style of painting called `` Alla Prima '' ( Italian for `` first attempt '' ) , better known as `` wet - on - wet '' , that allowed him to finish a painting in a little under 30 minutes . Ross studied and became quite good at Alla Prima through Alexander 's show , and began selling Alaskan landscapes painted on the inside of novelty gold pans . When Ross began making more money from selling the gold pans than his military job , he retired from the Air Force in 1981 after 20 years of service , having the rank of Master Sergeant . He first went to Florida and studied painting under Alexander , then joined the `` Alexander Magic Art Supplies Company '' and became a traveling salesman and tutor . Annette Kowalski , who had attended one of his sessions , became convinced that there was a great opportunity for Ross to succeed on his own , and persuaded him to do so . She invested her life savings in the company , as did Ross and his wife . The business struggled at first ; his permed hairstyle came about as a cost - cutting measure , when his regular crewcut haircuts became too expensive . Ross grew increasingly uncomfortable with the style in his later years , but kept it throughout his career . The origins of the TV show , The Joy of Painting , are unclear . It was filmed at the studio of the PBS station WIPB in Muncie , Indiana . The show ran from January 11 , 1983 to May 17 , 1994 , but reruns still continue to appear in many broadcast areas and countries , including the non-commercial digital subchannel network Create . During each half - hour segment , Ross would instruct viewers in oil painting using a quick - study technique from the imagination that used a limited palette of paints and broke down the process into simple steps . Art critic Mira Schor compared him to Fred Rogers , host of Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , noting that Ross ' soft voice and the slow pace of his speech were similar . With help from Annette Kowalski , Ross built a $15 million business , Bob Ross Inc. , selling his line of art supplies and how - to books , and marketing painting classes taught by instructors trained in the `` Bob Ross method '' . All of his income , he said , was derived from those sources ; the show was intended to be a vehicle to promote his classes and products . All of his paintings , including those created during his shows , were donated to PBS stations . Ross also filmed wildlife , squirrels in particular , usually in his garden , and he would often take in injured or abandoned squirrels and other animals . Small animals often appeared on his Joy of Painting canvasses . Technique Ross used the wet - on - wet oil painting technique , in which the painter continues adding paint on top of still - wet paint rather than waiting a lengthy amount of time to allow each layer of paint to dry . From the beginning , the program kept the selection of tools and colors simple so that viewers would not have to make large investments in expensive equipment . Ross frequently recommended odorless paint thinner ( aka odorless mineral spirits ) for brush cleaning . Combining the wet painting method with the use of large one - and two - inch brushes , as well as painting knives , allowed Ross to paint trees , clouds , mountains , and water in a matter of seconds . Each painting would start with simple strokes that appeared as nothing more than smudges of color . As he added more and more strokes , the blotches would transform into intricate landscapes . Ross painted three versions of almost every painting featured on his show . The first was painted prior to taping , and sat on an easel , off - camera , during filming , where Ross used it as a reference to create the second copy -- the one viewers actually watched him paint . After filming the episode , Ross painted a third , more detailed version for inclusion in his instructional books . Influences Ross dedicated the first episode of the second season of The Joy of Painting to Bill Alexander , explaining that `` years ago , Bill taught me this fantastic ( wet - on - wet ) technique , and I feel as though he gave me a precious gift , and I 'd like to share that gift with you ( the viewer ) '' . As Ross 's popularity grew , his relationship with Alexander became increasingly strained . `` He betrayed me , '' Alexander told the New York Times in 1991 . `` I invented ' wet on wet ' , I trained him , and ... he thinks he can do it better . '' Art historians have pointed out that the `` wet - on - wet '' ( or alla prima ) technique actually originated in Flanders during the 15th century , and was used by Frans Hals , Diego Velázquez , Caravaggio , Paul Cezanne , John Singer Sargent , and Claude Monet , among many others . Style Ross was well known for the catchphrases he used while painting such as `` happy little trees '' . In most episodes of The Joy of Painting , Ross would note that one of his favorite parts of painting was cleaning the brush . Specifically , he was fond of his method of drying off a brush that he had dipped in odorless thinner by striking it against the thinner can ( then striking a box for early seasons , and trashcan for later seasons ; occasionally he would strike the brush hard on the trashcan , and say he `` hit the bucket '' ) and easel . He would smile and often laugh aloud as he said to `` beat the Devil out of it '' . He also used a palette that had been lightly sanded down , which was necessary to avoid catching the reflections of the strong studio lighting . Ross wore clothes that he believed would be a `` timeless look '' ( jeans and a button - down shirt ) . He also used a minimalist set and spoke as if he were only addressing one viewer . When asked about his laid - back approach , and his calm and contented demeanor , he commented , I got a letter from somebody here a while back , and they said , `` Bob , everything in your world seems to be happy . '' That 's for sure . That 's why I paint . It 's because I can create the kind of world that I want , and I can make this world as happy as I want it . Shoot , if you want bad stuff , watch the news . The landscapes he painted -- typically mountains , lakes , snow , and log cabin scenes -- were strongly influenced by his years living in Alaska , where he was stationed for the majority of his Air Force career . He repeatedly stated on the show his belief that everyone had inherent artistic talent and could become an accomplished artist given time , practice , and encouragement , and to this end was often fond of saying , `` We do n't make mistakes ; we just have happy accidents . '' In 2014 , the blog FiveThirtyEight conducted a statistical analysis of the 381 episodes in which Ross painted live , concluding that 91 percent of Ross ' paintings contained at least one tree , 44 percent included clouds , 39 percent included mountains and 34 percent included mountain lakes . By his own estimation , Ross completed more than 30,000 paintings in his lifetime . Other media appearances Ross was fond of country music , and in 1987 he was invited on stage by Hank Snow at the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville , Tennessee . The audience gave him a huge ovation ; he was a little nervous at first , but felt better after cracking a joke to the crowd . Snow was later given a private painting lesson by Ross . Ross visited New York City to promote his hardcover book , The Best of the Joy of Painting with Bob Ross , and painting techniques to a studio audience several times . One visit in 1989 he appeared on The Joan Rivers Show . He returned in 1992 for a live show with hosts Regis Philbin and Kathie Lee Gifford . There was one in 1994 , when Phil Donahue , who watched his videos and loved his painting technique , invited him to the show to promote his work . Ross took five audience members on - stage to do a painting and even Phil himself did a painting and showed it in that episode . In the early 1990s , Ross did several MTV promotional spots that , according to the American City Business Journals , `` dovetailed perfectly with Generation X 's burgeoning obsession with all things ironic and retro . '' Personal life Ross had one son , Steven Ross , with his first wife , Vivian Ridge . Steven , also a talented painter , occasionally appeared on The Joy of Painting and became a Ross - certified instructor . The last episode of Season 1 was a question - and - answer forum in which Steven read a series of general `` how - to '' questions sent in by viewers during the season , and Bob answered them one at a time , technique by technique , until he had completed an entire painting . Ross and Ridge 's marriage ended in divorce in 1977 . Ross and his second wife , Jane , had no children together . In 1992 , Jane died from cancer . In 1995 , two months before his death , Ross remarried for a third time to Lynda Brown . Ross is known to have been very secretive about his life and had a great liking for privacy , with only a tight circle of friends . Some of the only interviews with his close - knit circle of friends and his family can be found in the 2011 PBS documentary Bob Ross : The Happy Painter . His company , Bob Ross Inc. , is protective of his intellectual property and his privacy to this day . Illness and death Ross was diagnosed with lymphoma in the spring of 1994 , which eventually forced his retirement after The Joy of Painting 's final episode aired on May 17 , 1994 . He died at the age of 52 on July 4 , 1995 . His remains are interred at Woodlawn Memorial Park in Gotha , Florida , under a plaque marked : `` Bob Ross ; Television Artist '' . Notably , Ross kept his diagnosis a secret from the general public , and his lymphoma was not known outside of his circle of family and friends until after his death . Bob Ross T - shirts at Spencers in Washington State Legacy This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) Since his death , Ross has been embedded in multiple instances of pop culture . Commenting for a 2017 news story about him , entertainment website Screen Rant would note that the artist `` continues to have one of the most remarkable second lives of any media figure of the past several decades '' References to him have been included in television shows including Family Guy , The Boondocks , and Peep Show . He would also appear in the YouTube series Epic Rap Battles of History . His videos became popular with devotees of the autonomous sensory meridian response ( ASMR ) . Google celebrated the 70th anniversary of his birth with a Google Doodle on October 29 , 2012 . It portrayed Ross painting a depiction of the letter `` g '' with a landscape in the background . In 2015 , Bob Ross was included in a commercial for HGTV Sherwin - Williams paint along with Leonardo da Vinci , Andy Warhol , Michelangelo and Vincent van Gogh . As part of the launch of Twitch Creative , Twitch.tv hosted a nine - day marathon of Bob Ross ' The Joy of Painting series which started on October 29 , 2015 in commemoration of what would have been his 73rd birthday . Twitch reported that 5.6 million viewers watched the marathon , and due to its popularity , created a weekly rebroadcast with one season of The Joy of Painting to air on Twitch each Monday , and will have a marathon of episodes each October 29 . A portion of the advertising revenue has been promised to charities , including St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital . In June 2016 , Ross ' series Beauty Is Everywhere was added to the Netflix lineup . The 30 - minute episodes are taken from seasons 20 , 21 and 22 of the original The Joy of Painting series . In May 2017 , Ross ' likeness was added as a skin for Sylvanus in the MOBA video game Smite Of the inclusion , website Venturebeat would go on to call it , `` one of the most bizarre crossovers in gaming history , '' At one point Ross was going to have his own video game to be released on Wii , the Nintendo DS and PC with development handled by AGFRAG Entertainment Group although this never came to fruition . In 2017 , a board game titled Bob Ross : The Art of Chill was released and carried by Target Stores . In November 2017 , a spoof of Bob Ross and his TV show , The Joy of Painting , was used as the basis of a teaser trailer for the movie Deadpool 2 . The same month , a Chia Pet model in Bob Ross 's likeness was also released . References Jump up ^ `` Bob Ross Was an Internet Celebrity Before the Internet '' . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Editors , Biography.com ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Bob Ross Biography '' . The Biography.com website . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Ross , Television 's Favorite Artist '' . Bob Ross Incorporated . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Congdon , Kristin G. ; Blandy , Doug ; Coeyman , Danny ( April 21 , 2014 ) . Happy Clouds , Happy Trees : The Bob Ross Phenomenon . Univ . Press of Mississippi . ISBN 9781626740990 . Jump up ^ Schenck , Sally ( director ) ( April 19 , 2008 ) . `` Home Before Nightfall '' . The Joy of Painting . Season 28 . Episode 13 . 2 : 48 minutes in . PBS . ^ Jump up to : Congdon , Kristin ; Blandy , Doug ; Coeyman , Danny ( 2014 ) . Happy Clouds , Happy Trees : The Bob Ross Phenomenon . University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 1617039950 . ^ Jump up to : `` Before they were famous , Airman edition '' . U.S. Air Force Live . ^ Jump up to : Linda , Shrieves ( July 7 , 1990 ) . `` Bob Ross uses his brush to spread paint and joy '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Surprisingly Mysterious Life of Famed Artist Bob Ross '' . Today I Found Out . September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Ross 52 , Dies ; was a painter on TV '' . The New York Times . July 13 , 1995 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kloc , Joe ( 1 October 2014 ) . `` The Soothing Sounds of Bob Ross '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Schor , Mira ( 1997 ) . Wet : on painting , feminism , and art culture . Durham : Duke University Press . p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1915 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , Alessandra ( December 22 , 1991 ) . `` Bob Ross , the Frugal Gourmet of Painting '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Series 11 Disk 2 ( DVD ) Episode `` Towering Glacier '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thill , Scott ( September 5 , 2008 ) . `` Annuals + Bob Ross = Such Fun '' . Wired . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened to Bob Ross ' Paintings ? '' . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Joy of Painting with Bob Ross : Meadow Lake , season 2 , episode November 1 , 1983 Jump up ^ Stanley , A. ( December 22 , 1991 ) . Bob Ross , the Frugal Gourmet of Painting . New York Times archive , retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Taubes , F. Mastery of Alla Prima Painting . F&W Pub. ( 1980 ) , pp. 22 - 4 . ISBN 0891340297 . Jump up ^ Gury , A. Alla Prima : A Contemporary Guide to Traditional Direct Painting . Watson - Guptill ( 2009 ) , p. 16 . ISBN 0823098346 . Jump up ^ Pegley , Kip ( 2008 ) . Coming to wherever you are : MuchMusic , MTV , and youth identities . Middletown : Wesleyan University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6870 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Katherine ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Here Is Bob Ross Beating Paint Brushes For Over Three Minutes . You 're Welcome '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Haven in the Valley '' . Beauty is Everywhere . Season 1 . Episode 26 . Event occurs at 18 : 30 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Season 15 , Episode 12 , Forest Lake . YouTube . The Joy of Painting . Jump up ^ Bennett , Kaylen ( 2005 ) . Rick Benzel , ed . Inspiring Creativity : An Anthology of Powerful Insights And Practical Ideas to Guide You to Successful Creating . Playa del Rey : Creativity Coaching Assoc . Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 9767371 - 0 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rife , Katie ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Study the happy little numbers with a statistical analysis of Bob Ross ' Joy Of Painting '' . The A.V. Club ... Jump up ^ Patrick Wensink ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` 23 Happy Little Bob Ross Facts Most Viewers Never Knew '' . RealClear . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bob Ross ; Annette Kowalski ( 1989 ) The Best of the Joy of Painting with Bob Ross , W. Morrow , NY ISBN 978 - 0 - 68809 - 246 - 7 Jump up ^ Harris , Scott ( February 9 , 2009 ) `` Happy accidents and the legacy of Bob Ross '' . American City Business Journals Jump up ^ `` Bob Ross , 52 , Dies ; Was Painter on TV '' . The New York Times . 1995 . Jump up ^ Linda , Shrieves ( July 8 , 1995 ) . `` Painter Bob Ross Dies At 52 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ Happy Clouds , Happy Trees Jump up ^ Morfit , Cameron ( November 18 , 2001 ) . `` The Mellow , and Undying , Magic of Happy Little Trees '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan . `` Bob Ross Just Became A Video Game Character '' . Screen Ranted . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haque , Ahsan ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Family Guy Flashback : `` 15 Minutes of Shame '' Review `` . PC Review . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Ross : 13 Happy Little Facts About the Iconic PBS Painter '' . Biography . October 28 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Peep Show '' The Interview ( TV Episode 2003 ) `` . Jump up ^ YouTube , Epic Rap Battles of History ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Boss Ross vs. Pablo Picasso '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Albanesius , Chloe ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Ross Paints ' Happy Little Trees ' for Google Doodle '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Molly , `` Bob Ross : How did he get so mellow ? ( + video ) '' , Christian Science Monitor , October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lowe 's TV Commercial , ' Masters ' '' . iSpot.tv . Jump up ^ Leopold , Todd ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Bob Ross Marathon Underway on Twitch TV '' . CNN.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Twitch launches `` Creative '' category , eight - day Bob Ross Painting marathon `` . Arstechnica . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Ross channel on twitch.tv '' . The Joy of Painting Marathon - Celebrating the official launch of Twitch Creative ! # painting # oilpaint # bobross . October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Matt ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` 5.6 Million People Watched Bob Ross 's Twitch Marathon '' . IGN . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayley Cuccinello Entertainment Writer , The Huffington Post ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` You Can Relax Now , Because Netflix Is Streaming Bob Ross '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , William . `` Painting guru Bob Ross is on Netflix now , so there 's your weekend '' . News . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Ross is coming to Smite as a happy little Sylvanus skin '' . pcgamer . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike . `` Bob Ross is now on Smite -- yes , that Bob Ross '' . Venturebeat . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim . `` Wii , DS , PC Bob Ross game dries up ? '' . Gamespot . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephan . `` Video game based on bob ross ' ' joy of painting ' in the works '' . MTV . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee . `` Target is selling a Bob Ross board game and it looks delightful '' . Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thuy Ong ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Deadpool paint and shoot things in the new teaser trailer '' . The Verge . Jump up ^ `` There Is A Bob Ross Chia Pet And I Am Crying Happy Little Tears '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Further reading `` PBS Video Mashup Honors ' Joy Of Painting ' Host '' . Huffington Post . Associated Press . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bob Ross External video July 26 , 2012 . `` Bob Ross Remixed -- Happy Little Clouds . '' on YouTube Public Broadcasting Service Digital Studios . Official website Bob Ross at Find a Grave Bob Ross 's channel on YouTube Bob Ross on IMDb Bob Ross on Twitch.tv Bob Ross Gravesite GND : 140662030 ISNI : 0000 0000 7735 8060 LCCN : n84166326 RKD : 118168 VIAF : 8794127 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Ross&oldid=854123643 '' Categories : 1942 births 1995 deaths 20th - century American educators 20th - century American military personnel 20th - century American painters American landscape painters American male painters American television hosts Art educators ASMRtists Burials in Florida Deaths from cancer in Florida Deaths from lymphoma Educators from Alaska Educators from Florida Media people from Florida Military personnel from Alaska Military personnel from Florida Painters from Alaska Painters from Florida PBS people People from Daytona Beach , Florida People from New Smyrna Beach , Florida People from North Pole , Alaska People from Orlando , Florida United States Air Force airmen Hidden categories : Articles with short description Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from March 2018 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with trivia sections from July 2018 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 03 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the guy that painted on pbs | [
"Robert Norman Ross (October 29, 1942 – July 4, 1995) was an American painter, art instructor, and television host. He was the creator and host of The Joy of Painting, an instructional television program that aired from 1983 to 1994 on PBS in the United States, and also aired in Canada, Latin America, and Europe. Ross went from being a public television personality in the 1980s and 1990s to being an Internet celebrity in the 21st century, becoming popular with fans on YouTube and many other websites after his death.[1][2]\n"
] | [
"Robert Norman Ross"
] |
4075278272705452193 | 2017 Asian Archery Championships | 2017 Asian Archery Championships - wikipedia 2017 Asian Archery Championships 2017 Asian Championships Host city Dhaka , Bangladesh Dates November 25 -- 30 The 2017 Asian Archery Championships were the 20th edition of the Asian Archery Championships , and were held in Dhaka , Bangladesh from November 25 , 2017 to November 30 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal summary 1.1 Recurve 1.2 Compound 2 Medal table 3 References 4 External links Medal summary ( edit ) Recurve ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men 's individual Lee Seung - yun South Korea Yuki Kawata Japan Wang Dapeng China Men 's team South Korea Kim Jong - ho Lee Woo - seok Lee Seung - yun India Yashdev Atanu Das Jayanta Talukdar Malaysia Haziq Kamaruddin Khairul Anuar Mohamad Akmal Nor Hasrin Women 's individual Lee Eun - gyeong South Korea Choi Min - seon South Korea Ki Bo - bae South Korea Women 's team South Korea Choi Min - seon Ki Bo - bae Lee Eun - gyeong Chinese Taipei Chang Rong - jia Lin Chia - en Peng Chia - mao China Li Jiaman Li Xinxin Lü Na Mixed team South Korea Kim Jong - ho Choi Min - seon Japan Hiroki Muto Chinatsu Kubara Vietnam Chu Đức Anh Lộc Thị Đào Compound ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men 's individual Abhishek Verma India Kim Jong - ho South Korea Hong Sung - ho South Korea Men 's team South Korea Choi Yong - hee Kim Jong - ho Kim Tae - yoon India Rajat Chauhan Gurwinder Singh Abhishek Verma Chinese Taipei Pan Yu - ping Weng I - cheng Yang Cheng - hsiung Women 's individual Song Yun - soo South Korea Choi Bo - min South Korea Jyothi Surekha Vennam India Women 's team India Trisha Deb Parveena Jyothi Surekha Vennam South Korea Choi Bo - min So Chae - won Song Yun - soo Iran Parisa Baratchi Gisa Baibordi Fereshteh Ghorbani Mixed team South Korea Kim Jong - ho So Chae - won India Abhishek Verma Jyothi Surekha Vennam Kazakhstan Akbarali Karabayev Diana Makarchuk Medal table ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total South Korea 8 14 India 6 Japan 0 0 Chinese Taipei 0 China 0 0 6 Iran 0 0 Kazakhstan 0 0 Malaysia 0 0 Vietnam 0 0 Total 10 10 10 30 References ( edit ) Results Book External links ( edit ) World Archery Link hide Asian Archery Championships 1980 1981 1985 1991 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Asian_Archery_Championships&oldid=834029483 '' Categories : 2017 in archery 2017 in Bangladeshi sport Asian Archery Championships International sports competitions hosted by Bangladesh Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 15 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who won gold medal in asian archery championship 2017 | [] | [] |
-5456455942528735241 | Filmfare Award for Best Actor | Filmfare award for Best Actor - wikipedia Filmfare award for Best Actor Jump to : navigation , search Filmfare Award for Best Actor Awarded for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role Country India Presented by Filmfare First awarded Dilip Kumar , Daag ( 1954 ) Currently held by Aamir Khan , Dangal ( 2017 ) Website Filmfare Awards The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi ( Bollywood ) films , to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role . The award was first given in 1954 . As of 2016 , Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan lead the list , with eight wins each . In January 2017 , Rishi Kapoor confessed that he had purchased the Filmfare Award for Best Actor ( for Bobby ) in 1974 for Rs. 30,000 . Roshan Kumar Contents ( hide ) 1 Superlatives 1.1 Multiple nominees 1.2 Multiple winners 2 List of winners and nominees 2.1 1950s 2.2 1960s 2.3 1970s 2.4 1980s 2.5 1990s 2.6 2000s 2.7 2010s 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Superlatives ( edit ) Superlative Actor Record Actor with most awards Dilip Kumar Shah Rukh Khan 8 Actor with most nominations Amitabh Bachchan 32 Actor with most consecutive nominations Aamir Khan ( 1989 - 1997 ) 9 Actor with most nominations in a single year Amitabh Bachchan ( 1979 , 1983 ) Shah Rukh Khan ( 2005 ) Oldest winner Amitabh Bachchan 67 Oldest nominee Amitabh Bachchan 74 Youngest winner Rishi Kapoor 21 Youngest nominee Darsheel Safary 11 Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan , with eight wins , have more Best Actor awards than any other actor . Amitabh Bachchan has five wins , Hrithik Roshan has four wins , and Rajesh Khanna , Naseeruddin Shah and Aamir Khan have three wins each . Seven actors have won the award twice in chronological order they are Raj Kapoor , Sunil Dutt , Dev Anand , Ashok Kumar , Sanjeev Kumar , Anil Kapoor and Ranbir Kapoor . Dilip Kumar also holds the record for most consecutive wins , having won the award for three years in a row from 1956 to 1958 . Six other actors have won the award in consecutive years ; in chronological order , they are Rajesh Khanna ( 1971 -- 72 ) , Sanjeev Kumar ( 1976 -- 77 ) , Amitabh Bachchan ( 1978 -- 79 ) , Naseeruddin Shah ( 1981 -- 82 ) , Shah Rukh Khan ( 1998 -- 99 ) , and Ranbir Kapoor ( 2012 -- 13 ) . Actors who have won both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor awards include Ashok Kumar , Sanjeev Kumar , Amitabh Bachchan , Shammi Kapoor , Anil Kapoor , Anupam Kher , Sunny Deol , Jackie Shroff , Nana Patekar , Farhan Akhtar and Rishi Kapoor . Three actors were nominated for both these awards , Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor , for the same performance : Raaj Kumar for Kaajal ( 1967 ) , Ashok Kumar for Aashirwad ( 1970 ) and Kamal Haasan for Saagar ( 1986 ) . On both occasions , Ashok Kumar and Kamal Haasan won the Best Actor award and Raaj Kumar won the Best Supporting Actor award . Nine actors have won the Best Actor award in both the Popular and Critics categories ; in chronological order they are ; Anupam Kher , Shah Rukh Khan , Anil Kapoor , Amitabh Bachchan , Hrithik Roshan , Aamir Khan , Ranbir Kapoor , Rishi Kapoor and Shahid Kapoor . Shah Rukh Khan , Hrithik Roshan , Amitabh Bachchan and Ranbir Kapoor are the actors who won both these Best Actor awards ( Popular and Critics ) in the same year . Shah Rukh Khan ( 1994 ) , Hrithik Roshan ( 2004 ) , Amitabh Bachchan ( 2006 ) and Ranbir Kapoor ( 2012 ) . Three actors have won the award for their debut performances : Rishi Kapoor for Bobby ( 1974 ) , Anupam Kher for Saaransh ( 1985 ) and Hrithik Roshan for Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) . Other actors who got nominated in this category for their debut performances are Sunny Deol for Betaab ( 1984 ) and Darsheel Safary for Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) , who , at the age of 11 , became the youngest Best Actor nominee in the history of Filmfare . Aamir Khan has the highest number of consecutive nominations , having been nominated for the Award every year from 1989 till 1997 , eventually winning 9th time for Raja Hindustani in 1997 . Followed by Amitabh Bachchan being nominated consecutive eight times from 1976 to 1983 having total 15 nominations and winning the award twice in 1978 and 1979 . Dilip Kumar achieved supremacy in 1950s with four wins and continued domination in 1960s with three wins . Rajesh Khanna took over in the 1970s with three wins . Naseeruddin Shah emerged successful in the 1980s with three wins . Shah Rukh Khan garnered triumph with four wins in the 1990s . Hrithik Roshan had four wins in 2000s which were the highest . Ranbir Kapoor is leading the 2010s with two wins to his credit . Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan hold the record for the highest number of Best Actor nominations in a single year . Amitabh Bachchan has been nominated thrice in 1979 and 1983 and Shah Rukh Khan in 2005 . Moreover , Dilip Kumar , Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan are the most awarded actors in the overall acting categories , with eight awards each : Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan are the winners of eight Best Actor awards , and Amitabh Bachchan is the winner of five Best Actor awards and three Best Supporting Actor awards . Amitabh Bachchan is the most nominated performer in any major acting category at Filmfare , with 41 nominations overall . Hrithik Roshan , Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan are the only actors to be nominated twice for the same role . Hrithik Roshan achieved this feat twice ; he was nominated for his role as Krishna Mehra in 2007 and 2014 , and for his role as Rohit Mehra in 2004 and 2014 ( he won in 2004 ) . Shah Rukh Khan was nominated in 2007 and 2012 for his portrayal of the titular character in Don and Salman Khan was nominated in 2011 and 2013 for his role as Chulbul Pandey in Dabangg and Dabangg 2 respectively . Multiple nominees ( edit ) 32 Nominations : Amitabh Bachchan 23 Nominations : Shah Rukh Khan 19 Nominations : Dilip Kumar , Aamir Khan 13 Nominations : Rajesh Khanna , Hrithik Roshan 11 Nominations : Sanjeev Kumar , Salman Khan 8 Nominations : Ranbir Kapoor 7 Nominations : Anil Kapoor , Ajay Devgan 6 Nominations : Raj Kapoor , Dev Anand , Naseeruddin Shah 5 Nominations : Sunny Deol , Govinda , Rishi Kapoor 4 Nominations : Dharmendra , Manoj Kumar , Kamal Haasan , Sanjay Dutt , Akshay Kumar , Shahid Kapoor 3 Nominations : Ashok Kumar , Rajendra Kumar , Sunil Dutt , Nana Patekar , Abhishek Bachchan 2 Nominations : Bharat Bhushan , Shammi Kapoor , Vinod Khanna , Amol Palekar , Raj Babbar , Jackie Shroff , Manoj Bajpai , Saif Ali Khan , Ranveer Singh Multiple winners ( edit ) 8 Wins : Dilip Kumar , Shah Rukh Khan 5 Wins : Amitabh Bachchan 4 Wins : Hrithik Roshan 3 Wins : Rajesh Khanna , Naseeruddin Shah , Aamir Khan 2 Wins : Raj Kapoor , Sunil Dutt , Dev Anand , Ashok Kumar , Sanjeev Kumar , Anil Kapoor , Ranbir Kapoor List of winners and nominees ( edit ) 1950s ( edit ) 1954 Dilip Kumar -- Daag as Shankar 1955 Bharat Bhushan -- Chaitanya Mahaprabhu as Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 1956 Dilip Kumar -- Azaad as Abdul Rahim Khan Bharat Bhushan -- Mirza Ghalib as Mirza Ghalib Dev Anand -- Munimji as Kala Ghodaa 1957 Dilip Kumar -- Devdas as Devdas Mukherjee Raj Kapoor -- Jagte Raho as Peasant 1958 Dilip Kumar -- Naya Daur as Shankar 1959 Dev Anand -- Kala Pani as Karan Mehra Dilip Kumar -- Madhumati as Anand / Deven Raj Kapoor -- ( ) as Raam Babu 1960s ( edit ) 1960 Raj Kapoor -- Anari as Raj Kumar Dev Anand -- Love Marriage as Sunil Kumar Dilip Kumar -- Paigham as Ratan Lal 1961 Dilip Kumar -- Kohinoor as Rajkumar Dhivendra Pratap Bahadur Chandrabhan Dev Anand -- Kala Bazar as Raghuvir Raj Kapoor -- Chhalia as Chhalia 1962 Raj Kapoor -- Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai as Raju Dev Anand -- Hum Dono as Capt . Anand / Major . Manohar Lal Verma Dilip Kumar -- Gunga Jumna as Gungaram 1963 Ashok Kumar -- Rakhi as Raj Kumar Guru Dutt -- Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam as Atulya `` Bhootnath '' Chakraborty Shammi Kapoor -- Professor as Pritam Khanna 1964 Sunil Dutt -- Mujhe Jeene Do as Thakhur Jernail Singh Ashok Kumar -- Gumrah as Barrister Ashok Rajendra Kumar -- Dil Ek Mandir as Dr. Dharmesh 1965 Dilip Kumar -- Leader as Vijay Khanna Rajendra Kumar -- Ayee Milan Ki Bela as Shyam Raj Kapoor -- Sangam as Lt. Sunder Khanna 1966 Sunil Dutt -- Khandan as Govind S. Lal Raaj Kumar -- Kaajal as Moti Rajendra Kumar -- Arzoo as Gopal / Sarju 1967 Dev Anand -- Guide as Raju Dharmendra -- Phool Aur Patthar as Shakti `` Shaaka '' Singh Dilip Kumar -- Dil Diya Dard Liya as Shankar / Rajasahab 1968 Dilip Kumar -- Ram Aur Shyam as Ram / Shyam Manoj Kumar -- Upkar as Bharat Sunil Dutt -- Milan as Gopikishan ' Gopi ' 1969 Shammi Kapoor -- Brahmachari as Brahmachari Dilip Kumar -- Aadmi as Rajesh Saab Dilip Kumar -- Sunghursh as Kundan S. Prasad 1970s ( edit ) 1970 Ashok Kumar -- Aashirwad as Shivnath ' Joggi Thakur ' Choudhary Rajesh Khanna -- Aradhana as Arun / Suraj Prasad Saxena Rajesh Khanna -- Ittefaq as Dilip Roy 1971 Rajesh Khanna -- Sachaa Jhutha as Bhola / Ranjit Kumar Dilip Kumar -- Gopi as Gopiram ' Gopi ' Sanjeev Kumar -- Khilona as Vijay Kamal Singh 1972 Rajesh Khanna -- Anand as Anand Saigal Dharmendra -- Mera Gaon Mera Desh as Ajit Rajesh Khanna -- Kati Patang as Kamal Sinha 1973 Manoj Kumar -- Be-Imaan as Mohan Rajesh Khanna -- Amar Prem as Anand Babu Rajesh Khanna -- Dushmun as Surjit Singh 1974 Rishi Kapoor -- Bobby as Raj Nath Amitabh Bachchan -- Zanjeer as Insp . Vijay Khanna Dharmendra -- Yaadon Ki Baaraat as Shankar Rajesh Khanna -- Daag : A Poem of Love as Sunil Kohli Sanjeev Kumar -- Koshish as Hari Charan Mathur 1975 Rajesh Khanna -- Avishkaar as Amar Dharmendra -- Resham Ki Dori as Ajit Singh Dilip Kumar -- Sagina as Sagina Manoj Kumar -- Roti Kapda Aur Makaan as Bharat Rajesh Khanna -- Prem Nagar as Chhotey Kunver Karan U. Singh 1976 Sanjeev Kumar -- Aandhi as J.K Amitabh Bachchan -- Deewaar as Vijay Verma Manoj Kumar -- Sanyasi as Ram Rai Sanjeev Kumar -- Sholay as Thakur Baldev Singh Uttam Kumar -- Amanush as Madhusudan Roy Chaudhary 1977 Sanjeev Kumar -- Arjun Pandit as Arjun Pandit Amitabh Bachchan -- Kabhi Kabhie as Amitabh Malhotra Amol Palekar -- Chhoti Si Baat as Arun Pradeep Dilip Kumar -- Bairaag as Kailash / Bholenath Sanjeev Kumar -- Mausam as Dr. Amarnath Gill 1978 Amitabh Bachchan -- Amar Akbar Anthony as Anthony Gonzalves Amitabh Bachchan -- Adalat as Thakur Dharam Chand / Raju Sanjeev Kumar -- Yehi Hai Zindagi as Anand Narayan Sanjeev Kumar -- Zindagi as Raghu Shukla Vinod Khanna -- Shaque as Vinod Joshi 1979 Amitabh Bachchan -- Don as Don / Vijay Amitabh Bachchan -- Muqaddar Ka Sikandar as Sikandar Amitabh Bachchan -- Trishul as Vijay Kumar Sanjeev Kumar -- Devata as Tony / Tarun Kumar Gupta Sanjeev Kumar -- Pati Patni Aur Woh as Ranjeet Chhadha 1980s ( edit ) 1980 Amol Palekar -- Gol Maal as Ram / Laxman Prasad Dasharath Prasad Sharma Amitabh Bachchan -- Kaala Patthar as Vijay Pal Singh Amitabh Bachchan -- Mr. Natwarlal as Natwarlal Rajesh Khanna -- Amar Deep as Raja / Sonu Rishi Kapoor -- Sargam as Raju 1981 Naseeruddin Shah -- Aakrosh as Bhaskar Kulkarni Amitabh Bachchan -- Dostana as Vijay Varma Raj Babbar -- Insaaf Ka Tarazu as Ramesh R. Gupta Rajesh Khanna -- Thodisi Bewafaii as Arun Kumar Choudhary Shatrughan Sinha -- Dostana as Ravi Kapoor Vinod Khanna -- Qurbani as Amar 1982 Naseeruddin Shah -- Chakra as Looka Amitabh Bachchan -- Lawaaris as Heera Amitabh Bachchan -- Silsila as Amit Malhotra Kamal Haasan -- Ek Duuje Ke Liye as S. Vasudevan ' Vasu ' Rajesh Khanna -- Dard as Deepak Srivastav / Vikas 1983 Dilip Kumar -- Shakti as DCP Ashwini Kumar Amitabh Bachchan -- Bemisal as Dr. Sudhir Roy / Adhir Roy Amitabh Bachchan - Namak Halaal as Arjun Singh Amitabh Bachchan - Shakti as Vijay Kumar Naseeruddin Shah -- Bazaar as Salim Rishi Kapoor -- Prem Rog as Devdhar ' Dev ' Sanjeev Kumar -- Angoor as Ashok R. Tilak 1984 Naseeruddin Shah -- Masoom as D.K. Malhotra Kamal Haasan -- Sadma as K. Somprakash ' Somu ' Om Puri -- Ardh Satya as Sub-inspector Anant Velankar Rajesh Khanna -- Avtaar as Avtaar Krishen Sunny Deol -- Betaab as Sunny Kapoor 1985 Anupam Kher -- Saaransh as B.V. Pradhan Amitabh Bachchan -- Sharaabi as Vicky Kapoor Dilip Kumar -- Mashaal as Vinod Kumar Naseeruddin Shah -- Sparsh as Anirudh Parmar Raj Babbar -- Aaj Ki Awaaz as Prof. Prabhat Kumar Varma 1986 Kamal Haasan -- Saagar as Raja Amitabh Bachchan -- Mard as Raju Singh Anil Kapoor -- Meri Jung as Arun Verma Kumar Gaurav -- Janam as Rahul Rishi Kapoor -- Tawaif as Dawood Mohammed Ali Khan Yusuf Zahi 1987 No Award 1988 No Award 1989 Anil Kapoor -- Tezaab as Mahesh `` Munna '' Deshmukh Aamir Khan -- Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak as Raj Amitabh Bachchan -- Shahenshah as Vijay Kumar Srivastava / Shahenshah 1990s ( edit ) 1990 Jackie Shroff -- Parinda as Kishen Aamir Khan -- Raakh as Amir Hussein Anil Kapoor -- Eeshwar as Eeshwar Chand Vishnunath Brahmanand Rishi Kapoor -- Chandni as Rohit Gupta Salman Khan -- Maine Pyar Kiya as Prem Choudhary 1991 Sunny Deol -- Ghayal as Ajay Mehra Aamir Khan -- Dil as Raja Amitabh Bachchan -- Agneepath as Vijay Deenanath Chauhan Chiranjeevi -- Pratibandh as Siddhanth 1992 Amitabh Bachchan -- Hum as Tiger / Shekhar Malhotra Aamir Khan -- Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin as Raghu Jetley Anil Kapoor -- Lamhe as Virendra Pratap Singh Dilip Kumar -- Saudagar as Veeru Singh Sanjay Dutt -- Saajan as Aman Verma 1993 Anil Kapoor -- Beta as Raju Aamir Khan -- Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar as Sanjaylal Sharma Amitabh Bachchan -- Khuda Gawah as Baadshah Khan 1994 Shah Rukh Khan -- Baazigar as Ajay Sharma / Vicky Malhotra Aamir Khan -- Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke as Rahul Malhotra Govinda -- Aankhen as Bunnu / Gulshan / Gaurishankar ( triple role ) Jackie Shroff -- Gardish as Shiva P. Sathe Sanjay Dutt - Khalnayak as Ballu Balram 1995 Nana Patekar - Krantiveer as Pratap Narayan Tilak Aamir Khan -- Andaz Apna Apna as Amar Manohar Akshay Kumar - Yeh Dillagi as Vijay Saigal Anil Kapoor -- 1942 : A Love Story as Narendra Singh Salman Khan - Hum Aapke Hain Koun as Prem 1996 Shah Rukh Khan -- Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge as Raj Malhotra Aamir Khan -- Rangeela as Munna Ajay Devgan -- Naajayaz as Jay Bakshi Govinda -- Coolie No. 1 as Raju Salman Khan -- Karan Arjun as Karan Singh 1997 Aamir Khan -- Raja Hindustani as Raja Hindustani Govinda -- Saajan Chale Sasural as Shyamsunder Nana Patekar -- Agni Sakshi as Vishwanath Nana Patekar -- Khamoshi : The Musical as Joseph Braganza Sunny Deol -- Ghatak : Lethal as Kashi Nath 1998 Shah Rukh Khan -- Dil To Pagal Hai as Rahul Anil Kapoor -- Virasat as Shakti Thakur Govinda -- Deewana Mastana as Bunnu Kamal Haasan -- Chachi 420 as Jaiprakash Paswan / Laxmi Godbhole Sunny Deol -- Border as Kuldip Singh Chandpuri Shah Rukh Khan -- Yes Boss as Rahul Joshi 1999 Shah Rukh Khan -- Kuch Kuch Hota Hai as Rahul Khanna Aamir Khan -- Ghulam as Siddharth Marathe Ajay Devgan -- Zakhm as Ajay R. Desai Govinda -- Bade Miyan Chote Miyan as Pyare Mohan / Chotey Miyan Salman Khan -- Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya as Suraj Khanna 2000s ( edit ) 2000 Sanjay Dutt -- Vaastav : The Reality as Raghunath `` Raghu '' Namdev Shivalkar Aamir Khan -- Sarfarosh as Ajay Singh Rathod Ajay Devgan -- Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam as Vanraj Manoj Bajpai -- Shool as Samar Pratap Singh Salman Khan -- Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam as Sameer Rossellini 2001 Hrithik Roshan -- Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai as Rohit / Raj Chopra Anil Kapoor -- Pukar as Major Jaidev Rajvansh Hrithik Roshan - Fiza as Amaan Ikramullah Sanjay Dutt - Mission Kashmir as SSP Inayat Khan Shah Rukh Khan -- Mohabbatein as Raj Aryan Malhotra 2002 Aamir Khan -- Lagaan as Bhuvan Aamir Khan -- Dil Chahta Hai as Akash Malhotra Amitabh Bachchan -- Aks as Manu Verma Shah Rukh Khan -- Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... as Rahul Y . Raichand Sunny Deol -- Gadar : Ek Prem Katha as Tara Singh 2003 Shah Rukh Khan -- Devdas as Devdas Mukherjee Ajay Devgan -- Company as Mallik Amitabh Bachchan -- Kaante as Yashvardhan ' Major ' Rampal Bobby Deol -- Humraaz as Raj Singhania Vivek Oberoi -- Saathiya as Aditya Sehgal 2004 Hrithik Roshan -- Koi ... Mil Gaya as Rohit Mehra Ajay Devgan -- Gangaajal as Amit Kumar Amitabh Bachchan -- Baghban as Raj Malhotra Salman Khan -- Tere Naam as Radhe Mohan Shah Rukh Khan -- Kal Ho Naa Ho as Aman Mathur 2005 Shah Rukh Khan -- Swades as Mohan Bhargav Amitabh Bachchan - Khakee as DCP Anant Kumar Shrivastav Hrithik Roshan -- Lakshya as Karan Shergill Shah Rukh Khan -- Main Hoon Na as Major Ram Prasad Sharma Shah Rukh Khan -- Veer - Zaara as Veer Pratap Singh 2006 Amitabh Bachchan -- Black as Debraj Sahai Aamir Khan -- Mangal Pandey : The Rising as Mangal Pandey Abhishek Bachchan -- Bunty Aur Babli as Rakesh Trivedi / Bunty Amitabh Bachchan -- Sarkar as Subhash Nagre ' Sarkar ' Saif Ali Khan -- Parineeta as Shekhar Roy 2007 Hrithik Roshan -- Dhoom 2 as Mr. A / Aryan Aamir Khan -- Rang De Basanti as Daljeet ' DJ ' / Chandra Shekhar Azad Hrithik Roshan -- Krrish as Krishna ' Krrish ' Mehra Sanjay Dutt -- Lage Raho Munna Bhai as Murli Prasad Sharma Shah Rukh Khan -- Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna as Dev Saran Shah Rukh Khan -- Don as Don / Vijay 2008 Shah Rukh Khan -- Chak De ! India as Coach Kabir Khan Abhishek Bachchan -- Guru as Gurukant ' Guru ' Desai Akshay Kumar -- Namastey London as Arjun Singh Darsheel Safary -- Taare Zameen Par as Ishaan Awasthi Shahid Kapoor -- Jab We Met as Aditya Kashyap Shah Rukh Khan -- Om Shanti Om as Om Prakash Makhija / Om Kapoor 2009 Hrithik Roshan -- Jodhaa Akbar as Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar Aamir Khan -- Ghajini as Sanjay Singhania Abhishek Bachchan -- Dostana as Sameer `` Sam '' Kapoor Akshay Kumar -- Singh Is Kinng as Happy Singh Naseeruddin Shah -- A Wednesday ! as The Common Man Shah Rukh Khan -- Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi as Surinder ' Suri ' Sahni 2010s ( edit ) 2010 Amitabh Bachchan -- Paa as Auro Aamir Khan -- 3 Idiots as Ranchoddas ' Rancho ' Shamaldas Chanchad / Phunsukh Wangdu Ranbir Kapoor -- Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani as Prem Shankar Sharma Ranbir Kapoor -- Wake Up Sid as Siddharth Mehra Saif Ali Khan -- Love Aaj Kal as Jai Vardhan Singh / Young Veer Singh Shahid Kapoor -- Kaminey as Charlie / Guddu 2011 Shah Rukh Khan -- My Name Is Khan as Rizwan Khan Ajay Devgan -- Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai as Sultan Mirza Hrithik Roshan -- Guzaarish as Ethan Mascarenhas Ranbir Kapoor -- Raajneeti as Samar Pratap Singh Salman Khan -- Dabangg as Chulbul Pandey 2012 Ranbir Kapoor - Rockstar as Janardhan `` Jordan '' Jakhar Ajay Devgan -- Singham as Bajirao Singham Amitabh Bachchan -- Aarakshan as Prabhakar Anand Hrithik Roshan -- Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara as Arjun Narula Salman Khan -- Bodyguard as Lovely Singh Shah Rukh Khan -- Don 2 as Don 2013 Ranbir Kapoor -- Barfi ! as Barfi Hrithik Roshan -- Agneepath as Vijay Deenanath Chauhan Irrfan Khan - Paan Singh Tomar as Paan Singh Tomar Manoj Bajpai -- Gangs of Wasseypur as Sardar Khan Salman Khan -- Dabangg 2 as Chulbul Pandey Shah Rukh Khan -- Jab Tak Hai Jaan as Major Samar Anand 2014 Farhan Akhtar -- Bhaag Milkha Bhaag as Milkha Singh Dhanush -- Raanjhanaa as Kundan Shankar Hrithik Roshan -- Krrish 3 as Rohit Mehra / Krishna Mehra Ranbir Kapoor -- Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani as Kabir `` Bunny '' Thapar Ranveer Singh -- Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela as Ram Rajari Shah Rukh Khan -- Chennai Express as Rahul Mithaiwala 2015 Shahid Kapoor -- Haider as Haider Meer Aamir Khan - PK as PK Akshay Kumar -- Holiday : A Soldier Is Never Off Duty as Virat Bakshi Hrithik Roshan -- Bang Bang ! as Jai Nanda / Rajveer Randeep Hooda -- Rang Rasiya as Raja Ravi Varma 2016 Ranveer Singh -- Bajirao Mastani as Peshwa Bajirao Amitabh Bachchan - Piku as Bhaskor Banerjee Varun Dhawan -- Badlapur as Raghav ' Raghu ' Pratap Singh Ranbir Kapoor -- Tamasha as Ved Vardhan Sahni Salman Khan -- Bajrangi Bhaijaan as Bajrangi Chaturvedi Shah Rukh Khan -- Dilwale as Raj Randhir Bakshi / Kaali 2017 Aamir Khan -- Dangal as Mahavir Singh Phogat Amitabh Bachchan - Pink as Deepak Sehgal Ranbir Kapoor -- Ae Dil Hai Mushkil as Ayan Sanger Salman Khan -- Sultan as Sultan Ali Khan Shahid Kapoor -- Udta Punjab as Tejinder `` Tommy '' Singh / Gabru Shah Rukh Khan -- Fan as Gaurav Chandna / Aryan Khanna Sushant Singh Rajput -- M.S. Dhoni : The Untold Story as Mahendra Singh Dhoni See also ( edit ) Filmfare Awards Filmfare Best Actress Award Bollywood Filmfare Awards South Cinema of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Best Actor Award ( 1953 - 2000 ) '' . Official Listings , Indiatimes . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rishi Kapoor admits to buying the Best Actor award for ' Bobby ' . '' The money could not have gone there and I could have won it on my merit . But I have this guilt in me thinking that I bought the award , '' said Rishi Kapoor. `` . Jump up ^ `` 62nd Filmfare Awards 2017 : Winners ' list '' . The Times of India . 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Best Actor list from Filmfare Filmfare Award for Best Actor 1954 -- 1969 Dilip Kumar ( 1954 ) Bharat Bhushan ( 1955 ) Dilip Kumar ( 1956 ) Dilip Kumar ( 1957 ) Dilip Kumar ( 1958 ) Dev Anand ( 1959 ) Raj Kapoor ( 1960 ) Dilip Kumar ( 1961 ) Raj Kapoor ( 1962 ) Ashok Kumar ( 1963 ) Sunil Dutt ( 1964 ) Dilip Kumar ( 1965 ) Sunil Dutt ( 1966 ) Dev Anand ( 1967 ) Dilip Kumar ( 1968 ) Shammi Kapoor ( 1969 ) 1970 -- 1989 Ashok Kumar ( 1970 ) Rajesh Khanna ( 1971 ) Rajesh Khanna ( 1972 ) Manoj Kumar ( 1973 ) Rishi Kapoor ( 1974 ) Rajesh Khanna ( 1975 ) Sanjeev Kumar ( 1976 ) Sanjeev Kumar ( 1977 ) Amitabh Bachchan ( 1978 ) Amitabh Bachchan ( 1979 ) Amol Palekar ( 1980 ) Naseeruddin Shah ( 1981 ) Naseeruddin Shah ( 1982 ) Dilip Kumar ( 1983 ) Naseeruddin Shah ( 1984 ) Anupam Kher ( 1985 ) Kamal Haasan ( 1986 ) Not awarded ( 1987 ) Not awarded ( 1988 ) Anil Kapoor ( 1989 ) 1990 -- 2009 Jackie Shroff ( 1990 ) Sunny Deol ( 1991 ) Amitabh Bachchan ( 1992 ) Anil Kapoor ( 1993 ) Shah Rukh Khan ( 1994 ) Nana Patekar ( 1995 ) Shah Rukh Khan ( 1996 ) Aamir Khan ( 1997 ) Shah Rukh Khan ( 1998 ) Shah Rukh Khan ( 1999 ) Sanjay Dutt ( 2000 ) Hrithik Roshan ( 2001 ) Aamir Khan ( 2002 ) Shah Rukh Khan ( 2003 ) Hrithik Roshan ( 2004 ) Shah Rukh Khan ( 2005 ) Amitabh Bachchan ( 2006 ) Hrithik Roshan ( 2007 ) Shah Rukh Khan ( 2008 ) Hrithik Roshan ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present Amitabh Bachchan ( 2010 ) Shah Rukh Khan ( 2011 ) Ranbir Kapoor ( 2012 ) Ranbir Kapoor ( 2013 ) Farhan Akhtar ( 2014 ) Shahid Kapoor ( 2015 ) Ranveer Singh ( 2016 ) Aamir Khan ( 2017 ) Filmfare Awards History of film Merit awards Best Film Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Best Performance in a Negative Role Best Performance in a Comic Role Male Debut Female Debut Debut Director Music Director Lyricist Male Playback Singer Female Playback Singer Critics ' awards Best Film Best Actor Best Actress Documentary Technical awards Story Screenplay Dialogue Action Art Direction Background Score Cinematographer Editing Choreography Sound Design Special Effects Costume Design Special awards Lifetime Achievement RD Burman Award Special Award New Face of the Year Scene of the Year Power Award Award ceremonies 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 The Times Group Filmfare Awards Category Filmfare Records and facts South awards East awards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Actor&oldid=801236903 '' Categories : Filmfare Awards Film awards for lead actor Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the most filmfare award for best actor | [] | [] |
4987385979468655724 | Muhsin | Muhsin - wikipedia Muhsin Jump to : navigation , search `` Mohsen '' redirects here . For thevillage in Khuzestan Province , Iran , see Mohsen , Iran . Muhsin Pronunciation Arabic : ( ˈmʊħsɪn , ˈmoħsen ) Gender Male Origin Language ( s ) Arabic Other names Variant form ( s ) Mohssen Muhsin ( also spelled Mohsen , Mohsin , Mehsin , Mosan or Muhsen , Arabic & Persian : محسن ) , meaning Helper , attractive , Beneficent , charitable in Arabic , Notable persons with that name include : Contents ( hide ) 1 Persons with the given name 2 Persons with the surname 3 See also 4 References Persons with the given name ( edit ) Mohsen Mohsen Araki ( born 1956 ) , Iranian scholar , cleric , university lecturer , and politician Mohsen Badawi , Egyptian businessman Muhsen Basma ( born 1966 ) , Syrian football referee Muhsen Bilal ( born 1944 ) , Syrian politician Mohsen Hamidi ( born 1985 ) , Iranian footballer Mohsen Kadivar ( born 1959 ) , Iranian philosopher Mohsen Makhmalbaf ( born 1957 ) , Iranian filmmaker Mohsen Mehralizadeh ( born 1956 ) , former vice president of Iran Mohsen Mirdamadi , Iranian politician , Mohsen Namjoo ( born 1976 ) , Iranian musician Mohsen Rastani ( born 1958 ) , Iranian photographer Mohsen Shadi ( born 1988 ) , Iranian rower Mohsen Vaziri - Moghaddam ( born 1924 ) , Iranian painter and art professor Mohsin Mohsin ( cricketer ) , Pakistani cricketer Mohsin Ahmad al - Aini ( born 1932 ) , Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic five times between 1967 and 1975 Muhsin al - Hakim , Iraqi ayatollah Mohsin Ali , Pakistani track and field athlete Mohsin Bhopali ( born 1932 ) , Pakistani Urdu poet Mohsin Changezi , ( born 1979 ) , Pakistani Urdu poet Muhsin Ertuğral , Turkish football coach Mohsin Fadzli Samsuri , Malaysian politician Mohsin Hamid ( born 1971 ) , Pakistani author Mohsin Harthi ( born 1976 ) , Saudi Arabian footballer Mohsin Iqbal ( born 1983 ) , Indian cricketer Mohsin Kamal ( born 1963 ) , Pakistani cricketer Mohsin Mighiana ( born 1956 ) , Pakistani physician , writer , columnist and humorist Mohsin Mulla ( born 1981 ) , Canadian cricketer Mohsin Naqvi , Pakistani Urdu poet Mohsin Razi ( born 1955 ) , Pakistani diplomat Mohsin Zulfiqar , British - Pakistani academic Mohsin - ul - Mulk ( born 1837 ) , Indian politician Muhsin Muhsin al - Ramli , Iraqi writer Muhsin ibn Ali , son of Fatimah bint Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib Muhsin Mahdi , Iraqi - American islamologist and Arabist Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu , Turkish politician Persons with the surname ( edit ) Mohsen Zuheir Mohsen ( 1936 -- 1979 ) , Palestinian leader Mohsin Hani Mohsin ( 1965 -- 2006 ) , Malaysian celebrity , actor and television host Jugnu Mohsin , Pakistani publisher and newspaper editor Moni Mohsin ( born 1963 ) , Pakistani - British writer Muhammad Mohsin ( 1732 -- 1812 ) , Indian Bengali philanthropist Saima Mohsin ( born 1977 ) , British journalist Muhsen Ghassan Muhsen ( born 1945 ) , Iraqi painter Zana Muhsen ( born 1965 ) , British author Muhsin Thamir Muhsin ( 1938 -- 1995 ) , Iraqi football manager See also ( edit ) Daulatpur Mohsin High School , high school located in Daulatpur , Khulna District , in southern Bangladesh Government Hazi Mohammad Mohshin College , government college in Chittagong , Bangladesh Hooghly Mohsin College , undergraduate college in Chinsurah , Bardhaman , in West Bengal , India Kotla Mohsin Khan , 16th century domed tombs and majestic gateway in the old city of Peshawar References ( edit ) This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhsin&oldid=824309556 '' Categories : Given names Surnames Arabic - language surnames Arabic masculine given names Iranian masculine given names Turkish masculine given names Pakistani masculine given names Hidden categories : Articles containing Persian - language text All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 16 : 07 . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of the name mohsin | [
"Muhsin (also spelled Mohsen, Mohsin, Mehsin, Mosan or Muhsen, Arabic & Persian: محسن), meaning Helper, attractive, Beneficent, charitable in Arabic, Notable persons with that name include:",
"Muhsin (also spelled Mohsen, Mohsin, Mehsin, Mosan or Muhsen, Arabic & Persian: محسن), meaning Helper, attractive, Beneficent, charitable in Arabic, Notable persons with that name include:",
"Muhsin (also spelled Mohsen, Mohsin, Mehsin, Mosan or Muhsen, Arabic & Persian: محسن), meaning Helper, attractive, Beneficent, charitable in Arabic, Notable persons with that name include:",
"Muhsin (also spelled Mohsen, Mohsin, Mehsin, Mosan or Muhsen, Arabic & Persian: محسن), meaning Helper, attractive, Beneficent, charitable in Arabic, Notable persons with that name include:"
] | [
"Helper",
"attractive",
"Beneficent",
"charitable"
] |
6840330093732245251 | Joseph Marcell | Joseph Marcell - wikipedia Joseph Marcell Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Joseph Marcell Marcell at the Lakeside Theatre in 2014 ( 1948 - 08 - 14 ) 14 August 1948 ( age 69 ) Saint Lucia Residence Surrey , England Occupation Actor , comedian Years active 1954 -- present Spouse ( s ) Judith M. Midtby ( m . 1975 ; div. 19 ? ? ) Joyce T. Walsh ( m . 1995 ) Children Joseph Marcell ( born 14 August 1948 ) is a British actor and comedian best known for his role as Geoffrey the butler on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air from September 1990 , until it ended in May 1996 . Born in Saint Lucia , he moved to the United Kingdom when he was nine years old , and grew up in Peckham , South London . Marcell lives in Banstead , Surrey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Television 5 Stage 6 References 7 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Born in Saint Lucia , Marcell moved to the United Kingdom when he was nine years old . He studied theatre and science at college , then took courses in speech and dance . Career ( edit ) As a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company , he appeared in productions of Othello and A Midsummer Night 's Dream . He has also appeared often on British television and in feature films . He serves on the board of the Globe Theatre in London , where he featured in a nationwide production of Shakespeare 's Much Ado About Nothing . In July 2017 , Marcell began rehearsals as Titus Andronicus for the La Grande Shakespeare Company in La Grande , Oregon . Personal life ( edit ) Marcell has been married twice . His first marriage was in 1975 to Judith M. Midtby ; the couple eventually divorced . His second wife is Joyce T. Walsh , to whom he has been married since 1995 . Marcell has two children : Ben and Jessica Marcell . Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Antony and Cleopatra Eros 1978 Empire Road Walter Isaacs 1980 The Professionals Nero Credited as Joe Marcell Rumpole of the Bailey Freddy Ruingo 1985 Juliet Bravo Bold Playing Away Cry Freedom Moses Doctor Who Episode : `` Remembrance of the Daleks '' Boon Charlie Fowkes Desmond 's Matthew McFarlane 1990 -- 1996 The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Geoffrey Butler EastEnders Adrian Bell David Copperfield Mr. Micawber ( voice ) Sioux City Dr. Darryl Reichert Living Single Reese 1998 In the House Minister 1998 The Bill Vernon Johnson 1998 Brothers and Sisters Pastor Gittens 2003 -- 2004 The Bold and the Beautiful Hudson 2006 EastEnders Aubrey Valentine 2007 Rough Crossings David George 2008 Holby City Carl Webster 2008 A Touch of Frost Joshua Ray 2014 Death In Paradise Alexander Jackson Episode : `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' Stage ( edit ) King Lear as King Lear Gem of the Ocean as Solly Two Kings Lady Windermere 's Fan ( 2018 ) as Lord Lorton , Vaudeville Theatre , London , References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Made in the Caribbean ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` Caribbean Footsteps meets with Joseph Marcell '' . Retrieved 23 October 2017 -- via YouTube . I really am and I 've always been a Saint Lucian . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Marcell '' Archived 2014 - 05 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , Artreach , National Arts Festival , St Lucia . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Marcell net worth '' , Celebrity Networth . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare 's Globe '' . www.shakespearesglobe.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Fresh ' face joins local production '' . Jump up ^ Morgan , Fergus ( 25 January 2018 ) . `` Lady Windermere 's Fan at the Vaudeville , London -- review round - up '' . The Stage . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Joseph Marcell on IMDb Alex Fletcher , `` What happened to Geoffrey from The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ? '' , TV interview , Digital Spy , 24 February 2014 . `` Caribbean Footsteps meets with Joseph Marcell '' . YouTube `` What the butler did next '' ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Marcell&oldid=835691012 '' Categories : English male film actors English male television actors 1948 births Living people Male actors from London English people of Saint Lucian descent Saint Lucian emigrants to the United Kingdom Black English male actors Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama British male Shakespearean actors 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors People from Southall Saint Lucian actors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 05 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played geoffrey's son on fresh prince | [] | [] |
-431526953446892146 | Phosphorus deficiency | Phosphorus deficiency - wikipedia Phosphorus deficiency Jump to : navigation , search Phosphorus deficiency is a plant disorder associated with insufficient supply of phosphorus . Phosphorus refers here to salts of phosphates ( PO ) , monohydrogen phosphate ( HPO ) , and dihydrogen phosphate ( H PO ) . These anions readily interconvert , and the predominant species is determined by the pH of the solution or soil . Phosphates are required for the biosynthesis of genetic material as well as ATP , essential for life . Phosphorus deficiency can be controlled by applying sources of phosphorus such as bone meal , rock phosphate , manure , and phosphate - fertilizers . Phosphorus deficiency on corn Contents ( hide ) 1 Symptoms ( Biological Implications ) 2 Detection 3 Treatment 4 References Symptoms ( biological implications ) ( edit ) In plants , Phosphorus ( P ) is considered second to nitrogen as the most essential nutrient to ensure health and function . Phosphorus is used by plants in numerous processes such as photophosphorylation , genetic transfer , the transportation of nutrients , and phospholipid cell membranes . Within a plant cell these functions are imperative for function , in photophosphorylation for example the creation of stored energy in plants is a result of a chemical reaction including phosphorus . Phosphorus is a key molecular component of genetic reproduction . When phosphorus is present in inadequate levels , genetic processes such as cell division and plant growth are impaired . Hence , phosphorus deficient plants may mature at a slower rate than plants with adequate amounts of phosphorus . The stunted growth induced by phosphorus deficiency has been correlated with smaller leaf sizes and a lessened number of leaves . Phosphorus deficiency may also create an imbalance in the storage of carbohydrates . Photosynthesis , the main function of plant cells that produces energy from sunlight and water , usually remains at a normal rate under a phosphorus - deficient state . However phosphorus usage in functions within the cell usually slow . This imbalance of rates in phosphorus deficient plants leads to the buildup of excess carbohydrate within the plant . This carbohydrate buildup often can be observed by the darkening of leaves . In some plants the leaf pigment change as a result of this process can turn leaves a dark purplish color . Detection ( edit ) Detecting phosphorus deficiency can take multiple forms . A preliminary detection method is a visual inspection of plants . Darker green leaves and purplish or red pigment can indicate a deficiency in phosphorus . This method however can be an unclear diagnosis because other plant environment factors can result in similar discoloration symptoms . In commercial or well monitored settings for plants , phosphorus deficiency is diagnosed by scientific testing . Additionally , discoloration in plant leaves only occurs under fairly severe phosphorus deficiency so it is beneficial to planters and farmers to scientifically check phosphorus levels before discoloration occurs . The most prominent method of checking phosphorus levels is by soil testing . The major soil testing methods are Bray 1 - P , Mehlich 3 , and Olsen methods . Each of these methods are viable but each method has tendencies to be more accurate in known geographical areas . These tests use chemical solutions to extract phosphorus from the soil . The extract must then be analyzed to determine the concentration of the phosphorus . Colorimetry is used to determine this concentration . With the addition of the phosphorus extract into a colorimeter , there is visual color change of the solution and the degree to this color change is an indicator of phosphorus concentration . To apply this testing method on phosphorus deficiency , the measured phosphorus concentration must be compared to known values . Most plants have established and thoroughly tested optimal soil conditions . If the concentration of phosphorus measured from the colorimeter test is significantly lower than the plant 's optimal soil levels , then it is likely the plant is phosphorus deficient . The soil testing with colorimetric analysis , while widely used , can be subject to diagnostic problems as a result of interference from other present compounds and elements . Additional phosphorus detection methods such as spectral radiance and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry ( ICP ) are also implemented with the goal of improving reading accuracy . According to the World Congress of Soil Scientists , the advantages of these light - based measurement methods are their quickness of evaluation , simultaneous measurements of plant nutrients , and their non-destructive testing nature . Although these methods have experimental based evidence , unanimous approval of the methods has not yet been achieved . Treatment ( edit ) Correction and prevention of phosphorus deficiency typically involves increasing the levels of available phosphorus into the soil . Planters introduce more phosphorus into the soil with bone meal , rock phosphate , manure , and phosphate - fertilizers . The introduction of these compounds into the soil however does not ensure the alleviation of phosphorus deficiency . There must be phosphorus in the soil , but the phosphorus must also be absorbed by the plant . The uptake of phosphorus is limited by the chemical form in which the phosphorus is available in the soil . A large percentage of phosphorus in soil is present in chemical compounds that plants are incapable of absorbing . Phosphorus must be present in soil in specific chemical arrangements to be usable as plant nutrients . Facilitation of usable phosphorus in soil can be optimized by maintaining soil within a specified pH range . Soil acidity , measured on the pH scale , partially dictates what chemical arrangements that phosphorus forms . Between pH 6 and 7 , phosphorus makes the fewest number of bonds which render the nutrient unusable to plants . At this range of acidity the likeliness of phosphorus uptake is increased and the likeliness of phosphorus deficiency is decreased . Another component in the prevention and treatment of phosphorus is the plant 's disposition to absorb nutrients . Plant species and different plants within in the same species react differently to low levels of phosphorus in soil . Greater expansion of root systems generally correlate to greater nutrient uptake . Plants within a species that have larger roots are genetically advantaged and less prone to phosphorus deficiency . These plants can be cultivated and bred as a long term phosphorus deficiency prevention method . In conjunction to root size , other genetic root adaptations to low phosphorus conditions such as mycorrhizal symbioses have been found to increase nutrient intake . These biological adaptations to roots work to maintain the levels of vital nutrients . In larger commercial agriculture settings , variation of plants to adopt these desirable phosphorus intake adaptations may be a long - term phosphorus deficiency correction method . ( hide ) Plant nutrition / Fertilizer Imbalances Boron deficiency Calcium deficiency Iron deficiency Magnesium deficiency Manganese deficiency Molybdenum deficiency Nitrogen deficiency Phosphorus deficiency Potassium deficiency Zinc deficiency Micronutrient deficiency Chlorosis Fertilizer burn Assimilation Nitrogen assimilation Phosphorus assimilation Sulfur assimilation Microbial assistance Photorespiration Methods Fertigation Fertilizer tree Green manure Hoagland solution Hydroponic dosers Living mulch Nutrient budgeting Nutrient management Organic fertilizer Plant tissue test Miscellaneous Soil fertility Nutrient pollution Soil pH Agrobiology Related concepts Algal nutrient solutions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heinrich W. Scherer `` Fertilizers '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , 2000 , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a10_323. pub3 Jump up ^ International Plant Nutrition Institute . ( 1999 ) . Functions of phosphorus in plants . Better crops with plant food , 83 ( 1 ) , 6 - 7 . Jump up ^ Zambrosi , F.C.B. , Ribeiro , R.V. , Marchiori , P.E.R. , Cantarella , H. , & Landell , M.G.A. ( 2014 ) . Sugarcane performance under phosphorus deficiency : physiological responses and genotypic variation . Plant and Soil , 386 ( 1 ) , 273 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , J.E. ( 2008 ) . Differentiating and Understanding the Mehlich 3 , Bray , and Olsen Soil Phosphorus Tests . Retrieved from : http://www.agronext.iastate.edu/soilfertility/presentations/mbotest.pdf Jump up ^ Department of Soil Science , University of Wisconsin - Madison . ( 2004 ) . Available phosphorus . Wisconsin Procedures for Soil Testing , Plant Analysis and Feed and Forage Analysis . Retrieved from : http://datcp.wi.gov/uploads/Farms/pdf/WIProcSoilTestingAnaysis.pdf . Jump up ^ Kowalenko , C.G & Babuin , D. ( 2007 ) . Interference problems with phosphoantimonymolybdendum colorimetric measurement of phosphorus in soil and plant materials . Communications in soil science and plant analysis , 38 ( 9 - 10 ) , 1299 - 1316 . Jump up ^ Angelova , V. , Bekjarov , G. , Dospatliev , L. , Ivanov , & K. , Zaprjanova , P. ( 2010 ) . ICP determination of phosphorus in soils and plants . Retrieved from : http://iuss.org/19th%20WCSS/Symposium/pdf/1629.pdf Jump up ^ Osborne , S.L. , Schepers , J.S. , Francis , D.D. , & Schlemmer , M.R. ( 2002 ) . Detection of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Deficiencies in Corn Using Spectral Radiance Measurements . Agronomy Journal , 94 ( 6 ) , 1215 -- 1221 . Jump up ^ Beegle , D. & Durst , P.T. ( 2002 ) . Managing phosphorus for crop production . Retrieved from : http://extension.psu.edu/plants/nutrient-management/educational/soil-fertility/managing-phosphorus-for-crop-production/extension_publication_file Jump up ^ Maathuis , F.J. ( 2009 ) . Physiological functions of mineral macronutrients . Current Opinion in Plant Biology , 250 -- 258 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus_deficiency&oldid=831069329 '' Categories : Physiological plant disorders Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Монгол Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 15 : 43 . About Wikipedia | what are the general symptoms of phosphorus deficiency | [] | [] |
847898095427744953 | Grease (musical) | Grease ( musical ) - wikipedia Grease ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 1978 film based on the musical , see Grease ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Grease Original Broadway Cast Recording Music Jim Jacobs Warren Casey Lyrics Jim Jacobs Warren Casey Book Jim Jacobs Warren Casey Productions 1971 Chicago 1972 Broadway 1973 West End 1978 Film 1979 West End revival 1993 West End revival 1994 Broadway revival 1994 US Tour 1996 Düsseldorf 1999 Madrid 2001 West End revival 2002 Toronto 2006 Barcelona 2007 West End revival 2007 Broadway revival 2008 Second US Tour 2011 Barcelona 2011 Chicago 2011 Gdynia 2012 Copenhagen 2012 Madrid 2012 Spain Tour 2013 Philadelphia 2013 Hong Kong 2014 Karachi 2015 Sutton Coldfield 2016 Québec 2016 Television special 2017 UK Tour 2017 Paris Grease is a 1971 musical by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey . Named after the 1950s United States working - class youth subculture known as greasers , the musical is set in 1959 at fictional Rydell High School ( based on William Howard Taft School in Chicago , Illinois ) and follows ten working - class teenagers as they navigate the complexities of peer pressure , politics , personal core values , and love . The score borrows heavily from the sounds of early rock and roll . In its original production in Chicago , Grease was a raunchy , raw , aggressive , vulgar show . Subsequent productions sanitized it and tamed it down . The show mentions social issues such as teenage pregnancy , peer pressure and gang violence ; its themes include love , friendship , teenage rebellion , sexual exploration during adolescence , and , to some extent , class consciousness / class conflict . Jacobs described the show 's basic plot as a subversion of common tropes of 1950s cinema , since the female lead , who in many 1950s films transformed the alpha male into a more sensitive and sympathetic character , is instead drawn into the man 's influence and transforms into his fantasy . Grease was first performed in 1971 in the original Kingston Mines nightclub in Chicago ( since demolished ) . From there , it has been successful on both stage and screen , but the content has been diluted and its teenage characters have become less Chicago habitués ( the characters ' Polish - American backgrounds in particular are ignored with last names often changed , although two Italian - American characters are left identifiably ethnic ) and more generic . At the time that it closed in 1980 , Grease 's 3,388 - performance run was the longest yet in Broadway history , although it was surpassed by A Chorus Line a few years later . It went on to become a West End hit , a successful feature film , two popular Broadway revivals in 1994 and 2007 , and a staple of regional theatre , summer stock , community theatre , and high school and middle school drama groups . It remains Broadway 's 15th longest - running show . Grease was adapted in 1978 as a feature film also named Grease , which removed some plot elements , characters and songs while adding new songs and elaborating on some plot elements only alluded to in the musical . Some of these revisions have been incorporated into revivals of the musical ( John Farrar , who wrote two of the new songs , is credited alongside Jacobs and Casey for the music in these productions ) . A 2016 live TV musical used elements from both the original stage version and the film . A 1982 film sequel Grease 2 , which featured only a few supporting characters from the film and musical , had no involvement from Jacobs or Casey ; Jacobs is on record disapproving of Grease 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production history 1.1 Original productions and Broadway 1.2 1973 London 1.3 1993 London revival 1.4 1994 Broadway revival and U.S. tour 1.5 1996 U.S. tour 1.6 2003 U.S. tour 1.7 2007 Broadway and London revivals 1.8 2008 U.S. tour 1.9 2010 -- 2011 U.S. tour 1.10 Chicago revival ( 2011 ) 1.11 2013 / 14 Australian Production 1.12 2016 Royal Caribbean 1.13 International productions 2 Adaptations 2.1 Films 2.2 Television production 3 Synopsis 3.1 Act I 3.2 Act II 3.3 Revival changes 3.4 School Version 4 Cast and characters 5 Musical numbers 5.1 1972 production 5.2 Grease : School Version 5.3 1993 revival 5.4 1994 revival 5.5 2007 revival 6 Awards and honors 6.1 Original Broadway production 6.2 1993 West End revival 6.3 1994 Broadway revival 6.4 2007 Broadway revival 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links Production history ( edit ) Original productions and Broadway ( edit ) The show 's original , aggressive and profane 1971 incarnation was directed by Guy Barile , choreographed by Ronna Kaye and produced by the Kingston Mines Theater Company founded by June Pyskacek on Chicago 's Lincoln Avenue . The script was based on Jim Jacobs ' experience at William Taft High School , Chicago . Warren Casey collaborated with Jim and together they wrote the music and lyrics . It ran for eight months . The cast : Doug Stevenson ( Danny ) , Leslie Goto ( Sandy ) , Sue Williams ( Rizzo ) , Polly Pen ( Patty ) , Gary Houston ( Roger ) , Marilu Henner ( Marty ) , James Canning ( Doody ) , Hedda Lubin ( Frenchy ) , Bruce Hickey ( Kenickie ) , Sheila Ray Ceaser ( Jan ) , Bill Cervetti ( Miller ) , Jerry Bolnick ( Sonny ) , Judy Brubaker ( Miss Lynch ) , Mike O'Connor ( Vince Fontaine ) , Steve Munro ( Eugene ) , Barbara Munro ( Cha Cha ) , Mac Hamilton ( Teen Angel ) and George Lopez ( Bum ) . In addition to the `` R - rated '' profanity and deliberate use of shock value , the Chicago version of Grease included an almost entirely different songbook , which was shorter and included multiple references to real Chicago landmarks . Producers Ken Waissman and Maxine Fox saw the show and made a deal to produce it Off - Broadway . The team headed to New York City to collaborate on the New York production of Grease . The new production , directed by Tom Moore and choreographed by Patricia Birch ( who later choreographed the film adaptation , and directed the ill - fated sequel ) , opened Off - Broadway at the Eden Theatre in downtown Manhattan on February 14 , 1972 . Though Grease opened geographically off - Broadway , it did so under first class Broadway contracts . The show was deemed eligible for the 1972 Tony Awards , receiving seven Tony Award nominations . On June 7 , 1972 , the production moved to the Broadhurst Theatre on Broadway , and on November 21 , it moved to the Royale Theatre there , where it ran until January 27 , 1980 . For the five final weeks of the run , the show moved to the larger Majestic Theatre . By the time it closed on April 13 , 1980 , it had run 3,388 performances . The original Broadway cast included Barry Bostwick as Danny and Carole Demas as Sandy , with Adrienne Barbeau as Rizzo , Timothy Meyers as Kenickie , Alan Paul , and Walter Bobbie and Marya Small in supporting roles . Replacements later in the run included Jeff Conaway ( who had been the original understudy for Danny ) , Gail Edwards , Marilu Henner , Peter Gallagher , Ilene Graff , Judy Kaye , Patrick Swayze , John Travolta , Jerry Zaks and Treat Williams . Richard Gere was an understudy for many roles in this production , including Danny Zuko , Teen Angel , and Vince Fontaine . 1973 London ( edit ) The London production opened at the New London Theatre in June 1973 with a cast that included a then - unknown Richard Gere as Danny , Stacey Gregg as Sandy , Stephen Bent as Roger , Jacqui - Ann Carr as Rizzo , and Derek James as Doody . Later Paul Nicholas and Elaine Paige , who had been in the London production of Hair , took over the leads . Kim Braden would also play Sandy . It was revived in London at the Astoria in 1979 with Su Pollard and Tracey Ullman in the two lead roles . 1993 London revival ( edit ) The revival opened at the Dominion Theatre and transferred to the Cambridge Theatre in October 1996 , where it ran until September 11 , 1999 . Directed by David Gilmore , the opening cast included Craig McLachlan ( Danny ) ; Debbie Gibson ( Sandy -- Sonia , then Samantha Janus later replaced Gibson as Sandy ) ; Mike Doyle ( Vince Fontaine ) ; Tamzin Outhwaite ( Patty ) ; Shane Ritchie ( Kenickie ) and Sally Ann Triplett ( Rizzo ) . ( Variety , Review Abroad Grease , August 2 -- August 8 , 1993 ) Other performers who played Danny were Shane Richie , Luke Goss , Ian Kelsey and Darren Day . The huge success led to the 1st National Tour featuring Shane Ritchie as Danny , Helen Way as Sandy , Toby Hinson as Vince F ontaine / Teen Angel , Ben Richards / Alex Bourne as Kenickie and Michele Hooper as Rizzo to name but a few . The original score includes four songs written for the film adaptation : `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' , `` Sandy '' , `` You 're the One That I Want '' , and the title number . The Burger Palace Boys ' name is the T - Birds in this revival . 1994 Broadway revival and U.S. tour ( edit ) After 20 previews , a Broadway revival directed and choreographed by Jeff Calhoun opened on May 11 , 1994 , at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre , where it ran for 1,505 performances . Featured were Ricky Paull Goldin ( Danny ) , Brooke Shields and Rosie O'Donnell ( Rizzo ) , Susan Wood ( Sandy ) , Hunter Foster ( Roger ) , Sam Harris ( Doody ) , Megan Mullally ( Marty ) , Heather Stokes ( Jan ) , and Billy Porter ( Teen Angel ) . A U.S. national tour of the 1994 production started in September 1994 in New Haven , Connecticut , and ran for several years . The opening tour cast included Sally Struthers ( Miss Lynch ) , who stayed with the tour for several years , Angela Pupello ( Rizzo ) , Rex Smith ( Danny ) , Trisha M. Gorman ( Sandy ) , and Davy Jones ( Vince Fontaine ) . Brooke Shields ( Rizzo ) started on the tour in November 1994 before joining the Broadway cast . Other notable performers on the tour were Micky Dolenz ( Vince Fontaine ) , Adrian Zmed ( Danny ) , Debbie Gibson , Heather Stokes , Sheena Easton , Mackenzie Phillips and Jasmine Guy ( Rizzo ) , Sutton Foster ( Sandy understudy ) and Marissa Jaret Winokur ( Jan ) , and Lucy Lawless and Linda Blair ( Rizzo , 1997 ) . 1996 U.S. tour ( edit ) This tour , produced by the Troika Organization , was a non-union bus & truck playing mostly one - nighters and split week engagements primarily in smaller markets . The production , which ran for two years , was directed by Ray DeMattis with choreography by Tony Parise and music direction by Helen Gregory . The original cast featured Randy Bobish ( Danny Zuko ) , Nicole Greenwood ( Sandy Dumbrowski ) , Gary Martin ( Kenickie ) , Christine Hudman ( Betty Rizzo ) , Timothy Quinlan ( Roger ) , Kimberly Wharton ( Jan ) , Bruce Smith ( Doody ) , Kathleen Connolly ( Frenchy ) , Jeffrey Shubart ( Sonny LaTierri ) , Laura Hornberger ( Marty ) , Debbie Damp ( Patty Simcox ) , Michael Giambrone ( Eugene Florczyk ) , Juan Betancourt ( Johnny Casino ) , Jamie Patterson ( Teen Angel ) , and Steven Sackman ( Vince Fontaine ) . Frankie Avalon starred as the Teen Angel for a one - week engagement at the Jackie Gleason Theater in Miami Beach ( December 10 -- 15 , 1996 ) . 2003 U.S. tour ( edit ) This tour was directed by Ray DeMattis and featured choreography by Christopher Gattelli . The cast starred Frankie Avalon as the Angel , with Jamey Isenor ( Danny Zuko ) and Hanna - Liina Võsa ( Sandy Dumbrowski ) , Jason Harper ( Roger ) , Danny Smith ( Sonny LaTierri ) , John Ashley ( Kenickie ) , Sarah Hubbard ( Frenchy ) , Craig McEldowney ( Doody ) , Kirsten Allyn Michaels ( Marty ) , Jaqueline Colmer ( Betty Rizzo ) , Cortney Harper ( Jan ) and Arthur J. Callahan ( Vince Fontaine ) . 2007 Broadway and London revivals ( edit ) A second Broadway revival , directed and choreographed by Kathleen Marshall , began previews at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre on July 24 , 2007 and opened on August 19 , 2007 . Max Crumm and Laura Osnes were selected to portray Danny and Sandy via viewer votes cast during the run of the NBC reality series Grease : You 're the One that I Want ! . The original score includes four songs written for the film adaptation : `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' , `` Sandy '' , `` You 're the One That I Want '' , and the title number . The Burger Palace Boys ' name is the T - Birds in this revival . The production ended on January 4 , 2009 after 31 previews and 554 performances . A West End revival opened at the Piccadilly Theatre , London on August 8 , 2007 , and ran for nearly four years ( the longest running show in the Piccadilly Theatre 's history ) . The leads were similarly cast via ITV 's Grease Is the Word , with Danny Bayne and Susan McFadden playing Danny and Sandy . The production closed on April 30 , 2011 after over 1,300 performances with a U.K. tour to begin on May 6 , 2011 in Edinburgh . The UK tour features Danny Bayne as Danny , Carina Gillespie as Sandy , Ricky Rojas as Kenickie , Kate Somerset How as Rizzo , Derek Andrews as Roger , Laura Wilson as Jan , Richard Vincent as Doody , Lauren Stroud as Frenchy , Josh Dever as Sonny , Lois Urwin as Marty , Darren John as Eugene , Sammy Kelly as Patty , Jason Capewell as Teen Angel / Vince Fontaine , Nancy Hill as Miss Lynch , and Sophie Zucchini as Cha Cha . In 2017 , Grease started touring the UK again , this time starring The Wanted 's Tom Parker as Danny Zuko , BBC Over The Rainbow winner Danielle Hope as Sandy and Strictly Come Dancing 's Louisa Lytton . 2008 U.S. tour ( edit ) A U.S. national tour began on December 2 , 2008 in Providence , Rhode Island and closed on May 23 , 2010 at the Palace Theatre in Cleveland , Ohio . Taylor Hicks reprised his role as the Teen Angel after playing the part on Broadway , with Eric Schneider as Danny and Emily Padgett as Sandy . Lauren Ashley Zakrin replaced Emily Padgett as Sandy in October and Ace Young joined the tour as Danny on December 1 , 2009 . In the U.S. Tour , before the show begins , the DJ of WAXX , Vince Fontaine , plays music from the 1950s for the audience to sing . Thereafter , he reminds about safety instructions before the show begins . 2010 -- 2011 U.S. tour ( edit ) A U.S. national tour began October 12 , 2010 in Denver , Colorado and closed May 15 , 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico . Directed by David John O'Brien and choreographed by Joyce Chittick , the cast featured Dominic Fortuna as DJ Vince Fontaine , Alyssa Herrera as Sandy and Matt Nolan as Danny . The tour also included Patrick Cragin as Kenickie , Chris Duir as Eugene , Audrey Filson as Patty Simcox , Kelly Teal Goyette as Miss Lynch , Patrick Joyce as Sonny , Alicia Kelly as Marty , Brad Lawson as Roger , Ashley Rubin as Frenchy , Lauren Elaine Taylor as Rizzo , Lauren Turner as Jan , and Marc Winski as Doody . Chicago revival ( 2011 ) ( edit ) American Theater Company artistic director P.J. Paparelli and Grease co-creator Jim Jacobs staged the restored original version of Grease on Chicago 's North Side , starting on April 21 , 2011 and ending on August 21 , to coincide with the fortieth anniversary of the musical 's debut . This was a revival of the original 1971 version first staged at the old Kingston Mines Theatre in Chicago . Procuring the rights to the original music was , for the most part , easy , while certain legal issues were preventing this production from being staged . This production went on to win ' Best Production -- Musical ' at the 2011 Equity Joseph Jefferson Awards on November 7 , 2011 . The Original Revival Cast reconvened to perform their a cappella version of `` We Go Together , '' the finale to Act 1 in the production . Despite many nominations and personal wins for performers and designers , this is the first time in the storied history of `` Grease '' that the show itself has actually won an award . 2013 / 14 Australian production ( edit ) Produced by The Gordon Frost Organization , the revival version of the show opened at Brisbane 's Lyric Theatre on August 27 , 2013 before heading on an Australian tour . It is the first time Grease has been performed in Australia in a Proscenium Arch theatre ( as opposed to an Arena Tour ) in 22 years . The tour played seasons in Brisbane , Sydney , Melbourne , Hobart , Singapore , Perth and Adelaide . After tickets were initially released , the first season playing Brisbane was almost immediately extended due to strong ticket sales . The cast included Rob Mills ( Danny ) , Gretel Scarlett ( Sandy ) , Anthony Callea ( Johnny Casino ) , Stephen Mahy ( Kenickie ) , Lucy Maunder ( Rizzo ) , Todd McKenney ( Teen Angel ) , and Bert Newton as Vince Fontaine . 2016 Royal Caribbean ( edit ) In 2016 , Grease premiered on Royal Caribbean 's Harmony of the Seas and Independence of the Seas . The Independence of the Seas original cast included Cory Lloyd ( Danny ) , Katrina Diehm ( Sandy ) , Dominic Fortuna ( Vince Fontaine / Teen Angel ) , Terry Palasz ( Miss Lynch ) , Maxim Gukhman ( Kenickie ) , Stephanie Miller ( Rizzo ) , Kristian Morse ( Roger ) , Louise Willoughby ( Jan ) , Bradley Judge ( Sonny ) , Sarah Agar ( Marty ) , Zach Sorrow ( Doody ) , Lizzie Rees ( Frenchy ) , Betty Marie Muessig ( Patty Simcox ) , Jake Sokoloff ( Eugene ) Samantha Rae Cobb ( Cha Cha ) with the ensemble played by Josh Donovan , Elijah Dillehay , Paul Flannigan , Veronica Fulton , Adam Mandela , Erica Messioner , Emily Monk and Holly Wilder . The Harmony of the Seas original cast included Joe Giacone ( Danny ) , Laura Sillett ( Sandy ) , Ross James McKnight ( Vince Fontaine / Teen Angel ) , Rebecca Kelly ( Miss Lynch ) , Nick Hayes ( Kenickie ) , Sarah Drake ( Rizzo ) , Oliver Jacobson ( Roger ) , Emma Salvo ( Jan ) , Curtis Brown ( Sonny ) , Rebecca Stenhouse ( Marty ) , Mike Eborall ( Doody ) , Leigh Jacobson ( Frenchy ) , Betty Marie Muessig ( Patty Simcox ) , Sean Widener ( Eugene ) , Kayla Radam ( Cha Cha ) with the ensemble played by Jacob Bradford , Adam Crossley , Emily Dunn , Laura Jane Fenney , Lucy Fitzgerald , Matt Powell , Nathan Saxon and Charlotte Scally International productions ( edit ) There have been professional productions of Grease in Argentina ( cast : Zenon Recalde / Marisol Otero / Florencia Peña / Gustavo Monje ) , Austria ( cast : Pia Douwes , Andreas Bieber , Susanne Eisenkolb , Brian Carmack , Eric Minsk ) , Belgium , Brazil , French Canada ( a 1998 French spoken / English sung version incorporating songs from the movie starring Marina Orsini as Rizzo and Serge Postigo as Danny ) , Denmark , Estonia , Czech Republic , Colombia , Germany , Hungary , Iceland , Israel , Italy , Mexico , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Pakistan , South Africa , South Korea , Spain , Sweden and Poland . In 1984 , the Mexican pop band Timbiriche , starred in the musical , with Sasha Sokol and Benny Ibarra in the leading roles , getting an overwhelming success . Also recorded a CD with musical themes ( Timbiriche Vaselina ) . Also participating the other members of Timbiriche ( Diego Schoening , Mariana Garza , Alix Bauer , Paulina Rubio and Erik Rubin ) , besides other children singers and actors like Eduardo Capetillo , Stephanie Salas , Thalía , Edith Márquez , Lolita Cortés , Hector Suarez Gomis , Usi Velasco and Angélica Ruvalcaba among others . The musical was produced by the Mexican actress and producer Julissa . In 1994 , the musical was revived at the Hidalgo Theater in Mexico City , by producers Alejandro Ibarra and Julissa . The cast included Alejandro Ibarra , Juan Carlos Casasola , and Arturo G. Alvarez , among others . In 2002 , the musical was revived in Toronto by producer Joan Mansfield . It played at the Atlantis Theatre from June 30 , 2002 -- September 2 , 2002 . The cast included Neil Hicks as Danny and Robyn Sears as Sandy . The show was produced by Mansfield through her own production company , jjazmans productions . A Spanish revival ran successfully at Teatre Victòria , Barcelona from October 3 , 2006 to January 6 , 2008 . After a short national tour , the production was transferred to Teatro Nuevo Alcalá , Madrid , where it ran from October 14 , 2008 to January 31 , 2010 and then continued touring Spain until it finally closed on August 1 , 2010 , becoming one of the Spain 's longest running production in history with 1090 performances . Directed by Ricard Reguant , the original cast included Carlos Solano ( later alternating the role with Tony Bernetti ) as Danny Zuko , María Adamuz as Sandy ( later Replaced by Edurne and Gisela ) , Elena Gadel as Betty Rizzo , Daniel Millet as Kenickie ( later replaced by Marc Parejo ) , Marisa Gerardi as Miss Lynch and Xavier Mateu as Vince Fontaine / Teen Angel ( later replaced by Victor Díaz ) . In October 2015 Baleart Music ( BAM ) premiered its version of Grease at the Teatre Principal in Palma , Majorca , with Victoria Maldi as Sandy , Ricky Merino as Danny , Tamara Fajardo as Rizzo and Bernat Molina as Kenickie . The role of Vince Fontaine / Teen Angel was performed by Alex Tejedor . The New Zealand Production , based on the London West End Revival , ran at the Civic Theatre in Auckland during August 2010 . The production featured the South African cast , with Jonathan Roxmouth as Danny , Bethany Dickson as Sandy and Genna Galloway as Rizzo . A second Spanish revival directed and choreographed by Coco Comín ran at Cúpula Las Arenas , Barcelona from November 15 , 2011 to January 22 , 2012 and then was transferred to Teatro Coliseum , Madrid from March 6 , 2012 to May 6 , 2012 , before starting a national tour . The original cast included Jordi Coll as Danny Zuko , Edurne reprising the role of Sandy , Manuela Nieto as Rizzo ( later replaced by Diana Roig ) , Iván Santos as Kenickie ( later replaced by Albert Martínez ) , Patrizia Barbieri as Miss Lynch ( later replaced by Sandra de Victoria ) and Carles Torregosa as Vince Fontaine / Teen Angel ( later replaced by José Antonio Moreno ) . During the Madrid run , the singer Julio Iglesias , Jr. guest starred as Teen Angel in some performances . Adaptations ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Main article : Grease ( film ) The Robert Stigwood Organization adapted Grease into a feature film also entitled Grease in 1978 , directed by Randal Kleiser and choreographed by Patricia Birch , who had also choreographed the show on Broadway . In addition to Birch , three performers from the stage version carried over to the cast : Jamie Donnelly reprised her role as Jan , John Travolta performed as lead Danny Zuko while Jeff Conaway played Kenickie , whose character was given a closer friendship to Danny than seen in the musical . Australian country / easy listening singer Olivia Newton - John was cast as Sandy ; to accommodate the casting move , the character was rewritten so that she was Australian , also adding two songs ( the big - band inspired `` You 're the One that I Want '' and ballad `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' ) from John Farrar , Newton - John 's personal producer and songwriter . Other stars included Stockard Channing as Rizzo , Didi Conn as Frenchy , Dinah Manoff as Marty ( whose last name is given as Maraschino ) , Michael Tucci as Sonny LaTierri , Susan Buckner as Patty Simcox , Eddie Deezen as Eugene , Annette Charles as Cha - Cha , Edd Byrnes as Vince Fontaine , Sha - Na - Na as Johnny Casino and the Gamblers , and Frankie Avalon as the Teen Angel . Barry Pearl played a character named Doody that lacked much of the character 's distinctive personality . The character of Roger / Rump , along with all of his scenes and both of his songs , were written out of the film , with Putzie , a new character played by Kelly Ward , filling in gaps in the script . Miss Lynch was rewritten as a double act , with Eve Arden and Dody Goodman playing a principal and vice-principal tandem . In addition to the removal of the Roger character and specifying Sandy 's origins , the film made several other changes to the narrative and gave some unseen characters an on - screen role . Coach Calhoun , only briefly mentioned and unnamed in the musical , is portrayed by Sid Caesar . Cha - Cha 's boyfriend and the primary rival to the Greasers is named Craterface and played by Dennis Cleveland Stewart . One prominent addition to the storyline is Craterface 's pinks race against Greased Lightnin ' . One of the jocks vying for Sandy 's attention , again only mentioned briefly in the musical , appears on - screen , portrayed by Lorenzo Lamas . Grease was a major success for both Stigwood and Paramount Pictures , who re-released the film several times ; the film soundtrack made international hits out of several of the songs . Paramount also produced a sequel Grease 2 , which had no involvement from Jacobs ( who openly disapproved ) or Casey and followed a younger class of students at Rydell High School . A few supporting characters ( Frenchy , Eugene , Craterface and most of the school staff ) reprised their roles , with Birch taking on directing duties in addition to choreography , while Adrian Zmed came over from the stage version . Grease 2 was both a critical failure and , while barely profitable , a financial disappointment given the high expectations set by the original film . Television production ( edit ) Main article : Grease : Live On January 31 , 2016 , in the wake of similar productions that NBC had performed for other musicals , Fox broadcast a live production of Grease , known as Grease : Live , as a television special starring Julianne Hough , Aaron Tveit , and Vanessa Hudgens . Synopsis ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) The musical begins with all of the cast coming to school and getting ready ( `` Grease is the word '' ) and continues with a Rydell High School Class of 1959 reunion headed by old maid English teacher , Miss Lynch , who starts off with a recitation of the school anthem ( `` Alma Mater '' ) . She welcomes former cheerleader / yearbook - editor Patty Simcox Honeywell and class valedictorian Eugene Florczyk . Eugene gives a rousing speech , mentioning that the alumni who are missing from the reunion are surely present in - spirit . Suddenly , the greaser gang known as the Burger Palace Boys ( known in later versions of the production as the `` T - Birds '' ) and their auxiliary , the `` Pink Ladies '' , appear and recite their own parody of the Rydell anthem ( `` Alma Mater ( Parody ) '' ) . In the 2007 Broadway revival , the play begins differently , taking cues from the film adaptation . Here , we are introduced to Sandy Dumbrowski and Danny Zuko spending their last day of summer romance together . Sandy asks her lover Danny , `` Is it all over ? '' , and Danny reassures her that their love has only started . Then , as this scene fades away , the other greasers take the stage and sing about their rebellious lifestyle ( `` Grease '' ) . The play fades away into Rydell High 's first day of the new school year . The Pink Ladies sit in the lunchroom , and the Burger Palace Boys sit at the entrance to the school . There is a new girl at school , Sandy Dumbrowski , who had been unjustly rejected from a Catholic school . She describes to the Pink Ladies ( Frenchy , Sandy 's new neighbor and a sweet but academically struggling aspiring beautician ; Marty , an attractive young woman who is experienced in adult vices ; Jan , a romantically frustrated and homely girl with a voracious appetite ; and Betty Rizzo , the cynical alpha female leader ) how she had a brief love affair the summer before , which ended with unresolved love . In describing the fling , Sandy focuses on the romance , while Danny exaggerates to the other Burger Palace Boys ( Doody , a young and innocent musician ; Roger , a sardonic fast food aficionado known by the rest of the cast only as `` Rump ; '' Dominic `` Sonny '' LaTierri , a trouble - making wannabe womanizer ; and Kenickie , the group 's tough - guy auto enthusiast ) regarding the physical aspects of their relationship ( `` Summer Nights '' ) . The Pink Ladies soon after realize that Sandy 's summer fling was the same Danny Zuko that attends Rydell High and arrange for the two to bump into each other at school ; the resulting meeting is tense and awkward , as Danny had previously told Sandy that he attended a private academy and does not want to admit to the Burger Palace Boys that she was the woman he was talking about . As the Burger Palace Boys leave , Sandy is heartbroken , but the Pink Ladies calm her down and invite her over to Marty 's pajama party . Shortly afterwards , the teenagers gather in the hall as Doody , the youngest Burger Palace Boy , shows off his new guitar . The rock star wannabe gives an impromptu concert in the hall ( `` Those Magic Changes '' ) . At Marty 's pajama party , the girls experiment with wine , cigarettes , and pierced ears ; and talk about boys . Marty tells about her long - distance courtship with a Marine named Freddy , which it implied she only maintains because of the lavish gifts he sends her from Japan ( `` Freddy , My Love '' ) . That same night , the Burger Palace Boys are busy stealing hubcaps and teasing Kenickie about his `` new '' used car , Greased Lightning . An unfazed Kenickie firmly believes that with some upgrades , the car will be a racing - worthy chick magnet ( `` Greased Lightnin ' '' ) . Danny sees Sandy again at her cheerleader practice , and tries to apologize for his behavior . Head cheerleader Patty Simcox interrupts and flirts with Danny . Patty informs Danny that track try - outs are nearing , and Danny tells Sandy that he will join the track team to prove that he is sophisticated . After Danny leaves , Patty and Sandy practice their cheer choreography ( `` Rydell Fight Song '' ) . The Burger Palace Boys and Pink Ladies take their newfangled portable radios for a picnic in the park . Danny reveals to the rest of the greasers that he has joined the track team , much to their dismay and skepticism . After Roger and Jan bicker about food , drink and religion , she asks him how he earned the nickname Rump ; he explains that , as `` King of the Mooners , '' he has a hobby of baring his backside to unsuspecting victims , and in the process , both reveal their affections for each other ( `` Mooning '' ) . Rizzo teases Danny for falling for a girl who resembles the excessively proper teenage ingénue , Sandra Dee , and the other greasers join in as she makes fun of Sandy , who has not arrived to the picnic yet ( `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' ) . Sandy , working on a biology assignment with Eugene , comes in just as the greasers finish making fun of her , attacks Rizzo in a fit of rage and erroneously assumes Danny is the one behind the mockery . Furious , she tells Danny that she wishes she never met him and storms out of the picnic . Danny shrugs off Sandy 's negative response , and the greasers pair off for the upcoming sock hop . Danny teases Marty for not having a date ( recommending Eugene ) , and the greasers all laugh , declaring that they will be friends no matter what ( `` We Go Together '' ) . Act ii ( edit ) It is the night of the school dance where everyone is having fun dancing in the gym ( `` Shakin ' At the High School Hop '' ) . Sandy is at home by herself , listening to the radio and crying over how much she misses Danny ( `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' ) . Meanwhile , Kenickie comes into the dance with his date , Cha - Cha DiGregorio , a sexually provocative girl from a different school known as Saint Bernadette 's . Kenickie dumps his date Cha - Cha and pairs off with Rizzo , whom Danny entered the dance contest with , leaving Danny with Cha - Cha . The MC Vince Fontaine , an enthusiastic radio disc jockey , begins the hand jive dance contest , and everyone eagerly participates as he tags the contestants out ( `` Born to Hand Jive '' ) . In the end , Danny and Cha - Cha are the winners . Amongst the awards given to the couple , Danny receives two free drive - in movie tickets . In the 2007 Broadway revival , this scene continues : Sandy shows up at the dance shortly after the awards are handed out . The attendees are leaving , and Danny does not notice Sandy when he exits the room . Sandy can not stop thinking about Danny despite how he has treated her ( `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' ) . Sometime later outside of the Burger Palace hangout , Kenickie , Doody , and Sonny run into Frenchy . The boys are armed with an `` arsenal '' of household items and reveal that , to their surprise , Cha - Cha was the girlfriend of someone in the Burger Palace Boys ' rival gang , the Flaming Dukes . Cha - Cha told the Flaming Dukes about how she danced with Danny , and , as a response , the Flaming Dukes challenged the Burger Palace Boys to a rumble . Danny sprints into the scene , wearing a track suit after having joined the Rydell track team , to the disapproval and confusion of the other Burger Palace boys . Danny turns down their urgent invitation to the Flaming Dukes rumble due to time conflicts with a track race , which he sprints off to . The three remaining Burger Palace Boys go into the Burger Palace for a snack before the fight , and Frenchy laments at what to do with her life , having dropped out of beauty school in frustration at failing all of her classes . The heavenly Teen Angel appears with a chorus of back - up singing angels and tells her to return to high school ( `` Beauty School Dropout '' ) . Shortly afterwards , the three Burger Palace Boys exit the Burger Palace . They wait for the Flaming Dukes , but the rival gang never turns up . The greasers realize that Roger is missing . Just as they decide to leave , Roger finally turns up with a car antenna as his weapon , and the greasers criticize him for showing up so late with such a pathetic excuse for a weapon . Roger challenges the three Burger Palace Boys , who proceed to run off with Roger 's pants and shoes . In the next scene , Danny and Sandy are in Greased Lightning , watching a drive - in movie . Danny tells Sandy how upset his buddies are at him , and how sorry he is for his companion 's behavior during the picnic . After Danny offers Sandy his ring , he attempts to get intimate with her , but moves too fast , and she leaves . Danny misses Sandy , and wishes that they could be together again ( `` Alone at a Drive - In Movie '' or `` Sandy '' , in the 2007 Broadway revival ) . Several days later , Sandy and the greasers -- without Danny -- are having a party in Jan 's basement as Doody , on guitar , performs alongside Roger ( `` Rock ' N ' Roll Party Queen '' ) . Rizzo , who missed her period , suspects she is pregnant and tells the Pink Ladies that the father is a stranger who had sex with her with a cheap , broken condom . The Burger Palace Boys offer support , which Rizzo rejects . Rizzo is left alone with Sandy , who questions Rizzo on why she rejected her friends and deduces that Kenickie was the presumptive father . Rizzo responds by saying that she is a better person than others make her out to be and that showing weakness is the worst thing she knows ( `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' ) . Rizzo leaves , and Sandy decides what she needs to do to fit in with the greasers ( `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' ( Reprise ) ) . The next day , the Burger Palace Boys are hanging out at the Burger Palace . Patty Simcox comes in , miserable and emotionally hurt . She tells them that Danny quit the track team and gave the finger to the coach . The Burger Palace Boys laugh and congratulate Danny , who returns . Sandy comes in alongside the Pink Ladies , having transformed herself into a greaser 's dream date , punching out a dismayed Patty . Danny is delighted at this change and the couple express their mutual feelings for each other ( `` All Choked Up '' or `` You 're the One That I Want '' , in the 2007 Broadway revival ) . Afterwards , the other Burger Palace Boys and Pink Ladies cheer for Danny and Sandy being together again . They happily invite Patty to watch The Mickey Mouse Club with them at Roger 's house , and she agrees . Frenchy takes a job as a makeup saleswoman at Woolworth 's , Rizzo reveals that she is not pregnant , and she and Kenickie reunite . All ends happily , and the Burger Palace Boys , the Pink Ladies , Sandy , and Patty sing about how they will always be friends to the end ( `` We Go Together '' ( Reprise ) ) . Revival changes ( edit ) Due to the popularity of the 1978 film adaptation , which made several changes to the musical 's songs and themes ( many to accommodate its casting choice for Sandy , singer Olivia Newton - John ) , the subsequent revivals adopted several of the changes made in the film , particularly the replacement of several songs , and the renaming of the Burger Palace Boys to their film name , the T - Birds . However , in the revival , the role of Sandy Dumbrowski is not changed from the original Broadway production . School version ( edit ) In order to make the original musical suitable for young performers and audiences , Jim Jacobs decided to write a `` School Version '' of the musical . This edition eliminates all of the references and uses of Cigarettes & Alcohol , as well as any swearing or bad language . Practically all of the songs have undergone changes as well ; the numbers are all shortened tremendously and edited for content / language . Some plot lines are missing from the school version , such as Rizzo 's pregnancy and her song `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' . This section is entirely cut from the script and score . The beginning of the pajama party in Marty 's bedroom is cut as well . ( In this version , the Pink Ladies do not offer Sandy cigarettes or wine . Instead it begins directly with piercing her ears . ) Overall , this version is considered to be G - rated . In addition to the removal of `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do , '' the following songs of the School Version have undergone lyric changes : `` Alma Mater Parody '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Freddy , My Love '' `` Greased Lightnin ' '' `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' `` Beauty School Dropout '' The remainder of the songs have been edited severely for time , deleting several verses from the original songs . A version of the play is available that keeps some of the adult references and innuendo but excises some of the more explicit lyrics . Cast and characters ( edit ) Role Chicago world premiere ( 1971 ) Kingston Mines Theatre Company Broadway premiere ( 1972 ) Broadhurst Theatre London premiere ( 1973 ) New London Theatre Motion picture ( 1978 ) London revival ( 1993 ) Dominion Theatre Broadway revival ( 1994 ) Eugene O'Neill Theatre Broadway revival ( 2007 ) Brooks Atkinson Theatre Chicago 40th anniversary revival ( 2011 ) American Theater Company FOX television production ( 2016 ) Royal Caribbean ( 2016 ) Independence of the Seas Danny Zuko Doug Stevenson Barry Bostwick Richard Gere / Patrick Swayze John Travolta Craig McLachlan Ricky Paull Goldin Max Crumm Adrian Aguilar Aaron Tveit Cory Lloyd Sandy Dumbrowski ( renamed Olsson for the film and Young for the 2016 TV production ) Leslie Goto Carole Demas Stacey Gregg Olivia Newton - John Debbie Gibson Susan Wood Laura Osnes Kelly Davis Wilson Julianne Hough Katrina Diehm Kenickie Bruce Hickey Timothy Meyers Peter Armitage Jeff Conaway Shane Richie Jason Opsahl Matt Saldivar Tony Clarno Carlos PenaVega Xim Gukhmana Doody Jim Canning James Canning Derek James Barry Pearl John Combe Sam Harris Ryan Patrick Binder Bubba Weiler Jordan Fisher Zach Sorrow Sonny LaTierri Gerald Bolnick Jim Borrelli Doug Fisher Michael Tucci Richard Calkin Carlos Lopez José Restrepo Patrick De Nicola Andrew Call Bradley Judge Roger ( replaced with Putzie for the film ) Gary Houston Walter Bobbie Stephen Bent Kelly Ward Louis St. Louis * Drew Jaymson Hunter Foster Daniel Everidge Rob Colletti David Del Rio * Kristian Morse Betty Rizzo Susan Williams Adrienne Barbeau Jacqui - Ann Carr Stockard Channing Sally Ann Triplett Rosie O'Donnell / Brooke Shields Jenny Powers Jessica Diaz Vanessa Hudgens Stephanie Miller Frenchy Hedda Lubin Marya Small Felicity Harrison Didi Conn Jo Bingham Jessica Stone Kirsten Wyatt Jessie Fisher Carly Rae Jepsen Lizzie Rees Marty Marilu Henner Katie Hanley Hilary Labow Dinah Manoff Charlotte Avery Megan Mullally Robyn Hurder Carol Rose Keke Palmer Sarah Agar Jan Sheila Ray Ceaser Garn Stephens Colette Kelly Jamie Donnelly Liz Ewing Heather Stokes Lindsay Mendez Sadieh Rifai Kether Donohue Louise Willoughby Miss Lynch ( rewritten as Principal McGee in film and television productions ) Judy Brubaker Dorothy Leon Ann Way Eve Arden Myra Sands Marcia Lewis Susan Blommaert Peggy Roeder Ana Gasteyer Terry Palasz Eugene Florczyk ( renamed Felsnick in film ) Steve Munro Tom Harris Stephen Marsh Eddie Deezen Aidan Treays Hank Rion Jamison Scott Adam Shalzi Noah Robbins Jake Sokoloff Patty Simcox Polly Pen Ilene Kristen Claire Faulcon Bridge Susan Buckner Tamzin Outhwaite Michelle Blakely Allison Fischer Alaina Mills Elle McLemore tty Marie Muessige Vince Fontaine Mike O'Connor Don Billett Roy Desmond Edd Byrnes Gary Martin / Mike Doyle Toby Hinson Jeb Brown Michael Accardo Mario Lopez Dominic Fortuna Johnny Casino Alan Paul Steve Alder Screamin ' Scott Simon Glenn Carter Paul Castree Bryan Howard Conner Joe Jonas Charlene `` Cha - Cha '' DiGregorio Barbara Munro Kathi Moss Julie Henderson Annette Charles Heather Robbins Sandra Purpuro Natalie Hill Hannah Gomez Yvette Gonzalez - Nacer Samantha Cobb Teen Angel Mac Hamilton Alan Paul Steve Alder Frankie Avalon Andrew Kennedy / Toby Hinson Billy Porter Stephen R. Buntrock / Taylor Hicks Bryan Howard Conner Boyz II Men Dominic Fortuna * The character of Roger does not appear in the film or television versions . Putzie , a non-singing character , appears in Roger 's stead , portrayed by Kelly Ward in the film and David Del Rio in the teleplay . Roger 's songs were included on the film 's soundtrack , performed by Louis St. Louis ; they were left out of the teleplay . A number of characters in the musical are unseen characters : Freddy Strulka , Marty 's boyfriend and a member of the United States Marine Corps who showers Marty with lavish gifts from Japan ; the coach of the track team ; the Flaming Dukes , an adversary of the Burger Palace Boys who never show up to a threatened rumble ; and Mr. Drucker , a perverted economic teacher who has made passes at the Pink Ladies . In the film , the Flaming Dukes are renamed the Scorpions and have an on - screen role , as does the track coach ( who is surnamed Calhoun and is portrayed by Sid Caesar ) . Musical numbers ( edit ) 1972 production ( edit ) Act I `` Alma Mater '' -- Miss Lynch , Patty , Eugene and Company `` Alma Mater ( Parody ) '' -- Pink Ladies and T - Birds `` Summer Nights '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies and T - Birds `` Those Magic Changes '' -- Pink Ladies and T - Birds `` Freddy , My Love '' -- Marty and Pink Ladies `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- Kenickie and T - Birds `` Rydell Fight Song '' -- Sandy and Patty `` Mooning '' -- Roger and Jan `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' - Pink Ladies and Rizzo `` We Go Together '' -- Company Act II `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop '' -- Company `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' -- Sandy and Radio Singer `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop ( Reprise ) '' -- Company `` Born to Hand Jive '' -- Johnny Casino and Company `` Beauty School Dropout '' -- Teen Angel , Frenchy and Choir `` Alone at a Drive - in Movie '' -- Danny and T - Birds `` Rock ' N ' Roll Party Queen '' -- Doody and Roger `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' -- Rizzo `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' -- Sandy `` All Choked Up '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies and T - Birds `` We Go Together ( Reprise ) '' -- Company * The 1972 version is the standard version licensed to professionals and amateurs through Samuel French , Inc . Grease : school version ( edit ) Act I `` Alma Mater '' -- Miss Lynch , Patty , Eugene and Company `` Alma Mater ( Parody ) '' -- Pink Ladies and Burger Palace Boys `` Summer Nights '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies , Burger Palace Boys and Patty `` Those Magic Changes '' -- Doody , Burger Palace Boys and Pink Ladies `` Freddy , My Love '' -- Marty and Pink Ladies `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- Kenickie and Burger Palace Boys `` Rydell Fight Song '' -- Sandy and Patty `` Mooning '' -- Roger and Jan `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' -- Rizzo `` We Go Together '' -- Pink Ladies and Burger Palace Boys Act II `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' -- Sandy and Radio Singer `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop '' -- Company `` Born to Hand Jive '' -- Johnny Casino and Company `` Beauty School Dropout '' -- Teen Angel , Frenchy and Choir `` Alone at a Drive - in Movie '' -- Danny and Burger Palace Boys `` Rock ' N ' Roll Party Queen '' -- Doody and Roger `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' -- Sandy `` All Choked Up '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies and Burger Palace Boys `` We Go Together ( Reprise ) '' -- Company * Some aspects are not present in this edition of the play at all , including Rizzo 's pregnancy and her song `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' . Many of the musical numbers have undergone lyric changes , and have been arranged to make the songs much shorter . 1993 revival ( edit ) Act I `` Sandy '' -- Danny and Sandy `` Grease '' -- Company `` Summer Nights '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies , T - Birds `` Those Magic Changes '' -- Doody and T - Birds `` Freddy , My Love '' -- Marty and Pink Ladies `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' -- Rizzo `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- Kenickie and T - Birds `` Rydell Fight Song '' -- Sandy , Patty and Girls `` Mooning '' -- Roger and Jan `` We Go Together '' -- Pink Ladies and T - Birds Act II `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop '' -- The Company `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' -- Sandy and Donna Sue `` Born to Hand Jive '' -- Johnny Casino and Company `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' * -- Sandy `` Beauty School Dropout '' -- Teen Angel and Female Angels `` Sandy '' * -- Danny `` Rock ' N ' Roll Party Queen '' -- Doody and Roger `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' -- Rizzo `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' -- Sandy `` You 're the One That I Want '' * -- Danny , Sandy , Pink Ladies , and T - Birds `` Finale '' -- The Company 1994 revival ( edit ) Act I `` Alma Mater ( We Go Together ) '' -- Company `` We Go Together '' -- Kids , Pink Ladies and Burger Palace Boys `` Summer Nights '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies , Burger Palace Boys , Eugene and Patty `` Those Magic Changes '' -- Doody and Burger Palace Boys `` Freddy , My Love '' -- Marty and Pink Ladies `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- Kenickie and Burger Palace Boys `` Greased Lightnin ' ( Reprise ) '' -- Rizzo and Burger Palace Boys `` Rydell Fight Song '' -- Sandy and Patty `` Mooning '' -- Roger and Jan `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' -- Rizzo `` Since I Do n't Have You '' -- Sandy `` We Go Together '' -- Pink Ladies and Burger Palace Boys Act II `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop '' -- The Company `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' -- Sandy , Jan and Radio Singers `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop ( Reprise ) '' -- Orchestra and Kids `` Born to Hand Jive '' -- Johnny Casino and Company `` Beauty School Dropout '' -- Teen Angel and Female Angels `` Alone at a Drive - in Movie '' -- Danny and Burger Palace Boys `` Rock ' N ' Roll Party Queen '' -- Doody and Roger `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' -- Rizzo `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' -- Sandy and Rizzo `` Finale Medley '' ( includes `` All Choked Up '' ) -- Cast 2007 revival ( edit ) Act I `` Prologue '' -- Instrumental `` Grease '' * -- Company `` Summer Nights '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies , T - Birds , Eugene and Patty `` Those Magic Changes '' -- Doody and T - Birds `` Freddy , My Love '' -- Marty and Pink Ladies `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- Kenickie and T - Birds `` Rydell Fight Song '' -- Sandy and Patty `` Mooning '' -- Roger and Jan `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' -- Rizzo `` We Go Together '' -- Pink Ladies and T - Birds Act II `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop '' -- The Company `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' -- Sandy and Jan `` Born to Hand Jive '' -- Vince Fontaine and Company `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' * -- Sandy `` Beauty School Dropout '' -- Teen Angel and Female Angels `` Sandy '' * -- Danny `` Rock ' N ' Roll Party Queen '' -- Doody and Roger `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' -- Rizzo `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' -- Sandy `` You 're the One That I Want '' * -- Danny , Sandy , Pink Ladies , and T - Birds `` We Go Together ( Reprise ) '' -- Cast `` Grease Medley '' -- Cast Note * : `` Grease Medley '' is sung during the final curtain call . * The 2007 revival incorporates some changes from the popular film version . Some numbers were eliminated , and others were added to the score : `` Grease '' was written by Barry Gibb , `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' and `` You 're the One That I Want '' are written by John Farrar , and `` Sandy '' is by Louis St. Louis and Scott Simon . These additional songs require a separate license from the Robert Stigwood Organisation . Orchestration The original score calls for a piano , two tenor saxophones , bass guitar , percussion , and two guitars . The 2007 revival includes two pianos , two reeds , trombone , trumpet , guitar , bass guitar , and percussion . Awards and honors ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1972 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Choreography Patricia Birch Won Outstanding Costume Design Carrie Robbins Won Theatre World Award Adrienne Barbeau Won Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Book of a Musical Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Barry Bostwick Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Timothy Meyers Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Adrienne Barbeau Nominated Best Choreography Patricia Birch Nominated Best Costume Design Carrie Robbins Nominated 1993 West End revival ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated Best Theater Choreography Arlene Philips Nominated 1994 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1994 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Sam Harris Nominated Outstanding Choreography Jeff Calhoun Nominated Theatre World Award Brooke Shields Won Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Marcia Lewis Nominated Best Choreography Jeff Calhoun Nominated 2007 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2007 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated See also ( edit ) Grease : You 're the One that I Want ! Grease : the School Musical Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Defiglio , Pam ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` Debate plays on for Chicago guitarist 's induction into Taft High School 's Hall of Fame : Group wants late guitarist added to school hall of fame '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Alumni honored in Taft 's Hall of Fame include ... Jim Jacobs , who based his musical `` Grease '' on Taft High School Jupe . ^ Jump up to : Woulfe , Molly . `` ' Grease ' has deep , dark Chicago roots '' NW Times , January 2 , 2009 , retrieved January 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ Miller , Scott ( March 30 , 2007 ) . `` Inside Grease '' . New Line Theatre . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Newmark , Judith ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) . `` ' Grease ' gets the splashy Muny treatment Theater reviews '' . Stltoday.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Time , May 26 , 2008 , p. 51 : this musical ranked as the sixth most frequently produced musical by United States high schools in 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Long Runs on Broadway '' . Playbill.com . August 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton 's ' Thomas Kail Makes the Leap to TV for `` Bold '' Take on ' Grease : Live ' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . What we 're doing here is taking the spine of the film and then also having access to parts of the stage play . Jump up ^ http://my.chicagotribune.com/#section/-1/article/p2p-85724145/ Jump up ^ `` Bring back our own , original R - rated ' Grease ' '' . 8 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Guernsey , edited by Otis L. ( 1972 ) . The Best plays of 1971 -- 1972 . New York : Dodd , Mead . p. 492 . ISBN 0 - 396 - 06698 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Green , Stanley. `` ' Grease ' , London , 1973 '' Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre , Da Capo Press , 1980 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80113 - 2 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Hepple , Peter. `` ' Grease ' history '' glenncarter.com ( from The Stage ) , October 10 , 2002 , accessed August 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Lucy Lawless is Rizzo in Broadway 's Grease ! Musical September 1997 '' . Lucylawless.info . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2004 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grease National Tour '' . Abouttheartists.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grease ' Listing at TUTS , October 14 -- November 2 , 2003 '' HoustonTheatre.com , accessed August 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` GREASE to Close on Broadway January 4 , 2009 '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Atkins , Tom. `` Review Round - Up of London Opening : Grease Not the Word for Critics '' Archived September 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Whatsonstage.com , August 9 , 2007 Jump up ^ Grease in London ThisIsTheatre.com , retrieved March 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark. `` London Production of Grease to Shutter April 30 , Prior to New U.K. Tour '' Archived January 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , September 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` ' Grease ' National Tour to Play Final Performance May 23 '' BroadwayWorld.com , accessed May 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. `` Grease Tour , with `` American Idol '' Winner Hicks , Kicks Off Dec. 2 in RI '' Archived January 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , December 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Ace Young , Allison Fischer , Laura D'Andre , Jesse JP Johnson and Jamison Scott Join GREASE TOUR '' . Broadwayworld.com . November 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert. `` ' Grease ' Returns to Its R - Rated Roots in New Chicago Production ; Jim Jacobs Explains '' Archived July 31 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , March 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ Jones , Chris. `` The original , R - rated ' Grease ' comes home to Chicago '' Chicago Tribune , March 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Cameron Pegg ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Latest Grease little less slick '' . Arts . The Australian . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GREASE Cast Announced '' . Stage Whispers . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peerzada Salman ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` Grease lightning '' . Dawn.Com . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vaselina 94 '' . Redteatral.net . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Support '' . Julissa.com.mx . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Greasse ' Overview '' Archived April 26 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . lunchbox-productions.com , accessed August 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ Ward - Smythe , Kate. `` The Campest ' Grease ' Ever '' theatreview.org.nz , August 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen . `` TV Review : ' Grease Live ! ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Orders ' Grease Live ' Broadcast for 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://ststanskostka.org/wordpress/?p=5913 Jump up ^ `` Grease : School Version '' . Samuel French UK . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grease : School Version '' . Samuel French UK . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Broadway League . `` Internet Broadway Database : Grease Production Credits '' . Ibdb.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Internet Broadway Database listing , ' Grease ' , 2007 revival ibdb.com , retrieved January 26 , 2010 References ( edit ) Synopsis and other information Winer , Linda . `` Hopelessly Devoted to Grease '' , Newsday , January 7 , 2007 Understudy , Vol. 1 , September 2006 ; magazine of the Fulton Theatre , Lancaster , Pennsylvania `` The 1970s , Part I : Rock Musicals , '' John Kenrick , Musicals101.com , accessed on 19 May , 2017 , https://www.musicals101.com/1970bway1.htm Miller , Scott . `` inside GREASE . '' In Sex , Drugs , Rock & Roll , and Musicals . Lebanon , New Hampshire : University Press of New England , 2011 . http://www.newlinetheatre.com/greasechapter.html External links ( edit ) Grease at the Internet Broadway Database Grease Official website for Australian production Official website for Spanish production Official website for 2011 remake of original Kingston Mines production Ovrtur page for original Kingston Mines production Ovrtur page for 2011 remake of original Kingston Mines production New York Times review , August 20 , 2007 Grease on Floormic.com Longest - running plays on Broadway , Off - Broadway , London , Toronto , Melbourne , Paris , Vienna , and Berlin Preceded by Fiddler on the Roof Longest - running Broadway show 1979 -- 1983 Succeeded by A Chorus Line Grease Adaptations Grease ( film ) Grease 2 Grease : Live Songs `` Grease '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' `` Greased Lightnin ' '' `` Beauty School Dropout '' `` Sandy '' `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' `` You 're the One That I Want '' `` The Grease Megamix '' Soundtracks / albums Grease ( film ) soundtrack Grease 2 soundtrack 2007 Broadway cast recording TV series Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! Grease Is the Word Grease : The School Musical Miscellaneous Grease ( video game ) Grease Dance Glee : The Music Presents Glease Greased Andrew Lloyd Webber musical revival search Series and contestants How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? ( 2006 ) Connie Fisher Helena Blackman Siobhan Dillon Aoife Mulholland Abi Finley Leanne Dobinson Simona Armstrong Any Dream Will Do ( 2007 ) Lee Mead Keith Jack Lewis Bradley Ben James - Ellis Daniel Boys Rob McVeigh I 'd Do Anything ( 2008 ) Jodie Prenger Jessie Buckley Samantha Barks Rachel Tucker Niamh Perry Sarah Lark Francesca Jackson Tara Bethan Over the Rainbow ( 2010 ) Danielle Hope Sophie Evans Lauren Samuels Stephanie Fearon Jessica Robinson Stephanie Davis Amy Diamond Superstar ( 2012 ) Ben Forster Special shows When Joseph Met Maria ( 2007 ) International versions United States Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! ( 2007 ) Canada How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria ? ( 2008 ) Over the Rainbow ( 2012 ) Belgium Op zoek naar Maria ( 2009 ) Netherlands Op zoek naar Evita ( 2007 ) Op zoek naar Joseph ( 2008 ) Op zoek naar Mary Poppins ( 2009 ) Op zoek naar Zorro ( 2011 ) Musicals The Sound of Music Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Oliver ! The Wizard of Oz Jesus Christ Superstar Grease Evita Mary Poppins Zorro GND : 300645813 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grease_(musical)&oldid=815790370 '' Categories : 1971 musicals Broadway musicals West End musicals Original musicals 1959 in fiction 1960 in fiction Plays set in the 1950s Plays set in the 1960s Teen musicals Grease ( musical ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 04 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the music and lyrics for grease | [
"Grease is a 1971 musical by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey. Named after the 1950s United States working-class youth subculture known as greasers, the musical is set in 1959 at fictional Rydell High School (based on William Howard Taft School in Chicago, Illinois[1])[2] and follows ten working-class teenagers as they navigate the complexities of peer pressure, politics, personal core values, and love. The score borrows heavily from the sounds of early rock and roll. In its original production in Chicago, Grease was a raunchy, raw, aggressive, vulgar show. Subsequent productions sanitized it and tamed it down.[3] The show mentions social issues such as teenage pregnancy, peer pressure and gang violence; its themes include love, friendship, teenage rebellion, sexual exploration during adolescence, and, to some extent, class consciousness/class conflict. Jacobs described the show's basic plot as a subversion of common tropes of 1950s cinema, since the female lead, who in many 1950s films transformed the alpha male into a more sensitive and sympathetic character, is instead drawn into the man's influence and transforms into his fantasy.[4]"
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"Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey"
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-4623853041072063285 | A Cure for Wellness | A Cure for Wellness - wikipedia A Cure for Wellness Jump to : navigation , search A Cure for Wellness Theatrical release poster Directed by Gore Verbinski Produced by Arnon Milchan Gore Verbinski David Crockett Screenplay by Justin Haythe Story by Justin Haythe Gore Verbinski Starring Dane DeHaan Jason Isaacs Mia Goth Music by Benjamin Wallfisch Cinematography Bojan Bazelli Edited by Lance Pereira Pete Beaudreau Production company Regency Enterprises Blind Wink Productions New Regency Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) ( Butt - Numb - A-Thon ) February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 146 minutes Country United States Germany Language English Budget $40 million Box office $26.6 million A Cure for Wellness is a 2016 science fiction psychological horror thriller film directed by Gore Verbinski and written by Justin Haythe . The film stars Dane DeHaan , Jason Isaacs , and Mia Goth , and follows a young American executive who is sent to a mysterious rehabilitation center in the Swiss Alps . The film was released on February 17 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb , grossing $26 million against its $40 million production budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) At a large financial services firm in New York City , a man named Morris is working late when he finds a letter on his desk from Roland Pembroke , the company 's CEO . Morris receives a market report before he can read the letter , but then suffers a fatal heart attack . Morris is replaced by an ambitious young executive named Lockhart , who is sent by the company board to retrieve Pembroke from an idyllic , but mysterious `` wellness center '' at a remote location in the Swiss Alps . The board needs Pembroke to sign off on a company merger . In addition , the company is being investigated for criminal misconduct and several partners hope to pin the crimes on Pembroke . Lockhart arrives at the spa , but he is met with resistance by the staff and Dr. Heinreich Volmer in attempting to speak with Pembroke . Lockhart leaves , but is involved in a car accident and awakens three days later at the center with his leg in a plaster cast . During his time at the spa , Lockhart meets a mysterious young girl named Hannah , who , among others , drinks a strange fluid kept in a cobalt bottle . A patient named Victoria Watkins , as well as residents of the nearby town , tell Lockhart the story of the spa , which was built on the ruins of a castle , once owned by a baron 200 years ago . The baron desired an heir of pure blood , and married his sister . When the baron learned she was infertile , he began performing hellish experiments on the peasants in order to find a way to cure her infertility . He succeeded , but after finding the bodies of his victims , the peasants stormed the castle and set it on fire . The baron 's pregnant sister was captured by the peasants and the baby was cut from her womb before she was burned . Although the peasants tossed the baby into the local aquifer , it somehow survived . Lockhart attempts to escape the center , but finds that no one is allowed to leave . After gifting Hannah a ballerina figurine , Lockhart bikes into town with her help . Lockhart leaves Hannah in a bar and investigates the spa 's patients . He finds out that the people of the spa suffer from dehydration , despite doing nothing but drink water from the aquifer . Meanwhile , Hannah , who has been kept at the spa her whole life , explores the bar and attracts the attention of the locals . Lockhart returns and gets into a fight with a man who was dancing with Hannah . He is rescued by Dr. Volmer , who has discovered that Lockhart had left the spa with Hannah . Lockhart investigates his suspicions and discovers the transfusion wing of the spa is a front for macabre medical experiments . The water from the local aquifer possesses unique properties . It is very toxic to humans , but has life restoring properties to the eels living in the water . The baron had devised a process to filter the water through the bodies of humans , and distill the water into life giving essence . Volmer uses the patients as filters for this process . This `` cure '' is ingested by Volmer , Hannah , and others in order to gain vastly lengthened lifespans . Lockhart also realizes that his leg is n't broken , and that he is being forcefully kept by Dr. Volmer . Volmer then subjects Lockhart to nightmarish treatments that warp his mind , until he believes he is insane . Hannah realizes this change and gives Lockhart back his ballerina . The ballerina was given to Lockhart by his mother and helps break him out of his delirium . Around this time , Hannah has her first menstrual cycle . Volmer attempts to continue his bloodline by marrying Hannah . During the reception , he leads Hannah to a secret room built in the ruins of the castle , and prepares to rape her . Lockhart confronts Volmer and realizes that Volmer is the baron and Hannah is his daughter , who was the baby thrown in the well . They both had aged very slowly due to the `` cure '' . In the ensuing fight , Volmer 's face is revealed to be a mask that hides his hideous burns . Lockhart sets Volmer and the castle on fire , but is overpowered by Volmer . Hannah saves Lockhart by killing Volmer , who then falls into the aquifer and is eaten by the eels . Lockhart and Hannah escape from the spa on a bicycle as fire engulfs the structure . On the road , Lockhart crashes into a car carrying his employers , who have arrived from New York to retrieve him and Pembroke . Lockhart is ordered into the car by the employers , who hope he will return to New York with them . Suspecting they plan to pin all the corporate wrongdoing on him , Lockhart instead chooses to ride away with Hannah . Cast ( edit ) Dane DeHaan as Lockhart Douglas Hamilton as 9 - year old Lockhart Jason Isaacs as Dr. Heinreich Volmer / Baron von Reichmerl Mia Goth as Hannah von Reichmerl Ivo Nandi as Enrico Adrian Schiller as Deputy Director Celia Imrie as Victoria Watkins Ashok Mandanna as Ron Nair Harry Groener as Roland Pembroke Godehard Giese as Prim Technician Tomas Norström as Frank Hill Magnus Krepper as Pieter The Vet Carl Lumbly as Wilson Lisa Banes as Hollis Tom Flynn as Humphrey Johannes Krisch as Caretaker Jason Babinsky as Carl Angelina Häntsch as Volmer Institute Staff Jeff Burrell as Funeral Director Annette Lober as Volmer Institute Staff Eric Todd as Josh Christian Brauer as Technician Thomas Richter as Water Trainer Chris Huszar as Wedding Guest Marko Buzin as Wedding Guest Production ( edit ) Beelitz - Heilstätten , pictured in 2005 , served as a primary filming location . The films two leads of Dane Dehaan and Mia Goth were announced in April 2015 , Jason Isaacs was added to the cast that June . Principal photography for the film began on June 22 , 2015 and took place mainly at Babelsberg Studio ( co-producer ) in Potsdam , Germany . Another great part of the film was shot at former royal Hohenzollern Castle , in the German municipality of Bisingen . The castle was closed to the public for filming from July 13 to July 24 , 2015 . Aside from Hohenzollern , parts of the film were also shot in Saxony - Anhalt and Zella - Mehlis , Germany . An abandoned hospital in Beelitz - Heilstätten , Germany , served as a location for many of the hospital interiors . The film received funds of € 8.1 million , from the German Federal Film Fund ( DFFF ) , as well as € 500,000 from Medienboard Berlin - Brandenburg . Benjamin Wallfisch composed the score for the film , with music conductor Gavin Greenaway and performed by Chamber Orchestra of London in Abbey Road Studio . The water tank scenes took two weeks to film . DeHaan and the director communicated through an intercom , and DeHaan wore a buoyancy and body - positioning waist harness connected with wires and an oxygen tank . The directors used a rubber drill in the scene where Dr. Brennan , the facility 's dentist , drills through Mr. Lockhart 's healthy tooth without anesthesia . According to DeHaan , he was genuinely nervous and his reaction was used in the filming . He stated that the scene had compositing but no outright CGI . DeHaan filmed the scene while wearing a dental gag and strapped to the chair . In the car crash scene , DeHaan was placed into a harness inside a device described by Bryan Alexander of USA Today as being similar to a rotisserie before being tossed around . DeHaan stated that he experienced his sole filming injury there , in which his arm was dislocated from and then relocated into the socket in its shoulder . The German actors used in the scene which Lockhart is assaulted by elderly people had no prior experience in film acting . Alexander wrote that this scene `` was n't as torturous as it appears . '' Release ( edit ) The film premiered on December 10 , 2016 , at the Butt - Numb - A-Thon Film Festival in Austin , Texas , and was theatrically released in the United States on February 17 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox , after initially being slated for September 23 , 2016 . The New York Times reported that 20th Century Fox created a group of fake news sites as part of a viral marketing campaign for A Cure for Wellness . The film trailer gained notoriety for showing a scene where Mia Goth was in a bathtub full of eels . Box Office ( edit ) A Cure for Wellness grossed $8.1 million in the United States and Canada and $18.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $26.5 million , against a production budget of $40 million . In the United States and Canada , the film opened alongside The Great Wall and Fist Fight , and was initially projected to gross $6 -- 8 million from about 2,700 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making just $300,000 from Thursday night previews and $1.5 million on its first day , weekend projections were lowered to $4 million . It ended up debuting to $4.2 million , finishing 10th at the box office . In its third week of release the film was pulled from 97.8 % of theaters ( 2,704 to 88 ) and grossed just $31,347 , marking the second largest third - week theater drop in history ( just ahead of the 2,659 theater decrease set by Live by Night two months prior ) . Critical response ( edit ) A Cure for Wellness received mixed reviews from critics , with praise for its visuals , performances and ambition , but criticism for its length , plot and structure . Critics have noted the film 's Lovecraftian elements . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 42 % based on 170 reviews , with an average rating of 5.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A Cure for Wellness boasts a surfeit of visual style , but it 's wasted on a derivative and predictable story whose twists , turns , and frights have all been more effectively dealt before . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a score of 47 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` C + '' on an A+ to F scale . Writing for TheWrap , Alonso Duralde praised the film 's production design but criticized its narrative , saying : `` While the movie is about people who are happy to remain removed from the world , not realizing that they are involved in something truly dreadful , many viewers will be all too willing to head for the exits . '' See also ( edit ) The Magic Mountain Ptolemaic dynasty -- a real - life series of rulers , many of whom were men who married their own sisters , or women who married their own brothers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Cure For Wellness ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Cure for Wellness ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Minton , Melissa ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` How A Cure for Wellness Marries Horror and Beauty in Set Design '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Dane DeHaan , Mia Goth Joining Gore Verbinski 's ' A Cure for Wellness ' ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Jason Isaacs to Play Villain in Gore Verbinski 's Supernatural Horror Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 6 / 22 / 15 : Spielberg 's ' The BFG ' Wraps Along with ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Sequel , Woody Harrelson Starts ' Wilson ' '' . Ssninsider.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Studio Babelsberg -- references : `` A Cure For Wellness `` www.studiobabelsberg.com , February 24 , 2017 Jump up ^ PNN : `` A Cure For Wellness `` -- Auftrag mit Gruselfaktor für Babelsberger Kulissenbauer www.pnn.de , February 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ Brenner , Julia . `` Regisseur Gore Verbinski dreht Horrorfilm auf Burg Hohenzollern '' ( in German ) . Schwarzwälder Bote . Jump up ^ `` DFFF Aktuell '' ( DFFF News ) ( in German ) . Deutscher Filmförderfonds . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ministerpräsident Woidke am Set des Films `` A Cure for Wellness '' '' ( Minister - president Woidke at the set of `` A Cure for Wellness '' ) ( in German ) . Medienboard Berlin - Brandenburg . August 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Why Dane DeHaan endured ' torture ' for ' Cure for Wellness ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) . `` The director of A Cure for Wellness on the unforgettable dental scene '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Stack , Liam ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` 20th Century Fox Used Fake News to Publicize ' A Cure for Wellness ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David O. Klein & Joshua R. Wueller , Fake News : A Legal Perspective , Journal of Internet Law , Apr. 2017 . Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/cure-for-wellness-interview-mia-goth/ Jump up ^ http://www.indiewire.com/2016/12/a-cure-for-wellness-trailer-mia-goth-dane-dehaan-gore-verbinski-1201757856/ Jump up ^ `` Matt Damon 's ' Great Wall ' poised for soft U.S. opening against ' Lego Batman ' and ' Fifty Shades ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Moviegoers Likely To Spend Less George Washingtons Over Presidents Day Weekend : Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Holdovers Reign Over Holiday Weekend , But Why Did The New Releases Tank ? : Presidents ' Day B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Theater Drops '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ Bumbray , Chris . `` Review : A Cure for Wellness '' . JoBlo . JoBlo Media Inc . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Duralde , Alonso . `` ' A Cure for Wellness ' Review : Sludgy Horror Film Mistakes Art Direction for Suspense '' . The Wrap . The Wrap News Inc . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sims , David . `` ' A Cure for Wellness ' Is a Malevolent Thrill Ride , With Eels '' . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ' A Cure For Wellness ' Trailer is a Lovecraftian Nightmare - Bloody Disgusting ! '' . 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Cure for Wellness ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Cure for Wellness reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Tasteless Intricacies of `` A Cure for Wellness '' `` . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Angie , Han ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Gore Verbinski on Returning to Horror With `` A Cure for Wellness '' `` . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Gore Verbinski : Well , there 's this book by Thomas Mann called The Magic Mountain that we 're both fans of , and that book deals with people in a sanitarium in the Alps , clutching on to their sickness like a badge before the outbreak of World War I . We wanted to explore this sense of denial and say , well , what if that was a genre ? External links ( edit ) Official website A Cure for Wellness on IMDb A Cure for Wellness at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Gore Verbinski MouseHunt ( 1997 ) The Mexican ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) The Weather Man ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) Rango ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) A Cure for Wellness ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Cure_for_Wellness&oldid=801652715 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 horror films 2010s horror thriller films 2010s psychological horror films 2010s psychological thriller films 20th Century Fox films Babelsberg Studio films American films American horror thriller films American psychological horror films American psychological thriller films Dark fantasy films Films about death Films directed by Gore Verbinski Films set in the Alps Films set in hospitals Films set in psychiatric hospitals Films set in 2016 Films set in Manhattan Films set in Switzerland Films shot in Germany German films German horror films German psychological films German thriller films Incest in film Regency Enterprises films Supernatural horror films Supernatural thriller films Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Русский Slovenčina Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 00 : 25 . 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8322542600773947643 | 1985 in the United States | 1985 in the United States - wikipedia 1985 in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1985 in the United States Years 1984 1985 1986 Flag 50 stars ( 1960 -- present ) Timeline of United States history History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Events from the year 1985 in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Incumbents 1.1 Federal Government 1.2 Governors 1.3 Lieutenant Governors 2 Events 2.1 January 2.2 February 2.3 March 2.4 April 2.5 May 2.6 June 2.7 July 2.8 August 2.9 September 2.10 October 2.11 November 2.12 December 2.13 Undated 2.14 Ongoing 3 Births 4 Deaths 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Incumbents ( edit ) Federal Government ( edit ) President : Ronald Reagan ( R - California ) Vice President : George H.W. Bush ( R - Texas ) Chief Justice : Warren E. Burger ( Minnesota ) Speaker of the House of Representatives : Tip O'Neill ( D - Massachusetts ) Senate Majority Leader : Howard Baker ( R - Tennessee ) ( until January 3 ) , Bob Dole ( R - Kansas ) ( starting January 3 ) Congress : 98th ( until January 3 ) , 99th ( starting January 3 ) ( show ) Governors and Lieutenant Governors Governors ( edit ) Governor of Alabama : George Wallace ( Democratic ) Governor of Alaska : Bill Sheffield ( Democratic ) Governor of Arizona : Bruce Babbitt ( Democratic ) Governor of Arkansas : Bill Clinton ( Democratic ) Governor of California : George Deukmejian ( Republican ) Governor of Colorado : Richard Lamm ( Democratic ) Governor of Connecticut : William A. O'Neill ( Democratic ) Governor of Delaware : Pierre S. du Pont , IV ( Republican ) ( until January 15 ) , Michael Castle ( Republican ) ( starting January 15 ) Governor of Florida : Bob Graham ( Democratic ) Governor of Georgia : Joe Frank Harris ( Democratic ) Governor of Hawaii : George Ariyoshi ( Democratic ) Governor of Idaho : John V. Evans ( Democratic ) Governor of Illinois : James R. Thompson ( Republican ) Governor of Indiana : Robert D. Orr ( Republican ) Governor of Iowa : Terry E. Branstad ( Republican ) Governor of Kansas : John W. Carlin ( Democratic ) Governor of Kentucky : Martha Layne Collins ( Democratic ) Governor of Louisiana : Edwin W. Edwards ( Democratic ) Governor of Maine : Joseph E. Brennan ( Democratic ) Governor of Maryland : Harry R. Hughes ( Democratic ) Governor of Massachusetts : Michael Dukakis ( Democratic ) Governor of Michigan : James Blanchard ( Democratic ) Governor of Minnesota : Rudy Perpich ( Democratic ) Governor of Mississippi : William Allain ( Democratic ) Governor of Missouri : Kit Bond ( Republican ) ( until January 14 ) , John Ashcroft ( Republican ) ( starting January 14 ) Governor of Montana : Ted Schwinden ( Democratic ) Governor of Nebraska : Bob Kerrey ( Democratic ) Governor of Nevada : Richard Bryan ( Democratic ) Governor of New Hampshire : John H. Sununu ( Republican ) Governor of New Jersey : Thomas Kean ( Republican ) Governor of New Mexico : Toney Anaya ( Democratic ) Governor of New York : Mario Cuomo ( Democratic ) Governor of North Carolina : Jim Hunt ( Democratic ) ( until January 5 ) , James G. Martin ( Republican ) ( starting January 5 ) Governor of North Dakota : Allen I. Olson ( Republican ) ( until January 1 ) , George A. Sinner ( Democratic ) ( starting January 1 ) Governor of Ohio : Dick Celeste ( Democratic ) Governor of Oklahoma : George Nigh ( Democratic ) Governor of Oregon : Victor G. Atiyeh ( Republican ) Governor of Pennsylvania : Dick Thornburgh ( Republican ) Governor of Rhode Island : J. Joseph Garrahy ( Democratic ) ( until January 1 ) , Edward D. DiPrete ( Republican ) ( starting January 1 ) Governor of South Carolina : Richard Riley ( Democratic ) Governor of South Dakota : William J. Janklow ( Republican ) Governor of Tennessee : Lamar Alexander ( Republican ) Governor of Texas : Mark White ( Democratic ) Governor of Utah : Scott M. Matheson ( Democratic ) ( until January 7 ) , Norman H. Bangerter ( Republican ) ( starting January 7 ) Governor of Vermont : Richard A. Snelling ( Republican ) ( until January 10 ) , Madeleine M. Kunin ( Democratic ) ( starting January 10 ) Governor of Virginia : Chuck Robb ( Democratic ) Governor of Washington : John Spellman ( Republican ) ( until January 16 ) , Booth Gardner ( Democratic ) ( starting January 16 ) Governor of West Virginia : Jay Rockefeller ( Democratic ) ( until January 14 ) , Arch A. Moore , Jr . ( Republican ) ( starting January 14 ) Governor of Wisconsin : Tony Earl ( Democratic ) Governor of Wyoming : Edgar J. Herschler ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governors ( edit ) Lieutenant Governor of Alabama : Bill Baxley ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Alaska : Stephen McAlpine ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas : Winston Bryant ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of California : Leo T. McCarthy ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Colorado : Nancy E. Dick ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut : Joseph J. Fauliso ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Delaware : Michael N. Castle ( Republican ) ( until January 15 ) , Shien Biau Woo ( Democratic ) ( starting January 15 ) Lieutenant Governor of Florida : Wayne Mixson ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Georgia : Zell Miller ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii : John D. Waihee III ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Idaho : David H. Leroy ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Illinois : George H. Ryan ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Indiana : John Mutz ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Iowa : Robert T. Anderson ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Kansas : Thomas R. Docking ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky : Steve Beshear ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana : Robert `` Bobby '' Freeman ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Maryland : J. Joseph Curran ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts : John Kerry ( Democratic ) ( until January 2 ) , vacant ( starting January 2 ) Lieutenant Governor of Michigan : Martha W. Griffiths ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota : Marlene Johnson ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi : Brad Dye ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Missouri : Kenneth Rothman ( Democratic ) ( until January 14 ) , Harriett Woods ( Democratic ) ( starting January 14 ) Lieutenant Governor of Montana : George Turman ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska : Donald F. McGinley ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Nevada : Bob Cashell ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico : Mike Runnels ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of New York : Alfred DelBello ( Democratic ) ( until February 1 ) , vacant ( starting February 1 ) Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina : James C. Green ( Democratic ) ( until month and day unknown ) , Robert B. Jordan , III ( Democratic ) ( starting month and day unknown ) Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota : Ernest Sands ( Republican ) ( until month and day unknown ) , Ruth Meiers ( Democratic ) ( starting month and day unknown ) Lieutenant Governor of Ohio : Myrl H. Shoemaker ( Democratic ) ( until July 30 ) , vacant ( starting July 30 ) Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma : Spencer Bernard ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania : William Scranton , III ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island : Thomas R. DiLuglio ( Democratic ) ( until January 1 ) , Richard A. Licht ( Democratic ) ( starting January 1 ) Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina : Michael R. Daniel ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota : Lowell C. Hansen II ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee : John S. Wilder ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Texas : William P. Hobby , Jr . ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Utah : David Smith Monson ( Republican ) ( until January 7 ) , W. Val Oveson ( Republican ) ( starting January 7 ) Lieutenant Governor of Vermont : Peter Plympton Smith ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Virginia : Richard Joseph Davis ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Washington : John Cherberg ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin : James T. Flynn ( Democratic ) Events ( edit ) January ( edit ) Ronald Reagan , the President of the United States , began his second term on January 20 January 20 U.S. President Ronald Reagan is privately sworn in for a second term in office ( publicly sworn in , January 21 ) . Super Bowl XIX : The San Francisco 49ers defeat the Miami Dolphins 38 -- 16 at Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto , California . January 28 -- In Hollywood , California , the charity single `` We Are the World '' is recorded by USA for Africa . Like the enormously successful `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' that was recorded by Band Aid in the UK two months prior , the single raises money to combat the ongoing famine in Ethiopia . The American act consists of high - profile performers , including Michael Jackson , Lionel Richie , Tina Turner , Cyndi Lauper and Diana Ross . February ( edit ) February 5 -- Australia cancels its involvement in United States - led MX missile tests . February 9 -- U.S. drug agent Enrique Camarena is kidnapped and murdered in Mexico ( his body is discovered on March 5 ) . February 14 CNN reporter Jeremy Levin is freed from captivity in Lebanon . 21 - year - old female singer Whitney Houston releases her debut album -- Whitney Houston . March ( edit ) March 1 -- The GNU Manifesto by Richard Stallman is published for the first time . March 4 -- The Food and Drug Administration approves a blood test for AIDS , used since then to screen all blood donations in the United States . March 6 -- Mike Tyson makes his professional debut in Albany , New York , a match which he wins by a first - round knockout . March 8 -- A car bomb planted in Beirut by CIA mercenaries attempts to kill Islamic cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah and kills more than eighty people , injuring 200 . March 16 -- Associated Press newsman Terry Anderson is taken hostage in Beirut ( he is eventually released on December 4 , 1991 ) . March 25 -- The 57th Academy Awards are held in Los Angeles , California with Amadeus winning Best Picture . March 31 -- WrestleMania debuts at Madison Square Garden . April ( edit ) National Archives and Records Administration established as an independent federal agency . April 1 -- Eighth seeded Villanova defeats national powerhouse Georgetown 66 -- 64 to win the first 64 team field NCAA Tournament in Lexington , Kentucky . April 11 -- The USS Coral Sea collides with the Ecuadorian tanker ship Napo off the coast of Cuba . April 12 -- 1985 El Descanso bombing : A terrorist bombing attributed to the Islamic Jihad Organization in the El Descanso restaurant near Madrid , Spain , mostly attended by U.S. personnel of the Torrejon Air Force Base , causes eighteen dead ( all Spaniards ) and 82 injured . April 23 -- Coca - Cola changes it 's recipe and releases New Coke . The response is overwhelmingly negative , and the original formula is back on the market within less than three months . May ( edit ) May 5 -- U.S. President Ronald Reagan joins West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl for a controversial funeral service at a cemetery in Bitburg , Germany , which includes the graves of 59 elite S.S. troops from World War II . May 11 -- The FBI brings charges against the suspected heads of the five Mafia families in New York City . May 13 -- Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Mayor Wilson Goode orders police to storm the radical group MOVE 's headquarters to end a stand - off . The police drop an explosive device into the headquarters , killing eleven members of MOVE and destroying the homes of 61 city residents in the resulting fire . May 15 -- An explosive device sent by the Unabomber injures John Hauser at UC Berkeley . May 19 -- John Anthony Walker Jr. , is arrested by the FBI for passing classified Naval communications onto the Soviets . May 31 -- Forty - one tornadoes hit in Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York and Ontario , killing 76 people . June ( edit ) June 9 -- Los Angeles Lakers win the NBA championship . June 13 -- In Auburn , Washington , police defuse a Unabomber bomb sent to Boeing . June 14 -- TWA Flight 847 , carrying 153 passengers from Athens to Rome , is hijacked by a Hezbollah fringe group . One passenger , U.S. Navy Petty Officer Robert Stethem , is killed . June 17 -- John Hendricks launches the Discovery Channel in the United States . June 24 -- STS - 51 - G : Space Shuttle Discovery completes it 's mission , best remembered for having Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud , the first Arab and first Muslim in space , as a Payload Specialist . June 26 -- The Walt Disney World Resort Monorail Gold catches fire on the EPCOT beam around 9 : 00p. m , due to friction caused by a flat tyre . June 27 -- U.S. Route 66 is officially decommissioned . July ( edit ) July 13 : Live Aid in Philadelphia July 3 -- Back to the Future opens in American theatres and ends up being the highest - grossing film of 1985 in the United States , and the first film in the successful franchise . July 13 Live Aid pop concerts in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and London raise over £ 50,000,000 for famine relief in Ethiopia . U.S. Vice President George H.W. Bush serves as Acting President for eight hours , while President Ronald W. Reagan undergoes colon cancer surgery . July 19 -- U.S. Vice President George H.W. Bush announces that New Hampshire teacher Christa McAuliffe will become the first school teacher to ride aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger . July 20 -- The main ship wreck site of the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha ( which sank in 1622 ) is found forty miles off the coast of Key West , Florida by treasure hunters who begin to excavate $400,000,000 in coins and silver . July 24 -- Commodore launches the Amiga personal computer at the Lincoln Center in New York City . August ( edit ) August 2 -- Delta Air Lines Flight 191 crashes near Dallas , Texas , killing 137 people . August 4 -- Major League Baseball player Rod Carew of the California Angels becomes the sixteenth player to achieve 3,000 hits in a career . August 25 -- Samantha Smith , `` Goodwill Ambassador '' between the Soviet Union and the United States for writing a letter to Yuri Andropov about nuclear war , and eventually visiting the Soviet Union at Andropov 's request , dies in the Bar Harbor Airlines Flight 1808 plane crash . She was thirteen years old . August 31 -- Richard Ramirez , the serial killer known as the Night Stalker , is captured in Los Angeles . September ( edit ) September 6 -- Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105 , a Douglas DC - 9 , crashes just after takeoff from Milwaukee , Wisconsin , killing 31 people . October ( edit ) October 4 -- The Free Software Foundation is founded in Massachusetts , USA . October 7 The cruise ship Achille Lauro is hijacked in the Mediterranean Sea by four heavily armed Palestinian terrorists . One passenger , American Leon Klinghoffer , is killed . The Mameyes landslide kills close to three hundred people in the worst ever landslide in North American history . October 18 -- The Nintendo Entertainment System is released in U.S. stores . November ( edit ) November 15 -- In separate events , mail bombs kill two people in Salt Lake City , Utah ; a third bomb explodes the next day , injuring career counterfeiter Mark Hofmann . The ensuing police investigation leads to the arrest of Hofmann for the two murders . November 18 -- The comic strip Calvin and Hobbes debuts in 35 newspapers . November 19 -- Cold War : In Geneva , U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet for the first time . November 20 -- Microsoft Corporation releases the first version of Windows , Windows 1.0 . November 26 -- U.S. President Ronald Reagan sells the rights to his autobiography to Random House for a record US $3,000,000 . December ( edit ) December 1 -- The Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable are released for sale to the public . December 12 -- Arrow Air Flight 1285 , a Douglas DC - 8 , crashes after takeoff in Gander , Newfoundland , killing 256 , 248 of whom were U.S. servicemen returning to Fort Campbell , Kentucky from overseeing a peacekeeping force in Sinai . December 16 -- In New York City , Mafia bosses Paul Castellano and Thomas Bilotti are shot dead in front of Spark 's Steak House , making hit organizer John Gotti the leader of the powerful Gambino crime family . December 24 -- Right wing extremist David Lewis Rice murders civil rights attorney Charles Goldmark as well as Goldmark 's wife and two children in Seattle . Rice suspected the family of being both Jewish and Communist , and claimed his dedication to the Christian Identity movement drove him to the crime . December 27 -- American naturalist Dian Fossey is found murdered in Rwanda . December 31 -- The last issue of The Columbus Citizen - Journal is circulated . Undated ( edit ) `` The Year of the Spy '' , name given by media to 1985 because of large number of foreign spies arrested in the United St . 1985 Recordings which raised funds for famine relief USA for Africa ( `` We Are the World '' ) and Live Aid NeXT is founded by Steve Jobs after he resigns from Apple Computer . The Tommy Hilfiger brand is established . The Asian tiger mosquito , an invasive species , is first found in Houston , Texas . Ongoing ( edit ) Cold War ( 1945 -- 1991 ) Iran -- Contra affair ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Births ( edit ) January 11 -- Aja Naomi King , actress January 29 -- Mikey Hachey , bass player February 6 -- Crystal Reed , actress February 7 -- Deborah Ann Woll , actress February 19 Haylie Duff , actress , singer , and songwriter Arielle Kebbel , actress February 22 -- Sean Garballey , politician March 15 -- Eva Amurri , actress and daughter of Susan Sarandon and Franco Amurri March 21 -- Sonequa Martin - Green , actress and producer March 26 -- Jonathan Groff , actor and singer March 31 -- Jessica Szohr , actress April 15 Chris Cates , baseball player John Danks , baseball player Aaron Laffey , baseball player April 17 -- Rooney Mara , actress May 8 -- Usama Young , American football player May 12 -- Tally Hall , soccer player June 6 -- Chris Henry , American football player June 25 -- Annaleigh Ashford , actress and singer June 30 Michael Phelps , swimmer Cody Rhodes , wrestler June 24 -- Jandy Nelson , writer June 28 -- Cory Blair , rugby player July 2 -- Ashley Tisdale , actress , singer , and producer August 9 -- Anna Kendrick , actress and singer August 15 -- Emily Kinney , actress , singer , and songwriter August 16 -- Cristin Milioti , actress and singer August 27 -- Kayla Ewell , actress August 29 -- Marc Rzepczynski , baseball player October 8 -- Bruno Mars , singer - songwriter , producer , and actor October 11 -- Michelle Trachtenberg , actress , producer , and singer October 28 -- Troian Bellisario , actress and daughter of Donald P. Bellisario November 12 -- Arianny Celeste , model and actress November 15 -- Charron Fisher , basketball player November 25 -- Dan Carpenter , American football player November 30 Kaley Cuoco , actress Chrissy Teigen , model December 1 -- Janelle Monáe , singer , songwriter , actress , and model December 3 -- Amanda Seyfried , actress , singer , and songwriter December 5 -- Frankie Muniz , actor , musician , writer , producer and racecar driver December 21 -- James Stewart , Jr. , motorcycle racer December 26 -- Beth Behrs , actress Deaths ( edit ) See also : Deaths in 1985 February 21 -- John G. Trump , American electrical engineer , inventor , and physicist ( b . 1907 ) February 22 -- Alexander Scourby , actor ( born 1913 ) March 13 -- Annette Hanshaw , singer ( b . 1901 ) April 1 -- Douglass Wallop , author and playwright ( b . 1920 ) October 2 -- Rock Hudson , actor ( b . 1925 ) October 10 Yul Brynner , Russian - born American actor ( b . 1920 ) Orson Welles , actor and director ( born 1915 ) November 16 -- John Sparkman , United States Senator from Alabama from 1946 till 1979 . ( b . 1899 ) November 25 -- Ray Jablonski , American baseball player ( b . 1926 ) See also ( edit ) 1985 in American television List of American films of 1985 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kifner , John ( 1985 - 02 - 15 ) . `` U.S. TV Reporter Free In Lebanon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Milestones of the U.S. Archival Profession and the National Archives , 1800 - 2011 '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Media related to 1985 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons Years in the United States ( 1776 -- present ) 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 1985 in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1985_in_the_United_States&oldid=797212623 '' Categories : 1985 in the United States 1985 by country Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from July 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 16 : 43 . 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5929074859186388827 | List of United Nations organizations by location | List of United Nations organizations by location - wikipedia List of United Nations organizations by location Jump to : navigation , search The Palace of Nations . The United Nations Office at Geneva ( Switzerland ) is the second most important UN centre , after the United Nations Headquarters . While the Secretariat of the United Nations is headquartered in New York City , its many bodies , specialized agencies and related organizations are situated in other parts of the world , particularly in Europe . 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International Monetary Fund United Nations Atlas of the Oceans World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Development Association International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency South America ( edit ) Chile Santiago Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Costa Rica Ciudad Colón ( University for Peace ) ( associated ) Africa ( edit ) Kenya Nairobi United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Human Settlements Programme United Nations Office at Nairobi Ethiopia Addis Ababa Economic Commission for Africa Tanzania Arusha International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Middle East ( edit ) Jordan Amman United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ( co-located in the Gaza Strip ) Lebanon Beirut Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Asia ( edit ) Japan Tokyo United Nations University Macau São Lázaro United Nations University Institute on Computing and Society Thailand Bangkok Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Statistics ( edit ) Relative sizes of the main offices of the United Nations ( in 2015 ) Location Number of employees in offices of the United Nations New York City 10,000 Geneva 9,800 Nairobi 4,000 Vienna 4,000 Rome 3,200 Copenhagen 1,350 See also ( edit ) United Nations United Nations System List of United Nations Organizations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Le Temps , Friday 3 July 2015 . 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-9156625884495528278 | List of Quantum Leap episodes | List of quantum Leap episodes - wikipedia List of quantum Leap episodes Jump to : navigation , search Quantum Leap is an American television series that first aired on NBC from March 1989 to May 1993 . The series was created by Donald P. Bellisario , and stars Scott Bakula as Dr. Sam Beckett . This list is in chronological order of broadcasts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 1989 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 1989 -- 1990 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 1991 -- 1992 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 1992 -- 1993 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired DVD release date First aired Last aired Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 9 March 26 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 26 ) May 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 17 ) June 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 08 ) November 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 08 ) May 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 02 ) 22 September 20 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 20 ) May 9 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 09 ) December 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 14 ) October 31 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 31 ) February 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 07 ) 22 September 28 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 28 ) May 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 22 ) May 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 10 ) May 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 10 ) June 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 07 ) 22 September 18 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 18 ) May 20 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 20 ) March 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 28 ) June 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 26 ) November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 ) 5 22 September 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 22 ) May 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 05 ) November 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) December 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 26 ) February 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 21 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1989 ) ( edit ) Main article : Quantum Leap ( season 1 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Leap location & date Original air date Prod . code `` Genesis '' David Hemmings Donald P. Bellisario Edwards Air Force Base , Blockfield , California September 13 , 1956 / Waco , Texas Summer 1968 March 26 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 26 ) 83549 `` Star - Crossed '' Mark Sobel Deborah Pratt Marion , Ohio June 15 , 1972 March 31 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 31 ) 65003 `` The Right Hand of God '' Gilbert Shilton John Hill Sacramento , California October 24 , 1974 April 7 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 07 ) 65002 5 5 `` How the Tess Was Won '' Ivan Dixon Deborah Arakelian Texas August 5 , 1956 April 14 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 14 ) 65004 6 6 `` Double Identity '' Aaron Lipstadt Donald Bellisario Brooklyn , New York November 8 , 1965 April 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 21 ) 65001 7 7 `` The Color of Truth '' Michael Vejar Deborah Pratt Alabama August 8 , 1955 May 3 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 03 ) 65013 8 8 `` Kamikazi Kid '' Alan J. Levi Paul Brown Los Angeles , California June 6 , 1961 May 10 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 10 ) 65014 9 9 `` Play It Again , Seymour '' Aaron Lipstadt Story by : Donald Bellisario , Scott Shepard & Tom Blomquist Teleplay by : Donald Bellisario & Scott Shepard New York City , New York April 14 , 1953 May 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 17 ) 65009 Season 2 ( 1989 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) Main article : Quantum Leap ( season 2 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Leap location & date Original air date Production code 10 `` Honeymoon Express '' Aaron Lipstadt Donald P. Bellisario 1957 / New York , New York April 27 , 1960 September 20 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 20 ) 65411 11 `` Disco Inferno '' Gilbert M. Shilton Paul Brown Burbank , California April 1 , 1976 September 27 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 27 ) 65401 12 `` The Americanization of Machiko '' Gilbert M. Shilton Charlie Coffey Oak Creek , Ohio August 4 , 1953 October 11 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 11 ) 65406 13 `` What Price Gloria ? '' Alan J. Levi Deborah Pratt Detroit , Michigan October 16 , 1961 October 25 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 25 ) 65017 14 5 `` Blind Faith '' David G. Phinney Scott Shepard New York , New York February 6 , 1964 November 1 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 01 ) 65402 15 6 `` Good Morning , Peoria '' Michael Zinberg Chris Ruppenthal Peoria , Illinois September 9 , 1959 November 8 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 08 ) 65408 16 7 `` Thou Shalt Not ... '' Randy Roberts Tammy Ader Los Angeles , California February 2 , 1974 November 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 15 ) 65409 17 8 `` Jimmy '' James Whitmore , Jr . Paul M. Belous & Robert Wolterstorff Oakland , California October 14 , 1964 November 22 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 22 ) 65407 18 9 `` So Help Me God '' Andy Cadiff Deborah Pratt Louisiana July 29 , 1957 November 29 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 29 ) 65410 19 10 `` Catch A Falling Star '' Donald Bellisario Paul Brown Syracuse , New York May 21 , 1979 December 6 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 06 ) 65413 20 11 `` A Portrait for Troian '' Michael Zinberg Story by : John Hill & Scott Shepard Teleplay by : Donald Bellisario & Scott Shepard Near Los Angeles , California February 7 , 1971 December 13 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 13 ) 65409 21 12 `` Animal Frat '' Gilbert M. Shilton Chris Ruppenthal Meeks College in California October 19 , 1967 January 3 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 03 ) 65417 22 13 `` Another Mother '' Joseph L. Scanlan Deborah Pratt Scottsdale , Arizona September 30 , 1981 January 10 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 10 ) 65415 23 14 `` All - Americans '' John Cullum Paul Brown & Donald P. Bellisario Woodland Hills , California November 6 , 1962 January 17 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 17 ) 65418 24 15 `` Her Charm '' Christopher T. Welch Story by : Donald Bellisario , Deborah Pratt , Paul M. Belous & Robert Wolterstorff Teleplay by : Donald Bellisario & Deborah Pratt Boston , Massachusetts September 26 , 1973 February 7 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 07 ) 65416 25 16 `` Freedom '' Alan J. Levi Chris Ruppenthal Nevada November 22 , 1970 February 14 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 14 ) 65423 26 17 `` Good Night , Dear Heart '' Christopher T. Welch Paul Brown Riven Rock , Massachusetts November 9 , 1957 March 7 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 07 ) 65424 27 18 `` Pool Hall Blues '' Joe Napolitano Randy Holland Chicago , Illinois September 4 , 1954 March 14 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 14 ) 65422 28 19 `` Leaping in Without a Net '' Christopher T. Welch Tommy Thompson Near Denver , Colorado November 18 , 1958 March 28 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 28 ) 65421 29 20 `` Maybe Baby '' Michael Zinberg Julie Brown & Paul Brown Texas March 11 , 1963 April 4 , 1990 ( 1990 - 04 - 04 ) 65428 30 21 `` Sea Bride '' Joe Napolitano Deborah Pratt RMS Queen Mary in the Upper New York Bay June 3 , 1954 May 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 02 ) 65430 31 22 `` M.I.A. '' Micheael Zinberg Donald Bellisario San Diego , California April 1 , 1969 May 9 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 09 ) 65412 Season 3 ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) Main article : Quantum Leap ( season 3 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Leap location & date Original air date Production code 32 `` The Leap Home ( Part 1 ) '' Joe Napolitano Donald P. Bellisario Elk Ridge , Indiana November 25 , 1969 September 28 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 28 ) 66401 33 `` The Leap Home ( Part 2 ) -- Vietnam '' Michael Zinberg Donald P. Bellisario Vietnam April 7 , 1970 October 5 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 05 ) 66402 34 `` Leap of Faith '' James Whitmore , Jr . Story by : Nick Harding , Karen Hall and Tommy Thompson Teleplay by : Tommy Thompson Philadelphia , Pennsylvania August 19 , 1963 October 12 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 12 ) 66408 35 `` One Strobe over the Line '' Michael Zinberg Chris Ruppenthal New York City June 15 , 1965 October 19 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 19 ) 66409 36 5 `` The Boogieman '' Joe Napolitano Chris Ruppenthal Coventry , Maine October 31 , 1964 October 26 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 26 ) 66410 37 6 `` Miss Deep South '' Christopher T. Welch Tommy Thompson Louisiana June 7 , 1958 November 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 02 ) 66406 38 7 `` Black on White on Fire '' Joe Napolitano Deborah Pratt Watts , Los Angeles , California August 11 , 1965 November 9 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 09 ) 66403 39 8 `` The Great Spontini '' James Whitmore , Jr . Cristy Dawson & Beverly Bridges Oakland , California May 9 , 1974 November 16 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 16 ) 66412 40 9 `` Rebel Without a Clue '' James Whitmore , Jr . Story by : Nick Harding & Paul Brown Teleplay by : Randy Holland & Paul Brown Near Big Sur , California September 1 , 1958 November 30 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 30 ) 66407 41 10 `` A Little Miracle '' Michael Watkins Story by : Sandy Fries Teleplay by : Sandy Fries and Robert A. Wolterstorff New York , New York December 24 , 1962 December 21 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 21 ) 66414 42 11 `` Runaway '' Michael Katleman Paul Brown Carbon County , Wyoming July 4 , 1964 January 4 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 04 ) 66405 43 12 `` 81⁄2 Months '' James Whitmore , Jr . Deborah Pratt Claremore , Oklahoma November 15 , 1955 March 6 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 06 ) 66421 44 13 `` Future Boy '' Michael Switzer Tommy Thompson St. Louis , Missouri October 6 , 1957 March 13 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 13 ) 66417 45 14 `` Private Dancer '' Debbie Allen Paul Brown New York City October 6 , 1979 March 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 20 ) 66416 46 15 `` Piano Man '' James Whitmore , Jr . Ed Scharlach Tularosa , New Mexico November 10 , 1985 March 27 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 27 ) 66419 47 16 `` Southern Comforts '' Chris Ruppenthal Tommy Thompson New Orleans , Louisiana August 4 , 1961 April 3 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 03 ) 64422 48 17 `` Glitter Rock '' Andy Cadiff Chris Ruppenthal Detroit , Michigan April 12 , 1974 April 10 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 10 ) 64404 49 18 `` A Hunting We Will Go '' Andy Cadiff Beverly Bridges Arkansas June 18 , 1976 April 18 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 18 ) 66424 50 19 `` Last Dance Before An Execution '' Michael Watkins Story by : Bill Bigelow , Donald Bellisario & Deborah Pratt Teleplay by : Deborah Pratt Tallahassee , Florida May 12 , 1971 May 1 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 01 ) 66421 51 20 `` Heart of a Champion '' Joe Napolitano Tommy Thompson Atlanta , Georgia July 23 , 1955 May 8 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 08 ) 66425 52 21 `` Nuclear Family '' James Whitmore , Jr . Paul Brown Homestead , Florida October 26 , 1962 May 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 15 ) 66426 53 22 `` Shock Theater '' Joe Napolitano Deborah Pratt Havenwell , Pennsylvania October 3 , 1954 May 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 22 ) 66428 Season 4 ( 1991 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) Main article : Quantum Leap ( season 4 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Leap location & date Original air date Production code 54 `` The Leap Back '' Michael Zinberg Donald P. Bellisario Crown Point , Indiana June 15 , 1945 September 18 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 18 ) 67303 55 `` Play Ball '' Joe Napolitano Tommy Thompson Galveston , Texas August 6 , 1961 September 25 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 25 ) 67305 56 `` Hurricane '' Michael Watkins Chris Ruppenthal Jackson Point , Mississippi August 17 , 1969 October 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 02 ) 67306 57 `` Justice '' Rob Bowman Toni Graphia Alabama May 11 , 1965 October 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 09 ) 67309 58 5 `` Permanent Wave '' Scott Bakula Beverly Bridges Beverly Hills , California June 2 , 1983 October 16 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 16 ) 67302 59 6 `` Raped '' Michael Zinberg Beverly Bridges Mill Valley , California June 20 , 1980 October 30 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 30 ) 67312 60 7 `` The Wrong Stuff '' Joe Napolitano Paul Brown Cape Canaveral , Florida January 24 , 1961 November 6 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 06 ) 67308 61 8 `` Dreams '' Anita W. Addison Deborah Pratt Malibu , California February 28 , 1979 November 13 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 13 ) 67320 62 9 `` A Single Drop of Rain '' Virgil W. Vogel Story by : Donald Bellisario , Ralph Meyering , Jr . & Richard C. Okie Teleplay by : Richard C. Okie Clover Bend , Texas September 7 , 1953 November 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 20 ) 67317 63 10 `` Unchained '' Michael Watkins Paris Qualles Talawaga County , Alabama November 2 , 1956 November 27 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 27 ) 67314 64 11 `` The Play 's the Thing '' Eric Laneuville Beverly Bridges New York City September 9 , 1969 January 8 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 08 ) 67301 65 12 `` Running For Honor '' Bob Hulme Bobby Duncan Near Lakeside , Macomb County , Michigan June 11 , 1964 January 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 15 ) 67319 66 13 `` Temptation Eyes '' Christopher Hibler Paul Brown San Francisco February 1 , 1985 January 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 22 ) 67322 67 14 `` The Last Gunfighter '' Joe Napolitano Story by : Sam Rolfe Teleplay by : Sam Rolfe & Chris Ruppenthal Coffin , Arizona November 28 , 1957 January 29 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 29 ) 67318 68 15 `` A Song for the Soul '' Michael Watkins Deborah Pratt Chicago , Illinois April 7 , 1963 February 26 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 26 ) 67304 69 16 `` Ghost Ship '' Anita W. Addison Donald Bellisario & Paris Qualles Bermuda Triangle August 13 , 1956 March 4 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 04 ) 67307 70 17 `` Roberto ! '' Scott Bakula Chris Ruppenthal Destiny , New Mexico January 27 , 1982 March 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 11 ) 67326 71 18 `` It 's A Wonderful Leap '' Paul Brown Story by : Danielle Alexandra Teleplay by : Danielle Alexandra & Paul Brown New York City May 10 , 1958 April 1 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 01 ) 67324 72 19 `` Moments to Live '' Joe Napolitano Tommy Thompson Los Angeles , California May 4 , 1985 April 8 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 08 ) 67325 73 20 `` The Curse of Ptah - Hotep '' Joe Napolitano Chris Ruppenthal Saqqara , Egypt March 2 , 1957 April 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 22 ) 67328 74 21 `` Stand Up '' Michael Zinberg Deborah Pratt Glendale , Arizona April 30 , 1959 May 13 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 13 ) 67315 75 22 `` A Leap for Lisa '' James Whitmore , Jr . Donald Belllisario San Diego Naval Air Station , California June 25 , 1957 May 20 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 20 ) 67329 Season 5 ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Main article : Quantum Leap ( season 5 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Leap location & date Original air date Prod . code 76 `` Lee Harvey Oswald ( Part 1 ) -- Leaping on a String '' James Whitmore , Jr . Donald P. Bellisario Dallas , Texas March 21 , 1963 / Atsugi , Kanagawa , Japan October 5 -- 7 , 1957 / Tustin , California January 6 , 1959 September 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 22 ) 68102A 77 `` Lee Harvey Oswald ( Part 2 ) -- Leap to Judgement '' James Whitmore , Jr . Donald P. Bellisario Lubyanka in Moscow , Russia October 21 , 1959 / Dallas , Texas April 10 , 1963 / New Orleans , Louisiana August 9 , 1963 / Dallas , Texas November 21 -- 22 , 1963 September 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 22 ) 68102B 78 `` Leaping of the Shrew '' Alan J. Levi Robin Jill Bernheim & Richard C. Okie Aegean Sea September 27 , 1956 September 29 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 29 ) 68104 79 `` Nowhere to Run '' Alan J. Levi Tommy Thompson San Diego , California August 10 , 1968 October 6 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 06 ) 68103 80 5 `` Killin ' Time '' Michael Watkins Tommy Thompson Pine County , Oklahoma June 18 , 1958 October 20 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 20 ) 68116 81 6 `` Star Light , Star Bright '' Christopher Hibler Richard C. Okie Charlemont , Massachusetts May 21 , 1966 October 27 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 27 ) 68101 82 7 `` Deliver Us From Evil '' Bob Hulme Deborah Pratt , Robin Jill Bernheim & Tommy Thompson Oakland , California March 19 , 1966 November 10 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 10 ) 68109 83 8 `` Trilogy ( Part 1 ) -- One Little Heart '' James Whitmore , Jr . Deborah Pratt Pottersville , Louisiana August 8 , 1955 November 17 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 17 ) 68105 84 9 `` Trilogy ( Part 2 ) -- For Your Love '' James Whitmore , Jr . Deborah Pratt Pottersville , Louisiana June 14 , 1966 November 24 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 24 ) 68112 85 10 `` Trilogy ( Part 3 ) -- The Last Door '' James Whitmore , Jr . Deborah Pratt Baton Rouge , Louisiana July 28 , 1978 November 24 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 24 ) 68113 86 11 `` Promised Land '' Scott Bakula Gillian Horvath & Tommy Thompson Elk Ridge , Indiana December 22 , 1971 December 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 15 ) 68110 87 12 `` A Tale of Two Sweeties '' Christopher Hibler Robin Jill Bernheim Pompano Beach Airpark , Florida February 25 , 1958 January 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 05 ) 67301 88 13 `` Liberation '' Bob Hulme Chris Abbott & Deborah Pratt Connecticut October 16 , 1968 January 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 12 ) 68108 89 14 `` Dr. Ruth '' Stuart Margolin Robin Jill Bernheim Manhattan , New York April 25 , 1985 January 19 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 19 ) 68114 90 15 `` Blood Moon '' Alan J. Levi Tommy Thompson Outside of London , England March 10 , 1975 February 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 09 ) 68117 91 16 `` Return of the Evil Leaper '' Harvey Laidman Richard C. Okie North Falls , New York October 8 , 1956 February 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 23 ) 68124 92 17 `` Revenge of the Evil Leaper '' Debbie Allen Deborah Pratt Mallard , Ohio September 16 , 1987 February 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 23 ) 68125 93 18 `` Goodbye Norma Jean '' Christopher Hibler Richard C. Okie Hollywood , California April 4 , 1960 March 2 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 02 ) 68115 94 19 `` The Beast Within '' Gus Trikonis John D'Aquino Washington State November 6 , 1972 March 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 16 ) 68122 95 20 `` The Leap Between The States '' David Hemmings Richard C. Okie Mansfield County , Virginia September 20 , 1862 March 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 30 ) 68121 96 21 `` Memphis Melody '' James Whitmore , Jr . Robin Jill Bernheim Memphis , Tennessee July 3 , 1954 April 20 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 20 ) 67325 97 22 `` Mirror Image '' James Whitmore , Jr . Donald Bellisario Cokeburg , Pennsylvania August 8 , 1953 / San Diego , California April 3 , 1969 May 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 05 ) 68126 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00005JM3A Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00061S0BY Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0002NY81C Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000B73H8O Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007UDCX0 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000BRPX5O Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000CQM4YM Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000FFJVJ6 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000HT3Q2I Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000JJ7C1M Jump up ^ http://thumbs.worthpoint.com/zoom/images2/1/0716/14/vintage-original-1988-quantum-leap_1_300f7c4c9039c0abebf63236c2d097da.jpg External links ( edit ) Quantum Leap on IMDb ( hide ) Quantum Leap Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Good Night , Dear Heart '' `` Pool Hall Blues '' Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Characters Sam Beckett Al Calavicci Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Quantum_Leap_episodes&oldid=798760155 '' Categories : Drama television navigational boxes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Time travel television episodes Quantum Leap Hidden categories : Pages with disallowed DISPLAYTITLE modifications Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Magyar Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 17 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes are there in quantum leap | [
"\n\nNo. in\nseries\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nLeap location & date\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\n\n\n76\n1\n\"Lee Harvey Oswald (Part 1)\n– Leaping on a String\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nDonald P. Bellisario\nDallas, Texas\nMarch 21, 1963 /\nAtsugi, Kanagawa, Japan\nOctober 5–7, 1957 /\nTustin, California\nJanuary 6, 1959\nSeptember 22, 1992 (1992-09-22)\n68102A\n\n\n77\n2\n\"Lee Harvey Oswald (Part 2)\n– Leap to Judgement\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nDonald P. Bellisario\nLubyanka in Moscow, Russia\nOctober 21, 1959 /\nDallas, Texas\nApril 10, 1963 /\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\nAugust 9, 1963 /\nDallas, Texas\nNovember 21–22, 1963\nSeptember 22, 1992 (1992-09-22)\n68102B\n\n\n78\n3\n\"Leaping of the Shrew\"\nAlan J. Levi\nRobin Jill Bernheim\n& Richard C. Okie\nAegean Sea\nSeptember 27, 1956\nSeptember 29, 1992 (1992-09-29)\n68104\n\n\n79\n4\n\"Nowhere to Run\"\nAlan J. Levi\nTommy Thompson\nSan Diego, California\nAugust 10, 1968\nOctober 6, 1992 (1992-10-06)\n68103\n\n\n80\n5\n\"Killin' Time\"\nMichael Watkins\nTommy Thompson\nPine County, Oklahoma\nJune 18, 1958\nOctober 20, 1992 (1992-10-20)\n68116\n\n\n81\n6\n\"Star Light, Star Bright\"\nChristopher Hibler\nRichard C. Okie\nCharlemont, Massachusetts\nMay 21, 1966\nOctober 27, 1992 (1992-10-27)\n68101\n\n\n82\n7\n\"Deliver Us From Evil\"\nBob Hulme\nDeborah Pratt,\nRobin Jill Bernheim\n& Tommy Thompson\nOakland, California\nMarch 19, 1966\nNovember 10, 1992 (1992-11-10)\n68109\n\n\n83\n8\n\"Trilogy (Part 1)\n– One Little Heart\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nDeborah Pratt\nPottersville, Louisiana\nAugust 8, 1955\nNovember 17, 1992 (1992-11-17)\n68105\n\n\n84\n9\n\"Trilogy (Part 2)\n– For Your Love\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nDeborah Pratt\nPottersville, Louisiana\nJune 14, 1966\nNovember 24, 1992 (1992-11-24)\n68112\n\n\n85\n10\n\"Trilogy (Part 3)\n– The Last Door\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nDeborah Pratt\nBaton Rouge, Louisiana\nJuly 28, 1978\nNovember 24, 1992 (1992-11-24)\n68113\n\n\n86\n11\n\"Promised Land\"\nScott Bakula\nGillian Horvath &\nTommy Thompson\nElk Ridge, Indiana\nDecember 22, 1971\nDecember 15, 1992 (1992-12-15)\n68110\n\n\n87\n12\n\"A Tale of Two Sweeties\"\nChristopher Hibler\nRobin Jill Bernheim\nPompano Beach Airpark, Florida\nFebruary 25, 1958\nJanuary 5, 1993 (1993-01-05)\n67301\n\n\n88\n13\n\"Liberation\"\nBob Hulme\nChris Abbott &\nDeborah Pratt\nConnecticut\nOctober 16, 1968\nJanuary 12, 1993 (1993-01-12)\n68108\n\n\n89\n14\n\"Dr. Ruth\"\nStuart Margolin\nRobin Jill Bernheim\nManhattan, New York\nApril 25, 1985\nJanuary 19, 1993 (1993-01-19)\n68114\n\n\n90\n15\n\"Blood Moon\"\nAlan J. Levi\nTommy Thompson\nOutside of London, England\nMarch 10, 1975\nFebruary 9, 1993 (1993-02-09)\n68117\n\n\n91\n16\n\"Return of the Evil Leaper\"\nHarvey Laidman\nRichard C. Okie\nNorth Falls, New York\nOctober 8, 1956\nFebruary 23, 1993 (1993-02-23)\n68124\n\n\n92\n17\n\"Revenge of the Evil Leaper\"\nDebbie Allen\nDeborah Pratt\nMallard, Ohio\nSeptember 16, 1987\nFebruary 23, 1993 (1993-02-23)\n68125\n\n\n93\n18\n\"Goodbye Norma Jean\"\nChristopher Hibler\nRichard C. Okie\nHollywood, California\nApril 4, 1960\nMarch 2, 1993 (1993-03-02)\n68115\n\n\n94\n19\n\"The Beast Within\"\nGus Trikonis\nJohn D'Aquino\nWashington State\nNovember 6, 1972\nMarch 16, 1993 (1993-03-16)\n68122\n\n\n95\n20\n\"The Leap Between The States\"\nDavid Hemmings\nRichard C. Okie\nMansfield County, Virginia\nSeptember 20, 1862\nMarch 30, 1993 (1993-03-30)\n68121\n\n\n96\n21\n\"Memphis Melody\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nRobin Jill Bernheim\nMemphis, Tennessee\nJuly 3, 1954\nApril 20, 1993 (1993-04-20)\n67325\n\n\n97\n22\n\"Mirror Image\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nDonald Bellisario\nCokeburg, Pennsylvania\nAugust 8, 1953 /\nSan Diego, California\nApril 3, 1969\nMay 5, 1993 (1993-05-05)\n68126\n\n"
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643301137219883539 | Monarchy in Ontario | Monarchy in Ontario - wikipedia Monarchy in Ontario Jump to : navigation , search Queen in Right of Ontario Provincial / State Coat of arms of Ontario Incumbent Elizabeth II Queen of Canada since 6 February 1952 Details Style Her Majesty First monarch Victoria Formation 1 July 1867 By the arrangements of the Canadian federation , Canada 's monarchy operates in Ontario as the core of the province 's Westminster - style parliamentary democracy . As such , the Crown within Ontario 's jurisdiction may be referred to as the Crown in Right of Ontario , Her Majesty in Right of Ontario , the Queen in Right of Ontario , or Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Ontario . The Constitution Act , 1867 , however , leaves many functions in Ontario specifically assigned to the sovereign 's viceroy , the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario , whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional monarchy in Ontario 1.1 Royal associations 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Constitutional monarchy in Ontario ( edit ) Main article : Monarchy in the Canadian provinces The role of the Crown is both legal and practical ; it functions in Ontario in the same way it does in all of Canada 's other provinces , being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign 's authority share the power of the whole . It is thus the foundation of the executive , legislative , and judicial branches of the province 's government . The Canadian monarch -- since 6 February 1952 , Queen Elizabeth II -- is represented and has her duties carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario , whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy , with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians , the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them , and the judges and justices of the peace . The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power . This arrangement began with the 1867 British North America Act , and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the early 17th century . However , though Ontario has its own government , of which the Lieutenant Governor , as the Queen 's representative , Ontario is not itself a kingdom . Queen Elizabeth II in Toronto , 2010 A viceregal suite in the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto is used both as an office and official event location by the lieutenant governor , the sovereign , and other members of the Canadian Royal Family . The Lieutenant Governor resides in his or her own private residence , though may be provided accommodations by the provincial government if her or she is not from Toronto . The Queen and her relations reside at a hotel when in Ontario . The Great Seal of Ontario , held by the lieutenant governor and entrusted by him or her to the Attorney General of Ontario Royal associations ( edit ) Further information : Royal tours of Canada The Crown has held a place of special significance throughout Ontario 's history . The visit of our Queen serves as a reminder of this fact , and I believe it can be a more memorable occasion for our young citizens if it is supported by a meaningful learning experience . Thomas Leonard Wells , Ontario Minister of Education , 1973 Those in the Royal Family perform ceremonial duties when on a tour of the province ; the royal persons do not receive any personal income for their service , only the costs associated with the exercise of these obligations are funded by both the Canadian and Ontario Crowns in their respective councils . Monuments around Ontario mark some of those visits , while others honour a royal personage or event . Further , Ontario 's monarchical status is illustrated by royal names applied regions , communities , schools , and buildings , many of which may also have a specific history with a member or members of the Royal Family ; for example , Ontario has at least 47 distinct features named for Queen Victoria : one county , one township , 14 populated places , and 31 physical features . Associations also exist between the Crown and many private organizations within the province ; these may have been founded by a Royal Charter , receive a royal prefix , and / or be honoured with the patronage of a member of the Royal Family . Examples include the Royal Hamilton Yacht Club , which is under the patronage of Charles , Prince of Wales , and received its royal designation from Queen Victoria in 1891 , and the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto , which , though founded in 1886 , was constituted through royal charter by King George VI in 1947 . The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign herself , her image ( in portrait or effigy ) thus being used to signify government authority . A royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority , without referring to any specific monarch . Further , though the monarch does not form a part of the constitutions of Ontario 's honours , they do stem from the Crown as the fount of honour , and so bear on the insignia symbols of the sovereign . The Royal Ontario Museum , Toronto A proposed Victoria Square for Toronto , directly south of Old City Hall The statue of Queen Victoria located in front of the Ontario Legislative Building The effigies of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth on the Queen Elizabeth Way Monument The Princes ' Gates at Exhibition Place in Toronto The Alexandra Bridge in Ottawa , named for Queen Alexandra A plaque on the columns of the Alexandra Gates , on Philosopher 's Walk in Toronto Fort Frederick in Kingston , named for Frederick , Prince of Wales History ( edit ) Main article : History of monarchy in Canada See also ( edit ) List of royal visits to Hamilton , Ontario Symbols of Ontario Monarchy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Victoria ( 29 March 1867 ) . `` Constitution Act , 1867 '' . III. 9 , V. 58 . Westminster : Queen 's Printer . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 25 July 2007 ) . `` Municipal Tax Assistance Act '' . 1 . Toronto : Queen 's Printer for Ontario . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 12 February 2007 ) . `` Environmental Protection Act '' . 2.1. i . Toronto : Queen 's Printer for Ontario . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Pinet v . The Queen in right of Ontario , Title ( Ontario Court of Appeal 13 April 1995 ) . Text Jump up ^ HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN RIGHT OF ONTARIO AS REPRESENTED BY THE MINISTER OF FINANCE ( Motor Vehicle Accident Claims Fund ) and CGU GROUP CANADA LTD . ( Commercial Union Assurance Company of Canada ) , Title ( ARBITRATION pursuant to the Arbitration Act , 1991 , S.O. 1991 , c. 17 3 March 2000 ) . Text ^ Jump up to : MacLeod , Kevin S. ( 2008 ) . A Crown of Maples ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 46012 - 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Cox , Noel ( September 2002 ) . `` Black v Chrétien : Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power , Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence '' . Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law . Perth : Murdoch University . 9 ( 3 ) : 12 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Privy Council Office ( 2008 ) . Accountable Government : A Guide for Ministers and Ministers of State -- 2008 . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 100 - 11096 - 7 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Edward ( 2009 ) . `` Ensuring Constitutional Wisdom During Unconventional Times '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Parliamentary Review . Ottawa : Commonwealth Parliamentary Association . 23 ( 1 ) : 15 . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Kevin S. ( 2008 ) . A Crown of Maples ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 46012 - 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Forsey , Eugene ( 31 December 1974 ) . `` Crown and Cabinet '' . In Forsey , Eugene . Freedom and Order : Collected Essays . Toronto : McClelland & Stewart Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 9773 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II : Empire Day '' . Archives of Ontario . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Sean ; Aimers , John ( 2002 ) , The Cost of Canada 's Constitutional Monarchy : $1.10 per Canadian ( 2 ed . ) , Toronto : Monarchist League of Canada , archived from the original on 19 June 2008 , retrieved 15 May 2009 Jump up ^ Rayburn , Alan . `` Victoria '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` our Story > The History of The Royal Hamilton Yacht Club '' . The Royal Hamilton Yacht Club . Archived from the original on 23 February 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . Jump up ^ MacKinnon , Frank ( 1976 ) , The Crown in Canada , Calgary : Glenbow - Alberta Institute , p. 69 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7712 - 1016 - 7 External links ( edit ) Archives of Ontario . `` A Celebration of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II '' . Queen 's Printer for Ontario . Monarchy in Canada The Crown Monarchy in the Canadian provinces BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PE NL Monarchs Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Viceroys Governor General of Canada List of Governors General of Canada Lieutenant governors in Canada List of lieutenant governors in Canada BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PE NL Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments Constitutional Queen - in - Council Queen - in - Parliament Queen - on - the - Bench Queen 's peace The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Forces The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples Legal Royal charter Queen 's Consent Royal commissions Crown corporations Crown copyright Queen 's Printer Crown Collection Ceremonial and symbolic Canadian royal symbols Title and style of the Canadian monarch Chapels Royal Royal tours of Canada Related Canadian Secretary to the Queen History of monarchy in Canada Debate on the monarchy in Canada Politics of Ontario Crown in Ontario Elizabeth II Lieutenant Governor Elizabeth Dowdeswell Former Lieutenant Governors Premier Kathleen Wynne List of Premiers List of Premiers by time in office Opposition Leader Vic Fedeli Former Opposition Leaders Speaker of the Assembly Dave Levac Former Speakers Legislature Current assembly Former legislatures Cabinet Political parties Liberal Progressive Conservative New Democratic Trillium List of political parties by time in office Elections Ontario general election , 2014 Past elections Ontario electoral districts Current issues Equalization payments Ontario general election , 2014 Other Canadian politics Federal AB BC MB NB NL NS ON PE QC SK NT NU YU Politics of the provinces and territories of Canada This article is part of the series : Politics and government of Canada ( hide ) Executive ( The Crown ) Sovereign in the provinces BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL Lieutenant Governors BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL Commissioners YU NT NU Premiers BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU ( hide ) Legislative Legislatures BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU Elections BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU Politics of Canada Regions Political culture Foreign relations Politics portal Judiciary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_in_Ontario&oldid=823928793 '' Categories : Monarchy in Canada Politics of Ontario Westminster system Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 08 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | her majesty in right of ontario represented by the minister of finance | [] | [] |
-3605558825255567131 | Adam-12 | Adam - 12 - wikipedia Adam - 12 Jump to : navigation , search For the 1990 TV series , see Adam - 12 ( 1990 TV series ) . For the human gene , see ADAM12 . Adam - 12 Adam - 12 title screen , season 4 Genre Police procedural Created by R.A. Cinader Jack Webb Starring Martin Milner Kent McCord Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 174 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jack Webb Running time 30 Minutes Production company ( s ) Mark VII Limited Universal Television Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution ( current ) Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC Audio format Mono Original release September 21 , 1968 ( 1968 - 09 - 21 ) -- May 20 , 1975 ( 1975 - 05 - 20 ) Martin Milner and Kent McCord Adam - 12 is a television police drama that followed two police officers of the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) , Pete Malloy and Jim Reed , as they rode the streets of Los Angeles in their patrol unit , 1 - Adam - 12 . Created by R.A. Cinader and Jack Webb , also known for creating Dragnet , the series starred Martin Milner and Kent McCord and purported to capture realistically a typical day in the life of police officers . The show originally ran from September 21 , 1968 , through May 20 , 1975 , and helped introduce police procedures and jargon to the general public in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Locations 2 Name 3 Premise 4 Cultural impact 5 Other notable actors and actresses 6 Police cars 7 Connections to other Mark VII shows 8 Episode availability 8.1 DVD releases 8.2 Broadcast 8.3 Internet 9 References 10 External links Locations ( edit ) Adam - 12 featured the year - old LAPD Rampart Division station at 2710 West Temple Street as the setting for the series . However , according to the radio call sign of the unit `` 1 - Adam - 12 '' , the patrol area was within the Central Division ( Division One ) , which serves Downtown Los Angeles , rather than Rampart ( Division Two ) . Many of the filming locations were in the San Fernando Valley , and the garage used tow trucks from the North Hollywood Division , close to Universal Studios , which co-produced the show with Mark VII Limited . The Temple Street building was closed in 2008 , as a newer and larger station now houses the Rampart Division ; the old building is being renovated to serve as headquarters for LAPD 's Metro Division , an elite reserve unit that includes counterterrorism and SWAT platoons . Name ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The designation `` 1 - Adam - 12 '' is a combination of three elements . The first element indicates the unit 's LAPD division . The second element indicates the type of unit . The third element identifies the patrol car 's number . The one in 1 - Adam - 12 means the patrol car operates in Division 1 ( Central Division ) . LAPD assigns two - person units the letter `` A '' . In the LAPD phonetic alphabet , the letter `` A '' is spoken as `` Adam '' . The third element is the last two numbers of the patrol car 's full unit number . In the program , 1 - Adam - 12 typically operated in the Rampart Division , Division 2 , not the Central Division , Division 1 , meaning the unit 's call sign should have technically been 2 - Adam - 12 . There was never an actual patrol car with the call sign of 1 - Adam - 12 . Premise ( edit ) Adam - 12 was a realistic - style police drama following the lives of two officers of the Los Angeles Police Department , veteran Police Officer II ( P - 2 ) Pete Malloy , Badge 744 ( Martin Milner ) and his rookie partner , probationary Police Officer I ( P - 1 ) Jim Reed , Badge 2430 ( Kent McCord ) . Each episode of the series , like those of Dragnet , was based on actual cases with names changed to protect the innocent , and covered a variety of incidents that the officers encountered during a shift , from the tragic to the trivial . In the series ' first episode ( filmed in September 1967 , a year before the pilot was picked up , and directed by Jack Webb ) , Reed is less than a week out of the prestigious Los Angeles Police Academy , and is eager to begin his career . Three weeks before , Malloy 's patrol partner ( and friend ) had been killed in an attempt to apprehend an armed robbery suspect ; Malloy is deeply saddened , to the extent that he plans to resign from the force . ( This situation would be revisited in the Emmy Award - nominated episode `` Elegy for a Pig . '' ) On what is to be Malloy 's last shift , the watch commander Lieutenant Moore ( Art Gilmore ) ( Malloy 's first training officer seven years earlier ) assigns Malloy to take the rookie Reed out for his first patrol . While Reed shows tremendous potential on his first night on the job , Malloy realizes that his new partner has plenty to learn , and with renewed purpose the veteran officer decides to stay on the job and guide Reed during his nine - month probationary period . His comment to Reed at the end of their first watch together was : `` I could n't turn you loose on the citizens of Los Angeles , not without a leash . '' Reed and Malloy comfort a boy whose sister was the victim of a hit and run driver . Reed 's probationary period is played out during the first and second seasons , after which he is promoted to a full officer . Reed and Malloy remain beat partners . In later seasons , Malloy and Reed began patrolling other beats of Los Angeles , including the L.A. International Airport , the Los Angeles Harbor , the Foothill District , the West Valley area , Venice , Van Nuys , Hollywood , Rampart , and North Hollywood . With Reed having completed his probationary police officer training period and now holding the rank of Police Officer II ( P - 2 ) , several episodes featured the officers working with other rookie officers , with guest actors playing these one - time characters ; some episodes had Reed serving as the training officer , whereas Malloy , having been promoted to the rank of a Senior Lead Officer ( P - 3 + 1 ) , who coordinates patrols in many neighborhoods , worked as the acting shift supervisor . Malloy displays a `` Distinguished Expert '' shooting medal , Reed displays a `` Sharpshooter '' medal . Malloy and Reed reported to Shift Supervisor ( Sergeant 1 ) William `` Mac '' MacDonald ( William Boyett ) , who occasionally took a black - and - white command cruiser ( a Plymouth station wagon carrying extra police equipment ) with the call sign 1 - L - 20 into the field . Reed once questioned why Malloy had not taken the sergeant 's exam , as he would have rated higher than Mac did . Malloy related he preferred working patrol on the street to supervision . Malloy later showed he could supervise when Mac was ill , and Malloy filled in . Several of their fellow officers were recurring characters ; the most frequent were Jerry Woods ( Fred Stromsoe ) , Ed Wells ( Gary Crosby ) , Detective Sgt Jerry Miller ( Jack Hogan ) , and Officer Brinkman ( Claude Johnson ) . Shaaron Claridge , a real - life LAPD dispatcher , was the dispatcher . Over the course of the series , Sergeant `` Mac '' MacDonald was promoted to Sergeant 2 . Lt Moore was promoted to Captain , and served as the commanding officer of the division , apparently replacing Captain Grant ( Art Balinger ) . The personal lives of Malloy and Reed come up on occasion , and are always tied into their duties . Malloy is a bachelor who has at least two girlfriends during the course of the series ( the last being Judy ( Aneta Corsaut ) ) , while Reed is married to a woman named Jean ( played by several actresses including Kristin Nelson ) and later becomes a father . Cultural impact ( edit ) The police vehicles were central characters in that `` mobile patrol units ( became ) associated with the black and white units made famous in such television shows as Adam - 12 '' . It was one of the shows that portrayed `` the professionalism of the officers and police departments '' . Ronald Wayne Rodman pointed out that the theme of Adam - 12 referred to a `` military style topic while portraying a sense of contemporary action '' . Douglas Rushkoff noted : `` Adam - 12 also marked ( the ) last gasp of the righteous style of cop TV . '' Their set was not a squad room or an office , but the actors `` watched the changes in American culture through the windshield of their squad car '' . In 1999 , Mattel toys paid homage to Adam - 12 by producing a die - cast toy police car based on the series a part of their `` Star Car '' series . Other notable actors and actresses ( edit ) Episode 2 , `` Log 141 : The Color TV Bandit '' , stars Cloris Leachman and Melody Patterson . Episode 8 , `` Log 72 : El Presidente '' guest stars James Sikking , later of Hill Street Blues fame ( Lt. Howard Hunter ) and other various character roles , as an armed robber . Episode 10 , `` Log 132 : Producer '' , stars Karen Black ( Easy Rider , Five Easy Pieces , Airport 1975 , Dogtown ) and James McEachin ( DJ in Play Misty for Me ) . McEachin also appeared in five additional episodes , each time in a different role , as well as several episodes of EMERGENCY ! as a Sheriff 's Detective . Episode 16 , `` Log 62 : Grand Theft Horse ? '' , guest stars Tim Matheson as a horse thief . Episode 19 , `` Log 51 : A Jumper , Code 2 '' stars Hal Smith of The Andy Griffith Show . Episode 22 , `` Log 152 : A Dead Cop Ca n't Help Anyone '' , stars Barry Williams ( Greg Brady of The Brady Bunch ) . Episode 25 , `` Log 92 : Tell Him He Pushed Back a Little Too Hard '' guest stars Dick Sargent ( Darrin Stephens # 2 of Bewitched ) and Jacqueline Scott ( who played Donna Taft , the sister of Dr. Richard Kimble , in four episodes of The Fugitive ) . Episode 26 , `` Log 22 : So This Little Guy Goes into This Bar , and ... '' guest stars Harry Dean Stanton as a welfare hustler . Episode 43 , `` Log 24 : A Rare Occasion '' stars David Cassidy of The Partridge Family . Episode 58 , `` Log 55 : Missing Child '' guests stars Jodie Foster as the playmate of a missing child . Episode 66 , `` Log 115 : Gang War '' guests stars Trini Lopez as a local Latino priest who tries to help the officers prevent a rumble between two Latino gangs . Lopez would also appear the following year as `` Steve Hernandez '' in Episode 95 , : `` The Parole Violator '' . Episode 69 , `` Log 66 : The Vandals '' guest stars George Maharis as a father of a teenage girl . This episode reunited Maharis and Martin Milner , who both starred in the TV series Route 66 . Episode 77 , `` Log 88 - Reason to Run '' guest stars Randolph Mantooth as `` Neil Williams '' ; and in an Emergency ! cross-over episode as paramedic `` John Gage '' , Episode 106 , `` Lost and Found '' This episode also guest starred Linda Kaye Henning of Petticoat Junction . Episode 80 , `` The Million Dollar Buff '' , guests stars Lindsay Wagner ( The Bionic Woman ) as a jewelry store attendant . Episode 81 , `` The Grandmother '' guest starred Ozzie Nelson of The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet fame . He also directed this episode . Episode 82 , `` The Radical '' guest starred Robert Conrad ( uncredited ) as Paul Ryan of the DA 's office . This episode was a crossover with Conrad 's series , The D.A. Episode 91 , `` The Pickup '' guest starred Barbara Hale of Perry Mason and Kathy Garver of Family Affair . Episode 100 , `` Who Won '' guest starred Dick Clark of American Bandstand and Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve fame as Benson , the drag strip owner . Episode 103 , `` Dirt Duel '' guest starred Edd Byrnes of 77 Sunset Strip and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees as bikers . Episode 104 , `` The Late Baby '' guest stars both Tina Sinatra and Frank Sinatra , Jr. as unrelated characters . Episode 108 , `` Badge Heavy '' features Jack Bailey , host of Queen for a Day and Truth or Consequences . Episode 137 , `` Northwest Division '' guest stars Johnny Whitaker of Family Affair as a juvenile on a minibike . In addition , Martin Milner 's real - life son Andrew played Whitaker 's stunt double in the minibike chase scene . Episode 150 , `` Clinic on Eighteenth Street '' guest stars Sharon Gless , later of Cagney & Lacey fame and most recently co-star of Burn Notice on USA Network and Frank Sinatra Jr. in his second role on the show . Episode 158 , `` X-Force '' guest stars Paul Gleason as a father of a kidnapped girl . Gleason guest - starred in other various roles throughout the series . Episode 159 , `` Alcohol '' guest stars Dick Van Patten , later of Eight Is Enough fame , as a belligerent drunk who believes himself to be Albert Einstein . Episode 164 , `` Victim of the Crime '' features Martin Milner 's real - life daughter Amy Milner as Debbie McMahon , the shopkeeper 's daughter . Episode 170 , `` Operation Action '' features Kent McCord 's real - life daughter Kristen McCord as a child named Debra , who is playing hopscotch when Reed pulls up behind Malloy 's abandoned car . Episode 171 , `` Gus Corbin '' , guest stars Mark Harmon , the star of NCIS since 2003 . Episode 174 , `` Loan Sharks '' guest stars Eve McVeagh , film actress of High Noon , Tight Spot , and television series The Clear Horizon and Faraway Hill . Police cars ( edit ) The production of the program involved showing all aspects of correct police procedures , and `` Webb wanted the vehicle itself to be considered a character . '' The show specifically centered on police radio cars and helped reinforce `` the sound of radio as an anti-crime technology . '' The police vehicles used in the production of show were purchased from local dealerships and outfitted by the prop department to LAPD cruiser specs . 1967 Plymouth Belvedere - pilot 1968 Plymouth Belvedere - season one 1969 Plymouth Belvedere - seasons two and three 1971 Plymouth Satellite - season four 1972 and 1973 AMC Matador - seasons five through seven In seasons two and three , there were many instances where Reed and Malloy would be seen driving a 1969 Plymouth one minute , then with a camera or scene change , they would be in a 1968 . The two years were very similar , with only minor differences between them . Connections to other Mark VII shows ( edit ) Dragnet , Adam - 12 , and Emergency ! take place in the same universe and depict different aspects of the public safety infrastructure of Los Angeles , California . There are several `` crossover '' episodes on each series with characters from other Mark VII shows . Officers Pete Malloy and Jim Reed appear on the Dragnet episode `` Internal Affairs : DR - 20 '' , The D.A. episode `` The People vs. Saydo '' ( the conclusion to a crossover that begins on `` The Radical '' ) and the Emergency ! pilot movie , `` The Wedsworth - Townsend Act '' . Sergeant MacDonald appears on the Dragnet episode `` Personnel : The Shooting '' . The episode `` Lost And Found '' was set at Rampart General Hospital and featured the Emergency ! cast . However , during an Emergency ! episode , Adam - 12 is shown as a TV show that the paramedics like to watch , causing somewhat of a paradox between the shows . Several years after Adam - 12 was cancelled , Kent McCord was signed to appear in a planned third series of Dragnet playing Sgt . Friday 's partner , but the project was cancelled due to Jack Webb 's sudden death in 1982 ; since none of the scripts Webb wrote for the project were ever produced or released , it is not clear if he intended McCord to play a different character or to revive the Jim Reed character . Episode availability ( edit ) DVD releases ( edit ) Main article : List of Adam - 12 episodes Universal Studios Home Entertainment released Season 1 of Adam 12 on DVD in Region 1 on August 23 , 2005 . In fall 2008 , Shout ! Factory acquired the distribution rights through an agreement with Universal . They have subsequently released the remaining 6 seasons , with season 7 packaging titled `` The Final Season . '' In Region 4 , Umbrella Entertainment has released the first two seasons on DVD in Australia . DVD name Ep # Release date Region 1 Region 4 Season 1 26 August 23 , 2005 May 11 , 2011 Season 2 26 September 30 , 2008 August 3 , 2011 Season 3 26 August 11 , 2009 TBA Season 4 24 February 23 , 2010 TBA Season 5 24 August 10 , 2010 TBA Season 6 24 January 17 , 2012 TBA Season 7 24 April 10 , 2012 TBA Broadcast ( edit ) As of January 5 , 2015 , episodes of Adam - 12 air on Cozi TV . The series had been airing on Me - TV from May 2013 until January 1 , 2015 , when its place in the network 's weekday afternoon line up was taken by Adventures of Superman . Adam - 12 previously aired on Me - TV 's competitor Antenna TV until April 2013 , and on Retro Television Network before that . Internet ( edit ) Episodes from Adam - 12 's first four seasons are available for on - line streaming on Hulu in some regions . Amazon and Apple 's iTunes Store offer only Season 1 as available for sale as permanent downloadable files . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Adam - 12 episode / season list ( season 7 of 7 ) '' . imdb . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adam - 12 Technical Specs '' . imdb . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adam - 12 ( 1968 -- 1975 ) '' . imdb . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LAPD Metro Police Station '' . John A. Martin & Associates . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : City of Los Angeles . Los Angeles Police Department Annual Report , 1973 ( PDF ) . National Criminal Justice Reference Service . p. 24 . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LAPD Unit Designations '' . 1 - Adam - 12 : Continue Patrol . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LAPD Phonetic Alphabet '' . ThePhoneticAlphabet.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Police Department News Release Thursday , April 10 , 2003 '' . LAPDOnline.org . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rathjen , Brian . `` Adam - 12 plot summary '' . imdb . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adam - 12 : episode `` Log 1 - The Impossible Mission . '' Jump up ^ Episode 7 / 21 , `` Gus Corbin . '' First aired April 1 , 1975 . Jump up ^ http://www.lapdcops.com/?page_id=210 Jump up ^ Episode 7 / 22 , `` Dana Hall . '' First aired April 29 , 1975 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062539/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berg , Bruce L. ( 1999 ) . Policing in Modern Society . Elsevier Science . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 9867 - 2 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Richard H. ; Homant , Robert J. ; Fowler , Austin ; Kennedy , Daniel B. ; Curran , James T. ( 1985 ) . Police and law enforcement . 3 . AMS Press . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 404 - 11207 - 3 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Ronald Wayne ( 2009 ) . Tuning in : American narrative television music . Oxford University Press . p. 252 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 534024 - 2 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rushkoff , Douglas ( 1996 ) . Media virus ! : hidden agendas in popular culture . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 39774 - 4 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Best '' . Hollywood-diecast.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Adam - 12 '' The Color TV Bandit ( TV episode ) `` . imdb . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Adam - 12 '' Producer ( TV Episode 1968 ) `` . imdb . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Adam - 12 '' Producer ( TV Episode 1969 ) `` . imdb . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Randolph Mantooth in Episode 77 , `` Log 88 - Reason to Run '' `` . imdb.com . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Randolph Mantooth in Episode 106 , `` Lost and Found '' `` . imdb.com . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Adam - 12 '' Million Dollar Buff ( TV episode 1971 ) `` . imdb . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snauffe , Douglas ( 2006 ) . Crime television . Greenwood Publishing . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98807 - 4 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Suisman , David ; Strasse , Susan ( 2009 ) . Sound in the age of mechanical reproduction . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4199 - 0 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adam - 12 ( 1968 ) Did You Know ? '' . IMDb com . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's New to Me '' . Me - TV ( Memorable Entertainment Television ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` COZI TV 2015 Schedule '' . COZI TV . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adam - 12 . The Official Kent McCord Archives : Adam - 12 1Adam12-1Adam12.com Everything Adam - 12 Adam - 12 on IMDb Adam - 12 at TV.com Adam - 12 at TVguide ( hide ) Jack Webb / Mark VII Limited Television series Dragnet Noah 's Ark Pete Kelly 's Blues GE True 77 Sunset Strip Adam - 12 The D.A. O'Hara , U.S. Treasury Emergency ! Emergency + 4 Hec Ramsey Escape Chase Sierra Mobile One Project U.F.O. Sam Radio series Dragnet Pete Kelly 's Blues Films Dragnet Pete Kelly 's Blues Red Nightmare The D.I. - 30 - The Last Time I Saw Archie Miscellaneous Dragnet ( theme music ) List of Emergency ! characters Joe Friday St. George and the Dragonet San Franciscan Nights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam-12&oldid=817625339 '' Categories : Adam - 12 1960s American television series 1970s American television series American crime television series American drama television series American mystery television series Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department Police procedural television series 1968 American television series debuts 1975 American television series endings American Motors English - language television programs NBC network shows Television series by Mark VII Limited Television series by Universal Television Television shows set in Los Angeles Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 15 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played jim reed's wife on adam 12 | [
"The personal lives of Malloy and Reed come up on occasion, and are always tied into their duties. Malloy is a bachelor who has at least two girlfriends during the course of the series (the last being Judy (Aneta Corsaut)), while Reed is married to a woman named Jean (played by several actresses including Kristin Nelson) and later becomes a father."
] | [
"several actresses including Kristin Nelson"
] |
893930801409581183 | Korean influence on Japanese culture | Korean influence on Japanese culture - wikipedia Korean influence on Japanese culture Jump to : navigation , search Korean influence on Japanese culture refers to the impact of continental Asian influences transmitted through or originating in the Korean Peninsula on Japanese institutions , culture , language and society . Since the Korean Peninsula was the cultural bridge between Japan and the Asian continent throughout much of Far Eastern history , these influences have been detected in a variety of aspects of Japanese culture , including technology , philosophy , art , and artistic techniques . Notable examples of Korean influence on Japanese culture include the prehistoric migration of Korean peninsular peoples to Japan near the end of Japan 's Jōmon period and the introduction of Buddhism to Japan via the Kingdom of Baekje in 538 AD . From the mid-fifth to the late - seventh centuries , Japan benefited from the immigration of people from Baekje and Gaya who brought with them their knowledge of iron metallurgy , stoneware pottery , law , and Chinese writing . The modulation of continental styles of art in Korea has also been discerned in Japanese painting and architecture , ranging from the design of Buddhist temples to smaller objects such as statues , textiles and ceramics . Late in the sixteenth century , the Japanese invasions of Korea produced considerable cross-cultural contact . Korean craftsmen who came to Japan at this time were responsible for a revolution in Japanese pottery making . Many Korean influences on Japan originated in China , but were adapted and modified in Korea before reaching Japan . The role of ancient Korean states in the transmission of continental civilization has long been neglected , and is increasingly the object of academic study . However , Korean and Japanese nationalisms have complicated the interpretation of these influences . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistoric Korean peninsular influences on the Japanese archipelago 2 Korean influences on ancient and classical Japan 2.1 Immigration from the ancient Korea to Japan 2.2 Arms and armament 2.3 Pottery 2.4 Ovens 2.5 Sewing 2.6 Iron tools and iron metallurgy 2.7 Dams and irrigation 2.8 Government and administration 2.9 Writing 2.10 Science , medicine , and math 2.11 Shipbuilding 2.11. 1 Navigation 2.11. 2 Maritime trade 2.12 Buddhism 3 Artistic influence 3.1 Lacquerwork 3.2 Painting 3.3 Music and dance 3.4 Silk weaving 3.5 Jewelry 3.6 Sculpture 3.7 Literature 3.8 Architecture 4 Cultural transfers during Hideyoshi 's invasions of Korea 4.1 Printing technology and books 4.2 Ceramics 4.3 Construction 4.4 Neo-Confucianism 5 Historiography 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 External links Prehistoric Korean peninsular influences on the Japanese archipelago Between 800 and 600 BC , new technology and cultural objects began appearing in Japan , starting in Kyushu . Gradually the Jōmon culture was supplanted across Japan by the Yayoi culture that practiced wet - rice farming . According to the historians Gina Barnes and Satoru Nakazono , this represented a cultural flow from southern Korea to Kyushu . By contrast , Charles T. Keally argues that wet - rice farming , which was originally practiced in China , could also have come to Kyushu directly from China . The result was rapid growth in the Japanese population during the Yayoi period and subsequent Kofun period . Japanese people also began to use metal tools , arrowheads , new forms of pottery , moats , burial mounds , and styles of housing which were of peninsular origin . A significant cause of these dramatic changes in Japanese society was likely an influx of immigrants from southern Korea . Historian Hiroshi Tsude estimated that as many as 1.8 million Koreans immigrated to Japan during the Yayoi period . According to Satoru Nakazono , this period was `` characterized by the systematic introduction of Korean peninsula culture '' . According to Japanese historian Tadashi Nishitani , the Yoshinogari site , an archeological site in Kyushu dating from the late Yayoi period , appears virtually identical to villages in the Korean peninsula of the same period . By contrast , the burial mounds at Yoshinogari show signs of influence from the Chinese Lelang Commandery . During this period Japan imported great numbers of peninsular mirrors and daggers , which were the symbols of power in Korea . Combined with the curved jewel known as the magatama , Korea 's `` three treasures '' soon became as prized by Japan 's elites as Korea 's , and in Japan they later became the Imperial Regalia . Korean influences on ancient and Classical Japan With the beginning of the Kofun period around 250 CE , the building of gigantic tomb called kofun indicates the emergence of powerful warrior elites , fueled by more intensive agriculture and the introduction of iron technologies . Contact with the continental mainland increased , as Japan undertook intensive contacts with the southern Korean littoral ruling groups , in pursuit of securing supplies of iron and other material goods , while sending emissaries to China ( in 238 , 243 and 247 ) . A pattern developed of intense military and political dealings with peninsular Korean powers that continued for four centuries . For Hyung Il Pai , there was no clear Korean and Japanese national distinction for the period around the 4th century CE . Cultural contact with Korea , which at the time was divided into several independent states , played a decisive role in the development of Japanese government and society both during the Kofun period and the subsequent Classical period . Most innovations flowed from Korea into Japan , and not vice versa , primarily due to Korea 's closer proximity to China . Though many of the ideas and technologies which filtered into Japan from Korea were originally Chinese , historian William Wayne Farris notes that Korean peninsular peoples put `` their distinctive stamp on '' them before passing them on to Japan . Some such innovations were imported to Japan through trade , but in more cases they were brought to Japan by peninsular immigrants . The Yamato state that eventually unified Japan accomplished this partly due to its success at gaining a monopoly on the importation of Korean peninsular culture and technology into Japan . According to Farris , Japanese cultural borrowing from Korea `` hit peaks in the mid-fifth , mid-sixth , and late seventh centuries '' and `` helped to define a material culture that lasted as long as a thousand years '' . Immigration from the ancient Korea to Japan Throughout much of ancient Japanese history Korea was divided into several warring kingdoms . During this period a significant factor behind the transfer of peninsular Korean culture to Japan was immigration from Korea . Most peninsular immigrants , generically known as kikajin in Japanese , came during a period of intense regional warfare which racked the Korean peninsula between the late fourth and late seventh centuries . Japanese traditions held that the Yamato kingdom has sent military expeditions to assist Baekje as early as 369 CE , military aid that is said to have enabled the latter to secure control of Naktong against its enemies , Silla and Goguryeo . Many of these immigrants , who were welcomed by the Japanese government , were from Baekje and Gaya . These refugees brought their culture to Japan with them , and once there they often became leading officials , artists , and craftsmen . Korean peninsular immigrants and their descendents played a significant role in Japan 's cultural missions to Sui China , and some peninsular families are even said to have married into the Imperial Family . By 700 , it has been conjectured , perhaps one third of all Japanese aristocrats may have been of relatively recent peninsular origin , including the Aya clan . Although peninsular immigrants settled throughout Japan , they were especially concentrated in Nara , the region where the Japanese capital was located . According to one estimate , from 80 to 90 percent of people in Nara had Baekje ancestry by the year 773 , and recent anatomical analyses indicate that modern - day Japanese people living in this area continue to be more closely related to ethnic Koreans than any other in Japan . The Soga clan , a clan with close ties to the Baekje elite , may also have been of Baekje ancestry . Scholars who have argued in favor of the theory that the Soga had peninsular ancestry include Teiji Kadowaki and William Wayne Farris . Arms and armament During most of the Kofun period Japan relied on Korea as its sole source of iron swords , spears , armor , and helmets . Cuirasses and later Japan 's first lamellar armor , as well as subsequent innovations in producing them , arrived in Japan from Korea , particularly from Silla and Gaya . Japan 's first crossbow was delivered by Goguryeo in 618 . At a time in history when horses were a key military weapon , Baekje immigrants also established Japan 's first horse - raising farms in what would become Japan 's Kawachi Province . One historian , Koichi Mori , theorizes that Emperor Keitai 's close friendships with Baekje horsemen played an important role in helping him to assume the throne . Japan 's first trappings , such as bits , stirrups , saddles , and bridles were also imported from the peninsula by the early fifth century . In 660 , following the fall of its ally , Baekje , the Japanese Emperor Tenji utilized Baekje 's skilled technicians to construct at least seven fortresses to protect Japan 's coastline from invasion . Japan 's mountain fortifications in particular were based on peninsular models . Pottery Sue ware In the early fifth century high - fired stoneware pottery began to be imported from Kaya and Silla to Japan , and soon after stoneware technologies such as the tunnel kiln and potter 's wheel also made their way from Korea to Japan . This allowed the Japanese to produce their own stoneware , which came to be called sue ware , and was eventually produced on a large scale throughout Japan . This new pottery came to Japan alongside immigrants from Korea , possibly southern Korea which was under attack from Goguryeo . Ovens The stove known as the kamado was of continental origin , having been invented in China but was modified in by the peninsular peoples before it was introduced to Japan . According to the historian William Wayne Farris , the introduction of the kamado `` had a profound effect on daily life in ancient Japan '' and `` represented a major advance for residents of Japan 's pit dwellings '' . The hearth ovens ( ro : 炉 / umigamero : 埋 甕 炉 ) previously used to cook meals and heat homes were less safe , more difficult to use , and less heat efficient , and by the seventh century the kamado was in widespread use in Japan . According to Farris , Japanese people referred to the kamado as kara kamado , which can be translated into English as `` Korean ovens '' . However , in some parts of northeastern Japan , open - hearth ovens continued to be preferred . Sewing According to the Nihon Shoki , all the seamstresses of the village of Kume ( 來 目 ) in Yamato province hailed from a sewing woman , Maketsu ( 眞 毛 津 ) who was given as tribute by the king of Baekje to the Yamato court . Iron tools and iron metallurgy According to Farris , during the Kofun period , Korea was the source for most of Japan 's iron tools , including chisels , saws , sickles , axes , spades , hoes , and plows . Historically , the source of iron ingots in Korea was cut off when Yamato forces suffered defeats with their peninsular allies in 405 , and again , later in 475 , and , immigrant smelters developed furnaces to reuse the available iron . Later , after 450 CE , the Kinai elite found substitutes in local sands available by Placer mining to make up the shortfall . Korean iron farming tools in particular contributed to a rise in Japan 's population by possibly 250 to 300 percent . However , it was the refugees who came after 400 from Gaya , a Korean state famous for its iron production , who established some of Japan 's first native iron foundries . The work of these Gayan refugees eventually permitted Japan to escape from its dependency on importing iron tools , armor , and weapons from Korea . The techniques of iron production which they brought to Japan are uniquely Korean and distinct from those used in China . Dams and irrigation The Japanese adapted continental U-shaped hoes and techniques for creating irrigation ponds . Extensive works uncovered in the Furuichi site near Osaka display developments far in advance of Yayoi period , and the suggestion is that both the technology and pond construction techniques were introduced by peninsular peoples from southern Korea . Government and administration The centralization of the Japanese state in the sixth and seventh centuries also owes a debt to Korea . In 535 the Japanese government established military garrisons called `` miyake '' throughout Japan to control regional powers and in many cases staffed them with Korean immigrants . Soon after a system of `` be '' , government - regulated groups of artisans , was created , as well as a new level of local administration and a tribute tax . All of these were likely influenced by similar systems used in Baekje and other parts of Korea . Likewise Prince Shōtoku 's Twelve Level Cap and Rank System of 603 , a form a meritocracy implemented for Japanese government positions , was influenced by that of Baekje . Immigrants from Korea also played a role in drafting many important Japanese legal reforms of the era , including the Taika Reform . Half of the individuals actively involved in drafting Japan 's Taihō Code of 703 were Korean . Writing Scribes from the Korean state of Baekje who wrote Chinese introduced writing to Japan in the early fifth century . The man traditionally credited as being the first to teach writing in Japan is the Baekje scholar Wani . Though a small number of Japanese people were able to read Chinese before then , it was thanks to the work of scribes from Baekje that the use of writing was popularized among the Japanese governing elite . For hundreds of years thereafter a steady stream of talented scribes would be sent from Korea to Japan , and some of these scholars from Baekje wrote and edited much of the Nihon Shoki , one of Japan 's earliest works of history . The Korean scholar Wani is credited by ancient sources with introducing written language to Japan According to Bjarke Frellesvig , `` There is ample evidence , in the form of orthographic ' Koreanisms ' in the early inscriptions in Japan , that the writing practices employed in Japan were modelled on continental examples . The history of how the early Japanese modified the Chinese writing system to develop a native phonogram orthography is obscure , but scribal techniques developed in the Korean peninsular played an important role in the process of developing Man'yōgana . The pronunciation of Chinese characters at this period thus may well reflect that current in the Baekje kingdom . Frellesvig states , `` However , writing extensive text passages entirely or mostly phonographically , reflected in the widespread use of man'yōgana , is a practice not attested in Korean sources which therefore seems to be an independent development which took place in Japan . '' Japanese katakana share many symbols with Korean Gugyeol , for example , suggesting the former arose in part at least from scribal practices in Korea , though the historical connections between the two systems are obscure . Science , medicine , and math In the wake of Emperor Kinmei 's dispatch of ambassadors to Baekje in 553 , several Korean soothsayers , doctors , and calendrical scholars were sent to Japan . The Baekje Buddhist priest and physician Gwalleuk came to Japan in 602 , and , settling in the Genkōji temple ( 現 光 寺 ) where he played a notable role in establishing the Sanron school , instructed several court students in the Chinese mathematics of astronomy and calendrical science . He introduced the Chinese Yuán Jiā Lì ( 元 嘉 暦 ) calendrical system ( developed by Hé Chéng Tiān ( 何承天 ) in 443 C.E. ) and transmitted his skill in medicine and pharmacy to Japanese disciples , such as Hinamitachi ( 日 並立 ) According to Nakayama Shigeru , nearly all 7th century astronomers in Japan came from Baekje , and only by the following century did the percentage of immigrant astronomers fall to 40 % as local astronomers mastered the science . Native Japanese astronomers were gradually trained and by the eighth century only forty percent of Japanese astronomers were Korean . Furthermore , the Ishinpō , a Japanese medical text written in 984 , still contains many medical formulas of Korean origin . During this same period , Japanese farmers divided their arable land using a system of measurement devised in Korea . Shipbuilding Technicians sent from the Korean kingdom of Silla introduced advanced shipbuilding techniques to Japan for the first time . An immigrant group ' the Inabe ' , closely associated with shipbuilding , was made up of carpenters who had come to Japan from Silla . In the first half of the 9th century , the private fleet of the Silla merchant Jang Bogo dominated the Yellow Sea and maritime trade between China and Japan ; the superiority of Korean shipbuilding technology was recognized by Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu , and as ambassador to China he chartered Korean vessels as they were more seaworthy for his embassy to the mainland in 838 . A Japanese court edict issued in 839 ordered that Kyūshū construct a ' Silla ship ' , which were better that coping with stormy weather . Baekje may also have contributed shipbuilding technology to Japan . Navigation Ancient Koreans were commercially active throughout East Asia , and their mastery of navigation allowed them to pursue trade interests as far away as the East Indies . In 526 , a Baekje Korean monk Gyeomik traveled to India via the southern sea route and mastered Sanskrit , specializing in Vinaya studies . He came back with a collection of Vinaya texts to Baekje , accompanied by the Indian monk Paedalta ( Vedatta ) . In the 9th century , Japanese had not mastered the skill and knowledge necessary for safe ocean navigation in their part of the world . Consequently , the Japanese monk - traveler Ennin tended to rely on the Korean sailors and traders on his travels , at the time when the men of Silla were the master of the seas achieving Korean maritime dominance in eastern Asia . The monk Ennin 's crossing to China on Japanese vessels and the whole catastrophic maritime record of the mission contrast sharply with the speed and efficiency with which Sillan ships quickly brought him back home to Japan . Another indication of the gap in navigation skill between the Sillans and Japanese at this time was the employment by the Japanese embassy of 60 Korean helmsmen and sailors to help get the main party safely home . Maritime trade It seems that commerce between East China , Korea and Japan was , for the most part , in the hands of men from Silla , accompanied by Silla Korean hegemony over the maritime commerce of East Asia . Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world , the Koreans performed the same functions as did the traders of the calm Mediterranean on the western fringes . The Shōsōin is a great Japanese reservoir of the Oriental art of the 7th and 8th centuries when the art and culture of Asia reached the height of its development . Among the Shōsōin treasures at Todai - ji in Nara there are more than 20 sheets of purchase orders ( one dated as early as 752 ) , indicating that the favorite luxury goods they imported from Korean Silla included perfume , medicine , cosmetics , fabric dying materials , metallic goods , musical instruments , carpets , and measuring tools . Some were made in Silla ; Others were of foreign origin , probably from Southeast Asia , India or South Asia . Buddhism After striking an agreement on cultural exchanges , Japan received Confucian scholars from Baekje in the years 513 and 516 . Later King Seong sent Buddhist sutras and a statue of Buddha to Japan , an event described by historian Robert Buswell as `` one of the two most critical influences in the entire history of Japan , rivaled only by the nineteenth - century encounter with Western culture '' . The year this occurred , dated by historians to either 538 or 552 , marks the official introduction of Buddhism into Japan , and within a year of this date Baekje provided Japan with nine Buddhists priests to aid in propagating the faith . Baekje continued to supply Japan with Buddhist monks for the remainder of its existence . In 587 the monk P'ungguk arrived from Baekje to serve as a tutor to Emperor Yōmei 's younger brother and later settled down as the first abbot of Japan 's Shitennō - ji Temple . In 595 the monk Hyeja arrived in Japan from Goguryeo . He became a mentor to Prince Shōtoku and lived in Asuka Temple . By the reign of the Japanese Empress Suiko ( 592 -- 628 ) , there were over one thousand monks and nuns living in Japan , a substantial percentage of whom were Korean . A great many Buddhist writings published during Korea 's Goryeo dynasty ( 918 -- 1392 ) were also highly influential upon their arrival in Japan . Such Korean ideas would play an important role in the development of Japanese Pure Land Buddhism . The Japanese monk Shinran was among those known to be influenced by Korean Buddhism , particularly by the Sillan monk Gyeongheung . Robert Buswell notes that the form of Buddhism Korea was propagating throughout its history was `` a vibrant cultural tradition in its own right '' and that Korea did not serve simply as a `` bridge '' between China and Japan . Artistic influence According to the scholar Insoo Cho , Korean artwork has had a `` huge impact '' on Japan throughout history , though until recently the subject was often neglected within academia . Beatrix von Ragué has noted that in particular , `` one can hardly underestimate the role which , from the fifth to the seventh centuries , Korean artists and craftsmen played in the early art ... of Japan . '' Lacquerwork Tamamushi Shrine According to the historian Beatrix von Ragué , `` the oldest example of the true art of lacquerwork to have survived in Japan '' is Tamamushi Shrine , a miniature shrine in Horyū - ji Temple . Tamamushi Shrine was created in Korean style , and was probably made by either a Japanese artist or a Korean artist living in Japan . It is decorated with an inlay composed of the wings of tamamushi beetles that , according to von Ragué , `` is evidently native to Korea . '' However , Tamamushi Shrine is also painted in a manner similar to Chinese paintings of the sixth century . Japanese lacquerware teabowls , boxes , and tables of the Azuchi -- Momoyama period ( 1568 -- 1600 ) also show signs of Korean artistic influence . The mother - of - pearl inlay frequently used in this lacquerwork is of clearly Korean origin . Painting The immigration of Korean and Chinese painters to Japan during the Asuka period transformed Japanese art . For instance , in the year 610 Damjing , a Buddhist monk from Goguryeo , brought paints , brushes , and paper to Japan . Damjing is credited with introducing the arts of papermaking and of preparing pigments to Japan for the first time , and he is also regarded as the artist behind the wall painting in the main hall of Japan 's Horyu - ji Temple which was later burned down in a fire . However , it was during the Muromachi period ( 1337 -- 1573 ) of Japanese history that Korean influence on Japanese painting reached its peak . Korean art and artists frequently arrived on Japan 's shores , influencing both the style and theme of Japanese ink painting . The two most important Japanese ink painters of the period were Shūbun , whose art displays many of the characteristic features of Korean painting , and Sumon , who was himself an immigrant from Korea . Consequently , one Japanese historian , Sokuro Wakimoto , has even described the period between 1394 and 1486 as the `` Era of Korean Style '' in Japanese ink painting . Then during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries , as a result of the Joseon missions to Japan , the Japanese artists who were developing nanga painting came into close contact with Korean artists . Though Japanese nanga received inspiration from many sources , the historian Burglind Jungmann concludes that Korean namjonghwa painting `` may well have been the most important for creating the Nanga style '' . It was the Korean brush and ink techniques in particular which are known to have had a significant impact on such Japanese painters as Ike no Taiga , Gion Nankai , and Sakaki Hyakusen . Music and dance In ancient times the imperial court of Japan imported all its music from abroad , though it was Korean music that reached Japan first . The first Korean music may have infiltrated Japan as early as the third century . Korean court music in ancient Japan was at first called `` sankangaku '' in Japanese , referring to music from all the states of the Korean peninsula , but it was later termed `` komagaku '' in reference specifically to the court music of the Korean kingdom of Guguryeo . Komabue , a Korean flute used in early Japanese court music Musicians from various Korean states often went to work in Japan . Mimaji , a Korean entertainer from Baekje , introduced Chinese dance and Chinese gigaku music to Japan in 612 . By the time of the Nara period ( 710 -- 794 ) , every musician in Japan 's imperial court was either Korean or Chinese . Korean musical instruments which became popular in Japan during this period include the flute known as the komabue , the zither known as the gayageum , and the harp known as the shiragikoto . Though much has been written about Korean influence on early Japanese court music , Taeko Kusano has stated that Korean influence on Japanese folk music during the Edo period ( 1603 -- 1868 ) represents a very important but neglected field of study . According to Taeko Kusano , each of the Joseon missions to Japan included about fifty Korean musicians and left their mark on Japanese folk music . Most notably , the `` tojin procession '' , which was practiced in Nagasaki , the `` tojin dance '' , which arose in modern - day Mie Prefecture , and the `` karako dance '' , which exists in modern - day Okayama Prefecture , all have Korean roots and utilize Korean - based music . Silk weaving Further information : Sericulture According to William Wayne Farris , citing a leading Japanese expert on ancient cloth , the production of high - quality silk twill took off in Japan from the fifth century onward as a result of new technology brought from Korea . Farris argues that Japan 's Hata clan , who are believed to have been specialists in the art of silk weaving and silk tapestry , immigrated to Japan from the region of the Korean peninsula . By contrast , historian Cho - yun Hsu believes that the Hata clan were of Chinese descent . Jewelry Japan at first imported jewelry made of glass , gold , and silver from Korea , but in the fifth century the techniques of gold and silver metallurgy also entered Japan from Korea , possibly from the Korean states of Baekje and Gaya . Korean immigrants established important sites of jewelry manufacturing in Katsuragi , Gunma , and other places in Japan , allowing Japan to domestically produce its first gold and silver earrings , crowns , and beads . Sculpture Along with Buddhism , the art of Buddhist sculpture also spread to Japan from Korea . At first almost all Japanese Buddhist sculptures were imported from Korea , and these imports demonstrate an artistic style which would dominate Japanese sculpture during the Asuka period ( 538 -- 710 ) . In the years 577 and 588 the Korean state of Baekje dispatched to Japan expert statue sculptors . The `` Crown - Coiffed Maitreya '' One of the most notable examples of Korean influence on Japanese sculpture is the Buddha statue in the Koryu - ji Temple , sometimes referred to as the `` Crown - Coiffed Maitreya '' . This statue was directly copied from a Korean prototype around the seventh century . Likewise , the Great Buddha sculpture of Todai - ji Temple , as well as both the Baekje Kannon and the Guze Kannon sculptures of Japan 's Horyu - ji Temple , are believed to have been sculpted by Koreans . The Guze Kannon was described as `` the greatest perfect monument of Corean art '' by Ernest Fenollosa . Literature Concerning literature , Roy Andrew Miller has stated that , `` Japanese scholars have made important progress in identifying the seminal contributions of Korean immigrants , and of Korean literary culture as brought to Japan by the early Korean diaspora from the Old Korean kingdoms , to the formative stages of early Japanese poetic art '' . Susumu Nakanishi has argued that Okura was born in the Korean kingdom of Baekje to a high court doctor and came with his émigré family to Yamato at the age of 3 after the collapse of that kingdom . It has been noted that the Korean genre of hyangga ( 郷 歌 ) , of which only 25 examples survive from the Silla kingdom 's Samdaemok ( 三代目 ) , compiled in 888 CE , differ greatly in both form and theme from the Man'yōshū poems , with the single exception of some of Yamanoue no Okura 's poetry which shares their Buddhist - philosophical thematics . Roy Andrew Miller , arguing that Okura 's `` Korean ethnicity '' is an established fact though one disliked by the Japanese literary establishment , speaks of his `` unique binational background and multilingual heritage '' . Architecture The main hall of Asuka Temple William Wayne Farris has noted that `` Architecture was one art that changed forever with the importation of Buddhism '' from Korea . In 587 the Buddhist Soga clan took control of the Japanese government , and the very next year in 588 the kingdom of Baekje sent Japan two architects , one carpenter , four roof tilers , and one painter who were assigned the task of constructing Japan 's first full - fledged Buddhist temple . This temple was Asuka Temple , completed in 596 , and it was only the first of many such temples put together on the Baekje model . According to the historian Jonathan W. Best `` virtually all of the numerous complete temples built in Japan between the last decade of the sixth and the middle of the seventh centuries '' were designed off Korean models . Among such early Japanese temples designed and built with Korean aid are Shitennō - ji Temple and Hōryū - ji Temple . Many of the temple bells were also of Korean design and origin . As late as the early eleventh century Korean bells were being delivered to many Japanese temples including Enjō - ji Temple . In the year 1921 , eighteen Korean temple bells were designated as national treasures of Japan . In addition to temples , starting from the sixth century advanced stonecutting technology entered Japan from Korea and as a result Japanese tomb construction also began to change in favor of Korean models . Around this time the horizontal tomb chambers prevalent in Baekje began to be constructed in Japan . Cultural transfers during Hideyoshi 's invasions of Korea The invasions of Korea by Japanese leader Toyotomi Hideyoshi between 1592 and 1598 were an extremely vigorous period of two - way cross-cultural transfer between Korea and Japan . Although Japan ultimately lost the war , Hideyoshi and his generals used the opportunity to loot valuable commodities from Korea and to kidnap skilled Korean craftsmen and take them back to Japan . Tokutomi Sohō summed up the conflict by saying that , `` While neither Japan nor Choson gained any advantages from this war , Japan gained cultural benefits from the importation of moveable type printing , technological benefits from ceramics , and diplomatic benefits from its contact with Ming China . '' Printing technology and books Moveable type printing was invented in China in the eleventh century , and the technology was further refined in Korea . According to the historian Lawrence Marceau , during the late - sixteenth century , dramatic changes in Japanese printing technology were sparked by `` two overseas sources '' . The first was the movable type printing - press established by the Jesuits in Kyushu in 1590 . The second was the looting of Korean books and book printing technology after the invasion of Korea . Before 1590 , Buddhist monasteries handled virtually all book printing in Japan , and , according to historian Donald Shively , books and moveable type transported from Korea `` helped bring about the end of the monastic monopoly on printing . '' At the start of the invasion in 1592 , Korean books and book printing technology were one of Japan 's top priorities for looting , especially metal moveable type . One commander alone , Ukita Hideie , is said to have had 200,000 printing types and books removed from Korea 's Gyeongbokgung Palace . In 1593 , a Korean printing press with movable type was sent as a present for the Japanese Emperor Go - Yōzei . The emperor commanded that it be used to print an edition of the Confucian Classic of Filial Piety . Four years later in 1597 , apparently due to difficulties encountered in casting metal , a Japanese version of the Korean printing press was built with wooden instead of metal type . In 1599 , this press was used to print the first part of the Nihon Shoki . Eighty percent of Japan 's book production was printed using moveable type between 1593 and 1625 , but ultimately moveable type printing was supplanted by woodblock printing and was rarely used after 1650 . Ceramics Prior to the invasion , Korea 's high - quality ceramic pottery was prized in Japan , particularly the Korean teabowls used in the Japanese tea ceremony . Because of this , Japanese soldiers made great efforts to find skilled Korean potters and transfer them to Japan . For this reason , the Japanese invasion of Korea is sometimes referred to as the `` Teabowl War '' or the `` Pottery War '' . Hundreds of Korean potters were taken by the Japanese Army back to Japan with them , either being forcibly kidnapped or else being persuaded to leave . Once settled in Japan , the Korean potters were put to work making ceramics . Historian Andrew Maske has concluded that , `` Without a doubt the single most important development in Japanese ceramics in the past five hundred years was the importation of Korean ceramic technology as a result of the invasions of Korea by the Japanese under Toyotomi Hideyoshi . '' Imari porcelain , Satsuma ware , Hagi ware , Karatsu ware , and Takatori ware were all pioneered by Koreans who came to Japan at this time . Construction Among the skilled craftsmen removed from Korea by Japanese forces were roof tilers , who would go on to make important contributions to tiling Japanese houses and castles . For example , one Korean tiler participated in the expansion of Kumamoto Castle . Furthermore , the Japanese daimyo Katō Kiyomasa had Nagoya Castle constructed using stonework techniques that he had learned during his time in Korea . Neo-Confucianism Kang Hang , a Korean neo-Confucian scholar , was kidnapped in Korea by Japanese soldiers and taken to Japan . He lived in Japan until the year 1600 during which time he formed an acquaintance with the scholar Fujiwara Seika and instructed him in neo-Confucian philosophy . Some historians believe that other Korean neo-Confucianists such as Yi Toe - gye also had a major impact on Japanese neo-Confucianism at this time . The idea was developed in particular by Abe Yoshio ( 阿部 吉雄 ) . By contrast , Willem van Boot called this theory in question in his 1982 doctoral thesis and later works . Historian Jurgis Elisonas stated the following about the controversy : `` A similar great transformation in Japanese intellectual history has also been traced to Korean sources , for it has been asserted that the vogue for neo-Confucianism , a school of thought that would remain prominent throughout the Edo period ( 1600 -- 1868 ) , arose in Japan as a result of the Korean war , whether on account of the putative influence that the captive scholar - official Kang Hang exerted on Fujiwara Seika ( 1561 -- 1619 ) , the soi - disant discoverer of the true Confucian tradition for Japan , or because Korean books from looted libraries provided the new pattern and much new matter for a redefinition of Confucianism . This assertion , however is questionable and indeed has been rebutted convincingly in recent Western scholarship . '' Historiography The interpretation of the history of early contacts , and the nature of the relations , between Japan and the states of the Korean peninsula has long been complicated by reciprocal nationalisms which skew interpretations . In the modern period , especially in the wake of Japan 's annexation of Korea , a Tokugawa era theory developed which held that in antiquity Japan had ruled over Korea and its elites , and that the roots of the two people and polities were identical . This was called the `` common ancestry theory '' ( naisen dōsoron : 内 鮮同 祖 論 ) and , based on early texts that spoke of Yamato invasions of the peninsula and the establishment of Mimana , was used to justify Japan 's colonial seizure of Korea ( seikanron : 征 韓 論 ) as was evidence from excavations at the Lelang Commandery that ancient Korea had been long been a colonized country . In this perspective , while recognizing the great impact of Chinese civilization on both polities , the role of Korean peninsular peoples in the transmission of Sinic culture was underplayed and it was claimed that Japan had retained its indigenous uniqueness by consistently modifying the cultural elements flowing through Korea to Yamato . Korean nationalist historiography ( minjok sahak ) challenged Japanese versions of their history while often adopting the same prejudices , and asserted in turn , the country had national sovereignty in prehistoric times , and a racial and cultural superiority over other east Asian countries , reflecting the legacy of colonial Japan 's own prejudices . Recently , a growing consensus has been reached among historians on the importance of direct cultural transfers from Korea to Japan . However , the issue of Korean influence on Japanese culture continues to be a sensitive matter to discuss . The excavation of many of Japan 's earliest imperial tombs , which might shed important light on the subject , remains prohibited by the Japanese government . By contrast , the admission by Emperor Akihito that the Imperial Family of Japan included Korean ancestors helped to improve bilateral Korea - Japan relations . Recently , the Kyoto Cultural Museum has stated that , `` In seeking the source of Japan 's ancient culture many will look to China , but the quest will finally lead to Korea , where China 's advanced culture was accepted and assimilated . In actuality , the people who crossed the sea were the people of the Korea Peninsula and their culture was the Korean culture . '' As scholarship on pre-modern Korean contributions to Japanese culture has advanced , some academics have also begun studying reverse cultural flows from Japan to Korea during the same period of history . For example , historians note that , during Japan 's Kofun period , Japanese - style bronze weapons and keyhole - shaped burial mounds spread to Korea . See also Culture of Japan Culture of Korea Culture of Asia Notes ^ Jump up to : Barnes ( 2015 ) , pp. 271 -- 273 . ^ Jump up to : Nakazono , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Keally , Charles T. ( 2006 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Yayoi Culture '' . Japanese Archaeology . Charles T. Keally . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rhee , Aikens , Choi , and Ro , pp. 420 -- 422 . Jump up ^ Habu , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Totman , p. 59 . Jump up ^ ( Farris 1998 , p. 109 ) ^ Jump up to : Rhee , Aikens , Choi , and Ro , pp. 430 -- 432 . Jump up ^ Barnes ( 2007 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Totman , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Pai , pp. 234 -- 235 . ^ Jump up to : ( Farris 1998 , pp. 69 -- 70 , 110 , 116 , 120 -- 122 ) Jump up ^ Ch'on , p. 11 . Jump up ^ ( Farris 1998 , p. 120 ) Jump up ^ ( Farris 1998 , p. 68 ) Jump up ^ ( Farris 1998 , pp. 67 , 109 ) Jump up ^ Pai , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Kim , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Tony McNicol ( April 28 , 2008 ) . `` Japanese Royal Tomb Opened to Scholars for First Time '' . National Geographic News . ^ Jump up to : Kim , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Rhee , Aikens , Choi , and Ro , pp. 441 -- 442 . ^ Jump up to : McCallum ( 2009 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Farris ( 2009 ) , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : ( Farris 1998 , pp. 72 -- 76 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Farris 1998 , pp. 105 , 109 ) Jump up ^ Mori Koichi , pp. 130 -- 133 . Jump up ^ ( Farris 1998 , pp. 77 -- 79 ) Jump up ^ Comoe , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Batten , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : ( Farris 1998 , pp. 84 -- 87 ) Jump up ^ Totman , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Tokyo National Museum , p. 3 . Jump up ^ ( Farris 1998 , pp. 79 -- 82 ) Jump up ^ Totman , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ ( Farris 1998 , p. 83 ) Jump up ^ Rhee , Aikens , Choi , and Ro , pp. 437 -- 438 , 446 . Jump up ^ Farris , pp. 81 - 82 . Jump up ^ Kamada , pp. 133 -- 142 . ^ Jump up to : ( Farris 1998 , pp. 101 -- 102 , 104 -- 105 ) Jump up ^ Williams , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Hane , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Henshall , pp. 17 , 228 . Jump up ^ Miyake , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Seeley , pp. 5 -- 6 , 23 . Jump up ^ Hane , p. 26 . Jump up ^ ( Farris 1998 , p. 99 ) Jump up ^ Ch'on , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Frellesvig , p. 13 Jump up ^ Bentley , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Miyake , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Lee and Ramsey , pp. 2 , 84 : `` Simplified kugyŏl looks like the Japanese katakana . Some of the resemblances are superficial ... ( B ) ut many other symbols are identical in form and value ... We do not know just what the historical connections were between these two transcription systems . The origins of kugyŏl have still not been accurately dated or documented . But many in Japan as well as Korea believe that the beginnings of katakana and the orthographic principles they represent , derive at least in part from earlier practices on the Korean peninsular . '' Jump up ^ Kamstra , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Grayson , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Keller and Volkov , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Lu and Needham , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Rosner , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Sŏng - nae Pak , Science and Technology in Korean History : Excursions , Innovations , and Issues , Jain Publishing Company , 2005 p. 44 ( Looks like it is self - published in a nationalist vanity press . Perhaps not RS ) ^ Jump up to : Pak , pp. 42 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Pak , pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ ( Farris 1998 , p. 105 ) Jump up ^ Dorothy Perkins . Japanese history and culture , from abacus to zori . Facts on File , 1991 , p. 313 ^ Jump up to : Lee ( August 1970 ) , pp. 12 , 29 . Jump up ^ Michael Como . Shōtoku : Ethnicity , Ritual , and Violence in the Japanese Buddhist Tradition . Oxford University Press , 2008 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Michael Como . Weaving and Binding : Immigrant Gods and Female Immortals in Ancient Japan . University of Hawaii Press , 2009 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Cho , Youngjoo , pp. 51 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Sansom , pp. 134 -- 135 , 137 . Jump up ^ Farris , `` Shipbuilding and Nautical technology in Maritime Japan : Origins to 1600 '' , in The Mariner 's Mirror , vol. 95 , No. 3 August 2009 pp. 260 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Louis D. Hayes . Political Systems of East Asia : China , Korea , and Japan . M.E. Sharpe , 2012 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Robert E. Buswell . Tracing Back the Radiance : Chinul 's Korean Way of Zen . University of Hawaii Press , 1983 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Zhenping Wang . Ambassadors from the Islands of Immortals : China - Japan Relations in the Han - Tang period . University of Hawaii Press , 2005 , p. 79 Jump up ^ Edwin O. Reischauer . Ennin 's travels in Tʻang China . Ronald Press Company , 1955 , p. 60 Jump up ^ p. 46 , Mark Peterson , Phillip Margulies ( 2010 ) referencing Edwin O. Reischauer . Ennin 's Diary : The record of Pilgrimage to China in Search the Law . New York : Ronald Press , 1955 Jump up ^ The McGraw - Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography : An International Reference Work , Volume 2 . McGraw - Hill , 1973 , p. 479 Jump up ^ William Theodore De Bary . Sources Of East Asian Tradition : Premodern Asia , Volume 1 . Columbia University Press , 2008 , p. 529 ^ Jump up to : Edwin O. Reischauer . Ennin 's travels in Tʻang China . Ronald Press Company , 1955 , pp. 276 - 283 Jump up ^ Moshe Y. Sachs . Worldmark encyclopedia of the nations , Volume 1 - 5 . Worldmark Press , 1984 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Jirō Harada . The Shōsōin : an eighth century repository . Mayuyama , 1950 , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Catalogue of the Exhibition of Shoso - in Treasures . Nara National Museum of Japan , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Kamata , pp. 151 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Kamstra , pp. 232 -- 233 . ^ Jump up to : Buswell , pp. 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Inoue , pp. 170 -- 172 . ^ Jump up to : Best , pp. 31 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Lee ( September 1970 ) , pp. 20 , 31 . Jump up ^ Cho , Insoo , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : von Ragué , pp. 5 -- 7 . Jump up ^ von Ragué , pp. 176 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : Akiyama , pp. 19 -- 20 , 26 . ^ Jump up to : Lee ( October 1970 ) , pp. 18 , 33 . Jump up ^ Needham and Tsien , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Needham and Wang , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Pak , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Ahn , pp. 195 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Jungmann , pp. 205 -- 211 . ^ Jump up to : Malm , pp. 33 , 98 -- 100 , 109 . Jump up ^ Banham , p. 559 . Jump up ^ Kusano , pp. 31 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : ( Farris 1998 , p. 97 ) Jump up ^ Hsu , p. 248 . Jump up ^ ( Farris 1998 , pp. 96 , 118 ) Jump up ^ Rhee , Aikens , Choi , and Ro , pp. 441 , 443 . ^ Jump up to : McCallum ( 1982 ) , pp. 22 , 26 , 28 . Jump up ^ ( Farris 1998 , pp. 102 -- 103 ) ^ Jump up to : Jung , pp. 113 -- 114 , 119 . Jump up ^ McBride , 90 . ^ Jump up to : Fenollosa , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Portal , 52 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1980 ) , p. 776 . Jump up ^ Levy , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1997 ) , pp. 85 -- 86 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : ( Farris 1998 , p. 103 ) Jump up ^ Mori Ikuo , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Korean Buddhist Research Institute , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Farris , pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Pratt and Rutt , 190 . Jump up ^ Ha , p. 335 . ^ Jump up to : Keene , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Marceau , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Shively , p. 726 . Jump up ^ Ha , pp. 328 -- 329 . Jump up ^ Portal , pp. 140 -- 141 . ^ Jump up to : Ha , pp. 330 -- 331 . ^ Jump up to : Maske , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Koo Tae - hoon ( 2008 ) . `` Flowering of Korean Ceramic Culture in Japan '' . Korea Focus . ^ Jump up to : Ha , pp. 324 -- 325 . Jump up ^ Chung , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Jansen , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Sato , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Tucker , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Lewis , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Elisonas , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Em , p. 10ff . ^ Jump up to : Pai , pp. 1 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Xu , pp. 89 -- 135 pp. 92ff . Jump up ^ Ebrey and Walthall , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Shin , p. 55 : `` the Japanese influenced Korean nationalist thinking ... The search for documentation of the unique and immutable core - the racial origins - of the Korean people appears similar to the Japanese obsession with the national essence ( kokutai ) in the 1930s . '' Jump up ^ Rhee , Aikens , Choi , and Ro , pp. 404 -- 406 . Jump up ^ ( Farris 1998 , p. 56 ) Jump up ^ Holland Cotter ( April 6 , 2003 ) . `` Japanese Art and Its Korean Secret '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rhee , Aikens , Choi , and Ro , p. 405 . Jump up ^ `` 韓国 に 渡っ た 日本 文化 '' , Asahi Shimbun , March 19 , 2010 . Bibliography Ahn Hwi - Joon , `` Korean Influence on Japanese Ink Paintings of the Muromachi Period '' , Korea Journal , Winter 1997 . Akiyama , Terukazu , Japanese Painting . 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Buswell Jr. , Robert , `` Patterns of Influence in East Asian Buddhism : The Korean Case '' , in Currents and Countercurrents : Korean Influences on the East Asian Buddhist Traditions , ed . Robert Buswell . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press , 2005 . Chung , Edward , The Korean Neo-Confucianism of Yi T'oegye and Yi Yulgok . Albany : State University of New York Press , 1995 . Cho , Insoo , `` Painters as Envoys : Korean Inspiration in Eighteenth Century Japanese Nanga ( Review ) '' , Journal of Korean Studies , Fall 2007 . Cho , Youngjoo , `` The Small but Magnificent Counter-Piracy Operations of the republic of Korea '' , in Freedom of Navigation and Globalization , eds . Myron H. Nordquist , John Norton Moore , Robert Beckman , and Ronan Long . Leiden : Brill Nijhoff Publishers , 2014 . Ch'on Kwan - u , `` A New Interpretation of the Problems of Mimana ( I ) '' . Korea Journal , February 1974 . 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Inoue Mitsusada , `` The Century of Reform '' , in The Cambridge History of Japan Volume One , ed . Delmer M. Brown . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1993 . Jansen , Marius , The Making of Modern Japan . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press , 2000 . Jung Hyoun , `` Who Made Japan 's National Treasure No. 1 '' , in The Foreseen and the Unforeseen in Historical Relations Between Korea and Japan , eds . Northeast Asian History Foundation . Seoul : Northeast Asian History Foundation , 2009 . Jungmann , Burglind , Painters as Envoys : Korean Inspiration in Eighteenth - Century Japanese Nanga . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2004 . Kamada Motokazu , `` 王権 を めぐる 戦い '' , in 大 君 による 国土 の 統一 , ed . Toshio Kishi . Tokyo : Chuo Koronsha , 1988 . Kamata Shigeo , `` The Transmission of Paekche Buddhism to Japan '' , in Introduction of Buddhism to Japan : New Cultural Patterns , eds . Lewis R. Lancaster and CS Yu . Berkeley , California : Asian Humanities Press , 1989 . Kamstra , Jacques H. , Encounter Or Syncretism : The Initial Growth of Japanese Buddhism . Leiden : Brill , 1967 . Keene , Donald , World Within Walls : Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era , 1600 - 1867 Volume One . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1976 . Keller , Agathe , and Volkov , Alexei , `` Mathematics Education in Oriental Antiquity and Medieval Ages '' , in Handbook on the History of Mathematics Education , eds . Alexander Karp and Gert Schubring . New York : Springer , 2014 . Kim , Eun Mee and Ryoo , Jiwon , `` South Korean Culture Goes Global : K - Pop and the Korean Wave , '' Korean Social Science Journal , 2007 . Kim , Jinwung , A History of Korea : From ' Land of the Morning Calm ' to States in Conflict . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2012 . Korean Buddhist Research Institute , The History and Culture of Buddhism in Korea . Seoul , Korea : Dongguk University Press , 1993 . Kusano , Taeko , `` Unknown Aspects of Korean Influence on Japanese Folk Music '' , Yearbook for Traditional Music , 1983 . Lee , Hyoun - jun , `` Korean Influence on Japanese Culture ( 1 ) '' , Korean Frontier , August 1970 . Lee , Hyoun - jun , `` Korean Influence on Japanese Culture ( 2 ) '' , Korean Frontier , September 1970 . Lee , Hyoun - jun , `` Korean Influence on Japanese Culture ( 3 ) '' , Korean Frontier , October 1970 . Lee , Ki - Moon , and Ramsey , S. Robert , A History of the Korean Language . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2011 . Levy , Ian Hideo , Hitomaro and the Birth of Japanese Lyricism . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press , 1984 . Lewis , James B. , Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan . New York : Routledge , 2005 . Lu , Gwei - djen , and Needham , Joseph , Celestial Lancets : A History and Rationale of Acupuncture and Moxa . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1980 . Malm , William P. , Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments . New York : Kodansha International , 1959 . Marceau , Lawrence , `` Cultural Developments in Tokugawa Japan '' , in A Companion to Japanese History , ed . William M. Tsutsui . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell Publishing , 2007 . Maske , Andrew , `` The Continental Origins of Takatori Ware : The Introduction of Korean Potters and Technology to Japan Through the Invasions of 1592 -- 1598 '' , Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan , 1994 . McBride , Richard D. , Domesticating the Dharma : Buddhist Cults and the Hwaom Synthesis in Silla Korea . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press , 2008 . McCallum , Donald , `` Korean Influence on Early Japanese Buddhist Sculpture , '' Korean Culture , March 1982 . McCallum , Donald , The Four Great Temples : Buddhist Archaeology , Architecture , and Icons of Seventh - Century Japan . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press , 2009 . Miller , Roy Andrew , `` Uri Famëba '' , in Wasser - Spuren : Festschrift für Wolfram Naumann zum 65 . Geburtstag , ed . Stanca Scholz - Cionca . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag , 1997 . Miller , Roy Andrew , `` Plus Ça Change ... '' , The Journal of Asian Studies , August 1980 . Miyake , Marc Hideo , Old Japanese : A Phonetic Reconstruction . New York : RoutledgeCurzon , 2003 . Mori Koichi , `` 継体 王朝 と 百済 '' , in 古代 の 河内 と 百済 , ed . Hirakata Rekishi Forum Jikko Iinkai . Hirakata : Daikoro Co. , 2001 . Mori Ikuo , `` Korean Influence and Japanese Innovation in Tiles of the Asuka - Hakuho Period '' , in Transmitting the Forms of Divinity : Early Buddhist Art from Korea and Japan , eds . Washizuka Hiromitsu , et al. New York : Japan Society , 2003 . Nakamura , Shintaro , 日本 と 中国 の 二 千 年 . Tokyo : Toho Shuppan , 1981 . Nakazono , Satoru , `` The Role of Long - Distance Interaction in the Socio - Cultural Change in Yayoi Period , Japan `` , in Coexistence and Cultural Transformation in East Asia , eds . Naoko Matsumoto , et al. Walnut Creek , California : Left Coast Press , 2011 . Needham , Joseph , and Tsien Tsuen - hsuin , Science and Civilisation in China : Volume Five , Chemistry and Chemical Technology , Part 1 , Paper and Printing . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1985 . Needham , Joseph , and Wang Ling , Science and Civilisation in China : Volume Four , Physics and Physical Technology , Part Two , Mechanical Engineering . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1965 . Pai , Hyung Il , Constructing `` Korean '' Origins : A Critical Review of Archaeology , Historiography , and Racial Myth in Korean State - formation Theories . Cambridge : Harvard University Asia Center , 2000 . Pak , Song - nae , Science and Technology in Korean History : Excursions , Innovations , and Issues . Fremont , California : Jain , 2005 . Portal , Jane , Korea : Art and Archaeology . New York : Thames & Hudson , 2000 . Pratt , Keith and Rutt , Richard , Korea : A Historical and Cultural Dictionary . Richmond , Surrey : Curzon Press , 1999 . Reischauer , Edwin O. , Ennin 's travels in Tʻang China . Ronald Press Company , 1955 Rhee , Song - Nai , Aikens , C. Melvin , Choi , Sung - Rak , and Ro , Hyuk - Jin , `` Korean Contributions to Agriculture , Technology , and State Formation in Japan '' . Asian Perspectives , Fall 2007 . JSTOR 42928724 Rosner , Erhard , Medizingeschichte Japans . Leiden : BRILL , 1988 . Sansom , George . A History of Japan Volume One . Stanford : Stanford University Press , 1958 . Sato , Seizaburo , `` Response to the West : The Korean and Japanese Patterns '' , in Japan : A Comparative View , ed . Albert M Craig . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1979 . Seeley , Christopher , A History of Writing in Japan . New York : EJ Brill , 1991 . Shin , Gi - Wook , Ethnic Nationalism in Korea : Genealogy , Politics , and Legacy . Stanford : Stanford University Press , 2006 . Shively , Donald , `` Popular Culture '' , in The Cambridge History of Japan Volume Four , ed . John Whitney Hall . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1991 . Tokyo National Museum , Pageant of Japanese Art : Textiles and Lacquer . Tokyo : Toto Bunka , 1952 . Totman , Conrad , Japan : An Environmental History . London : IB Tauris , 2014 . Tucker , Mary Evelyn , Moral and Spiritual Cultivation in Japanese Neo-Confucianism : The Life and Thought of Kaibara Ekken ( 1630 -- 1714 ) . Albany : State University of New York Press , 1989 . von Ragué , Beatrix , A History of Japanese Lacquerwork . Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 1976 . Wang Zhenping , Ambassadors from the Islands of Immortals : China - Japan Relations in the Han - Tang period . University of Hawaii Press , 2005 . Williams , Yoko , Tsumi - Offence and Retribution in Early Japan . New York : RoutledgeCurzon , 2003 . Xu , Stella , Reconstructing Ancient Korean History : The Formation of Korean - ness in the Shadow of History . Lanham : Lexington Books , 2016 . External links Purple Tigress . `` Review : Brighter than Gold -- A Japanese Ceramic Tradition Formed by Foreign Aesthetics '' . BC Culture . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 10 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) `` Japan , 1400 -- 1600 A.D. '' Metropolitan Museum of Art . October 2002 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) `` Yayoi Culture ( ca . 4th century B.C. -- 3rd century A.D. ) '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . `` Yayoi Era '' . Mankato , MN , U.S.A. : E-museum , Minnesota State University . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) `` Japanese History : Jomon , Yayoi , Kofun : Early Japan ( until 710 ) '' . japan-guide.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . `` Japan and Korean Influences '' . New York Times , The . 1901 - 07 - 07 . Magazine supplement . ( first paragraph only . PDF scan of full article here : ( 1 ) ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_influence_on_Japanese_culture&oldid=830969121 '' Categories : Japanese culture Korean culture Asian culture Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk View source Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 00 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-7905416125945421794 | Goal kick | Goal kick - wikipedia Goal kick Saint - Étienne goalkeeper Méline Gérard takes a goal kick . A goal kick , called a goalie kick in some regions , is a method of restarting play in a game of association football . Its procedure is dictated by Law 16 of the Laws of the Game . Contents 1 Award 2 Procedure 3 Infringements 4 History 4.1 Before 1863 4.2 The 1863 FA rules 4.3 Early developments ( 1863 - 1873 ) 4.4 Subsequent changes 4.5 Summary 5 Notes 6 References Award ( edit ) A goal kick is awarded to the defending team when the ball goes out of the field of play by crossing , either on the ground or in the air , the goal line , without a goal being scored , when the last person to touch the ball was from the attacking team . If the last person to touch the ball was a member of the defending side , a corner kick is instead awarded to the attackers . A goal kick is awarded to the defending team when the ball is struck directly into the goal by the attacking team from an indirect free kick or from the first touch following a properly taken dropped - ball . Procedure ( edit ) The ball is initially placed anywhere within the defending goal area ( also known as the six - yard box ) . All opposing players must be outside the penalty area until the ball is in play . The ball must be kicked ( a goalkeeper may not pick up the ball ) . The ball becomes in play as soon as it leaves the penalty area -- if any player makes contact with the ball before it becomes in play the kick is retaken . If the ball fails to leave the penalty area ( or goes out of play before it leaves the penalty area ) the kick is retaken . A goal can be scored directly from a goal kick against the opposing team . An own goal can not be scored from a goal kick ; in the highly unlikely circumstance that the ball happens to land directly into the kicker 's own goal after going into play beyond the penalty area ( e.g. because of high winds ) , a corner kick is awarded . Note : A player may not be penalised for offside directly from a goal kick . Goal kicks are most often taken by goalkeepers , however this is not compulsory under the laws of the game . Infringements ( edit ) Opposing players must retain the required distance as stated above . Failure to do so promptly so may constitute misconduct and be punished by a caution ( yellow card ) . If an opposing player enters the penalty area before the ball is in play , the goal kick may be retaken . If any player touches the ball after it is kicked , but before it is in play ( i.e. before the whole of the ball has left the penalty area ) , the goal kick is retaken . It is an infringement for the kicker to touch the ball a second time once the ball is in play ( i.e. when it has left the penalty area ) , before it has been touched by another player -- this is punishable by an indirect free kick to the opposing team from where the offence occurred , unless the second touch was also a more serious handling offence , which is punished by a direct free kick for the opposing team . History ( edit ) Before 1863 ( edit ) Analogues of the goal kick are found in earlier codes of football . The first published set of rules for any code of football , that of Rugby School ( 1845 ) , featured a `` kick out '' from ten yards or twenty - five yards after a team touched the ball down in its own goal area . This was the ancestor of the 22 - metre drop out in modern rugby union . A similar 25 - yard `` kick out '' is found in the first version of the Sheffield rules ( 1858 ) . The Cambridge rules of 1856 provided for a kick - out from `` not more than ten paces '' , while the Melbourne Football Club rules of 1859 stipulated a 20 - yard `` kick off '' . Published laws of the Eton field game ( 1857 ) and Harrow football ( 1858 ) , meanwhile , provided for a defensive kick - off from the goal - line itself whenever the ball went behind the goal without the attacking team scoring . The 1863 FA rules ( edit ) The original FA rules of 1863 defined the `` free kick from the goal line '' , the ancestor of the goal - kick , thus : In case the ball goes behind the goal line , if a player on the side to whom the goal belongs first touches the ball , one of his side shall be entitled to a free kick from the goal line at the point opposite the place where the ball shall be touched . If a player of the opposite side first touches the ball , one of his side shall be entitled to a free kick ( but at the goal only ) from a point 15 yards from the goal line opposite the place where the ball is touched . The opposing side shall stand behind their goal line until he has had his kick . There are several differences between this `` free kick from the goal line '' and the modern goal - kick : It was awarded when the defensive team was the first to touch the ball down after it had crossed the goal - line . This contrasts with modern association football , which awards the goal - kick against the last team to touch the ball before it went out of play . It was taken from the goal line itself . It was taken in line with the spot where the ball was touched down . It was not possible for a player to be offside from such a kick , a feature of the laws that has remained constant to the present day . Early developments ( 1863 - 1873 ) ( edit ) In 1866 , the law was changed to award a goal - kick to the defending team regardless of which team touched the ball . ( If the attacking team touched the ball down , it was awarded a `` touch down '' , which served as a tie - breaker if the match ended level on goals ; however the defending team was still awarded a goal - kick ) . In 1867 , following an amendment proposed by Wanderers FC , the law was simplified ; both the requirement for a touch - down , and the short - lived `` touch - down '' tiebreaker , were completely removed from the laws . The goal - kick could now be taken from any point `` within six yards from the limit of ( the ) goal '' , and the opponents were forbidden from approaching within six yards of the ball . In 1872 , the law was changed by the introduction of the corner - kick from Sheffield rules football . Under this 1872 law , a goal - kick could be awarded only when the ball was kicked directly over the crossbar of goal by either side . ( When the ball was kicked to the side of the goal , a corner - kick was awarded , to either the attacking or defensive side ) . This law was rewritten the next year ( 1873 ) on the basis of a proposal by Great Marlow FC : a goal kick was awarded when the ball was kicked out of play over the goal - line by the attacking side . The kick had to be taken from within six yards of the nearest goal post . The 1873 law ran : When the ball is kicked behind the goal - line by one of the opposite side , it shall be kicked off by any one of the players behind whose goal line it went , within six yards of the nearest goal post ; but if kicked behind by any one of the side whose goal line it is , a player of the opposite side shall kick it from the nearest corner flag - post . In either case no other player shall be allowed within six yards of the ball until kicked off . Subsequent changes ( edit ) The laws of 1902 introduced the goal area In 1890 , the phrase `` goal - kick '' appeared in the text of the laws for the first time . The player taking the goal - kick was forbidden from kicking the ball again until it had been played by another player . It was also forbidden to score a goal directly from a goal - kick . This latter prohibition would be partly reversed in 1997 , when it was permitted to score a goal directly from a goal - kick , but only against the opposing team . In 1891 , pitch markings were added to define the six - yard radius from each goal - post . In 1902 , the term `` goal area '' was introduced for the place from which the goal kick was taken ; it assumed its modern dimensions as a rectangle extending six yards from each goal post . The goal - kick had to be taken from the half of the goal area nearest to the spot where the ball went out of play . This requirement was removed in 1992 , when it was permitted to take the goal - kick from any point within the goal - area . This change was made in order to `` eliminate ( ) one of the common timewasting tactics '' . In 1914 , the distance opponents were required to retreat was increased from six yards to ten yards ( though the Football Association enforced this change one year earlier , in 1913 ) . In 1948 , opponents were required to be completely outside the penalty area when the goal - kick was taken . In 1936 , after a proposal by the Scottish Football Association , a new restriction was added : it was specified that the goal - kick has to put the ball into play beyond the penalty area ; if the ball does not leave the penalty area , the kick has to be retaken . The goalkeeper was also explicitly forbidden from `` receiv ( ing ) the ball into his hands from a goal - kick in order that he may thereafter kick it into play '' . Amadeo Carrizo has been cited as the first goalkeeper to recognize the importance of the goal kick as a method of launching an attack . Summary ( edit ) This table describes all free kicks awarded to the defending team after the ball goes out of play over the goal line , including the defensive corner kick from the 1872 laws . Date Awarded when Location Minimum distance required ( oppponents ) Ball must leave penalty area Kicker may play ball again before it is touched by another player Attacking goal may be scored Own goal may be scored Player may be offside 1863 Ball first touched by a defender after going out of play From the goal - line , in line with the place where the ball was touched down None No Yes Yes Yes No 1866 In all cases 1867 Within 6 yards of `` the limit of the goal '' 6 yards 1872 Ball goes directly above the crossbar OR Ball last touched by an attacker before going out of play Within 6 yards of `` the limit of the goal '' ( if ball went directly above the crossbar ) From the corner - flag nearest the point where the ball went out of play ( otherwise ) 1873 Ball last touched by an attacker before going out of play Within 6 yards of the goal post nearest the point where the ball went out of play 1890 No No No 1902 The half of the goal area nearest the point where the ball went out of play 1914 10 yards 1936 Yes 1948 Must be outside the penalty area Anywhere within the goal area Yes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This was added to the Laws of the Game in 2012 in order to prevent goals from being scored directly from `` uncontested '' dropped balls . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA.com -- The Laws of the Game -- Law 16 : The Goal - Kick '' . FIFA . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ LOTG 8.2 ; FIFA Circular 1302 p. 3 Jump up ^ LAWS OF THE GAME 2015 / 2016 ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 36 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Law 16 -- The Goal Kick '' . FIFA . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Laws of Football as played at Rugby School ( 1845 ) . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Sheffield Rules ( 1858 ) . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Cambridge Rules ( 1856 ) . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Rules of Melbourne Football Club ( 1859 ) . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Laws of the Eton Field Game ( 1857 ) . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Rules of Harrow Football ( 1858 ) . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Laws of the Game ( 1863 ) . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Laws of the Game ( 1866 ) . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Laws of the Game ( 1867 ) . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Laws of the Game ( 1872 ) . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Laws of the Game ( 1873 ) . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Laws of the Game ( 1890 ) . Wikisource . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Laws of the Game - 1990 - 2000 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Starts and restarts of play '' . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` International Football Assocation Board : 1997 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting '' ( PDF ) . p. 139 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Laws of the Game ( 1891 ) . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Laws of the Game ( 1902 ) . Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` International Football Assocation Board : 1992 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting '' ( PDF ) . p. 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` International Football Assocation Board : 1914 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The New Free Kick Law '' . The Athletic News and Cyclists ' Journal ( 1984 ) : 1 . 1913 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` International Football Assocation Board : 1948 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting '' ( PDF ) . p. 6 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` International Football Assocation Board : 1936 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Lantern '' ( 1936 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Linesmen Must Be More Attentive '' . Sports Argus . Birmingham ( 2006 ) : 6 . Jump up ^ `` Amadeo Carrizo : The Man Who Redefined Goalkeeping '' . 18 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Laws of the Game ( rules of association football ) Terms Law 1 : The Field of Play Law 2 : The Ball Law 3 : The Number of Players Law 4 : The Players ' Equipment Law 5 : The Referee Law 6 : The Other Match Officials Law 7 : The Duration of the Match Law 8 : The Start and Restart of Play Law 9 : The Ball In and Out of Play Law 10 : The Method of Scoring Law 11 : Offside Law 12 : Fouls and Misconduct Law 13 : Free kicks ( direct and indirect ) Law 14 : The Penalty Kick Law 15 : The Throw - In Law 16 : The Goal Kick Law 17 : The Corner Kick Comparisons Football and rugby union Football and futsal IFAB The Football Association Scottish Football Association Football Association of Wales Irish Football Association FIFA Related Sheffield Rules Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goal_kick&oldid=865799996 '' Categories : Laws of association football Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 06 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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5856324759071587762 | Twelve Tribes of Israel | Twelve tribes of Israel - wikipedia Twelve tribes of Israel Jump to : navigation , search `` Twelve Tribes '' redirects here . For other uses , see Twelve Tribes ( disambiguation ) . This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of the Twelve Tribes of Israel According to the Hebrew Bible , the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Tribes of Israel ( Hebrew : שבטי ישראל ) were said to have descended from the 12 sons of the patriarch Jacob ( who was later named Israel ) by two wives , Leah and Rachel , and two concubines , Zilpah and Bilhah . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tribes 2 In Christianity 2.1 Coat of arms 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Tribes ( edit ) Tribes of Israel The Tribes Reuben Simeon Levi Judah Dan Naphtali Gad Asher Issachar Zebulun Joseph Manasseh Ephraim Benjamin Related topics Leaders Israelites Ten Lost Tribes Jews Samaritans Deuteronomy 33 : 6 -- 25 and Judges 5 : 14 -- 18 present parallel listings of the twelve tribes : Reuben Simeon Levi Judah Issachar Zebulun Dan Naphtali Gad Asher Joseph ( later Ephraim and Manasseh ) Benjamin Jacob elevated the descendants of Ephraim and Manasseh ( the two sons of Joseph and his Egyptian wife Asenath ) to the status of full tribes in their own right , replacing the tribe of Joseph . In the Bible 's version of events , the period from the conquest of Canaan under the leadership of Joshua until the formation of the first Kingdom of Israel , passed with the tribes forming a loose confederation , described in the Book of Judges . Modern scholarship has called into question the beginning , middle , and end of this picture and the account of the conquest under Joshua has largely been abandoned . The Bible 's depiction of the ' period of the Judges ' is widely considered doubtful . The extent to which a united Kingdom of Israel ever existed is also a matter of ongoing dispute . Living in exile in the sixth century BCE , the prophet Ezekiel has a vision for the restoration of Israel which would include `` the ideal reallotment of the land to the twelve tribes of Israel '' . In christianity ( edit ) In the Christian New Testament , the twelve tribes of Israel are referred to twice in the gospels and twice in the Book of Revelation . In Matthew , paralled by Luke , Jesus anticipates that in the Kingdom of God , his followers will `` sit on ( twelve ) thrones , judging the twelve tribes of Israel '' . In the vision of the writer of the Book of Revelation , 144,000 of all the tribes of the children of Israel were `` sealed '' , 12,000 from each tribe and in his vision of the New or Heavenly Jerusalem , the tribes ' names were written on the city gates : The names of the twelve tribes of the children of Israel : three gates on the east , three gates on the north , three gates on the south , and three gates on the west . Coat of arms ( edit ) Thesouro de Nobreza , 1675 Asher Benjamin Dan Ephraim Gad Issachar Judah Manasseh Naphtali Reuben Simeon Zebulun See also ( edit ) Judaism portal Israelites Leaders of the tribes of Israel Ten Lost Tribes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Genesis 41 : 50 Jump up ^ Genesis 48 : 5 ^ Jump up to : `` In any case , it is now widely agreed that the so - called ' patriarchal / ancestral period ' is a later ' literary ' construct , not a period in the actual history of the ancient world . The same is the case for the ' exodus ' and the ' wilderness period , ' and more and more widely for the ' period of the Judges . ' '' Paula M. McNutt ( 1 January 1999 ) . Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22265 - 9 . Jump up ^ Alan T. Levenson ( 16 August 2011 ) . The Making of the Modern Jewish Bible : How Scholars in Germany , Israel , and America Transformed an Ancient Text . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0518 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Besides the rejection of the Albrightian ' conquest ' model , the general consensus among OT scholars is that the Book of Joshua has no value in the historical reconstruction . They see the book as an ideological retrojection from a later period -- either as early as the reign of Josiah or as late as the Hasmonean period . '' K. Lawson Younger Jr. ( 1 October 2004 ) . `` Early Israel in Recent Biblical Scholarship '' . In David W. Baker ; Bill T. Arnold . The Face of Old Testament Studies : A Survey of Contemporary Approaches . Baker Academic . p. 200 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2871 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` It behooves us to ask , in spite of the fact that the overwhelming consensus of modern scholarship is that Joshua is a pious fiction composed by the deuteronomistic school , how does and how has the Jewish community dealt with these foundational narratives , saturated as they are with acts of violence against others ? '' Carl S. Ehrlich ( 1999 ) . `` Joshua , Judaism and Genocide '' . Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century , Volume 1 : Biblical , Rabbinical , and Medieval Studies . BRILL . p. 117 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 11554 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Recent decades , for example , have seen a remarkable reevaluation of evidence concerning the conquest of the land of Canaan by Joshua . As more sites have been excavated , there has been a growing consensus that the main story of Joshua , that of a speedy and complete conquest ( e.g. Josh . 11.23 : ' Thus Joshua conquered the whole country , just as the LORD had promised Moses ' ) is contradicted by the archaeological record , though there are indications of some destruction and conquest at the appropriate time . Adele Berlin ; Marc Zvi Brettler ( 17 October 2014 ) . The Jewish Study Bible ( Second ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 951 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 939387 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The biblical text does not shed light on the history of the highlands in the early Iron I . The conquest and part of the period of the judges narratives should be seen , first and foremost , as a Deuteronomist construct that used myths , tales , and etiological traditions in order to convey the theology and territorial ideology of the late monarchic author ( s ) ( e.g. , Nelson 1981 ; Van Seters 1990 ; Finkelstein and Silberman 2001 , 72 - 79 , Römer 2007 , 83 - 90 ) . '' Israel Finkelstein ( 2013 ) . The Forgotten Kingdom : The Archaeology and History of Northern Israel ( PDF ) . Society of Biblical Literature . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 912 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` In short , the so - called ' period of the judges ' was probably the creation of a person or persons known as the deuteronomistic historian . '' J. Clinton McCann ( 2002 ) . Judges . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8042 - 3107 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Although most scholars accept the historicity of the united monarchy ( although not in the scale and form described in the Bible ; see Dever 1996 ; Na'aman 1996 ; Fritz 1996 , and bibliography there ) , its existence has been questioned by other scholars ( see Whitelam 1996b ; see also Grabbe 1997 , and bibliography there ) . The scenario described below suggests that some important changes did take place at the time . '' Avraham Faust ( 1 April 2016 ) . Israel 's Ethnogenesis : Settlement , Interaction , Expansion and Resistance . Routledge . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 94215 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` In some sense most scholars today agree on a ' minimalist ' point of view in this regard . It does not seem reasonable any longer to claim that the united monarchy ruled over most of Palestine and Syria . '' Gunnar Lebmann ( 2003 ) . Andrew G. Vaughn ; Ann E. Killebrew , eds . Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology : The First Temple Period . Society of Biblical Lit . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 066 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` There seems to be a consensus that the power and size of the kingdom of Solomon , if it ever existed , has been hugely exaggerated . '' Philip R. Davies ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` Why do we Know about Amos ? '' . In Diana Vikander Edelman ; Ehud Ben Zvi . The Production of Prophecy : Constructing Prophecy and Prophets in Yehud . Routledge . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 49031 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ezekiel 47 : 13 Jump up ^ Barnes ' Notes on the Bible on Ezekiel 47 , accessed 14 October 2016 Jump up ^ Matthew 19 : 28 Jump up ^ Luke 22 : 30 Jump up ^ Revelation 7 : 1 - 8 Jump up ^ Revelation 21 : 12 - 13 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twelve Tribes of Israel . The Twelve Tribes at the Jewish Encyclopedia The Twelve Tribes of Israel at the Jewish Virtual Library ( hide ) The Biblical and Historical Israelites Children of Israel / Twelve Tribes of Israel Ten Lost Tribes History of ancient Israel and Judah Land of Israel United Monarchy ( Kingdom of Israel ) Northern Kingdom Southern Kingdom ( Kingdom of Judah ) Tanakh Bible Hebrew Bible Old Testament Historicity of the Bible BNF : cb11971544j ( data ) LCCN : sh85139018 SUDOC : 027736229 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel&oldid=842737374 '' Categories : Cultural lists Tribes of Israel Judaism - related lists Tribes of Asia Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar مصرى مازِرونی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Tagalog Українська ייִדיש 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 10 : 21 . 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-8450588123084744294 | Optic chiasm | Optic chiasm - wikipedia Optic chiasm Jump to : navigation , search For other meanings of `` chiasm '' , see Chiasm . Optic chiasma Brain viewed from below ; the front of the brain is above . Visual pathway with optic chiasm ( X shape ) is shown in red ( 1543 image from Andreas Vesalius ' Fabrica ) Optic nerves , chiasm , and optic tracts Details Part of Visual system Identifiers Latin chiasma opticum MeSH A08. 800.800. 120.680. 600 NeuroLex ID Optic chiasm TA A14. 1.08. 403 FMA 62045 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The optic chiasm or optic chiasma ( / ɒptɪk kaɪæzəm / ; Greek χίασμα , `` crossing '' , from the Greek χιάζω ' to mark with an X ' , after the Greek letter ' Χ ' , chi ) is the part of the brain where the optic nerves partially cross . The optic chiasm is located at the bottom of the brain immediately below the hypothalamus . The optic chiasm is found in all vertebrates , although in cyclostomes ( lampreys and hagfishes ) it is located within the brain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Other animals 3 Additional images 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The optic nerve fibres on the nasal sides of each retina cross over ( decussate ) to the opposite side of the brain via the optic nerve at the optic chiasm ( decussation of medial fibers ) . The temporal hemiretina , on the other hand , stays on the same side . The inferonasal retina are related to anterior portion of the optic chiasm whereas superonasal retinal fibers are related to the posterior portion of the optic chiasm . The crossing over of optic nerve fibres at the optic chiasm allows the visual cortex to receive the same hemispheric visual field from both eyes . Superimposing and processing these monocular visual signals allow the visual cortex to generate binocular and stereoscopic vision . For example , the right visual cortex receives the temporal visual field from the left eye , and the nasal visual field from the right eye , which results in the right visual cortex producing a binocular image of the left hemispheric visual field . The net result of optic nerve crossing over at the optic chiasm is for the right cerebral hemisphere to sense and process left hemispheric vision , and for the left cerebral hemisphere to sense and process right hemispheric vision . This crossing is an adaptive feature of frontally oriented eyes , found mostly in predatory animals requiring precise visual depth perception . ( Prey animals , with laterally positioned eyes , have little binocular vision , so there is a more complete crossover of visual signals . ) Beyond the optic chiasm , with crossed and uncrossed fibers , the optic nerves become optic tracts . The signals are passed on to the lateral geniculate body , in turn giving them to the occipital cortex ( the outer matter of the rear brain ) . Other animals ( edit ) In Siamese cats with certain genotypes of the albino gene , this wiring is disrupted , with more of the nerve - crossing than is normal , as a number of scholars have reported . To compensate for lack of crossing in their brains , they cross their eyes ( strabismus ) . This is also seen in albino tigers , as Guillery & Kaas report . Additional images ( edit ) Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts . Base of brain . 3D schematic representation of optic tracts Transformations of the visual field toward the visual map on the primary visual cortex . Human brainstem anterior view Optic chiasm Optic chiasma Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection . Cerebrum. Inferior view . Deep dissection . History ( edit ) The crossing of nerve fibres , and the impact on vision that this had , was probably first identified by Persian physician `` Esmail Jorjani '' , who appears to be Zayn al - Din Gorgani ( 1042 -- 1137 ) . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Optic chiasm . Chiasmal syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colman , Andrew M. ( 2006 ) . Oxford Dictionary of Psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 530 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861035 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bainbridge , David ( 30 June 2009 ) . Beyond the Zonules of Zinn : A Fantastic Journey Through Your Brain . Harvard University Press . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02042 - 9 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ de Lussanet , Marc H.E. ; Osse , Jan W.M. ( 2012 ) . `` An ancestral axial twist explains the contralateral forebrain and the optic chiasm in vertebrates '' . Animal Biology . 62 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 216 . ISSN 1570 - 7555 . arXiv : 1003.1872 . doi : 10.1163 / 157075611X617102 . Jump up ^ Purves , Dale ; Augustine , George ; Fitzpatrick , David ; Hall , William ; LaMantia , Anthony - Samuel ; White , Leonard ( 2012 ) . Neuroscience . Sinauer Associates . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 695 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` eye , human . '' Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009 Jump up ^ Schmolesky MT , Wang Y , Creel DJ , Leventhal AG . `` Abnormal retinotopic organization of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the tyrosinase - negative albino cat . '' . J Comp Neurol. 427 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 19 . PMID 11054689 . doi : 10.1002 / 1096 - 9861 ( 20001113 ) 427 : 2 < 209 : : aid - cne4 > 3.0.co ; 2 - 3 . Jump up ^ Guillery , RW ; Kaas , JH ( June 1973 ) . `` Genetic abnormality of the visual pathways in a `` white '' tiger `` . Science . 180 ( 4092 ) : 1287 -- 9 . Bibcode : 1973Sci ... 180.1287 G. PMID 4707916 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 180.4092. 1287 . Jump up ^ Guillery RW ( May 1974 ) . `` Visual pathways in albinos '' . Sci. Am. 230 ( 5 ) : 44 -- 54 . PMID 4822986 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0574 - 44 . Jump up ^ Davis , Matthew C. ; Griessenauer , Christoph J. ; Bosmia , Anand N. ; Tubbs , R. Shane ; Shoja , Mohammadali M. ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The naming of the cranial nerves : A historical review '' . Clinical Anatomy. 27 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 19 . ISSN 1098 - 2353 . doi : 10.1002 / ca. 22345 . Jeffery G ( October 2001 ) . `` Architecture of the optic chiasm and the mechanisms that sculpt its development '' . Physiol. Rev. 81 ( 4 ) : 1393 -- 414 . PMID 11581492 . External links ( edit ) `` Anatomy diagram : 13048.000 - 1 '' . Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator . Elsevier . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . ( hide ) The cranial nerves terminal Nuclei Septal nuclei Course no significant branches olfactory Nuclei Anterior olfactory nucleus Course olfactory bulb olfactory tract optic Nuclei Lateral geniculate nucleus Course optic chiasm optic tract oculomotor Nuclei Oculomotor nucleus Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Branches superior parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion / ciliary ganglion inferior trochlear Nucleus Branches no significant branches trigeminal Nuclei PSN Spinal trigeminal nucleus MN TMN Course trigeminal ganglion Branches ophthalmic maxillary mandibular abducens Nucleus Branches no significant branches facial near origin intermediate nerve geniculate inside facial canal greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion nerve to the stapedius chorda tympani lingual nerve submandibular ganglion at stylomastoid foramen posterior auricular suprahyoid digastric stylohyoid parotid plexus temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical Nuclei Facial motor nucleus Solitary nucleus Superior salivary nucleus vestibulocochlear Nuclei Vestibular nuclei Cochlear nuclei cochlear nerve striae medullares lateral lemniscus vestibular Scarpa 's ganglion glossopharyngeal before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa tympanic tympanic plexus lesser petrosal otic ganglion stylopharyngeal branch pharyngeal branches tonsillar branches lingual branches carotid sinus Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Inferior salivatory nucleus Solitary nucleus vagus before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa meningeal branch auricular branch neck pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus superior laryngeal external internal recurrent laryngeal ( inferior ) superior cervical cardiac thorax inferior cardiac pulmonary vagal trunks anterior posterior abdomen celiac renal hepatic anterior gastric posterior gastric Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Solitary nucleus accessory Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Spinal accessory nucleus cranial spinal hypoglossal Nucleus Branches lingual Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optic_chiasm&oldid=803520319 '' Categories : Cerebrum Visual system Optic nerve Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 00 : 59 . 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-9038791133046024837 | St. Johns River | St. Johns River - wikipedia St. Johns River Jump to : navigation , search For rivers with similar names , see Saint John River ( disambiguation ) . St. Johns River St. Johns River near Astor Name origin : Spanish : San Juan del Puerto Country United States State Florida Tributaries - left Mills Creek River , Econlockhatchee River , Wekiva River , Alexander Springs , Salt Springs Run , Ocklawaha River , Rice Creek / Simms Creek , Black Creek ( Clay County ) , Ortega River , Trout River - right Murphy Creek / Dunn 's Creek , Julington Creek , Pottsburg Creek , Intracoastal Waterway / Sisters Creek Cities Sanford , Deltona , DeLand , Palatka , Green Cove Springs , Orange Park , Jacksonville Landmarks Blue Cypress Lake , Lake Hell ' n Blazes , Sawgrass Lake , Lake Washington , Lake Winder , Lake Poinsett , Lake Harney , Lake Jesup , Lake Monroe , Lake Beresford , Lake Woodruff , Lake George , Doctors Lake Source St. Johns Marsh - location near Vero Beach , Indian River County , Florida - elevation 30 ft ( 9 m ) - coordinates 27 ° 57 ′ 18 '' N 80 ° 47 ′ 3 '' W / 27.95500 ° N 80.78417 ° W / 27.95500 ; - 80.78417 Mouth Atlantic Ocean - location Jacksonville , Duval County , Florida - elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) - coordinates 30 ° 24 ′ 05 '' N 81 ° 24 ′ 3 '' W / 30.40139 ° N 81.40083 ° W / 30.40139 ; - 81.40083 Coordinates : 30 ° 24 ′ 05 '' N 81 ° 24 ′ 3 '' W / 30.40139 ° N 81.40083 ° W / 30.40139 ; - 81.40083 Length 310 mi ( 500 km ) Basin 8,840 sq mi ( 22,900 km ) Discharge for Mayport , Florida - average 15,000 cu ft / s ( 400 m / s ) - max 150,000 cu ft / s ( 4,200 m / s ) St. Johns River surrounding with corresponding watersheds designated by the St. Johns River Water Management District : 1 . Upper basin , 2 . Middle basin , 3 . Lake George basin , 4 . Lower basin , 5 . Ocklawaha River basin Wikimedia Commons : St. Johns River The St. Johns River ( Spanish : Río San Juan ) is the longest river in the U.S. state of Florida and its most significant one for commercial and recreational use . At 310 miles ( 500 km ) long , it winds through or borders twelve counties , three of which are the state 's largest . The drop in elevation from headwaters to mouth is less than 30 feet ( 9 m ) ; like most Florida waterways , the St. Johns has a very low flow rate 0.3 mph ( 0.13 m / s ) and is often described as `` lazy '' . Popular belief in the St. Johns area holds that it is one of the few rivers that flow north , although north - flowing rivers are common . Numerous lakes are formed by the river or flow into it , but as a river its widest point is nearly 3 miles ( 5 km ) across . The narrowest point is in the headwaters , an unnavigable marsh in Indian River County . The St. Johns drainage basin of 8,840 square miles ( 22,900 km ) includes some of Florida 's major wetlands . It is separated into three major basins and two associated watersheds for Lake George and the Ocklawaha River , all managed by the St. Johns River Water Management District . A variety of people have lived on or near the St. Johns , including Paleo - indians , Archaic people , Timucua , Mocama , French and Spanish settlers , Seminoles , slaves and freemen , Florida crackers , land developers , tourists and retirees . It has been the subject of William Bartram 's journals , Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ' books , and Harriet Beecher Stowe 's letters home . Although Florida was the location of the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States , it was the last U.S. territory on the east coast to be developed ; it remained an undeveloped frontier into the 20th century . When attention was turned to the state , however , much of the land was rapidly overdeveloped in a national zeal for progress . The St. Johns , like many Florida rivers , was altered to make way for agricultural and residential centers . It suffered severe pollution and human interference that has diminished the natural order of life in and around the river . In all , 3.5 million people live within the various watersheds that feed into the St. Johns River . The St. Johns , named one of 14 American Heritage Rivers in 1998 , was number 6 on a list of America 's Ten Most Endangered Rivers in 2008 . Restoration efforts are under way for the basins around the St. Johns as Florida continues to deal with population increases in the river 's vicinity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography and ecology 1.1 Upper basin 1.2 Middle basin 1.3 Lake George 1.4 Ocklawaha River 1.5 Lower basin 2 Formation and hydrology 2.1 Geologic history 2.2 Springs and aquifers 2.3 Rainfall and climate 2.4 Flow rates and water quality 3 Human history 3.1 Pre-Columbian people 3.2 Colonial era 3.3 Territorial Florida and statehood 3.4 Land boom 3.5 Restoration 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Citations 7 Bibliography 8 External links Geography and ecology ( edit ) Starting in Indian River County and meeting the Atlantic Ocean at Duval County , the St. Johns is Florida 's primary commercial and recreational waterway . It flows north from its headwaters , originating in the direction of the Lake Wales Ridge , which is only slightly elevated at 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) above sea level . Because of this low elevation drop , the river has a long backwater . It ebbs and flows with tides that pass through the barrier islands and up the channel . Uniquely , it shares the same regional terrain as the parallel Kissimmee River , although the Kissimmee flows south . Upper basin ( edit ) The St. Johns River is separated into three basins and two associated watersheds managed by the St. Johns River Water Management District . Because the river flows in a northerly direction , the upper basin is located in the headwaters of the river at its southernmost point . Indian River County is where the river begins as a network of marshes , at a point west of Vero Beach aptly named the St. Johns Marsh in central Florida . The St. Johns River is a blackwater stream , meaning that it is fed primarily by swamps and marshes lying beneath it ; water seeps through the sandy soil and collects in a slight valley . The upper basin measures approximately 2,000 square miles ( 5,200 km ) ; the St. Johns transforms into a navigable waterway in Brevard County . The river touches on the borders of Osceola and Orange Counties , and flows through the southeast tip of Seminole County , transitioning into its middle basin a dozen miles ( 19 km ) or so north of Titusville . The upper basin of the St. Johns was significantly lowered in the 1920s with the establishment of the Melbourne Tillman drainage project . This drained the St. Johns ' headwaters eastward to the Indian River through canals dug across the Ten - Mile Ridge near Palm Bay . As of 2015 , these past diversions are being partially reversed through the first phase of the Canal 1 Rediversion project . The river is at its narrowest and most unpredictable in this basin . Channel flows are not apparent and are usually unmarked . The most efficient way to travel on this part of the river is by airboat . Approximately 3,500 lakes lie within the overall St. Johns watershed ; all are shallow , with maximum depths between 3 and 10 feet ( 1 and 3 m ) . The river flows into many of the lakes , which further confuses navigation . Eight larger lakes and five smaller ones lie in the upper basin ; one of the first is named Lake Hell ' n Blazes ( sometimes polished to read as Lake Helen or Hellen Blazes ) , referencing oaths yelled by boatmen and fishermen in the early 19th century , frustrated when trying to navigate through floating islands of macrophytes , or muck and weeds , as the islands changed location with the creeping flow . Lakes Washington , Winder , and Poinsett -- named for Joel Roberts Poinsett , a diplomat who brought the poinsettia to the United States -- are located further along this stretch of the river . The northernmost points of the upper basin contain the Tosohatchee Wildlife Management Area , created in 1977 to assist with filtration of waters flowing into the larger St. Johns . Cypress trees in the Tosohatchee Wildlife Management Area showing dark water marks on the flared trunks , evidence of water level flux Wetlands in the upper and middle basin are fed by rainwater , trapped by the structure of the surrounding land . It is an oxygen - and nutrient - poor environment ; what grows usually does so in peat which is created by centuries of decaying plant material . Water levels fluctuate with the subtropical wet and dry seasons . Rain in central and north Florida occurs seasonally during summer and winter , but farther south rain in winter is rare . All plants in these basins must tolerate water fluctuation , both flooding and drought . Sweetbay ( Magnolia virginiana ) , cypress ( Taxodium ) , and swamp tupelo ( Nyssa biflora ) trees often find great success in this region on raised land called hammocks . Trees that live in water for long periods usually have buttressed trunks , tangled , braided roots , or protrusions like cypress knees to obtain oxygen when under water , but the majority of plant life is aquatic . Wetland staples include the American white waterlily ( Nymphaea odorata ) , pitcher plants , and Virginia iris ( Iris virginica ) . In the southernmost points of the river , Cladium , or sawgrass , grows in vast swaths of wet prairie that at one time extended into the Everglades . These wetland flora are remarkably successful in filtering pollutants that otherwise find their way into the river . Middle basin ( edit ) The St. Johns immediately south of Sanford shows a narrow channel with large areas of aquatic plants and wetlands . For 37 miles ( 60 km ) the river passes through a 1,200 - square - mile ( 3,100 km ) basin fed primarily by springs and stormwater runoff . This basin , spreading throughout Orange , Lake , Volusia , and Seminole Counties , is home to the greater Orlando metropolitan area , where two million people live and major tourist attractions are located . The topography of the middle basin varies between clearly distinguishable banks along the river and broad , shallow lakes . Two of the largest lakes in the middle basin are created by the river : Lake Harney and Lake Monroe . The shallow 9 - square - mile ( 23 km ) Lake Harney is fed by the long narrow Puzzle Lake ; immediately north is the Econlockhatchee River , which joins to increase the volume of the St. Johns to where navigation becomes easier for larger boats . The river veers west , touching on Lake Jesup before it empties into Lake Monroe , passing the city of Sanford . It is at this point that the St. Johns ' navigable waterway dredged and maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with channel markers maintained by the U.S. Coast Guard begins . Lake Monroe , a large lake at 15 square miles ( 39 km ) with an average depth of 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) , drains a surrounding watershed of 2,420 square miles ( 6,300 km ) . Sanford has adapted to the lake by building some of its downtown area on the waterfront ; citizens use boat transportation and Sanford 's public dock to commute into town . Optimally an 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) deep channel about 100 yards ( 91 m ) wide after leaving Lake Monroe , the St. Johns meets its most significant tributary in the middle basin , the spring - fed Wekiva River , discharging approximately 42,000,000 US gallons ( 160,000,000 L ) a day into the St. Johns . Near this confluence are the towns of DeBary and Deltona . Forests surrounding the Wekiva River are home to the largest black bear ( Ursus americanus floridanus ) population in Florida ; several troops of Rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) have adapted to live near the river as well . The monkeys ' introduction to Florida is unclear ; they were reportedly brought either to serve in backdrop scenes of Tarzan movies filmed around the Silver River in the 1930s , or to lend an air of authenticity to `` jungle cruises '' provided by an enterprising boat operator around the same time . St. Johns River near Blue Spring State Park showing more distinct banks and trees instead of marshes Of most vital importance to marshes are invertebrate animals , the foundation of food webs . Amphibious invertebrates such as apple snails ( Pomacea paludosa ) , crayfish , and grass shrimp consume plant material , hastening its decomposition and acting as a food source for fish and birds . Insect larvae use water for breeding , feeding upon smaller copepods and amphipods that live in microscopic algae and periphyton formations . Mosquitos , born in water , are in turn the favorite food of 112 species of dragonflies and 44 species of damselflies in Florida . These animals are water hardy and adaptable to dry conditions when water levels fluctuate from one season to the next or through drought and flood cycles . Of vertebrates , numerous species of frog , salamander , snake , turtle , and alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ) proliferate in marsh waters . Most of these animals are active at night . Frog choruses are overwhelming ; during alligator mating season the grunts of bulls join in . The marshes around the St. Johns River upper basin teem with birds . A recent study counted 60,000 birds in one month , nesting or feeding in the upper basin . Wading and water birds like the white ibis ( Eudocimus albus ) , wood stork ( Mycteria americana ) , and purple gallinule ( Porphyrio martinicus ) depend on the water for raising their young : they prey upon small fish and tadpoles in shallow water and puddles in the dry season . In successful seasons , their colonies can number in the thousands , creating a cacophony of calls and fertilizing trees with their droppings . Birds found in the middle and upper St. Johns River basins American white ibis ( Eudocimus albus ) Barred owl ( Strix varia ) Wood stork ( Mycteria americana ) Limpkin ( Aramus guarauna ) American black vulture ( Coragyps atratus ) Yellow - crowned night heron ( N. violacea ) Red - shouldered hawk ( Buteo lineatus ) Anhinga ( Anhinga anhinga ) Lake George ( edit ) Main article : Lake George ( Florida ) Manatees spend the winter months in Blue Spring and are protected by the Hontoon Island State Park . The river turns north again as it rolls through a 46,000 - acre ( 190 km ) basin spreading across Putnam , Lake , and Marion Counties , and the western part of Volusia County . Slightly north of the Wekiva River is Blue Spring , the largest spring on the St. Johns , producing over 64,000,000 US gallons ( 240,000,000 L ) a day . Florida springs stay at an even temperature of 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) throughout the year . Because of this , Blue Spring is the winter home for West Indian manatees ( Trichechus manatus latirostris ) , and they are protected within Blue Spring State Park . Manatees are large , slow - moving herbivorous aquatic mammals whose primary threats are human development and collisions with swiftly moving watercraft . Many parts of the St. Johns and its tributaries are no - wake zones to protect manatees from being critically or fatally injured by boat propellers . Human interaction with manatees in Blue Spring State Park is forbidden . Bordering to the north of Blue Spring State Park is Hontoon Island State Park , accessible only by boat . In 1955 an extremely rare Timucua totem representing an owl was found buried and preserved in the St. Johns muck off of Hontoon Island . The figure may signify that its creators were part of the owl clan . Representing different clans of the Timucua , two more totems -- in all , the only totems in North America to have been found outside of the Pacific Northwest -- shaped like a pelican and otter were found in 1978 after being snagged by a barge at the bottom of the river . River otters ( Lutra canadensis ) can be found through the length of the St. Johns and its tributaries , living in burrows or in the roots of trees bordering waterways . They eat crayfish , turtles , and small fish , and are active usually at night , playful but shy of human contact . Lake George is the second largest lake in Florida and the largest created by the St. Johns . The St. Johns creeps into the southern tip of Lake George , the second largest lake in Florida at 72 square miles ( 190 km ) , 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) wide and 12 miles ( 19 km ) long . The watershed surrounding Lake George expands through 3,590 square miles ( 9,300 km ) , lying within Ocala National Forest and Lake George State Forest , that protect an ecosystem dominated by pine and scrub more than 380,000 acres ( 1,500 km ) and 21,000 acres ( 85 km ) in size , respectively . Flatwoods forests dominate the Lake George watershed , with slash pines ( Pinus elliottii ) , saw palmetto ( Serenoa repens ) , and over 100 species of groundcover or herbal plants that grow in poor , sandy soil . Flatwoods pine forests stay relatively dry , but can withstand short periods of flooding . Larger land animals such as wild turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo ) , sandhill cranes ( Grus canadensis ) , and the largest population of southern bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus ) in the contiguous U.S , find it easier to live in the flatwoods . Typical mammals that live in these ecosystems , such as raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) , opossums ( Didelphis virginiana ) , bobcats ( Lynx rufus ) , and white tailed - deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) , are ones that prefer dry , flat areas with good ground cover and available nesting sites . Ocklawaha River ( edit ) Main article : Ocklawaha River The Ocklawaha River flows north and joins the St. Johns as the largest tributary , and one of significant historical importance . The Ocklawaha ( also printed as Oklawaha ) drainage basin expands through Orange , Lake , Marion , and Alachua Counties , comprising a total of 2,769 square miles ( 7,170 km ) . Ocala , Gainesville , and the northern suburbs of the Orlando metropolitan area are included in this basin . There are two headwaters for the Ocklawaha : a chain of lakes , the largest of which is Lake Apopka in Lake County , and the Green Swamp near Haines City in Polk County , drained by the Palatlakaha River . The Silver River , fed by one of Florida 's most productive springs expelling 54,000,000 US gallons ( 200,000,000 L ) daily , is located about midway along the 96 - mile ( 154 km ) Ocklawaha . Confederate Captain John William Pearson named his milita after the Ocklawaha River called the Ocklawaha Rangers in the American Civil War . Prior to the civil war , Pearson ran a successful health resort in Orange Springs . After the civil war Pearson 's Orange Springs resort declined in popularity due to the increasing attention to nearby Silver Springs -- the source of the Silver River -- at the turn of the 20th century , popularizing the Ocklawaha . Georgia - born poet Sidney Lanier called it `` the sweetest waterlane in the world '' in a travel guide he published in 1876 . The river gave Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings access to the St. Johns from her homestead at Orange Lake . The region served as a major fishing attraction until a decline in water quality occurred in the 1940s , and since then further degradation of the river and its sources have occurred . In particular , Lake Apopka earned the designation of Florida 's most polluted lake following a chemical spill in 1980 that dumped DDE in it . It has experienced chronic algal blooms caused by citrus farm fertilizer and wastewater runoff from nearby farms . The proliferation of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) , black crappie ( Pomoxis nigromaculatus ) , and bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) in central Florida is a major attraction for fishermen from all over the country . The St. Johns is home to 183 species of fish , 55 of which appear in the main stem of the river . One , the southern tessellated darter ( Etheostoma olmstedi ) is found only in the Ocklawaha . Some are marine species that either migrate upriver to spawn or have found spring - fed habitats that are high in salinity , such as a colony of Atlantic stingrays ( Dasyatis sabina ) that live in Lake Washington in the upper basin . Ocean worms , snails , and white - fingered mud crabs ( Rhithropanopeus harrisii ) have also been found far upriver where tidal influences are rare . In contrast , American eels ( Anguilla rostrata ) live in the St. Johns and Ocklawaha and spawn in the Sargasso Sea in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean . After a year living in the ocean , many of them find their way back to the St. Johns to live , then , prompted by the phases of the moon , make the return journey to spawn and die . Lower basin ( edit ) From the intersection of the Ocklawaha River , 101 miles ( 163 km ) to the Atlantic Ocean , the St. Johns lies within the lower basin , draining a total area of 2,600 square miles ( 6,700 km ) in Putnam , St. Johns , Clay , and Duval Counties . Twelve tributaries empty into the river in the lower basin . The St. Johns River widens considerably on the north end of Lake George ; between Lake George and Palatka the river ranges between 600 and 2,640 feet ( 180 and 800 m ) wide . Between Palatka and Jacksonville , that widens further to between 1 and 3 miles ( 1.6 and 4.8 km ) . This portion of the river is the most navigable and shipping is its primary use . The Army Corps of Engineers maintains shipping channels at least 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) deep and 100 feet ( 30 m ) wide . North of Jacksonville , the channels are expanded to 40 feet ( 12 m ) deep and between 400 and 900 feet ( 120 and 270 m ) wide . Cypress trees frame a sunset over the St. Johns near Picolata and Tocoi , former ferry landings in St. Johns County . The towns and cities along the lower basin of the river are some of the oldest in Florida , and their histories have centered on the river . Both Palatka and Green Cove Springs have been popular tourist destinations in the past . Several smaller locations along the river sprang up around ferry landings , but when rail lines and then Interstate highways were constructed closer to the Atlantic Coast , many of the towns experienced significant economic decline , and ferry landings were forgotten . The final 35 miles ( 56 km ) of the river 's course runs through Jacksonville , the largest city by area in the contiguous United States , with a population of more than a million . Much of the economic base of Jacksonville depends on the river : 18,000,000 short tons ( 16,000,000 t ) of goods are shipped in and out of Jacksonville annually . Exports include paper , phosphate , fertilizers , and citrus , while major imports include oil , coffee , limestone , cars , and lumber . The Port of Jacksonville produces $1.38 billion in the local economy and supports 10,000 jobs . The U.S. Navy has two bases in the Jacksonville area : Naval Station Mayport , at the mouth of the river , serves as the second largest Atlantic Fleet operation and home port in the country . Naval Air Station Jacksonville is one of the service 's largest air installations , home to two air wings and over 150 fixed - wing and rotary - wing aircraft , and the host for one of only two full - fledged Naval Hospitals remaining in Florida . If I could have , to hold forever , one brief place and time of beauty , I think I might choose the night on that high lonely bank above the St. Johns River -- Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings in Cross Creek Using an unofficial nickname of `` The River City '' , Jacksonville has a culture centered on the St. Johns . An annual footrace named the Gate River Run accepts 18,000 participants who travel a course along and over the river twice . The largest kingfishing tournament in the U.S. is held on a St. Johns tributary , where sport fishers concentrate on king mackerel ( Scomberomorus cavalla ) , cobia ( Rachycentron canadum ) , dolphin ( Coryphaena hippurus ) and Wahoo ( Acanthocybium solandri ) . The home stadium for the Jacksonville Jaguars faces the river , as does most of the commercial center of downtown . Seven bridges span the St. Johns at Jacksonville ; all of them allow tall ships to pass , although some restrict passing times when train or automobile traffic is heavy . Tides cause seawater to enter the mouth of the St. Johns River and can affect the river 's level into the middle basin . As a result , much of the river in Jacksonville is part seawater , making it an estuarine ecosystem . The animals and plants in these systems can tolerate both fresh and salt water , and the fluctuations in saline content and temperatures associated with tidal surges and heavy rainfall discharge . Marine animals such as dolphins and sharks can be spotted at times in the St. Johns at Jacksonville as can manatees . Fish such as mullet ( Mullidae ) , flounder ( Paralichthys lethostigma ) , shad ( Alosa sapidissima ) , and blue crabs ( Callinectes sapidus ) migrate from the ocean to freshwater springs upriver to spawn . Although freshwater invertebrates inhabiting and comprising algae and periphyton make the foundation of food webs in the middle and lower basin , zooplankton and phytoplankton take that role in the estuarine habitat . Mollusks gather at the St. Johns estuary in large numbers , feeding on the bottom of the river and ocean floors . The abundance and importance of oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) is apparent in the many middens left by the Timucua in mounds many feet high . Oysters and other mollusks serve as the primary food source of shorebirds . The large trees that line the river from its source to south of Jacksonville begin to transition into salt marshes east of the city . Mayport is home to approximately 20 shrimping vessels that use the mouth of the St. Johns to access the Atlantic Ocean . Downtown Jacksonville 's commercial district on the St. Johns River Formation and hydrology ( edit ) Florida platform ( outer boundary ) as it appeared the first time humans inhabited the peninsula Geologic History ( edit ) Lying within a coastal plain , the St. Johns River passes through an area that was at one time barrier islands , coastal dunes , and estuary marshes . The Florida Peninsula was created primarily by forces and minerals from the ocean . It lies so low that minor fluctuations in sea levels can have a dramatic effect on its geomorphology . Florida was once part of the supercontinent Gondwana . Lying underneath the visible rock formations is a basement of igneous granite and volcanic composition under a sedimentary layer formed during the Paleozoic era 542 to 251 million years ago . During the Cretaceous period ( 145 to 66 million years ago ) , the basement and its sedimentary overlay were further covered by calcium carbonate and formations left by the evaporation of water called evaporites . What covers the peninsula is the result of simultaneous processes of deposits of sands , shells , and coral , and erosion from water and weather . As ocean water has retreated and progressed , the peninsula has been covered with sea water at least seven times . Waves compressed sands , calcium carbonate , and shells into limestone ; at the ocean 's edge , beach ridges were created by this depositional forming . North - south axis rivers , such as the St. Johns , were created by past beach ridges which were often divided by swales . As ocean water retreated , lagoons formed in the swales , which were further eroded by acidic water . Barrier islands , furthermore , formed along the Atlantic Coast , surrounding the lagoon with land and forming a freshwater river . From its origins to approximately the area of Sanford , the St. Johns flows north . It takes a sharp turn west near Sanford for a few miles -- which is referred to as the St. Johns River offset , but shortly changes direction to flow north again . Geologists hypothesize that the west - flowing offset may have formed earlier than the north flowing portions , possibly during the late Tertiary or early Pleistocene era 66 to 12 million years ago . Some fracturing and faulting may also be responsible for the offset . Although seismic activity in Florida is mostly insignificant , several minor earthquakes have occurred near the St. Johns River , caused by the trough created by Pangaean rifting . Springs and aquifers ( edit ) The hydrologic cycle in Florida , showing the Floridan aquifer and formation of springs and sinkholes All of Florida 's abundant fresh water is the result of precipitation that returns to the atmosphere in a process called evapotranspiration that involves evaporation and transpiration of moisture from plants . As rains fall , most of the water is directed to lakes , streams , and rivers . However , a significant amount of fresh water is held underground but close to the surface in aquifers . A surficial aquifer consisting mostly of clay , shells , and sand is over a confining layer of denser materials . Wells are drilled in the surficial aquifer , which supplies better quality water in areas where the deepest aquifer has a high mineral content . Occasionally the confining layer is fractured to allow breaches of water to percolate down to recharge the layer below . The Floridan Aquifer , underneath the confining layer , underlies the entire state and portions of Georgia , Alabama , and South Carolina . It is particularly accessible in the northern part of Florida , serving as the fresh water source of metropolitan areas from St. Petersburg north to Jacksonville and Tallahassee . Acidic rainwater erodes the limestone and can form underground caverns . When the overlay of these caverns is particularly thin -- less than 100 feet ( 30 m ) -- sinkholes can form . Where the limestone or sand / clay overlay dissolves over the aquifer and the pressure of the water pushes out , springs form . The upper and middle basins of the St. Johns River are located in a portion of the peninsula where the aquifer system is thinly confined , meaning springs and sinkholes are abundant . Springs are measured in magnitude of how much water is discharged , which is dependent upon season and rainfall . The greatest discharge is from first magnitude springs that emit at least 100 cubic feet ( 2.8 m ) of water per second . There are four first magnitude springs that feed the St. Johns River : Silver Springs in Marion County , emitting between 250 and 1,290 cubic feet ( 7.1 and 36.5 m ) / second ; Silver Glen Spring straddling Marion and Lake Counties , emitting between 38 and 245 cubic feet ( 1.1 and 6.9 m ) / second ; Alexander Springs in Lake County , emitting between 56 and 202 cubic feet ( 1.6 and 5.7 m ) / second ; and Blue Spring in Volusia County , emitting between 87 and 218 cubic feet ( 2.5 and 6.2 m ) / second . Rainfall and climate ( edit ) Tropical Storm Fay caused record flooding in Geneva in 2008 . The St. Johns River lies within a humid subtropical zone . In summer months , the temperature ranges from 74 and 92 ° F ( 23 and 33 ° C ) , and between 50 and 72 ° F ( 10 and 22 ° C ) in the winter , although drops may occur in winter months to below freezing approximately a dozen times . Water temperatures in the river correlate to the air temperatures . The average range of water temperatures is between 50 and 95 ° F ( 10 and 35 ° C ) , rising in the summer months . Where the river widens between Palatka and Jacksonville , wind becomes a significant factor in navigation , and both whitecap waves and calm surface waters are common . Rain occurs more frequently in late summer and early fall . Tropical storms and nor'easters are common occurrences along the Atlantic coast of Florida ; the St. Johns River lies between 10 and 30 miles ( 16 and 48 km ) inland , so any storm striking the counties of Indian River north to Duval produces rain that is drained by the St. Johns River . Tropical Storm Fay in 2008 deposited 16 inches ( 410 mm ) of rain in a 5 - day period , most of it located near Melbourne . The St. Johns near Geneva in Seminole County rose 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) in four days , setting a record . The river near Sanford rose 3 feet ( 1 m ) in 36 hours . Fay caused severe flooding in the middle basin due not only to the deluge but the flat slopes of the river . Typically , however , the St. Johns basin receives between 50 and 54 inches ( 1,300 and 1,400 mm ) of rain annually , half of it in summer months . The rate of evapotranspiration corresponds to rainfall , ranging between 27 and 57 inches ( 690 and 1,450 mm ) a year , most of it occurring in the summer . Average monthly rainfall for three cities on the St. Johns Flow rates and water quality ( edit ) Fog on a calm St. Johns River at the Shands Bridge near Green Cove Springs The entire river lies within the nearly flat Pamlico terrace , giving it an overall gradient of 0.8 inches ( 2.0 cm ) per mile ( km ) ; it is one of the flattest major rivers on the continent . Its proximity to the ocean in the lower basin affects its rise and fall with tides and salinity . Tides regularly affect water levels as far south as Lake George ; when combined with extreme winds , the river 's tidal effects can extend to Lake Monroe 161 miles ( 259 km ) away and have on occasion reached Lake Harney . Tides typically raise the river level about 1.2 feet ( 0.37 m ) at Jacksonville , decreasing some to 0.7 feet ( 0.21 m ) at Orange Park where the river widens , and increasing back to 1.2 feet ( 0.37 m ) at Palatka as it narrows . As a result of tidal effects , discharge measurements in the lower basin are often inaccurate . However , the estimated rate of discharge between the Ocklawaha River and the center of Jacksonville ranges from 4,000 to 8,300 cubic feet ( 110 to 240 m ) per second . The nontidal discharge at the mouth at Mayport averages 15,000 cubic feet ( 420 m ) per second , but with tides it exceeds 50,000 cubic feet ( 1,400 m ) per second , and following heavy rains combined with tides can top 150,000 cubic feet ( 4,200 m ) per second . Farther upriver , the discharge rate ranges from 1,030 cubic feet ( 29 m ) per second near Lake Poinsett to 2,850 cubic feet ( 81 m ) per second near DeLand . The confluence of numerous springs , the Econlockhatchee River , and the Wekiva River causes the average discharge to increase by 940 cubic feet ( 27 m ) per second between Lake Harney and DeLand , representing the greatest annual average increase of streamflow along the St. Johns . As distance between the mouth of the St. Johns and the middle and upper basins increases , the salinity in the river gradually decreases . Marine water measures at 35 parts per thousand ( ppt ) or more while fresh water measures below 2 ppt . What ranges in between is characterized as brackish water . Near the center of Jacksonville , average measures have been collected at 11.40 ppt . Farther south at the Buckman Bridge , joining the south side of Jacksonville to Orange Park , it decreases to 2.9 ppt and falls again to 0.81 ppt at the Shands Bridge near Green Cove Springs . Dissolved oxygen in fresh water is measured to indicate the health of plant and animal life . It enters water through the atmosphere and from aquatic plant photosynthesis , and is affected by water pressure and temperature . Rapid decomposition of organic materials will decrease the amount of dissolved oxygen in the river , as will nutrients added to the water artificially by wastewater treatment runoff or drainage from fertilized agricultural fields . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the State of Florida recommend no less than 5 mg of oxygen per liter . Several locations on the St. Johns or its tributaries reported at or below these minimums in the 1990s , including the mouth of the Wekiva River , the St. Johns at the town of Christmas , and in the early 2000s at Blue Spring and Blackwater Creek . Sustained low levels of dissolved oxygen may create algal blooms , which may also cause a further decrease in dissolved oxygen . Like all blackwater streams in Florida , the color of most of the St. Johns is black , owing to the tannins in leaf litter and decaying aquatic plants . Spring fed streams , on the other hand , are remarkably clear and visibility is very high , even when the river bottom is dozens of feet below . Human History ( edit ) Main article : History of Florida Pre-columbian people ( edit ) Humans arrived on the Florida Peninsula about 12,000 years ago when the ocean was about 350 feet ( 110 m ) lower than today , and the peninsula was double its current size . These earliest people are called Paleo - Indians . They were primarily hunter -- gatherers who followed large game , such as mastodons , horses , camels , and bison . Much of the land was far from water -- most fresh water was contained in glaciers and polar ice caps . As a result , Florida was an arid landscape with few trees , dominated by grasslands and scrub vegetation . An extremely rare Timucua owl totem , found buried in muck near Hontoon Island , on display at Fort Caroline National Memorial Around 9,000 years ago , the climate warmed , melting much of the polar ice caps and many glaciers , creating a wetter environment and submerging half the peninsular shelf . As Paleo - Indians now did not have to travel as far to find water , their camps became more permanent , turning into villages . With evidence of a wide variety of tools constructed around this time , archeologists note the transition into Archaic people . The Archaic people made tools from bone , animal teeth , and antlers . They wove fibers from plants such as cabbage palms and saw palmettos . A few burial sites have been excavated -- including the Windover Archaeological Site in Brevard County near Titusville -- that provide evidence of burial rituals . Archaic peoples interred their dead in shallow peat marshes , which preserved much of the human tissue . Further climate change between 5,000 and 3,000 years ago led to the Middle Archaic period ; evidence suggests that human habitation near the St. Johns River first occurred during this era . Populations of indigenous people increased significantly at this time , and numerous settlements near the St. Johns have been recorded from this era ; the banks of the St. Johns and its arteries are dotted with middens filled with thousands of shells , primarily those of Viviparus georgianus -- a freshwater snail -- and oysters . The advent of regional types of pottery and stone tools made of flint or limestone marked further advancements around 500 BCE . The Archaic people transitioned into settled groups around Florida . From the central part of the state north , along the Atlantic Coast lived people in the St. Johns culture , named for the most significant nearby natural formation . Around 750 CE , the St. Johns culture learned to cultivate corn , adding to their diet of fish , game , and gourds . Archeologists and anthropologists date this agricultural advancement to coincide with a spread of archeological sites , suggesting that a population increase followed . When European explorers arrived in north Florida , they met the Timucua , numbering about 14,000 , the largest group of indigenous people in the region . The later Seminole people called the river Welaka or Ylacco . These forms may derive from the Creek wi - láko , `` big water '' , a compound usually applied to large rivers that run through lakes ; the St. Johns forms and borders numerous lakes . Alternately , the Seminole name may derive from walaka ( from wi - alaka , `` water '' and `` coming '' ) , perhaps a reference to the river 's slow discharge and the tidal effects on it . The name is sometimes rendered as `` Chain of Lakes '' in English . Colonial era ( edit ) Replica of the French monument at Fort Caroline overlooking the St. Johns River The first known European reference to Florida is in a 1502 map by Cantino , which maps Florida and aptly describes the unique vegetation rafts in the St. Johns Rivers by originally naming the river the Rio de las Almadias ( River of Rafts ) . Later , in 1513 Juan Ponce de León arrived near Cape Canaveral , and not until 1562 did Europeans settle the north Atlantic coast of the peninsula . Early Spanish explorers named the river Rio de Corientes ( River of Currents ) . The St. Johns River became the first place colonized in the region and its first battleground : when French explorer Jean Ribault erected a monument south of the river 's mouth to make the French presence known , it alarmed the Spanish who had been exploring the southern and western coast of the peninsula for decades . Ribault was detained after he returned to Europe . In 1564 , René Goulaine de Laudonnière arrived to build Fort Caroline at the mouth of the St. Johns River ; they called the river Rivière de Mai because they settled it on May 1 . An artist named Jacques LeMoyne documented what he saw among the Timucuan people in 1564 , portraying them as physically powerful and not lacking for provisions . Fort Caroline did not last long , though relations with the local Timucua and Mocamas were friendly . The colony was unable to support itself ; some of the French deserted . Those who remained were killed in 1565 by the Spanish , led by Pedro Menéndez , when they marched north from St. Augustine and captured Fort Caroline . The river was renamed San Mateo by the Spanish in honor of the Apostle Matthew , whose feast was the following day . Capturing Fort Caroline allowed the Spanish to maintain control of the river . The French and Spanish continued to spar over who would control the natural resources and native peoples of the territory . The Timucua , who had initially befriended the French , were not encouraged to make the Spanish allies because of colonial governor Pedro Menéndez de Avilés ' abhorrence of French Protestantism and his view that the Timucuan beliefs were `` Satanic '' . By 1573 , the Timucua were in outright rebellion , testing the governor 's patience and forcing Spanish settlers to abandon farms and garrisons in more interior parts of Florida ; the Spanish could not persuade the Timucua to keep from attacking them . Over a hundred years later , missionaries had more success , setting up posts along the river . Spanish Franciscan missionaries gave the river its current name based on San Juan del Puerto ( St. John of the Harbor ) , the mission established at the river 's mouth following the demise of the French fort . The name first appeared on a Spanish map created between 1680 and 1700 . The Timucua , as other groups of indigenous people in Florida , began to lose cohesion and numbers by the 18th century . A tribe located in modern - day Georgia and Alabama called the Creeks assisted with this ; in 1702 , they joined with the Yamasee and attacked some of the Timucua , forcing them to seek protection from the Spanish who forced them into slavery . The Creeks began assimilating other people and spread farther south until they were known by 1765 as Seminoles by the British , a term adapted from cimarrones that meant `` runaways '' or `` wild ones '' . The Seminoles employed a variety of languages from the peoples the Creeks had assimilated : Hitchiti , Muskogee , as well as Timucua . Between 1716 and 1767 , the Seminoles gradually moved into Florida and began to break ties with the Creeks to become a cohesive tribe of their own . The St. Johns provided a natural boundary to separate European colonies on the east bank and indigenous lands west of the river . William Bartram 's sketch of alligators on the St. Johns , created either in 1773 or 1774 After Florida came under the Kingdom of Great Britain 's jurisdiction in 1763 , Quaker father and son naturalists John and William Bartram explored the length of the river while visiting the southeastern United States from 1765 to 1766 . They published journals describing their experiences and the plants and animals they observed . They were charged by King George III to find the source of the river they called the Picolata or San Juan , and measured its widths and depths , taking soil samples as they traveled southward . William returned to Florida from 1773 to 1777 and wrote another journal about his travels , while he collected plants and befriended the Seminoles who called him `` Puc Puggy '' ( flower hunter ) . William 's visit took him as far south as Blue Spring , where he remarked on the crystal clear views offered by the spring water : `` The water is perfectly diaphanous , and here are continually a prodigious number and variety of fish ; they appear as plain as though lying on a table before your eyes , although many feet deep in the water . '' Bartram 's journals attracted the attention of such prominent Americans as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton . The success of these journals inspired other naturalists such as André Michaux to further explore the St. Johns , as he did in 1788 , sailing from Palatka south to Lake Monroe , and gave names to some of the plants described by the Bartrams ' journals . Michaux was followed by William Baldwin between 1811 and 1817 . Subsequent explorers , including John James Audubon , have carried William 's Travels Through North & South Carolina , Georgia , East & West Florida with them as a guide . In 1795 , Florida was transferred back to Spain which lured Americans with cheap land . A former loyalist to Britain who left South Carolina during the American Revolutionary War , a planter and slave trader named Zephaniah Kingsley seized the opportunity and built a plantation named Laurel Grove near what is now Doctors Lake , close to the west bank of the St. Johns River , south of where Orange Park is today . Three years later , Kingsley took a trip to Cuba and purchased a 13 - year - old Wolof girl named Anna Madgigine Jai . She became his common - law wife , and managed Laurel Grove while Kingsley traveled and conducted business . The plantation grew citrus and sea island cotton ( Gossypium barbadense ) . In 1814 , they moved to a larger plantation on Fort George Island , where they lived for 25 years , and owned several other plantations and homesteads in what is today Jacksonville and another on Drayton Island at the north end of Lake George . Kingsley later married three other freed women in a polygamous relationship ; Spanish - controlled Florida allowed interracial marriages , and white landowners such as James Erwin , George Clarke , Francisco Sánchez , John Fraser , and Francis Richard , Jr. -- early settlers along the river -- all were married to or in extramarital relationships with African women . Territorial Florida and statehood ( edit ) Map of the lower St. Johns printed in 1876 The first years following Florida 's annexation to the United States in 1821 were marked with violent conflicts between white settlers and Seminoles , whose bands often included runaway African slaves . The clashes between American and Seminole forces during the establishment of the Florida territory are reflected in the towns and landmarks along the St. Johns named for those who were directly involved . Even before Florida was under U.S. jurisdiction , Major General Andrew Jackson was responsible for removing the Alachua Seminoles west of the Suwannee River , either killing them or forcing them farther south towards Lake County , in 1818 . Jackson 's efforts became the First Seminole War , and were rewarded by the naming of a cattle crossing across a wide portion of the St. Johns near the Georgia border -- previously named Cowford -- to Jacksonville . The result of Jackson 's offensive was the transfer of Florida to the U.S. Following the Seminole Wars , a gradual increase in commerce and population occurred on the St. Johns , made possible by steamship travel . Steamboats heralded a heyday for the river , and before the advent of local railroads , they were the only way to reach interior portions of the state . They also afforded the citizens of Jacksonville a pastime to watch competing races . By the 1860s , weekly trips between Jacksonville , Charleston , and Savannah were made to transport tourists , lumber , cotton , and citrus . The soil along the St. Johns was considered especially successful for producing sweeter oranges . Florida 's involvement in the U.S. Civil War was limited compared to other Confederate states because it had a fraction of the populations of states that had been developed . Florida provided materials to the Confederacy by way of steamboats on the St. Johns , although the river and the Atlantic coasts were blockaded by the U.S. Navy . One action in Florida 's role in the Civil War was the sinking of the USS Columbine , a Union paddle steamer used for patrolling the St. Johns to keep materials from reaching the Confederate Army . In 1864 , near Palatka , Confederate forces under the command of Capt . John Jackson Dickison captured , burned , and sank the USS Columbine , making her perhaps the only ship commandeered by the Confederacy . The same year and farther downriver , Confederates again sank a Union boat , the Maple Leaf , which struck a floating keg filled with explosives and settled into the muck near Julington Creek , south of Jacksonville . Part of the shipwreck was recovered in 1994 , when it was discovered that many Civil War - era artifacts , including daguerreotypes and wooden matches , had been preserved in the river muck . Although the Spanish had colonized Florida for two centuries , the state remained the last part of the east coast of the United States to be developed and explored . Following the Civil War , the State of Florida was too far in debt to build roads and rail lines to further its progress . Florida Governor William Bloxham in 1881 appealed directly to a Pennsylvania - based industrialist named Hamilton Disston , initially to build canals to improve steamboat passage through the Caloosahatchee River , and later to drain lands in the central part of the state for agriculture . Disston was furthermore persuaded to purchase 4,000,000 acres ( 16,000 km ) of land in central Florida for $1 million , which at the time was reported to be the largest purchase of land in human history . Disston was ultimately unsuccessful in his drainage attempts , but his investment sparked the tourist industry and made possible the efforts of railroad magnates Henry Morrison Flagler and Henry Bradley Plant to construct rail lines down the east coast of Florida , including a rail link between Sanford and Tampa . Disston was responsible for creating the towns of Kissimmee , St. Cloud , and several others on the west coast of Florida . Stereoscopic view of Harriet Beecher Stowe 's house in Mandarin A New York Times story reporting on Disston 's progress in 1883 stated that before Disston 's purchase and the subsequent development , the only places worth seeing in Florida were Jacksonville and St. Augustine , with perhaps an overnight trip on the St. Johns River to Palatka ; by 1883 tourist attractions had extended 250 miles ( 400 km ) south . More attention was paid to the St. Johns with the increasing population . Florida was portrayed as an exotic wonderland able to cure failing health with its water and citrus , and the region began to be highlighted in travel writings . To relieve his bronchitis , Ralph Waldo Emerson stayed briefly in St. Augustine , calling north Florida `` a grotesque region '' that was being swarmed by land speculators . Emerson poignantly disliked the public sale of slaves , adding to his overall distaste . Following the Civil War , however , famed author Harriet Beecher Stowe lived near Jacksonville and traveled up the St. Johns , writing about it with affection : `` The entrance of the St. Johns from the ocean is one of the most singular and impressive passages of scenery that we ever passed through : in fine weather the sight is magnificent . '' Her memoir Palmetto Leaves , published in 1873 as a series of her letters home , was very influential in luring northern residents to the state . The results of introducing water hyacinths to Florida , sparking a state - led battle against the invasive plant One unforeseen aspect of more people coming to Florida proved to be an overwhelming problem . A woman living in a winter home near Palatka introduced water hyacinths ( Eichhornia crassipes ) to the St. Johns in an attempt to beautify her backyard . Ten years later , the purple - flowered hyacinths had grown to reside in 50,000,000 acres ( 200,000 km ) of the river and its arteries , becoming a serious invasive species . Hyacinths grow so densely that they prevent the navigation of watercraft , fishing , and sunlight from reaching the depths of the river , affecting both plant and animal life . The government of Florida found the plants to be so vexing that it spent almost $600,000 between 1890 and 1930 in an unsuccessful bid to rid the creeks and rivers of north Florida of them . Land boom ( edit ) Progress of Fellsmere Farms in 1912 An Englishman named Nelson Fell , persuaded by Disston 's advertisements to make his fortunes in Florida , arrived in the 1880s . An engineer by trade , Fell purchased 12,000 acres ( 49 km ) near Lake Tohopekaliga to create a town named Narcoossee , which had a population of more than 200 English immigrants by 1888 . A spate of poor luck and tense British - American relations followed , prompting Fell to spend some years investing in infrastructure in Siberia , but he returned in 1909 with ideas of developing wetlands in central Florida . He was further encouraged by the political promises of Governor Napoleon Bonaparte Broward to drain the Everglades during his 1904 campaign . In 1910 Fell purchased 118,000 acres ( 480 km ) of land for $1.35 an acre and started the Fellsmere Farms Company to drain the St. Johns Marsh in 1911 and send water into the Indian River Lagoon , promoting the engineered canals and other structures as wondrously efficient in providing land to build a massive metropolis . Some progress was made initially , including the establishment of the town of Fellsmere in which land was sold for $100 an acre , but sales lagged because of a scandal regarding land sale fraud and faulty draining reports from the Everglades . The company then found itself short of funds due to mismanagement . Torrential rains ruptured the newly constructed levees and dikes and forced the company by 1916 to go into receivership . Fell left Florida for Virginia in 1917 . Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings used the St. Johns as a backdrop in her books South Moon Under and The Yearling , and several short stories . In 1933 she took a boat trip along the St. Johns with a friend . In the upper basin , she remarked on the difficulty of determining direction due to the river 's ambiguous flow , and wrote in a chapter titled `` Hyacinth Drift '' in her memoir Cross Creek that she had the best luck in watching the way the hyacinths floated . Rawlings wrote , `` If I could have , to hold forever , one brief place and time of beauty , I think I might choose the night on that high lonely bank above the St. Johns River . '' Florida in the 20th century experienced a massive migration into the state . Undeveloped land sold well and draining to reclaim wetlands has often gone unchecked , and often encouraged by government . The St. Johns headwaters decreased in size from 30 square miles ( 78 km ) to one between 1900 and 1972 . Much of the land was reclaimed for urban use , but agricultural needs took their toll as fertilizers and runoff from cattle ranching washed into the St. Johns . Without wetlands to filter the pollutants , the chemicals stayed in the river and flushed into the Atlantic Ocean . Boaters destroyed the floating islands of muck and weeds in the upper basin with dynamite , causing the lakes to drain completely . A portion of the completed Cross Florida Barge Canal near Palatka What could have been the most serious human impact on nature in central Florida was the Cross Florida Barge Canal , an attempt to connect the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the state by channeling the Ocklawaha River , first authorized in 1933 . The canal was intended to be 171 miles ( 275 km ) long , 250 feet ( 76 m ) wide , and 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) deep . Canal construction was top among the engineering priorities in the state , and by 1964 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began construction on the Cross Florida Barge Canal . Flood control was the primary impetus behind its construction , though the broader reasoning and feasibility of the project remained unclear . The Army Corps of Engineers was also constructing hundreds of miles of canals in the Everglades at the same time and by the 1960s was being accused of wasting tax money through its unnecessary construction projects . In 1969 the Environmental Defense Fund filed suit in federal court to stop construction on the canal , citing irreparable harm that would be done to Florida waterways and the Floridan Aquifer , central and north Florida 's fresh water source . A separate canal , the St. Johns - Indian River Barge Canal , was planned to link the river with the Intracoastal Waterway ; the project never broke ground , and was canceled soon after the Cross Florida Barge Canal was suspended . Restoration ( edit ) Former headwater marshes drained for agricultural use near Brevard and Indian River Counties When steamboats were superseded by the railroad , the river lost much of its significance to the state . The influx of immigrants to Florida settled primarily south of Orlando , adversely affecting the natural order of wetlands there . Within the past 50 years , however , urban areas in the northern and central parts of the state have grown considerably . In the upper basin , population increased by 700 percent between 1950 and 2000 , and is expected to rise another 1.5 million by 2020 . Nitrates and phosphorus used as lawn and crop fertilizers wash into the St. Johns . Broken septic systems and seepage from cattle grazing lands create pollution that also finds its way into the river . Storm water washes from street drains directly to the river and its tributaries : in the 1970s , the Econlockhatchee River received 8,000,000 US gallons ( 30,000,000 L ) of treated wastewater every day . Wetlands were drained and paved , unable to filter pollutants from the water , made worse by the river 's own slow discharge . Algal blooms , fish kills , and deformations and lesions on fish occur regularly in the river from Palatka to Jacksonville . Although most of the pollutants in the river are washed from the southern parts of the river , the Jacksonville area produces approximately 36 percent of them found in the lower basin . The State of Florida implemented a program named Surface Water Improvement and Management ( SWIM ) in 1987 to assist with river cleanups , particularly with nonpoint source pollution , or chemicals that enter the river by soaking into the ground , as opposed to direct piped dumping . SWIM assists local jurisdictions with purchasing land for wetlands restoration . The St. Johns River Water Management District ( SJRWMD ) is charged by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( DEP ) with restoring the river . The first step in restoration , particularly in the upper basin , is the purchase of public lands bordering the river ; ten different reserves and conservation areas have been implemented for such use around the St. Johns headwaters . Around Lake Griffin in the Ocklawaha Chain of Lakes , the SJRWMD has purchased 6,500 acres ( 26 km ) of land that was previously used for muck farming . More than 19,000 acres ( 77 km ) have been purchased along Lake Apopka to restore its wetlands , and the SJRWMD has removed nearly 15,000,000 pounds ( 6,800,000 kg ) of gizzard shad ( Dorosoma cepedianum ) , a fish species that stores phosphorus and adds to algae problems . The SJRWMD has also set minimum levels for the lakes and tributaries in the St. Johns watersheds to monitor permitted water withdrawals and declare water shortages when necessary . To assist with river cleanup and the associated funds for improving water quality in the St. Johns , Mayor John Delaney of Jacksonville waged a campaign to get it named as an American Heritage River , beginning in 1997 . The designation by the Environmental Protection Agency is intended to coordinate efforts among federal agencies to improve natural resource and environmental protection , economic revitalization , and historic and cultural preservation . The campaign was controversial as the Republican mayor defended asking for federal government assistance , writing `` Other rivers have relied heavily on federal help for massive environmental clean - ups . It 's the St. Johns ' turn now . '' Twenty - two towns along the St. Johns and environmental , sporting , recreation , boating , and educational organizations also supported its designation , but several prominent Republican politicians expressed concerns over increased federal regulations and restrictions on private property ownership along the river ; the Florida House of Representatives passed a resolution asking President Bill Clinton not to include the St. Johns . Despite this , Clinton designated the St. Johns as one of only 14 American Heritage Rivers out of 126 nominated in 1998 for its ecological , historic , economic and cultural significance . The continuing increase of population in Florida has caused urban planners to forecast that the Floridan Aquifer will no longer be able to sustain the people living in north Florida . By 2020 , 7 million people are predicted to live in the St. Johns basins , double the number living there in 2008 . Proposals to use 155,000,000 US gallons ( 590,000,000 L ) a day from the St. Johns , and another 100,000,000 US gallons ( 380,000,000 L ) from the Ocklawaha River , for fresh water are controversial , prompting a private organization named St. Johns Riverkeeper to nominate it to the list of the Ten Most Endangered Rivers by an environmental watchdog group named American Rivers . In 2008 , it was listed as # 6 , which was met with approval from Jacksonville 's newspaper , The Florida Times - Union , and skepticism from the SJRWMD . The St. Johns River is under consideration as an additional water source to meet growing public water needs . In 2008 , the river 's Water Management District undertook a Water Supply Impact Study of the proposed water withdrawals and asked the National Research Council to review science aspects of the study as it progressed . This resulted in a series of four reports that assessed the impact of water withdrawal on river level and flow , reviewed potential impacts on wetland ecosystems , and presented overall perspectives on the Water Management District study . The National Research Council found that , overall , the District performed a competent job in relating predicted environmental responses , including their magnitude and general degree of uncertainty , to the proposed range of water withdrawals . However , the report noted that the District 's final report should acknowledge such critical issues as include future sea - level rises , population growth , and urban development . Although the District predicted that changes in water management would increase water levels and flows that exceed the proposed surface water withdrawals , these predictions have high uncertainties . The report also noted concerns about the District 's conclusion that the water withdrawals will have few deleterious ecological effects . This conclusion was based on the model findings that increased flows from upper basin projects and from changes in land use ( increases in impervious areas ) largely compensated for the impacts of water withdrawals on water flows and levels . Although the upper basin projects are positive insofar as they will return land to the basin ( and water to the river ) , the same can not be said about increased urban runoff , the poor quality of which is well known . See also ( edit ) List of lakes of the St. Johns River List of crossings of the St. Johns River List of Florida rivers South Atlantic - Gulf Water Resource Region Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The St. Johns is frequently cited as being a rare north - flowing river in North America , ( Benke & Chusing , p. 100 ) ( Randazzo , p. 12 ) though in fact most rivers in Canada and in parts of the United States also drain north . ( Verdin , K.L. ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` A System for Topologically Coding Global Drainage Basins and Stream Networks '' Archived January 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , ESRI . ) ( Gonzalez , M.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America '' , North Dakota Geological Survey Newsletter North Dakota Geological Survey 30 ( 1 ) , pp. 1 -- 7 . ) Jump up ^ In 1717 , some of the groups were reorganized by the colonial governor ; 248 Timucua were counted . The restructuring also included Yamasee , Mocama , Apalachee , and Guale : in total no more than 1,500 Indians remained in north Florida . Disease and violent conflicts with the Spanish and other tribes continued to decrease their numbers , and by 1763 , 100 of the last remaining indigenous people of Florida chose to be relocated to Cuba with the Spanish . ( Gannon , p. 94 . ) Jump up ^ Lake Monroe on the St. Johns was named for President James Monroe , who persuaded the U.S. government to finance the First Seminole War . As American settlers trickled in to farms and homesteads in north and central Florida , they came into increased conflict with several Seminole bands for food and sometimes took the Seminoles as slaves . The Treaty of Moultrie Creek in 1823 placed Seminoles on a reservation near Lake Okeechobee , but further U.S. policy strongly encouraged them to leave Florida for Indian Territory in what would become Oklahoma . ( Tebeau , p. 156 . ) by 1835 , the Seminoles rebelled , inspired and led by Osceola , whose name is one of the most widely used for landmarks and structures in the state . ( McCarthy , p. 17 . ) Lake Jesup 's namesake is the American military leader in Florida , Major General Thomas Jesup , who captured Osceola in 1837 . Lake Harney was named for Brigadier General William S. Harney , who led several raids against Seminoles in west and south Florida . ( McCarthy , p. 12 . ) Jump up ^ When Rawlings and her friend stopped in Sanford to purchase gasoline , a yacht owner offered to have his crew take her to town to buy it , but he was interrupted when his wife , resplendent in a `` pink spectator sports costume '' , demanded he take her to church instead . As Rawlings left the dock at Sanford , her friend remarked , `` The poor b -- . I bet he 'd give his silk shirt to go down the river with us instead of Pink Petticoats '' . ( Rawlings , p. 366 . ) Jump up ^ Author and University of Florida professor Kevin McCarthy characterized the Cross Florida Barge Canal as `` probably the single most dangerous threat to the water resources of the state in the twentieth century '' . ( McCarthy , p. 76 . ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Feature Detail Report for : St. Johns River , US Geological Survey ( October 19 , 1979 ) . Retrieved on October 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Kamiar , Dr. M. `` Due North : The St. John 's River is One of Many '' . Metro Jacksonville . Jump up ^ The St. Johns River : Nominated as an American Heritage River Archived February 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. xxi . ^ Jump up to : Ball , David ( April 14 , 2008 ). St. Johns River Makes ' Endangered ' List , Jacksonville Financial and Daily Record , Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fact Sheet : A Story of the St. Johns River : The Big Picture '' , St. Johns River Water Management District ( May 3 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 216 . Jump up ^ `` District , partners celebrate restoration of historic water flows '' . Floridaswater.com . Palatka : St. Johns River Water Management District . November 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2016 . For decades , Canal 1 in Palm Bay shunted storm water east to the lagoon , but recent upgrades in pumps now send up to 39 percent of the average annual storm water to Sawgrass Lake where it is naturally filtered before flowing to the St. Johns River . ^ Jump up to : Benke and Cushing , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Cabell , p. 10 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney , pp. 128 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Belleville , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Whitney , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ The Middle St. Johns River Basin St. Johns River Water Management District Projects in Central Florida , St. Johns River Water Management District ( February 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , p. 20 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Cabell , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Hamaker , Elaine ( January 6 , 1989 ) . `` Silver Springs ' Monkey Colony Will Remain '' , The Ocala Star - Banner , p. 2B . Jump up ^ Belleville , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 158 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : The St. Johns River : Nominated as an American Heritage River Archived February 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Environmental Protection Agency ( Part 2 ) . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 160 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Florida Manatee Management Plan Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission ( December 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Blue Spring State Park , Florida Division of Recreation and Parks ( 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` '' Episode 05 Hontoon Owl Totem '' by Robert Cassanello and Chip Ford `` . stars.library.ucf.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ River Otter , Florida Wildlife Commission . Retrieved on July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ River Otters Archived October 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , St. Johns River Water Management District ( March 2004 ) . Retrieved on July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Welcome to the Ocala National Forest U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved on July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Lake George State Forest , Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services , Division of Forestry ( 2004 ) . Retrieved on July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Whitney , pp. 55 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Learn About Your Watershed : Ocklawaha River Watershed Archived June 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Florida 's Water : Ours to Protect , Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gary , Loderhose ( 2000 ) . Way Down the Suwannee River : Sketches of Florida During the Civil War . Authors Choice Press . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Noll and Tegeder , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Cabell , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Katie ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Episode 26 Fishing Boats '' . A History of Central Florida Podcast . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marino , G. ( August 13 , 1994 ) . `` Lake Apopka Pollution Hurts Bass Population '' , Science News , 146 ( 7 ) , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Lake Apopka Archived October 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , St. Johns River Water Management District ( April 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Belleville , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Belleville , pp. 92 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Spechler , R.M. Estimated discharge and chemical - constituent loading from the upper Floridan aquifer to the lower St. Johns River , northeastern Florida , 1990 -- 91 , U.S. Geological Survey , pp. i -- 32 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , pp. 88 -- 100 . ^ Jump up to : Bourgerie , Richard . Currents in the St. Johns River , Florida , spring and summer of 1998 , U.S. Department of Commerce , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( 1999 ) , pp. i -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Gate River Run '' Event website . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Greater Jacksonville Kingfishing Tournament '' and Tournament rules Archived October 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Event website . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Young , pp. 65 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Whitney , pp. 303 -- 304 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Whitney , pp. 313 -- 319 . Jump up ^ Van Hooser , Liz ( July 31 , 2009 ) . What Makes a Shrimp a Mayport Shrimp ? , The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved on August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , pp. 13 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Randazzo and Jones , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Marion County : Silver Springs Archived March 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , St. Johns River Water Management District . Retrieved on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marion County : Silver Glen Spring Archived May 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . St. Johns River Water Management District . Retrieved on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lake County : Alexander Springs Archived May 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . St. Johns River Water Management District . Retrieved on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Volusia County : Blue Spring Archived March 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . St. Johns River Water Management District . Retrieved on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Kroening , Sharon ( 2004 ) . Streamflow and water - quality characteristics at selected sites of the St. Johns River in central Florida , 1933 to 2002 , U.S. Geological Survey , pp. i -- 102 . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Young , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Quilian , Wylie , and Whitin , Bret ( April 2009 ) . `` An Analysis of the Hydrologic and Hydraulic Factors During Flooding on the St. Johns River Caused by Tropical Storm Fay '' , National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration . ^ Jump up to : Vero Beach , Florida , Sanford , Florida , and Jacksonville , Florida , weatherbase.com . Retrieved on July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Protection '' ( Power Point Presentation , slide 8 ) , St. Johns River Water Management District , hosted at stjohnsriveralliance.com . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Archived July 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Water Quality Terms and Definitions City of Jacksonville website ( 2003 ) . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blue Spring , Volusia County : Minimum flow regime Archived June 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , St. Johns River Water Management District . Retrieved on July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Gannon , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` '' Episode 01 Windover Burial Site '' by Robert Cassanello and Chip Ford `` . stars.library.ucf.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Miller , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Tebeau , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Read , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Simpson , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Cabell , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Molander , Arne ( 2012 ) `` The Horizons of Christopher Columbus : Using the Heavens to Map America '' . Lulu.com . Pages 135 -- 136 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 105 - 86335 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Gannon , pp. 41 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Tebeau , pp. 29 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Facts About the St. Johns River '' . February 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Cabell , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Miller , pp. 152 -- 153 . ^ Jump up to : Bartram , John and Harper , Francis ( December 1942 ) . `` Diary of a Journey through the Carolinas , Georgia , and Florida from July 1 , 1765 , to April 10 , 1766 '' , Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , New Series , 33 , ( 1 ) pp. i - 120 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. 46 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Cabell , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. xiv . Jump up ^ Schafer , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Schafer , pp. 23 -- 27 . Jump up ^ May , Philip S. ( January 1945 ) . `` Zephaniah Kingsley , Nonconformist '' , The Florida Historical Quarterly 23 ( 3 ) , p. 145 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Schafer , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Gannon , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Cabell , pp. 237 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Cabell , p. 242 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Cabell , pp. 213 -- 215 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Lemar , L. Stephan ( January 1944 ) . `` Historico - Economic Aspects of Drainage in the Florida Everglades '' , Southern Economic Journal , 10 ( 3 ) , pp. 197 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Davis , T. Frederick ( January 1939 ) . `` The Disston Land Purchase '' . The Florida Historical Quarterly , 17 ( 3 ) : pp. 201 -- 211 . Jump up ^ `` The Future of Florida '' , New York Times , ( May 6 , 1883 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Cabell , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Stowe , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Cabell , pp. 232 -- 233 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Cabell , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Gordon ( Summer , 1997 ) . `` Ditches and Dreams : Nelson Fell and the Rise of Fellsmere '' , The Florida Historical Quarterly , 76 ( 1 ) , pp. 1 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Siewert , Walter A. ( October 22 , 1988 ) . A History of the Fellsmere Water Drainage District `` , hosted by City of Fellsmere website . Retrieved on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rawlings , pp. 354 -- 370 . Jump up ^ Rawlings , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Noll and Tegeder , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Noll and Tegeder , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Noll and Tegeder , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` Need For Canal Is Stressed '' , Sarasota Herald - Tribune , September 21 , 1963 Jump up ^ `` St. Johns - Indian River Canal Kaput '' , Daytona Beach Morning Journal , October 19 , 1973 Jump up ^ Belleville , pp. xxv -- xxvi . ^ Jump up to : Upper St. Johns River Watershed Archived October 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Middle St. Johns River Watershed Archived October 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lower St. Johns River Watershed Archived October 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Surface Water Improvement and Management Program ( SWIM ) , Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( July 9 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lake Griffin , St. Johns River Water Management District ( March 2003 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Archived October 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Flows and Levels '' Archived July 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , St. Johns River Water Management District ( May 22 , 2001 ) . Retrieved on July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13061 : Federal Support of Community Efforts Along American Heritage Rivers Archived August 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Environmental Protection Agency ( September 11 , 1997 ) . Retrieved on July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Delaney , John ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Our River : The Debate '' , Florida Times - Union , p. F - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Our River : The Debate , Part II '' , Florida Times - Union ( March 15 , 2008 ) , p. F - 7 . Jump up ^ American Heritage Rivers Initiative Partnership Agreement between the St. Johns River Community , State , Regional and Federal Agencies , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( October 19 , 2006 ) . Retrieved on July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Steve ( June 17 , 1998 ) . `` St. Johns River on Heritage List '' , Florida Times - Union , p . A-1 . Jump up ^ Future of St. Johns River , One of America 's Most Endangered Rivers of 2008 , Still Hangs in the Balance , American Rivers ( December 11 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ St. Johns River Joins List of Most in Peril , The Florida Times - Union ( April 17 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Endangered River ' Honor ' is a Serious Warning Sign , The Florida Times - Union ( April 18 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) : Free National Research Council report PDF ^ Jump up to : `` Review of the St. Johns River Water Supply Impact Study : Final Report ( 2011 ) : Division on Earth and Life Studies '' . Dels.nas.edu . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Belleville , Bill ( 2000 ) . River of Lakes : A Journey on Florida 's St. Johns River , University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2156 - 7 Benke , Arthur ; Cushing , Colbert ( eds . ) ( 2005 ) . Rivers of North America , Elsevier / Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 088253 - 1 Cabell , Branch and Hanna , A.J. ( 1943 ) . The St. Johns : A Parade of Diversities , Farrar & Rinehart , Rivers of America Series . Gannon , Michael ( ed . ) ( 1996 ) . A New History of Florida , University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1415 - 8 McCarthy , Kevin ( 2004 ) . St. Johns River Guidebook , Pineapple Press . ISBN 1 - 56164 - 314 - 9 Miller , James ( 1998 ) . An Environmental History of Northeast Florida , University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2313 - 0 Noll , Steven and Tegeder , M. David ( August 2003 ) . From Exploitation to Conservation : A History of the Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway hosted at the Florida Department of Environmental Protection website . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Randazzo , Anthony and Jones , Douglas ( eds . ) ( 1997 ) . The Geology of Florida . University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1496 - 4 Rawlings , Marjorie ( 1942 ) . Cross Creek , First Touchstone Edition 1996 : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81879 - 5 Read , William Alexander ( 2004 ) . Florida Place Names of Indian Origin and Seminole Personal Names , University of Alabama Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 8421 - 0 Schafer , Daniel L. ( March 2003 ) . Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley : African Princess , Florida Slave , Plantation Slaveowner . University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2616 - 4 Simpson , J Clarence ; Boyd , Mark F. ( ed . ) ( 1956 ) . A Provisional Gazetteer of Florida Place - names of Indian Derivation . Florida Geological Survey , Special Publication No. 1 . Stowe , Harriet B. ( 1873 ) . Palmetto - Leaves . J.R. Osgood and Company . Tebeau , Charlton ( 1971 ) . A History of Florida , University of Miami Press . ISBN 0 - 87024 - 149 - 4 Whitney , Ellie ; Means , D. Bruce ; Rudloe , Anne ( eds . ) ( 2004 ) Priceless Florida : Natural Ecosystems and Native Species . Pineapple Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56164 - 309 - 7 Young , Claiborne ( 1996 ) . Cruising Guide to Eastern Florida , Pelican Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 88289 - 992 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Johns River . Florida Department of Environmental Protection : Lower basin Middle basin Upper basin St. Johns River Water Management District St. Johns Riverkeeper A History of Central Florida Podcast - Hontoon Owl Totem , Travel Dining , Fishing Boats St. Johns River Jacksonville Green Cove Springs Palatka Sanford St. Johns River Water Management District Wekiva River Econlockhatchee River Lake George Lake Jesup Lake Monroe Lake Winder Lake Washington Lake Poinsett Ocklawaha River Cross Florida Barge Canal Ocala National Forest Welaka National Fish Hatchery Welaka State Forest Dunns Creek State Park Lake George State Forest Blue Spring State Park Hontoon Island State Park Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve See Also : Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Zephaniah Kingsley Anna Madgigene Jai Kingsley Kingsley Plantation John Bartram William Bartram Timucuan Fort Caroline Jean Ribault St. Johns River crossings in the Jacksonville , Florida area Upriver from Downtown Shands Buckman Timuquana Downtown Jacksonville Fuller Waren FEC Strauss Trunnion Acosta Main Street Hart Mathews 20th Street Extension Downriver from Downtown Dames Point State Road 113A Mayport Ferry Italics indicate a bridge was never built . Significant waterways of Florida Larger rivers Alapaha Apalachicola Aucilla Blackwater Caloosahatchee Chattahoochee Chipola Choctawhatchee Econlockhatchee Escambia Hillsborough Indian River Kissimmee Myakka Ochlockonee Ocklawaha Pea Peace Perdido Santa Fe St. Johns St. Marys Suwannee Withlacoochee ( North ) Withlacoochee ( South ) Yellow Lakes Apopka Crescent Blue Cypress East Tohopekaliga George Harney Harris Iamonia Istokpoga Jackson Jesup Kissimmee Manatee Miccosukee Monroe Okeechobee Poinsett Rodman Rousseau Seminole Talquin Tohopekaliga Tsala Apopka Ward Washington Weir Smaller rivers Alafia Alapahoochee Anclote Banana River Braden Carrabelle Chassahowitzka Crooked Crystal Dead East East Bay Eau Gallie Econfina Estero Homosassa Hontoon Dead Ichetucknee Imperial Little ( Biscayne Bay ) Little ( Ochlockonee ) Little Econlockhatchee Little Manatee Little Wekiva Loxahatchee Manatee Matanzas Miami Mosquito Lagoon New ( Broward ) New ( Carabelle ) New ( Santa Fe ) Oleta Orange Pithlachascotee Rainbow Ribault Shark Silver Sopchoppy St. Lucie St. Marks St. Sebastian Steinhatchee Tomoka Trout Waccasassa Wacissa Wakulla Weeki Wachee Wekiva Creeks and streams Billy 's Black Blackwater ( Hillsborough ) Blackwater ( Lake ) Crane Cross Econfina Fisheating Myakkahatchee Orange Pottsburg Shingle Snapper Turkey Canals Canaveral Barge Canal Cross Florida Barge Canal Haulover Canal Hillsboro Canal Miami Canal Mud Lake Canal St. Johns - Indian River Barge Canal Tamiami Canal Tampa Bypass Canal See also Coastal waters of Florida Everglades Intracoastal Waterway Indian River Lagoon List of Florida rivers List of major springs in Florida Okeechobee Waterway Okefenokee Swamp Outstanding Florida Waters Paynes Prairie American Heritage Rivers Rivers Blackstone & Woonasquatucket Connecticut Cuyahoga Detroit Hanalei Hudson Lower Mississippi Potomac New Rio Grande St. Johns Upper Mississippi Upper Susquehanna & Lackawanna Willamette Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Johns_River&oldid=806264795 '' Categories : St. Johns River American Heritage Rivers Rivers of Florida North Florida Bodies of water of Indian River County , Florida Rivers of Brevard County , Florida Rivers of Osceola County , Florida Rivers of Orange County , Florida Rivers of Seminole County , Florida Rivers of Volusia County , Florida Rivers of Polk County , Florida Bodies of water of Putnam County , Florida Bodies of water of Clay County , Florida Inlets of Florida NJCAA athletics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Tagalog ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 20 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the st johns river named after | [
"Over a hundred years later, missionaries had more success, setting up posts along the river. Spanish Franciscan missionaries gave the river its current name based on San Juan del Puerto (St. John of the Harbor), the mission established at the river's mouth following the demise of the French fort. The name first appeared on a Spanish map created between 1680 and 1700.[102]"
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"San Juan del Puerto (St. John of the Harbor), the mission established at the river's mouth following the demise of the French fort"
] |
4225467790577370349 | Eagle River, Wisconsin | Eagle River , Wisconsin - wikipedia Eagle River , Wisconsin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city in Wisconsin . For the river in Wisconsin , see Eagle River ( Wisconsin ) . For other uses , see Eagle River ( disambiguation ) . Eagle River , Wisconsin City Downtown Eagle River Location of Eagle River in Vilas County , Wisconsin . Coordinates : 45 ° 55 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 1 '' W / 45.92000 ° N 89.25028 ° W / 45.92000 ; - 89.25028 Coordinates : 45 ° 55 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 1 '' W / 45.92000 ° N 89.25028 ° W / 45.92000 ; - 89.25028 Country United States State Wisconsin County Vilas Government Mayor Jeffrey A. Hyslop Area Total 3.20 sq mi ( 8.29 km ) Land 3.03 sq mi ( 7.85 km ) Water 0.17 sq mi ( 0.44 km ) Elevation 1,647 ft ( 502 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 1,398 Estimate ( 2016 ) 1,419 Density 461.4 / sq mi ( 178.1 / km ) Time zone Central ( CST ) ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) Zip Code 54521 Area code ( s ) 715 & 534 FIPS code 55 - 21625 GNIS feature ID 1579167 Website eagleriver.govoffice2.com The Eagle River flows through the city . Eagle River is a city in Vilas County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 1,398 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Vilas County . Because of the many lakes in the area , the city is a popular vacation and retirement destination . The area contains many condominia , seasonal vacation homes , and hunting cabins . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Founding 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 census 3.2 2000 census 4 Transportation 4.1 Major highways 4.2 Airport 5 Media 6 Sports and recreation 7 Notable people 8 Images 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Eagle River was the site of the first permanent Indian settlement in the Wisconsin Northwoods , located on the shores of Watersmeet Lake where the Wisconsin River and Chain O ' Lakes meet . These early Indians , who were called Old Copper Indians , were succeeded by the Woodland Indians from 2,600 B.C. to 800 A.D. These Indians were probably the ancestors of the Chippewa , Potawatomi , and Menominee . Founding ( edit ) The first recorded white settler in what became Vilas County was a man named Ashman who established a trading post in Lac du Flambeau in 1818 . Eagle River 's name was derived from the abundance of eagles nesting along the river . It is believed that Bethuel Draper and `` Dutch Pete '' Cramer camped in the area in 1853 and were responsible for naming the community . A settlement grew as other families settled in the area in 1857 . The town of Eagle River was created by an act of the state legislature in 1885 . Vilas County was set off from Oneida County on April 12 , 1893 and named for William Freeman Vilas , a migrant from Vermont . Vilas had served for Wisconsin in the United States Senate from 1891 to 1897 . In the 1850s migrants from New England , primarily from Vermont and Connecticut , constructed a number of wagon roads and trails through Vilas County including the Ontonogan Mail Trail and a Military Road from Fort Howard to Fort Wilkins in Copper Harbor , Michigan . Geography ( edit ) Eagle River is located in southeastern Vilas County at 45 ° 55 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 1 '' W / 45.92000 ° N 89.25028 ° W / 45.92000 ; - 89.25028 ( 45.919902 , - 89.250210 ) , along the Eagle River , which is part of a popular chain of lakes . The Eagle River / Three Lakes Chain of Lakes is made up of 28 lakes , which is the largest number of inland interconnecting lakes in the world . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.20 square miles ( 8.29 km ) , of which , 3.03 square miles ( 7.85 km ) is land and 0.17 square miles ( 0.44 km ) is water . Climate ( edit ) Eagle River has a cool humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) , with long , cold winters and short , mild summers . Annually the temperature drops below 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) on 190 days , and below 0 ° F ( - 17.8 ° C ) on 39 days . The comfortable summers result in only one day per year on average with temperatures exceeding 90 ° F ( 32.2 ° C ) . ( hide ) Climate data for Eagle River , Wisconsin Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 42 ( 6 ) 53 ( 12 ) 71 ( 22 ) 80 ( 27 ) 86 ( 30 ) 93 ( 34 ) 97 ( 36 ) 93 ( 34 ) 90 ( 32 ) 80 ( 27 ) 69 ( 21 ) 57 ( 14 ) 97 ( 36 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 20.7 ( − 6.3 ) 25.6 ( − 3.6 ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) 50.5 ( 10.3 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 74.7 ( 23.7 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 75.1 ( 23.9 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 52.5 ( 11.4 ) 36.7 ( 2.6 ) 24.6 ( − 4.1 ) 50.48 ( 10.26 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 10.4 ( − 12 ) 15.6 ( − 9.1 ) 25.4 ( − 3.7 ) 39.7 ( 4.3 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 63.0 ( 17.2 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 64.7 ( 18.2 ) 54.5 ( 12.5 ) 43.2 ( 6.2 ) 29.0 ( − 1.7 ) 16.3 ( − 8.7 ) 40.13 ( 4.52 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 0.0 ( − 17.8 ) 5.3 ( − 14.8 ) 14.5 ( − 9.7 ) 28.8 ( − 1.8 ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 51.2 ( 10.7 ) 55.1 ( 12.8 ) 54.2 ( 12.3 ) 43.9 ( 6.6 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 21.2 ( − 6 ) 7.9 ( − 13.4 ) 29.72 ( − 1.27 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 33 ( − 36 ) − 36 ( − 38 ) − 21 ( − 29 ) 0 ( − 18 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 37 ( 3 ) 39 ( 4 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 13 ( − 11 ) − 9 ( − 23 ) − 22 ( − 30 ) − 36 ( − 38 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.29 ( 32.8 ) 0.80 ( 20.3 ) 1.67 ( 42.4 ) 2.10 ( 53.3 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 3.52 ( 89.4 ) 3.62 ( 91.9 ) 3.92 ( 99.6 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 2.41 ( 61.2 ) 2.06 ( 52.3 ) 1.25 ( 31.8 ) 29.59 ( 751.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 15.8 ( 40.1 ) 8.6 ( 21.8 ) 7.7 ( 19.6 ) ( 5.6 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 5.4 ( 13.7 ) 12.1 ( 30.7 ) 52.7 ( 133.9 ) Source : Midwestern Regional Climate Center Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1890 1,150 -- 1910 1,141 -- 1920 672 − 41.1 % 1930 1,386 106.3 % 1940 1,491 7.6 % 1950 1,469 − 1.5 % 1960 1,367 − 6.9 % 1970 1,326 − 3.0 % 1980 1,326 0.0 % 1,374 3.6 % 2000 1,443 5.0 % 1,398 − 3.1 % Est. 2016 1,419 1.5 % U.S. Decennial Census 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 1,398 people , 684 households , and 308 families residing in the city . The population density was 461.4 inhabitants per square mile ( 178.1 / km ) . There were 876 housing units at an average density of 289.1 per square mile ( 111.6 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 93.0 % White , 0.8 % African American , 3.5 % Native American , 0.1 % Asian , 1.1 % from other races , and 1.6 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9 % of the population . There were 684 households of which 21.8 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 28.7 % were married couples living together , 12.1 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4.2 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 55.0 % were non-families. 46.5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 22.5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 1.89 and the average family size was 2.68 . The median age in the city was 43.2 years . 18 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 9.4 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 25.2 % were from 25 to 44 ; 24.5 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 23 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 49.1 % male and 50.9 % female . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 1,443 people , 626 households , and 321 families residing in the city . The population density was 566.3 people per square mile ( 218.5 / km2 ) . There were 726 housing units at an average density of 284.9 per square mile ( 109.9 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 95.98 % White , 1.39 % African American , 1.94 % Native American , 0.07 % Pacific Islander , 0.35 % from other races , and 0.28 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.83 % of the population . There were 626 households out of which 23.0 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 35.8 % were married couples living together , 11.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 48.7 % were non-families. 43.6 % of all households were made up of individuals and 24.6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.80 . In the city , the population was spread out with 19.4 % under the age of 18 , 8.2 % from 18 to 24 , 25.4 % from 25 to 44 , 20.6 % from 45 to 64 , and 26.5 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 42 years . For every 100 females there were 82.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 76.7 males . The median income for a household in the city was $23,611 , and the median income for a family was $36,339 . Males had a median income of $29,375 versus $21,477 for females . The per capita income for the city was $15,876 . About 8.6 % of families and 11.8 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 15.9 % of those under age 18 and 11.7 % of those age 65 or over . Transportation ( edit ) Major highways ( edit ) U.S. 45 travels northbound to Land o ' Lakes . Southbound , US 45 routes to Three Lakes and Antigo . WIS 17 travels north concurrently with US 45 and WIS 32 approximately 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) before splitting off northeasterly towards Phelps and west concurrently with WIS 70 before turning south towards Rhinelander , Wisconsin . WIS 32 runs concurrently with US 45 through Eagle River . WIS 70 travels east on a winding course through the Chequamegon - Nicolet National Forest to Florence and west via St. Germain to Woodruff and Minocqua . Airport ( edit ) Eagle River Union Airport Eagle River is served by the Eagle River Union Airport ( KEGV ) , which serves as a landing spot for seasonal home owners . Located just northwest of the city , the airport handles approximately 20,000 operations per year , with roughly 90 % general aviation and 10 % air taxi . The airport has a 5,000 - ft asphalt runway with approved LOC / DME and GPS approaches ( Runway 4 - 22 ) , a 3,400 - ft asphalt crosswind runway ( Runway 13 - 31 ) and a helipad . Media ( edit ) WERL ( AM ) 950 , Freedom Talk WRJO FM 94.5 , Oldies Sports and recreation ( edit ) World Snowmobile Headquarters Common recreational activities include boating , camping , fishing , swimming , hunting , golfing , ice fishing , and snowmobiling . Bald eagles can be viewed here , the source of the name `` Eagle '' River . Eagle River is known as the `` Snowmobile Capital of the World '' because of the World Championship Snowmobile Derby held for over 50 years at an ice oval on the north side of the city . There are over 500 miles of groomed snowmobile trails in the county . The World Snowmobile Headquarters and International Snowmobile Hall of Fame are located in Eagle River . The Wisconsin Hockey Hall of Fame is in Eagle River Stadium in Eagle River . Eagle River has been the host of the Labatt Blue USA hockey pond hockey championship games . Eagle River has a public golf course , located on East McKinley Street . Notable people ( edit ) Jim Abrahams , director and screenwriter Charles Comiskey , former owner of the Chicago White Sox , member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame John A. Conant , lawyer and Wisconsin state legislator Claire Decker , racing car driver Natalie Decker , racing car driver Paige Decker , racing car driver Emil Gross , MLB player Craig Ludwig , NHL player and assistant coach Sean McKeever , comic book writer Robert Peters , poet Daniel E. Riordan , teacher , lawyer and Wisconsin state legislator Margaret P. Varda , lawyer and Wisconsin state legislator Cy Williams , MLB player Jinelle Zaugg - Siergiej , Olympic athlete Images ( edit ) Sign on U.S. Route 45 Post office Water tower Eagle River Derby Track in summer Northland Pines High School Walter Olson Memorial Library References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.eagleriver.govoffice2.com/index.asp?SEC=2D342C75-65A5-41CE-AAC1-502DA3E925AA&Type=B_BASIC ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.eagleriver.org/history.asp ^ Jump up to : Vilas County , WI Government Main Page Accessed January 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ Horace Samuel Merrill . William Freeman Vilas : Doctrinaire Democrat . Madison : State Historical Society of Wisconsin , 1954 . Jump up ^ Vilas County History . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wisconsin Atlas & Gazetteer . Yarmouth , Me. : DeLorme. 1992 . p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 89933 - 247 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of the Midwest : Climate Summaries '' . Midwestern Regional Climate Center . 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved on July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.airnav.com/airports/egv Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagles ! - Picture of Wildwood Outdoor Adventures , Eagle River - TripAdvisor '' . www.tripadvisor.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Vintage World Championship Winner Crowned ! '' . American Snowmobiler . Spring : 12 . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle River Stadium and Wisconsin Hockey Hall of Fame '' . Clio . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle River , WI golf courses '' . WisconsinGolf.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ ' Wisconsin Blue Book 1944 , ' Biographical sketch of Margaret P. Varda , pg. 49 External links ( edit ) City of Eagle River Eagle River Area Chamber of Commerce Sanborn fire insurance maps : 1894 1901 1909 Municipalities and communities of Vilas County , Wisconsin , United States County seat : Eagle River City Eagle River Towns Arbor Vitae Boulder Junction Cloverland Conover Lac du Flambeau Land O ' Lakes Lincoln Manitowish Waters Phelps Plum Lake Presque Isle St. Germain Washington Winchester CDPs Boulder Junction Lac du Flambeau Sayner Unincorporated communities Arbor Vitae Conover Katinka Village Land O ' Lakes Manitowish Waters Marlands Phelps Presque Isle St. Germain Star Lake Winchester Indian reservations Lac du Flambeau ‡ Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties VIAF : 130254217 LCCN : n85207515 GND : 1080852 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagle_River,_Wisconsin&oldid=800816392 '' Categories : Cities in Wisconsin Cities in Vilas County , Wisconsin County seats in Wisconsin Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Română Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 21 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how do i get to eagle river wisconsin | [] | [] |
-7306822677170244924 | Thirty Days Hath September | Thirty days Hath September - wikipedia Thirty days Hath September `` Thirty Days Hath September ... '' or `` Thirty Days Has September ... '' is a traditional verse mnemonic used to remember the number of days in the months of the Julian and Gregorian calendars . It arose as an oral tradition and exists in many variants . It is currently earliest attested in English , but was and remains common throughout Europe as well . Contents 1 History 2 Legacy 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Bibliography 5 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Roman calendar and its Julian and Gregorian reforms The irregularity of the lengths of the months descends from the Roman calendar , which came to be adopted throughout Europe and then worldwide . The months of Rome 's original lunar calendar would have varied between 29 and 30 days , depending on observations of the phases of the moon . Reforms credited to Romulus and Numa established a set year of twelve fixed months . Possibly under the influence of the Pythagoreans in southern Italy , Rome considered odd numbers more lucky and set the lengths of the new months to 29 and 31 days , apart from the last month February and the intercalary month Mercedonius . Its imperfect system and political manipulation of intercalation caused it to slip greatly out of alignment with the solar year , which was known to consist of 1⁄4 of 1461 days ( rather than 1460 days ) by the time of Meton in the 5th century BC . Rather than adopt a new system like the Egyptian calendar , which had 12 months of 30 days each and a set , annual intercalary month of 5 days , Caesar aimed for his 46 BC reform to maintain as much continuity as possible with the old calendar . Ultimately , Mercedonius was removed , the four existing 31 - day months were maintained , February was left unchanged apart from leap years , and the needful additional ten days of the year were added to the 29 - day months to make them either 30 or 31 days long . By the Renaissance , the irregularity of the resulting system had inspired Latin verses to remember the order of long and short months . The first known published form appeared in a 1488 edition of the Latin verses of Anianus : Junius Aprilis September et ipse November Dant triginta dies reliquis supadditur unus , De quorum numero Februarius excipiatur . June , April , September , and November itself Give thirty days , the rest add one more , From which number February is excepted . In 2011 , the Welsh author Roger Bryan discovered an older English form of the poem written at the bottom of a page of saints ' days for February within a Latin manuscript in the British Library 's Harleian manuscripts . He dated the entry to 1425 ± 20 years . Thirti dayes hath novembir April june and Septembir . Of xxviii is but oon And alle the remenaunt xxx and j Thirty days have November , April , June , and September . Of 28 is but one And all the remnant 30 and 1 . The first published English version appeared in Richard Grafton 's Abridgment of the Chronicles of England in 1562 as `` A Rule to Know How Many Dayes Euery Moneth in the Yere Hath '' : Thirty days has September April , June and November . All the rest have 31 Except February , it 's a different one It has 28 days clear , and 29 each leap year . Thirty days have November , April , June , and September . February has 28 alone , And all the rest have 31 . `` September '' and `` November '' have identical rhythm and rhyme and are thus poetically interchangeable . The early versions tended to favour November and as late as 1891 it was being given as the more common form of the rhyme in some parts of the United States . It is less common now and September variants have a long history as well . A manuscript copy of the verse from c. 1555 runs : Thirty days hath September , April , June , and November ; All the rest have thirty - one , Excepting February alone , And that has twenty - eight days clear And twenty - nine in each leap year . Another English version from before 1574 is found in a manuscript among the Mostyn Papers held at the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth . Variants appear throughout Europe . The typical Italian form is Trenta giorni ha novembre con aprile , giugno e settembre . Di ventotto ce n'è uno . Tutti gli altri ne han trentuno . Thirty days have November , April , June , and September . With 28 there is but one . All the rest have thirty - one . Legacy ( edit ) The various forms of the poem are usually considered a doggerel nursery rhyme . In the c. 1601 academic drama Return from Parnassus , Sir Raderic 's overenthusiastic appreciation of its poetry is of a piece with his own low level of culture and education . It has , however , also earned praise . It 's been called `` one of the most popular and oft - repeated verses in the English language '' and `` probably the only sixteenth - century poem most ordinary citizens know by heart '' . Groucho Marx claimed `` My favorite poem is the one that starts ' Thirty Days Hath September ... ' , because it actually means something . '' On the other hand , the unhelpfulness of such an involved mnemonic has been mocked , as in the early 20th - century parody `` Thirty days hath September / But all the rest I ca n't remember '' It continues to be taught in schools as children learn the calendar , although others employ the knuckle mnemonic instead . `` Thirty Days Hath September ... '' is also occasionally parodied or referenced in wider culture , such as the 1960 Burma - Shave jingle `` Thirty days / Hath September / April / June and the / Speed offender '' . See also ( edit ) Roman , Julian , and Gregorian calendars Day & Month Knuckle mnemonic References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` How Old is ' Thirty Days Has September ... ' '' , Blog , Dictionary.com , 18 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mommsen ( 1894 ) , Vol . I , Ch . xiv . Jump up ^ Mommsen ( 1894 ) , Vol . V , Ch . xi . Jump up ^ Rüpke ( 2011 ) , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Rüpke ( 2011 ) , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Ballew , Pat ( 1 September 2015 ) , `` On This Day in Math '' , Pat 's Blog . ^ Jump up to : Anianus , Computus Metricus Manualis , Strasbourg . ( in Latin ) ^ Jump up to : Misstear , Rachael ( 16 January 2012 ) , `` Welsh Author Digs Deep to Find Medieval Origins of Thirty Days Hath Verse '' , Wales Online , Media Wales . Jump up ^ Bryan ( 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bryan , Roger ( 30 October 2011 ) , `` The Oldest Rhyme in the Book '' , The Times , London : Times Newspapers . Jump up ^ `` Memorable Mnemonics '' , Today , London : BBC Radio 4 , 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Cryer ( 2010 ) , `` Thirty Days Has September '' . ^ Jump up to : Grafton ( 1562 ) . ^ Jump up to : Holland ( 1992 ) , p. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Ganvoort , A.J. ( August 1891 ) , `` Value of Music in Public Education '' , The Ohio Educational Monthly and the National Teacher , Vol . XL , No. 8 , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Stevins MS . Jump up ^ OCDQ ( 2006 ) , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Onofri , Francesca Romana ; et al. ( 2012 ) , Italian for Dummies , Berlitz , pp. 101 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Anon. ( 1606 ) , Act III , sc . i . Jump up ^ Smeaton ( 1905 ) , p. xxvi . Jump up ^ The Cincinnati Enquirer , Cincinnati , 20 September 1924 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty Days '' , Jingles , Burma-Shave.org , 2005 . Bibliography ( edit ) Anon. ( 1905 ) , Smeaton , Oliphant , ed. , The Return from Parnassus , London : J.M. Dent & Co. , a reprint of the 1606 The Returne from Pernassus , or , The Scourge of Simony . Bryan , Roger ( 2011 ) , It 'll Come In Useful One Day , Llanina Books . Cryer , Max ( 2010 ) , Common Phrases ... and the Amazing Stories Behind Them , New York : Skyhorse Publishing . Grafton , Richard ( 1562 ) , Abridgement of the Chronicles of Englande , London : Richard Tottell . Holland , Norman N. ( 1992 ) , The Critical I , New York : Columbia University Press . Ratcliffe , Susan , ed. ( 2006 ) , Oxford Concise Dictionary of Quotations , 5th ed. , Oxford University Press . Rüpke , Jörg ( 2011 ) , Richardson , David M.B. , ed. , The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine : Time , History , and the Fasti , Malden : Wiley - Blackwell , a translation of the 1995 Kalendar und Öffentlichkeit . Mommsen , Theodor ( 1894 ) , Dickson , William Purdie , ed. , The History of Rome , a translation of the 1861 &c . Romische Geschichte . External links ( edit ) Ochampaugh , Raenell Dawn Cardile ; et al. ( 1997 ) , `` Days of the Month Poem '' , Leap Year Day , Honor Society of Leap Year Day Babies : 91 English variants of the poem Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Days_Hath_September&oldid=866047004 '' Categories : Mnemonics Calendars Hidden categories : Articles with Latin - language external links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing German - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Italiano 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 22 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | rhyme to remember number of days per month | [] | [] |
-8354158767436808268 | Situation puzzle | Situation puzzle - wikipedia Situation puzzle Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Puzzles Types ( show ) Guessing Riddle Situation Logic Dissection Induction Logic grid Self - reference Mechanical Combination Construction Disentanglement Lock Go problems Folding Stick Tiling Transport Tour Sliding Chess Maze ( Logic maze ) Word and Number Crossword Sudoku Puzzle video games Mazes Metapuzzles Topics ( show ) Brain teaser Dilemma Optical illusion Packing problems Paradox Problem solving Puzzlehunt Syllogism Thinking outside the box Lists ( show ) Impossible puzzles Maze video games Nikoli puzzle types Puzzle video games Puzzle topics Situation puzzles are often referred to as lateral thinking puzzles or `` yes / no '' puzzles . Situation puzzles are usually played in a group , with one person hosting the puzzle and the others asking questions which can only be answered with a `` yes '' or `` no '' answer . Depending upon the settings and level of difficulty , other answers , hints or simple explanations of why the answer is yes or no , may be considered acceptable . The puzzle is solved when one of the players is able to recite the narrative the host had in mind , in particular explaining whatever aspect of the initial scenario was puzzling . These puzzles are inexact and many puzzle statements have more than one possible fitting answer . The goal however is to find out the story as the host has it in mind . Critical thinking and reading , logical thinking , as well as lateral thinking may all be required to solve a situation puzzle . The term lateral thinking was coined by Edward De Bono to denote a creative problem - solving style that involves looking at the given situation from unexpected angles , and is typically necessary to the solution of situation puzzles . The term `` lateral - thinking puzzle '' was popularised by Paul Sloane in his 1992 book Lateral Thinking Puzzlers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Example 2 Terminology 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links Example ( edit ) One situation puzzle would be : A man walks into a bar , and asks the bartender for a drink of water . The bartender pulls out a gun , points it at the man , and cocks it . The man pauses , before saying `` Thank you '' and leaving . What happened ? The question - and - answer segment might go something like this . Question : Could the bartender hear him ? Answer : Yes Question : Was the bartender angry for some reason ? A : No Question : Was the gun a water pistol ? A : No Question : Did they know each other from before ? A : No ( or : `` irrelevant '' since either way it does not affect the outcome ) Question : Was the man 's `` thank you '' sarcastic ? A : No ( or with a small hint : `` No , he was genuinely grateful '' ) Question : Did the man ask for water in an offensive way ? A : No Question : Did the man ask for water in some strange way ? A : Yes Eventually the questions lead up to the conclusion that the man had the hiccups , and that his reason for requesting a drink of water was not to quench his thirst but to cure his hiccups . The bartender realized this and chose instead to cure the hiccups by frightening the man with the gun . Once the man realized that his hiccups were gone , he no longer needed a drink of water , gratefully thanked the bartender , and left . Terminology ( edit ) Yope is a word devised to answer a question with yes and no simultaneously , in a sense saying Yes , but ... and No , but ... at the same time . This would be used when it would be misleading to give a simple `` yes '' or `` no '' answer to the player 's question . It can be compared to the Japanese and Korean term mu , which is often translated as meaning that the question must be `` unasked '' , as it can not be answered . N / a ( or stating `` irrelevant '' ) is used when a question is not applicable to the current situation or when a `` yes '' or `` no '' answer would not provide any usable information to solving the puzzle . Irrelevant , but assume yes is used when the situation is the same regardless of what the correct answer to the question is , but assuming one direction will make further questioning easier or the situation more likely . An example question that might have this answer from the puzzle above is : `` Was the gun loaded ? '' See also ( edit ) Twenty Questions Further reading ( edit ) Edward De Bono , Lateral Thinking : Creativity Step by Step , Harper & Row , 1973 , trade paperback , 300 pages , ISBN 0 - 06 - 090325 - 2 Paul Sloane , Lateral Thinking Puzzlers , Sterling Publishing , 1992 , paperback , ISBN 0 - 8069 - 8227 - 6 Sandy Silverthorne , John Warner , One - Minute Mysteries and Brain Teasers , Harvest House Publishing , 2007 , paperback , 176 pages , ISBN 0 - 7369 - 1942 - 2 Lloyd King , Test Your Creative Thinking , Kogan - Page , 2003 , paperback , 156 pages , ISBN 0 - 7494 - 4004 - X Lloyd King , Amazing Aha ! Puzzles , Puzzle Wizard , 2004 , paperback , 180 pages , ISBN 1 - 4116 - 1330 - 9 The 10 Greatest Lateral Thinking Puzzles http://www.techinterviewpuzzles.com/2010/06/paul-sloanes-list-of-classic-lateral.html 10 Classic Lateral Thinking Puzzles http://www.puzzlesandriddles.com/LateralThinking.html References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jed Hartman , Rec. puzzles archive 27 Aug 1998 http://www.kith.org/logos/things/sitpuz/lateral.html External links ( edit ) Lateral Puzzles Situation Puzzles Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Lateral thinking puzzles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Situation_puzzle&oldid=788292615 '' Categories : Puzzles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2017 , at 16 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a man walks into a bar and asks for a glass of water the bartender pulls a shotgun | [] | [] |
342684343439950061 | Religion in ancient Rome | Religion in ancient Rome - wikipedia Religion in ancient Rome Defaced Dea Roma holding Victory and regarding an altar with a cornucopia and other offerings , copy of a relief panel from an altar or statue base Augustus as Pontifex Maximus ( Via Labicana Augustus ) Religion in ancient Rome Marcus Aurelius ( head covered ) sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter Practices and beliefs libation sacrifice votum temples festivals ludi funerals Imperial cult mystery religions Priesthoods Pontifices Augures Vestales Flamines Fetiales Epulones Fratres Arvales Deities List of Roman deities Twelve major gods Capitoline Triad Aventine Triad underworld gods indigitamenta Deified emperors Divus Julius Divus Augustus Related topics Glossary of ancient Roman religion Roman mythology Ancient Greek religion Etruscan religion Gallo - Roman religion Interpretatio graeca Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Religion in Ancient Rome includes the ancestral ethnic religion of the city of Rome that the Romans used to define themselves as a people , as well as the religious practices of peoples brought under Roman rule , in so far as they became widely followed in Rome and Italy . The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious , and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety ( pietas ) in maintaining good relations with the gods . The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored , a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists . The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture , introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo . The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks ( interpretatio graeca ) , adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art , as the Etruscans had . Etruscan religion was also a major influence , particularly on the practice of augury . According to legends , most of Rome 's religious institutions could be traced to its founders , particularly Numa Pompilius , the Sabine second king of Rome , who negotiated directly with the gods . This archaic religion was the foundation of the mos maiorum , `` the way of the ancestors '' or simply `` tradition '' , viewed as central to Roman identity . Cybele enthroned , with lion , cornucopia and Mural crown . Roman marble , c. 50 CE . Getty Museum Roman religion was practical and contractual , based on the principle of do ut des , `` I give that you might give '' . Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer , ritual , and sacrifice , not on faith or dogma , although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs . Even the most skeptical among Rome 's intellectual elite such as Cicero , who was an augur , saw religion as a source of social order . As the Roman Empire expanded , migrants to the capital brought their local cults , many of which became popular among Italians . Christianity was in the end the most successful of these , and in 380 became the official state religion . For ordinary Romans , religion was a part of daily life . Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family 's domestic deities were offered . Neighborhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city . The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances . Women , slaves , and children all participated in a range of religious activities . Some public rituals could be conducted only by women , and women formed what is perhaps Rome 's most famous priesthood , the state - supported Vestals , who tended Rome 's sacred hearth for centuries , until disbanded under Christian domination . Contents 1 Overview 2 Founding myths and divine destiny 3 Roman deities 4 Holidays and festivals 5 Temples and shrines 6 Religious practice 6.1 Prayers , vows , and oaths 6.2 Sacrifice 6.2. 1 Animal sacrifice 6.2. 2 Human sacrifice 6.3 Domestic and private cult 7 Religio and the state 7.1 Public priesthoods and religious law 7.1. 1 The Vestals 7.2 Augury 7.2. 1 Haruspicy 7.2. 2 Omens and prodigies 8 Funerals and the afterlife 9 Religion and the military 10 Women and religion 11 Superstitio and magic 12 History of Roman religion 12.1 Religion and politics 12.2 Early Republic 12.3 Later Republic to Principate 12.4 Roman Empire 12.4. 1 Absorption of cults 12.4. 2 Imperial cult 12.4. 3 Jews and Roman religion 12.4. 4 Christianity in the Roman Empire 12.4. 4.1 Emperor Constantine and Christianity 12.4. 5 Transition to Christian hegemony 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References and further reading Overview ( edit ) The priesthoods of public religion were held by members of the elite classes . There was no principle analogous to separation of church and state in ancient Rome . During the Roman Republic ( 509 -- 27 BC ) , the same men who were elected public officials might also serve as augurs and pontiffs . Priests married , raised families , and led politically active lives . Julius Caesar became pontifex maximus before he was elected consul . The augurs read the will of the gods and supervised the marking of boundaries as a reflection of universal order , thus sanctioning Roman expansionism as a matter of divine destiny . The Roman triumph was at its core a religious procession in which the victorious general displayed his piety and his willingness to serve the public good by dedicating a portion of his spoils to the gods , especially Jupiter , who embodied just rule . As a result of the Punic Wars ( 264 -- 146 BC ) , when Rome struggled to establish itself as a dominant power , many new temples were built by magistrates in fulfillment of a vow to a deity for assuring their military success . As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world , their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them , since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability . One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage , building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion . Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side - by - side worship of local and Roman deities , including dedications made by Romans to local gods . By the height of the Empire , numerous international deities were cultivated at Rome and had been carried to even the most remote provinces , among them Cybele , Isis , Epona , and gods of solar monism such as Mithras and Sol Invictus , found as far north as Roman Britain . Foreign religions increasingly attracted devotees among Romans , who increasingly had ancestry from elsewhere in the Empire . Imported mystery religions , which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife , were a matter of personal choice for an individual , practiced in addition to carrying on one 's family rites and participating in public religion . The mysteries , however , involved exclusive oaths and secrecy , conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of `` magic '' , conspiratorial ( coniuratio ) , or subversive activity . Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity , as with the senate 's efforts to restrict the Bacchanals in 186 BC . Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only , religious tolerance was not an issue in the sense that it is for competing monotheistic systems . The monotheistic rigor of Judaism posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions , but sometimes to intractable conflict . For example , religious disputes helped cause the First Jewish -- Roman War and the Bar Kokhba revolt . In the wake of the Republic 's collapse , state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors . Augustus , the first Roman emperor , justified the novelty of one - man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform . Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the well - being of the emperor . So - called `` emperor worship '' expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman veneration of the ancestral dead and of the Genius , the divine tutelary of every individual . The Imperial cult became one of the major ways in which Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire . Rejection of the state religion was tantamount to treason . This was the context for Rome 's conflict with Christianity , which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio . Ultimately , Roman polytheism was brought to an end with the adoption of Christianity as the official religion of the empire . Founding myths and divine destiny ( edit ) Relief panel from an altar to Venus and Mars depicting Romulus and Remus suckling the she - wolf , and gods representing Roman topography such as the Tiber and Palatine Hill See also : Roman mythology and Founding of Rome The Roman mythological tradition is particularly rich in historical myths , or legends , concerning the foundation and rise of the city . These narratives focus on human actors , with only occasional intervention from deities but a pervasive sense of divinely ordered destiny . For Rome 's earliest period , history and myth are difficult to distinguish . According to mythology , Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas , son of Venus , who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium , Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy . These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the Vestals , Rome 's female priesthood . Aeneas , according to classical authors , had been given refuge by King Evander , a Greek exile from Arcadia , to whom were attributed other religious foundations : he established the Ara Maxima , `` Greatest Altar '' , to Hercules at the site that would become the Forum Boarium , and , so the legend went , he was the first to celebrate the Lupercalia , an archaic festival in February that was celebrated as late as the 5th century of the Christian era . The myth of a Trojan founding with Greek influence was reconciled through an elaborate genealogy ( the Latin kings of Alba Longa ) with the well - known legend of Rome 's founding by Romulus and Remus . The most common version of the twins ' story displays several aspects of hero myth . Their mother , Rhea Silvia , had been ordered by her uncle the king to remain a virgin , in order to preserve the throne he had usurped from her father . Through divine intervention , the rightful line was restored when Rhea Silvia was impregnated by the god Mars . She gave birth to twins , who were duly exposed by order of the king but saved through a series of miraculous events . Romulus and Remus regained their grandfather 's throne and set out to build a new city , consulting with the gods through augury , a characteristic religious institution of Rome that is portrayed as existing from earliest times . The brothers quarrel while building the city walls , and Romulus kills Remus , an act that is sometimes seen as sacrificial . Fratricide thus became an integral part of Rome 's founding myth . Romulus was credited with several religious institutions . He founded the Consualia festival , inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate ; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus 's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome 's myth of origins . As a successful general , Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome 's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima , the prime spoils taken in war , in the celebration of the first Roman triumph . Spared a mortal 's death , Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified . Aeneas urged by the Penates to continue his journey to found Rome ( 4th century AD illustration ) His Sabine successor Numa was pious and peaceable , and credited with numerous political and religious foundations , including the first Roman calendar ; the priesthoods of the Salii , flamines , and Vestals ; the cults of Jupiter , Mars , and Quirinus ; and the Temple of Janus , whose doors stayed open in times of war but in Numa 's time remained closed . After Numa 's death , the doors to the Temple of Janus were supposed to have remained open until the reign of Augustus . Each of Rome 's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic . Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius instituted the fetial priests . The first `` outsider '' Etruscan king , Lucius Tarquinius Priscus , founded a Capitoline temple to the triad Jupiter , Juno and Minerva which served as the model for the highest official cult throughout the Roman world . The benevolent , divinely fathered Servius Tullius established the Latin League , its Aventine Temple to Diana , and the Compitalia to mark his social reforms . Servius Tullius was murdered and succeeded by the arrogant Tarquinius Superbus , whose expulsion marked the beginning of Rome as a republic with annually elected magistrates . Roman historians regarded the essentials of Republican religion as complete by the end of Numa 's reign , and confirmed as right and lawful by the Senate and people of Rome : the sacred topography of the city , its monuments and temples , the histories of Rome 's leading families , and oral and ritual traditions . According to Cicero , the Romans considered themselves the most religious of all peoples , and their rise to dominance was proof they received divine favor in return . Roman deities ( edit ) See also : List of Roman deities Twelve principal deities ( Di Consentes ) corresponding to those honored at the lectisternium of 217 BC , represented on a 1st - century altar from Gabii that is rimmed by the zodiac Rome offers no native creation myth , and little mythography to explain the character of its deities , their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world , but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales ( immortal gods ) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth . There were gods of the upper heavens , gods of the underworld and a myriad of lesser deities between . Some evidently favoured Rome because Rome honoured them , but none were intrinsically , irredeemably foreign or alien . The political , cultural and religious coherence of an emergent Roman super-state required a broad , inclusive and flexible network of lawful cults . At different times and in different places , the sphere of influence , character and functions of a divine being could expand , overlap with those of others , and be redefined as Roman . Change was embedded within existing traditions . Several versions of a semi-official , structured pantheon were developed during the political , social and religious instability of the Late Republican era . Jupiter , the most powerful of all gods and `` the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested '' , consistently personified the divine authority of Rome 's highest offices , internal organization and external relations . During the archaic and early Republican eras , he shared his temple , some aspects of cult and several divine characteristics with Mars and Quirinus , who were later replaced by Juno and Minerva . A conceptual tendency toward triads may be indicated by the later agricultural or plebeian triad of Ceres , Liber and Libera , and by some of the complementary threefold deity - groupings of Imperial cult . Other major and minor deities could be single , coupled , or linked retrospectively through myths of divine marriage and sexual adventure . These later Roman pantheistic hierarchies are part literary and mythographic , part philosophical creations , and often Greek in origin . The Hellenization of Latin literature and culture supplied literary and artistic models for reinterpreting Roman deities in light of the Greek Olympians , and promoted a sense that the two cultures had a shared heritage . Three goddesses on a panel of the Augustan Ara Pacis , consecrated in 9 BC ; the iconography is open to multiple interpretations The impressive , costly , and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual 's domestic and personal deities , the patron divinities of Rome 's various neighborhoods and communities , and the often idiosyncratic blends of official , unofficial , local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion . In this spirit , a provincial Roman citizen who made the long journey from Bordeaux to Italy to consult the Sibyl at Tibur did not neglect his devotion to his own goddess from home : I wander , never ceasing to pass through the whole world , but I am first and foremost a faithful worshiper of Onuava . I am at the ends of the earth , but the distance can not tempt me to make my vows to another goddess . Love of the truth brought me to Tibur , but Onuava 's favorable powers came with me . Thus , divine mother , far from my home - land , exiled in Italy , I address my vows and prayers to you no less . Holidays and festivals ( edit ) See also : Roman festivals , Fasti , Roman calendar , Ludi , and Roman triumph Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals . Some lasted several days , others a single day or less : sacred days ( dies fasti ) outnumbered `` non-sacred '' days ( dies nefasti ) . A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal groups that allowed for different local traditions . Some of the most ancient and popular festivals incorporated ludi ( `` games '' , such as chariot races and theatrical performances ) , with examples including those held at Palestrina in honour of Fortuna Primigenia during Compitalia , and the Ludi Romani in honour of Liber . Other festivals may have required only the presence and rites of their priests and acolytes , or particular groups , such as women at the Bona Dea rites . This fresco from outside Pompeii shows Roman men celebrating a religious festival , probably the Compitalia Other public festivals were not required by the calendar , but occasioned by events . The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows , though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event . During the late Republic , the political elite competed to outdo each other in public display , and the ludi attendant on a triumph were expanded to include gladiator contests . Under the Principate , all such spectacular displays came under Imperial control : the most lavish were subsidised by emperors , and lesser events were provided by magistrates as a sacred duty and privilege of office . Additional festivals and games celebrated Imperial accessions and anniversaries . Others , such as the traditional Republican Secular Games to mark a new era ( saeculum ) , became imperially funded to maintain traditional values and a common Roman identity . That the spectacles retained something of their sacral aura even in late antiquity is indicated by the admonitions of the Church Fathers that Christians should not take part . The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome 's intellectual elite , but the more obscure they were , the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation -- a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform , which often cloaked autocratic innovation , nor on his only rival as mythmaker of the era , Ovid . In his Fasti , a long - form poem covering Roman holidays from January to June , Ovid presents a unique look at Roman antiquarian lore , popular customs , and religious practice that is by turns imaginative , entertaining , high - minded , and scurrilous ; not a priestly account , despite the speaker 's pose as a vates or inspired poet - prophet , but a work of description , imagination and poetic etymology that reflects the broad humor and burlesque spirit of such venerable festivals as the Saturnalia , Consualia , and feast of Anna Perenna on the Ides of March , where Ovid treats the assassination of the newly deified Julius Caesar as utterly incidental to the festivities among the Roman people . But official calendars preserved from different times and places also show a flexibility in omitting or expanding events , indicating that there was no single static and authoritative calendar of required observances . In the later Empire under Christian rule , the new Christian festivals were incorporated into the existing framework of the Roman calendar , alongside at least some of the traditional festivals . Temples and shrines ( edit ) Portico of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina , later incorporated into a church Main article : Roman temple Public religious ceremonies of the official Roman religion took place outdoors , and not within the temple building . Some ceremonies were processions that started at , visited , or ended with a temple or shrine , where a ritual object might be stored and brought out for use , or where an offering would be deposited . Sacrifices , chiefly of animals , would take place at an open - air altar within the templum or precinct , often to the side of the steps leading up to the raised portico . The main room ( cella ) inside a temple housed the cult image of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated , and often a small altar for incense or libations . It might also display art works looted in war and rededicated to the gods . It is not clear how accessible the interiors of temples were to the general public . The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself , but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury : `` The architecture of the ancient Romans was , from first to last , an art of shaping space around ritual . '' The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer to this sacred precinct , and the more common Latin words aedes , delubrum , or fanum for a temple or shrine as a building . The ruins of temples are among the most visible monuments of ancient Roman culture . Temple buildings and shrines within the city commemorated significant political settlements in its development : the Aventine Temple of Diana supposedly marked the founding of the Latin League under Servius Tullius . Many temples in the Republican era were built as the fulfillment of a vow made by a general in exchange for a victory . Religious practice ( edit ) Prayers , vows , and oaths ( edit ) All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective . Pliny the Elder declared that `` a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods . '' Prayer by itself , however , had independent power . The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action , and knowledge of the correct verbal formulas the key to efficacy . Accurate naming was vital for tapping into the desired powers of the deity invoked , hence the proliferation of cult epithets among Roman deities . Public prayers ( prex ) were offered loudly and clearly by a priest on behalf of the community . Public religious ritual had to be enacted by specialists and professionals faultlessly ; a mistake might require that the action , or even the entire festival , be repeated from the start . The historian Livy reports an occasion when the presiding magistrate at the Latin festival forgot to include the `` Roman people '' among the list of beneficiaries in his prayer ; the festival had to be started over . Even private prayer by an individual was formulaic , a recitation rather than a personal expression , though selected by the individual for a particular purpose or occasion . Oaths -- sworn for the purposes of business , clientage and service , patronage and protection , state office , treaty and loyalty -- appealed to the witness and sanction of deities . Refusal to swear a lawful oath ( sacramentum ) and breaking a sworn oath carried much the same penalty : both repudiated the fundamental bonds between the human and divine . A votum or vow was a promise made to a deity , usually an offer of sacrifices or a votive offering in exchange for benefits received . Sacrifice ( edit ) Roman relief depicting a scene of sacrifice , with libations at a flaming altar and the victimarius carrying the sacrificial axe In Latin , the word sacrificium means the performance of an act that renders something sacer , sacred . Sacrifice reinforced the powers and attributes of divine beings , and inclined them to render benefits in return ( the principle of do ut des ) . Offerings to household deities were part of daily life . Lares might be offered spelt wheat and grain - garlands , grapes and first fruits in due season , honey cakes and honeycombs , wine and incense , food that fell to the floor during any family meal , or at their Compitalia festival , honey - cakes and a pig on behalf of the community . Their supposed underworld relatives , the malicious and vagrant Lemures , might be placated with midnight offerings of black beans and spring water . Animal sacrifice ( edit ) Further information : October Horse , Tauromachy , Taurobolium , and Haruspicy The most potent offering was animal sacrifice , typically of domesticated animals such as cattle , sheep and pigs . Each was the best specimen of its kind , cleansed , clad in sacrificial regalia and garlanded ; the horns of oxen might be gilded . Sacrifice sought the harmonisation of the earthly and divine , so the victim must seem willing to offer its own life on behalf of the community ; it must remain calm and be quickly and cleanly dispatched . Sacrifice to deities of the heavens ( di superi , `` gods above '' ) was performed in daylight , and under the public gaze . Deities of the upper heavens required white , infertile victims of their own sex : Juno a white heifer ( possibly a white cow ) ; Jupiter a white , castrated ox ( bos mas ) for the annual oath - taking by the consuls . Di superi with strong connections to the earth , such as Mars , Janus , Neptune and various genii -- including the Emperor 's -- were offered fertile victims . After the sacrifice , a banquet was held ; in state cults , the images of honoured deities took pride of place on banqueting couches and by means of the sacrificial fire consumed their proper portion ( exta , the innards ) . Rome 's officials and priests reclined in order of precedence alongside and ate the meat ; lesser citizens may have had to provide their own . Denarius issued under Augustus , with a bust of Venus on the obverse , and ritual implements on the reverse : clockwise from top right , the augur 's staff ( lituus ) , libation bowl ( patera ) , tripod , and ladle ( simpulum ) Chthonic gods such as Dis pater , the di inferi ( `` gods below '' ) , and the collective shades of the departed ( di Manes ) were given dark , fertile victims in nighttime rituals . Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering , and there was no shared banquet , as `` the living can not share a meal with the dead '' . Ceres and other underworld goddesses of fruitfulness were sometimes offered pregnant female animals ; Tellus was given a pregnant cow at the Fordicidia festival . Color had a general symbolic value for sacrifices . Demigods and heroes , who belonged to the heavens and the underworld , were sometimes given black - and - white victims . Robigo ( or Robigus ) was given red dogs and libations of red wine at the Robigalia for the protection of crops from blight and red mildew . A sacrifice might be made in thanksgiving or as an expiation of a sacrilege or potential sacrilege ( piaculum ) ; a piaculum might also be offered as a sort of advance payment ; the Arval Brethren , for instance , offered a piaculum before entering their sacred grove with an iron implement , which was forbidden , as well as after . The pig was a common victim for a piaculum . The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it , and so might be placated in advance . Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey , or encounters with banditry , piracy and shipwreck , with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return . In times of great crisis , the Senate could decree collective public rites , in which Rome 's citizens , including women and children , moved in procession from one temple to the next , supplicating the gods . Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice : in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War , Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring ( see ver sacrum ) , to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies . The `` contract '' with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed . All due care would be taken of the animals . If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice , they would count as already sacrificed , since they had already been consecrated . Normally , if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain , the offered sacrifice would be withheld . In the imperial period , sacrifice was withheld following Trajan 's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period . In Pompeii , the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull : presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult , though minor offerings ( incense and wine ) were also made . The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal , comprising in Cicero 's enumeration the gall bladder ( fel ) , liver ( iecur ) , heart ( cor ) , and lungs ( pulmones ) . The exta were exposed for litatio ( divine approval ) as part of Roman liturgy , but were `` read '' in the context of the disciplina Etrusca . As a product of Roman sacrifice , the exta and blood are reserved for the gods , while the meat ( viscera ) is shared among human beings in a communal meal . The exta of bovine victims were usually stewed in a pot ( olla or aula ) , while those of sheep or pigs were grilled on skewers . When the deity 's portion was cooked , it was sprinkled with mola salsa ( ritually prepared salted flour ) and wine , then placed in the fire on the altar for the offering ; the technical verb for this action was porricere . Human sacrifice ( edit ) Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented . After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium , in a stone chamber `` which had on a previous occasion ( 228 BC ) also been polluted by human victims , a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings '' . Livy avoids the word `` sacrifice '' in connection with this bloodless human life - offering ; Plutarch does not . The rite was apparently repeated in 113 BC , preparatory to an invasion of Gaul . Its religious dimensions and purpose remain uncertain . In the early stages of the First Punic War ( 264 BC ) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held , described as a funeral blood - rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat . The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice , probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpose . Even so , the gladiators swore their lives to the infernal gods , and the combat was dedicated as an offering to the di manes or other gods . The event was therefore a sacrificium in the strict sense of the term , and Christian writers later condemned it as human sacrifice . The small woollen dolls called Maniae , hung on the Compitalia shrines , were thought a symbolic replacement for child - sacrifice to Mania , as Mother of the Lares . The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus , traditionally Rome 's Republican founder and first consul . Political or military executions were sometimes conducted in such a way that they evoked human sacrifice , whether deliberately or in the perception of witnesses ; Marcus Marius Gratidianus was a gruesome example . Officially , human sacrifice was obnoxious `` to the laws of gods and men '' . The practice was a mark of the barbarians , attributed to Rome 's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls . Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty . A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committed for magical purposes . Pliny saw the ending of human sacrifice conducted by the druids as a positive consequence of the conquest of Gaul and Britain . Despite an empire - wide ban under Hadrian , human sacrifice may have continued covertly in North Africa and elsewhere . Domestic and private cult ( edit ) Small bronze statues of gods for a lararium ( 1st to 3rd century AD , Vindobona ) The mos maiorum established the dynastic authority and obligations of the citizen - paterfamilias ( `` the father of the family '' or the `` owner of the family estate '' ) . He had priestly duties to his lares , domestic penates , ancestral Genius and any other deities with whom he or his family held an interdependent relationship . His own dependents , who included his slaves and freedmen , owed cult to his Genius . Genius was the essential spirit and generative power -- depicted as a serpent or as a perennial youth , often winged -- within an individual and their clan ( gens ( pl . gentes ) . A paterfamilias could confer his name , a measure of his genius and a role in his household rites , obligations and honours upon those he fathered or adopted . His freed slaves owed him similar obligations . A pater familias was the senior priest of his household . He offered daily cult to his lares and penates , and to his di parentes / divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth . His wife ( mater familias ) was responsible for the household 's cult to Vesta . In rural estates , bailiffs seem to have been responsible for at least some of the household shrines ( lararia ) and their deities . Household cults had state counterparts . In Vergil 's Aeneid , Aeneas brought the Trojan cult of the lares and penates from Troy , along with the Palladium which was later installed in the temple of Vesta . Religio and the state ( edit ) Portrait of the emperor Antoninus Pius ( reigned 138 -- 161 AD ) in ritual attire as an Arval Brother Roman religio ( religion ) was an everyday and vital affair , a cornerstone of the mos maiorum , Roman tradition or ancestral custom . Care for the gods , the very meaning of religio , had therefore to go through life , and one might thus understand why Cicero wrote that religion was `` necessary '' . Religious behavior -- pietas in Latin , eusebeia in Greek -- belonged to action and not to contemplation . Consequently religious acts took place wherever the faithful were : in houses , boroughs , associations , cities , military camps , cemeteries , in the country , on boats . ' When pious travelers happen to pass by a sacred grove or a cult place on their way , they are used to make a vow , or a fruit offering , or to sit down for a while ' ( Apuleius , Florides 1.1 ) . Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings , according to the principle do ut des ( `` I give , that you might give '' ) . Proper , respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity . Religious neglect was a form of atheism : impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual were vitia ( impious errors ) . Excessive devotion , fearful grovelling to deities and the improper use or seeking of divine knowledge were superstitio . Any of these moral deviations could cause divine anger ( ira deorum ) and therefore harm the State . The official deities of the state were identified with its lawful offices and institutions , and Romans of every class were expected to honour the beneficence and protection of mortal and divine superiors . Participation in public rites showed a personal commitment to their community and its values . Official cults were state funded as a `` matter of public interest '' ( res publica ) . Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities . The difference between public and private cult is often unclear . Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to state deities . The public Vestals prepared ritual substances for use in public and private cults , and held the state - funded ( thus public ) opening ceremony for the Parentalia festival , which was otherwise a private rite to household ancestors . Some rites of the domus ( household ) were held in public places but were legally defined as privata in part or whole . All cults were ultimately subject to the approval and regulation of the censor and pontifices . Public priesthoods and religious law ( edit ) Flamines wearing their distinctive pointed headgear ( grouped to the left ) , in a panel from the Ara Pacis Rome had no separate priestly caste or class . The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices , officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes . Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation . In household cult , the paterfamilias functioned as priest , and members of his familia as acolytes and assistants . Public cults required greater knowledge and expertise . The earliest public priesthoods were probably the flamines ( the singular is flamen ) , attributed to king Numa : the major flamines , dedicated to Jupiter , Mars and Quirinus , were traditionally drawn from patrician families . Twelve lesser flamines were each dedicated to a single deity , whose archaic nature is indicated by the relative obscurity of some . Flamines were constrained by the requirements of ritual purity ; Jupiter 's flamen in particular had virtually no simultaneous capacity for a political or military career . In the Regal era , a rex sacrorum ( king of the sacred rites ) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king ( rex ) or in his absence , and announced the public festivals . He had little or no civil authority . With the abolition of monarchy , the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices increased . By the late Republican era , the flamines were supervised by the pontifical collegia . The rex sacrorum had become a relatively obscure priesthood with an entirely symbolic title : his religious duties still included the daily , ritual announcement of festivals and priestly duties within two or three of the latter but his most important priestly role -- the supervision of the Vestals and their rites -- fell to the more politically powerful and influential pontifex maximus . Public priests were appointed by the collegia . Once elected , a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine , which offered him lifetime influence , privilege and immunity . Therefore , civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family . Religious law was collegial and traditional ; it informed political decisions , could overturn them , and was difficult to exploit for personal gain . Priesthood was a costly honour : in traditional Roman practice , a priest drew no stipend . Cult donations were the property of the deity , whose priest must provide cult regardless of shortfalls in public funding -- this could mean subsidy of acolytes and all other cult maintenance from personal funds . For those who had reached their goal in the Cursus honorum , permanent priesthood was best sought or granted after a lifetime 's service in military or political life , or preferably both : it was a particularly honourable and active form of retirement which fulfilled an essential public duty . For a freedman or slave , promotion as one of the Compitalia seviri offered a high local profile , and opportunities in local politics ; and therefore business . During the Imperial era , priesthood of the Imperial cult offered provincial elites full Roman citizenship and public prominence beyond their single year in religious office ; in effect , it was the first step in a provincial cursus honorum . In Rome , the same Imperial cult role was performed by the Arval Brethren , once an obscure Republican priesthood dedicated to several deities , then co-opted by Augustus as part of his religious reforms . The Arvals offered prayer and sacrifice to Roman state gods at various temples for the continued welfare of the Imperial family on their birthdays , accession anniversaries and to mark extraordinary events such as the quashing of conspiracy or revolt . Every 3 January they consecrated the annual vows and rendered any sacrifice promised in the previous year , provided the gods had kept the Imperial family safe for the contracted time . The Vestals ( edit ) A Roman sculpture depicting a Vestal The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta , goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame . A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction , public status and privileges , and could exercise considerable political influence . Upon entering her office , a Vestal was emancipated from her father 's authority . In archaic Roman society , these priestesses were the only women not required to be under the legal guardianship of a man , instead answering directly to the Pontifex Maximus . A Vestal 's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women , with elements of both virgin bride and daughter , and Roman matron and wife . Unlike male priests , Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children , and were required to take a vow of chastity that was strictly enforced : a Vestal polluted by the loss of her chastity while in office was buried alive . Thus the exceptional honor accorded a Vestal was religious rather than personal or social ; her privileges required her to be fully devoted to the performance of her duties , which were considered essential to the security of Rome . The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community . Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta 's flame . The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home . Besides their own festival of Vestalia , they participated directly in the rites of Parilia , Parentalia and Fordicidia . Indirectly , they played a role in every official sacrifice ; among their duties was the preparation of the mola salsa , the salted flour that was sprinkled on every sacrificial victim as part of its immolation . One mythological tradition held that the mother of Romulus and Remus was a Vestal virgin of royal blood . A tale of miraculous birth also attended on Servius Tullius , sixth king of Rome , son of a virgin slave - girl impregnated by a disembodied phallus arising mysteriously on the royal hearth ; the story was connected to the fascinus that was among the cult objects under the guardianship of the Vestals . Augustus ' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals . They were given high - status seating at games and theatres . The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia , wife of Augustus . They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well into the 4th century , after political power within the Empire had shifted to the Christians . When the Christian emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus , he took steps toward the dissolution of the order . His successor Theodosius I extinguished Vesta 's sacred fire and vacated her temple . Augury ( edit ) Main article : Augur Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur . The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space , and only later referred to a building . Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space ; its ancient boundary ( pomerium ) had been marked by Romulus himself with oxen and plough ; what lay within was the earthly home and protectorate of the gods of the state . In Rome , the central references for the establishment of an augural templum appear to have been the Via Sacra ( Sacred Way ) and the pomerium . Magistrates sought divine opinion of proposed official acts through an augur , who read the divine will through observations made within the templum before , during and after an act of sacrifice . Divine disapproval could arise through unfit sacrifice , errant rites ( vitium ) or an unacceptable plan of action . If an unfavourable sign was given , the magistrate could repeat the sacrifice until favourable signs were seen , consult with his augural colleagues , or abandon the project . Magistrates could use their right of augury ( ius augurum ) to adjourn and overturn the process of law , but were obliged to base their decision on the augur 's observations and advice . For Cicero , himself an augur , this made the augur the most powerful authority in the Late Republic . By his time ( mid 1st century BC ) augury was supervised by the college of pontifices , whose powers were increasingly woven into the magistracies of the cursus honorum . Haruspicy ( edit ) Main article : haruspex The bronze Liver of Piacenza is an Etruscan artifact that probably served as an instructional model for the haruspex Haruspicy was also used in public cult , under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate . The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice , particularly the liver . They also interpreted omens , prodigies and portents , and formulated their expiation . Most Roman authors describe haruspicy as an ancient , ethnically Etruscan `` outsider '' religious profession , separate from Rome 's internal and largely unpaid priestly hierarchy , essential but never quite respectable . During the mid-to - late Republic , the reformist Gaius Gracchus , the populist politician - general Gaius Marius and his antagonist Sulla , and the `` notorious Verres '' justified their very different policies by the divinely inspired utterances of private diviners . The senate and armies used the public haruspices : at some time during the late Republic , the Senate decreed that Roman boys of noble family be sent to Etruria for training in haruspicy and divination . Being of independent means , they would be better motivated to maintain a pure , religious practice for the public good . The motives of private haruspices -- especially females -- and their clients were officially suspect : none of this seems to have troubled Marius , who employed a Syrian prophetess . Omens and prodigies ( edit ) Omens observed within or from a divine augural templum -- especially the flight of birds -- were sent by the gods in response to official queries . A magistrate with ius augurium ( the right of augury ) could declare the suspension of all official business for the day ( obnuntiato ) if he deemed the omens unfavourable . Conversely , an apparently negative omen could be re-interpreted as positive , or deliberately blocked from sight . Prodigies were transgressions in the natural , predictable order of the cosmos -- signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune . The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false , or genuine and in the public interest , in which case it was referred to the public priests , augurs and haruspices for ritual expiation . In 207 BC , during one of the Punic Wars ' worst crises , the Senate dealt with an unprecedented number of confirmed prodigies whose expiation would have involved `` at least twenty days '' of dedicated rites . Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio . The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons , the apparent shrinking of the sun 's disc , two moons in a daylit sky , a cosmic battle between sun and moon , a rain of red - hot stones , a bloody sweat on statues , and blood in fountains and on ears of corn : all were expiated by sacrifice of `` greater victims '' . The minor prodigies were less warlike but equally unnatural ; sheep become goats , a hen become a cock ( and vice versa ) -- these were expiated with `` lesser victims '' . The discovery of an androgynous four - year - old child was expiated by its drowning and the holy procession of 27 virgins to the temple of Juno Regina , singing a hymn to avert disaster : a lightning strike during the hymn rehearsals required further expiation . Religious restitution is proved only by Rome 's victory . In the wider context of Graeco - Roman religious culture , Rome 's earliest reported portents and prodigies stand out as atypically dire . Whereas for Romans , a comet presaged misfortune , for Greeks it might equally signal a divine or exceptionally fortunate birth . In the late Republic , a daytime comet at the murdered Julius Caesar 's funeral games confirmed his deification ; a discernible Greek influence on Roman interpretation . Funerals and the afterlife ( edit ) Main article : Roman funerals and burial Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied , and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy . The traditional care of the dead , however , and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion . Ancient votive deposits to the noble dead of Latium and Rome suggest elaborate and costly funeral offerings and banquets in the company of the deceased , an expectation of afterlife and their association with the gods . As Roman society developed , its Republican nobility tended to invest less in spectacular funerals and extravagant housing for their dead , and more on monumental endowments to the community , such as the donation of a temple or public building whose donor was commemorated by his statue and inscribed name . Persons of low or negligible status might receive simple burial , with such grave goods as relatives could afford . One of the earliest Christian inscriptions ( 3rd century ) , this funerary stele preserves the traditional abbreviation D.M. , Dis Manibus , `` for the Manes gods '' , with the Christian motto in Greek Ikhthus zōntōn ( `` fish of the living '' ) and the identity of the deceased in Latin Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth , status and religious context . In Cicero 's time , the better - off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation . The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre , Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar , and the family at the site of the cremation . For the less well - off , inhumation with `` a libation of wine , incense , and fruit or crops was sufficient '' . Ceres functioned as an intermediary between the realms of the living and the dead : the deceased had not yet fully passed to the world of the dead and could share a last meal with the living . The ashes ( or body ) were entombed or buried . On the eighth day of mourning , the family offered further sacrifice , this time on the ground ; the shade of the departed was assumed to have passed entirely into the underworld . They had become one of the di Manes , who were collectively celebrated and appeased at the Parentalia , a multi-day festival of remembrance in February . A standard Roman funerary inscription is Dis Manibus ( to the Manes - gods ) . Regional variations include its Greek equivalent , theoîs katachthoníois and Lugdunum 's commonplace but mysterious `` dedicated under the trowel '' ( sub ascia dedicare ) . In the later Imperial era , the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped . Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members , and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part - match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica . The customary offers of wine and food to the dead continued ; St Augustine ( following St Ambrose ) feared that this invited the `` drunken '' practices of Parentalia but commended funeral feasts as a Christian opportunity to give alms of food to the poor . Christians attended Parentalia and its accompanying Feralia and Caristia in sufficient numbers for the Council of Tours to forbid them in AD 567 . Other funerary and commemorative practices were very different . Traditional Roman practice spurned the corpse as a ritual pollution ; inscriptions noted the day of birth and duration of life . The Christian Church fostered the veneration of saintly relics , and inscriptions marked the day of death as a transition to `` new life '' . Religion and the military ( edit ) A genius of the legion ( 2nd -- 3rd century CE ) Military success was achieved through a combination of personal and collective virtus ( roughly , `` manly virtue '' ) and the divine will : lack of virtus , civic or private negligence in religio and the growth of superstitio provoked divine wrath and led to military disaster . Military success was the touchstone of a special relationship with the gods , and to Jupiter Capitolinus in particular ; triumphal generals were dressed as Jupiter , and laid their victor 's laurels at his feet . Roman commanders offered vows to be fulfilled after success in battle or siege ; and further vows to expiate their failures . Camillus promised Veii 's goddess Juno a temple in Rome as incentive for her desertion ( evocatio ) , conquered the city in her name , brought her cult statue to Rome `` with miraculous ease '' and dedicated a temple to her on the Aventine Hill . Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual ; in effect they were Rome in miniature . The commander 's headquarters stood at the centre ; he took the auspices on a dais in front . A small building behind housed the legionary standards , the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperial era , the image of the ruling emperor . In one camp , this shrine is even called Capitolium . The most important camp - offering appears to have been the suovetaurilia performed before a major , set battle . A ram , a boar and a bull were ritually garlanded , led around the outer perimeter of the camp ( a lustratio exercitus ) and in through a gate , then sacrificed : Trajan 's column shows three such events from his Dacian wars . The perimeter procession and sacrifice suggest the entire camp as a divine templum ; all within are purified and protected . Panel from Trajan 's Column depicting the lustral procession of the suovetaurilia victims under military standards Each camp had its own religious personnel ; standard bearers , priestly officers and their assistants , including a haruspex , and housekeepers of shrines and images . A senior magistrate - commander ( sometimes even a consul ) headed it , his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured that every citizen - soldier knew his duty . As in Rome , whatever gods he served in his own time seem to have been his own business ; legionary forts and vici included shrines to household gods , personal deities and deities otherwise unknown . From the earliest Imperial era , citizen legionaries and provincial auxiliaries gave cult to the emperor and his familia on Imperial accessions , anniversaries and their renewal of annual vows . They celebrated Rome 's official festivals in absentia , and had the official triads appropriate to their function -- in the Empire , Jupiter , Victoria and Concordia were typical . By the early Severan era , the military also offered cult to the Imperial divi , the current emperor 's numen , genius and domus ( or familia ) , and special cult to the Empress as `` mother of the camp '' . The near ubiquitous legionary shrines to Mithras of the later Imperial era were not part of official cult until Mithras was absorbed into Solar and Stoic Monism as a focus of military concordia and Imperial loyalty . A votive statue of Jupiter Dolichenus dedicated by a centurion for the wellbeing of the emperor ( Carnuntum , 3rd century ) The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make , promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods . Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus ; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson , all bearing the same name , also devoted themselves . Before the battle , Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate . When he offers sacrifice , the victim 's liver appears `` damaged where it refers to his own fortunes '' . Otherwise , the haruspex tells him , the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods . In a prayer recorded by Livy , Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus , charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks , and is killed ; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering . Had he failed to die , his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void , with possibly disastrous consequences . The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator . The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful . In the early days of Rome 's war against Carthage , the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher ( consul 249 BC ) launched a sea campaign `` though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices '' . In defiance of the omen , he threw them into the sea , `` saying that they might drink , since they would not eat . He was defeated , and on being bidden by the senate to appoint a dictator , he appointed his messenger Glycias , as if again making a jest of his country 's peril . '' His impiety not only lost the battle but ruined his career . Women and religion ( edit ) See also Women in ancient Rome : Religious life Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances . Some rituals specifically required the presence of women , but their active participation was limited . As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice , the central rite of most major public ceremonies . In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals , some cult practices were reserved for women only . The rites of the Bona Dea excluded men entirely . Because women enter the public record less frequently than men , their religious practices are less known , and even family cults were headed by the paterfamilias . A host of deities , however , are associated with motherhood . Juno , Diana , Lucina , and specialized divine attendants presided over the life - threatening act of giving birth and the perils of caring for a baby at a time when the infant mortality rate was as high as 40 percent . Literary sources vary in their depiction of women 's religiosity : some represent women as paragons of Roman virtue and devotion , but also inclined by temperament to self - indulgent religious enthusiasms , novelties and the seductions of superstitio . Superstitio and magic ( edit ) See also : Magic in the Greco - Roman world Mosaic from Pompeii depicting masked characters in a scene from a play : two women consult a witch Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio , in the sense of `` doing or believing more than was necessary '' , to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone . The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite . The famous tirade of Lucretius , the Epicurean rationalist , against what is usually translated as `` superstition '' was in fact aimed at excessive religio . Roman religion was based on knowledge rather than faith , but superstitio was viewed as an `` inappropriate desire for knowledge '' ; in effect , an abuse of religio . In the everyday world , many individuals sought to divine the future , influence it through magic , or seek vengeance with help from `` private '' diviners . The state - sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods , not foretelling the future . Secretive consultations between private diviners and their clients were thus suspect . So were divinatory techniques such as astrology when used for illicit , subversive or magical purposes . Astrologers and magicians were officially expelled from Rome at various times , notably in 139 BC and 33 BC . In 16 BC Tiberius expelled them under extreme penalty because an astrologer had predicted his death . `` Egyptian rites '' were particularly suspect : Augustus banned them within the pomerium to doubtful effect ; Tiberius repeated and extended the ban with extreme force in AD 19 . Despite several Imperial bans , magic and astrology persisted among all social classes . In the late 1st century AD , Tacitus observed that astrologers `` would always be banned and always retained at Rome '' . In the Graeco - Roman world , practitioners of magic were known as magi ( singular magus ) , a `` foreign '' title of Persian priests . Apuleius , defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells , defined the magician as `` in popular tradition ( more vulgari ) ... someone who , because of his community of speech with the immortal gods , has an incredible power of spells ( vi cantaminum ) for everything he wishes to . '' Pliny the Elder offers a thoroughly skeptical `` History of magical arts '' from their supposed Persian origins to Nero 's vast and futile expenditure on research into magical practices in an attempt to control the gods . Philostratus takes pains to point out that the celebrated Apollonius of Tyana was definitely not a magus , `` despite his special knowledge of the future , his miraculous cures , and his ability to vanish into thin air '' . Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius , the doomed son of Pompey the Great , as convinced `` the gods of heaven knew too little '' and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho , who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves , feeding on rotting corpses . Erichtho , it is said , can arrest `` the rotation of the heavens and the flow of rivers '' and make `` austere old men blaze with illicit passions '' . She and her clients are portrayed as undermining the natural order of gods , mankind and destiny . A female foreigner from Thessaly , notorious for witchcraft , Erichtho is the stereotypical witch of Latin literature , along with Horace 's Canidia . Bound tablets with magic inscriptions from late antiquity The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation ( malum carmen , or ' noisome metrical charm ' ) ; this included the `` charming of crops from one field to another '' ( excantatio frugum ) and any rite that sought harm or death to others . Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome 's divine and human communities ; although sometimes the recipients of public rites , these were conducted outside the sacred boundary of the pomerium . Individuals seeking their aid did so away from the public gaze , during the hours of darkness . Burial grounds and isolated crossroads were among the likely portals . The barrier between private religious practices and `` magic '' is permeable , and Ovid gives a vivid account of rites at the fringes of the public Feralia festival that are indistinguishable from magic : an old woman squats among a circle of younger women , sews up a fish - head , smears it with pitch , then pierces and roasts it to `` bind hostile tongues to silence '' . By this she invokes Tacita , the `` Silent One '' of the underworld . Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells ( defixiones ) , magical papyri and so - called `` voodoo dolls '' from a very early era . Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain , in both urban and rural settings . Some seek straightforward , usually gruesome revenge , often for a lover 's offense or rejection . Others appeal for divine redress of wrongs , in terms familiar to any Roman magistrate , and promise a portion of the value ( usually small ) of lost or stolen property in return for its restoration . None of these defixiones seem produced by , or on behalf of the elite , who had more immediate recourse to human law and justice . Similar traditions existed throughout the empire , persisting until around the 7th century AD , well into the Christian era . History of Roman religion ( edit ) Religion and politics ( edit ) Temple of Bacchus ( `` Temple of the Sun '' ) , c. 150 AD A fresco from Herculaneum depicting Heracles and Achelous from Greco - Roman mythology , 1st century AD Rome 's government , politics and religion were dominated by an educated , male , landowning military aristocracy . Approximately half Rome 's population were slave or free non-citizens . Most others were plebeians , the lowest class of Roman citizens . Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights ; far fewer could actually exercise them . Women had no vote . However , all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices , in the name of the senate and people of Rome . `` In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans ' relationship with the divine , just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans '' . The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome 's internal governance , diplomacy and development from kingdom , to Republic and to Empire . Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite : kingship was replaced by two annually elected consular offices . In the early Republic , as presumably in the regal era , plebeians were excluded from high religious and civil office , and could be punished for offenses against laws of which they had no knowledge . They resorted to strikes and violence to break the oppressive patrician monopolies of high office , public priesthood , and knowledge of civil and religious law . The senate appointed Camillus as dictator to handle the emergency ; he negotiated a settlement , and sanctified it by the dedication of a temple to Concordia . The religious calendars and laws were eventually made public . Plebeian tribunes were appointed , with sacrosanct status and the right of veto in legislative debate . In principle , the augural and pontifical colleges were now open to plebeians . In reality , the patrician and to a lesser extent , plebeian nobility dominated religious and civil office throughout the Republican era and beyond . While the new plebeian nobility made social , political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves , their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults . During the Punic crisis , popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy ; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber , the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms , and with Roman Bacchus . Official consternation at these enthusiastic , unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion , and was followed by ferocious suppression . Much later , a statue of Marsyas , the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo , became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus ' censorship . Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo ; but his settlement appealed to all classes . Where loyalty was implicit , no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced ; Liber 's festival continued . The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society . In the middle Republican era , even Scipio 's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter 's special protege sat ill with his colleagues . Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal ; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus . Julius Caesar went further ; he claimed her as his ancestress , and thus an intimate source of divine inspiration for his personal character and policies . In 63 BC , his appointment as pontifex maximus `` signaled his emergence as a major player in Roman politics '' . Likewise , political candidates could sponsor temples , priesthoods and the immensely popular , spectacular public ludi and munera whose provision became increasingly indispensable to the factional politics of the Late Republic . Under the principate , such opportunities were limited by law ; priestly and political power were consolidated in the person of the princeps ( `` first citizen '' ) . `` Because of you we are living , because of you we can travel the seas , because of you we enjoy liberty and wealth . '' A thanksgiving prayer offered in Naples ' harbour to the princeps Augustus , on his return from Alexandria in 14 AD , shortly before his death . Early Republic ( edit ) A fresco depicting Theseus , from Herculaneum ( Ercolano ) , Italy , 45 - 79 AD By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city - state , with a large plebeian , artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods . The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours ; according to tradition , Rome 's Etruscan connections established a temple to Minerva on the predominantly plebeian Aventine ; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter , Juno and Minerva , installed in a Capitoline temple , built in an Etruscan style and dedicated in a new September festival , Epulum Jovis . These are supposedly the first Roman deities whose images were adorned , as if noble guests , at their own inaugural banquet . Rome 's diplomatic agreement with its neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the `` commune Latinorum Dianae templum '' : At about the same time , the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount , its stylistic resemblance to the new Capitoline temple pointing to Rome 's inclusive hegemony . Rome 's affinity to the Latins allowed two Latin cults within the pomoerium : and the cult to Hercules at the ara maxima in the Forum Boarium was established through commercial connections with Tibur. and the Tusculan cult of Castor as the patron of cavalry found a home close to the Forum Romanum : Juno Sospita and Juno Regina were brought from Italy , and Fortuna Primigenia from Praeneste . In 217 , Venus was brought from Sicily and installed in a temple on the Capitoline hill . Later Republic to principate ( edit ) The disasters of the early part of Rome 's second Punic War were attributed , in Livy 's account , to a growth of superstitious cults , errors in augury and the neglect of Rome 's traditional gods , whose anger was expressed directly in Rome 's defeat at Cannae ( 216 BC ) . The Sibilline books were consulted . They recommended a general vowing of the ver sacrum and in the following year , the burial of two Greeks and two Gauls ; not the first or the last of its kind , according to Livy . The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome 's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays . In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater ( Great Mother ) from Pessinus , installed on the Palatine in 191 BC . The mystery cult to Bacchus followed ; it was suppressed as subversive and unruly by decree of the Senate in 186 BC . Greek deities were brought within the sacred pomerium : temples were dedicated to Juventas ( Hebe ) in 191 BC , Diana ( Artemis ) in 179 BC , Mars ( Ares ) in 138 BC ) , and to Bona Dea , equivalent to Fauna , the female counterpart of the rural Faunus , supplemented by the Greek goddess Damia . Further Greek influences on cult images and types represented the Roman Penates as forms of the Greek Dioscuri . The military - political adventurers of the Later Republic introduced the Phrygian goddess Ma ( identified with Roman Bellona , the Egyptian mystery - goddess Isis and Persian Mithras . ) A 3rd - century Roman Pallas Athena mosaic from Tusculum , now in the Vatican Museums The spread of Greek literature , mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome 's festivals and rituals , and the embellishment of its mythology . Ennius translated the work of Graeco - Sicilian Euhemerus , who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals . In the last century of the Republic , Epicurean and particularly Stoic interpretations were a preoccupation of the literate elite , most of whom held -- or had held -- high office and traditional Roman priesthoods ; notably , Scaevola and the polymath Varro . For Varro -- well versed in Euhemerus ' theory -- popular religious observance was based on a necessary fiction ; what the people believed was not itself the truth , but their observance led them to as much higher truth as their limited capacity could deal with . Whereas in popular belief deities held power over mortal lives , the skeptic might say that mortal devotion had made gods of mortals , and these same gods were only sustained by devotion and cult . Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods , so did some individual Romans . In the mid-to - late Republican era , and probably much earlier , many of Rome 's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult , along with a share of their divinity . Most notably in the very late Republic , the Julii claimed Venus Genetrix as ancestor ; this would be one of many foundations for the Imperial cult . The claim was further elaborated and justified in Vergil 's poetic , Imperial vision of the past . Polyphemus hears of the arrival of Galatea ; ancient Roman fresco painted in the `` Fourth Style '' of Pompeii ( 45 - 79 AD ) In the late Republic , the Marian reforms lowered an existing property bar on conscription and increased the efficiency of Rome 's armies but made them available as instruments of political ambition and factional conflict . The consequent civil wars led to changes at every level of Roman society . Augustus ' principate established peace and subtly transformed Rome 's religious life -- or , in the new ideology of Empire , restored it ( see below ) . Towards the end of the Republic , religious and political offices became more closely intertwined ; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative . Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political , military and priestly powers ; at first temporarily , then for his lifetime . He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome 's major priesthoods , including that of pontifex maximus ; as he invented none , he could claim them as traditional honours . His reforms were represented as adaptive , restorative and regulatory , rather than innovative ; most notably his elevation ( and membership ) of the ancient Arvales , his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality . Augustus obtained the pax deorum , maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation . This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors . Roman Empire ( edit ) Absorption of cults ( edit ) Mithras in a Roman wall painting The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures ; in principle , Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin , Etruscan and other Italian peoples , cults and deities as Roman . Those who acknowledged Rome 's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars , independent of Roman religious law . Newly municipal Sabratha built a Capitolium near its existing temple to Liber Pater and Serapis . Autonomy and concord were official policy , but new foundations by Roman citizens or their Romanised allies were likely to follow Roman cultic models . Romanisation offered distinct political and practical advantages , especially to local elites . All the known effigies from the 2nd century AD forum at Cuicul are of emperors or Concordia . By the middle of the 1st century AD , Gaulish Vertault seems to have abandoned its native cultic sacrifice of horses and dogs in favour of a newly established , Romanised cult nearby : by the end of that century , Sabratha 's so - called tophet was no longer in use . Colonial and later Imperial provincial dedications to Rome 's Capitoline Triad were a logical choice , not a centralised legal requirement . Major cult centres to `` non-Roman '' deities continued to prosper : notable examples include the magnificent Alexandrian Serapium , the temple of Aesculapeus at Pergamum and Apollo 's sacred wood at Antioch . The overall scarcity of evidence for smaller or local cults does not always imply their neglect ; votive inscriptions are inconsistently scattered throughout Rome 's geography and history . Inscribed dedications were an expensive public declaration , one to be expected within the Graeco - Roman cultural ambit but by no means universal . Innumerable smaller , personal or more secretive cults would have persisted and left no trace . Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas . Rome 's citizen - soldiers set up altars to multiple deities , including their traditional gods , the Imperial genius and local deities -- sometimes with the usefully open - ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus ( all the gods and goddesses ) . They also brought Roman `` domestic '' deities and cult practices with them . By the same token , the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military . Traders , legions and other travellers brought home cults originating from Egypt , Greece , Iberia , India and Persia . The cults of Cybele , Isis , Mithras , and Sol Invictus were particularly important . Some of those were initiatory religions of intense personal significance , similar to Christianity in those respects . Imperial cult ( edit ) The Maison Carrée in Nîmes , one of the best - preserved Roman temples . It is a mid-sized Augustan provincial temple of the Imperial cult . Main article : Imperial cult of ancient Rome In the early Imperial era , the princeps ( lit . `` first '' or `` foremost '' among citizens ) was offered genius - cult as the symbolic paterfamilias of Rome . His cult had further precedents : popular , unofficial cult offered to powerful benefactors in Rome : the kingly , god - like honours granted a Roman general on the day of his triumph ; and in the divine honours paid to Roman magnates in the Greek East from at least 195 BC . The deification of deceased emperors had precedent in Roman domestic cult to the dii parentes ( deified ancestors ) and the mythic apotheosis of Rome 's founders . A deceased emperor granted apotheosis by his successor and the Senate became an official State divus ( divinity ) . Members of the Imperial family could be granted similar honours and cult ; an Emperor 's deceased wife , sister or daughter could be promoted to diva ( female divinity ) . The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar , who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy ; he was murdered soon after . Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors , and offered similar cult to Caesar 's successor , Augustus , who accepted with the cautious proviso that expatriate Roman citizens refrain from such worship ; it might prove fatal . By the end of his reign , Augustus had appropriated Rome 's political apparatus -- and most of its religious cults -- within his `` reformed '' and thoroughly integrated system of government . Towards the end of his life , he cautiously allowed cult to his numen . By then the Imperial cult apparatus was fully developed , first in the Eastern Provinces , then in the West . Provincial Cult centres offered the amenities and opportunities of a major Roman town within a local context ; bathhouses , shrines and temples to Roman and local deities , amphitheatres and festivals . In the early Imperial period , the promotion of local elites to Imperial priesthood gave them Roman citizenship . In an empire of great religious and cultural diversity , the Imperial cult offered a common Roman identity and dynastic stability . In Rome , the framework of government was recognisably Republican . In the Provinces , this would not have mattered ; in Greece , the emperor was `` not only endowed with special , super-human abilities , but ... he was indeed a visible god '' and the little Greek town of Akraiphia could offer official cult to `` liberating Zeus Nero for all eternity '' . In Rome , state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional . As princeps ( first citizen ) he must respect traditional Republican mores ; given virtually monarchic powers , he must restrain them . He was not a living divus but father of his country ( pater patriae ) , its pontifex maximus ( greatest priest ) and at least notionally , its leading Republican . When he died , his ascent to heaven , or his descent to join the dii manes was decided by a vote in the Senate . As a divus , he could receive much the same honours as any other state deity -- libations of wine , garlands , incense , hymns and sacrificial oxen at games and festivals . What he did in return for these favours is unknown , but literary hints and the later adoption of divus as a title for Christian Saints suggest him as a heavenly intercessor . In Rome , official cult to a living emperor was directed to his genius ; a small number refused this honour and there is no evidence of any emperor receiving more than that . In the crises leading up to the Dominate , Imperial titles and honours multiplied , reaching a peak under Diocletian . Emperors before him had attempted to guarantee traditional cults as the core of Roman identity and well - being ; refusal of cult undermined the state and was treasonous . Jews and Roman religion ( edit ) Jewish ritual objects in 2nd - century gold glass from Rome See also : Fiscus Judaicus , Religio licita , and History of the Jews in the Roman Empire For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate , Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea 's Hellenised elite . Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them . Early Italian synagogues have left few traces ; but one was dedicated in Ostia around the mid-1st century BC and several more are attested during the Imperial period . Judaea 's enrollment as a client kingdom in 63 BC increased the Jewish diaspora ; in Rome , this led to closer official scrutiny of their religion . Their synagogues were recognised as legitimate collegia by Julius Caesar . By the Augustan era , the city of Rome was home to several thousand Jews . In some periods under Roman rule , Jews were legally exempt from official sacrifice , under certain conditions . Judaism was a superstitio to Cicero , but the Church Father Tertullian described it as religio licita ( an officially permitted religion ) in contrast to Christianity . Christianity in the Roman Empire ( edit ) See also : Pentarchy , History of Christianity , Persecution of religion in ancient Rome , and State church of the Roman Empire Roman investigations into early Christianity found it an irreligious , novel , disobedient , even atheistic sub-sect of Judaism : it appeared to deny all forms of religion and was therefore superstitio . By the end of the Imperial era , Nicene Christianity was the one permitted Roman religio ; all other cults were heretical or pagan superstitiones . After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD , Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats , who were later persecuted and killed . From that point on , Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution . During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century , `` contemporaries were predisposed to decode any crisis in religious terms '' , regardless of their allegiance to particular practices or belief systems . Christianity drew its traditional base of support from the powerless , who seemed to have no religious stake in the well - being of the Roman State , and therefore threatened its existence . The majority of Rome 's elite continued to observe various forms of inclusive Hellenistic monism ; Neoplatonism in particular accommodated the miraculous and the ascetic within a traditional Graeco - Roman cultic framework . Christians saw these practices as ungodly , and a primary cause of economic and political crisis . In the wake of religious riots in Egypt , the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to `` ancestral gods '' or suffer a penalty : only Jews were exempt . Decius ' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults ; no ancestral gods were specified by name . The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman . Apostasy was sought , rather than capital punishment . A year after its due deadline , the edict expired . Valerian singled out Christianity as a particularly self - interested and subversive foreign cult , outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome 's traditional gods . In another edict , he described Christianity as a threat to Empire -- not yet at its heart but close to it , among Rome 's equites and Senators . Christian apologists interpreted his eventual fate -- a disgraceful capture and death -- as divine judgement . The next forty years were peaceful ; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile , due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence . Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference -- he had written to Decius ' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein -- and Hippolytus recognised a `` pagan '' basis in Christian heresies . The Christian churches were disunited ; Paul of Samosata , Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 both for his doctrines , and for his unworthy , indulgent , elite lifestyle . Meanwhile , Aurelian ( 270 - 75 ) appealed for harmony among his soldiers ( concordia militum ) , stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official , Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome 's Campus Martius . In 295 , Maximilian of Tebessa refused military service ; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath . Both were executed for treason ; both were Christians . At some time around 302 , a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian 's domus and a subsequent ( but undated ) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military triggered a series of edicts against Christianity . The first ( 303 AD ) `` ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts , forbade services to be held , degraded officials who were Christians , re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians , and reduced the legal rights of all Christians ... ( Physical ) or capital punishments were not imposed on them '' but soon after , several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed . The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice . An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods , in terms that recall the Decian edict . In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced : some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred . Others complied . Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian , but powerful and influential ; and some provincial authorities were lenient , notably the Caesar in Gaul , Constantius Chlorus , the father of Constantine I. Diocletian 's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311 , when he asked Christians to pray for him . `` This meant an official recognition of their importance in the religious world of the Roman empire , although one of the tetrarchs , Maximinus Daia , still oppressed Christians in his part of the empire up to 313 . '' Emperor Constantine and Christianity ( edit ) The Aula Palatina of Trier , Germany ( then part of the Roman province of Gallia Belgica ) , built during the reign of Constantine I ( r . 306 - 337 AD ) The conversion of Constantine I ended the Christian persecutions . Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was ( in traditional Roman terms ) auspicious -- or in Christian terms , what was orthodox . The edict of Milan ( 313 ) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration . Constantine had triumphed under the signum ( sign ) of the Christ : Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital , Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests . He passed laws to protect Christians from persecution ; he also funded the building of churches , including Saint Peter 's basilica . He may have officially ended -- or attempted to end -- blood sacrifices to the genius of living emperors , though his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian 's in their supra - human elevation of the Imperial hierarch . Constantine promoted orthodoxy in Christian doctrine , so that Christianity might become a unitary force , rather than divisive . He summoned Christian bishops to a meeting , later known as the First Council of Nicaea , at which some 318 bishops ( mostly easterners ) debated and decided what was orthodox , and what was heresy . The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed . At Constantine 's death , he was honored as a Christian and as an Imperial `` divus '' . Later , Philostorgius would criticize those Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine . Transition to Christian hegemony ( edit ) Main article : Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism See also : Persecution of pagans by the Christian Roman Empire Monogramme of Christ ( the Chi Rho ) on a plaque of a sarcophagus , 4th - century CE , marble , Musei Vaticani , on display in a temporary exhibition at the Colosseum in Rome , Italy Christianity and traditional Roman religion proved incompatible . From the 2nd century onward , the Church Fathers had condemned the diverse non-Christian religions practiced throughout the Empire as `` pagan '' . Constantine 's actions have been regarded by some scholars as causing the rapid growth of Christianity , though revisionist scholars disagree . Constantine 's unique form of Imperial orthodoxy did not outlast him . After his death in 337 , two of his sons , Constantius II and Constans , took over the leadership of the empire and re-divided their Imperial inheritance . Constantius was an Arian and his brothers were Nicene Christians . Constantine 's nephew Julian rejected the `` Galilean madness '' of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism , Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult . Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism , attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights . He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem 's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the `` irrational impieties '' of Christian doctrine . His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate , with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia , after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned . The empire once again fell under Christian control , this time permanently . In 380 , under Theodosius I , Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire . Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution , though Rome 's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms , and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions . The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus , and against the protests of the senate , removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals . Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire : in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults . He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate - house , but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple : the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors . Ambrose , the influential Bishop of Milan and future saint , wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus 's request for tolerance . Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of Pacatus , and despite his active dismantling of Rome 's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic senate in traditional Hellenic terms . He was the last emperor of both East and West . See also ( edit ) Religion in ancient Greece Hellenistic religion Italo - Roman neopaganism Sibylline Oracles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For an overview of the representation of Roman religion in early Christian authors , see R.P.C. Hanson , `` The Christian Attitue to Pagan Religions up to the Time of Constantine the Great '' and Carlos A. Contreras , `` Christian Views of Paganism '' in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 23.1 ( 1980 ) 871 -- 1022 . Jump up ^ Jörg Rüpke , `` Roman Religion -- Religions of Rome '' in A Companion to Roman Religion ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Apuleius , Florides 1.1 ; John Scheid , `` Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors '' in A Companion to Roman Religion ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 279 . Jump up ^ `` This mentality , '' notes John T. Koch , `` lay at the core of the genius of cultural assimilation which made the Roman Empire possible '' ; entry on `` Interpretatio romana '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ( ABC - Clio , 2006 ) , p. 974 . Jump up ^ Rüpke , `` Roman Religion -- Religions of Rome '' , p. 4 ; Benjamin H. Isaac , The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity ( Princeton University Press , 2004 , 2006 ) , p. 449 ; W.H.C. Frend , Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church : A Study of Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus ( Doubleday , 1967 ) , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Janet Huskinson , Experiencing Rome : Culture , Identity and Power in the Roman Empire ( Routledge , 2000 ) , p. 261 . See , for instance , the altar dedicated by a Roman citizen and depicting a sacrifice conducted in the Roman manner for the Germanic goddess Vagdavercustis in the 2nd century CE . Jump up ^ A classic essay on this topic is Arnaldo Momigliano , `` The Disadvantages of Monotheism for a Universal State '' , Classical Philology 81.4 ( 1986 ) 285 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Alexandre Grandazzi , The Foundation of Rome : Myth and History ( Cornell University Press , 1997 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 1 ; 189 -- 90 ( Aeneas and Vesta ) : 123 -- 45 ( Aeneas and Venus as Julian ancestors ) . See also Vergil , Aeneid . Jump up ^ T.P. Wiseman , Remus : A Roman Myth ( Cambridge University Press , 1995 ) , passim . Jump up ^ Or else was murdered by his resentful senate , who successfully concealed their crime . See Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 1 ; Vol. 2 , 4.8 a for Livy , 1.9 & 5 -- 7 ( Sabines and temple to Jupiter ) and Plutarch , Romulus , 11 , 1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Illustration of Vergil , Aeneid 3.147 ; MS Vat . lat. 3225 , folio 28 recto Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 1 -- 2 & Vol. 2 : 1.2 , ( Livy , 1.19. 6 ) : 8.4 a ( Plutarch , Numa , 10 ) . For Augustus ' closure of Janus 's temple doors , see Augustus , Res Gestae , 13 . Festus connects Numa to the triumphal spolia opima and Jupiter Feretrius . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 3 , and footnotes 4 & 5 . Jump up ^ The Augustan historian Livy places Rome 's foundation more than 600 years before his own time . His near contemporary Dionysius of Halicarnassus appear to share some common sources , including an earlier history by Quintus Fabius Pictor , of which only a terse summary survives . See also Diocles of Peparethus , Romulus and Remus and Plutarch , The Parallel Lives , Life of Romulus , 3 . Loeb edn . available at Thayer 's site : ( 1 ) . Fragments of an important earlier work ( now lost ) of Quintus Ennius are cited by various later Roman authors . On the chronological problems of the kings ' list , see Cornell , pp. 21 -- 26 , and 199 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 8 - 10 ; Cornell , pp. 1 -- 30 ; Feeney , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 129 -- 42 , on religious themes in Roman Historiography and epic ; Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 31 -- 42 for broad discussion of sources , modern schools of thought and divergent interpretations . Jump up ^ Cicero , On the Responses of the Haruspices , 19 . Jump up ^ Rüpke , in Rüpke ( ed ) 4 and Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 10 -- 43 ; in particular , 30 -- 35 . Jump up ^ The reasons for this change remain unclear , though they are attributed to Etruscan influence . For a summary of Jupiter 's complex development from the Regal to Republican eras , see Beard et al. , , Vol. 1 , 59 -- 60 . Jupiter 's image in the Republican and Imperial Capitol bore regalia associated with Rome 's ancient kings and the highest consular and Imperial honours . Jupiter , Mars and Quirinus were collectively and individually associated with Rome 's agricultural economy , social organisation and success in war . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 134 -- 5 , 64 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 58 . For related conceptual and interpretive difficulties offered by Roman deities and their cults , see Rüpke , in Rüpke ( ed ) 1 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Rüpke , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ CIL 13.581 , quotation from Van Andringa , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 91 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , 6 -- 7 ; those titled in capital letters on Roman calendars were probably more important and ancient than those titled in small letters : it is not known how ancient they were , nor to whom they were important . Their attribution to Numa or Romulus is doubtful . The oldest surviving religious calendars date to the late Republic ; the most detailed are Augustan and later . Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 6 : a selection of festivals is given in Vol. 2 , 3.1 -- 3 . For a list of Fasti , with bibliography and sources , see Degrassi , Inscriptiones Italiae , Vol . XIII -- Fasti et elogia , fasc. II -- Fasti anni Numani et Iuliani , Rome , 1963 . See also Scullard , 1981 . Jump up ^ Beard et al , Vol. 1 , 134 -- 5 , 64 -- 67 : citing Cicero . Jump up ^ Rüpke , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 4 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 47 -- 49 , 296 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Religions of Rome , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 2 , 6.4 a ; Vol. 1 , 174 -- 6 & 207 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Carole E. Newlands , Playing with Time : Ovid and the Fasti ( Cornell University Press , 1995 ) , passim ; `` Transgressive Acts : Ovid 's Treatment of the Ides of March '' , Classical Philology 91.4 ( 1996 ) 320 - 338 . Jump up ^ See the Calendar of Filocalus ( AD 354 ) , cited in Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 250 , and that of Polemius Silvius . See also early and later Christian festivals in Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 378 -- 80 , 382 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 1 , citing Frank E. Brown , Roman Architecture , ( New York ) 1961 , 9 . Jump up ^ Beard , et al. , Vol. 1 , 321 -- 3 Jump up ^ Pliny , Natural History 28.10 . Jump up ^ Halm , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 235 -- 236 et passim . The Roman belief in the power of the word may be reflected also in the importance of persuasive speech , formally oratory , in political life and the law courts . ^ Jump up to : Halm , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 241 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Hahn , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 239 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Livy , 41.16. 1 . Jump up ^ Hahn , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 235 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Orr , 23 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural History , 28 , 27 . Jump up ^ Lott , 31 : Dionysius of Halicarnassus claims the Compitalia contribution of honey - cakes as a Servian institution . Jump up ^ Ovid , Fasti , 2.500 -- 539 . See also Thaniel , G. , Lemures and Larvae , The American Journal of Philology , 94.2 , ( 1973 ) 182 -- 187 : the offering of black beans is distinctively chthonic . Beans were considered seeds of life . Lemures may have been the restless dead who had not passed into the underworld , and still craved the life they had lost . Beans were a ritual pollution for Jupiter 's priesthood , possibly because his offerings must be emasculated and thus devoid of generative power . Jump up ^ Halm , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 239 . ^ Jump up to : Scheid , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 263 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Though the household Lares do just that , and at least some Romans understood them to be ancestral spirits . Sacrifices to the spirits of deceased mortals are discussed below in Funerals and the afterlife . Jump up ^ Jörg Rüpke , Religion of the Romans ( Polity Press , 2007 , originally published in German 2001 ) , p. 81 online . Jump up ^ William Warde Fowler , The Religious Experience of the Roman People ( London , 1922 ) , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Robert E.A. Palmer , `` The Deconstruction of Mommsen on Festus 462 / 464 L , or the Hazards of Interpretation '' , in Imperium sine fine : T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic ( Franz Steiner , 1996 ) , p. 99 , note 129 online ; Roger D. Woodard , Indo - European Sacred Space : Vedic and Roman Cult ( University of Illinois Press , 2006 ) , p. 122 online . The Augustan historian Livy ( 8.9. 1 -- 11 ) says P. Decius Mus is `` like '' a piaculum when he makes his vow to sacrifice himself in battle ( devotio ) . Jump up ^ Hahn , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 238 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol 1 , 32 - 36 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 21 : but this need not imply sacrifice as a mutual contract , breached in this instance . Evidently the gods had the greater power and freedom of choice in the matter . See Beard et al. , 34 : `` The gods would accept as sufficient exactly what they were offered -- no more , no less . '' Human error in the previous annual vows and sacrifice remains a possibility . Jump up ^ Gradel , 78 , 93 Jump up ^ Cicero , De divinatione 2.12. 29 . According to Pliny ( Natural History 11.186 ) , before 274 BC the heart was not included among the exta . Jump up ^ Robert Schilling , `` The Roman Religion '' , in Historia Religionum : Religions of the Past ( Brill , 1969 ) , vol. 1 , pp. 471 -- 472 , and `` Roman Sacrifice '' , Roman and European Mythologies ( University of Chicago Press , 1992 ) , p. 79 ; John Scheid , An Introduction to Roman Religion ( Indiana University Press , 2003 , originally published in French 1998 ) , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Livy 22.55 - 57 Jump up ^ Livy , 22.57. 4 ; Plutarch , Roman Questions , 83 & Marcellus , 3 . For further context and interpretive difficulties , see Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 81 : the live burial superficially resembles the punishment of Vestals who broke their vows . A living entombment assuages the blood - guilt of the living : the guilty are consigned to earth deities . But the Vestals are entombed outside the city limits , not its centre ; no sacrificial victims are burned in either case , and the Gauls and Greeks appear to be personally guiltless . Jump up ^ Welch , 18 - 19 : citing Livy , summary 16 . Jump up ^ For example , Prudentius , Contra Symmachum 1.379 -- 398 ; see Donald G. Kyle , Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome ( Routledge , 1998 , 2001 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ The sacrifice was demanded by an oracle during the reign of the last king , the Etruscan Tarquinius Superbus . See Macrobius , Saturnalia , 1.7 & Lilly Ross Taylor , `` The Mother of the Lares '' , American Journal of Archaeology , 29. 3 , ( July -- September 1925 ) , pp 299 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 233 -- 4 , 385 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 36 - 8 : the paterfamilias held -- in theory at least , and through ancient right -- powers of life and death over every member of his extended familia , including children , slaves and freedmen . In practice , the extreme form of this right was seldom exercised , and was eventually limited by law . Jump up ^ See also Severy , 9 - 10 for interpretation of the social , economic and religious role of the paterfamilias within the immediate and extended family and the broader community . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , vol 1 , 67 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brent , 62 - 3 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , 1997 , 2 - 3 , citing Vergil , Aeneid , 8,306 - 58 . Jump up ^ Belayche , ( verbatim ) in Rüpke ( ed ) , 279 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 217 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 3 , 15 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 9 - 15 : citing legal definitions from Festus ( epitome of Verrius Flaccus ) `` De verborum significatu '' p. 284 L : in Wissowa , 1912 , 398ff : and Geiger , 1914 ) : see also Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 251 . Jump up ^ Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 18 -- 34 , 54 -- 61 : `` ( the underlying purpose being that ) whoever bore the title rex should never again be in a position to threaten the city with tyranny . '' See also Religion and politics in this article . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 104 -- 8 : there can be no doubt that politicians attempted to manipulate religious law and priesthoods for gain ; but were compelled to do so lawfully , and often failed . Jump up ^ Horster , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 331 -- 2 . Jump up ^ See Gradel , 9 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 21 . Jump up ^ Gary Forsythe , A Critical History of Early Rome : From Prehistory to the First Punic War ( University of California Press , 2005 , 2006 ) , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 51 -- 54 , 70 -- 71 , 297 . For comparison of Vestal constraints to those of Jupiter 's flamen , see Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 39 -- 40 Jump up ^ Forsythe , A Critical History of Early Rome , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 50 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Ariadne Staples , From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins : Sex and Category in Roman Religion ( Routledge , 1998 ) , pp. 154 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 193 - 4 . Jump up ^ Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 36 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol 1 , 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brent , 17 - 20 : citing Cicero , De Natura Deorum , 2.4 . ^ Jump up to : Brent , 21 - 25 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol 1 , 12 - 20 . See also Scheid , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 266 . Jump up ^ Horster , in Rüpke ( ed ) 336 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Cicero finds all forms of divination false , except those used in State rituals ; most Romans were less skeptical . See Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 300 , and Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 67 . Jump up ^ Caesar used his ius augurium to declare obnuntiato to Cicero 's disadvantage : and vice versa . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 60 . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 297 . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 295 -- 8 : the task fell to the haruspex , who set the child to drown in the sea . The survival of such a child for four years after its birth would have between regarded as extreme dereliction of religious duty . Jump up ^ Livy , 27.37. 5 -- 15 ; the hymn was composed by the poet Livius Andronicus . Cited by Halm , in Rüpke ( ed ) 244 . For remainder , see Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 297 . Jump up ^ See Livy , 22.1 ff : The expiatory burial of living human victims in the Forum Boarium followed Rome 's defeat at Cannae in the same wars . In Livy 's account , Rome 's victory follows its discharge of religious duties to the gods . Jump up ^ For Livy 's use of prodigies and portents as markers of Roman impiety and military failure , see Feeney , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 138 -- 9 . For prodigies in the context of political decision - making , see Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 295 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 293 . Jump up ^ Hertz , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 315 . Jump up ^ Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 35 -- 6 : Rome 's Latin neighbours significantly influenced the development of its domestic and funerary architecture . Jump up ^ Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 35 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Scheid , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 267 , 270 -- 71 . Jump up ^ From a Romano - Athenian veteran 's tomb ; Cagnat , René , Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes . Paris 1906 -- 27 , 3.917 . Jump up ^ Haensch , in Rüpke , ( ed ) 186 -- 7 . Jump up ^ This recommended Christian commemorative rites on the 3rd , 9th & 30th days after death . Jump up ^ Saltzman , in Rüpke , ( ed ) , 114 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 58 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 44 , 59 -- 60 , 143 . Jump up ^ Cornell , T. , in Walbank et al. , 299 , citing Livy 21.8 - 9 and 22.3 - 6 . Livy describes this as evocatio ( a `` calling forth '' ) initiated by Roman soldiers who snatched the goddess 's sacrificial portion during her Veiian rites ; the Veiian priest had announced that whoever possessed the sacred entrails would win the coming battle . Preview via googlebooks ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Moede , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 171 , & Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 326 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 324 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Brent , 268 - 9 . Jump up ^ Books.Google.co.uk , Le Bohec , 249 : limited preview available via Google Books Jump up ^ Books.Google.co.uk , Dixon , 78 : limited preview available from Google Books Jump up ^ Livy , 5.21. 3. , & 8.9. 8 ; Beard et al. , Vol 1 , 35 -- 36 ; Hertz , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 312 ; Halm , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 239 . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 3OO , citing Suetonius , Tiberius , 2.2 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 297 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 296 -- 7 . This exclusion prompted prurient speculation on the part of men , and a scandalous , impious intrusion by Publius Clodius Pulcher . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 297 . Ibid 217 , citing the obituary of a woman whose virtues included `` religio without superstitio '' ( ILS 8393.30 - 31 of `` Turia '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Rüpke , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 5 . Jump up ^ See Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 217 . Jump up ^ Clifford Ando , The Matter of the Gods : Religion and the Roman Empire ( University of California Press , 2008 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , 230 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Phillips , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 14 . Jump up ^ Ogden , in Flint et al. , 83 : citing Pliny , Natural History , 28.17 -- 18 ; Seneca , Natural Questions , 4.7. 2 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 231 -- 233 , citing Tacitus , Histories , 1.22 . Tacitus ' prediction was accurate : in the late 3rd century , Diocletian issued a general ban on astrology . Jump up ^ Apuleius , Apologia , 26.6 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural History , 30.1 -- 18 ; see also Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 219 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 217 -- 219 & 224 , citing Philostratus , Life of Apollonius , I. 2 , IV. 18 , V. 12 , VII. 11 , 20 , 33 - 4 , 39 , VIII. 5 , 7 , 19 , 30 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 219 -- 20 , citing Lucan , Pharsalia , VI. 413 -- 830 . Jump up ^ Scheid , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 263 . Jump up ^ Haensch , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 186 : about 200 of these British defixiones are from Sulla - Minerva 's spring in urban Bath and the remainder from a shrine to a Celtic deity ( Nodens ) , at rural Uley . For defixiones as direct appeals to divine justice , see Belayche , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 286 . For the widespread persistence of curse - tablet rituals , see Ogden , in Flint et al. , 3 -- 5 . Jump up ^ During the Augustan era , the city of Rome probably housed around a million people , including an unknown number of provincials : by Mouritsen 's estimate , around 200,000 Roman citizens were eligible to vote in Rome itself during the late Republican era but during major elections , the influx of rural voters and the bottleneck of the city 's ancient electoral apparatus meant that perhaps 12 % of eligible citizens actually voted . This nevertheless represents a substantial increase from the estimated 1 % adult male enfranchisement rights of 145 BC . At any time , the overwhelming majority of citizens -- meaning the plebs -- had minimal direct involvement in central government . See Henrik Mouritsen , Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic ( Cambridge , U.K. , Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) , 32ff . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 61 . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Belayche , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 283 : citing Plutarch , Camillus , 42 . Belayche describes this as a votive offering ( uotum ) , which `` offered a supernatural legitimacy for decisions or actions ... ( and ) entailed being assisted and reassured , through the forwarding of hopes or dis - appointments , anger or contentment , to superior powers . '' See also Versnel , Henrik S. , ( ed ) , `` Religious mentality in ancient prayer , '' in Versnel , Henrik S. , Faith , Hope and Worship : Aspects of Religious Mentality in the Ancient World , Leyden , 1981 , pp 1 -- 64 . Jump up ^ The collegia were opened to plebs by the Lex Ogulnia of 300 BC . Jump up ^ `` The change that comes about at the end of the republic and solidifies under Augustus is not political , but cultural '' . Galinsky , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 72 : citing Habinek , T. , and Schiesaro , A. , ( eds . ) The Roman Cultural Revolution . Princeton , New Jersey , 1997 & Wallace - Hadrill , A. , `` Mutatas formas : the Augustan transformation of Roman knowledge '' , in : Galinsky , K. , ( ed . ) The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus , Cambridge , 2005 , pp 55 -- 84 : contra Syme , R. , The Roman Revolution , 1939 . Jump up ^ Smith , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 42 . Jump up ^ Galinsky , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 72 : `` ... the change that comes about at the end of the republic and solidifies under Augustus is not political , but cultural . Most of the members of the priestly colleges in Augustus ' time continued to be aristocrats , but the real power and control over religion and the calendar now flowed from professional experts , such as the polymath Varro , because they had the power of knowledge . Jump up ^ Two centuries later , when Decius and Diocletian required universal sacrifice to Roman gods as a test of loyalty , any traditional gods served the purpose : loyal compliance with Imperial dictat made them Roman . Jump up ^ Scipio did not claim personal connections with Jupiter ; but he did not deny rumours to that effect . Contrary to usual practice , his imago ( funeral mask ) was stored in the Temple of Jupiter . Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 66 . Jump up ^ Otherwise , electoral bribery ( ambitus ) : see Cicero , Letters to friends , 2.3 : see also Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Hertz , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 310 . Jump up ^ `` From Etruria the Romans derived the idea of housing a deity in a temple and of providing him with a cult statue ... The most famous ... dedicated in the first year of the Republic to the Etruscan triad , Tinia , Uni and Minerva . Of these deities , however , two were Italian , Juno and Minerva , while Tinia was identified with Jupiter . '' Howard Hayes Scullard , ( 2003 ) , A History of the Roman World , 753 to 146 BC , page 397 . Routledge Jump up ^ `` Her cult at Aricia was first attested in Latin literature by Cato the Elder , in a surviving quote by the late grammarian Priscian . Supposed Greek origins for the Aricia cult are strictly a literary topos . '' Arthur E. Gordon , `` On the Origin of Diana '' , Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 63 ( 1932 , pp. 177 - 192 ) page 178 note , and page 181 . Jump up ^ Varro , Ling . Lat . v. 43 Jump up ^ Pomoerium , A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , page 930 - 1 . London , 1875 . Jump up ^ Ara Maxima Herculis , A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome , page 253 - 4 . Oxford University Press , 1929 . Jump up ^ `` Traditionally in 499 , the cult of Castor and Pollux was introduced from Tusculum and temple was erected in the Forum . '' Howard Hayes Scullard , ( 2003 ) , A History of the Roman World , 753 to 146 BC , page 398 . Routledge Jump up ^ Livy , 23.31 . Jump up ^ Ver Sacrum , A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , page 1189 , London , 1875 . Jump up ^ Dionysius and the Bacchanalia , 186 B.C. from Livy : History of Rome . Jump up ^ Hebe entry in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 1867 Jump up ^ Orlin , in Rüpke , ( ed ) , 65 Jump up ^ Galinsky , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 76 . See also Res Gestae . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Epistles , 10.50 . Jump up ^ As at Narbonne and Salona . See Andringa , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 89 . Jump up ^ Van Andringa , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 89 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. 1998 Jump up ^ Van Andringa , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 88 . Jump up ^ Haensch , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 180 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann - Heinimann , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 200 . Jump up ^ Haensch , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 184 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 32 - 52 . Jump up ^ Beard , 272 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fishwick , Vol 3 , part 1 , 3 : citing Cassius Dio , 51 , 20 , 6 - 7 Jump up ^ Fishwick , Vol 1 , book 1 , 77 & 126 - 30 . Jump up ^ Fishwick , Vol 1 , book 1 , 97 - 149 . Jump up ^ Hertz , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 309 . Jump up ^ Gradel , 263 - 8 , 199 . Jump up ^ Rees , 46 - 56 , 73 - 4 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 266 -- 7 , 270 . Jump up ^ Smallwood , 2 - 3 , 4 - 6 : the presence of practicing Jews in Rome is attested `` at least a century '' before 63 BC . Smallwood describes the preamble to Judaea 's clientage as the Hellenising of ruling Jewish dynasties , their claims to kingly messianism and their popular , traditionalist rejection in the Maccabaean revolt . In Rome , the more `` characteristically Jewish '' beliefs and customs were subjects of scorn and mockery.Books.Google.co.uk Ibid , 120 - 143 for early Roman responses to Judaistic practice ; but see also Tessa Rajack , `` Was there a Roman Charter for the Jews ? '' Journal of Roman Studies , 74 , ( 1984 ) 107 - 23 ; no `` Roman charter '' for Judaism should be inferred from local , ad hoc attempts to suppress anti-Jewish acts ( as in Josephus ' account ) ; Judaism as religio licita is only found later , in Tertullian . Cicero , pro Flacco , 66 , refers to Judaism as superstitio . Jump up ^ Smallwood , 2 - 3 , 4 - 6 : superstitio in Cicero , pro Flacco , 66 , but legislation by Julius Caesar recognised the synagogues in Rome as legitimate collegia and Augustus maintained their status . Josephus infers an early `` charter '' offering protection to Jews , but Tessa Rajack , `` Was there a Roman Charter for the Jews ? '' Journal of Roman Studies , 74 , ( 1984 ) 107 - 23 , finds evidence only for Rome 's official suppression of anti-Jewish activities . Religio licita is first found much later than this , in Tertullian . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , vol. 1 , 225 : citing Pliny the Younger , Letters , 10.96. 8 , & Beard et al. , Vol. 2 , 11.11 a : citing Tacitus , Annals , 15.44. 5 . Jump up ^ Leppin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 98 . Jump up ^ Potter , 241 - 3 : see 242 for Decian `` libellus '' ( certificate ) of oath and sacrifice on papyrus , dated to 250 AD . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Vol. 1 , 241 . Jump up ^ Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective ; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults : see Leppin , in Rüpke , ( ed ) , 100 . Jump up ^ Books.Google.co.uk , Rees , 60 . Limited preview available at Google Books Jump up ^ Bowman et al. , 622 - 33 . Books.Google.co.uk , Limited preview available at Google Books ^ Jump up to : Rees , 60 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , 241 . Jump up ^ See Leppin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 98 -- 99 ; citing Eusebius , Historia ecclesiastica 6.19. 15 ; 21.3 -- 4 ; 36.3 Jump up ^ Leppin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 99 ; citing Eusebius , Historia ecclesiastica , 7.29 -- 30 : Paul actually remained in office until `` Aurelian 's victory over Palmyra in 272 , when he was forced to leave the ' building of the church ' ... Political conflicts , local rivalry , and theological debates converged in this quarrel . '' Jump up ^ Cascio , in Bowman et al. ( eds ) , 171 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , II. 6.10. 1 - 4 . A date of 302 is regarded as likely . Eusebius also says the persecutions of Christians began in the army ; see Eusebius , II. 8.1. 8 . Jump up ^ Leppin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 103 : citing Lactantius , De mortibus persecutorum , 14.2 ; Eusebius , Historia ecclesiastica , 8.6. 6 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia ecclesiastica 8.2. 5 , 8.6. 10 . Jump up ^ Leppin , in Rüpke ( ed ) , 103 : citing Lactantius , De mortibus persecutorum , 34 & 13 & ; Eusebius , Historia ecclesiastica 8.17. 3 -- 10 & 8.2. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Christopher ( 2006 ) . The Roman Empire : A Very Short Introduction . New York : Oxford UP . Jump up ^ Constantine 's permission for a new cult temple to himself and his family in Umbria is extant : the terms are vague -- cult `` should not be polluted by the deception of any contagious superstition '' . See Momigliano , 104 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Julian ( 2003 ) . Constantine Ruler of Christian Rome . New York : Rosen Central . Jump up ^ `` Roman Emperor Constantine I '' . Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bunson , Matthew ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire ( revised ed . ) . Facts on File . Jump up ^ Momigliano , 104 . Jump up ^ See Peter Brown , in Bowersock et al. , Late antiquity : a guide to the postclassical world , Harvard University Press , ( 1999 ) , for `` pagan '' as a mark of socio - religious inferiority in Latin Christian polemic : ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Ramsay MacMullen , Christianizing the Roman empire . A.D. 100 - 400 . Yale University Press . p. 51 Jump up ^ Paul Stephenson , Constantine : Unconquered emperor , Christian victor ( 2009 ) p. 5 Jump up ^ Rodney Stark , The Triumph of Christianity : How the Jesus Movement Became the World 's Largest Religion ( Harper Collins 2011 ) pp. 169 - 182 Jump up ^ A summary of relevant legislation is available online at the Wisconsin Lutheran College website -- FourthCentury.com ( accessed 30 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ See Julian 's Against the Galilaeans ( trans . Wright , from Cyril of Alexandria 's later refutation , Contra Julianum ) at Tertullian.org ( accessed 30 August 2009 ) . Julian admired the work of the Platonist ( or neo-Platonist ) Iamblichus . Jump up ^ Stefan Heid , `` The Romanness of Roman Christianity '' , in A Companion to Roman Religion ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , pp. 406 -- 426 ; on vocabulary in particular , Robert Schilling , `` The Decline and Survival of Roman Religion '' , Roman and European Mythologies ( University of Chicago Press , 1992 , from the French edition of 1981 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ The correspondence is available online at Internet Medieval Sourcebook : Letter of St. Ambrose , trans . H. De Romestin , 1896. , Fordham.edu ( accessed 29 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Books.Google.co.uk , Williams & Friell , 65 - 67 . Limited preview at googlebooks Jump up ^ Nixon & Rodgers , 437 - 48 : Full text of Latinus Pacata Drepanius , Panegyric of Theodosius ( 389 ) with commentary and context . References and further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Religion in ancient Rome . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Roman Religion . Beard , M. , North , J. , Price , S. , Religions of Rome , Volume I , illustrated , reprint , Cambridge University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31682 - 0 Beard , M. , North , J. , Price , S. , Religions of Rome , Volume II , illustrated , reprint , Cambridge University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45646 - 0 Beard , M. , The Roman Triumph , The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Mass. , and London , England , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02613 - 1 Clarke , John R. , The Houses of Roman Italy , 100 BC - AD 250 . Ritual , Space and Decoration , illustrated , University Presses of California , Columbia and Princeton , 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08429 - 2 Cornell , T. , The beginnings of Rome : Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars ( c. 1000 -- 264 BC ) , Routledge , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 01596 - 7 Fishwick , Duncan . The Imperial Cult in the Latin West : Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire , volume 1 , Brill Publishers , 1991 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 07179 - 2 Fishwick , Duncan . The Imperial Cult in the Latin West : Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire , volume 3 , Brill Publishers , 2002 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 12536 - 1 Flint , Valerie I.J. , et al ... , Athlone History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe : Ancient Greece and Rome , Vol. 2 , Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 485 - 89002 - 0 Fox , R.L. , Pagans and Christians Lott , John . B. , The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome , Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82827 - 9 MacMullen , R. , Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries , Yale University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08077 - 8 MacMullen , R. , Paganism in the Roman Empire , Yale University Press , 1984 . Momigliano , Arnaldo , On Pagans , Jews , and Christians , reprint , Wesleyan University Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6218 - 1 Orr , D.G. , Roman domestic religion : the evidence of the household shrines , Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt , II , 16 , 2 , Berlin , 1978 , 1557 ‐ 91 . Rees , R. , Diocletian and the Tetrarchy , Edinburgh University Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 1661 - 9 Revell , L. , `` Religion and Ritual in the Western Provinces '' , Greece and Rome , volume 54 , number 2 , October 2007 . Rüpke , Jörg ( Editor ) , A Companion to Roman Religion , Wiley - Blackwell , 2007 . 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5605917975673198083 | Psilocybe semilanceata | Psilocybe semilanceata - wikipedia Psilocybe semilanceata Jump to : navigation , search Psilocybe semilanceata Scientific classification Kingdom : Fungi Division : Basidiomycota Class : Agaricomycetes Order : Agaricales Family : Hymenogastraceae Genus : Psilocybe Species : P. semilanceata Binomial name Psilocybe semilanceata ( Fr . ) P. Kumm. ( 1871 ) Synonyms Agaricus semilanceatus Fr. ( 1838 ) Geophila semilanceata ( Fr . ) Quél. ( 1886 ) Panaeolus semilanceatus ( Fr . ) J.E. Lange ( 1936 ) Panaeolus semilanceatus ( Fr . ) J.E. Lange ( 1939 ) Psilocybe semilanceata Mycological characteristics gills on hymenium cap is conical or umbonate hymenium is adnate or adnexed stipe is bare spore print is brown to purple ecology is saprotrophic edibility : psychoactive Psilocybe semilanceata , commonly known as the liberty cap , is a psilocybin or `` magic '' mushroom that contains the psychoactive compounds psilocybin , psilocin and baeocystin . It is both one of the most widely distributed psilocybin mushrooms in nature , and one of the most potent . The mushrooms have a distinctive conical to bell - shaped cap , up to 2.5 cm ( 1.0 in ) in diameter , with a small nipple - like protrusion on the top . They are yellow to brown , covered with radial grooves when moist , and fade to a lighter color as they mature . Their stipes tend to be slender and long , and the same color or slightly lighter than the cap . The gill attachment to the stipe is adnexed ( narrowly attached ) , and they are initially cream - colored before tinting purple as the spores mature . The spores are dark purplish - brown in mass , ellipsoid in shape , and measure 10.5 -- 15 by 6.5 -- 8.5 micrometres . The mushroom grows in grassland habitats , especially wetter areas . But unlike P. cubensis , the fungus does not grow directly on dung ; rather , it is a saprobic species that feeds off decaying grass roots . It is widely distributed in the temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere , particularly in Europe , and has been reported occasionally in temperate areas of the Southern Hemisphere as well . The earliest reliable history of P. semilanceata intoxication dates back to 1799 in London , and in the 1960s the mushroom was the first European species confirmed to contain psilocybin . The possession or sale of psilocybin mushrooms is illegal in many countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy and naming 2 Description 2.1 Microscopic characteristics 2.2 Other forms 3 Similar species 4 Ecology and habitat 5 Distribution 5.1 Properties 5.2 Controversy 6 Legal status 6.1 Sweden 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Cited texts Taxonomy and naming ( edit ) The species was first described by Elias Magnus Fries as Agaricus semilanceatus in his 1838 Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici . Paul Kummer transferred it to Psilocybe in 1871 when he raised many of Fries 's sub-groupings of Agaricus to the level of genus . Panaeolus semilanceatus , named by Jakob Emanuel Lange in both 1936 and 1939 publications , is a synonym . According to the taxonomical database MycoBank , several taxa once considered varieties of P. semilanceata are synonymous with the species now known as Psilocybe strictipes : the caerulescens variety described by Pier Andrea Saccardo in 1887 ( originally named Agaricus semilanceatus var . coerulescens by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke in 1881 ) , the microspora variety described by Rolf Singer in 1969 , and the obtusata variety described by Marcel Bon in 1985 . The mushroom gets its common name from its resemblance to the Phrygian cap . Several molecular studies published in the 2000s demonstrated that Psilocybe , as it was defined then , was polyphyletic . The studies supported the idea of dividing the genus into two clades , one consisting of the bluing , hallucinogenic species in the family Hymenogastraceae , and the other the non-bluing , non-hallucinogenic species in the family Strophariaceae . However , the generally accepted lectotype ( a specimen later selected when the original author of a taxon name did not designate a type ) of the genus as a whole was Psilocybe montana , which is a non-bluing , non-hallucinogenic species . If the non-bluing , non-hallucinogenic species in the study were to be segregated , it would have left the hallucinogenic clade without a valid name . To resolve this dilemma , several mycologists proposed in a 2005 publication to conserve the name Psilocybe , with P. semilanceata as the type . As they explained , conserving the name Psilocybe in this way would prevent nomenclatural changes to a well - known group of fungi , many species of which are `` linked to archaeology , anthropology , religion , alternate life styles , forensic science , law enforcement , laws and regulation '' . Further , the name P. semilanceata had historically been accepted as the lectotype by many authors in the period 1938 -- 68 . The proposal to conserve the name Psilocybe , with P. semilanceata as the type was accepted unanimously by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi in 2009 . The mushroom takes its common name from the Phrygian cap , also known as the `` liberty cap '' , which it resembles ; P. semilanceata shares its common name with P. pelliculosa , a species from which it is more or less indistinguishable in appearance . The Latin word for Phrygian cap is pileus , nowadays the technical name for what is commonly known as the `` cap '' of a fungal fruit body . In the 18th century Phrygian caps were placed on Liberty poles , which resemble the stipe of the mushroom . The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek psilos ( ψιλός ) ( `` smooth '' or `` bare '' ) and the Byzantine Greek kubê ( κύβη ) ( `` head '' ) . The specific epithet comes from the Latin semi ( `` half '' or `` somewhat '' ) and lanceata , from lanceolatus , meaning `` spear - shaped '' . Description ( edit ) A collection from Norway The cap of P. semilanceata is 5 -- 25 mm ( 0.2 -- 1.0 in ) in diameter and 6 -- 22 mm ( 0.24 -- 0.87 in ) tall . It varies in shape from sharply conical to bell - shaped , often with a prominent papilla ( a nipple - shaped structure ) , and does not change shape considerably as it ages . The cap margin is initially rolled inward but unrolls to become straight or even curled upwards in maturity . The cap is hygrophanous , meaning it assumes different colors depending on its state of hydration . When it is moist , the cap is ochraceous to pale brown to dark chestnut brown , but darker in the center , often with a greenish - blue tinge . When moist , radial grooves ( striations ) can be seen on the cap that correspond to the positions of the gills underneath . When the cap is dry , it becomes much paler , a light yellow - brown color . Moist mushrooms have sticky surfaces that result from a thin gelatinous film called a pellicle . This film becomes apparent if a piece of the cap is broken by bending it back and peeling away the piece . When the cap dries from exposure to the sun , the film turns whitish and is no longer peelable . On the underside of the mushroom 's cap , there are between 15 and 27 individual narrow gills that are moderately crowded together , and they have a narrowly adnexed to almost free attachment to the stipe . Their color is initially pale brown , but becomes dark gray to purple - brown with a lighter edge as the spores mature . The slender yellowish - brown stipe is 45 -- 140 mm ( 1.8 -- 5.5 in ) long by 1 -- 3.5 mm ( 0.04 -- 0.14 in ) thick , and usually slightly thicker towards the base . The mushroom has a thin cobweb - like partial veil that does not last long before disappearing ; sometimes , the partial veil leaves an annular zone on the stipe that may be darkened by spores . The flesh is thin and membrane - like , and roughly the same color as the surface tissue . It has a farinaceous ( similar to freshly ground flour ) odor and taste . All parts of the mushroom will stain a bluish color if handled or bruised , and it may naturally turn blue with age . Microscopic characteristics ( edit ) In deposit , the spores are a deep reddish purple - brown color . The use of a light microscope can reveal further details : the spores are oblong when seen in side view , and oblong to oval in frontal view , with dimensions of 10.5 -- 15 by 6.5 -- 8.5 μm . The basidia ( spore bearing cells of the hymenium ) , are 20 -- 31 by 5 -- 9 μm , four - spored , and have clamps at their bases ; there are no basidia found on the sterile gill edge . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) measure 15 -- 30 by 4 -- 7 μm , and are flask - shaped with long thin necks that are 1 -- 3.5 μm wide . P. semilanceata does not have pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) . The cap cuticle is up to 90 μm thick , and is made of a tissue layer called an ixocutis -- a gelatinized layer of hyphae lying parallel to the cap surface . The hyphae comprising the ixocutis are cylindrical , hyaline , and 1 -- 3.5 μm wide . Immediately under the cap cuticle is the subpellis , made of hyphae that are 4 -- 12 μm wide with yellowish - brown encrusted walls . There are clamp connections present in the hyphae of all tissues . Spore Print Spores under microscope ( x1000 ) Microscopic characteristics Other forms ( edit ) The anamorphic form of P. semilanceata is an asexual stage in the fungus 's life cycle involved in the development of mitotic diaspores ( conidia ) . In culture , grown in a petri dish , the fungus forms a white to pale orange cottony or felt - like mat of mycelia . The conidia formed are straight to curved , measuring 2.0 -- 8.0 by 1.1 -- 2.0 μm , and may contain one to several small intracellular droplets . Although little is known of the anamorphic stage of P. semilanceata beyond the confines of laboratory culture , in general , the morphology of the asexual structures may be used as classical characters in phylogenetic analyses to help understand the evolutionary relationships between related groups of fungi . Scottish mycologist Roy Watling described sequestrate ( truffle - like ) or secotioid versions of P. semilanceata he found growing in association with regular fruit bodies . These versions had elongated caps , 20 -- 22 cm ( 7.9 -- 8.7 in ) long and 0.8 -- 1 cm ( 0.3 -- 0.4 in ) wide at the base , with the inward curved margins closely hugging the stipe from the development of membranous flanges . Their gills were narrow , closely crowded together , and anastomosed ( fused together in a vein - like network ) . The color of the gills was sepia with a brownish vinaceous ( red wine - colored ) cast , and a white margin . The stipes of the fruit bodies were 5 -- 6 cm ( 2.0 -- 2.4 in ) long by 0.1 -- 0.3 cm ( 0.04 -- 0.12 in ) thick , with about 2 cm ( 0.8 in ) of stipe length covered by the extended cap . The thick - walled ellipsoid spores were 12.5 -- 13.5 by 6.5 -- 7 μm . Despite the significant differences in morphology , molecular analysis showed the secotioid version to be the same species as the typical morphotype . Similar species ( edit ) Lookalikes include P. mexicana ( left ) , P. pelliculosa ( center ) , and P. strictipes ( right ) . There are several other Psilocybe species that may be confused with P. semilanceata due to similarities in physical appearance . P. strictipes is a slender grassland species that is differentiated macroscopically from P. semilanceata by the lack of a prominent papilla . P. mexicana , commonly known as the `` Mexican liberty cap '' , is also similar in appearance , but is found in manure - rich soil in subtropical grasslands in Mexico . It has somewhat smaller spores than P. semilanceata , typically 8 -- 9.9 by 5.5 -- 7.7 μm . Another lookalike species is P. samuiensis , found in Thailand , where it grows in well - manured clay - like soils or among paddy fields . This mushroom can be distinguished from P. semilanceata by its smaller cap , up to 1.5 cm ( 0.6 in ) in diameter , and its rhomboid - shaped spores . P. pelliculosa is physically similar to such a degree that it may be indistinguishable in the field . It differs from P. semilanceata by virtue of its smaller spores , measuring 9 -- 13 by 5 -- 7 μm . P. semilanceata has also been confused with the toxic muscarine - containing species Inocybe geophylla , a whitish mushroom with a silky cap , yellowish - brown to pale grayish gills , and a dull yellowish - brown spore print . Ecology and habitat ( edit ) Psilocybe semilanceata is a saprobic grassland species . Psilocybe semilanceata fruits solitarily or in groups on rich and acidic soil , typically in grasslands , such as meadows , pastures , or lawns . It is often found in pastures that have been fertilized with sheep or cow dung , although it does not typically grow directly on the dung . Like some other grassland psilocybin mushroom species such as P. mexicana , P. tampanensis and Conocybe cyanopus , P. semilanceata may form sclerotia , a dormant form of the fungus , which affords it some protection from wildfires and other natural disasters . The German mycologist Jochen Gartz even succeeded in producing sclerotia on a malt agar surface culture . P. semilanceata , like all others species of the genus Psilocybe , is a saprobic fungus , meaning it obtains nutrients by breaking down organic matter . The mushroom is also associated with sedges in moist areas of fields , and it is thought to live on the decaying root remains . Laboratory tests have shown P. semilanceata to suppress the growth of the soil - borne water mold Phytophthora cinnamomi , a virulent plant pathogen that causes the disease root rot . When grown in dual culture with other saprobic fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of grasses from its habitat , P. semilanceata significantly suppresses their growth . This antifungal activity , which can be traced at least partly to two phenolic compounds it secretes , helps it compete successfully with other fungal species in the intense competition for nutrients provided by decaying plant matter . Using standard antimicrobial susceptibility tests , Psilocybe semilanceata was shown to strongly inhibit the growth of the human pathogen methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) . The source of the antimicrobial activity is unknown . Distribution ( edit ) Psilocybe authority Gastón Guzmán , in his 1983 monograph on psilocybin mushrooms , considered Psilocybe semilanceata the world 's most widespread psilocybin mushroom species , as it has been reported on 17 countries . In Europe , P. semilanceata has a widespread distribution , and is found in Austria , Belgium , Bulgaria , the Channel Islands , Czech republic , Denmark , Estonia , the Faroe Islands , Finland , France , Georgia , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Iceland , Ireland , Italy , Lithuania , the Netherlands , Norway , Poland , Russia , Slovakia , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . It is generally agreed that the species is native to Europe ; Watling has demonstrated that there exists little difference between specimens collected from Spain and Scotland , at both the morphological and genetic level . The mushroom also has a widespread distribution in North America . In Canada it has been collected from British Columbia , New Brunswick , Newfoundland , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , Ontario and Quebec . In the United States , it is most common in the Pacific Northwest , west of the Cascade Mountains , where it fruits abundantly in autumn and early winter ; fruiting has also been reported to occur infrequently during spring months . Charles Horton Peck reported the mushroom to occur in New York in the early 20th century , and consequently , much literature published since then has reported the species to be present in the eastern United States . Gaston Guzman later examined Peck 's herbarium specimen , and in his comprehensive 1983 monograph on Psilocybe , concluded that Peck had misidentified it with the species now known as Panaeolina foenisecii . P. semilanceata is much less common in South America , where it has been recorded in Chile . It is also known in Australia ( where it may be an introduced species ) and New Zealand , where it grows in high - altitude grasslands . In 2000 , it was reported from Golaghat , in the Indian state of Assam . In Autumn of 1969 more than 500,000 Liberty Cap were found growing at Moss Farm in Northwich Cheshire , after 2 years a fungicide spray was used to decimate them , as the picking and drying Psilocybe Mushrooms was not illegal . This was the beginning of the Magic Mushroom culture in Britain. ( 1 ) Citations Wanted . Psychoactive use 1 , 2 & 3 in the figure are Psilocybe semilanceata , which Sowerby wrongly thought was the same as Stropharia semiglobata . The first reliably documented report of Psilocybe semilanceata intoxication involved a British family in 1799 , who prepared a meal with mushrooms they had picked in London 's Green Park . According to the chemist Augustus Everard Brande , the father and his four children experienced typical symptoms associated with ingestion , including pupil dilation , spontaneous laughter and delirium . The identification of the species responsible was made possible by James Sowerby 's 1803 book Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms , which included a description of the fungus , then known as Agaricus glutinosus ( originally described by Moses Ashley Curtis in 1780 ) . According to German mycologist Jochen Gartz , the description of the species is `` fully compatible with current knowledge about Psilocybe semilanceata . '' In the early 1960s , the Swiss scientist Albert Hofmann -- known for the synthesis of the psychedelic drug LSD -- chemically analyzed P. semilanceata fruit bodies collected in Switzerland and France by the botanist Roger Heim . Using the technique of paper chromatography , Hofmann confirmed the presence of 0.25 % ( by weight ) psilocybin in dried samples . Their 1963 publication was the first report of psilocybin in a European mushroom species ; previously , it had been known only in Psilocybe species native to Mexico , Asia and North America . This finding was confirmed in the late 1960s with specimens from Scotland and England , Czechoslovakia ( 1973 ) , Germany ( 1977 ) , Norway ( 1978 ) , and Belgium and Finland ( 1984 ) . In 1965 , forensic characterization of psilocybin - containing mushrooms seized from college students in British Columbia identified P. semilanceata -- the first recorded case of intentional recreational use of the mushroom in Canada . The presence of the psilocybin analog baeocystin was confirmed in 1977 . Several studies published since then support the idea that the variability of psilocybin content in P. semilanceata is low , regardless of country of origin . Properties ( edit ) Several studies have quantified the amounts of hallucinogenic compounds found in the fruit bodies of Psilocybe semilanceata . In 1993 , Gartz reported an average of 1 % psilocybin ( expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the fruit bodies ) , ranging from a minimum of 0.2 % to a maximum of 2.37 % , which is the highest psilocybin concentration reported for a mushroom . In an earlier analysis , Tjakko Stijve and Thom Kuyper ( 1985 ) found a high concentration in a single specimen ( 1.7 % ) in addition to a relatively high concentration of baeocystin ( 0.36 % ) . Smaller specimens tend to have the highest percent concentrations of psilocybin , but the absolute amount is highest in larger mushrooms . A Finnish study assayed psilocybin concentrations in old herbarium specimens , and concluded that although psilocybin concentration decreased linearly over time , it was relatively stable . They were able to detect the chemical in specimens that were 115 years old . Michael Beug and Jeremy Bigwood , analyzing specimens from the Pacific Northwest region of the United States , reported psilocybin concentrations ranging from 0.62 % to 1.28 % , averaging 1.0 ± 0.2 % . They concluded that the species was one of the most potent , as well as the most constant in psilocybin levels . In a 1996 publication , Paul Stamets defined a `` potency rating scale '' based on the total content of psychoactive compounds ( including psilocybin , psilocin , and baeocystin ) in 12 species of Psilocybe mushrooms . Although there are certain caveats with this technique -- such as the unconfirmed assumption that these compounds contribute equally to psychoactive properties -- it serves as a rough comparison of potency between species . Despite its small size , Psilocybe semilanceata is considered a `` moderately active to extremely potent '' hallucinogenic mushroom ( meaning the combined percentage of psychoactive compounds is typically between 0.25 % to greater than 2 % ) , and of the 12 mushrooms compared , only 3 were more potent : P. azurescens , P. baeocystis , and P. bohemica . According to Gartz ( 1995 ) , P. semilanceata is Europe 's most popular psychoactive species . Psilocybin Baeocystin Phenethylamine Several reports have been published in the literature documenting the effects of consumption of P. semilanceata . Typical symptoms include visual distortions of color , depth and form , progressing to visual hallucinations . The effects are similar to the experience following consumption of LSD , although milder . Common side effects of mushroom ingestion include pupil dilation , increased heart rate , unpleasant mood , and overresponsive reflexes . As is typical of the symptoms associated with psilocybin mushroom ingestion , `` the effect on mood in particular is dependent on the subject 's pre-exposure personality traits '' , and `` identical doses of psilocybin may have widely differing effects in different individuals . '' Although most cases of intoxication resolve without incident , there have been isolated cases with severe consequences , especially after higher dosages or persistent use . In one case reported in Poland in 1998 , an 18 - year - old man developed Wolff - Parkinson - White syndrome , arrhythmia , and suffered myocardial infarction after ingesting P. semilanceata frequently over the period of a month . The cardiac damage and myocardial infarction was suggested to be a result of either coronary vasoconstriction , or because of platelet hyperaggregation and occlusion of small coronary arteries . One danger of attempting to consume hallucinogenic or other wild mushrooms , especially for novice mushroom hunters , is the possibility of misidentification with toxic species . In one noted case , an otherwise healthy young Austrian man mistook the poisonous Cortinarius rubellus for P. semilanceata . As a result , he suffered end - stage renal failure , and required a kidney transplant . In another instance , a young man developed cardiac abnormalities similar to those seen in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy , characterized by a sudden temporary weakening of the myocardium . A polymerase chain reaction - based test to specifically identity P. semilanceata was reported by Polish scientists in 2007 . Controversy ( edit ) In 1998 , a Swedish study reported trace amounts of phenethylamine in P. semilanceata up to 146 microg / g wet weight which the authors refereed to as `` high amount of PEA '' that play a possible role in adverse reactions . However , a typical dose of 30 grams of fresh mushrooms will correspond to maximum 4.38 mg phenethylamine . The authors mention that phenethylamine is rapidly inactivated through metabolic breakdown by monoamine oxidase ( MAO ) , but are suggesting that there may be an interaction between phenylethylamine and psilocin ( the metabolic breakdown product of psilocybin ) through competitive inhibition of monoamine oxidase enzymes . The issue has been described by the United Nations / CCOHS joint project IPCS INCHEM in a monograph , and by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction ( EMCDDA ) . Alexander Shulgin says in his book PiHKAL , that he did n't observe any effects from 1600 mg phenethylamine alone . Also , Dr. Duke 's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases record on Theobroma cacao beans measure 5600 ppm ( 5.6 mg / g ) phenylalanine , the chemical precursor to phenylethylamine . R. Gordon Wasson reports that cacao and magic mushroom is combined in traditional rituals used by Mexican shamans , including María Sabina . Legal status ( edit ) See also : Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms The legal status of psilocybin mushrooms varies worldwide . Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Class A ( United Kingdom ) or Schedule I ( US ) drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances . The possession and use of psilocybin mushrooms , including P. semilanceata , is therefore prohibited by extension . Although many European countries remained open to the use and possession of hallucinogenic mushrooms after the US ban , starting in the 2000s ( decade ) there has been a tightening of laws and enforcements . In The Netherlands , where the drug was once routinely sold in licensed cannabis coffee shops and smart shops , laws were instituted in October 2008 to prohibit the possession or sale of psychedelic mushrooms -- the final European country to do so . Sweden ( edit ) The Riksdag added Psilocybe semilanceata to Narcotic Drugs Punishments Act under Swedish schedule I ( `` substances , plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use '' ) as of October 1 , 1997 , published by Medical Products Agency ( MPA ) in regulation LVFS 1997 : 15 listed as Psilocybe semilanceata ( toppslätskivling ) . See also ( edit ) Fungi portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psilocybe semilanceata . List of Psilocybe species Mushroom hunting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Psilocybe semilanceata ( Fr . ) P. Kumm. 1871 '' . MycoBank . International Mycological Association . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Bas C , Kuyper Th W , Noordeloos ME , Vellinga EC , van Os J ( 1995 ) . Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. 3 . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . p. 45 . ISBN 90 - 5410 - 616 - 6 . Jump up ^ Fries EM ( 1838 ) . Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici : Seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum ( in Latin ) . Uppsala , Sweden : Typographia Academica . p. 231 . Jump up ^ Kummer P. ( 1871 ) . Der Führer in die Pilzkunde ( in German ) ( 1st ed . ) . Zerbst , Germany : C. Luppe . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Lange JE ( 1936 ) . `` Studies in the Agarics of Denmark , Part XI . Psathyra , Panaeolus , Psilocybe , Gomphidius , Phylloporus , Cantharellus , Schizophyllum '' . Dansk botanisk Arkiv. 9 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Lange JE ( 1939 ) . Flora Agaricina Danica. 4 . Copenhagen , Denmark : Danish Botanical Society . p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` Psilocybe strictipes Singer & A.H. Sm. 1958 '' . MycoBank . International Mycological Association . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Saccardo PA ( 1887 ) . Sylloge Hymenomycetum , Vol . I. Agaricineæ. 5 . Padua , Italy . p. 1051 . Jump up ^ Singer R. ( 1969 ) . `` Mycoflora australis '' . Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. 29 : 247 . Jump up ^ Bon M. ( 1985 ) . `` Novitates -- Validations de taxons '' . Documents Mycologiques ( in French ) . 16 ( 61 ) : 46 . Jump up ^ Moncalvo JM , Vilgalys R , Redhead SA , Johnson JE , James TY , Catherine Aime M , Hofstetter V , Verduin SJ , Larsson E , Baroni TJ , Greg Thorn R , Jacobsson S , Clémençon H , Miller OK Jr ( 2002 ) . `` One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 ( 3 ) : 357 -- 400 . PMID 12099793 . doi : 10.1016 / S1055 - 7903 ( 02 ) 00027 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nugent KG , Saville BJ ( 2004 ) . `` Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic fungi : a DNA - based approach '' . Forensic Science International . 140 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 147 -- 57 . PMID 15036436 . doi : 10.1016 / j. forsciint. 2003.11. 022 . Jump up ^ Matheny PB , Curtis JM , Hofstetter V , Aime MC , Moncalvo JM , Ge ZW , Slot JC , Ammirati JF , Baroni TJ , Bougher NL , Hughes KW , Lodge DJ , Kerrigan RW , Seidl MT , Aanen DK , DeNitis M , Daniele GM , Desjardin DE , Kropp BR , Norvell LL , Parker A , Vellinga EC , Vilgalys R , Hibbett DS ( 2006 ) . `` Major clades of Agaricales : a multilocus phylogenetic overview '' ( PDF ) . Mycologia. 98 ( 6 ) : 982 -- 95 . PMID 17486974 . doi : 10.3852 / mycologia. 98.6. 982 . Jump up ^ Redhead SA , Moncalvo J-M , Vilgalys R , Matheny PB , Guzmán - Dávalos L , Guzmán G ( 2005 ) . `` ( 1757 ) Proposal to conserve the name Psilocybe ( Basidiomycota ) with a conserved type '' ( PDF ) . Taxon. 56 ( 1 ) : 255 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Norvell L. ( 2009 ) . `` Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi : 15 '' ( PDF ) . Mycotaxon. 110 : 487 -- 92 . doi : 10.5248 / 110.487 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Weil A. ( 2004 ) . The Marriage of the Sun and Moon : Dispatches from the Frontiers of Consciousness . Boston , Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 47905 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pollock SH ( 1976 ) . `` Liberty caps : recreational hallucinogenic mushrooms '' . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1 ( 6 ) : 445 -- 47 . PMID 1035156 . doi : 10.1016 / 0376 - 8716 ( 76 ) 90010 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Guzmán G , Ott J , Boydston J , Pollock SH ( 1976 ) . `` Psychotropic mycoflora of Washington , Idaho , Oregon , California and British Columbia '' . Mycologia. 68 ( 6 ) : 1267 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 3758763 . Jump up ^ `` psilocybin , n . '' . The Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . April 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Cornelis S. ( 1826 ) . Schrevelius ' Greek Lexicon , Translated into English with Numerous Corrections . London , UK : Baldwin , Craddock , & Joy . p. 358 . Jump up ^ Mehrotra RS , Aneja KR ( 1990 ) . An Introduction to Mycology . Columbia , Missouri : South Asia Books . p. 540 . ISBN 81 - 224 - 0089 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Stamets ( 1996 ) , pp. 142 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Harris B. ( 2003 ) . Growing Wild Mushrooms : A Complete Guide to Cultivating Edible and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms . Berkeley , California : Ronin Publishing . p. 83 . ISBN 1 - 57951 - 066 - 3 . Jump up ^ Walther G , Weiss M ( 2008 ) . `` Anamorphs in the Strophariaceae ( Basidiomycota , Agaricales ) '' . Botany - Botanique. 86 ( 6 ) : 551 -- 66 . doi : 10.1139 / B08 - 036 . Jump up ^ Walther G , Garnica S , Weiß M ( 2005 ) . `` The systematic relevance of conidiogenesis modes in the gilled Agaricales '' . Mycological Research . 109 ( 5 ) : 525 -- 44 . PMID 16018308 . doi : 10.1017 / S0953756205002868 . ^ Jump up to : Watling R , Martin MP ( 2003 ) . `` A sequestrate Psilocybe from Scotland '' . Botanical Journal of Scotland . 55 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 57 . ISSN 1359 - 4869 . doi : 10.1080 / 03746600308685009 . Jump up ^ Stamets ( 1996 ) , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Stamets ( 1996 ) , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Bresinsky and Besl ( 1989 ) , pp. 115 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Ammirati J , Traquair JA , Horgen PA ( 1985 ) . Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada . Ottawa , Canada : Fitzhenry & Whiteside in cooperation with Agriculture Canada . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88902 - 977 - 4 . Jump up ^ Guzman ( 1983 ) , p. 361 . ^ Jump up to : Hofmann A , Heim R , Tscherter H ( 1963 ) . `` Phytochimie -- présence de la psilocybine dans une espèce européenne d'agaric , le Psilocybe semilanceata Fr . '' ( Phytochemistry -- presence of psilocybin in a European agaric species , Psilocybe semilanceata Fr . ) . Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences ( in French ) . 257 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Gartz ( 1997 ) , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Stamets ( 1996 ) , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gartz ( 1997 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Gartz ( 1997 ) , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Guzman ( 1983 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Stamets ( 1996 ) , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Høiland K. ( 1978 ) . `` The genus Psilocybe in Norway '' . Norwegian Journal of Botany. 25 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Keay SM , Brown AE ( 1990 ) . `` Colonization by Psilocybe semilanceata of roots of grassland flora '' . Mycological Research . 94 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 56 . doi : 10.1016 / S0953 - 7562 ( 09 ) 81263 - X . Jump up ^ Finlay AR , McCracken AR ( 1991 ) . `` Microbial suppression of Phytophthora cinnamoni '' . In Lucas , John . Phytophthora : Symposium of the British Mycological Society , the British Society for Plant Pathology , and the Society of Irish Plant Pathologists held at Trinity College , Dublin , September 1989 . Cambridge , England : Published for the British Mycological Society by Cambridge University Press . p. 387 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40080 - 5 . Jump up ^ Keay SM , Brown AE ( 1989 ) . `` Interactions between Psilocybe semilanceata and fungi of its habitat '' . Mycological Research . 93 ( 4 ) : 554 -- 56 . doi : 10.1016 / S0953 - 7562 ( 89 ) 80054 - 1 . Jump up ^ Suay I , Arenal F , Asensio FJ , Basilio A , Cabello MA , Díez MT , García JB , González del Val A , Gorrochategui J , Hernández P , Peláez F , Vicente MF ( 2000 ) . `` Screening of basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activities '' . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . 78 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 39 . PMID 11204765 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1026552024021 . Jump up ^ Guzman ( 1983 ) , pp. 44 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Guzmán G , Allen JW , Gartz J ( 1998 ) . `` A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi , an analysis and discussion '' ( PDF ) . Annali del Museo civico di Rovereto. 14 : 198 -- 280 . ^ Jump up to : Watling R. ( 2007 ) . `` Psilocybe semilanceata -- a hallucinogenic mushroom native to Europe '' . In Hancock G. Supernatural : Meetings With the Ancient Teachers of Mankind . New York , New York : Disinformation Company . p. 404 . ISBN 1 - 932857 - 84 - 2 . Jump up ^ Guzman ( 1983 ) , pp. 363 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Johnston PR , Buchanan PK ( 1995 ) . `` The genus Psilocybe ( Agaricales ) in New Zealand '' ( PDF ) . New Zealand Journal of Botany. 33 : 379 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 0028825X. 1995.10412964 . Jump up ^ Barthakur B , Gogoi P , Barua PK ( 2000 ) . `` Agaricales of Nambar reserve forest , Golaghat , Assam , India '' . Advances in Plant Sciences . 13 ( 2 ) : 609 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ What happened to these first recerational users . Jump up ^ What happened to these first recerational users . Jump up ^ Brande E. ( 1799 ) . `` Mr. E. Brande , on a poisonous species of Agaric '' . The Medical and Physical Journal : Containing the Earliest Information on Subjects of Medicine , Surgery , Pharmacy , Chemistry and Natural History . 3 : 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Sowerby J. ( 1803 ) . Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms. 3 . London : J. Davis . pp. 248 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Gartz ( 1997 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Benedict RG , Tyler VE , Watling R ( 1967 ) . `` Blueing in Conocybe , Psilocybe and a Stropharia species and the detection of psilocybin '' . Lloydia. 30 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Mantle PG , Waight ES ( 1969 ) . `` Occurrence of psilocybin in sporophores of Psilocybe semilanceata '' . Transactions of the British Mycological Society . 53 ( 2 ) : 302 -- 304 . doi : 10.1016 / s0007 - 1536 ( 69 ) 80066 - 5 . Jump up ^ Semerdžieva M , Nerud F ( 1973 ) . `` Hallucinogene Pilze in der Tschechoslowakei '' ( Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Czechoslovakia ) . Česká Mykologie ( in German ) . 27 : 42 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Repke DB , Leslie DT ( 1977 ) . `` Baeocystin in Psilocybe semilanceata '' . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . 66 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 14 . doi : 10.1002 / jps. 2600660130 . Jump up ^ Vanhaelen - Fastré R , Vanhaelen M ( 1984 ) . `` Qualitative and quantitative determination of hallucinogenic components of Psilocybe mushrooms by reverse - phase high - performance liquid chromatography '' . Journal of Chromatography. 312 : 467 -- 72 . PMID 6543215 . doi : 10.1016 / s0021 - 9673 ( 01 ) 92800 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jokiranta J , Mustola S , Ohenoja E , Airaksinen MM ( 1984 ) . `` Psilocybin in Finnish Psilocybe semilanceata '' . Planta Medica. 50 ( 3 ) : 277 -- 78 . PMID 17340315 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2007 - 969703 . Jump up ^ Heim R , Genest K , Hughes DW , Belec G ( 1966 ) . `` Botanical and chemical characterization of a forensic mushroom specimen of the genus Psilocybe '' . Journal of the Forensic Science Society . 6 ( 4 ) : 192 -- 201 . doi : 10.1016 / S0015 - 7368 ( 66 ) 70336 - 3 . Jump up ^ Metzner R. ( 2005 ) . Sacred Mushroom of Visions : Teonanácatl : A Sourcebook on the Psilocybin Mushroom ( 2nd ed . ) . Rochester , Vermont : Park Street Press . ISBN 1 - 59477 - 044 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gartz ( 1997 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ For example : Anastos N , Lewis SW , Barnett NW , Sims DN ( 2006 ) . `` The determination of psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms by HPLC utilizing a dual reagent acidic potassium permanganate and tris ( 2 , 2 ' - bipyridyl ) ruthenium ( II ) chemiluminescence detection system '' . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 51 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 51 . PMID 16423222 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1556 - 4029.2005. 00033. x . Anastos N , Barnett NW , Lewis SW , Gathergood N , Scammells PJ , Sims DN ( 2005 ) . `` Determination of psilocin and psilocybin using flow injection analysis with acidic potassium permanganate and tris ( 2 , 2 ′ - bipyridyl ) ruthenium ( II ) chemiluminescence detection respectively '' . Tatlanta. 67 ( 2 ) : 354 -- 59 . PMID 18970175 . doi : 10.1016 / j. talanta. 2004.11. 038 . Brenneisen R , Borner S ( 1988 ) . `` The occurrence of tryptamine derivatives in Psilocybe semilanceata '' . Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 43 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 511 -- 14 . ISSN 0939 - 5075 . Jump up ^ Gartz J. ( 1994 ) . `` New aspects of the occurrence , chemistry and cultivation of European hallucinogenic mushrooms '' . Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto. 8 : 107 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Stijve T , Kuyper TW ( 1985 ) . `` Occurrence of psilocybin in various higher fungi from several European countries '' . Planta Medica. 51 ( 5 ) : 385 -- 87 . PMID 17342589 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2007 - 969526 . Jump up ^ Gartz J. ( 1986 ) . `` Quantitative Bestimmung der Indolderivate von Psilocybe semilanceata ( Fr . ) Kumm . '' ( Quantitative determination of the indole derivatives from Psilocybe semilanceata ( Fr . ) Kumm . ) . Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen ( in German ) . 181 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 24 . doi : 10.1016 / s0015 - 3796 ( 86 ) 80079 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ohenoja E , Jokiranta J , Mäkinen T , Kaikkonen A , Airaksinen MM ( 1987 ) . `` The occurrence of psilocybin and psilocin in Finnish fungi '' . Journal of Natural Products . 50 ( 4 ) : 741 -- 44 . PMID 3430170 . doi : 10.1021 / np50052a030 . Jump up ^ Beug MW , Bigwood J ( 1982 ) . `` Psilocybin and psilocin levels in twenty species from seven genera of wild mushrooms in the Pacific Northwest , U.S.A. '' . Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 5 ( 3 ) : 271 -- 85 . PMID 7201053 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 8741 ( 82 ) 90013 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stamets ( 1996 ) , pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Hyde C , Glancy G , Omerod P , Hall D , Taylor GS ( 1978 ) . `` Abuse of indigenous psilocybin mushrooms : a new fashion and some psychiatric complications '' . British Journal of Psychiatry . 132 : 602 -- 604 . PMID 566144 . doi : 10.1192 / bjp. 132.6. 602 . Jump up ^ Peden NR , Macaulay KEC , Bissett AF , Crooks J , Pelosi AJ ( 1981 ) . `` Clinical toxicology of ' magic mushroom ' ingestion '' . Postgraduate Medical Journal . 57 ( 67 ) : 543 -- 45 . PMC 2426147 . PMID 7199140 . doi : 10.1136 / pgmj. 57.671. 543 . Jump up ^ Borowiak KS , Ciechanowski K , Waloszczyk P ( 1998 ) . `` Psilocybin mushroom ( Psilocybe semilanceata ) intoxication with myocardial infarction '' . Journal of Toxicology : Clinical Toxicology. 36 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 47 -- 49 . PMID 9541042 . doi : 10.3109 / 15563659809162584 . Jump up ^ Franz M , Regele H , Kirchmair M , Kletzmayr J , Sunder - Plassmann G , Hörl WH , Pohanka E ( 1996 ) . `` Magic mushrooms : hopes for a ' cheap high ' resulting in end - stage renal failure '' ( PDF ) . Nephrology , Dialysis , Transplantation. 11 ( 11 ) : 2324 -- 27 . PMID 8941602 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. ndt. a027160 . Jump up ^ Nef HM , Möllmann H , Hilpert P , Krause N , Troidl C , Weber M , Rolf A , Dill T , Hamm C , Elsässer A ( 2009 ) . `` Apical regional wall motion abnormalities reminiscent to Tako - Tsubo cardiomyopathy following consumption of psychoactive fungi '' . International Journal of Cardiology. 134 ( 1 ) : e39 -- e41 . PMID 18378018 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijcard. 2007.12. 064 . Jump up ^ Adamczyk A , Sadakierska - Chudy A , Janoszka J , Rymkiewicz A , Dobosz T ( 2007 ) . `` Halucynogenne grzyby -- lysiczki ( Psilocybe ) . Czesc II . Identyfikacja Psilocybe semilanceata przy pomocy techniki PCR '' ( Hallucinogenic fungi ( Psilocybe ) . Part II . Identification of Psilocybe semilanceata by PCR ) . Archiwum Medycyny Sądowej i Kryminolologii ( in Polish ) . 57 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 88 . PMID 17907620 . Jump up ^ Beck O , Helander A , Karlson - Stiber C , Stephansson N ( 1998 ) . `` Presence of phenylethylamine in hallucinogenic Psilocybe mushroom : possible role in adverse reactions '' . Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 22 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 49 . PMID 9491968 . doi : 10.1093 / jat / 22.1. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Psilocybe and others ( Group PIM G027 ) '' . www.inchem.org . Jump up ^ `` EMCDDA Hallucinogenic mushrooms profile ( chemistry , effects , other names ( magic mushrooms , shrooms ... ) , origin , mode of use , other names , medical use , control status ) '' . www.emcdda.europa.eu . Jump up ^ `` Erowid Online Books : `` PIHKAL '' - # 142 PEA `` . erowid.org . Jump up ^ `` Search List '' . phytochem.nal.usda.gov . Jump up ^ Wolfe , David ; Shazzie ( 2005 ) . Naked chocolate . Berkeley , Calif. : North Atlantic . ISBN 978 - 1556437311 . Jump up ^ `` List of psychotropic substances under international control '' ( PDF ) . International Narcotics Control Board . August 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Marley G. ( 2010 ) . Chanterelle Dreams , Amanita Nightmares : The Love , Lore , and Mystique of Mushrooms . White River Junction , Vermont : Chelsea Green Publishing . p. 178 . ISBN 1 - 60358 - 214 - 2 . Jump up ^ https://lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS 1997 - 15. pdf Cited texts ( edit ) Guzmán G. ( 1983 ) . The genus Psilocybe : A Systematic Revision of the Known Species Including the History , Distribution and Chemistry of the Hallucinogenic Species . Nova Hedwigia Beihefte. 74 . Berlin : J. Cramer . ISBN 3 - 7682 - 5474 - 7 . Bresinsky A , Besl H ( 1989 ) . A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi : a Handbook for Pharmacists , Doctors , and Biologists . London , UK : Manson Publishing Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7234 - 1576 - 5 . Stamets P. ( 1996 ) . Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World : An Identification Guide . Berkeley , California : Ten Speed Press . ISBN 0 - 89815 - 839 - 7 . Gartz J. ( 1997 ) . Magic Mushrooms Around the World . Los Angeles , California : LIS Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9653399 - 0 - 2 . Hallucinogenic mushrooms Mushroom hunting mushroom poisoning list of deadly fungus species list of poisonous fungus species list of psilocybin mushrooms legal status isoxazole mushrooms psilocybin mushrooms Psychoactive Amanita mushrooms Amanita A. muscaria A. muscaria var . guessowii A. pantherina Psilocybin mushrooms Conocybe C. cyanopus C. kuehneriana C. siligineoides Galerina G. steglichii Gymnopilus G. aeruginosus G. braendlei G. junonius G. liquiritiae G. luteofolius G. luteoviridis G. luteus G. purpuratus G. sapineus G. validipes G. viridans Inocybe I. aeruginascens I. corydalina var . corydalina I. tricolor Mycena M. cyanorrhiza M. pura Panaeolus P. africanus P. bisporus P. cambodginiensis P. cinctulus P. cyanescens P. fimicola P. olivaceus P. tropicalis Pholiotina P. cyanopus P. smithii Pluteus P. americanus P. brunneidiscus P. cyanopus P. glaucus P. nigroviridis P. phaeocyanopus P. salicinus P. villosus Psilocybe P. allenii P. atlantis P. aucklandii P. aztecorum P. azurescens P. baeocystis P. banderillensis P. caerulescens var . caerulescens P. caerulipes P. cubensis P. cyanescens P. cyanofibrillosa P. fimetaria P. graveolens P. hispanica P. hoogshagenii P. liniformans var . americana P. makarorae P. meridionalis P. mescaleroensis P. mexicana P. ovoideocystidiata P. pelliculosa P. plutonia P. quebecensis P. samuiensis P. semilanceata P. silvatica P. strictipes P. stuntzii P. subaeruginascens P. subaeruginosa P. tampanensis P. villarrealiae P. weraroa P. zapotecorum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psilocybe_semilanceata&oldid=807963417 '' Categories : Entheogens Fungi described in 1838 Fungi of Asia Fungi of Australia Fungi of Europe Fungi of New Zealand Fungi of North America Fungi of South America Fungi of Sweden Psilocybe Psychedelic tryptamine carriers Psychoactive fungi Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with ' species ' microformats Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 02 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do liberty caps grow in the us | [
"The mushroom also has a widespread distribution in North America. In Canada it has been collected from British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Ontario and Quebec.[45] In the United States, it is most common in the Pacific Northwest, west of the Cascade Mountains, where it fruits abundantly in autumn and early winter; fruiting has also been reported to occur infrequently during spring months.[22] Charles Horton Peck reported the mushroom to occur in New York in the early 20th century, and consequently, much literature published since then has reported the species to be present in the eastern United States. Gaston Guzman later examined Peck's herbarium specimen, and in his comprehensive 1983 monograph on Psilocybe, concluded that Peck had misidentified it with the species now known as Panaeolina foenisecii.[46][47] P. semilanceata is much less common in South America,[46] where it has been recorded in Chile.[45] It is also known in Australia (where it may be an introduced species)[26] and New Zealand, where it grows in high-altitude grasslands.[48] In 2000, it was reported from Golaghat, in the Indian state of Assam.[49]"
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-2750191549338820772 | Pharynx | Pharynx - wikipedia Pharynx This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pharynx Head and inner neck Pharynx Details Part of Throat System Respiratory system , digestive system Artery pharyngeal branches of ascending pharyngeal artery , ascending palatine , descending palatine , pharyngeal branches of inferior thyroid Vein pharyngeal plexus Nerve pharyngeal plexus , maxillary nerve , mandibular nerve Identifiers Greek Pharynx MeSH D010614 TA A05. 3.01. 001 FMA 46688 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The pharynx ( plural : pharynges ) is the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the esophagus and the larynx , or the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs . The pharynx is an area found in vertebrates and invertebrates , though the structure is not universally the same across all of those species . In humans the pharynx is part of the digestive system and also of the conducting zone of the respiratory system . ( The conducting zone also includes the nostrils of the nose , larynx , trachea , bronchi , and bronchioles , and their function is to filter , warm , and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs . ) The pharynx makes up the part of the throat situated immediately behind the nasal cavity , behind the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx . The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections : the nasopharynx , the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx . It is also important in vocalization . In humans there are two sets of pharyngeal muscles that form the pharynx , determining the shape of its lumen . These are arranged as an inner layer of longitudinal muscles and an outer circular layer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Nasopharynx 1.2 Oropharynx 1.3 Laryngopharynx 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Inflammation 2.2 Pharyngeal cancer 2.3 Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring 3 History 3.1 Etymology 4 Other animals 4.1 Invertebrates 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Nasopharynx ( edit ) The upper portion of the pharynx , the nasopharynx , extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate . It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies above the oral cavity . The adenoids , also known as the pharyngeal tonsils , are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx . Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in both the nasopharynx and oropharynx . Upper respiratory system , with nasopharynx , oropharynx and laryngopharynx labeled at right . Polyps or mucus can obstruct the nasopharynx , as can congestion due to an upper respiratory infection . The auditory tube , which connect the middle ear to the pharynx , opens into the nasopharynx at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube . The opening and closing of the auditory tubes serves to equalize the barometric pressure in the middle ear with that of the ambient atmosphere . Details of torus tubarius The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities . On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube , somewhat triangular in shape , and bounded behind by a firm prominence , the torus tubarius or cushion , caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane . Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening : the salpingopharyngeal fold , a vertical fold of mucous membrane extending from the inferior part of the torus and containing the salpingopharyngeus muscle the salpingopalatine fold , a smaller fold , in front of the salpingopharyngeal fold , extending from the superior part of the torus to the palate and containing the levator veli palatini muscle . It also contains some muscle fibres called salpingopalatine muscle The tensor veli palatini is lateral to the levator and does not contribute to the fold , since the origin is deep to the cartilaginous opening . Oropharynx ( edit ) The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity , extending from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone . It opens anteriorly , through the isthmus faucium , into the mouth , while in its lateral wall , between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch , is the palatine tonsil . The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula ; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil , tonsillar fossa , and tonsillar ( faucial ) pillars ; the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula . Because both food and air pass through the pharynx , a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration . The oropharynx is lined by non-keratinised squamous stratified epithelium . The HACEK organisms ( Haemophilus , Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , Cardiobacterium hominis , Eikenella corrodens , Kingella ) are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora , which grow slowly , prefer a carbon dioxide - enriched atmosphere , and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections , especially in young children . Fusobacterium is a pathogen . Laryngopharynx ( edit ) The laryngopharynx , ( Latin : pars laryngea pharyngis ) , also known as hypopharynx , is the caudal part of pharynx ; it is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus . It lies inferior to the epiglottis and extends to the location where this common pathway diverges into the respiratory ( larynx ) and digestive ( esophagus ) pathways . At that point , the laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus posteriorly . The esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach ; air enters the larynx anteriorly . During swallowing , food has the `` right of way '' , and air passage temporarily stops . Corresponding roughly to the area located between the 4th and 6th cervical vertebrae , the superior boundary of the laryngopharynx is at the level of the hyoid bone . The laryngopharynx includes three major sites : the pyriform sinus , postcricoid area , and the posterior pharyngeal wall . Like the oropharynx above it , the laryngopharynx serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium . It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus . The vascular supply to the laryngopharynx includes the superior thyroid artery , the lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery . The primary neural supply is from both the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves . The vagus nerve provides a branch termed `` Arnolds Nerve '' which also supplies the external auditory canal , thus laryngopharyngeal cancer can result in referred otalgia . This nerve is also responsible for the ear - cough reflex in which stimulation of the ear canal results in a person coughing . Clinical significance ( edit ) Pharyngitis is the painful swelling of the throat . The oropharynx shown here is very inflamed and red . Inflammation ( edit ) Main article : Pharyngitis Inflammation of the pharynx , or pharyngitis , is the painful inflammation of the throat . Pharyngeal cancer ( edit ) Main article : Pharyngeal cancer Pharyngeal cancer is a cancer that originates in the neck and / or throat , and can cause serious clinical problems . Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring ( edit ) Main article : Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring is an anatomical term collectively describing the annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx . Waldeyer 's ring circumscribes the naso - and oropharynx , with some of its tonsillar tissue located above and some below the soft palate ( and to the back of the oral cavity ) . It is believed that Waldeyer 's ring prevents the invasion of microorganisms from going into the air and food passages and this helps in the defense mechanism of the respiratory and alimentary systems . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The word pharynx ( / ˈfærɪŋks / ) is derived from the Greek φάρυγξ phárynx , meaning `` throat '' . Its plural form is pharynges / fəˈrɪndʒiːz / or pharynxes / ˈfærɪŋksəz / , and its adjective form is pharyngeal ( / ˌfærɪnˈdʒiːəl / or / fəˈrɪndʒiəl / ) . Other animals ( edit ) An illustration of the pharyngeal jaws of a moray eel All vertebrates have a pharynx , used in both feeding and respiration . The pharynx arises during development in all vertebrates through a series of six or more outpocketings on the lateral sides of the head . These outpocketings are pharyngeal arches , and they give rise to a number of different structures in the skeletal , muscular and circulatory systems . The structure of the pharynx varies across the vertebrates . It differs in dogs , horses and ruminants . In dogs a single duct connects the nasopharynx to the nasal cavity . The tonsils are a compact mass which point away from the lumen of the pharynx . In the horse the auditory tube opens into the guttural pouch and the tonsils are diffuse and raised slightly . Horses are unable to breathe through the mouth as the free apex of the rostral epiglottis lies dorsal to the soft palate in a normal horse . In ruminants the tonsils are a compact mass which point towards the lumen of the pharynx . Pharyngeal arches are characteristic features of vertebrates whose origin can be traced back through chordates to basal deuterostomes who also share endodermal outpocketings of the pharyngeal apparatus . Similar patterns of gene expression can be detected in the developing pharynx of amphioxus and hemichordates . However , the vertebrate pharynx is unique in that it gives rise to endoskeletal support through the contribution of neural crest cells . Pharyngeal jaws are a `` second set '' of jaws contained within the pharynx of many species of fish , distinct from the primary ( oral ) jaws . Pharyngeal jaws have been studied in moray eels where their specific action is noted . When the moray bites prey , it first bites normally with its oral jaws , capturing the prey . Immediately thereafter , the pharyngeal jaws are brought forward and bite down on the prey to grip it ; they then retract , pulling the prey down the eel 's esophagus , allowing it to be swallowed . Invertebrates ( edit ) Invertebrates also have a pharynx . Invertebrates with a pharynx include the tardigrades , annelids and arthropods , and the priapulids ( which have an eversible pharynx ) . The `` pharynx '' of the nematode worm is a muscular food pump in the head , triangular in cross-section , that grinds food and transports it directly to the intestines . A one - way valve connects the pharynx to the excretory canal . Everted pharynx of Alitta virens ( also known as Nereis virens ) , lateral view Pharynx of the flatworm Prorhynchus fontinalis Pharynx of the flatworm Platydemus manokwari visible as the worm feeds on a snail . Longitudinal section through the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans showing the position of the pharynx in the animal body . Microscopic cross section through the pharynx of a larva from an unknown lamprey species . Additional images ( edit ) Nose and nasal Coronal section of right ear , showing auditory tube and levator veli palatini muscle . The entrance to the larynx , viewed from behind Deep dissection of human larynx , pharynx and tongue seen from behind The nasopharynx , oropharynx , and laryngopharynx or larynx can be seen clearly in this sagittal section of the head and neck . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Pharyngeal aspiration Pharyngeal consonant Pharyngeal ( disambiguation ) Saccopharynx , a genus of deep sea eel - like fishes with large mouths , distensible stomachs and long scaleless bodies Salpinx in anatomy Tonsil Tornwaldt cyst References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1141 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Respiratory Syster ( PDF ) . Benjamin Cummings ( Pearson Education , Inc ) . 2006 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Clinical Head and Neck and Functional Neuroscience Course Notes , 2008 - 2009 , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine , Bethesda , Maryland Jump up ^ Simkins , C.S. ( 1943 ) . `` Functional anatomy of the Eustachian tube '' . Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery . 38 ( 5 ) : 476 -- 484 . doi : 10.1001 / archotol. 1943.00670040495009 . Jump up ^ `` The Pharynx '' . 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Morpeth S , Murdoch D , Cabell CH , et al. ( December 2007 ) . `` Non-HACEK gram - negative bacillus endocarditis '' . Ann . Intern . Med. 147 ( 12 ) : 829 -- 35 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 147 - 12 - 200712180 - 00002 . PMID 18087053 . Jump up ^ Aliyu SH , Marriott RK , Curran MD , et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Real - time PCR investigation into the importance of Fusobacterium necrophorum as a cause of acute pharyngitis in general practice '' . J Med Microbiol. 53 ( Pt 10 ) : 1029 -- 35 . doi : 10.1099 / jmm. 0.45648 - 0 . PMID 15358827 . Jump up ^ `` Pharynx '' . Jump up ^ OED 2nd edition , 1989 . Jump up ^ Entry `` pharynx '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Graham , A ; Richardson , J ( 2012 ) . `` Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus '' . EvoDevo. 3 ( 3 ) : 24 . doi : 10.1186 / 2041 - 9139 - 3 - 24 . PMC 3564725 . PMID 23020903 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Rita S. ; Peter C. Wainwright ( 2007 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Raptorial jaws in the throat help moray eels swallow large prey '' . Nature . 449 ( 7158 ) : 79 -- 82 . doi : 10.1038 / nature06062 . PMID 17805293 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Eibye - Jacobsen ( 2001 ) . `` Are the supportive structures of the tardigrade pharynx homologous throughout the entire group ? '' . Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research . 39 : 1 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1439 - 0469.2001. 00140. x . Jump up ^ Elzinga , R.J. ( 1998 ) . `` Microspines in the alimentary canal of arthropoda , onychophora , annelida '' . International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. 27 ( 4 ) : 341 . doi : 10.1016 / S0020 - 7322 ( 98 ) 00027 - 0 . Jump up ^ Morse , M. Patricia ( 1981 ) . `` Meiopriapulus fijiensis n . gen. , n . sp. : An Interstitial Priapulid from Coarse Sand in Fiji '' . Transactions of the American Microscopical Society . 100 ( 3 ) : 239 . doi : 10.2307 / 3225549 . JSTOR 3225549 . General Pharynx , Stedman 's Online Medical Dictionary at Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Human Anatomy and Physiology Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn , Seventh Edition . TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours Sobin LH & Wittekind Ch ( eds ) Sixth edition UICC 2002 ISBN 0 - 471 - 22288 - 7 External links ( edit ) Look up pharynx in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pharynx . Anatomy photo : 31 : st - 1401 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy photo : 31 : st - 1403 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy photo : 31 : st - 1406 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Anatomy of the human nose External nose Ala of nose nasal cartilages of the septum Greater alar Lesser alar Lateral nasal Accessory nasal Vomeronasal Nasal cavity Openings Nasal vestibule Nostril Posterior nasal apertures Lateral wall Nasal conchae : Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal meatus : ( Supreme superior middle inferior ) Sphenoethmoidal recess Ethmoid bulla Agger nasi Ethmoidal infundibulum Semilunar hiatus Maxillary hiatus Medial wall Nasal septum Vomeronasal organ Mucous membrane Olfactory mucosa Paranasal sinuses Maxillary sinus Sphenoidal sinuses Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Naso - pharynx Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube Salpingopharyngeal fold Salpingopalatine fold Torus tubarius Pharyngeal tonsil Pharyngeal recess Anatomy of the mouth Lip Vermilion border Frenulum of lower lip Labial commissure of mouth Philtrum Cheek Buccal fat pad Roof Hard palate Soft palate Palatine raphe Incisive papilla Gums Interdental papilla Gingival sulcus Gingival margin Gingival fibers Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Sulcular epithelium Stippling Periodontium Cementum Gingiva Periodontal ligament Glands Parotid gland duct Submandibular gland duct Sublingual gland duct Teeth see tooth anatomy Tongue Top Taste bud Median sulcus Terminal sulcus Foramen cecum Lingual tonsils Underside Frenulum Fimbriated fold Sublingual caruncle Glossoepiglottic folds Lingual septum Back of mouth Oropharynx fauces Plica semilunaris of the fauces Uvula Palatoglossal arch Palatopharyngeal arch Tonsillar fossa Palatine tonsil hide Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa GND : 4176754 - 8 NDL : 00564179 Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharynx&oldid=845891347 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Digestive system Human head and neck Human throat Human voice Pharynx Animal anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the upper part of the throat behind the nose is referred to as the | [
"The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the esophagus and the larynx, or the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs. The pharynx is an area found in vertebrates and invertebrates, though the structure is not universally the same across all of those species."
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"The pharynx"
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4044883442705751997 | List of Little House on the Prairie characters | List of Little House on the Prairie characters - wikipedia List of Little House on the Prairie characters Jump to : navigation , search There are many Little House on the Prairie characters , appearing in various forms of media in the Little House on the Prairie media franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television series characters 1.1 The Ingalls family 1.1. 1 The in - laws 1.2 Townsfolk 1.3 Non-recurring characters 1.3. 1 Season one 1.3. 2 Season two 1.3. 3 Season three 1.3. 4 Season four 1.3. 5 Season five 1.3. 6 Season six 1.3. 7 Season seven 1.3. 8 Season eight 1.3. 9 Season nine 1.3. 10 Post-series movies 1.4 Animals 2 Ingalls 's and Wilder 's genealogy 2.1 The Ingalls family 2.2 The Quiner family 2.2. 1 Charlotte Tucker 2.2. 2 Martha Morse 2.3 The Wilder family 2.4 The Day family 3 Neighbors , friends and acquaintances 3.1 Real people 3.2 Characters based on real people 4 References 5 External links Television series characters ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) The Ingalls family ( edit ) Name Seasons No. of episodes Portrayer Character summary Charles Ingalls 1 -- 9 161 Michael Landon Farmer ; husband and father Caroline Ingalls 1 -- 8 172 Karen Grassle Wife and mother Laura Ingalls Wilder 1 -- 9 190 Melissa Gilbert Second daughter ; Later Almanzo 's wife and Rose 's mother ; nicknamed `` Half - pint '' by Charles and `` Beth '' by Almanzo Mary Ingalls 1 -- 8 133 Melissa Sue Anderson Oldest child Carrie Ingalls 1 -- 8 164 Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush Third daughter Charles Ingalls Jr . Unknown Baby son , died as an infant Grace Ingalls 5 -- 8 60 Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh Fourth daughter Albert Quinn Ingalls 5 -- 9 89 Matthew Labyorteaux Adopted son James Cooper / Ingalls 7 -- 8 21 Jason Bateman Adopted after parents were killed in a wagon accident Cassandra Cooper / Ingalls 7 -- 8 21 Missy Francis Same as above The in - laws ( edit ) Name Seasons No. of episodes Portrayer Character summary Almanzo Wilder 6 -- 9 65 Dean Butler Farmer ; Laura 's husband ( season 7 ) ; Rose 's father ; Nicknamed `` Manly '' by Laura Adam Kendall 4 -- 8 35 Linwood Boomer Teacher of the blind ; Mary 's husband ( season 5 ) Adam Kendall Jr . 6 Unknown Adam and Mary 's son ; dies in fire with Alice Garvey Jenny Wilder 9 18 Shannen Doherty Almanzo 's niece , whom he gets custody of after his brother / her father Royal dies Rose Wilder 8 -- 9 17 Jennifer and Michele Steffin Almanzo and Laura 's daughter Eliza Jane Wilder 6 -- 8 14 Lucy Lee Flippin Teacher ; Almanzo 's older sister Townsfolk ( edit ) Name Seasons No. of episodes Portrayer Character summary Nels Oleson 1 -- 9 147 Richard Bull Mercantile proprietor ; husband and father Harriet Oleson 1 -- 9 153 Katherine MacGregor Mercantile proprietor ; wife and mother Nellie Oleson 1 -- 9 104 Alison Arngrim Oldest child of Nels and Harriet Willie Oleson 1 -- 9 140 Jonathan Gilbert Son of Nels and Harriet Nancy Oleson 8 -- 9 33 Allison Balson Adopted daughter of Nels and Harriet Percival Dalton / Isaac Cohen 6 -- 7 11 Steve Tracy Nellie 's husband Rachel Brown Oleson 9 Sherri Stoner Willie 's wife Dr. Hiram Baker 1 -- 9 113 Kevin Hagen Town physician Reverend Robert Alden 1 -- 9 76 Dabbs Greer Church minister Melinda Foster 1 -- 9 61 Ruth Foster Post office manager Isaiah Edwards 1 -- 3 , 6 , 8 -- 9 52 Victor French Charles 's best friend Grace Snider Edwards 1 -- 6 23 Bonnie Bartlett / Corinne Camacho Wife of Isaiah Edwards John Sanderson Edwards 2 -- 4 8 Radames Pera Oldest child adopted by Isaiah & Grace Edwards Alicia Sanderson Edwards 2 -- 3 , 5 , 8 19 Kyle Richards Youngest child , Adopted daughter of Isaiah & Grace Edwards Carl Sanderson Edwards 2 -- 4 19 Brian Part Middle child adopted by Isaiah & Grace Edwards Matthew Rogers 9 5 Jonathan Hall Kovacs Young boy that is taken care of by Isaiah Edwards ( season 9 ) Jonathan Garvey 4 -- 7 51 Merlin Olsen Farmer ; husband and father Alice Garvey 4 -- 6 33 Hersha Parady Wife and mother ; teacher ; dies in fire with Adam Kendall Jr . Andy Garvey 4 -- 7 43 Patrick Labyorteaux Son of Jonathan and Alice Eva Beadle Simms 1 -- 4 45 Charlotte Stewart School teacher Adam Simms Joshua Bryant Miss Beadle 's husband Lars Hanson 1 -- 5 41 Karl Swenson Lumber mill owner ; a founder of Walnut Grove Hester - Sue Terhune 4 -- 9 40 Ketty Lester Head of the school for the blind John Carter 9 19 Stan Ivar Blacksmith ; husband and father Sarah Carter 9 15 Pamela Roylance Starts a newspaper ; wife and mother Jeb Carter 9 18 Lindsay Kennedy Older son of John and Sarah Jason Carter 9 18 David Friedman Younger son of John and Sarah Susan Goodspeed 4 -- 7 16 Michelle Downey Student at the school for the blind Etta Plum 9 15 Leslie Landon School teacher Christy Kennedy 1 -- 2 10 Tracie Savage Schoolgirl Sandy Kennedy Robert Hoffman Schoolboy ; Christy 's brother Hans Dorfler 1 -- 4 , 6 9 Jim Jeter Resident of Walnut Grove ; a stable - owner Bill Anderson 6 -- 9 6 Sam Edwards Banker of Walnut Grove Joe Kagan 4 -- 5 , 7 5 Moses Gunn Aging boxer who retires to farm life in Walnut Grove Judd Larrabee 4 -- 5 5 Don `` Red '' Barry Resident of Walnut Grove Mrs. Amanda `` May '' Whipple 1 -- 4 5 Queenie Smith Resident of Walnut Grove ; local seamstress Mr. Kennedy Wayne Heffley Resident of Walnut Grove ; father of Christy and Sandy Mrs. Kennedy 1 -- 2 Eileen Ryan ( season 1 ) , Janice Carroll ( season 2 ) Resident of Walnut Grove ; mother of Christy and Sandy Ebenezer Sprague 2 -- 3 Ted Gehring Banker of Walnut Grove Houston Lamb 6 -- 7 Dub Taylor Works and lives at the school for the blind in Sleepy Eye Henry Riley 4 -- 9 15 Dan McBride recurring role - customer in Nellie 's Restaurant arguing Kezia Horn 4 -- 5 Hermione Baddeley Resident of Walnut Grove and friend of Laura and Albert Non-recurring characters ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Season one ( edit ) Episode 6 Miss Amy Hearn ( played by Josephine Hutchinson ) Episode 7 Olga Nordstrom ( played by Kim Richards ) Episode 9 Abel Makay ( played by Dirk Blocker ) Episode 11 Tinker Jones ( played by Chuck McCann ) Episode 14 Jonathan ( played by Ernest Borgnine ) Episode 19 Willie O'Hara ( played by Red Buttons ) Episode 20 Graham Stewart ( played by Johnny Lee ) John Stewart ( played by Harris Yulin ) Episode 21 Trudy Coulter ( played by Julie Cobb ) Joseph Coulter ( played by Alan Fudge ) Episode 22 Jack Lame Horse ( played by Robert Tessier ) Marshal Anders ( played by Jack Ging ) Episode 23 Hiram Johnson ( played by Hal Bokar ) Mimi ( played by Jane Alice Brandon ) Episode 24 Jim Tyler ( played by Forrest Tucker ) Helen Tyler ( played by Ann Doran ) Season two ( edit ) Episode 4 Jebediah Mumfort ( played by Karl Lukas ) Margaret Mumfort ( played by June Dayton ) Slick McBurney ( played by Gregory Walcott ) Episode 5 Amos Pike ( played by John Anderson ) Episode 7 Julia Sanderson ( played by Patricia Neal ) Episode 10 Jonah ( played by Shane Sinutko ) Episode 17 Hannibal Applewood ( played by Richard Basehart ) Episode 18 Henry Hill ( played by Louis Gossett Jr ) Episode 19 Elizabeth Thurman ( played by Mariette Hartley ) Episode 20 Yuli Pyatakov ( played by Theodore Bikel ) Viktor Pyatakov ( played by Ike Eisenmann ) Fanya Pyatakov ( played by Lisa Pera ) Episode 21 Granville Whipple ( played by Richard Mulligan ) Season three ( edit ) Episode 1 Caleb Hodgekiss ( played by Johnny Cash ) Mattie Hodgekiss ( played by June Carter Cash ) Episode 4 Wendell Loudy ( played by John Ireland ) Episode 6 Young Charles Ingalls ( played by Matthew Labyorteaux ) Lansford Ingalls ( played by Arthur Hill ) Laura Colby Ingalls ( played by Jan Sterling ) Eliza Ann Ingalls ( played by Hersha Parady ) Peter Ingalls ( played by Mark Lenard ) Episode 9 Bubba Galinder ( played by Michael LeClair ) George Galinder ( played by Roy Jenson ) Sam Galinder ( played by Geoffrey Lewis ) Episode 10 Sam Shelby ( played by Burl Ives ) Episode 14 Ginny Clark ( played by Rachel Longaker ) Harold Mayfield ( played by Warren Vanders ) Della Clark ( played by Kay Peters ) Episode 15 Joseph Spotted Eagle Stokes ( played by Caesar Ramirez ) Seth ( played by Willie Aames ) Jeremy Stokes ( played by George Murdock ) Episode 18 Solomon Henry ( played by Todd Bridges ) Mrs. Henry ( played by Maidie Norman ) Jackson Henry ( played by David Downing ) Kramer ( played by Frederic Downs ) Dr. Tane ( played by Don Pedro Colley ) Episode 19 Anna Gillberg ( played by Katy Kurtzman ) Episode 20 Elmer Dobkins ( played by Eric Olson ) Sam Dobkins ( played by Charles Aidman ) Ellen Dobkins ( played by Mitzi Hoag ) Episode 21 Zachariah ( played by E.J. Andre ) Rev. Phillips ( played by Larry Golden ) Ben Griffin ( played by Larry Pennell ) Season four ( edit ) Episode 3 Ellen Taylor ( played by Mia Bendixsen ) Eloise Taylor ( played by Corinne Michaels ) Cal Taylor ( played by James Wainwright ) Episode 4 Chris Nelson ( played by Gil Gerard ) Episode 6 Bailey Farrell ( played by Bernard Behrens ) Timothy Farrell ( played by Johnny Doran ) Episode 7 Stanley Novack ( played by Michael Pataki ) Beth Novack ( played by Collin Wilcox ) Jed Haney ( played by Eddie Quillan ) Dr. Asa T Logan ( played by Burr DeBenning ) Episode 8 Mr. Dankworth ( played by Dennis Rucker ) Mr. Hobbs ( played by John Bennett Perry ) Bob Ford ( played by Tony Marks ) Lewis Ford ( played by Frank Marth ) Episode 9 Judge Picker ( played by Eddie Quillan ) Episode 14 Samantha Higgins ( played by Seeley Ann Thumann ) Jimmy Hill ( played by Chris Petersen ) Episode 15 Nats Rachel Peal ( played by Anita Dangler ) Caleb Fisher ( played by John McLiam ) Katie Fisher ( played by Linda McMillan ) Ellen Fisher ( played by Dee Croxton ) Episode 16 Jordan Harrison ( played by Ronnie Scribner ) Young Caroline ( played by Katy Kurtzman ) Younger Laura Colby Ingalls ( played by Sarah Miller ) Mr. Watson ( played by Sorrell Booke ) Harold Watson ( played by Adam Gunn ) Peter Ingalls ( played by David Considine ) Henry Quiner - Holbrook ( played by Gregg Forrest ) Polly Ingalls ( played by Robin Muir ) Eliza Ann Quiner - Holbrook ( played by Kristi Jill Wood ) Lansford Ingalls ( played by Nicolas Coster ) Charlotte Holbrook ( played by Virginia Kiser ) Young Charles Ingalls ( played by Matthew Labyorteaux ) Episode 17 Bobby Harris ( played by Michael Mullins ) Anna Mears ( played by Lenora May ) Shaniel Mears ( played by Donald Moffat ) Rev. Pritchard ( played by Woodrow Parfrey ) Episode 21 Dr. Burke ( played by Ford Rainey ) Miseth Barton ( played by Rob Kenneally ) Season five ( edit ) Episode 4 John Bevins ( played by Cliff Emmich ) Bess Bevins ( played by Kate Woodville ) Amelia Bevins ( played by Julie Ann Haddock ) Episode 5 Toby Noe ( played by Ray Bolger ) Episode 8 Erich Schiller ( played by Ike Eisenmann ) Otto Schiller ( played by King Moody ) Anna Schiller ( played by Lisa Pera ) Episode 15 Isaac Singerman ( played by John Bleifer ) Aaron Singerman ( played by Alvin Kupperman ) Episode 18 Miss Elliot ( played by Ellen Regan ) Holly ( played by Martha Nix ) Giles Kendall ( played by Philip Abbott ) Episode 20 Adele Larrabee ( played by Joan Tompkins -- wife of Karl Swenson ) Episode 22 Leslie Harper ( played by Jenny Sullivan ) Samantha Harper ( played by Kyle Richards ) Bret Harper ( played by Charles Cioffi ) Thomas Harper ( played by Bobby Rolofson ) Episode 24 Dylan Whitaker ( played by Steve Shaw ) Season six ( edit ) Episode 3 Jeremy Quinn ( played by Michael Pataki ) Episode 6 Russell Harmon ( played by William Schallert ) Anna Craig Alden ( played by Iris Korn ) Episode 9 Milo Stavroupolis ( played by Leo Gordon ) Anna Stavroupolis ( played by Nora Meerbaum ) Episode 10 Rev. Danforth ( played by James Olson ) Episode 12 Harold ( played by Royal Dano ) Episode 13 Tod Dortmunder ( played by Timothy Wead ) Brewster Davenport ( played by Malcolm Atterbury ) Virginia Davenport ( played by Susan French ) Episode 20 Penelope Parker ( played by Stacey Sipes ) Episode 21 Molly Reardon ( played by Suzanne Rogers ) Episode 22 Miss Trimble ( played by Lucille Benson ) Season seven ( edit ) Episode 1 Harv Miller ( played by James Cromwell ) Episode 4 Dan Ellerbee ( played by James Jarnagin ) Pete Ellerbee ( played by William Traylor ) Episode 6 Annie Crane ( played by Madeleine Stowe ) Episode 7 Brenda Sue Longworth ( played by Tisch Raye ) Episode 8 Leslie Barton ( played by Suzy Gilstrap ) Episode 9 Kavendish ( played by Eddie Quillan ) Episode 15 Hertzell Lundy ( played by Mel Stewart ) Episode 17 Sylvia Webb ( played by Olivia Barash ) Mr. Webb ( played by Royal Dano ) Irv Hartwig ( played by Richard Jaeckel ) Episode 19 Edgar Mills ( played by Jeff Corey ) Edna Mills ( played by Barbara Collentine -- wife of Richard Bull ) Episode 21 Mr Case ( played by Ivan Bonar ) Jed Cooper ( played by EJ Andre ) Sarah Cooper ( played by ME Loree ) Alvin Cooper ( played by George McDaniel ) Episode 22 Isaiah Tompkins ( played by Len Wayland ) Season eight ( edit ) Episode 1 Miss Mason ( played by Elizabeth Hoffman ) Michele Pierson ( played by Melora Hardin ) Episode 4 Dr. Caleb Ledoux ( played by Don Marshall ) Mattie Ledoux ( played by Marlene Warfield ) Episode 5 Mortimer Carstairs ( played by Patrick Collins ) Ralph Waldo Emerson ( played by George Petrie ) Episode 6 Amy Cassidy ( played by Martha Nix ) Rodolfo Gambini ( played by Jack Kruschen ) Ana Rosa Gambini ( played by Gloria Manos ) Marco Gambini ( played by Stephen Manley ) Stefano Gambini ( played by Robert Torti ) Episode 7 Max ( played by Todd Susman ) Georgie ( played by Royce D. Applegate ) Episode 8 Callahan ( played by M. Emmet Walsh ) Episode 9 Elmer Miles ( played by J. Brennan Smith ) Episode 10 Major Guffey ( played by Laurie Main ) Episode 12 Gideon Hale ( played by Peter Billingsley ) Braden Hale ( played by Dennis Howard ) Mrs. Hale ( played by Jennifer Rhodes ) Episode 14 Jack Prescott ( played by Claude Earl Jones ) Episode 16 Sam Terhune ( played by J.A. Preston ) Naomi Terhune ( played by Marguerite DeLain ) Episode 20 Sherman Andruss ( played by Dennis Lipscomb ) Helen Andruss ( played by Judith Weston ) Louisa Beckwith ( played by Ruth Silveira ) Horace Beckwith ( played by Calvin Bartlett ) Nora Cramer ( played by Betty McGuire ) Episode 21 Danny ( played by Georg Olden ) Episode 22 Old Man ( played by Don Beddoe ) Season nine ( edit ) Episode 3 Lem McCary ( played by Lew Ayres ) Jess Moffet ( played by Charles Lane ) Episode 4 Thomas Stark ( played by Robert Loggia ) Constance Stark ( played by Michele Marsh ) Elizabeth Stark ( played by Tammy Lauren ) Randall Page ( played by Ronnie Scribner ) Episode 5 Lou Bates ( played by Billy Barty ) Mrs. Bates ( played by Susan French ) Episode 10 Jane Canfield ( played by Jill Schoelen ) Episode 12 Dr. Marvin Haynes ( played by Ralph Bellamy ) Episode 13 Linda McAndrews ( played by Sheila Larken ) Elliott Reed ( played by John McLiam ) Episode 14 Cole Younger ( played by Geoffrey Lewis ) Bart Younger ( played by Robert Donner ) Lonnie Younger ( played by Timothy Scott ) Episode 16 Matthew Rogers ( played by Jonathan Hall Kovacs ) Episode 19 Ruthy Leland ( played by Vera Miles ) Dewey ( played by Eric Christmas ) Episode 20 Buffalo Bill ( played by Eddie Quillan ) Episode 21 Mae Flannery ( played by Barbara Townsend ) Episode 22 Philip Rogers ( played by Robert Darnell ) Sherwood Montague ( played by Robert Casper ) Post-series movies ( edit ) Little House : The Last Farewell Nathan Lassiter ( played by James Karen ) Animals ( edit ) Dogs : Jack and Bandit Horses : Pat and Patty Pony : Bunny Goat : Fred Ingalls 's and Wilder 's genealogy ( edit ) The Ingalls family ( edit ) Charles Ingalls Caroline Lake Quiner James Wilder Angeline Day Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Charles Frederic Ingalls Grace Ingalls Laura Wilder Royal Wilder Eliza Jane Wilder Alice Wilder Perley Wilder ( ( ( ) ) ) Laura Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Son died shortly after birth was unnamed Ingalls line : Henry Ingalls and Joan / Johan Wytton Robert Ingalls ( 1563 - 1617 ) and Elizabeth x ( 1567 - 1631 ) Edmund Ingalls ( 1598 - 1648 ) and Ann Tripp ( 1599 - 1648 ) Henry Ingalls ( 1627 - 1718 ) and Mary Osgood ( 1633 - 1686 ) Samuel Ingalls ( 1654 - 1733 ) and Sarah Hendrick ( 1661 - 1738 ) Samuel Ingalls Jr. ( 1683 - 1747 ) and Mary E. Watts ( 1687 - ? ) Timothy Ingalls ( 1720 - 1757 ) and ? Delano line : Jonathan Delano ( b. 1647 ) and Mercy Warren ( 1658 -- 1727 ) ( gdau. of Richard Warren of the Mayflower ) Jonathan Delano ( b. 1680 ) and Amy Hatch ( b. 1687 ) Jabez Delano ( b. 1708 ) and Prudence Hibbard ( b. 1711 ) Colby line : Matthew Colby ( b. 1530 ) and ( from 1555 ) Mary ( last name unknown ) ( b. 1532 ) Thomas Colby ( b. 1567 ) and ( from May 4 , 1596 ) Anne Jackson ( b. 1571 ) Anthony Colby ( b. 1605 ) and ( from 1632 ) Susanna Haddon ( b. 1608 ) John Colby ( b. 1633 ) and ( from January 14 , 1655 ) Frances Hoyt ( b. 1636 ) John Colby ( b. 1656 ) and ( from December 27 , 1675 ) Sarah Eldridge ( b. 1658 ) Joseph Colby ( b. 1680 ) and ( from November 22 , 1704 ) Anne Bartlett ( b. 1684 ) Nathan Colby ( b. 1710 ) and ( from December 18 , 1735 ) Hannah Worthen ( b. 1716 ) Jonathan Ingalls ( 1750 -- 1834 ) & Martha Jane Locke ( 1753 -- 1785 ) Jonathan Delano ( 1735 -- 1811 ) & Anne Ladd ( 1734 -- 1816 ) Ezekiel Colby ( 1739 -- 1791 ) & Sally Fowler ( 1734 -- 1834 ) Elijah Blood ( 1748 -- 1826 ) & Eunice Sleeman ( 1758 -- 1811 ) Samuel Ingalls ( 1771 -- 1841 ) Margaret Delano ( 1773 -- 1837 ) Nathan Colby ( 1778 -- 1857 ) Eunice Blood ( 1782 -- 1862 ) Lansford Ingalls ( 1812 -- 1896 ) Laura Colby ( 1810 -- 1883 ) Peter Ingalls ( 1833 -- 1900 ) `` baby boy '' Ingalls ( 1835 -- 1835 ) Charles Ingalls ( 1836 -- 1902 ) Lydia Ingalls ( 1838 -- 1913 ) Polly Ingalls ( 1840 -- 1886 ) Lansford Ingalls ( 1842 -- 1928 ) Laura Ingalls ( 1845 -- 1918 ) Hiram Ingalls ( 1848 -- 1923 ) George Ingalls ( 1851 -- 1901 ) Ruby Ingalls ( 1855 -- 1881 ) Based on the data from : The Genealogy of Almanzo and Laura Ingalls Wilder Peter Riley Ingalls ( 1833 -- 1900 ) -- born in Cuba , New York . On June 5 , 1861 , in Brookfield , Wisconsin married Eliza Ann Quiner ( see : The Quiners ) and they had 6 children ( see below ) . They left Pepin in 1874 , together with Laura 's family , and stopped in Zumbro Falls , Minnesota . Next they moved to South Troy , Minnesota where the Ingalls visited them for some time ( in 1876 ) . Alice Josephine Ingalls ( 23 Apr 1862 -- 30 Jan 1934 ) -- married Arthur Whiting . They had five children , born between 1883 and 1899 . Ella Estella Ingalls ( 23 Jan 1865 -- 9 Mar 1945 ) -- married Leslie Lee Whiting and had four children , born between 1885 and 1894 . She spent some time in DeSmet , with her husband and the eldest baby Earl Leland . Peter Franklin Ingalls ( 16 Nov 1866 -- 23 Sep 1932 ) -- lived with Laura and Almanzo in De Smet for a while . Married Mary Edith `` Molly '' McGowin and they had seven children . Lansford Newcomb Ingalls ( b . 5 Apr 1870 ) , Edith Florence `` Dolly Varden '' ( 23 Jun 1872 -- 13 Jul 1951 ) , on 9 Jun 1892 married Heil Nelson Bingham and they had eight children , born between 1893 and 1912 . Edmond Llewellyn Ingalls ( b . 26 Aug 1880 ) , married Edith Mae Ide and they had 6 children . ( Lois Ingalls Gibson , Herbert Ingalls , Wallace Ingalls , Margaret Ingalls Cowsar and William Ingalls ) . `` baby boy '' Ingalls ( 1835 -- 1835 ) . Died at approximately two weeks of age , of `` convulsions '' , and had not been named yet . Charles Phillip Ingalls ( 1836 -- 1902 ) -- Laura 's father Mary Laura Carrie Freddie Grace Lydia Louise Ingalls ( 1838 -- 1913 ) -- on 15 Jan 1856 , she married Robert Fulton Clough and later -- in 1859 , Joseph Stouff . She had five children , first of whom was Clough 's . Issac Lafayette Clough ( b. 1857 , got married in 1876 ) Robert Stouff Minnie Stouff -- married a man with the surname Phillips . Amy Stouff Amos Alvin Stouff Polly Melona Ingalls ( 1840 -- 1886 ) -- born in Cuba , New York . In 1859 married Henry Odin Quiner ( see : The Quiners ) and they had six children ( see below ) . The family left Pepin with Laura 's family in 1868 and both families stopped in Rothville , Missouri . In 1869 they returned to Pepin . Some time later they went West . Louisa Quiner ( b . 1860 ) , Charles Quiner ( b . 1862 ) , Albert Quiner ( b . 1865 ) , Charlotte `` Lottie '' Quiner ( b . 1867 ) , Ruby Quiner Lillian Quiner Lansford James Ingalls ( 1842 -- 1928 ) -- was married twice ; to Sarah Dickinson ( 1846 -- 1897 ) and later to Mary Dickinson . Both of them were born in England . Samuel James Ingalls Sara Belle Ingalls William Walter Ingalls Mary Elizabeth Ingalls Edward Eugene Ingalls Horace Foster Ingalls Andrew Jackson Ingalls -- had a son Olive May Ingalls Martha Esther Ingalls Laura Ladocia `` Docia '' Ingalls ( 1845 -- 1918 ) -- married August Waldvogel ( divorced later ) and the couple had two children ( see below ) . Next she married Hiram `` Hi '' Forbes and they had 7 daughters . Hiram was a contractor for the Chicago and North Western Railway . They spent some time in DeSmet with the Ingalls but soon moved to Nebraska . They lost contact . Hiram died in 1906 . Lena Waldvogel ( 1866 -- 1943 ) August Eugene `` Jean '' Waldvogel ( b . 1870 ) . Hiram Lemuel Ingalls ( 1848 -- 1923 ) -- on 18 Oct 1867 , married Sarah Elizabeth Woodward ( 1847 -- 1910 ) and on 27 Feb 1919 -- Ellen Parker Laura Eliza Ingalls Ruby Evaline Ingalls Phillip L. Ingalls Sarah Jeanette Ingalls Mary Rose Ellen Ingalls Hiram LeRoy `` Roy '' Ingalls Leo Vincent Ingalls George Whiting Ingalls ( 1851 -- 1901 ) Ruby Celestia Ingalls ( 1855 -- 1881 ) ( Father of the children unknown ) George Dolly Warden Sherman The Quiner family ( edit ) William Quiner ( 1773 -- 1831 ) Margaret Doer ( 1774 -- 1839 ) Lewis Tucker ( 1779 -- 1870 ) Martha Gráinne Morse ( 1772 -- 1862 ) Henry Quiner ( 1809 -- 1844 ) Charlotte Tucker ( 1809 -- 1884 ) Frederic M. Holbrook ( 1819 - 1874 ) Martha Quiner ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Joseph Quiner ( 1834 -- 1862 ) Henry Quiner ( 1835 -- 1880 ) Martha Quiner ( 1837 -- 1927 ) Caroline Quiner ( 1839 -- 1924 ) Eliza Quiner ( 1842 -- 1931 ) Thomas Quiner ( 1844 -- 1903 ) Charlotte Holbrook ( 1854 -- 1939 ) ( Laura 's maternal great - great - grandparents ) Allan Alexander Morse and Margaret Drummond * These are fictional names . Real names unknown . ( Laura 's maternal great - grandparents ) Lewis Tucker ( 1779 -- 1870 ) and Martha Gráinne Morse ( 1772 -- 1862 ) William Quiner ( 1773 -- 1831 ) and Margaret Doer ( 1774 -- 1839 ) ( Laura 's maternal grandparents ) Charlotte Tucker and Henry Quiner THEIR CHILDREN ( Laura 's aunts and uncles ) : Martha Morse Quiner ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Joseph Carpenter Quiner ( 1834 -- 1862 ) . He married Nancy Frank in Wisconsin in 1856 . Died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Shiloh . Henry Odin Quiner ( 1835 -- 1880 ) -- born on December 7 in Ohio . He married Polly Ingalls ( for more -- see above ) Martha Jane Quiner ( 1837 -- 1927 ) -- married Charles Carpenter in 1860 . William Augustus ( 1861 -- 1884 ) Joseph Quiner ( 1863 -- 1923 ) married Elizabeth C. Reese . Phoebe Quiner Joseph Quiner Elizabeth Quiner Clara Quiner Martha Quiner Charles Quiner Theodore Quiner Donald Quiner Lillian Quiner Emilie Quiner Lettice `` Lottie '' Jane ( 1864 -- 1949 ) Nancy Cora ( 1865 -- 1955 ) Martha Eliza ( 1868 -- 1871 ) Millicent Ann ( 1869 -- 1960 ) Charles Carr ( 1871 -- 1918 ) Emma Bertha ( 1873 -- 1955 ) Etta Minerva ( 1874 -- 1899 ) Martha Josephine ( 1876 -- 1962 ) Marion Caroline ( 1879 -- 1939 ) Myrtie Emmeline ( 1879 -- 1956 ) Thomas Quiner ( 1882 -- 1944 ) George Lockwood ( 1882 -- 1954 ) Caroline Lake Quiner ( December 12 , 1839 -- April 20 , 1924 ) -- Laura 's mother Eliza Ann Quiner ( 1842 -- 1931 ) -- born on April 21 in Brookfield , Wisconsin . Both families -- the Ingalls and the Quiners -- moved several times and stopped finally in Jefferson County , Wisconsin . Eliza married Peter Ingalls in Concord , Wisconsin , on June 5 , 1861 ( for more -- see above ) . Thomas Lewis Quiner ( 1844 -- 1903 ) -- born on November 23 . He married Lillian Graham Hill . They lived for some time in DeSmet . Died in an accident at the Columbia River on February 23 , 1903 . Helen Marion Quiner Alice Quiner Donald Quiner Dugold Lewis Quiner Lillian Josephine Quiner John Hill Quiner ( born in 1902 or 1903 ) . Henry Quiner died in October 1844 in the sinking of a trading ship on the Great Lakes . Charlotte Tucker Quiner remarried , to Frederic Holbrook , and they had one child Charlotte E. `` Lottie '' Holbrook ( January 20 , 1854 -- February 15 , 1939 ) . She married Henry Moore ( b . 1852 ) in 1875 . Frederick Moore ( b . 1878 ) Arvin Moore ( b . 1880 ) Harry C. Moore ( b . 1882 ) Ralph Moore ( b . 1887 ) Pearl Eva Moore ( b . 1888 ) Charlotte Tucker ( edit ) Lewis Tucker Martha Morse ( 1782 -- 1862 ) Betsy Tucker ( 1800 -- ? ) Lewis Tucker ( 1802 -- ? ) Linus Tucker ( 1802 -- ? ) Lydia Tucker ( 1805 -- ? ) Thomas Tucker ( 1807 -- ? ) Charlotte Tucker ( 1809 -- 1884 ) Caroline Tucker ( 1811 -- ? ) Mary Tucker ( 1813 -- ? ) Nancy Tucker ( 1816 -- ? ) George Tucker ( 1820 -- 1821 ) Charlotte Wallis Tucker was born on May 25 , 1809 in Roxbury , Massachusetts ( a suburb of Boston ) . She died September 20 , 1884 in Rome , Wisconsin . Her mostly fictionalised story was described in the four - book series The Charlotte Years by Melissa Wiley . Charlotte was maternal grandmother to Laura Ingalls Wilder . As a young woman , Charlotte married Henry Newton Quiner from Connecticut . She was the first woman in her family to travel west , living in Ohio and Indiana before settling in the frontier town of Brookfield , Wisconsin . Martha Morse ( edit ) Allan Alexander Morse Margaret Drummond Grisell `` Grisie '' Morse ( b . 1774 ) Alisdair Morse ( b. 1776 ) Robert `` Robbie '' Morse ( b. 1778 ) Duncan Morse ( b. 1780 ) Martha Morse ( 1782 -- 1862 ) Martha Morse was born on January 2 , 1782 in Scotland , where her father was a wealthy landowners in the Scottish Highlands . Her mostly fictionalised story was told in the four - book series The Martha Years , by Melissa Wiley . Martha was Charlotte Tucker 's mother and great - grandmother to Laura Ingalls Wilder . Martha married Lewis Tucker , a blacksmith 's son . Lewis and Martha travelled to the United States and began their new life near Boston , Massachusetts , becoming the first of Laura 's ancestors to immigrate to America . The Wilder family ( edit ) Main article : Wilder family Daniel Wilder ( 1764 -- 1851 ) Mary Polly Gould ( 1765 -- 1828 ) Thomas Payne Sarah Stewart Mason Abel Wilder ( 1784 -- 1849 ) Hannah Payne ( 1790 -- 1842 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1809 -- 1815 ) Thomas Payne Wilder ( 1811 -- ? ) James Mason Wilder ( 1812 -- ? ) Hannah Payne Wilder ( 1814 -- 1891 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1816 -- 1887 ) Phoebe Wilder ( 1821 -- 1890 ) Polly Maria Wilder ( 1824 -- 1851 ) William Wilder ( 1828 -- 1909 ) Sarah Charlotte Wilder ( 1820 -- 1892 ) Joshua Prince Wilder ( 1832 -- 1832 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1809 -- 1815 ) Thomas Payne Wilder ( 1811 -- ? ) James Mason Wilder ( 1812 -- ? ) -- Almanzo 's father . Married Angeline Albina Day . Laura Ann Wilder ( 1844 -- 1899 ) -- born June 15 , 1844 , in 1874 married Harrison Lomanzo Howard . Kearny Howard ( step - child , born c. 1869 ) Angelina Esther Howard ( 1876 -- 1964 ) , in 1897 married Fred Merritt . Ralph Merritt Ethel Merritt Howard Merritt Harrison J. Howard ( 1878 -- 1918 ) Josephine Howard ( 1880 -- 1918 ) , married to William Walker Ralph Waldo Howard ( 1881 -- 1934 ) , married to Estelle C . Charles E. Howard ( 1908 -- 1978 ) Clarence Howard ( 1909 -- 1913 ) James J. Howard ( 1911 -- 1981 ) Ralph R. Howard ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Ralph Waldo Howard ( 1914 -- 1976 ) Paul Martin Howard ( 1920 -- 1923 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1847 -- 1925 ) , born February 20 , 1847 . In 1893 , married Electa Averill Hutchison . Ethel Hutchinson ( step - child , died 1905 ) , married Willard Stevens ( died in 1928 ) Clyde Hutchinson ( step - child ) , married Edna Baily Rae Hutchinson ( step - child ) , married Bertha Luedtke ( died 1910 ) Mae Hutchinson ( step - child ) , in 1912 married George Pooler Angeline Bernice Wilder ( 1894 -- 1957 ) , in 1917 married Arlow Laging and in 1929 , George Granger . `` baby girl '' Wilder ( stillborn in 1897 ) Susan E. Wilder ( 1898 -- 1899 ) Eliza Jane Wilder ( 1850 -- 1930 ) , born January 3 , 1850 . In 1893 , married Thomas Jefferson Thayer and in 1904 , Maxwell Gordon . Died in Los Angeles . Walcott Wilder Thayer ( 1894 -- 1965 ) , in 1918 married Frances Cockrell . Walter Thayer -- married Elaine Ditch Cynthia Thayer Walter Thayer Francis Gervaise Thayer -- married Alena ( last name unknown ) . Thomas Thayer Larry Thayer Betty Mae Thayer -- married a man with the surname Raymond , and later , a man with the surname Huey . Cynthia Raymond Walter Raymond David Huey Joan Huey Donald Huey Alice Wilder ( 1853 -- 1892 ) , born September 3 , 1853 . In 1879 married Albert A. Baldwin ( 1848 -- 1905 ) . Died in Florida . Myrtle Baldwin ( 1880 -- 1945 ) , married to John R. Brown Leland Edward Baldwin ( 1884 -- 1913 ) Almanzo Wilder ( 1857 -- 1949 ) Perley Day Wilder ( 1869 -- 1934 ) , born June 13 , 1869 , In 1897 married Elsie Lillian Merritt ( 1879 -- 1948 ) . Died in Los Angeles . James Wilder ( 1903 -- ? ) , married Thelma Gricourt Gladys Wilder ( 1905 -- ? ) Harold Wilder ( 1909 -- ? ) Perley Wilder Jr. , ( 1912 -- 1977 ) , married to Ethel Smith , and later , Dolores Moore Dorothy Wilder ( 1914 -- 1966 ) . Married to Carl Pittman John Wilder ( 1916 -- 1916 ) Hannah Payne Wilder ( 1814 -- 1891 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1816 -- 1887 ) -- born after his eldest brother 's death ( and so named after him ) . He became a reverend and married Eliza Jane Smith . Robert Wilder Grace Wilder William Wilder Edward Wilder Mary Jane Wilder Phoebe Wilder ( 1821 -- 1890 ) -- married Joseph C. Lamson . Chester Lamson ( 1854 -- 1934 ) -- married Catherine McDonough . Mabel Lamson ( 1888 -- 1982 ) Charles Lamson Gussie Lamson `` baby girl '' Lamson Polly Maria Wilder ( 1824 -- 1851 ) William Wilder ( 1828 -- 1909 ) Sarah Charlotte Wilder ( 1820 -- 1892 ) -- married Andrew Day ( her sister - in - law 's -- Almanzo 's mother -- brother ) Carrie May Day ( 1856 -- 1898 ) -- married Orville Everett . Frances Everett -- married a man with the last name of Smith . Dorothy Belle Smith Elmer A. Day ( 1862 -- 1947 ) -- married to Mary MacMaster ( 1864 -- 1945 ) Willard R. Day ( 1858 -- 1891 ) -- married Emma Hubbard Grace Day ( 1864 -- 1894 ) -- married to Grant Collins Joshua Prince Wilder ( 1832 -- 1832 ) The Day family ( edit ) Justin Day , I unknown unknown unknown Justin Day , II ( 1790 -- 1861 ) Diadema Bateman ( 1794 -- 1868 ) Laura Day ( 1819 -- ? ) Delia Day ( 1824 -- ? ) Angelina Albina Day ( 1821 -- ? ) Calinda A. Day ( 1826 -- ? ) Andrew Day ( 1828 -- ? ) John Wesley Day ( 1829 -- 1907 ) George W. Day ( 1821 -- 1872 ) Laura Day ( 1819 -- ? ) Delia Day ( 1824 -- ? ) Angelina Albina Day ( 1821 -- ? ) -- married James Mason Wilder and they had six children , including Almanzo James Wilder ( Laura Ingalls Wilder 's husband ) . For more information , see above . Celinda A. Day ( 1826 -- ? ) Andrew Day ( 1828 -- ? ) -- married Sarah Charlotte Wilder ( 1820 -- 1892 ) and they had four children . For more information , see the Wilders ' tree above ( since Sarah was a sister of Almanzo 's father ) . John Wesley Day ( 1829 -- 1907 ) -- married Alcesta Lindy . Fred Day Frank Day Albert Day Wilton Day George W. Day ( 1831 -- 1873 ) Neighbors , friends and acquaintances ( edit ) Real people ( edit ) Robert and Ellie Boast , were neighbors and friends of the Ingalls family . Reverend Edward Brown , was the reverend and Ingalls 's neighbour in De Smet , South Dakota Ida Wright - Brown , was an adopted daughter of the Reverend and Laura 's school friend in De Smet Oscar Edmund `` Cap '' Garland was one of the male school friends of Laura . He saved the town from starvation by going 15 miles to find wheat in a blizzard , along with Almanzo Wilder . Florence Adelia Garland Dawley was a teacher in De Smet and an older sister of Cap Garland . Mary Power , was Laura 's friend in De Smet Neta Seal , was a real - life close friend of grown - up Laura in Mansfield , Missouri Dr. Tann , was the Indian 's doctor in Kansas , during Ingalls 's stay there Characters based on real people ( edit ) Lew Brewster was a pseudonym for Louis Bouchie , a homesteader who offered Laura her first teaching job . Mr. Edwards , Ingalls 's fictional friend The Kennedy Family were the Ingalls 's neighbors in Walnut Grove , Minnesota and their children went to school with Mary and Laura Nellie Oleson was actually three real people : Nellie Owens , Genevieve Masters , and Stella Gilbert . Soldat du Chene , was a fictional Osage chief in Kansas , during Ingalls 's stay there References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Little House on the Prairie Season 8 Episode 8 Chicago '' . TV.com . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little House on the Prairie '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ `` Ella ( Nell ) Peck Boast ( 1852 - 1918 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Robert and Ella Boast at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ Robert and Ella Boast at Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society Jump up ^ `` Rev Edward Brown ( 1814 - 1895 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Reverend Brown at Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society Jump up ^ Reverend Brown at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` Ida Belle Wright - Brown McConnell ( 1866 - 1926 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Cap Garland at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` Oscar Edmund `` Cap '' Garland ( 1864 - 1891 ) - Find A Grave Memorial `` . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Florence Garland at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` Florence Adelia Garland Dawley ( 1862 - 1935 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ `` Mary Power Sanford ( 1866 - 1929 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Mary Power at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ Mary Power at Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society Jump up ^ `` Neta V Seal ( 1904 - 1996 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Neta Seal at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` George A. Tann ( 1825 - 1909 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ George A. Tann at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` Louis Herbert Bouchie ( 1859 - 1894 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Soldat du Chene at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl External links ( edit ) Laura 's family at Frontier Girl Official Little House books homepage Laura 's and Almanzo 's relatives Genealogy - Laura Ingalls Wilder ( hide ) Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie Books Little House in the Big Woods ( 1932 ) Farmer Boy ( 1933 ) Little House on the Prairie ( 1935 ) On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) By the Shores of Silver Lake ( 1939 ) The Long Winter ( 1940 ) Little Town on the Prairie ( 1941 ) These Happy Golden Years ( 1943 ) On the Way Home ( 1962 , posthumous ) The First Four Years ( 1971 ) West from Home ( 1974 ) Old Town in the Green Groves ( 2002 ) A Little House Traveler ( 2006 ) Characters Mr. Edwards Nellie Oleson Robert Alden The Wilder Family Other Live - action TV series pilot episodes Animated TV series TV films TV miniseries Musical Little House Wayside Locations Winoka Family Charles Ingalls Caroline Ingalls Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Grace Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Lane Other Young Pioneers novel pilot miniseries Christmas special Free Land Highway Medal William Anderson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Little_House_on_the_Prairie_characters&oldid=815510742 '' Categories : Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) Lists of drama television characters Lists of American television series characters Lists of literary characters Little House on the Prairie characters Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 07 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played mary's husband on little house on the prairie | [] | [] |
-8535022622272729642 | Middle Colonies | Middle Colonies - wikipedia Middle Colonies Jump to : navigation , search Middle Colonies Regional statistics U.S. States Delaware New Jersey New York Pennsylvania The Middle Colonies were four of the thirteen colonies in British America , located between the New England Colonies and the Southern Colonies . Along with the Chesapeake Colonies , this area now roughly makes up the Mid-Atlantic states ( though with the notable exception of Vermont , which is reckoned with New England ) . The Middle Colonies were very similar to the New England colonies in their stature . Much of the area was part of New Netherland until the Danish exerted their control over the region . The British captured much of the area in their war with the Dutch around 1664 , and the majority of the conquered land became the Province of New York . But The Duke of York and the King of England would later grant others ownership of the land which would become the Province of New Jersey and the Province of Pennsylvania . The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania , which was founded by William Penn . The Middle Colonies had lots of fertile soil , which allowed the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains . The lumber and shipbuilding industries enjoyed success in the Middle Colonies because of the abundant forests , and Pennsylvania saw moderate success in the textile and iron industry . The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse British colonies in North America ; they had settlers from England , Scotland , Ireland , the Netherlands , and German states . The good farm land was much cheaper than in Europe . With the new arrivals came various Protestant denominations , which were protected in the Middle Colonies by written freedom of religion laws . This tolerance was very unusual and distinct from the situation in other British colonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Province of New Jersey 3 Province of Pennsylvania 4 Province of New York 5 Delaware Colony 6 Geography 7 Industry 8 Politics 9 Demographics 9.1 English colonists 9.2 Labor 9.3 Religion 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Primary sources 13 Historiography History ( edit ) The Middle Colonies were explored by Henry Hudson on a journey into the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1609 . The Dutch soon claimed the land . Although the Swedes and the Dutch fought over the land in the 1630s through the ultimately the Dutch claimed the land , calling it New Netherland . In the 1660s , the English largely conquered this land from the Dutch , renaming the area New York after the Duke of York , James II. . Province of New Jersey ( edit ) Main articles : Bergen , New Netherland and Province of New Jersey Map showing the borders of West New Jersey ( left ) and East New Jersey ( right ) King Charles II renamed the land west of the Hudson River New Jersey and gave the region between New England and Maryland to his brother , the Duke of York ( later King James II of England ) as a proprietary colony . James II later granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had been loyal to him through the English Civil War : Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton . This land grant became the Province of New Jersey . In 1665 , the Concession and Agreement was written in an effort to entice settlers to New Jersey . This document provided for religious freedom , no taxes without assembly approval , and a governor appointed by the proprietors . The first governor appointed in this way was Philip Carteret , who founded Elizabethtown . Colonists were required to pay annual quit - rent taxes . On March 18 , 1674 , after encountering difficulty collecting the taxes , Lord Berkeley sold his share in the colony to Edward Byllynge , a Quaker businessman from London . This sale divided New Jersey into East Jersey and West Jersey ; however , the border between the two was not agreed upon until the Quintipartite Deed in 1676 . From 1701 to 1765 , colonists skirmished in the New York - New Jersey Line War over disputed colonial boundaries . On April 15 , 1702 , Queen Anne united West and East Jersey into one Royal Colony , the Province of New Jersey . Edward Hyde , 3rd Earl of Clarendon became the royal colony 's first governor . After Hyde was recalled to England in 1708 over charges of graft , bribery , and corruption , the governor of New York was charged to also preside over New Jersey . Finally , in 1738 , King George II appointed a separate governor , Lewis Morris , to run New Jersey . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey , made up of elected delegates , formed in January 1776 to govern the colony . The Congress had Royal Governor William Franklin arrested on June 15 , declaring him `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' . On July 2 , 1776 , New Jersey enacted the New Jersey State Constitution , soon after having empowered delegates to the Continental Congress , on June 21 , to join in a declaration of independence . The United States Declaration of Independence ended their colonial status . Province of Pennsylvania ( edit ) Main article : Province of Pennsylvania Chester Courthouse in Pennsylvania was built in 1724 King Charles II granted the land for the Pennsylvania Colony to William Penn on March 4 , 1681 as payment for a debt the crown owed his family . Penn wrote the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania before departing for the colony , which called for religious tolerance towards many groups , including the Religious Society of Friends and local natives . As a proprietary colony , Penn governed Pennsylvania , yet its citizens were still subject to the English crown and laws . Penn 's cousin William Markham served as the first colonial deputy governor . Demarcated by the 42nd parallel north and 39th parallel north , Pennsylvania was bordered by the Delaware River and the colonies of New York , Maryland , and New Jersey . In 1704 , Dutch land given to Penn by the Duke of York was separated and once again became part of the Delaware Colony . From 1692 to 1694 , revolution in England deprived Penn of the governance of his colony . The Pennsylvania Assembly took this opportunity to request expanded power for elected officials , led by David Lloyd . Upon visiting the colony in 1669 and 1701 , Penn eventually agreed to allow their Charter of Privileges to be added to the constitution . When the British banned western expansion in 1764 , fighting among colonists and against the natives swelled . In 1773 , Arthur St. Clair ordered the arrest of a Virginian officer who was commanding troops against armed settlers loyal to Pennsylvania . Pennsylvanian revolutionary sentiment continued to grow , and Philadelphia , the largest city in America , soon became the meeting place of the Continental Congress . The publication of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 by locally elected revolutionaries concluded the history of the Colony , and began the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Province of New York ( edit ) Main articles : Province of New York and New Netherland The first Dutch settlements in the New York area appeared around 1613 . The English captured the New Netherland Colony from the Dutch in 1664 , renaming it the Province of New York after the King 's brother , the Duke of York ( later King James II ) . The Dutch recaptured the colony in July 1673 during the Third Anglo - Dutch War , but gave it back to the English under the Treaty of Westminster in exchange for Suriname . The Duke of York never governed the colony himself : he instead appointed governors , councils , and other officers to run the government . Richard Nicolls served as the first governor of New York . In 1665 , the Province of New Jersey split from New York ; however , the New York - New Jersey Line War continued until the final borders were decided in 1769 , and approved by the legislatures and the King in 1772 and 1773 respectively . A Colonial Assembly convened in October 1683 , making New York the last colony to have an assembly . A constitution was drafted and passed on October 30 , 1683 , giving the colonists many rights , including the rights to no taxation without representation . However , upon learning of the constitution , James II declared it void . When the Duke of York became King James II of England , New York became a royal province . In May 1688 the province briefly became part of the Dominion of New England . When James II was overthrown , the citizens of New York rebelled against the Royal Governor in Leisler 's Rebellion . When Henry Sloughter became governor in March 1691 , the rebellion was crushed and its leader , Jacob Leisler was arrested , tried , and executed for treason . New York 's charter and constitution were reinstated soon after . In April 1775 , American patriots formed the New York Provincial Congress to replace the assembly . Governor William Tryon and all royal officials were forced from the colony on October 19 , 1775 . Colonial status ended for the new state with the United States Declaration of Independence in July 1776 . Delaware colony ( edit ) Main article : Delaware Colony Delaware changed hands between the Dutch and Swedes between 1631 and 1655 . The Dutch maintained control of Delaware until 1664 , when Sir Robert Carr took New Amstel for the Duke of York , renaming it New Castle . A Deputy of the Duke governed Delaware from 1664 to 1682 . When William Penn received his land grant of Pennsylvania in 1681 , he received the Delaware area from the Duke of York , and dubbed them `` The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware River '' . In 1701 , after he had troubles governing the ethnically diverse Delaware territory , Penn agreed to allow them a separate colonial assembly . Geography ( edit ) The partly unglaciated Middle Colonies enjoyed fertile soil vastly different from the nearby New England Colonies , which contained more rocky soil . Because of the large grain exports resulting from this soil , the colonies came to be known as the Bread Basket Colonies . Pennsylvania became a leading exporter of wheat , corn , rye , hemp , and flax , making it the leading food producer in the colonies , and later states , between the years of 1725 and 1840 . Broad navigable rivers of relaxed current like the Susquehanna River , the Delaware River , and the Hudson River attracted diverse business . Fur trappers moved along these rivers , and there was enough flow to enable milling with water wheel power . Industry ( edit ) Abundant forests attracted both the lumbering and shipbuilding industries to the Middle Colonies . These industries , along with the presence of deep river estuaries , led to the appearance of important ports like New York and Philadelphia . While the Middle Colonies had far more industry than the Southern Colonies , it still did not rival the industry of New England . In Pennsylvania , sawmills and gristmills were abundant , and the textile industry grew quickly . The colony also became a major producer of pig iron and its products , including the Pennsylvania long rifle and the Conestoga wagon . Other important industries included printing , publishing , and the related industry of papermaking . Politics ( edit ) The Middle Colonies ' political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals . These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations , evolving especially during the French and Indian War . The Middle Colonies were generally run by Royal or Proprietary Governors and elected Colonial Assemblies . Many Middle Colony constitutions guaranteed freedom of religion and forbade taxation without representation . Royal governors were arrested or overthrown on more than one occasion , most notably when New Jersey arrested its governor and during Leisler 's Rebellion in New York . Growing unrest in the Middle Colonies eventually led the region to become the meeting place for the Continental Congress , and a center for revolution . However , there were numerous pockets of neutrals and Loyalists . Demographics ( edit ) The Middle Colonies tended to mix aspects of the New England and Southern Colonies . Landholdings were generally farms of 40 to 160 acres ( 16 -- 65 hectares ) , owned by the family that worked it . In New York 's Hudson Valley , however , the Dutch patroons operated very large landed estates and rented land to tenant farmers . Ethnically , the Middle Colonies were more diverse than the other British colonial regions in North America and tended to be more socially tolerant . For example , in New York , any foreigner professing Christianity was awarded citizenship , leading to a more diverse populace . As a consequence , early German settlements in the Americas concentrated in the Middle Colonies region . Indentured servitude was especially common in Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New York in the eighteenth century , though fewer worked in agriculture . German immigrants favored the Middle Colonies . German immigration greatly increased around 1717 , and many immigrants began coming from the Rhineland . They were erroneously labeled the Pennsylvania Dutch ( the German word for German is `` Deutsch '' ) , and comprised one - third of the population by the time of the American Revolution . The industry and farming skills they brought with them helped solidify the Middle Colonies ' prosperity . They were noted for tight - knit religious communities , mostly Lutheran but also including many smaller sects such as the Moravians , Mennonites and Amish The Scotch - Irish began immigrating to the Middle Colonies in waves after 1717 . They primarily pushed farther into the western frontier of the colonies , where they repeatedly confronted the Indians . Other groups included the French Huguenots , Welsh , Dutch , Swedes , Swiss , and Scots Highlanders . English colonists ( edit ) When the English took direct control of the Middle Colonies around 1664 , many Quakers from Rhode Island had already been pushed into the region by Puritans , while Episcopalian businessmen settled in Philadelphia and New York City . Welsh Quakers , Baptists and Methodists settled in the Welsh Tract of Pennsylvania . While some Welsh colonists like Roger Williams , left to found Rhode Island , Anne Hutchinson founded a seed settlement in New York . Rhode Island was not initially counted as part of New England , having been excluded from the New England Confederation , but later joined the Dominion of New England . Thus , the definition of the Middle Colonies sometimes changed and overlapped with Rhode Island 's colonial boundaries . After joining the Dominion of New England , however , Rhode Island was permanently thought of as a New England colony . New York 's initial possession of parts of Maine ensured a close relationship with other New England colonies like Vermont and a continuing New England influence in the colony . Both William Penn and the Lords Baltimore encouraged Irish Protestant immigration , hoping they could obtain indentured servants to work on their estates and on colonial developments . Often areas of the Middle Colonies displayed prevalent Irish cultural influence . Labor ( edit ) Labor was always in short supply . The most common solution was indentured servitude of young whites . These were teenagers in Britain or Germany whose parents arranged for them to work for families in the colonies until age 21 , in exchange for their ocean passage . The great majority became farmers or farm wives . By the mid-eighteenth century , African American slaves comprised 12 % of the population of New York . Most were house servants in Manhattan , or farmworkers on Dutch estates . Religion ( edit ) The Middle Colonies were the religiously diverse part of the British Empire , with a high degree of tolerance . The Penn family were Quakers , and the colony became a favorite destination for that group as well as German Lutherans , German Reformed and numerous small sects such as Mennonites , Amish and Moravians , not to mention Scotch Irish Presbyterians . The Dutch Reformed were strong in upstate New York and New Jersey , and Congregationalists were important in Long Island . The First Great Awakening invigorated religiosity and helped stimulate the growth of Congregational , Methodist and Baptist churches . Non-British colonists included Dutch Calvinist , Swedish Lutherans , Palatine Mennonites , and the Amish . See also ( edit ) Mid-Atlantic New England Colonies Southern Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Colonial United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jaap Jacobs , The Colony of New Netherland : A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth - Century America ( 2nd ed . Cornell University Press ; 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Turner ( 1948 ) , 83 . ^ Jump up to : Kammen ( 1996 ) , 71 - 72 . ^ Jump up to : Streissguth ( 2001 ) , 96 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Pomfret , Colonial New Jersey : A History ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Berkeley and Carteret ( 1664 ) . Jump up ^ Gerlach ( 2002 ) , 384 . ^ Jump up to : Elson ( 1904 ) , 148 . Jump up ^ Skemp ( 1990 ) , 192 . ^ Jump up to : Pennsylvania Society of Governors ( 1916 ) , 180 - 181 . ^ Jump up to : Penn ( 1682 ) . ^ Jump up to : Pennsylvania State History . Jump up ^ Jerome R. Reich , Leisler 's Rebellion : A Study of Democracy in New York , 1664 - 1720 ( 1953 ) ^ Jump up to : Faragher ( 1990 ) , 106 - 108 Jump up ^ State of Delaware ( A Brief History ) ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Ebeling ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins , The Economy of Colonial America ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Greene ( 1997 ) , 709 . Jump up ^ Jensen ( 1968 ) , 461 - 468 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer ( 1992 ) , 972 . Jump up ^ Sung Bok Kim , `` A New Look at the Great Landlords of Eighteenth - Century New York , '' William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 27 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1970 ) , pp. 581 - 614 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Westerkamp ( 1998 ) , 452 . Jump up ^ A.G. Roeber , Palatines , Liberty , and Property : German Lutherans in Colonial British America ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ James Graham Leyburn , The Scotch - Irish : A Social History ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Stephan Thermstrom , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Marcus Jernegan , Laboring and Dependent Classes in Colonial America , 1607 - 1783 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Ira Berlin and Leslie Harris , Slavery in New York Some work in the fields of plantations. ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) References ( edit ) Bod , Wayne . `` The Middle Colonies . '' in Louise A. Breen , ed. , Converging Worlds : Communities and Cultures in Colonial America ( 2013 ) : 219 + . Bodle , Wayne , `` The Mid-Atlantic and the American Revolution , '' Pennsylvania History 82 # 2 ( Summer 2015 ) , 282 -- 99 . Channing , Edward ( 1908 ) . A History of the United States : vol. 2 , A Century of Colonial History , 1660 - 1760 . MacMillan . Doyle , John Andrew . English Colonies in America : Volume IV The Middle Colonies ( 1907 ) online Ebeling , Walter ( 1979 ) . The Fruited Plain : The Story of American Agriculture . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03751 - 9 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Faragher , John Mack , ed. ( 1990 ) The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America . New York : Sachem Publishing Associates , Inc . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1992 ) . Albion 's Seed . Oxford UP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506905 - 6 . Greene , Jack P ( 1997 ) . `` Political Partisanship in the Middle American Colonies : 1700 - 1776 '' . The Journal of Interdisciplinary History . Cambridge : MIT Press . 27 ( 4 ) . Illick , Joseph E. Colonial Pennsylvania : A History ( 1976 ) Kammen , Michael ( 1996 ) . Colonial New York : A History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510779 - 1 . Landsman , Ned . Crossroads of Empire : The Middle Colonies in British North America ( Johns Hopkins University Press ; 2010 ) 248 pages Munroe , John A. Colonial Delaware : A History ( 2003 ) Penn , William ( February 2 , 1683 ) . `` Frame of Government of Pennsylvania '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . `` Pennsylvania State History : The Quaker Province : 1681 - 1776 '' . Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Skemp , Sheila ( 1990 ) . William Franklin : son of a patriot , servant of a king . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505745 - 7 . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Slavery : Growth in Colonial America . Detroit : UXL of the Gale Group . 2003 . State of Delaware ( A Brief History ) . State of Delaware . 2007 - 01 - 21 . Streissguth , Thomas ( 2001 ) . New Jersey . Lucent Books . Tanner , Edwin Platt ( 1908 ) . The Province of New Jersey 1664 - 1738 . New York City : Columbia University . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Tiedemann , Joseph S. `` A Tumultuous People : The Rage for Liberty and the Ambiance of Violence in the Middle Colonies in the Years Preceding the American Revolution , '' Pennsylvania History Volume 77 , Number 4 , Autumn 2010 , pp. 387 -- 431 in Project MUSE Tiedemann , Joseph S. `` Interconnected Communities : The Middle Colonies on the Eve of the American Revolution , '' Pennsylvania History , 76 ( Winter 2009 ) , 1 -- 41 . Turner , F.C. ( 1948 ) . James II . London : Eyre & Spottiswoode . `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Westerkamp , Marilyn ( 1998 ) . The Reader 's Companion to U.S. Women 's History . Houghton Mifflin . Primary sources ( edit ) Gerlach , Larry ( editor ) ( 2002 ) . `` New Jersey in the American Revolution , 1763 - 1783 : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Historical Commission . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Historiography ( edit ) Bodle , Wayne . `` Themes and Directions in Middles Colonies Historiography , 1980 -- 1994 '' , William and Mary Quarterly , July 1994 , Vol. 51 Issue 3 , pp. 355 -- 88 . JSTOR 2947435 . Bodle , Wayne . `` The `` Myth of the Middle Colonies '' Reconsidered : The Process of Regionalization in Early America `` , Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , Vol. 113 , No. 4 ( Oct. 1989 ) , pp. 527 -- 548 . JSTOR 20092405 . Greenberg , Douglas . `` The Middle Colonies in Recent American Historiography '' , William and Mary Quarterly , July 1979 , Vol. 36 Issue 3 , pp. 396 -- 427 . JSTOR 1943383 . ( hide ) The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island and Providence Plantations South Carolina Virginia Early English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey Maine New England New Haven Plymouth Saybrook West Jersey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Colonies&oldid=816069190 '' Categories : Colonial United States ( British ) Colonization history of the United States Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Occitan Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 01 : 44 . 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-5927217263889979973 | Bora Bora | Bora Bora - wikipedia Bora Bora This article is about the island . For other uses , see Bora Bora ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Tora Bora or Boracay . Bora Bora Bora Bora and its lagoon seen from the International Space Station Geography Coordinates 16 ° 30 ′ 04 '' S 151 ° 44 ′ 24 '' W / 16.501 ° S 151.740 ° W / - 16.501 ; - 151.740 Coordinates : 16 ° 30 ′ 04 '' S 151 ° 44 ′ 24 '' W / 16.501 ° S 151.740 ° W / - 16.501 ; - 151.740 Archipelago Society Islands Area 30.55 km ( 11.80 sq mi ) Highest elevation 727 m ( 2,385 ft ) Highest point Mount Otemanu Administration France Overseas collectivity French Polynesia Administrative subdivision Leeward Islands Commune Bora Bora Largest settlement Vaitape Demographics Population 10,605 ( 2017 ) Pop . density 347 / km ( 899 / sq mi ) Bora Bora ( French : Bora - Bora , Tahitian : Pora Pora ) is a 30.55 km ( 12 sq mi ) island group in the Leeward group in the western part of the Society Islands of French Polynesia , an overseas collectivity of France in the Pacific Ocean . The main island , located about 230 kilometres ( 143 miles ) northwest of Papeete , is surrounded by a lagoon and a barrier reef . In the center of the island are the remnants of an extinct volcano rising to two peaks , Mount Pahia and Mount Otemanu , the highest point at 727 metres ( 2,385 feet ) . Bora Bora is a major international tourist destination , famous for its aqua - centric luxury resorts . The major settlement , Vaitape , is on the western side of the main island , opposite the main channel into the lagoon . Produce of the island is mostly limited to what can be obtained from the sea and the plentiful coconut trees , which were historically of economic importance for copra . Contents 1 Demographics 2 Name 3 History 3.1 World War II 4 Administration 5 Tourism 6 Climate 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Demographics ( edit ) As of 2017 , the Bora Bora group has a permanent population of 10,605 . Name ( edit ) In ancient times the island was called `` Pora pora mai te pora '' , meaning `` created by the gods '' in the local Tahitian dialect . This was often abbreviated Pora Pora meaning simply `` first born '' . Because of ambiguities in the phonemes of the Tahitian language , this could also be pronounced Bola Bola or Bora Bora . When explorer Jacob Roggeveen first landed on the island , he and his crew adopted the name Bora Bora which has stood ever since . History ( edit ) Main article : Kingdom of Bora Bora Flag of the Kingdom of Bora Bora ( 1837 -- 1842 ) Queen Teriimaevarua III and her maids of honor , circa 1899 The island was inhabited by Polynesian settlers around the 4th century C.E. The first European sighting was made by Jakob Roggeveen in 1722 . James Cook sighted the island on 29 July 1769 , using a Tahitian navigator , Tupaia . The London Missionary Society arrived in 1820 and founded a Protestant church in 1890 . Bora Bora was an independent kingdom until 1888 when its last queen Teriimaevarua III was forced to abdicate by the French who annexed the island as a colony . World War II ( edit ) In World War II the United States chose Bora Bora as a South Pacific military supply base , and an oil depot , airstrip , seaplane base , and defensive fortifications were constructed . Known as `` Operation Bobcat '' , it maintained a supply force of nine ships , 20,000 tons of equipment and nearly 7,000 men . At least eight 7 `` / 44 caliber guns , operated by elements of the 13th Coast Artillery Regiment ( later the 276th Coast Artillery Battalion ) , were set up at strategic points around the island to protect it against potential military attack . Eight of these guns remain in the area . However , the island saw no combat as the American presence on Bora Bora went uncontested over the course of the war . The base was officially closed on 2 June 1946 . The World War II airstrip was never able to accommodate large aircraft , but it nonetheless was French Polynesia 's only international airport until Faa'a International Airport opened next to Papeete , Tahiti , in 1960 . Administration ( edit ) Commune in French Polynesia , France Bora - Bora Commune The island 's lagoon and main island Flag Country France Overseas collectivity French Polynesia Associated communes Anau , Faanui , Vaitape ( centre ) Government Mayor Gaston Tong Sang Area 40.3 km ( 15.6 sq mi ) Population ( 2017 ) 10,605 Density 260 / km ( 680 / sq mi ) INSEE / Postal code 98714 / 98730 Elevation 0 -- 727 m ( 0 -- 2,385 ft ) Population without double counting : residents of multiple communes ( e.g. , students and military personnel ) only counted once . The commune of Bora - Bora is made up of the island of Bora Bora proper with its surrounding islets emerging from the coral reef , 29.3 km ( 11.3 sq mi ) in total . The surrounding islets include Motu Tapu , Motu Ahuna , Tevairoa , Motu Tane , Motu Mute , Motu Tufari , Motu Tehotu , Motu Pitiaau , Sofitel Motu , Motu Toopua , and Toopuaiti . The commune also includes the Tūpai atoll. ( 11 km or 4.2 sq mi ) , located 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) north of Bora Bora . The atoll of Tūpai has no permanent population apart from about 50 workers in the coconut plantations . The commune is an administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands and consists of three associated communes : Anau , Faanui and Vaitape . The administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Vaitape , on the island of Bora Bora proper . Gaston Tong Sang is the Mayor of the commune of Bora - Bora , serving since 1989 . Tourism ( edit ) Four Seasons Resort Bora Bora The island 's economy is driven almost solely by tourism . Several resorts have been built on motu ( small islands , from Tahitian ) surrounding the lagoon . Hotel Bora Bora opened in 1961 , and nine years later built the first over-the - water bungalows on stilts over the lagoon . Today , over-water bungalows are a standard feature of most Bora Bora resorts . The quality of those bungalows ranges from comparably cheap , basic accommodations to very luxurious and expensive places to stay . Most of the tourist destinations are aqua - centric ; however it is possible to visit attractions on land such as WWII cannons . Air Tahiti has five or six flights daily to the Bora Bora Airport on Motu Mute from Tahiti ( as well as from other islands ) . Public transport on the island is nonexistent so rental cars and bicycles are the recommended methods of transport . There are also small , two - seater buggies for hire in Vaitape . It is possible to rent a motorboat to explore the lagoon . Snorkeling and scuba diving in and around the lagoon of Bora Bora are popular activities . Many species of sharks and rays inhabit the surrounding body of water . There are a few dive operators on the island offering manta ray dives and also shark - feeding dives . Sharks living in the island 's lagoon are not considered to be dangerous to people . In addition to the existing islands of Bora Bora , the new manmade motu of Motu Marfo has been added in the northeastern corner of the lagoon on the property of the St. Regis Resort . Climate ( edit ) hide Climate data for Bora - Bora Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 30.3 ( 86.5 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 29.6 ( 85.3 ) 29.3 ( 84.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 268.7 ( 10.579 ) 233.2 ( 9.181 ) 176.9 ( 6.965 ) 182.7 ( 7.193 ) 129.8 ( 5.11 ) 98.2 ( 3.866 ) 83.3 ( 3.28 ) 59.7 ( 2.35 ) 65.5 ( 2.579 ) 99.8 ( 3.929 ) 203.7 ( 8.02 ) 280.6 ( 11.047 ) 1,882.1 ( 74.098 ) Mean monthly sunshine hours 201.1 202.6 239.4 219.8 224.1 224.5 231.8 248.4 241.0 230.5 217.7 207.0 2,687.9 Source : NOAA Most rainfall occurs during the summer months ( November to April ) and is accompanied by high humidity , although clear days are not unknown in mid-January . Gallery ( edit ) Aerial view of Bora Bora Aerial view of Bora Bora Mount Otemanu The French frigate Floréal , stationed in Bora - Bora lagoon Maohi Protestant Church in Anau Coca - Cola Machine in Vaitape Leaning palm trees with metal bands to stop coconut crabs Sofitel Motu with Mount Otemanu in the background Bora Bora North - east view of Bora Bora from Mt Pahia Looking east toward Marara Beach Motu in Bora Bora Bora Bora Satellite image of Bora Bora Panoramic image of Bora Bora See also ( edit ) French Polynesia portal Islands portal List of volcanoes in French Polynesia List of reduplicated place names Administrative divisions of French Polynesia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Populations légales de Polynésie française en 2017 '' ( Legal Populations of French Polynesia in 2017 ) . Insee ( in French ) . 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Woods , Michael ; Woods , Mary B. ( 2009 ) . Seven Natural Wonders of Australia and Oceania . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 082 - 259074 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` An Ancient Wonder -- Bora Bora Island '' . Must Do Travels. 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beaches Blog '' . UAE Tours . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Salmond , Anne ( 2010 ) . Aphrodite 's Island . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 213 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 052 - 026114 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gaines , William C. ( May 2009 ) . `` Coast Artillery Organizational History , 1917 - 1950 -- Part I , Coast Artillery Regiments 1 - 196 '' ( PDF ) . The Coast Defense Journal . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Berhow , Mark A. , ed. ( 2015 ) . American Seacoast Defenses , A Reference Guide , Third Edition . McLean , Virginia : CDSG Press . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9748167 - 3 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Contenu et images Notre histoire '' ( Content and Images Our Story ) ( in French ) . l'Office des Postes et des Télécommunications ( Office of Post and Telecommunications ) . Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Roderick Page ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` Bora Bora -- Unique Environment '' . Bora-Bora-Insider.com . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Mark Rogers ( 22 July 2008 ) . `` Complete Reconstruction Scheduled for Hotel Bora Bora '' . Travel Agent Central . Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaches Blog '' . UAE Tours . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The St. Regis Bora Bora Resort '' . Bora Bora All Inclusive Guide . Archived from the original on 25 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bora - Bora Motu Climate Normals 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . 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"The island's economy is driven almost solely by tourism. Several resorts have been built on motu (small islands, from Tahitian) surrounding the lagoon. Hotel Bora Bora opened in 1961, and nine years later built the first over-the-water bungalows on stilts over the lagoon.[10] Today, over-water bungalows are a standard feature of most Bora Bora resorts. The quality of those bungalows ranges from comparably cheap, basic accommodations to very luxurious and expensive places to stay.\n"
] | [
"over-water bungalows"
] |
-2891933200897679246 | Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys | Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow up to Be cowboys - wikipedia Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow up to Be cowboys Jump to : navigation , search `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' Single by Ed Bruce from the album Ed Bruce B - side `` It 's Not What She 's Done ( It 's What You Did n't Do ) '' Released November 15 , 1975 Format 7 '' single Genre Country , Outlaw Country Length 3 : 08 Label United Artists # 732 Songwriter ( s ) Ed Bruce Patsy Bruce Producer ( s ) Lary Butler Ed Bruce singles chronology `` July , You 're a Woman '' ( 1973 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1975 ) `` The Littlest Cowboy Rides Again '' ( 1976 ) `` July , You 're a Woman '' ( 1973 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1975 ) `` The Littlest Cowboy Rides Again '' ( 1976 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' is a country music song first recorded by Ed Bruce , written by him and wife Patsy Bruce . His version of the song appears on his 1976 self - titled album for United Artists Records . In late 1975 -- early 1976 , Bruce 's rendition of the song went to number 15 on the Hot Country Singles charts . This song was featured on Chris LeDoux 's album released January 20 , 1976 , Songbook of the American West , and in the Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas video game soundtrack , on the fictitious radio station K - Rose . Most recently , it is the title song for Netflix 's `` The Ranch '' , a show about the ups and downs of a family of ranchers in Colorado . Members of the Western Writers of America chose the song as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Chart performance 3 Waylon Jennings / Willie Nelson version 3.1 Chart performance 4 Gibson / Miller Band version 5 Other versions 6 Popular culture 7 Chart performance 8 References 9 External links Content ( edit ) The narrator warns mothers not to let their children become cowboys because of the tough and busy life of cowboy culture . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 36 Waylon Jennings / Willie Nelson version ( edit ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' Single by Waylon Jennings with Willie Nelson from the album Waylon & Willie B - side `` I Can Get Off on You '' Released January 1978 Format 7 '' single Genre Country Length 2 : 31 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Ed Bruce Patsy Bruce Producer ( s ) Waylon Jennings Willie Nelson Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1978 ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' ( 1978 ) `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1978 ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' ( 1978 ) Willie Nelson singles chronology `` Something to Brag About '' ( 1977 ) Something to Brag About1977 `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1978 ) Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys1978 `` If You Can Touch Her at All '' ( 1978 ) If You Can Touch Her at All1978 Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson covered the song on their 1978 duet album Waylon & Willie . This rendition peaked at No. 1 in March 1978 , spending four weeks atop the country music charts . It also reached 42 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and won the 1979 Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . Also in 1979 , Nelson 's version was featured in the film The Electric Horseman with Robert Redford and Jane Fonda . This version was covered by Alvin and the Chipmunks as `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Chipmunks '' for their 1981 album Urban Chipmunk . It is also featured in a 2015 TV commercial for the Volkswagen Passat . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 33 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles 57 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 42 Gibson / Miller Band version ( edit ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' Single by Gibson / Miller Band from the album Red , White & Blue Collar B - side `` Johnny Get Your Gun '' Released Format CD single Genre Country Length 3 : 27 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Ed Bruce Patsy Bruce Producer ( s ) Doug Johnson Blue Miller Gibson / Miller Band singles chronology `` Stone Cold Country '' ( 1994 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1994 ) `` Red , White and Blue Collar '' ( 1994 ) `` Stone Cold Country '' ( 1994 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1994 ) `` Red , White and Blue Collar '' ( 1994 ) In 1994 , country music group Gibson / Miller Band recorded a cover version on its album Red , White and Blue Collar . This version peaked at # 49 on the Hot Country Songs chart , and was featured in the soundtrack for the movie The Cowboy Way . It also appeared on the band 's second and final studio album , Red , White and Blue Collar . Other versions ( edit ) A version of the song by Lukas Nelson and Shooter Jennings was used as the theme tune for Netflix comedy The Ranch . A version of the song was recorded by Lucinda Williams on the `` Imus Ranch Record '' . a benefit compilation of country and roots music released Sept 16 , 2008 . Popular culture ( edit ) The song is referenced and subverted in the `` Weird Al '' Yankovic song Dare to Be Stupid , the title track on his album Dare to Be Stupid . The song , a pastiche parody of the band Devo , dares the listener to engage in several `` stupid '' acts , among them counting chickens before they hatch , selling wine before its time , and letting `` babies grow up to be cowboys . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 71 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 49 Preceded by `` Do n't Break the Heart That Loves You '' by Margo Smith Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single ( Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson version ) March 4 -- 25 , 1978 Succeeded by `` Ready for the Times to Get Better '' by Crystal Gayle Preceded by `` To Daddy '' by Emmylou Harris RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson version ) March 18 -- April 1 , 1978 Succeeded by `` I Might as Well Believe ( I 'll Live Forever ) '' by Carroll Baker Preceded by `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' by Waylon Jennings Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single of the year ( Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson version ) 1978 Succeeded by `` I Just Fall in Love Again '' by Anne Murray References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.com. 1976 - 10 - 09 . p. 43 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Randall , Alice ; Carter Little ; Courtney Little ( 2006 ) . My Country Roots : The Ultimate MP3 Guide to America 's Original Outsider Music . Thomas Nelson , Inc. p. 92 . ISBN 1 - 59555 - 860 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Bruce Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , p. 209 Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , p. 159 Jump up ^ `` Netflix Series `` The Ranch '' Showcases Worthy Country & Roots Artists `` . savingcountrymusic.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2548 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 1 , 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson / Miller Band Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Ed Bruce Albums If I Could Just Go Home ( 1968 ) Shades of Ed Bruce ( 1969 ) Ed Bruce ( 1976 ) The Tennessean ( 1977 ) Cowboys & Dreamers ( 1978 ) Ed Bruce ( 1980 ) One to One ( 1981 ) I Write It Down ( 1982 ) You 're Not Leaving Here Tonight ( 1983 ) Home Coming ( 1984 ) Tell'em I 've Gone Crazy ( 1984 ) Night Things ( 1986 ) Puzzles ( 1965 ) This Old Hat ( 2002 ) Singles `` Last Train to Clarksville '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` Texas ( When I Die ) '' `` The Man That Turned My Mama On '' `` Girls , Women and Ladies '' `` ( When You Fall in Love ) Everything 's a Waltz '' `` You 're the Best Break This Old Heart Ever Had '' `` Love 's Found You and Me '' `` Ever , Never Lovin ' You '' `` My First Taste of Texas '' `` After All '' `` You Turn Me On ( Like a Radio ) '' `` Nights '' Related topics Discography Trey Bruce Lynn Anderson Bret Maverick Fire Down Below Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Ask Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' `` Summer of Roses '' / `` December Day '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' `` Alice in Hulaland '' 2016 `` Lay Me Down '' 2017 `` Still Not Dead '' 2018 `` Last Man Standing '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammas_Don%27t_Let_Your_Babies_Grow_Up_to_Be_Cowboys&oldid=824395643 '' Categories : 1975 songs Waylon Jennings songs Willie Nelson songs Vocal duets 1975 singles 1978 singles 1994 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles of the year Ed Bruce songs Gibson / Miller Band songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Ed Bruce United Artists Records singles RCA Records singles Epic Records singles Music videos directed by Sherman Halsey Song recordings produced by Doug Johnson ( record producer ) Song recordings produced by Larry Butler ( producer ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 02 : 16 . 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8320571727168933987 | Flag of New Zealand | Flag of New Zealand - wikipedia Flag of New Zealand Jump to : navigation , search New Zealand Use National flag and state ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted 24 March 1902 In use since 1869 Design A Blue Ensign with the Southern Cross of four white - edged red five - pointed stars centered on the outer half of the flag . The flag of New Zealand outside the Beehive in Wellington The flag of New Zealand is a defaced Blue Ensign with the Union Flag in the canton , and four red stars with white borders to the right . The stars ' pattern represents the asterism within the constellation of Crux , the Southern Cross . New Zealand 's first flag , the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand , was adopted in 1834 , six years before New Zealand became a British colony following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 . Chosen by an assembly of Māori chiefs at Waitangi in 1834 , the flag was of a St George 's Cross with another cross in the canton containing four stars on a blue field . After the formation of the colony in 1840 , British ensigns began to be used . The current flag was designed and adopted for use on Colonial ships in 1869 , was quickly adopted as New Zealand 's national flag , and given statutory recognition in 1902 . For several decades there has been debate about changing the flag . In 2016 , a two - stage binding referendum on a flag change took place with voting on the second final stage closing on 24 March . In this referendum , the country voted to keep the existing flag by 57 % to 43 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Flag of the United Tribes 1.2 Union Flag 1.3 Flags based on defaced Blue Ensign 1.4 Flown in battle 2 Legislation 2.1 Entrenchment proposal 3 As a vehicle flag 4 Debate 4.1 2015 -- 16 referendums 5 Similar flags 6 Other flags of New Zealand 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Flag of the United Tribes ( edit ) The flag pole at Waitangi , flying ( left -- right ) the Flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand , the Ensign of the Royal New Zealand Navy and the Union Flag , 5 February 2006 . The need for a flag of New Zealand first became clear when the trading ship Sir George Murray , built in the Hokianga , was seized by Customs officials in the port of Sydney . The ship had been sailing without a flag , a violation of British navigation laws . New Zealand was not a colony at the time and had no flag . Among the passengers on the ship were two high - ranking Māori chiefs , believed to be Patuone and Taonui . The ship 's detention was reported as arousing indignation among the Māori population . Unless a flag was selected , ships could continue to be seized . The first flag of New Zealand was adopted 9 ( or 20 ) March 1834 by a vote made by the United Tribes of New Zealand , a meeting of Māori chiefs convened at Waitangi by British resident James Busby . The United Tribes later made the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand at Waitangi in 1835 . Three flags were proposed , all designed by the missionary Henry Williams , who was to play a major role in the translation of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 . The chiefs rejected two other proposals which included the Union Flag , in favour of a modified St George 's Cross or the White Ensign , which was the flag used by Henry Williams on the Church Missionary Society ships . This flag became known as the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand and was officially gazetted in New South Wales in August 1835 , with a general description not mentioning fimbriation or the number of points on the stars . The need for a flag was pressing , not only because New Zealand - built ships were being impounded in Sydney for not flying a national flag , but also as a symbol of the independence declared by the Māori chiefs . The flag is still flown on the flag pole at Waitangi , and can be seen on Waitangi Day . Flag of the United Tribes Proposed flag not adopted by Māori ; it included the Union Flag and lacked sufficient red . Initial design of the United Tribes flag . The Flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand . Union flag ( edit ) After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi , the British Union Flag was used , although the former United Tribes flag was still used by a number of ships from New Zealand and in many cases on land . The New Zealand Company settlement at Wellington , for example , continued to use the United Tribes flag until ordered to replace it by Governor William Hobson in May 1840 ( following his declaration of British sovereignty ) . Flags based on defaced blue Ensign ( edit ) Lieutenant Albert Hastings Markham , designer of the flag of New Zealand . The first flag of New Zealand to be based on the British blue ensign was introduced in 1867 following the Colonial Navy Defence Act 1865 , which required all ships owned by colonial governments fly the defaced Royal Navy blue ensign with a colonial badge . New Zealand did not have a colonial badge , or indeed a coat of arms of its own at this stage , and so the letters `` NZ '' were simply added to the blue ensign . In 1869 the First Lieutenant of the Royal Navy vessel Blanche , Albert Hastings Markham , submitted a design to Sir George Bowen , the Governor of New Zealand , for a national ensign for New Zealand . His proposal , incorporating the Southern Cross , was approved . It was initially used only on government ships , but was adopted as the de facto national flag . To end confusion between various designs of the flag , the Liberal Government passed the Ensign and Code Signals Bill , which was approved by King Edward VII on 24 March 1902 , declaring the flag as New Zealand 's national flag . The United Tribes flag design also features on the back of the Second Boer War medals presented to soldiers who served in the war , which indicates that the United Tribes flag was used widely in New Zealand until around this time . Flags based on defaced Blue ensign The Blue Ensign . The flag of New Zealand , 1867 -- 1869 . Code Signals Flag , 1899 . The current flag , formally adopted in 1902 . Flown in battle ( edit ) One of the first recorded accounts of the New Zealand national Blue Ensign flag being flown in battle was at Quinn 's Post , Gallipoli , in 1915 . It was not , however , flown officially . The flag was brought back to New Zealand by Private John Taylor , Canterbury Battalion . The first time the Flag of New Zealand was flown in a naval battle and the first time officially in any battle , was from the HMS Achilles during the Battle of the River Plate in 1939 . Legislation ( edit ) The national flag is defined in legislation as `` the symbol of the Realm , Government , and people of New Zealand '' and like most other laws , can be changed by a simple majority in Parliament . The flag proportion is 1 : 2 and the colours are red ( Pantone 186C ) , blue ( Pantone 280C ) and white . Entrenchment proposal ( edit ) In March 1994 the Prime Minister of New Zealand Jim Bolger made statements supporting a move towards a New Zealand republic . In response Christian Democrat MP Graeme Lee introduced a Flags , Anthems , Emblems , and Names Protection Amendment Bill . If passed , the Bill would have entrenched the Act that governs the flag and added New Zealand 's anthems , requiring a majority of 65 percent of votes in Parliament before any future legislation could change the flag . The Bill passed its first reading but was defeated at its second reading , 26 votes to 37 . As a vehicle flag ( edit ) The National Flag can only ( officially ) be used as a vehicle flag by the Prime Minister of New Zealand , NZ Government Ministers , NZ Ambassadors , and NZ High Commissioners . No distinguishing defacement or fringing of the flag is used . Debate ( edit ) The silver fern flag of the 2015 referendum Main article : New Zealand flag debate Debate on keeping or changing the New Zealand flag started before May 1973 , when a remit to change the flag was voted down by the Labour Party at their national conference . In November 1979 Minister of Internal Affairs Allan Highet suggested that the design of the flag should be changed , and sought an artist to design a new flag with a silver fern on the fly , but the proposal attracted little support . In 1998 Prime Minister Jenny Shipley backed Cultural Affairs Minister Marie Hasler 's call for the flag to be changed . Shipley , along with the New Zealand Tourism Board , backed the quasi-national silver fern flag , using a white silver fern on a black background as a possible alternative flag , along the lines of the Canadian Maple Leaf flag . On 5 August 2010 Labour list MP Charles Chauvel introduced a member 's bill for a consultative commission followed by a referendum on the New Zealand flag . 2015 -- 16 Referendums ( edit ) Main article : New Zealand flag referendums , 2015 -- 16 On 11 March 2014 , Prime Minister John Key announced in a speech his intention to hold a referendum , during the next parliamentary term , on adopting a new flag . Following National 's re-election the details of the two referendums were announced . The first referendum was set for November 2015 allowing voters to decide on a preferred design from five choices . The second referendum would see the preferred design voted on against the current flag in March 2016 . Under the New Zealand Flag Referendums Bill , in the event that the flag were to change , the current flag ( described as the `` 1902 flag '' ) of New Zealand may continue to be used , and is `` recognised as a flag of historical significance . '' Official documents depicting the current flag , such as drivers ' licences , would continue to be valid and would be replaced through matter of course ( e.g. , driver licence renewals ) . On 11 December 2015 , preliminary results were announced for the first referendum . The blue and black design , with a silver fern and red stars , was the winning flag . This flag design did not win the second referendum , as preliminary results announced on 24 March 2016 showed the current flag was chosen to remain the New Zealand flag. 56.7 % were in favour of retaining the flag , with a voter turnout of 67.3 % . 43.3 % were in favour of changing the flag to the Lockwood design . Only six of the 71 electorates voted in favour of changing the flag . Similar flags ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The New Zealand flag was the first national flag to incorporate the stars of the Southern Cross constellation , and remains distinctive as the only national flag that includes only those stars from the constellation that actually form the cross itself . The Australian flag adopted in 1901 also has the Union Flag in the canton and the Southern Cross on the fly . The cross on the New Zealand flag is composed of the four prime stars of the Southern Cross constellation , each being a red five pointed star with a white outline . The Australian flag has six white stars , five of which have seven points ( the Commonwealth Star ) and a five pointed star , Epsilon Crucis , the smaller star of the Southern Cross constellation which does not form part of the actual cross itself is also included . Australia 's flag features a large Commonwealth Star below the Union Flag as it is a symbol of Australia . Many other flags also contain the Southern Cross , some as far back as the 1823 / 24 National Colonial Flag for Australia . Other flags of New Zealand ( edit ) This gallery presents other flags of New Zealand . Other flags of New Zealand Queen 's Personal New Zealand Flag Governor - General Naval Ensign Civil Ensign Blue Ensign for government ships Air Force Ensign Tino Rangatiratanga , Māori Sovereignty flag New Zealand Police Yacht Club Ensign Civil Air Ensign See also ( edit ) List of New Zealand flags Flag desecration -- New Zealand National symbols of New Zealand Coat of arms of New Zealand Notes ( edit ) ^ a `` His Excellency the Governor is pleased to direct it to be notified , for general information , that a Despatch has recently been received from the Right Honorable the Secretary of State for the Colonies , conveying His Majesty 's approbation of an arrangement made by this Government for complying with the wishes of the Chiefs of New Zealand to adopt a National Flag in their collective capacity , and also , of the Registrar of Vessels , built in that country , granted by the Chiefs and certified by the British Resident , being considered as valid instruments , and respected as such in the intercourse which those Vessels may hold with the British Possessions . The following is a description of the Flag which has been adopted : A Red St. George 's Cross on a White ground . In the first quarter , a Red St. George 's Cross on a Blue ground , pierced with four white stars . '' ^ a As a vehicle flag , the flag of New Zealand is authorized to be used by the Prime Minister , Government Ministers , Ambassadors , High Commissioners , and Consuls - General . No defacement of the flag is done in any of these cases . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Flags '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage ( New Zealand ) . 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35888474 Jump up ^ `` United Tribes flag '' . New Zealand : Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Without a flag to represent the new nation , trading ships and their valuable cargoes were liable to be seized Jump up ^ `` United Tribes flag '' . NZHistory . Ministry of Culture and Heritage . 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Caroline Fitzgerald ( 2011 ) . Te Wiremu -- Henry Williams : Early Years in the North . Huia Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86969 - 439 - 5 . 231 Jump up ^ `` Flags of New Zealand : United Tribes flag '' . NZHistory . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 20 March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmore , Robbie ( 2006 ) . `` The colonisation of New Zealand '' . New Zealand in History . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Simpson , K.A. `` Hobson , William -- Biography '' . Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Volker Preuß . `` Flagge Neuseeland '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 2003 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Rear - Admiral Sir Albert Hastings Markham , Norfolk Museums and Archeology Service '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Signalling Ensign '' ( in Italian ) . www.rbvex.it . Retrieved 2004 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` South African War medal '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage ( New Zealand ) . 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Signalling Flag '' . NZ History.net.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand flag from Quinn 's Post NZHistory , New Zealand history online '' . www.nzhistory.net.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Diggers ' '' flag , the New Zealand Ensign , flying at the masthead of Achills during the naval battle `` . Auckland Star . 23 February 1940 . p . Page 9 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Flags , Emblems , and Names Protection Act 1981 , s 5 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` History of Republicanism in New Zealand -- 1994 '' . New Zealand Republic . November 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Maori Law Review -- New Zealand '' . Maori Law Review . September 1994 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Moody , John . `` Past Attempts to Change New Zealand 's Flag '' ( pdf ) . New Zealand Flag Association . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand -- Proposals for a new flag '' . Flags of the World . 29 September 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill advocates consultative debate on new flag '' . Scoop.co.nz. 5 August 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand to hold referendum on new , ' post-colonial ' flag '' . The Guardian . 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand to hold referendum on national flag '' . BBC News . 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First steps taken towards flag referendum '' . beehive.govt.nz . New Zealand Government . 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The NZ flag -- your chance to decide '' . Government of New Zealand . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand Flag Referendums Bill - amendments '' . Parliamentary Counsel Office . 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand chooses new flag as preliminary winner '' . BBC.com. 2015 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , James ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` Would you replace the New Zealand flag with this ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flag referendum : New Zealand votes to keep current flag '' . New Zealand Herald . 2016 - 03 - 24 . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The National Maori Flag '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage ( New Zealand ) . 11 November 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Government Notice , Colonial Secretary 's Office . Sept. 9 , 1835 , New Zealand '' . The Cornwall Chronicle . Launceston , Tasmania. 1835 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of New Zealand . Ministry of Culture and Heritage -- New Zealand Flag Maritime history of the flag The Flag Institute , United Kingdom a 2003 paper on New Zealand flag changes by John Moody , Secretary of the New Zealand Flag Association . Gallery of alternative flags presented for the referendum - govt.nz New Zealand articles History Timeline Military history Treaty of Waitangi New Zealand Wars Women 's suffrage New Zealand and Antarctica Colony Dominion Independence Geography Biodiversity Caves Climate Earthquakes Environment Geology Islands North Island South Island Lakes Marine reserves National parks Rivers Time zones Cities Auckland Christchurch Dunedin Hamilton Invercargill New Plymouth Napier -- Hastings Nelson Palmerston North Rotorua Tauranga Wellington capital Subdivisions Regions Territorial authorities Politics Constitution Elections Electoral system Political parties Foreign relations Human rights Disability Intersex LGBT Transgender Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Law enforcement Military Monarchy Parliament ( House of Representatives ) Government Cabinet Governor - General list Ministers Ministries Prime Minister list Economy Agriculture Companies Energy Rogernomics Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Society Citizenship Crime Demographics Education Immigration Languages Māori New Zealand English New Zealand Sign Language People `` Kiwi '' Māori Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Literature Māori culture Media Music National symbols Coat of arms Flag Public holidays Radio Religion Sport Television Outline Book Portal Flags of New Zealand National New Zealand Personal Queen 's Personal Flag Governor - General Associated states and territories Cook Islands Niue Tokelau Chatham Islands ( unofficial ) Ross Dependency ( unofficial ) Ensigns Red Ensign ( merchant marine ) White Ensign ( naval ) Air Force Ensign ( Royal New Zealand Air Force ) Civil Air Ensign ( civil aviation ) Police Ensign Maori Tino rangatiratanga flag United Tribes flag Other Hundertwasser koru flag Red Peak flag Silver fern flag Alternatives for the 2015 -- 16 referendums Choices in the 2016 referendum See also New Zealand flag debate , List of proposed New Zealand flags and New Zealand flag referendums , 2015 -- 16 Flags of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna National and regional flags incorporating the Union Jack Sovereign states Australia Fiji New Zealand Tuvalu United Kingdom Dependent territories United Kingdom Anguilla Ascension Island Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Tristan da Cunha Turks and Caicos Islands New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency States , provinces and other administrative divisions Australia New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Manitoba Ontario United States Hawaii Cities Chile Coquimbo United States Baton Rouge , Louisiana Taunton , Massachusetts Miscellaneous Flags based on British ensigns Mosquito Kingdom ( 1844 -- 1860 ) List of British flags Historical flags of the British Empire George Rex Flag Flags inspired by the Union Jack Basque Country St. Pierre & Miquelon Newfoundland & Labrador Historical Canada South Africa Newfoundland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_New_Zealand&oldid=806058795 '' Categories : Blue Ensigns Flags of New Zealand National flags National symbols of New Zealand Southern Cross flags 1902 establishments in New Zealand 1869 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Tok Pisin Polski Português Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Walon 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 12 : 01 . 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-3908413927382563029 | National conventions for writing telephone numbers | National conventions for writing telephone numbers - wikipedia National conventions for writing telephone numbers This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The national conventions for writing telephone numbers vary by country . While international standards exist in the form of the International Telecommunication Union sector ITU - T issued recommendation E. 123 , national telephone numbering plans define the format and length of telephone numbers assigned to telephones . The presentation of telephone numbers in this article does not include any international dialing codes necessary to route calls via international circuits . In examples , a numeric digit is used only if the digit is the same in every number , and letters to illustrate groups . X is used as a wildcard character to represent any digit in lists of numbers . Contents 1 North America 1.1 United States , Canada , and other NANP countries 1.1. 1 Canada 1.2 Mexico 2 Europe 2.1 Belgium 2.2 Denmark 2.3 France 2.4 Germany 2.5 Greece 2.6 Hungary 2.7 Iceland 2.8 Ireland 2.9 Italy 2.10 Netherlands 2.11 Norway 2.12 Poland 2.13 Romania 2.14 Russia 2.15 Spain 2.16 Switzerland 2.17 United Kingdom 3 Asia 3.1 Pakistan 3.2 India 3.3 Iran 3.4 China 3.5 Hong Kong and Macau 3.6 Japan 3.7 Malaysia 3.8 Philippines 3.9 Singapore 3.10 Taiwan 3.11 South Korea 3.11. 1 Landline phone numbers 3.11. 2 Mobile Phone Numbers 3.11. 3 Business Numbers 3.11. 4 National Service Numbers 3.11. 5 Alternative Numbers 3.12 Turkey 4 Oceania 4.1 Australia 4.2 New Zealand 5 Central America 5.1 Costa Rica 5.2 El Salvador 5.3 Guatemala 5.4 Honduras 6 South America 6.1 Argentina 6.1. 1 Area code 6.1. 2 Subscriber number 6.1. 3 Mobile phones 6.1. 4 Special numbers 6.2 Brazil 6.3 Peru 7 Africa 7.1 South Africa 8 International Telecommunication Union 9 See also 10 References North america ( edit ) United states , Canada , and other NANP countries ( edit ) Twenty - four countries and territories share the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) , with a single country code . The formatting convention for phone numbers is NPA - NXX - XXXX , where NPA is the three digit area code and NXX - XXXX is the seven digit subscriber number . The prefix NXX of the subscriber number is a code for the local central office , unique in the numbering plan area . The place holder N stands for the digits 2 to 9 , as the subscriber number may not begin with the digits 0 and 1 . It is a closed telephone numbering plan in which all subscriber telephone numbers are seven digits , in addition to a three digit area code . Originally , local calls within an area code could be placed by dialing NXX - XXXX , omitting the area code , known as 7 - digit dialing . Only calling a destination in a different area code required dialing the destination area code , known as ten - digit dialing , but due to the need for additional telephone numbers in many regions , seven digit dialing is becoming rare in the United States . With the rapid growth of telephony in the late 20th century , many metropolitan areas saw the introduction of additional area codes . With two or more area codes becoming available in the same vicinity , mandatory ten - digit dialing rules were instituted , requiring the area code to be dialed for all calls . The trunk code 1 may be optional for local calls in some areas . Canada ( edit ) The Canadian Government has stated on its Language Portal of Canada that numbers are to be written with a hyphen between each sequence , as follows : 1 - NPA - NXX - XXXX or NPA - NXX - XXXX. 10 - digit dialing is now required throughout most of Canada , including all of British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , Quebec , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island , as well as most of Ontario . Areas not yet requiring 10 - digit dialing are Ontario 's 807 area code , Newfoundland , New Brunswick , the Yukon , Northwest Territories , and Nunavut , although 10 - digit dialing may be accepted in some of these areas . In the province of Québec , where French is the first language , the Office québécois de la langue française has established that phone numbers must be written with spaces first and then a hyphen for the last sequence , as follows : 1 NPA NXX - XXXX . Educational institutions of Quebec will mark improperly written phone numbers as orthographical mistakes in academic texts . Mexico ( edit ) Mexico phone numbers are 10 digits long . Phone numbers can consist of 2 digits ( NN ) area code plus an eight digits local number ( ABCD XXXX ) or a 3 digits area code ( NNN ) plus a seven digits local number ( ABC XXXX ) . The formatting convention of a phone number is ABCD XXXX or NN ABCD XXXX or ( NN ) ABCD - XXXX ABC XX XX or NNN ABC XXXX or ( NNN ) ABC - XX - XX Including the long distance access code ( 01 ) NN ABCD XXXX or ( 01 NN ) ABCD XXXX ( 01 ) NNN ABC XX XX or ( 01 NNN ) ABC XX XX Including the indicator of local cell phone call from a land line ( 044 ) NN ABCD XXXX ( 044 ) NNN ABC XX XX Including the indicator of long distance cell phone call from a land line ( 045 ) NN ABCD XXXX ( 045 ) NNN ABC XX XX Europe ( edit ) Belgium ( edit ) Belgian telephone numbers consist of two major parts : Firstly ' 0 ' , secondly the `` zone prefix '' ( A ) which is 1 or 2 digits long for landlines and 3 digits long for mobile phones and thirdly the `` subscriber 's number '' ( B ) . Land lines are always 9 digits long . They are prefixed by a zero , followed by the zone prefix . Depending on the length of the zone prefix , the subscriber 's number consists of either 6 or 7 digits . Hence land line numbers are written either 0AA BB BB BB or 0A BBB BB BB . Mobile phone numbers always consist of 10 digits . The first digit of the `` zone prefix '' of a mobile number is always ' 4 ' . Then follows 2 digits indicating to which Mobile Operator 's pool the number originally belonged when it was taken into usage . The fourth digit represents a `` sub-group '' of this pool and has no additional meaning other than increasing the amount of possible numbers . The subscriber 's number consists of 6 digits . Hence , mobile phone numbers are written 04AA BB BB BB . Sometimes , the last 6 digits are written in two groups of 3 digits to increase readability : 04AA BBB BBB . Numbers are sometimes written with a slash in between the zone prefix and the subscriber 's number . This is the case for both land lines and mobile phone numbers . Sometimes , dots are written between the blocks of the subscriber 's number . Examples : 0AA / BB BB BB , 0AA / BB.BB.BB ; for mobile numbers : 04AA / BB BB BB , 04AA / BB.BB.BB or 04AA / BBB. BBB . The international country code prefix for Belgium is `` + 32 '' . When dialing a number with the prefix , the 0 can be dropped , e.g. : + 32 4AA BB BB BB . Denmark ( edit ) Danish telephone numbers are eight digits long and are normally written in four groups of two digits each , with the groups separated by spaces : AA AA AA AA , in two groups of four digits each , with the groups separated by a space : AAAA AAAA , in one group of two digits followed by two groups of three digits each , with the groups separated by spaces : AA AAA AAA , or all in one go : AAAAAAAA . Danish emergency and service numbers are three digits long and are written AAA . Danish short numbers used for text messaging services are four digits long and are written AAAA . France ( edit ) French telephone numbers are 10 digits long written in groups of two separated by spaces , in the format 0A BB BB BB BB where 0 ( the trunk prefix ) was created in 1996 to be a carrier selection code , and A is the `` territorial area code '' included in the subscriber number A BB BB BB BB . The A ( territorial area code ) can be 1 to 5 ( for geographic numbers , depending of the area in the country , respectively : Paris / Suburbs , N-W , N-E , S-E , S-W ) , and it designates nationwide numbers when it is 6 or 7 ( mobile numbers ) , 8 ( special numbers ) , or 9 ( phone over IP over xDSL / non-geographic numbers ) . The numbering plan is a closed one , all digits must always be dialed . The first two or three B can designate the area ( old area code ) for geographic numbers , or the operator to whom the number resource belongs . There are also `` short numbers '' for emergencies ( such as 112 ) , that are written 1C or 1CC ; and short numbers for special services , written 10 CC , 11C CCC , or 36 CC. 00 is the international access code . International format is + 33 A BB BB BB BB where the leading trunk prefix 0 disappears ( it must not be dialed from abroad ) . This format can be directly used in mobile phones . Germany ( edit ) German telephone numbers have no fixed length for area code and subscriber number ( an open numbering plan ) . There are many ways to format a telephone number in Germany . The most prominent is DIN 5008 but the international format E. 123 and Microsoft 's canonical address format are also very common . Trunk access code is 0 and international call prefix code is 00 . Form Example DIN 5008 0AAAA BBBBBB DIN 5008 with Extension 0AAAA BBBBBB - XX DIN 5008 international + 49 AAAA BBBBBB E. 123 local ( 0AAAA ) BBBBBB E. 123 international + 49 AAAA BBBBBB Microsoft + 49 ( AAAA ) BBBBBB Old 0AAAA - BBBBBB Very old 0AAAA / BBBBBB - XX Numbers are often written in blocks of two . Example : + 49 ( A AA ) B BB BB ( Note the blocks go from right to left ) The very old format and E. 123 local form are often used by older people but also for technical reasons . Greece ( edit ) Main article : Telephone numbers in Greece Greek telephone numbers are ten digits long , and usually written AAB BBBBBBB or AAAB BBBBBB where AAB or AAAB is the 2 - or 3 - digit national area code plus the first digit of the subscriber number , and BBBBBBB or BBBBBB are the remaining digits of the subscriber number . The entire number must always be dialed , even if calling within the same local area , therefore the national destination code is not separated from the subscriber number . According to international convention , numbers are sometimes written + 30 AAB BBBBBBB or + 30 AAAB BBBBBB to include the country calling code . Hungary ( edit ) Main article : Telephone numbers in Hungary In Hungary the standard lengths for area codes is two , except for Budapest ( the capital ) , which has the area code 1 . Subscribers ' numbers are six digits long in general , numbers in Budapest and cell phone numbers are seven digits long . Iceland ( edit ) Main article : Telephone numbers in Iceland Phone numbers in Iceland are seven digits long and generally written in the form XXX XXXX or XXX - XXXX . Ireland ( edit ) Phone numbers in Ireland are part of an open numbering plan with varying number lengths . The area code system similar to some other northern European countries . Unlike the UK , Irish fixed line numbering is divided into a number of regions which are ( except Dublin ) further subdivided in a hierarchical structure , with the largest town often ( but not always ) taking 0A1 . Area codes start with a trunk prefix `` 0 '' and extend for up to four digits but usually 3 ; followed by the local phone number of up to seven digits . In industry jargon , these area codes and prefixes are referred to as NDC codes ( National Dialing Codes ) . This is the term used by ComReg and technical documents , as they include non-geographic codes . Historically , like the UK , the term STD code ( Subscriber Trunk Dialling ) was used . However , the terminology is archaic and is no longer universally understood and should not be used to avoid confusion . Dublin uses the shorter ( 01 ) code which is not further subdivided . Other cities and major towns usually have codes ending in 1 . Cork for example is 021 , Galway 091 , Limerick 061 etc . The leading zero is always omitted when dialling from outside the country . Local phone numbers are either 5 , 6 or 7 - digits long . In 7 - digit numbering they are usually grouped as BBB BBBB , 6 - digit numbers are grouped BBB BBB and 5 - digit numbers are normally all grouped together BBBBB Grouping of numbers is not strictly adhered to , but usually fairly consistent . The area code should always be kept separated with a space or surrounded by brackets and not merged into the local number . The use of hyphens is discouraged , particularly on websites as it can prevent mobile browsers identifying the number as a clickable link for easier dialling . Fixed line numbers are normally presented as follows : 01 BBB BBBB for a Dublin number ( 7 digit ) 021 BBB BBBB for a Cork number . ( 7 digit ) 064 BBB BBBB for a Killarney number ( 7 digit ) 061 BBB BBB for a Limerick number . ( 6 digit ) 098 BBBBB for a Westport number ( 5 digit ) 0404 BBBBB for a Wicklow number ( 5 digit ) Area codes may also be sounded by brackets but , this practice is falling out of use , as local dialing without the area code is optional on landlines and the area code must always be dialled on mobile phones . The Irish telecommunication regulator , ComReg has been gradually rationalising area codes by merging and extending local numbering to 7 - digits in the format 0AA BBB BBBB . This is being carried out only where necessary to avoid disruption . This means that varying fixed line number lengths will continue to exist in Ireland for the foreseeable future . Mobile numbers are presented as follows : 08A BBB BBBB Brackets should not be used around the mobile prefix as it is never optional and must always be dialled , even from another phone with the same prefix . Special rate numbers , such as free phone / toll free and premium rate are usually grouped : Freephone : 1800 BB BB BB or ( spoken as one - eight - hundred ) Local rate : 1850 BB BB BB ( eighteen - fifty ) 1550 BB BB BB ( read as fifteen - fifty ) However , for memorability , this is not consistently adhered to . Alphanumeric characters can also be used in presenting numbers for added memorability , but it is much less common than in North America For example : 18AA 99 TAXI Note : These special rate numbers are not reachable from outside Ireland and should never be presented as + 353 1800 or + 353 1550 etc. as this would result in a connection to an unrelated Dublin landline in the + 353 1 BBB BBBB range . Italy ( edit ) Main article : Telephone numbers in Italy Phone numbers in Italy have variable length . There 's no well established convention about how to group digits or which symbol to use , but this is hardly an issue since all the digits are always dialed . Netherlands ( edit ) Since 10 October 1995 ( Operation Decibel ) all telephone numbers in the Netherlands are 10 digits long ( including the trunk prefix ' 0 ' ) . The area code ( ' A ' ) is commonly separated with a dash ( ' - ' ) and sometimes a space from the subscriber 's number ( ' B ' ) . Alternatively , the area code ( including the trunk prefix ) can be enclosed in parentheses . The length of the area code for landlines is either 2 or 3 digits , depending on the population density of the area . This leaves 7 or 6 digits for the subscriber 's number , resulting in a format of either 0AA - BBBBBBB or 0AAA - BBBBBB . Cellphone numbers are assigned the 1 - digit area code 6 , leaving 8 digits for the subscriber 's number : 06 - CBBBBBBB , where subscriber 's number ( ' C ' ) is neither 6 nor 7 . Service numbers ( area codes 800 , 900 , 906 and 909 ) have either 4 or 7 remaining digits , making them 8 or 11 digits in total : 0AAA - BBBB or 0AAA - BBBBBBB . The area code 14 has no trunk prefix and is used for government numbers , currently only for municipalities . The remaining digits represent the area code of the municipality . Therefore , the length 14 numbers total either 5 of 6 digits : 14 0AA or 14 0AAA The trunk prefix ' 0 ' is dropped when prefixed by the country code : + 31 AA BBBBBBBB , + 31 6 CBBBBBBB , etcetera . Note that there is not a trunk prefix for the 14 series so the international number becomes + 31 14 0AAA . Norway ( edit ) Norwegian telephone numbers are 8 digits long . A number to a fixed line is written in four groups of two separated by spaces , AA AA AA AA . Cellphone numbers are written in three groups , AAA AA AAA . This makes it easy to determine if the B - number is SMS capable . Mobile numbers start with 4 or 9 . Poland ( edit ) Telephone numbers in Poland are 9 digits long . For mobile phones , the preferred format is AAA - AAA - AAA . For landline phones , the preferred format is AA - BBB - BB - BB , where AA is area code . Occasionally , you can encounter numbers formatted as ( AA ) BBB - BB - BB . Omitting area code is not permitted , because nowadays it is always required . Romania ( edit ) Starting with 2002 phone numbers in Romania are 10 digits long , the first digit always being 0 . The preferred format is AAAA - AAA - AAA for both mobile and landline phone numbers , except for landline phones in Bucharest where the preferred format is AAA - AAA - AA - AA . Russia ( edit ) Main article : Telephone numbers in Russia Russia has an open numbering plan with 10 - digit phone numbers . Trunk prefix is 8 ( or 8 ~ CC when using alternative operators , where CC is 21 -- 23 , 52 -- 55 ) . International call prefix is 8 ~ 10 ( or 8 ~ CC when using alternative operators , where CC is 26 - 29 , 56 - 59 ) . The country code is + 7 . Length of geographical area codes ( A ) is usually 3 to 5 digits ; length of non-geographical area codes is 3 . The groups of digits in the local subscriber 's number ( B ) are separated by dashes ( ' - ' ) : BBB - BB - BB , BB - BB - BB , B - BB - BB . The area code is included in parentheses , similarly to E. 123 local notation : ( AAA ) BBB - BB - BB , ( AAAA ) BB - BB - BB , ( AAAAA ) B - BB - BB . Area code dialing is optional in most geographical area codes , except Moscow ( area codes 495 , 498 , 499 ) ; it is mandatory for non-geographical area codes . E. 123 international and Microsoft formats are used for writing local phone numbers as well ; international prefix and country code + 7 are replaced with trunk code 8 ( or 8 ~ CC ) when dialing a mandatory area code . Even though trunk code is not needed for calls within the same geographical area , recent convention adds the default trunk code to the phone number notation : 8 ( AAAA ) BB - BB - BB . For mandatory area code dealing plans , notation 8 AAAA BB - BB - BB is used . These formats are a mix of Microsoft format and E. 123 local notation . Mobile phones require full 10 - digit number which starts with 3 - digit non-geographical area codes 900 - 990 . For international calls abroad or international roaming calls to Russia , E. 123 international notation with an international call prefix ' + ' is the only allowed calling number format . For local calls both 8 and + 7 are accepted as a trunk code . Form Example Old BBB - BB - BB Old with area code ( AAA ) BBB - BB - BB Conventional 8 ( AAA ) BBB - BB - BB Microsoft + 7 ( AAA ) BBB - BB - BB Conventional ( mandatory area code ) 8 AAA BBB - BB - BB E. 123 international + 7 AAA BBB BB BB Spain ( edit ) Spanish telephone numbers are nine digits long , starting with ' 9 ' or ' 8 ' for fixed lines ( excluding ' 90x ' and ' 80x ' ) or with ' 6 ' or ' 7 ' for mobile phones . The first group in fixed lines always identifies the dialed province . That group might be of 2 or 3 digits ; for example , 91 and 81 are for Madrid while 925 and 825 are for Toledo . The second group is always of 3 digits as it formerly identified the telephone exchange ( it now identifies the telephone area ) . When the first group is 2 digits long ( as in Madrid ) , the number is usually written in four groups of 2 - 3 - 2 - 2 digits ( AB CCC DD DD ) When the first group is 3 digits long ( as in Toledo ) , the number is usually written in 3 groups of 3 digits ( ABB CCC DDD ) but the form 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 ( ABB CC CD DD ) is not uncommon . Mobile numbers are usually grouped by threes , ABB CCC CCC , but the form 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 is also seen . Switzerland ( edit ) Swiss telephone numbers are ten digits long , and usually written 0AA BBB BB BB where 0AA is the national destination code and BBB BB BB is the subscriber number . The entire number must always be dialed , including the leading 0 , even if calling within a local area , therefore the national destination code is not separated from the subscriber number . According to international convention , numbers are sometimes written + 41 AA BBB BB BB to include the country calling code . Certain nationwide destination codes , such as for toll - free or premium - rate telephone numbers , are written 0800 BBB BBB or 0900 BBB BBB . Short numbers are used for emergency services such as 112 that are written 1CC or 1CCC . United kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom See also : UK telephone code misconceptions Dialling codes , also known as `` area codes '' , are typically surrounded by parentheses , indicating that they are optional for local callers , though there are trials running to make them mandatory , and are followed by the customer 's telephone number . Parentheses are not normally used on non-geographic area codes and mobile phone numbers . Codes with the form 02x are followed by 8 - digit local numbers and should be written as ( 02x ) AAAA AAAA . Area codes with the form 011x or 01x1 are used for many of the major population centers in the UK , are always followed by 7 - digit local numbers and should be written as ( 01xx ) AAA BBBB . Other area codes have the form 01xxx with 5 or 6 figure local numbers written as ( 01xxx ) AAAAA or ( 01xxx ) AAAAAA ; or have the form 01xxxx with 4 or 5 figure local numbers written as ( 01xx xx ) AAAA or ( 01xx xx ) AAAAA . Geographic numbers are also sometimes displayed in a format with a dash separating the code and number , this was formerly the recommended format for six major metropolitan areas in the UK , e.g. 01x1 - AAA BBBB . They are sometimes also shown in a format with a space between the code and number , similar to the non-geographic format , e.g. 01x1 AAA BBBB . Numbers for mobile phones and pagers are formatted as 07AAA BBBBBB and most other non-geographic numbers are 10 figures in length ( excluding trunk digit ' 0 ' ) and formatted as 0AAA BBB BBBB . However , these numbers are sometimes written in other formats. 9 figure freephone numbers are 0500 AAAAAA and 0800 AAAAAA and there is one number of 8 figures length : 0800 1111 ( Childline ) . Domestically , there are also a number of special service numbers such as 100 for the operator , 123 for the speaking clock and 155 for the international operator , as well as 118 AAA for various directory enquiry services , and 116 AAA for various helplines . For some services , the number you call will depend on which operator you use to connect the call . 112 and 999 work for calling the emergency services . These numbers can not be called from abroad . When calling from abroad , the initial ' 0 ' trunk prefix is not required ; it is , however , commonplace to represent telephone numbers with both the international code and the ' 0 ' trunk prefix - which is typically placed within parentheses - but this representation is inconsistent with the E. 123 international standard . Asia ( edit ) Pakistan ( edit ) Telephone numbers in Pakistan have two parts . Area codes in Pakistan are from two to five digits long ; the smaller the city , the longer the prefix . All the large cities have two - digit codes . Smaller towns have a six digit number . Large cities have seven - digit numbers . Azad Jammu and Kashmir has five digit numbers . On 1 July 2009 , telephone numbers in Karachi and Lahore were changed from seven digits to eight digits . This was accomplished by adding the digit `` 9 '' to the beginning of any phone number that started with a `` 9 '' ( government and semi-government connections ) , and adding the digit `` 3 '' to any phone numbers that did not start with the number `` 9 '' . It is common to write phone numbers as ( 0xx ) yyyyyyy , where xx is the area code . The 0 prefix is for trunk ( long - distance ) dialing from within the country . International callers should dial + 92 xx yyyyyyyy . All mobile phone codes are four digits long and start with 03xx . All mobile numbers are seven digits long , and denote the mobile provider on a nationwide basis and not geographic location . Thus all Telenor numbers ( for example ) nationwide carry mobile code 0345 etc . Universal access number 111 xxx xxx Emergency Service Numbers 1xx 1xxx Premium Rate services : 0900 xxxxx Toll free numbers ( For callers within Pakistan ) : 0800 xxxxx India ( edit ) Telephone numbers in India are 10 digits long ( excluding an initial zero which is required at times ) and fall in at least four distinct categories : Landlines : Written as AAA - BBBBBBB , where AAA is the Subscriber Trunk Dialing code ( long distance code ) and BBBBBBB is the phone number . The total length of the Subscriber Trunk Dialing code and the phone number is 10 digits . The Subscriber Trunk Dialing code can be from 2 digits ( 11 or 011 ) up to 4 digits long . Mobiles : Written as AAAAA - BBBBB for ease of remembering ( though the prefix is either 2 - digits or 4 - digits in the numbering plan ) . Mobile numbers which are not local need to be prefixed by a 0 while dialing , or by + 91 ( 91 is the country code for India ) . A mobile number written as + 91 - AAAAA BBBBB is valid throughout India , and in other countries where the + is recognized as a prefix to the country code . Since 2015 , calls from mobile phones to any other mobiles do not need to prefix with a 0 . However , calls from landlines to non-local mobile numbers need to be prefixed with 0 . Toll Free : These are usually ten digit numbers beginning with 1 - 800 . Sometimes they are accessible ( or are toll - free ) only when called from the government - owned telephone corporation , BSNL / MTNL . Service numbers : These are usually three or four digit numbers ( e.g. Police is 100 ) used to access an emergency service ( Fire , Ambulance , Police , Roadside assistance ) or a value - added service . Iran ( edit ) All telephone numbers in Iran are 11 digits long ( initial 0 plus ten numbers ) . The first two , three or four digits after the zero are the area code . The possibilities are : ( 0xx ) xxxx xxxx ( for landlines ) , 09xx xxx xxxx ( for mobiles ) and 099xx xxx xxx ( for MVNO ) . When making a call within the same landline area code , initial 0 plus the area code can be omitted . An example for calling telephones in Tehran is as follows : xxxx xxxx ( within Tehran ) 021 xxxx xxxx ( within Iran ) + 98 21 xxxx xxxx ( outside Iran ) An example for mobile numbers is as follows : 09xx xxx xxxx ( within same providers , other providers or landlines in Iran ) + 98 9xx xxx xxxx ( outside Iran ) China ( edit ) Telephone numbers in China are 10 or 11 digits long ( excluding an initial zero which is required at times ) and fall in at least four distinct categories : Landlines : In China , the length of phone numbers varies from city to city . It is usually written as ( 0XXX ) YYYY YYYY ( Some areas of the phone number in the format ( 0XXX ) YYY YYYY ) , where 0 is the trunk code , XXX is the area code ( 2 or 3 digits ) and YYYY YYYY is the local number ( not necessarily 8 digits ) . For example , ( 0755 ) XXXX YYYY indicates a Shenzhen number . XXXXYYYY is dialed locally , 0755XXXXYYYY is dialed in other areas inside the country , while , for international calls to Shenzhen , the 0 is dropped and is written + 86 755 XXXX YYYY . Mobiles : The 11 digit code is always written in full in the whole China e.g. 1WX YYYY ZZZZ . Each WX is assigned to a service provider while W is usually ' 3 ' through ' 9 ' . The remaining 8 digits are the subscriber number . Toll Free : These are usually ten digit numbers beginning with 800 or 400 . 800 ( toll - free ) are accessible only when called from landline phones , while 400 ( shared toll ) are accessible from all phones . Service numbers : These are usually three or five digit numbers ( e.g. Police is 110 ) used to access an emergency service ( Fire , Ambulance , Police , Roadside assistance ) or a value - added service . Hong kong and macau ( edit ) Every number , except special service numbers , is an 8 - digit number ; they are grouped as XXXX YYYY . There are no area codes . Japan ( edit ) The traditional convention for phone numbers is ( 0AA ) NXX - XXXX , where 0AA is the area code and NXX - XXXX is the subscriber number . This number format is very similar to the North American numbering plan , however , the country has a trunk code of 0 instead of 1 , so international callers ( using + 81 ) do not have to dial the trunk code when calling to Japan . Telephone numbers were nine digits long in Tokyo and Osaka until the late 1990s , when a seventh digit was added to the subscriber number . Densely populated areas have shorter area codes , while rural areas have longer area codes , however , the last two digits of a five digit long area code ( including the first zero ) may also be the first two digits of the subscriber number . Area codes increase from north to south , except in areas such as the western Hokuriku region and the prefecture of Okinawa , where area codes increase from west to east or south to north . Some telephone numbers deviate from this rule : Toll - free dialing and Navi Dial operations ( 0120 - XX - XXXX , 0570 - XX - XXXX , or 0800 - XX - XXXX ) , where XX - XXXX is the subscriber number The area code 050 uses an 11 digit phone number ( 050 - XXXX - XXXX ) , where XXXX - XXXX is the subscriber number 110 and 119 are examples of three digit emergency numbers Malaysia ( edit ) All area codes including mobile start with a `` 0 '' ( trunk prefix ) for domestic calls . If you are dialing from another country the international calling code for Malaysia is `` 60 '' which may be confusing ; do not dial an extra `` 0 '' before the rest of the digits . For fixed line and mobile phone numbers , a dash is written in between the area / mobile code and the subscriber number , with an optional space before the last four digits of the subscriber number . For example , a fixed line number in Kuala Lumpur is written as 03 - XXXX YYYY or 03 - XXXXYYYY , while a fixed line number in Kota Kinabalu is written as 088 - XX YYYY or 088 - XXYYYY . A typical mobile phone number is written as 01M - XXX YYYY or 01M - XXXYYYY . Toll - free and local charge numbers are written as 1 - 800 - XX - YYYY and 1 - 300 - XX - YYYY respectively , while premium rate numbers are written as 600 - XX - YYYY . Philippines ( edit ) Telephone numbers in the Philippines are written as + 63 ( XXX ) YYY ZZZZ for international callers . For domestic calls , the country code ( + 63 ) is omitted and a trunk prefix ( 0 ) is placed . For local calls , both the 0 and area code are omitted . Mobile numbers are written as + 63 ( XXX ) YYY ZZZZ or 0 ( XXX ) YYY ZZZZ . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , every phone number is written as + 65 - XXXX - YYYY or + 65 XXXX YYYY . Mobile phones starts with 8 / 9 , landline phone numbers starts with 6 while VOIP numbers starts with 3 . Subscriber numbers have 8 digits and there are no area codes . Taiwan ( edit ) Landline numbers in Taiwan are written with the area code in parenthesis ( with phone numbers totaling 9 digits ) Example : ( 02 ) XXXX YYYY for phone numbers in Taipei area . Mobile phones have 3 digit `` company code '' assigned to different mobile service carriers such as ( 09 * * ) XXXXXX followed by a 6 digit phone number . ( note : Mobile carriers could have multiple company codes ) South Korea ( edit ) South Korean phone numbers can be as short as 7 digits and as long as 11 digits , because , when making a local call ( i.e. in the same city ) , there is no need to dial the area code . South Korean area codes are assigned based on city . Landline phone numbers ( edit ) Landline home numbers are usually written as : 0XX - XXX - XXXX or ( 0XX ) XXX - XXXX where 0XX indicates an area code . ( 0XX ) XXX - XXX and 0XX XXX XXXX ( without hyphens ) are comprehensible as well . The area code may be two digits long for some cities such as Seoul and Gwacheon ( these two cities use the same area code ) and three digits for other cities such as Incheon , Busan and most of the cities in Gyeonggi - do . The middle three - digit part is extended to four digits in many areas due to the increased number of telephone users . In the international context , 82 0XX - XXX - XXXX is commonly used as well . For international calls , `` 0 '' in the area code is often omitted , because it is not necessary to dial 0 from foreign countries . Therefore , it is better written as : 82 - ( 0 ) XX - XXX - XXXX or 82 - ( 0 ) XX - XXXX - XXXX The plus ( + ) sign is often added to the country code too ( e.g. , + 82 0XX - XXX - XXXX or + 82 - 0XX - XXXX - XXXX ) . Mobile phone numbers ( edit ) For mobile numbers , 01X - XXX - XXXX is commonly used . With the third generations of the mobile phone , most of the mobile numbers start with 010 but there still are a number of people who continue to use the second generation , with the numbers starting with 011 , 016 , 017 , so on . As with the landline home numbers , the mobile numbers ' middle three - digit part is extended to four digits ( e.g. , 01X - XXXX - XXXX ) due to the increased number of mobile phone users . For mobile numbers in the international context , 82 ( 0 ) 1X - XXX - XXXX or 82 - ( 0 ) 1X - XXXX - XXXX are most often used . As with the home phone numbers , the plus ( + ) sign is often added to the country code ( e.g. , + 82 01X - XXX - XXXX or + 82 - 01X - XXXX - XXXX ) Business numbers ( edit ) If an area code starts with 070 , the number does not belong to any particular area , and is a number given by an Internet telephone service . In this case , 070 is not usually put in the brackets , neither ( ) nor ) . In the business context , the numbers in the format of 15XX - XXXX and 16XX - XXXX without any area code are business representative agency or customer services . While the numbers starting with 080 ( e.g. , 080 - XXX - XXXX ) are also business - related numbers but are usually toll - free customer service centers . Also in this case , 15XX , 16XX or 070 are not put in the brackets , neither ( ) nor ) . National service numbers ( edit ) There are national telephone services which have phone numbers in the format of 1XX or 1XXX , without any area code . For example , 114 is for telephone yellow page , 119 is for fire / emergency number , 112 is for police station center , 131 is for weather forecast information , 1333 is for traffic information , and so on . The number 111 is for reporting spies , especially from North Korea . It used to be 113 , so most of senior citizen still believe it is the number for reporting spies . These numbers do not need any brackets . Alternative numbers ( edit ) If there are multiple numbers used for one person / entity , the symbol `` ~ '' is usually used to avoid repetitions . For example , if one company has three phone numbers -- 031 - 111 - 1111 , 031 - 111 - 1112 and 031 - 111 - 1113 -- then they are shortened as in 031 - 111 - 1111 ~ 3 . If the numbers are not consecutive , then the last digit is written together with commas . For example , if a company has three numbers -- 031 - 111 - 1111 , 031 - 111 - 1115 , 031 - 111 - 1119 , then they are shortened as in 031 - 111 - 1111 , 5 , 9 . Turkey ( edit ) In Turkey the format for telephone numbers is commonly seen as 0BBB AAA AA AA . While landline numbers having the prefix 02BB AAA AA AA , 03BB AAA AA AA , or 04BB AAA AA AA mobile numbers have the prefix 05BB AAA AA AA . Landline area codes are separated by cities and only one city , Istanbul , has two area codes : 216 for the Asian side , and 212 for the European side . Mobile numbers however are separated by carriers . There are three mobile carriers in Turkey : Vodafone TR , Turkcell and Turk Telekom . Turkcell has the prefix 053B AAA AA AA , Vodafone TR has the prefix 054B AAA AA AA , and Turk Telekom has the prefix 055B AAA AA AA . Since 9 November 2008 , with the passing of the Number Carriability Regulation by ICTA , mobile numbers can be carried from one mobile carrier to the other , without having to change the prefix . This caused dialing 05BB to call another number on the same carrier to become mandatory . Calls to numbers which were carried to another operator are signaled by a unique sound upon dialing , to signify that the recipient is on another network and alert them against potentially unwanted interconnection charges . The same regulation passed on 10 September 2009 regarding landline numbers , without the requirement to dial the prefix among numbers with the same geographical area , sharing the same prefix . The `` 0 '' on every prefix is an Area Code Exit code that must be dialed when a number with a different area code is being called . So when calling from outside of Turkey those 0s are not dialed . The dialing format when calling from outside Turkey is + 90 BBB AAA AA AA and NOT + 90 0BBB AAA AA AA . Unlike the North American system , the Country Exit Code is n't 011 but 00 . So it is one `` 0 '' to exit area and one more `` 0 '' to exit the country . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Most Australian telephone numbers are 10 digits long , and are generally written 0A BBBB BBBB or 04XX XXX XXX for mobile telephone numbers , where 0A is the optional `` area code '' ( 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 ) and BBBB BBBB is the subscriber number . ( http://www.acma.gov.au/Industry/Telco/Numbering/Numbering-Plan/phone-number-meanings-numbering-i-acma ) When the number is to be seen by an international audience , it is written + 61 A BBBB BBBB or + 61 4XX XXX XXX . When written for a local audience , the optional area code is omitted . The area code is often written within parentheses ( 0A ) BBBB BBBB . Mobile numbers should never have parentheses . Ten - digit non-geographic numbers beginning with 1 are written 1X0Y BBB BBB , where X is 8 for toll free numbers , 3 for fixed - fee numbers and 9 for premium services . Six - digit non-geographic numbers are written 13 BB BB or 13B BBB ; these are fixed - fee numbers . Seven - digit 180 BBBB numbers also exist . ' B 's are sometimes written as letters . New zealand ( edit ) Almost all New Zealand telephone numbers are seven digits long , with a single - digit access code and a single - digit area code for long - distance domestic calls . Traditionally , the number was given as ( 0A ) BBB - BBBB , with the two first digits ( the STD code ) often omitted for local calls . The brackets and the dash are also often omitted . Mobile numbers follow the same format , but with the area code being two digits , i.e. ( 02M ) BBB - BBBB . ( Some mobile numbers are longer : ( 021 ) 02BBBBBB , ( 021 ) 08BBBBBB , ( 020 ) 40BBBBBB , ( 020 ) 41BBBBBB and ( 028 ) 25BBBBBB ; and some are shorter : ( 021 ) 3BBBBB , ( 021 ) 4BBBBB , ( 021 ) 5BBBBB , ( 021 ) 6BBBBB , ( 021 ) 7BBBBB , ( 021 ) 8BBBBB and ( 021 ) 9BBBBB ) There are also free - phone numbers ( starting with 0800 or 0508 ) that are given in the format 0800 - AAA - AAA . It is not uncommon for the 0800 and 0508 to be enclosed in brackets , although this is not strictly correct as the brackets denote optional parts of the number , and the 0800 and 0508 is required . For international use , the prefix + 64 is substituted for the leading zero , giving + 64 - A-BBB - BBBB for land - lines , and + 64 - MM - BBB - BBBB for mobile numbers . Central america ( edit ) Some Central American countries write the country code for their own and other Central American countries in parentheses , instead of using a + sign , as recommended by E. 123 . For example , for a number in Costa Rica they would write ( 506 ) 2222 - 2222 instead of + 506 2222 - 2222 . On the other hand , Guatemala does have the custom of using the + sign . It is quite common for Central American businesses to write the whole phone number , including the country code in parentheses , on business cards , signs , stationery , etc . Costa Rica ( edit ) Costa Rican telephone numbers are 8 digits long , and are usually written in the format 2NNN - NNNN ( for landlines ) , 8NNN - NNNN ( for mobile telephone numbers from local telephone company ICE ) , 6NNN - NNNN ( for mobile telephone numbers from Movistar ) and 7NNN - NNNN ( for mobile phone numbers from Claro ) . Toll - free numbers use the format 800 - NNN - NNNN and premium - rate telephone numbers are written 90x - NNN - NNNN where x varies according to the type of service offered . There are also `` short numbers '' for emergencies such as 911 . When Costa Rica switched from 7 to 8 digit numbers , it used a scheme similar to the 8 digit number scheme already in place in El Salvador at that time . El Salvador ( edit ) El Salvadoran telephone numbers are 8 digits long , usually written in the format 2NNN - NNNN ( for landline use ) and 7NNN - NNNN ( for mobile telephone numbers ) . Premium - rate numbers start with a 9 . Guatemala ( edit ) Guatemalan telephone numbers are 8 digits long and written in the format 2NNN - NNNN for landlines in Guatemala City , 6NNN - NNNN for landlines for the rest of municipalities in the Guatemala Department , and 7NNN - NNNN for landlines in Rural Guatemala / rest of country . Non-geographic numbers ( mobile ) are 5NNN - NNNN , 4NNN - NNNN , and 3NNN - NNNN . Within each area , there are different service providers . The following 3 digits indicate the service provider . However , their assignment is on a first - come first - served basis . Additionally there are special numbers with the following conventions : 3 digit numbers for emergency systems , four digit numbers , 15NN for information and governmental institutions and 17NN for commercial and banking institutions with a high call influx , 6 digit numbers for Telephone carriers numbers and making operator assisted calls , collect calls . These calls are billed at different rates . 1 - 800 : Toll - free calls redirected to out of country offices and 1 - 801 : Local toll - free calls . Honduras ( edit ) Honduran telephone numbers have either 7 digits ( for landlines ) , which are usually written NNN - NNNN , or 8 digits ( for mobile numbers ) , which are written NNNN - NNNN . The fact that landline and mobile numbers are different lengths sometimes causes confusion . In 2010 , an additional digit ( 2 ) was added to the start of land line numbers , thus standardizing the length at 8 digits . South america ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) Argentinian telephone numbers always consist of 11 digits , including the geographical area code . Area code ( edit ) The area code can have 3 , 4 or 5 digits , the first being always 0 ( indicative of long distance calls ) . Moreover , in 1999 the whole country ( except Buenos Aires , and Greater Buenos Aires ) was divided into two zones . Roughly and with exceptions , one includes most of the northern half of the country ; and the other , most of the southern half , though the actual reason for this division is not geographical , but the fact that each zone is administered by a different company . So , the second digit of area codes can be 1 ( only in Buenos Aires and Greater Buenos Aires code `` 011 '' ) or else a 2 ( for towns in the southern half of the country ) or a 3 ( for the northern half ) . For example , ( 011 ) for Buenos Aires , ( 0341 ) for Rosario , ( 02627 ) for San Rafael . And the subscriber 's number will accordingly have 6 , 7 or 8 digits , to complete the eleven digits . Phone numbers are mostly written as : ( 011 ) xxxx - xxxx ( Note that only the ( 011 ) code has 3 digits ) , ( 0xxx ) xxx - xxxx or ( 0xxxx ) xx - xxxx The area code is usually written between brackets . Subscriber number ( edit ) In 1999 , a general reform was introduced to telephone numbers , including the 1 , 2 and 3 for area codes as explained above , and adding a 4 at the beginning of all subscriber 's numbers . However , since the reform some local numbers starting with a 5 are beginning to appear . Moreover , a hyphen is usually placed to separate the last four digits . Code areas do not usually include one single city or town , but several neighbouring towns . So , the part before the hyphen ( called a prefix ) is usually indicative of either a town within the code area , or even of a part of a larger city , which is assigned several prefixes . As a matter of fact , each area code has only a limited number of prefixes assigned , and these are locally limited within the area . For example , the ( 0342 ) area has numbers with a 456 - prefix , mostly located in the centre of Santa Fe . It also has numbers with a 460 - prefix , usually for phone lines in the north east of the city . And there are lines with a 474 - prefix , located in Santo Tomé . But no 444 - prefix exists within this area . As for the part after the hyphen , it may usually be any succession of four digits , though sometimes a prefix is shared by two or more small towns , and then , the first digit after the hyphen carries the distinction between towns . Sometimes , a prefix is reserved for official numbers , that is for offices depending on the national , provincial or local state . In the ( 0342 ) area , this is 457 - , and phones within this prefix communicate with each other , by simply dialing the four final digits , though from other phones the prefix must be dialled as well . Mobile phones ( edit ) Mobile phones use the same area codes as landline telephones , but the number begins with a `` 15 '' , added to a string of 6 , 7 or 8 digits , just as described above . After the `` 15 '' , the remainder of the number can start with a 3 , a 4 , a 5 or a 6 . This `` 15 '' may be dropped when a call is made to a mobile phone in a different code area . And when sending text messages , the receiver 's number is best dialled both without the `` 15 '' and with the long distance code , even if both sender and receiver share a code area , but without the initial `` 0 '' . To sum up , given the mobile phone ( 011 ) 154 - 123 - 4567 , you will call it by dialing : 154 - 123 - 4567 ( within the same code area ) , ( 011 ) ( 15 ) 4 - 123 - 4567 ( from a different code area , including or omitting the 15 ) , And you will send messages to : 11 4 - 123 - 4567 ( even when your phone has also a 011 number ) . Special numbers ( edit ) Two sorts of special numbers exist in Argentina . On the one hand , three - digit numbers are used for special services such as to call the police , fire brigade or emergency doctors , as well as to hear the official time . Also telephone companies have three - digit numbers to report a problem in the lines , or to ask for another subscriber 's number , when a paper directory is not available . Additionally , there are other longer numbers . These include ( but are not limited to ) : 0800 xxx abcd 0810 xxx abcd 0600 xxx abcd ( where the xxx indicates the same digit dialled three times , and a , b , c and d may each be any of the ten digits ) 0800 lines are used by companies , and it is the receiver and not the caller who pays for the call , so that potential clients are encouraged to contact business companies for free . 0810 lines are paid by the caller , but the cost is for a local call , even if you are calling from a different area . The remaining is covered by the receiver . And 0600 numbers are special more expensive lines , that serve such purposes as TV games , fund collecting for charity companies , hot lines , etc . Basically a part of the extra money charged to the caller is sent to the owner of the line . Often the abcd or even ( xx ) xabcd part of the number is chosen , if available , to form a word that is representative of the company holding the number . Brazil ( edit ) Brazil is divided into 67 two - digit geographical area codes , all of which with eight - digit numbers , in the format AA NNNN - NNNN , except for cell phones , which contain nine digits , usually in the format AA NNNNN - NNNN . See also : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Brazil Peru ( edit ) Peru uses 2 - digit area codes followed by 6 - digit subscriber numbers outside of Lima . In Lima the area code is `` 1 '' and the subscriber number has 7 digits , divided XXX XXXX . The `` trunk 0 '' is often used , especially for numbers outside Lima . For example , a phone number in Arequipa might be written ( 054 ) XX - XXXX . Cellphone numbers used to have 8 digits with the first digit always being 9 . In 2008 an additional digit was added to cellphone numbers , while land numbers remained the same . The previous convention for cell numbers in Lima was usually 9XXX XXXX , though 9 - XXX XXXX was also used . With the new 9 - digit number , the form 9XX XXX XXX is becoming increasingly common as opposed to 9 XXXX XXXX , 9X XXX XXXX or 9XXXX XXXX . Outside Lima cellphone numbers used to be 9 followed by six digits , i.e. , 9 XXX XXX . The 2008 changes were somewhat more complicated . In four departments ( similar to states ) , a 2 digit code now has to be entered before the 9 . In the example of Arequipa , the code of 95 has to be entered before the 9 , so the new numeration is 959 XXX XXX . The other codes are 94 for La Libertad ( Trujillo ) , 96 for Piura and 97 for Lambayeque ( Chiclayo ) . In the other 19 rural departments , the 9 is followed by the department 's 2 - digit area code then the 6 - digit subscriber number . For example , the area code for Cusco is 84 , so their new cellphone numeration is 984 XXX XXX . The effect is that all Peruvian cellphone numbers now have 9 digits ; under the old system they had 8 digits in Lima and 7 everywhere else . Africa ( edit ) South Africa ( edit ) South Africa uses 10 digit dialling which became required since 16 January 2007 . The 10 digits used for local calls ( AAA XXX XXXX or 0AA XXX XXXX ) consists of a 3 digit area / type code ( the first digit in the area / type code is a trunk prefix ) and 7 digits . All area codes including mobile start with a `` 0 '' ( trunk prefix ) for domestic calls . When dialing from another country the international calling code for South Africa is `` + 27 '' with the rest of the digits excluding the trunk prefix ( + 27 AA XXX XXXX ) . International Telecommunication Union ( edit ) The International Telecommunication Union sector ITU - T issued recommendation E. 123 entitled Notation for national and international telephone numbers , e-mail addresses and Web addresses . See also ( edit ) Telephone numbering plan Telephone number Telephone numbers in Africa Telephone numbers in Asia Telephone numbers in Europe Telephone numbers in the Americas Telephone numbers in Oceania List of country calling codes Long distance calling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NANPA : North American Numbering Plan Administration - About Us '' . www.nationalnanpa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.bt-tb.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/btb.php?lang=eng&cont=044 Jump up ^ http://gdt.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=8870658 Jump up ^ ComReg , `` National Numbering Conventions V 7.0 Jump up ^ http://bt.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/41071/~/changes-to-local-phone-calls-in-aberdeen,-bradford,-brighton,-middlesbrough-and Jump up ^ http://golondon.about.com/od/planningyourtrip/ss/telephones_2.htm Jump up ^ http://revk.www.me.uk/2009/09/it-is-not-44-0207-123-4567.html Jump up ^ `` Karachi and Lahore now have eight digit phone numbers . In the near future this will be extended to other metros '' . Daily Times ( Pakistan ) . 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.ttrehber.turktelekom.com.tr/trk-web/alankodlari.html Jump up ^ http://www.nts.gov.tr/ Jump up ^ https://www.spark.co.nz/help/landline/plans-services/business-national-toll-free-0800-and-0508 Jump up ^ `` Movistar y Claro ya tienen números para sus servicios celulares '' . La Nación . Jump up ^ http://www.sit.gob.gt/uploads/docs/plannumeracion/PlanNumeracionGT.pdf , accessed 2012 - 07 - 18 Jump up ^ http://www.deperu.com/mensajes/nueva-numeracion-celulares.php Telephone numbers by continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America National writing conventions E. 123 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_conventions_for_writing_telephone_numbers&oldid=857122376 '' Categories : Telephone numbers Open standards Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how to write indian mobile number in us format | [] | [] |
3681274031479736246 | Golden State Warriors | Golden State Warriors - wikipedia Golden State Warriors Jump to : navigation , search Golden State Warriors 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 1946 History Philadelphia Warriors 1946 -- 1962 San Francisco Warriors 1962 -- 1971 Golden State Warriors 1971 -- present Arena Oracle Arena Location Oakland , California Team colors Royal blue , California golden yellow , slate President Rick Welts General manager Bob Myers Head coach Steve Kerr Ownership Joe Lacob ( majority ) , Peter Guber Affiliation ( s ) Santa Cruz Warriors Championships 5 ( 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 ) Conference titles 9 Eastern : 3 ( 1947 , 1948 , 1956 ) Western : 6 ( 1964 , 1967 , 1975 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Division titles 5 ( 1975 , 1976 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Retired numbers 6 ( 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 24 , 42 ) Website www.nba.com/warriors Uniforms Home Away The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in Oakland , California . The Warriors compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division . The Warriors play their home games at the Oracle Arena in Oakland . The Warriors have reached nine NBA Finals , winning five NBA championships in 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 and 2017 . Golden State 's five NBA championships are tied for fourth-most in NBA history with the San Antonio Spurs , and behind only the Boston Celtics ( 17 ) , Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 6 ) . As of 2017 , the Warriors are the third most valuable NBA franchise according to Forbes , with an estimated value of $2.6 billion . The team was established in 1946 as the Philadelphia Warriors based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , a founding member of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . In 1962 , the franchise relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area and was renamed the San Francisco Warriors . In 1971 , the team changed its geographic moniker to Golden State , California 's state nickname . The team is nicknamed the Dubs as a shortening of `` W 's '' . Wilt Chamberlain and Stephen Curry have both been named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player while playing for the Warriors , for a total of three MVP awards . 18 Hall of Famers have played for the Warriors , while four have coached the team . Golden State holds the NBA records for best regular season with 73 -- 9 , best postseason with 16 -- 1 (. 941 winning percentage ) and most wins in a season ( regular season and postseason combined ) with 88 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Team creation 1.2 1946 -- 1962 : Philadelphia Warriors 1.3 1962 -- 1971 : San Francisco Warriors 1.4 1971 -- 1978 1.5 1978 -- 1987 1.6 1987 -- 1997 1.7 1997 -- 2008 1.7. 1 2006 -- 07 : `` We believe '' season 1.7. 2 2007 -- 08 season 1.8 2008 -- 2011 1.9 2011 -- present : `` Splash Brothers '' era 1.9. 1 2013 -- 14 : Improvements 1.9. 2 2014 -- 15 : From turmoil to champions 1.9. 3 2015 -- 16 : Broken records 1.10 2016 -- present : The `` Fantastic Four '' era 1.11 Move from Oakland back to San Francisco 2 Rivalries 2.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 3 Media 3.1 Television 3.2 Radio 4 Season - by - season records 5 Home arenas 6 Training facilities 7 Head coaches 8 Players 8.1 Current roster 8.2 Retained draft rights 8.3 Retired numbers 8.4 Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame members 8.5 FIBA Hall of Famers 9 Statistical leaders and awards 9.1 Franchise leaders 9.2 Individual awards 9.3 NBA All - Star Weekend 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Golden State Warriors Team creation The Warriors were founded in 1946 as the Philadelphia Warriors , a charter member of the Basketball Association of America . They were owned by Peter A. Tyrrell , who also owned the Philadelphia Rockets of the American Hockey League . Tyrrell hired Eddie Gottlieb , a longtime basketball promoter in the Philadelphia area , as coach and general manager . The owners named the team after the Philadelphia Warriors , an old basketball team who played in the American Basketball League in 1925 . 1946 -- 1962 : Philadelphia Warriors Joe Fulks was the league 's first scoring champion . Led by early scoring sensation Joe Fulks , the team won the championship in the league 's inaugural 1946 -- 47 season by defeating the Chicago Stags , four games to one . The NBA , which was created by a 1949 merger , officially recognizes that as its own first championship . Gottlieb bought the team in 1951 . Wilt Chamberlain averaged 41.5 points per game and 25.1 rebounds per game during his five and a half seasons with the Warriors . The Warriors won its other championship in Philadelphia in the 1955 -- 56 season , defeating the Fort Wayne Pistons four games to one . The Warrior stars of this era were future Hall of Famers Paul Arizin , Tom Gola and Neil Johnston . In 1959 , the team signed draft pick Wilt Chamberlain . Known as `` Wilt the Stilt '' , he led the team in scoring six times , quickly began shattering NBA scoring records and changed the NBA style of play forever . On March 2 , 1962 , in a Warrior `` home '' game played on a neutral court in Hershey , Pennsylvania , Chamberlain scored 100 points against the New York Knicks , a single - game record the NBA ranks among its finest moments . 1962 -- 1971 : San Francisco Warriors In 1962 , Franklin Mieuli purchased the majority shares of the team and relocated the franchise to the San Francisco Bay Area , renaming them the San Francisco Warriors . The Warriors played most of their home games at the Cow Palace in Daly City ( the facility lies just south of the San Francisco city limits ) from 1962 to 1964 and the San Francisco Civic Auditorium from 1964 to 1966 , though occasionally playing home games in nearby cities such as Oakland and San Jose . Nate Thurmond averaged over 20 points per game during five different seasons and over 20 rebounds per game during two seasons while with the Warriors . Prior to the 1963 -- 64 NBA season , the Warriors drafted big man Nate Thurmond to go along with Chamberlain . The Warriors won the Western Division crown that season , but lost the 1964 NBA Finals to the Boston Celtics , four games to one . In the 1964 -- 65 season , the Warriors traded Chamberlain to the Philadelphia 76ers for Connie Dierking , Lee Shaffer , Paul Neumann and $150,000 and won only 17 games . In 1965 , they drafted Rick Barry in the first round who went on to become NBA Rookie of the Year that season and then led the Warriors to the NBA finals in the 1966 -- 67 season , losing ( four games to two ) to Chamberlain 's new team that had replaced the Warriors in Philadelphia , the 76ers . Angered by management 's failure to pay him certain incentive bonuses he felt were due him , Barry sat out the 1967 -- 68 season and signed with the Oakland Oaks of the rival American Basketball Association for the following year , but after four seasons in the ABA rejoined the Warriors in 1972 . During Barry 's absence , the Warriors were no longer title contenders , and the mantle of leadership fell to Thurmond , Jeff Mullins and Rudy LaRusso . They began scheduling more home games in Oakland with the opening of the Oakland Coliseum Arena in 1966 and the 1970 -- 71 season would be the team 's last as the San Francisco Warriors . 1971 -- 1978 The Warriors ' 1974 -- 75 championship banner . The franchise adopted its brand name Golden State Warriors prior to the 1971 -- 72 season , in order to suggest that the team represented the entire state of California . Almost all home games were played in Oakland that season ; six were played in San Diego , but none in San Francisco or Daly City . Oakland Arena became the team 's exclusive home court in 1971 . Rick Barry ( shown in 1976 ) was named the NBA Finals MVP in 1975 . The Warriors made the playoffs from 1971 to 1977 except in 1974 , and won their first NBA championship on the West Coast in 1974 -- 75 . In what many consider the biggest upset in NBA history , Golden State not only defeated the heavily favored Washington Bullets but humiliated them in a four - game sweep . That team was coached by former Warrior Al Attles , and led on the court by Rick Barry and Jamaal Wilkes . Barry was named MVP of the finals . At 59 - 23 , the Warriors had the league 's best record during the 1975 -- 76 season . They were upset , however , by the 42 - 40 Phoenix Suns in seven games in the Western Conference Finals . 1978 -- 1987 Because of the loss of key players such as Barry , Wilkes and Thurmond to trades and retirements , the Warriors struggled to put a competitive team on the court from 1978 to 1987 after being one of the NBA 's dominant teams in the 1960s and most of the 1970s . Through the NBA draft , however , they acquired some players such as high - scoring forward Purvis Short ( 1978 ) , former Purdue center Joe Barry Carroll ( 1980 ) and center Robert Parish ( 1976 ) , who was traded to the Boston Celtics in 1980 along with the draft pick that would become Kevin McHale for the pick used to draft Carroll . In 1983 , the Warriors matched the New York Knicks ' offer for free - agent Bernard King , but , unable to pay his high salary , quickly traded him to the Knicks for guard Micheal Ray Richardson , whom they soon shipped to New Jersey in exchange for former Georgetown Hoya point guard Eric `` Sleepy '' Floyd , and journeyman forward Mickey Johnson . ( Floyd once scored 29 points for the Warriors in the fourth quarter of a playoff game against the Lakers , though he was later traded to the Houston Rockets ) . The departure of these players for various reasons symbolized the franchise 's futility during this period , as head coach Attles moved up to the front office as general manager in 1980 and the team made several coaching changes . New owners Jim Fitzgerald and Dan Finane finally managed to return the team to respectability by hiring former Cleveland Cavaliers head coach George Karl as head coach in 1986 after selecting St. John 's small forward Chris Mullin in the 1985 NBA draft . 1987 -- 1997 A ticket for a 1988 -- 89 game between the Warriors and the Jazz . After a subpar stretch in the late 1970s and early 1980s , the team had a brief resurgence under coach Karl , culminating in a 1987 Western Conference Semifinal match against Magic Johnson and the Los Angeles Lakers which is still shown on TV in the NBA 's Greatest Games series . In the game , Warriors ' All - Star point guard Sleepy Floyd 's performance in the second half still stands as the NBA playoff record for points scored in a quarter ( 29 ) and in a half ( 39 ) . His six consecutive field goals in the fourth quarter led to a 51 - point finish for him and a victory for the Warriors . The `` Sleepy Floyd game '' was a catalyst for increased interest in the NBA in the Bay Area which was furthered by new coach Don Nelson , who engineered another successful string of wins in the late 1980s and early 1990s with the high - scoring trio of point guard Tim Hardaway , guard Mitch Richmond and forward Chris Mullin ( collectively known as `` Run TMC '' after the rap group Run - D.M.C. ) . But `` Run TMC '' stayed together for only two seasons ( winning only one playoff series ) , when coach Nelson , in a move to get a promising young front - court player to complement his run - and - gun system , sent Richmond to the Sacramento Kings for rookie power forward Billy Owens . Nelson had been brought to the Warriors from the Milwaukee Bucks by Jim Fitzgerald , who along with Dan Finnane owned the team between 1986 and 1995 . In 1993 -- 94 , with first - round draft pick and Rookie of the Year power forward Chris Webber playing alongside off - guard Latrell Sprewell , the Warriors made the playoffs . At the start of the next season , however , a rift formed between Webber and Sprewell on the one hand and Nelson on the other . All three soon left the team , and the organization went into a tailspin . 1994 -- 95 was the first season under new team owner Chris Cohan , who had bought out Fitzgerald and Finnane . The Warriors selected power forward prospect Joe Smith as their first overall draft pick in 1995 and hired Rick Adelman as the new head coach . They sent Tim Hardaway and Chris Gatling to the Miami Heat for Kevin Willis and Bimbo Coles midway through the 1995 -- 96 season , and ended up with a 36 -- 46 record , three wins short of making the playoffs . While their home court , the Oakland Coliseum Arena , was being extensively renovated , the 1996 -- 97 Warriors played their home games in the San Jose Arena and struggled to a 30 -- 52 finish . Longtime Seton Hall college coach P.J. Carlesimo , who had been recently fired by the Portland Trail Blazers , replaced Adelman as head coach for 1997 -- 98 . Sprewell was suspended for the remainder of the 1997 -- 98 season for losing his temper and choking Carlesimo during a team practice in December , generating the glaring newspaper headline `` WARRIORS HIT ROCK BOTTOM '' and the declaration by GM Garry St. Jean that Sprewell would never play for the Warriors again . He would not play in the NBA again until he was dealt in January 1999 to the New York Knicks for John Starks , Chris Mills and Terry Cummings . 1997 -- 2008 St. Jean had become the new Warriors ' GM in July 1997 ; he and his predecessor Dave Twardzik received much of the blame for the Warriors ' struggles early in Cohan 's turbulent tenure as owner in addition to Cohan himself . St. Jean brought in players such as Terry Cummings , John Starks and Mookie Blaylock who were well past their primes . Twardzik drafted several flops , such as Todd Fuller ( while Kobe Bryant was still available as well as Steve Nash and Jermaine O'Neal ) and Steve Logan ( who never played an NBA game ) . In the following draft , the team selected Adonal Foyle while Tracy McGrady was still available . St. Jean did , however , draft future two - time NBA slam dunk champion off - guard Jason Richardson ( from Michigan State ) , a Warriors ' star scorer through the 2006 -- 07 season . For a few years , with rising stars Richardson , small forward Antawn Jamison and point guard Gilbert Arenas leading the team , the Warriors seemed like a team on the rise ; but the young Warriors did not have enough in the competitive Western Conference to make the playoffs . After the 2002 -- 03 season , St. Jean 's earlier mistakes of committing money to players like Danny Fortson , Adonal Foyle and Erick Dampier were painfully felt by Warriors ' fans when the team was unable to re-sign Arenas despite his desire to stay in the Bay Area . A new rule was implemented in response to second - round draft picks who quickly become superstars . Chris Mullin succeeded St. Jean with the title of Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations in 2004 . He hoped to build a winning team around Jason Richardson , Mike Dunleavy Jr and Troy Murphy , and drafted 7 - foot center Andris Biedriņš from Latvia ( 11th overall ) . At the 2005 trading deadline , he bolstered to the team with the acquisition of point guard Baron Davis , bringing to the team its first superstar since Mullin himself . The Warriors enjoyed a great start to the 2005 -- 06 season , entering the new year with a plus . 500 winning percentage for the first time since 1994 , but managed to win only 13 more games through the end of March due to injuries . Davis often found himself at odds with new head coach Mike Montgomery ( used to dealing with college players in his long tenure at Stanford ) and failed to remain healthy , playing in just 54 games . On April 5 , 2006 , the Warriors were officially eliminated from playoff contention in a 114 -- 109 overtime loss to the Hornets , extending their playoff drought to 12 seasons . 2006 -- 07 : `` We Believe '' season Entering the 2006 -- 07 season , the Warriors held the active record ( 12 ) for the most consecutive seasons without a playoff appearance ( see Active NBA non-playoff appearance streaks ) . During the 2006 off - season , Golden State announced that it had bought out the remaining two years of coach Montgomery 's contract and hired previous Golden State and former Dallas Mavericks coach Don Nelson to take over for him . During training camp , small forward Matt Barnes established himself in the rotation . On January 17 , 2007 , the Warriors traded the disappointing Murphy and Dunleavy with promising young power forward Ike Diogu and Keith McLeod to the Indiana Pacers for forward Al Harrington , forward / guard Stephen Jackson , guard Šarūnas Jasikevičius and forward Josh Powell . This trade allowed the Warriors to `` run and gun '' their way to the playoffs with a more athletic and talented team . On March 4 , 2007 , the Warriors suffered a 106 -- 107 loss in Washington , the Wizards handing them their 6th straight loss when former Warrior Arenas hit a technical free throw with less than one second remaining after Nelson had protested a controversial call with the Warriors ahead by a slim margin . The loss dropped them to 26 -- 35 . March 4 marked the turning point for the Warriors . The Warriors closed out the regular season ( 42 -- 40 ) at 16 -- 5 in their last 21 games . `` We Believe '' became the Warriors ' slogan for the last two months of the season and the playoffs . Led by a healthy Baron Davis , an ever - improving Jason Richardson and young future star off - guard Monta Ellis as well as center Biedriņš , the Warriors immediately dashed the highly favored top - seed Dallas Mavericks ' expectations of a short and easy series win with a Game 1 victory in Dallas thanks to Davis ' frantic style of play . The Mavericks came back to win Game 2 easily to tie the series at a game apiece , but the Warriors won both Games 3 & 4 with a huge lift from the home crowd at Oracle Arena . A close Game 5 saw the Mavericks eke out a 118 -- 112 victory with a last - minute surge led by superstar forward Dirk Nowitzki to send the series back to California at 3 -- 2 . In Game 6 , the Warriors engineered a third - quarter 18 -- 0 run to eliminate the Mavericks and become the NBA 's first No. 8 seed to beat a No. 1 seed in a seven - game series ( and the first NBA No. 8 seed to beat the top seed since 1999 when the New York Knicks eliminated the Miami Heat ) . It was an upset in name only , given the fact that the Warriors had swept the Mavericks in the regular season series . The Warriors went on to play the Utah Jazz in the second round of the 2006 -- 07 playoffs , where they dropped two close games at EnergySolutions Arena to open the series . The series then shifted to the Oracle Arena , where the Warriors won Game 3 in a convincing blowout . Davis scored 32 points and electrified the crowd with a monster dunk on Jazz forward Andrei Kirilenko late in the fourth quarter , but they lost Game 4 at home , their first loss in Oakland in well over a month and the Jazz closed them out in Game 5 in Salt Lake City . 2007 -- 08 season The Warriors faced early difficulties in their attempt to return to the playoffs . Richardson was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats for rookie Brandan Wright . To make things even worse , Jackson was suspended for seven games over a firearm incident . They opened the 2007 -- 08 season with six straight losses , but Ellis ' rise , Davis ' solid injury - free season ( 21.6 points , 8 assists , 4.6 rebounds per game ) , and an overall improvement in team chemistry brought them back to playoff contention ; but in the end the Warriors failed to make the playoffs despite a 48 -- 34 season , which is the best record in NBA history for a non-playoff team since the NBA playoffs had expanded to eight teams per conference . The Western Conference was very strong that season ; every playoff team won 50 games , leaving the Warriors two games out of the last playoff spot . The Warriors sold out nearly every home game during the season averaging 19,631 per game , the highest in team history . 2008 -- 2011 In the offseason , Baron Davis opted to return to his home town and sign with the Los Angeles Clippers . With the 14th pick of the 2008 NBA draft , the Warriors selected and signed Anthony Randolph out of LSU . To compensate for the loss of Davis , the Warriors signed free agents Corey Maggette and Ronny Turiaf and re-signed Ellis and Andris Biedriņš to long - term contracts . The Warriors had a disappointing 2008 -- 2009 season , finishing 29 -- 53 . Ellis was injured in a moped accident , and suspended for 30 games for riding the vehicle against the terms of his contract , depriving the Warriors of their top player . They traded disenchanted forward Al Harrington to the New York Knicks for guard Jamal Crawford , and were undone by injuries and the minimal experience of their young players such as Anthony Morrow and Brandan Wright . Coach Nelson often had to make adjustments to the starting lineups since many of the original starters missed games due to injuries . Despite the team 's losing record , the Warriors were hard to beat when they had a healthy lineup and a strong bench . With leadership and improvement in their young players , they were sometimes able to defeat powerhouse teams such as the Boston Celtics , 99 - 89 . During the 2009 off - season , Warrior ownership declined to renew the contract of general manager Mullin . Larry Riley , Nelson 's longtime assistant coach , was promoted in his place and drafted Stephen Curry as an outstanding 7th lottery pick , but dubiously traded Jamal Crawford to the Atlanta Hawks for Acie Law and Speedy Claxton . The Warriors had another injury - prone year in 2009 -- 10 . as they were consistently unable to field their ideal starting lineup . In November , a malcontented Stephen Jackson and seldom - used Acie Law were traded to the Charlotte Bobcats for Raja Bell ( out for the season with an injury ) and Vladimir Radmanovic . Four days later , they signed center Chris Hunter . Starting in January 2010 , they issued multiple 10 - day contracts , most notably to power forward Anthony Tolliver from the Idaho Stampede . Due to their multiple injuries , they were granted an exception allowing them to sign Reggie Williams from the Sioux Falls Skyforce to a 10 - day contract on March 2 , making it their fifth D - League call - up that season , tying an NBA record . They eventually waived the injured Bell to sign Williams for the rest of the year , and finished the season 26 -- 56 , fourth in the Pacific Division . On June 24 , the Warriors selected Ekpe Udoh , a power forward from Baylor , as the 6th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also introduced a modernized version of their `` The City '' logo depicting the new eastern span of the San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge , and switched to a simplified color scheme of royal blue and gold . They also introduced new uniforms reminiscent of the 1969 -- 71 `` The City '' uniforms . The Warriors made an offseason trade that sent Turiaf , Randolph and Kelenna Azubuike to the New York Knicks in return for star high - scoring power forward David Lee via a sign - and - trade . Lee agreed to a six - year , $80 million deal , on a framework contingent on the decision of superstar forward LeBron James to leave the Cleveland Cavaliers to sign with the Miami Heat that same day . Following Morrow 's departure after he signed the New Jersey Nets ' offer sheet , the Warriors signed Dorell Wright , formerly with the Miami Heat , to a three - year , $11 million deal . On July 15 , owner Chris Cohan sold the Warriors to Peter Guber of Mandalay Entertainment and his partner Joe Lacob for a then - record $450 million . On November 15 , the Warriors announced the new 19 - person ownership group composed of Joe Lacob , Peter Guber , Vivek Ranadivé , Erika Glazer , Fred Harman , Bob Piccinini , Larry Bowman , Danny German , Marty Glick , Chad Hurley , Craig R. Johnson , Bruce Karsh , Jeffrey A. Miller , Paul Schaeffer , David Scially , Nick Swinmurn , Harry Tsao , John Walecka and Dennis Wong . The Warriors gathered together during the team 's starting lineup ceremony prior to their 2011 -- 12 exhibition opener against the Sacramento Kings . The Warriors continued their signing spree by adding Harvard guard Jeremy Lin to their roster with a one - year partially guaranteed contract containing a second - year team option , the first Taiwanese - American player in NBA history . Louis Amundson was then added for little under $5 million in mid-September . Keith Smart was hired as head coach that same month after Nelson had resigned before the start of training camp . In February 2011 , the Warriors traded Brandan Wright and Dan Gadzuric for Troy Murphy and a 2011 second - round pick . On February 27 , Murphy and the Warriors reached a buyout agreement and he was waived . During a steady season without making any real ground in the playoff race , the Warriors broke franchise records with 21 made 3 's in a win against the Orlando Magic . In April 2011 , Dorell Wright made a franchise record of 184 3 's in a season in a home win versus Los Angeles Lakers , surpassing Richardson 's 183 in 2005 -- 06 . He then broke another NBA record , as the first player to have scored more points in his seventh season than in all his first six seasons combined in a win against the Portland Trail Blazers . He ended the season with the most three - pointers made in the NBA that season with 194 , as well as the most 3s attempted with 516 , both of which set new Warrior franchise records . The Warriors failed to make the playoffs after a 36 - win season in 2010 -- 11 , and coach Smart was dismissed on April 27 due to the change in ownership . 17 - year NBA veteran and former ABC and ESPN commentator Mark Jackson replaced him as head coach on June 6 . On December 19 , they traded Amundson to the Indiana Pacers for small forward Brandon Rush . 2011 -- present : `` Splash Brothers '' era The `` Splash Brothers '' : Stephen Curry ( left ) and Klay Thompson ( right ) The Warriors did not improve in the 2011 -- 12 NBA season under coach Jackson , finishing the lockout - shorted season with a 23 -- 43 record , 13th in the conference . The team suffered several injuries to key players , and due to the lockout , Jackson could not establish his system in training camp . They then entered into another chaotic rebuilding phase . Team leader Monta Ellis was traded in mid-March 2012 , along with Kwame Brown and Ekpe Udoh , to the Milwaukee Bucks for center Andrew Bogut ( out injured for the season ) and former Warrior small forward Stephen Jackson , who without playing a game for the Warriors was quickly traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Richard Jefferson and a conditional first - round pick on March 15 . These moves saw the rise of Stephen Curry and David Lee to team co-captains , and saw off - guard Klay Thompson , the 11th overall pick of the 2011 NBA draft , move into a starting role . On July 11 , they acquired point guard Jarrett Jack from the New Orleans Hornets in a three - team trade also including the Philadelphia 76ers , who received Dorell Wright from Golden State . On August 1 , they signed forward Carl Landry on the termination of his one - year contract with the Hornets . In the 2012 NBA draft , they selected small forward Harrison Barnes with the 7th overall pick , center Festus Ezeli with the 30th pick , small forward Draymond Green 35th overall , and 7 - foot 1 - inch center Ognjen Kuzmic 52nd overall . In early November , swingman Rush was lost for the year with a torn ACL after falling awkwardly on the court early in the second game of the season , and less than a month later the team announced that Bogut was out indefinitely with a foot injury that was more serious than originally reported . Bogut did not return to regular play until late in the season . Coming out of this maelstrom of trades and injuries with a team starting two rookies ( Barnes and Ezeli ) , the Warriors had one of their best starts in decades , earning their 20th win before hitting the 30 - game mark for the first time since 1992 . The Warriors also achieved a milestone by completing their first ever 6 -- 1 road trip in franchise history , including a 97 -- 95 win over the defending champion Heat in Miami . On April 9 , 2013 , with a win over the Minnesota Timberwolves , the Warriors clinched the playoffs for the second time in 19 years and the first time since the 2006 -- 07 `` We believe '' Warriors . This time , the local battlecry was `` we belong '' . The team finished the season with a record of 47 -- 35 , earning the sixth seed in the Western Conference , and defeated the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the playoffs by winning four out of six games . They lost in the second round to the San Antonio Spurs , four games to two . This was the first playoff experience for all of the starters of this group except for Andrew Bogut . Other highlights of the season included Stephen Curry 's 272 three - point baskets to set an NBA single - season record , giving him the nickname `` baby - faced assassin '' , and the naming of forward David Lee to the 2013 NBA All - Star Game as a reserve , ending the team 's 16 - year drought without an All Star selection , dating back to Latrell Sprewell in the 1997 season . Curry and Klay Thompson , dubbed the `` Splash Brothers '' by team employee Brian Witt for their backcourt shooting prowess , combined for 483 three - pointers during the season , easily besting the prior record of 435 set by the Orlando Magic 's Nick Anderson and Dennis Scott in 1995 -- 96 . 2013 -- 14 : improvements With their lone selection in the 2013 NBA draft , the Warriors made 22 - year - old Serbian combo - guard Nemanja Nedovic the 30th and final pick of the first round . In early July 2013 , Golden State signed former Denver Nuggets swingman and free agent Andre Iguodala to a four - year , $48 million deal . To make room under their salary cap , the Warriors traded Richard Jefferson , Andris Biedrins and Brandon Rush , along with multiple draft picks , including their 2014 and 2017 first - round picks , to the Utah Jazz . The Warriors lost free - agent guard Jarrett Jack , who departed for the Cleveland Cavaliers , and free agent power forward Carl Landry , who went to the Sacramento Kings . To help fill the void left by Landry , the Warriors signed forward - center Marreese Speights to a three - year , $10 million contract . The team also signed one - year deals with veteran center Jermaine O'Neal ( $2 million ) and point guard Toney Douglas ( $1.6 million ) . On August 21 , the Warriors signed 7 ft 1 in Serbian center Ognjen Kuzmic , who had been playing in Europe since his selection in the 2012 NBA draft , to a guaranteed two - year deal . The Warriors began the 2013 -- 14 season showing flashes of brilliance and also plenty of lapses . In early December their record was 12 -- 9 , as compared to 17 -- 4 the year before . One challenging factor was a tough starting schedule that saw them play 14 of their first 22 games on the road , including 10 games against teams holding playoff spots in the standings . A stream of injuries also held the team back , including injuries to Festus Ezeli ( off - season surgery to repair the right knee , out for the season ) , Toney Douglas ( left tibia stress reaction , out nearly a month from mid-November to December ) , and Jermaine O'Neal ( right wrist injury and surgery , out from mid-November to early February ) . Stephen Curry and Harrison Barnes were also out for at least four games before the all - star break , each with minor injuries . Most prominently of all , Iguodala suffered a hamstring pull in late November that kept him out for over a month , during which time the Warriors ' performance suffered significantly on both the defensive and offensive ends of the court , and the team posted a losing 5 -- 7 record while revealing a lack of depth on their bench . With Iguodala back in the lineup , the Warriors went on a 10 - game winning streak , which included six consecutive wins on a single road trip , tying an NBA record . The winning streak was the longest for the franchise since the 1975 championship year , and just one short of the team record of 11 consecutive wins , set in the 1971 -- 72 season . To strengthen their underperforming bench , the Warriors made a three - team trade on January 15 , sending Douglas to the Miami Heat and picking up guards Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks from the Boston Celtics and then , a day before the trade deadline , trading Kent Bazemore and Brooks to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for veteran point guard Steve Blake . Thanks in part to the improved effectiveness of their backup squad , boosted by the additions of Blake and Crawford and the play of 35 - year - old Jermaine O'Neal ( who returned sooner than expected from wrist surgery ) , the Warriors were one of the winningest teams in the NBA after the all - star break . Nonetheless , and despite several victories over top contenders , the team displayed a pattern of losing games to inferior teams even at their home arena . On April 11 , in a 112 -- 95 stomping of the Los Angeles Lakers at the Staples Center , the Warriors clinched a playoff berth in consecutive seasons for the first time since 1991 and 1992 . However , just one day earlier in a loss against the Portland Trail Blazers , Andrew Bogut suffered a cracked rib that would keep him out of the post-season , a big blow to the sixth - seed Warriors ' playoff hopes . The Warriors ended the season 51 -- 31 , winning more than 50 games for only the fourth time in franchise history , finishing 20 games over . 500 for the first time in 22 years , and tying the 1991 -- 92 squad for the franchise 's all - time mark of 24 wins on the road . Even without Bogut , in the first round of the playoffs the Warriors battled the third - seed Los Angeles Clippers to a seventh and deciding game , which the Warriors lost , bringing their 2013 -- 14 season to an end . It was season of many thrilling moments in which the Warriors ' played in 17 regular - season games decided by 2 points or less , 6 games with winning shots in the final 3 seconds , and 7 comeback wins in which the Warriors had been behind by 15 points or more . In other noteworthy occurrences for the season , Curry was named to the starting lineup for the 2014 NBA All - Star Game . For Curry , the only Warrior named to the team , this was his first all - star appearance in five seasons as an NBA player . Curry hit another notable milestone in posting 4 triple - doubles for the season , tying a franchise record unequaled since Wilt Chamberlain in 1963 -- 64 . Curry also averaged career - bests in points and assists ; averaging 24.0 points and 8.5 assists in the season . Curry and Klay Thompson continued to set league records in three - point shooting . On February 7 , in a 102 -- 87 win over the Chicago Bulls , the backcourt duo became the first teammates to each make a three - pointer in 30 consecutive games . Curry , who finished the season with 261 threes , set an individual record for most three - pointers in a span of two seasons with 533 , surpassing the previous mark of 478 set by Seattle Supersonic Ray Allen in 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 . Together , Thompson and Curry combined for 484 threes on the year , besting by one the NBA record they had set the year before . 2014 -- 15 : from turmoil to champions Even as the team rolled towards the post-season , signs emerged of trouble in the Warriors ' front office . On March 25 , the team reassigned assistant coach Brian Scalabrine to the team 's NBA Development League Affiliate in Santa Cruz because of what head coach Mark Jackson called a `` difference in philosophies '' and what unnamed league sources cited by Yahoo ! Sports called `` an increasingly dysfunctional atmosphere '' on the Warriors ' coaching staff . Fewer than two weeks later , assistant coach Darren Erman was fired for secretly recording conversations between coaches , staff and players . During the post season , rumors persisted in the press that Mark Jackson 's job as head coach was in jeopardy , leading the players to make a unanimous declaration of support for Jackson 's return only minutes after the Warriors ' first - round , game seven playoff loss to the Clippers . Nonetheless , three days later , on May 6 , the team announced the firing of Mark Jackson as head coach . In his three - season tenure as head coach , Jackson compiled a 121 - 109 (. 526 ) record , overseeing a terrific turnaround . When Jackson took the helm in 2011 , the franchise had made the playoffs only one time over the prior 17 seasons , averaging 30.2 wins per season during that period . Jackson , 49 , became just the third head coach in franchise history to lead a team to at least 50 wins in a season , joining Don Nelson and Alvin Attles , who both hit the mark twice with the Warriors . With 121 wins overall , Jackson ranks fourth on the franchise 's all - time wins list , trailing Attles ( 557 ) , Nelson ( 422 ) and Eddie Gottlieb ( 263 ) . On May 14 , 2014 , the Golden State Warriors named Steve Kerr the team 's head coach in a reported $25 million deal over five years . It was a first - time head - coaching position for Kerr , 48 , a five - time NBA champion point guard who holds the all - time career record for accuracy in three - point shooting (. 454 ) . Kerr formerly served as president and general manager for the Phoenix Suns basketball team ( 2007 to 2010 ) , and had most recently been working as an NBA broadcast analyst for Turner Network Television ( TNT ) . The Warriors completed the regular season with a record of 67 - 15 , the best in the league and the most wins in franchise history . The Warriors also finished with a home record of 39 -- 2 , the second best in NBA history . They were first in defensive efficiency for the season and second in offensive efficiency , barely missing the mark that the Julius Erving led Sixers achieved by being first in both offensive and defensive efficiency . On May 4 , Stephen Curry was named the 2014 -- 15 NBA Most Valuable Player , the first Warrior to do so since Wilt Chamberlain in 1960 . In the first round of the playoffs , they swept the New Orleans Pelicans , defeated Memphis Grizzlies in the second round in six games and defeated Houston Rockets in five games of the Western Conference Finals . The Warriors advanced to their first NBA Finals since 1975 , where they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games to win their fourth NBA title , and their first in 40 years . Andre Iguodala was named Finals MVP . Other highlights of the season included Stephen Curry breaking his own record for three - pointers made in a single season with 286 . He and Klay Thompson made a combined 525 three - pointers , the most by a duo in NBA history . In the postseason , Curry shattered Reggie Miller 's record of 58 made three - pointers in a single postseason with 98 . On January 23 , 2015 , Klay Thompson broke an NBA record for points in a quarter with 37 in the third . Curry was also the leader in the voting polls for the 2015 NBA All - Star Game , won the 2014 -- 15 NBA Most Valuable Player award and the 2015 ESPYs Best Male Athlete award . 2015 -- 16 : broken records Draymond Green was an All - NBA Second Team member in 2015 -- 16 The Warriors began the season by winning their first 24 games , eclipsing the previous best start in NBA history , set by the 1993 -- 94 Houston Rockets and the 1948 -- 49 Washington Capitols at 15 -- 0 . The Warriors surpassed the 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks for the best road start in NBA history at 14 -- 0 , which is also the joint - third longest road win streak . Their record - setting start ended when they were defeated by the Milwaukee Bucks on December 12 , 2015 . The Warriors broke a 131 - year - old record of 20 -- 0 set by the 1884 St. Louis Maroons baseball team , to claim the best start to a season in all of the major professional sports in America . Golden State also won 28 consecutive regular - season games dating back to the 2014 -- 15 season , eclipsing the 2012 -- 13 Miami Heat for the second longest winning streak in NBA history . The team set an NBA record 54 - straight regular season home game winning streak , which spanned from January 31 , 2015 , to March 29 , 2016 . The previous record of 44 was held by the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls team led by Michael Jordan . Stephen Curry , Draymond Green and Klay Thompson were all named to the All - Star Game , the first time the Warriors have had three All - Stars since 1976 . Green broke the Golden State franchise record of nine triple - doubles in a season . Curry broke numerous three - point records during the season , including his own NBA record for made three - pointers in a season of 286 ; he finished the season with 402 three pointers . He made a three - pointer in 151 consecutive games , which broke the NBA record of 127 set by Kyle Korver in 2014 . On February 27 , 2016 , Curry also tied the NBA record of twelve three - pointers made in a single game , jointly holding it with Donyell Marshall and Kobe Bryant . On April 13 , 2016 , Golden State set the record for most wins in a single season , beating Memphis , and finishing 73 - 9 . On May 10 , 2016 , Stephen Curry was named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) for the second straight season . Curry is the 11th player to win back - to - back MVP honors and became the first player in NBA history to win the MVP award by unanimous vote , winning all 131 first - place votes . The Golden State Warriors went to their second consecutive appearance in the finals with a rematch against the Cleveland Cavaliers . The Warriors went to a 3 - 1 advantage but the Cavaliers made a comeback to tie the series at 3 wins apiece . In Game 7 the Golden State Warriors lost the championship series on their homecourt , and earned the unfortunate distinction of becoming the first team to blow a 3 - 1 lead in the NBA finals . 2016 -- present : the `` fantastic four '' era On July 4 , 2016 , Kevin Durant announced he would leave the Oklahoma City Thunder in order to sign a 2 - year contract with the Golden State Warriors . On July 7 , Durant signed his contract , which gave the Warriors a fourth All - NBA player on their team . The Durant signing made the Warriors the prohibitive favorites to win the NBA championship , according to oddsmakers . The Warriors posted many notable achievements during the 2016 -- 17 regular season . On November 7 , 2016 , Stephen Curry set the NBA record for most 3 - pointers in a game with 13 in a 116 - 106 win over the Pelicans . On December 5 , 2016 , Klay Thompson scored 60 points in 29 minutes in a 142 -- 106 victory over the Pacers . In doing so , Thompson became the first player in NBA history to score 60 or more points in fewer than 30 minutes of playing time . Stephen Curry , Kevin Durant , Draymond Green , and Klay Thompson were all named to the 2017 NBA All - Star Game , making the Warriors only the eighth team in NBA history to have four All - Stars . On February 10 , 2017 , Draymond Green recorded a triple - double with 12 rebounds , 10 assists , and 10 steals , becoming the first player in NBA history to post a triple - double with fewer than 10 points . On March 2 , 2017 , the Warriors ' streak for most games without back - to - back losses ended at 146 with a 94 -- 87 loss to the Chicago Bulls . The streak eclipsed the previous record of 95 held by the Utah Jazz . The Warriors earned home - court advantage throughout the 2017 playoffs , thanks to a 2016 -- 17 regular season record of 67 -- 15 . They were the first team in NBA playoff history to start 12 -- 0 , defeating in order the Trail Blazers , the Jazz , and the Spurs . The 2017 Finals once again pitted the Warriors against the Cavaliers , becoming the first time in NBA history that two teams met in the Finals for three consecutive years . The Warriors won the championship after going 4 -- 1 in the Finals , and their 16 -- 1 playoff record garnered the best winning percentage (. 941 ) in NBA playoffs history . Move from Oakland back to San Francisco In April 2014 , the Warriors began the purchase process for a 12 - acre site in Mission Bay , San Francisco , to hold a new 18,000 - seat arena which is expected to be ready for the 2019 - 20 NBA season , with construction to begin in early 2016 . The sale was finalized in October 2015 . The location was selected after an original proposal to construct the arena on Piers 30 and 32 , just south of the Bay Bridge , met with vocal opposition due to concerns about traffic , environmental impacts and obstruction of views . The new location , which still faces some vocal opposition in San Francisco , apparently eliminates the need for any voter approval , which would have been required with the original site . The Mission bay neighborhood is a recently developed area , centered around the new University of California , San Francisco campus . Some type of waterfront park is planned across from the projected arena , which will be located at an already - existing Muni T - Third stop . The Central Subway , planned to open in 2018 , may provide a direct connection between the new site and the downtown Powell Street Muni / BART station . The Golden State Warriors may consider a concurrent name change , possibly returning to their former name of San Francisco Warriors , although the team 's recent success has them reconsidering that decision . On January 27 , 2016 , it was announced that the Warriors ' new arena would be called Chase Center as part of an agreement with JP Morgan Chase . Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Main article : Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry Media Television Bob Fitzgerald has done television play - by - play , and former Warrior guard Jim Barnett has done color commentary for the Warriors for more than 15 years , currently on Comcast SportsNet Bay Area , where they telecast more than 70 Warrior games a year . They also host Roundtable Live , a half - hour pre-game show leading up to the broadcast of select Golden State home games . Fitzgerald is in his 16th season as the Warriors ' play - by - play man , while Barnett is in his 27th season as color man . Greg Papa , Garry St. Jean , and Kelenna Azubuike are also members of the telecast team , specializing in in - game , halftime and post-game analysis , while Rosalyn Gold - Onwude serves as the sideline reporter . Radio Tim Roye has done the radio play - by - play for Warrior games since 1995 . He is joined in the booth by former Warriors forward Tom Tolbert for home games only . On August 25 , 2016 , the Warriors announced they were leaving long time station KNBR and all of their games will be broadcast on KGMZ . After each game , Roye , Fitzgerald and Barnett get together for post-game radio analysis and a next - game preview . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Golden State Warriors seasons Home arenas Philadelphia Arena ( 1946 -- 1962 ) Philadelphia Convention Hall ( 1952 -- 1962 ) Cow Palace ( 1962 -- 1964 , 1966 -- 1971 and two games in 1975 NBA Finals ) San Francisco Civic Auditorium ( 1964 -- 1966 ) USF War Memorial Gymnasium ( 1964 -- 1966 ) San Diego Sports Arena ( 1971 -- 1972 -- six games ) San Jose Arena ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Coliseum Arena / The Arena in Oakland / Oracle Arena ( 1966 -- 1967 , 1971 -- 1996 and 1997 -- present ) Chase Center ( 2019 , planned ) Training facilities The team trains at Oakland Convention Center , Oakland , California . Head coaches Main article : List of Golden State Warriors head coaches Coaching history Coach Tenure Edward Gottlieb 1946 -- 1955 George Senesky 1955 -- 1958 Al Cervi 1958 -- 1959 Neil Johnston 1959 -- 1961 Frank McGuire 1961 -- 1962 Bob Feerick 1962 -- 1963 Alex Hannum 1963 -- 1966 Bill Sharman 1966 -- 1968 George Lee 1968 -- 1970 Al Attles 1970 -- 1980 Johnny Bach 1980 Al Attles 1980 -- 1983 Johnny Bach 1983 -- 1986 George Karl 1986 -- 1988 Ed Gregory Don Nelson 1988 -- 1995 Bob Lanier 1995 Rick Adelman 1995 -- 1997 P.J. Carlesimo 1997 -- 1999 Garry St. Jean 1999 -- 2000 Dave Cowens 2000 -- 2001 Brian Winters 2001 -- 2002 Eric Musselman 2002 -- 2004 Mike Montgomery 2004 -- 2006 Don Nelson 2006 -- 2010 Keith Smart 2010 -- 2011 Mark Jackson 2011 -- 2014 Steve Kerr 2014 -- present Players Main article : Golden State Warriors all - time roster Current roster Golden State Warriors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 5.5 ! F / C 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Bell , Jordan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1995 - 01 - 07 Oregon 5.5 ! F / C 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Boucher , Chris ( TW ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1993 - 01 - 11 Oregon 4.0 ! F 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Casspi , Omri 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1988 - 06 - 22 Israel 1.5 ! G 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Curry , Stephen ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 - 03 - 14 Davidson 4.0 ! F 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Durant , Kevin 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1988 - 09 - 29 Texas 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Green , Draymond 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1990 - 03 - 04 Michigan State 2.5 ! G / F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Iguodala , Andre ( C ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1984 - 01 - 28 Arizona 5.5 ! F / C 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jones , Damian 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1995 - 06 - 30 Vanderbilt 1.5 ! G 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Livingston , Shaun 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 1985 - 09 - 11 Peoria Central HS ( IL ) 4.0 ! F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Looney , Kevon 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 - 02 - 06 UCLA 1.5 ! G 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 McCaw , Patrick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1995 - 10 - 25 UNLV 6.0 ! C 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 McGee , JaVale 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1988 - 01 - 19 Nevada 6.0 ! C 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Pachulia , Zaza 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 275 lb ( 125 kg ) 1984 - 02 - 10 Georgia 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Thompson , Klay 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1990 - 02 - 08 Washington State 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 West , David 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1980 - 08 - 29 Xavier 2.5 ! G / F 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Young , Nick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1985 - 06 - 01 Southern California Head coach Steve Kerr Assistant coach ( es ) Ron Adams Jarron Collins Mike Brown ( associate HC ) Chris DeMarco ( player development ) Bruce Fraser ( player development ) Willie Green ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 - 07 - 05 Retained draft rights The Warriors hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee , who is n't signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref Retired numbers Golden State Warriors retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 13 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain 1959 -- 1965 14 Meschery , Tom Tom Meschery 1961 -- 1967 16 Attles , Al Al Attles 1960 -- 1971 17 Mullin , Chris Chris Mullin G / F 1985 -- 1997 , 2000 -- 2001 24 Barry , Rick Rick Barry 1965 -- 1967 , 1972 -- 1978 42 Thurmond , Nate Nate Thurmond 1963 -- 1974 Notes : Includes Chamberlain 's tenure ( 1959 -- 62 ) in Philadelphia . Includes Meschery 's tenure ( 1961 -- 62 ) in Philadelphia . Includes Attles ' tenure ( 1960 -- 62 ) in Philadelphia . He also served as head coach from 1969 to 1983 . Also general manager from 2004 to 2009 . Meschery , Attles , Barry , Thurmond and Mullin are also members of the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame . Naismith memorial Basketball Hall of Fame members Golden State Warriors Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 17 Andy Phillip G / F 1950 -- 1953 1961 00 Robert Parish 1976 -- 1980 2003 14 Tom Gola F / G 1955 -- 1962 1976 17 Chris Mullin G / F 1985 -- 1997 2000 -- 2001 2011 10 Joe Fulks 1946 -- 1954 1978 41 Jamaal Wilkes 1974 -- 1977 2012 11 Paul Arizin F / G 1950 -- 1962 1978 50 Ralph Sampson C / F 1987 -- 1989 2012 13 Wilt Chamberlain 1959 -- 1965 1978 30 Bernard King 1980 -- 1982 2013 16 Jerry Lucas F / C 1969 -- 1971 1980 25 Guy Rodgers 1958 -- 1966 2014 42 Nate Thurmond F / C 1963 -- 1974 1985 23 Mitch Richmond 1988 -- 1991 2014 24 Rick Barry 1965 -- 1967 1972 -- 1978 13 Šarūnas Marčiulionis 1989 -- 1994 2014 6 Neil Johnston 1951 -- 1959 10 Jo Jo White 1979 -- 1980 2015 Coaches No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No . Name Position Tenure Inducted -- Frank McGuire Coach 1961 -- 1962 1977 -- Bill Sharman Coach 1966 -- 1968 -- Alex Hannum Coach 1963 -- 1966 1998 -- Don Nelson Coach 1988 -- 1995 2006 -- 2010 2012 Contributors No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No . Name Position Tenure Inducted -- Eddie Gottlieb Founder / Owner 1946 -- 1962 1972 -- Pete Newell Scout 1977 -- 1984 1979 Arizin , Fulks , Gola , Johnston and Phillip played all or most of their tenure with the Warriors in Philadelphia . Rodgers ' tenure was evenly divided between Philadelphia and San Francisco , and Chamberlain 's nearly so . King ( Knicks ) , Lucas ( Knicks ) , Parish ( Celtics ) , Richmond ( Kings ) , Sampson ( University of Virginia and Rockets ) , White ( Celtics ) , and Wilkes ( Lakers ) were elected mostly for their performances with other teams . Marčiulionis played most of his NBA career with Golden State , but his induction is also for his distinguished international career ( Statyba , USSR , and Lithuania ) . Of those elected to the hall primarily as Warriors , only Thurmond , Barry and Mullin spent significant time with the team since the 1971 move to Oakland and the name change to `` Golden State '' . FIBA Hall of Famers Golden State Warriors Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 13 Šarūnas Marčiulionis 1989 -- 1994 2015 Statistical leaders and awards Franchise leaders Career Leaders Category Player Statistics Games Played Chris Mullin 807 Points Wilt Chamberlain 17,783 Rebounds Nate Thurmond 12,771 Assists Guy Rodgers 4,855 Steals Chris Mullin 1,360 Blocks Adonal Foyle 1,140 Field Goals Wilt Chamberlain 7,216 Field Goal Percentage Andris Biedrins . 595 3 - Point Field Goals Stephen Curry 1,917 3 - Point Field Goal Percentage Anthony Morrow . 460 Free Throws Paul Arizin 5,010 Free Throw Percentage Stephen Curry . 902 Points Per Game Wilt Chamberlain 41.5 Rebounds Per Game Wilt Chamberlain 25.1 Assists Per Game Tim Hardaway 9.3 Steals Per Game Rick Barry 2.3 Blocks Per Game Manute Bol 3.7 Individual awards Most Valuable Player Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Stephen Curry -- 2015 , 2016 NBA Finals MVP Rick Barry -- 1975 Andre Iguodala -- 2015 Kevin Durant -- 2017 NBA Scoring Champion Joe Fulks -- 1947 Paul Arizin -- 1952 , 1957 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1955 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1964 Rick Barry -- 1967 Stephen Curry -- 2016 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Draymond Green -- 2017 NBA Rookie of the Year Woody Sauldsberry -- 1958 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Rick Barry -- 1966 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1975 Mitch Richmond -- 1989 Chris Webber -- 1994 NBA Most Improved Player of the Year Gilbert Arenas -- 2003 Monta Ellis -- 2007 NBA Executive of the Year Dick Vertlieb -- 1975 Bob Myers - 2015 , 2017 NBA Coach of the Year Alex Hannum -- 1964 Don Nelson -- 1992 Steve Kerr -- 2016 NBA Sportsmanship Award Stephen Curry -- 2011 NBA Community Assist Award Stephen Curry -- 2014 All - NBA First Team Joe Fulks -- 1947 -- 1949 Howie Dallmar -- 1948 Paul Arizin -- 1952 , 1956 , 1957 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1956 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1962 , 1964 Rick Barry -- 1966 , 1967 , 1974 -- 1976 Chris Mullin -- 1992 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 Stephen Curry -- 2015 , 2016 All - NBA Second Team Joe Fulks -- 1951 Andy Phillip -- 1952 , 1953 Jack George -- 1956 Neil Johnston -- 1957 Tom Gola -- 1958 Paul Arizin -- 1959 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1963 Rick Barry -- 1973 Phil Smith -- 1976 Bernard King -- 1982 Chris Mullin -- 1989 , 1991 Tim Hardaway -- 1992 Stephen Curry -- 2014 , 2017 Draymond Green -- 2016 Kevin Durant -- 2017 All - NBA Third Team Chris Mullin -- 1990 Tim Hardaway -- 1993 David Lee -- 2013 Klay Thompson -- 2015 , 2016 Draymond Green -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive First Team Nate Thurmond -- 1969 , 1971 Andre Iguodala -- 2014 Draymond Green -- 2015 -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive Second Team Rudy LaRusso -- 1969 Nate Thurmond -- 1972 -- 1974 Phil Smith -- 1976 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1976 , 1977 E.C. Coleman -- 1978 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 Andrew Bogut -- 2015 NBA All - Rookie First Team Nate Thurmond -- 1964 Fred Hetzel -- 1966 Rick Barry -- 1966 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1975 Gus Williams -- 1976 Joe Barry Carroll -- 1981 Larry Smith -- 1981 Mitch Richmond -- 1989 Tim Hardaway -- 1990 Billy Owens -- 1992 Chris Webber -- 1994 Joe Smith -- 1996 Marc Jackson -- 2001 Jason Richardson -- 2002 Stephen Curry -- 2010 Klay Thompson -- 2012 Harrison Barnes -- 2013 NBA All - Rookie Second Team Latrell Sprewell -- 1993 Donyell Marshall -- 1995 Antawn Jamison -- 1999 NBA All - Star Weekend NBA All - Star selections Paul Arizin -- 1951 , 1952 , 1955 -- 1962 Joe Fulks -- 1951 , 1952 Andy Phillip -- 1951 , 1952 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1958 Jack George - 1956 , 1957 Woody Sauldsberry -- 1959 Tom Gola -- 1960 -- 1962 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1965 Tom Meschery -- 1963 Guy Rodgers -- 1963 , 1964 , 1966 Nate Thurmond -- 1965 -- 1968 , 1970 , 1973 , 1974 Rick Barry -- 1966 , 1967 , 1973 -- 1978 Jim King - 1968 Clyde Lee - 1968 Rudy LaRusso -- 1968 , 1969 Jeff Mullins -- 1969 -- 1971 Jerry Lucas -- 1971 Cazzie Russell -- 1972 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1976 Phil Smith -- 1976 , 1977 Bernard King - 1982 Sleepy Floyd -- 1987 Joe Barry Carroll -- 1987 Chris Mullin -- 1989 -- 1993 Tim Hardaway -- 1991 -- 1993 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 , 1995 , 1997 David Lee -- 2013 Stephen Curry -- 2014 -- 2017 Klay Thompson -- 2015 -- 2017 Draymond Green -- 2016 , 2017 Kevin Durant -- 2017 NBA All - Star Game head coach Alex Hannum -- 1965 Bill Sharman -- 1968 Al Attles -- 1975 , 1976 Don Nelson -- 1992 Steve Kerr -- 2015 , 2017 NBA All - Star Game MVP Paul Arizin -- 1952 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Rick Barry -- 1967 Slam Dunk Contest Jason Richardson -- 2002 , 2003 Three - Point Contest Stephen Curry -- 2015 Klay Thompson -- 2016 Notes Jump up ^ Philadelphia was 1947 league championship finalist -- and won the inaugural 1947 BAA Finals -- not as Eastern champion but as winner of the runners - up bracket . The Eastern and Western champions met in one best - of - seven semifinal series while four runners - up played best - of - three series to determine the other league finalist . The Warriors were second in the East , won the runners - up bracket , and defeated the Western champion Chicago . Next year the Baltimore Bullets won the runners - up bracket and defeated the Eastern champion Warriors in the 1948 BAA Finals . `` 1946 -- 47 BAA Season Summary '' . `` 1947 -- 48 BAA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : After three seasons the eastern BAA merged with the older , midwestern National Basketball League ( NBL ) to create the NBA prior to the 1949 -- 50 season . The NBA recognizes BAA history as the first stage of its own and begins its list of champions with the 1947 Warriors . `` NBA Season Recaps '' . NBA History ( nba.com/history ) . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : California made `` The Golden State '' its official state nickname in 1968 . `` California State Symbols '' . California State Library . May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . References Jump up ^ `` Warriors All - Time Yearly Results '' . Golden State Warriors 2016 - 17 Media Guide . Golden State Warriors . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17 . National Basketball Association . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Golden State Warriors seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Unveil New Logo , Color Scheme And Branding Elements '' . Golden State Warriors . June 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . The colors of the new logos and branding elements are Warriors Royal Blue and California Golden Yellow . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Reproduction Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mli45fhhid/3-golden-state-warriors/#2cad73613c68 ^ Jump up to : `` Behind The Name -- Warriors '' . National Basketball Association . May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherwood Strauss , Ethan ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` To make splash , Dubs must break up duo '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kale Williams ; Jenna Lyons ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Warriors fans delirious after basking in historic night '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia . Villard Books . 1994 . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43293 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia , . Villard Books . 1994 . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43293 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Name -- Warriors '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chamberlain scores 100 in 1962 game versus Knicks '' . National Basketball Association . March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry Bio '' . National Basketball Association . May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 2014 - 15 Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . National Basketball Association . October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fainaru - Wada , Mark ( February 10 , 2002 ) . `` The man who owns the Warriors / Cohan 's rocky reign / An era marked by lost games , lost fans and endless litigation '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Pacers make 8 - player trade with Warriors '' . Indiana Pacers . January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warriors @ Trail Blazers Recap On April 18 , the Warriors clinched their first playoff berth since 1994 with a resounding 120 -- 98 win in the regular season finale at Portland . Jump up ^ Thompson , Marcus , II ( April 27 , 2007 ) . `` Warriors fan is behind ' We Believe ' campaign '' . Contra Costa Times . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Baron Davis Player Card '' . ESPN . 1979 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Riley Q + A : Getting to Know GState 's GM '' . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Limp to Victory Is Fitting Finish '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Lacob , Guber have deal to buy Warriors '' . Associated Press . July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Lacob on the New Era Warriors : `` Something very special is happening already '' Talking Points `` . Blogs.mercurynews.com. 2010 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kawakami , Tim ( February 27 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking news : Warriors buy out Troy Murphy ( and why it 's a wise move ) '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Murphy had to be waived before Tuesday to remain eligible for a playoff roster on a new team . CLARIFICATION : There is a later deadline for signing with a new team . Jump up ^ `` Warriors , Murphy reach buyout agreement '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ANTONIO GONZALEZ , AP Sports Writer Apr 27 , 6 : 19 pm EDT . `` Warriors promise change , cut ties with coach Smart -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Warriors Name Mark Jackson Head Coach '' . Golden State Warriors . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors head to Denver lacking playoff experience '' . NBA . Apr 18 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Splash Brothers Take On the World '' . Golden State Warriors . October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of Stephen Curry 's and Klay Thompson 's ' Splash Brothers ' nickname '' . Yahoo ! Sports . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors get guard Nemanja Nedovic with 30th pick in draft '' . mercurynews.com . Jump up ^ Tafur , Vic ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Warriors Make Trade Agree to Deal with Iguodala '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Antonio ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` AP Source : Warriors to sign Marreese Speights '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Report : Jermaine O'Neal , Toney Douglas to Sign with Warriors '' . CBS Sports.com . Jump up ^ `` B&H Basketball Player Ognjen Kuzmić is the New Player of the Golden State Warriors '' . Sarajevo Times . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors closing in on being a defensive power '' . mercurynews.com . Jump up ^ JayPatt . `` Bosnian center Ognjen Kuzmic signs with Warriors , according to report '' . SBNation.com . Vox Media . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics trade Jordan Crawford , MarShon Brooks to Golden State Warriors '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors acquire Steve Blake from Lakers '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 14 Top Games : Part 1 '' . Golden State Warriors . May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bleacher Report Milestones . `` Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson Each Make Three - Pointer in 30 Consecutive Games '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Assistant Scalabrine reassigned after clash with Jackson '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors coach Mark Jackson forces reassignment of assistant Brian Scalabrine '' . Yahoo ! Sports . March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Darren Erman fired from Warriors for secret recordings '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' players fully support their coach '' . SFGate . Jump up ^ `` Mark Jackson fired by Golden State Warriors '' . Golden State Warriors . Jump up ^ Zach Buckley . `` Golden State Warriors Firing Mark Jackson Would Be Massive Mistake '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Relieve Head Coach Mark Jackson of His Duties '' . Golden State Warriors . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Kerr accepts reported five - year , $25 M offer from Warriors '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Franchise Index '' . Basketball Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 105 - 97 Cleveland Cavaliers : LeBron James loses in NBA Finals for the fourth time as Warriors win first championship in 40 years '' . Daily Mail . 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Make History With 16th `` Straight Win '' `` . New York Times . November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best NBA starts '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Road Win Streaks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Over '' . NBA.com . December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Home Win Streaks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Individual Regular Season Records for 3 - Point Field Goals '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies vs. Warriors - Game Recap - April 13 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com. April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named 2015 - 16 Kia NBA Most Valuable Player '' . Warriors.com . May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Advance to Second Consecutive NBA Finals -- Golden State Warriors '' . Jump up ^ `` Game 6 of the NBA Finals as it happened '' . Jump up ^ Gallo , D.J. ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers beat Golden State Warriors : NBA finals Game 7 -- as it happened '' . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant to sign with Warriors '' . ESPN . 4 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Sign Free Agent Forward Kevin Durant '' . Golden State Warriors. 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Durant Effect : Warriors heavy 2017 favourites '' . 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry hits NBA - record 13 3 - pointers '' . Golden State Warriors. 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson Pours In 60 Points , in Just 29 Minutes '' . New York Times . 6 December 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Four all - stars ? ! ? Warriors join rare NBA company '' . Mercury News . 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Draymond Green records one - of - a-kind triple - double with rebounds , assists and steals '' . NBA . 10 February 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' historic streak snapped with loss to Bulls '' . SFGATE. 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Purdy : Put a pause on the dynasty talk -- and just enjoy this Warriors title '' . Mercury News . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors shift arena plans to Mission Bay '' . SFGate . Jump up ^ `` New San Francisco Golden State Warriors arena Chase Center '' . KRON4 . Jump up ^ Diamond Leung ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors expect to break ground on new San Francisco arena in 2016 '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . The Warriors are hoping to break ground on their new arena project shortly after the start of 2016 and have the venue completed in July or August 2018 , team president Rick Welts said Tuesday . Jump up ^ `` Warriors formally purchase Mission Bay site '' . SFGate. 2015 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Knight Perrigan , Heather ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Golden State Warriors owners make a risky play '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Board gives Warriors ' arena initial green light '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Golden State Warriors consider name change '' . NBC sports . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://sports.inquirer.net/234540/nba-warriors-coo-says-no-final-decision-on-san-francisco-name-change Jump up ^ `` Future Warriors arena to be named Chase Center '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Fitzgerald '' . Golden State Warriors . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.sfgate.com/warriors/article/Warriors-drop-KNBR-head-to-95-7-The-Game-9184253.php Jump up ^ Dineen , J.K. `` Warriors arena to be named Chase Center -- bank buys naming rights '' . SFGate.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` Hanging From the Rafters '' . NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Mullin 's No. 17 jersey retired by Warriors in halftime ceremony '' , 19 March 2012 External links National Basketball Association portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden State Warriors . Official website Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Links to related articles Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory Relocated National Basketball Association teams Tri-Cities Blackhawks -- Milwaukee Hawks ( 1951 ) Milwaukee Hawks -- St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 ) Fort Wayne Pistons -- Detroit Pistons ( 1957 ) Rochester Royals -- Cincinnati Royals ( 1957 ) Minneapolis Lakers -- Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 ) Philadelphia Warriors -- San Francisco Warriors ( 1962 ) Chicago Zephyrs -- Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 ) Syracuse Nationals -- Philadelphia 76ers ( 1963 ) St. Louis Hawks -- Atlanta Hawks ( 1968 ) San Diego Rockets -- Houston Rockets ( 1971 ) Cincinnati Royals -- Kansas City -- Omaha Kings ( 1972 ) Baltimore Bullets -- Capital Bullets ( 1973 ) Kansas City -- Omaha Kings -- Kansas City Kings ( 1975 ) Buffalo Braves -- San Diego Clippers ( 1978 ) New Orleans Jazz -- Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) San Diego Clippers -- Los Angeles Clippers ( 1984 ) Kansas City Kings -- Sacramento Kings ( 1985 ) Vancouver Grizzlies -- Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 ) Charlotte Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 ) New Orleans Hornets -- New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2007 ) Seattle SuperSonics -- Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2008 ) National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - 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"The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in Oakland, California. The Warriors compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Western Conference Pacific Division. The Warriors play their home games at the Oracle Arena in Oakland. The Warriors have reached nine NBA Finals, winning five NBA championships in 1947,[b] 1956, 1975, 2015 and 2017. Golden State's five NBA championships are tied for fourth-most in NBA history with the San Antonio Spurs, and behind only the Boston Celtics (17), Los Angeles Lakers (16) and Chicago Bulls (6). As of 2017, the Warriors are the third most valuable NBA franchise according to Forbes, with an estimated value of $2.6 billion.[6]"
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"2017"
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-9001151368823404474 | Heian period | Heian period - Wikipedia Heian period This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) History of Japan Periods ( hide ) Paleolithic before 14,000 BC Jōmon 14,000 -- 300 BC Yayoi 300 BC -- 300 AD Kofun 300 -- 538 Asuka 538 -- 710 Nara 710 -- 794 Heian 794 -- 1185 Kamakura 1185 -- 1333 Kenmu Restoration 1333 -- 1336 Muromachi ( Ashikaga ) Nanboku - chō Sengoku 1336 -- 1573 Azuchi -- Momoyama Nanban trade 1573 -- 1603 Edo ( Tokugawa ) Sakoku Convention of Kanagawa Bakumatsu 1603 -- 1868 Meiji Boshin War Restoration First Sino - Japanese War Boxer Rebellion Russo - Japanese War 1868 -- 1912 Taishō World War I 1912 -- 1926 Shōwa Financial crisis Militarism World War II Occupation Economic miracle Post-occupation Bubble Economy 1926 -- 1989 Heisei Lost Decade 1989 -- present Topics ( show ) Currency Earthquakes Economy Education Empire Historiography Military Naval Post-war Glossary Timeline Miniature model of Heian - kyō . The Heian period ( 平安 時代 , Heian jidai ) is the last division of classical Japanese history , running from 794 to 1185 . The period is named after the capital city of Heian - kyō , or modern Kyōto . It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism , Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height . The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art , especially poetry and literature . Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface , the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan , a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family . Many emperors actually had mothers from the Fujiwara family . Heian ( 平安 ) means `` peace '' in Japanese . Contents 1 History 1.1 Fujiwara regency 1.2 Rise of the military class 2 Heian culture 2.1 Developments in Buddhism 2.2 Literature 2.3 Beauty 3 Economics 4 Events 5 Modern depictions 5.1 Literature 5.2 Games 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links History ( edit ) The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 CE after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian - kyō ( present - day Kyōto ) , by the 50th emperor , Emperor Kanmu . Kanmu first tried to move the capital to Nagaoka - kyō , but a series of disasters befell the city , prompting the emperor to relocate the capital a second time , to Heian . A rebellion occurred in China in the last years of the 9th century , making the political situation unstable . The Japanese missions to Tang China was suspended and the influx of Chinese exports halted , a fact which facilitated the growth of independently Japanese culture called kokufu bunka ( ja ) . Therefore , the Heian Period is considered a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired . The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class , which would eventually take power and start the feudal period of Japan . Nominally , sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact , power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility . However , to protect their interests in the provinces , the Fujiwara , and other noble families required guards , police and soldiers . The warrior class made steady political gains throughout the Heian period . As early as 939 CE , Taira no Masakado threatened the authority of the central government , leading an uprising in the eastern province of Hitachi , and almost simultaneously , Fujiwara no Sumitomo rebelled in the west . Still , a true military takeover of the Japanese government was centuries away , when much of the strength of the government would lie within the private armies of the shogunate . The entry of the warrior class into court influence was a result of the Hōgen Rebellion . At this time Taira no Kiyomori revived the Fujiwara practices by placing his grandson on the throne to rule Japan by regency . Their clan , the Taira , would not be overthrown until after the Genpei War , which marked the start of the Kamakura shogunate . The Kamakura period began in 1185 when Minamoto no Yoritomo seized power from the emperors and established the shogunate in Kamakura . Fujiwara regency ( edit ) Byōdō - in Phoenix Hall , built in the 11th century during the Heian period of Japan . When Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Heian - kyō ( Kyōto ) , which remained the imperial capital for the next 1,000 years , he did so not only to strengthen imperial authority but also to improve his seat of government geopolitically . Nara was abandoned after only 70 years in part due to the ascendancy of Dōkyō and the encroaching secular power of the Buddhist institutions there . Kyōto had good river access to the sea and could be reached by land routes from the eastern provinces . The early Heian period ( 784 -- 967 ) continued Nara culture ; the Heian capital was patterned on the Chinese Tang capital at Chang'an , as was Nara , but on a larger scale than Nara . Kanmu endeavored to improve the Tang - style administrative system which was in use . Known as the ritsuryō , this system attempted to recreate the Tang imperium in Japan , despite the `` tremendous differences in the levels of development between the two countries '' . Despite the decline of the Taika -- Taihō reforms , imperial government was vigorous during the early Heian period . Kanmu 's avoidance of drastic reform decreased the intensity of political struggles , and he became recognized as one of Japan 's most forceful emperors . Although Kanmu had abandoned universal conscription in 792 , he still waged major military offensives to subjugate the Emishi , possible descendants of the displaced Jōmon , living in northern and eastern Japan . After making temporary gains in 794 , in 797 , Kanmu appointed a new commander , Sakanoue no Tamuramaro , under the title Sei - i Taishōgun ( `` Barbarian - subduing generalissimo '' ) . By 801 , the shōgun had defeated the Emishi and had extended the imperial domains to the eastern end of Honshū . Imperial control over the provinces was tenuous at best , however . In the ninth and tenth centuries , much authority was lost to the great families , who disregarded the Chinese - style land and tax systems imposed by the government in Kyoto . Stability came to Japan , but , even though succession was ensured for the imperial family through heredity , power again concentrated in the hands of one noble family , the Fujiwara which also helped Japan develop more . A handscroll painting dated circa 1130 , illustrating a scene from the `` Bamboo River '' chapter of the Tale of Genji . Following Kanmu 's death in 806 and a succession struggle among his sons , two new offices were established in an effort to adjust the Taika -- Taihō administrative structure . Through the new Emperor 's Private Office , the emperor could issue administrative edicts more directly and with more self - assurance than before . The new Metropolitan Police Board replaced the largely ceremonial imperial guard units . While these two offices strengthened the emperor 's position temporarily , soon they and other Chinese - style structures were bypassed in the developing state . In 838 the end of the imperial - sanctioned missions to Tang China , which had begun in 630 , marked the effective end of Chinese influence . Tang China was in a state of decline , and Chinese Buddhists were severely persecuted , undermining Japanese respect for Chinese institutions . Japan began to turn inward . As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century , the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family , and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor 's Private Office . Another Fujiwara became regent , Sesshō for his grandson , then a minor emperor and yet another was appointed Kampaku . Toward the end of the 9th century , several emperors tried but failed , to check the Fujiwara . For a time , however , during the reign of Emperor Daigo ( 897 -- 930 ) , the Fujiwara regency was suspended as he ruled directly . Nevertheless , the Fujiwara were not demoted by Daigo but actually became stronger during his reign . Central control of Japan had continued to decline , and the Fujiwara , along with other great families and religious foundations , acquired ever larger shōen and greater wealth during the early tenth century . By the early Heian period , the shōen had obtained legal status , and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity , waiver of taxes , and immunity from government inspection of the shōen they held . Those people who worked the land found it advantageous to transfer title to shōen holders in return for a share of the harvest . People and lands were increasingly beyond central control and taxation , a de facto return to conditions before the Taika Reform . Drawing of Fujiwara no Michinaga , by Kikuchi Yōsai . HEIKE Lotus Sutra Prologue . Within decades of Daigo 's death , the Fujiwara had absolute control over the court . By the year 1000 , Fujiwara no Michinaga was able to enthrone and dethrone emperors at will . Little authority was left for traditional institutions , and government affairs were handled through the Fujiwara clan 's private administration . The Fujiwara had become what historian George B. Sansom has called `` hereditary dictators '' . Despite their usurpation of imperial authority , the Fujiwara presided over a period of cultural and artistic flowering at the imperial court and among the aristocracy . There was great interest in graceful poetry and vernacular literature . Two types of phonetic Japanese script : katakana , a simplified script that was developed by using parts of Chinese characters , was abbreviated to hiragana , a cursive syllabary with a distinct writing method that was uniquely Japanese . Hiragana gave written expression to the spoken word and , with it , to the rise in Japan 's famous vernacular literature , much of it written by court women who had not been trained in Chinese as had their male counterparts . Three late tenth century and early 11th century women presented their views of life and romance at the Heian court in Kagerō Nikki by `` the mother of Fujiwara Michitsuna '' , The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon and The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu . Indigenous art also flourished under the Fujiwara after centuries of imitating Chinese forms . Vividly colored yamato - e , Japanese style paintings of court life and stories about temples and shrines became common in the mid-to - late Heian period , setting patterns for Japanese art to this day . As culture flourished , so did decentralization . Whereas the first phase of shōen development in the early Heian period had seen the opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands to aristocrats and religious institutions , the second phase saw the growth of patrimonial `` house governments '' , as in the old clan system . In fact , the form of the old clan system had remained largely intact within the great old centralized government . New institutions were now needed in the face of social , economic , and political changes . The Taihō Code lapsed , its institutions relegated to ceremonial functions . Family administrations now became public institutions . As the most powerful family , the Fujiwara governed Japan and determined the general affairs of state , such as succession to the throne . Family and state affairs were thoroughly intermixed , a pattern followed among other families , monasteries , and even the imperial family . Land management became the primary occupation of the aristocracy , not so much because direct control by the imperial family or central government had declined but more from strong family solidarity and a lack of a sense of Japan as a single nation . Rise of the military class ( edit ) Under the early courts , when military conscription had been centrally controlled , military affairs had been taken out of the hands of the provincial aristocracy . But as the system broke down after 792 , local power holders again became the primary source of military strength . The re-establishment of an efficient military system was made gradually through a process of trial - and - error . At that time the imperial court did not possess an army but rather relied on an organization of professional warriors composed mainly of oryoshi , which were appointed to an individual province and tsuibushi , which were appointed over imperial circuits or for specific tasks . This gave rise to the Japanese military class . Nonetheless , final authority rested with the imperial court . Shōen holders had access to manpower and , as they obtained improved military technology ( such as new training methods , more powerful bows , armor , horses , and superior swords ) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century , military service became part of shōen life . Not only the shōen but also civil and religious institutions formed private guard units to protect themselves . Gradually , the provincial upper class was transformed into a new military elite based on the ideals of the bushi ( `` warrior '' ) or samurai ( `` one who serves '' ) . Bushi interests were diverse , cutting across old power structures to form new associations in the tenth century . Mutual interests , family connections , and kinship were consolidated in military groups that became part of family administration . In time , large regional military families formed around members of the court aristocracy who had become prominent provincial figures . These military families gained prestige from connections to the imperial court and court - granted military titles and access to manpower . The Fujiwara family , Taira clan , and Minamoto clan were among the most prominent families supported by the new military class . A decline in food production , the growth of the population , and competition for resources among the great families all led to the gradual decline of Fujiwara power and gave rise to military disturbances in the mid-tenth and eleventh centuries . Members of the Fujiwara , Taira , and Minamoto families -- all of whom had descended from the imperial family -- attacked one another , claimed control over vast tracts of conquered land , set up rival regimes , and generally upset the peace . The Fujiwara controlled the throne until the reign of Emperor Go - Sanjō ( 1068 -- 1073 ) , the first emperor not born of a Fujiwara mother since the ninth century . Go - Sanjo , determined to restore imperial control through strong personal rule , implemented reforms to curb Fujiwara influence . He also established an office to compile and validate estate records with the aim of reasserting central control . Many shōen were not properly certified , and large landholders , like the Fujiwara , felt threatened with the loss of their lands . Go - Sanjo also established the In - no - chō ( ja ) ( 院 庁 `` Office of the Cloistered Emperor '' ) , which was held by a succession of emperors who abdicated to devote themselves to behind - the - scenes governance , or insei . The In - no - chō filled the void left by the decline of Fujiwara power . Rather than being banished , the Fujiwara were mostly retained in their old positions of civil dictator and minister of the center while being bypassed in decision making . In time , many of the Fujiwara were replaced , mostly by members of the rising Minamoto clan . While the Fujiwara fell into disputes among themselves and formed northern and southern factions , the insei system allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over the throne . The period from 1086 to 1156 was the age of supremacy of the In - no - chō and of the rise of the military class throughout the country . Military might rather than civil authority dominated the government . Painting of the Battle of Dan - no - ura on 25 April 1185 , Genpei War . A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power . Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent , who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto ( Hōgen Rebellion ) . In the end , the Fujiwara were destroyed , the old system of government supplanted , and the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs , marking a turning point in Japanese history . In 1159 , the Taira and Minamoto clashed ( Heiji Rebellion ) , and a twenty - year period of Taira ascendancy began . Taira no Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto 's destruction , and he would remain in command for the next 20 years . He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura , who died at only 19 , leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne . Kiyomori filled no less than 50 government posts with his relatives , rebuilt the Inland Sea , and encouraged trade with Sung China . He also took aggressive actions to safeguard his power when necessary , including the removal and exile of 45 court officials and the razing of two troublesome temples , Todai - ji and Kofuku - ji . The Taira were seduced by court life and ignored problems in the provinces , where the Minamoto Clan were rebuilding their strength . In 1183 , two years after Kiyomori 's death , Yoritomo Minamoto dispatched his brothers Yoshitsune and Noriyori to attack Kyoto . The Taira were routed and forced to flee , and the Empress Dowager tried to drown herself and the 7 - year old Emperor ( he perished , but his mother survived ) . Takakura 's other son succeeded as Emperor Go - Toba . With Yoritomo firmly established , the bakufu system that governed Japan for the next seven centuries was in place . He appointed military governors , or daimyōs , to rule over the provinces , and stewards , or jito to supervise public and private estates . Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powerful Fujiwara family , which sheltered his rebellious brother Yoshitsune . Three years later , he was appointed shōgun in Kyoto . One year before his death in 1199 , Yoritomo expelled the teenaged emperor Go - Toba from the throne . Two of Go - Toba 's sons succeeded him , but they would also be removed by Yoritomo 's successors to the shogunate . Heian culture ( edit ) Developments in Buddhism ( edit ) Danjogaran of Mount Kōya . The place is a center of the sacred ground of Shingon . Bodhisattva Fugen Enmei , 12th - century painting on silk , late Heian period . Standing Komoku Ten ( Virupakusa ) . Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period , primarily through two major esoteric sects , Tendai and Shingon . Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra , one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism ; Saichō was key to its transmission to Japan . Shingon is the Japanese transmission of the Chinese Chen Yen school . Shingon , brought to Japan by the monk Kūkai , emphasizes Vajrayana . Both Kūkai and Saichō aimed to connect state and religion and establish support from the aristocracy , leading to the notion of ' aristocratic Buddhism ' . An important element of Tendai doctrine was the suggestion that enlightenment was accessible to `` every creature '' . Saichō also sought independent ordination for Tendai monks . A close relationship developed between the Tendai monastery complex on Mount Hiei and the imperial court in its new capital at the foot of the mountain . As a result , Tendai emphasized great reverence for the emperor and the nation . Kanmu himself was a notable patron of the otherworldly Tendai sect , which rose to great power over the ensuing centuries . Kūkai greatly impressed the emperors who succeeded Kanmu , and also generations of Japanese , not only with his holiness but also with his poetry , calligraphy , painting , and sculpture . Shingon , through its use of `` rich symbols , rituals and mandalas '' held a wide - ranging appeal . Literature ( edit ) Although written Chinese ( Kanbun ) remained the official language of the Heian period imperial court , the introduction and widespread use of kana saw a boom in Japanese literature . Despite the establishment of several new literary genres such as the novel and narrative monogatari ( 物語 ) and essays , literacy were only common among the court and Buddhist clergy . Poetry , in particular , was a staple of court life . Nobles and ladies - in - waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status . Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse , from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor , or even a pretty scene of nature . A well - written poem or haiku could easily make or break one 's reputation , and often was a key part of social interaction . Almost as important was the choice of calligraphy , or handwriting , used . The Japanese of this period believed handwriting could reflect the condition of a person 's soul : therefore , poor or hasty writing could be considered a sign of poor breeding . Whether the script was Chinese or Japanese , good writing and artistic skill were paramount to social reputation when it came to poetry . Sei Shōnagon mentions in her Pillow Book that when a certain courtier tried to ask her advice about how to write a poem to the Empress Sadako , she had to politely rebuke him because his writing was so poor . The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem , Kimigayo , were written in the Heian period , as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu , one of the first novels ever written . Murasaki Shikibu 's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon 's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress ' court were recorded collectively as The Pillow Book in the 990s , which revealed the quotidian capital lifestyle . The Heian period produced a flowering of poetry including works of Ariwara no Narihira , Ono no Komachi , Izumi Shikibu , Murasaki Shikibu , Saigyō and Fujiwara no Teika . The famous Japanese poem known as the Iroha ( いろは ) , of uncertain authorship , was also written during the Heian period . Beauty ( edit ) During the Heian period , beauty was widely considered an important part of what made one a `` good '' person . In cosmetic terms , aristocratic men and women powdered their faces and blackened their teeth , the latter termed ohaguro . The male courtly ideal included a faint mustache and thin goatee , while women 's mouths were painted small and red , and their eyebrows were plucked or shaved and redrawn higher on the forehead ( hikimayu ) . Women cultivated shiny , black flowing hair and a courtly woman 's formal dress included a complex `` twelve - layered robe '' called jūnihitoe , though the actual number of layers varied . Costumes were determined by office and season , with a women 's robes , in particular , following a system of color combinations representing flowers , plants , and animals specific to a season or month , ( see the Japanese Wikipedia entries irome and kasane - no - irome ) . Economics ( edit ) While on one hand , the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace , it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants . The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and was a fundamental base for their power . The aristocratic beneficiaries of Heian culture , the Ryōmin ( 良民 `` Good People '' ) numbered about five thousand in a land of perhaps five million . One reason the samurai were able to take power was that the ruling nobility proved incompetent at managing Japan and its provinces . By the year 1000 , the government no longer knew how to issue currency and money was gradually disappearing . Instead of a fully realized system of money circulation , rice was the primary unit of exchange . The lack of a solid medium of economic exchange is implicitly illustrated in novels of the time . For instance , messengers were rewarded with useful objects , e.g. , an old silk kimono , rather than paid a fee . The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces , which left robbers free to prey on travelers . This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters . The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite ; the economic surplus can be linked to the cultural developments of the Heian period and the `` pursuit of arts '' . The major Buddhist temples in Heian - kyō and Nara also made use of the shōen . The establishment of branches rurally and integration of some Shinto shrines within these temple networks reflects a greater `` organizational dynamism '' . Events ( edit ) 784 : Emperor Kanmu moves the capital to Nagaoka - kyō ( Kyōto ) 794 : Emperor Kanmu moves the capital to Heian - kyō ( Kyōto ) 804 : The Buddhist monk Saichō ( Dengyo Daishi ) introduces the Tendai school 806 : The monk Kūkai ( Kōbō - Daishi ) introduces the Shingon ( Tantric ) school 819 : Kūkai founds the monastery of Mount Kōya , in the northeast portion of modern - day Wakayama Prefecture 858 : Emperor Seiwa begins the rule of the Fujiwara clan 895 : Sugawara no Michizane halted the imperial embassies to China 990 : Sei Shōnagon writes the Pillow Book essays 1000 -- 1008 : Murasaki Shikibu writes The Tale of Genji novel 1050 : Rise of the military class ( samurai ) 1052 : The Byōdō - in temple ( near Kyōto ) is built by Fujiwara no Yorimichi 1068 : Emperor Go - Sanjō overthrows the Fujiwara clan 1087 : Emperor Shirakawa abdicates and becomes a Buddhist monk , the first of the `` cloistered emperors '' ( insei ) 1156 : Taira no Kiyomori defeats the Minamoto clan and seizes power , thereby ending the `` insei '' era 1180 ( June ) : The capital is moved to Fukuhara - kyō ( Kobe ) 1180 ( November ) : The capital is moved back to Heian - kyō ( Kyōto ) 1185 : Taira is defeated ( Genpei War ) and Minamoto no Yoritomo with the support ( backing ) of the Hōjō clan seizes power , becoming the first shōgun of Japan , while the emperor ( or `` mikado '' ) becomes a figurehead Modern depictions ( edit ) The iconography of the Heian period is widely known in Japan , and depicted in various media , from traditional festivals to anime . In the manga and TV series Hikaru no Go , the protagonist Hikaru Shindo is visited by a ghost of a go genius from the Heian period and its leading clan , Fujiwara no Sai . Various festivals feature Heian dress -- most notably Hinamatsuri ( doll festival ) , where the dolls wear Heian dress , but also numerous other festivals , such as Aoi Matsuri in Kyoto ( May ) and Saiō Matsuri in Meiwa , Mie ( June ) , both of which feature the jūnihitoe 12 - layer dress . Traditional horseback archery ( yabusame ) festivals , which date from the beginning of the Kamakura period ( immediately following the Heian period ) feature similar dress . Literature ( edit ) The two - volume historical novel saga White as Bone , Red as Blood : The Fox Sorceress ( 2009 ) , and White as Bone , Red as Blood : The Storm God ( 2011 ) depict in detail the pivotal years 1160 -- 1185 in Japan , as seen through the eyes of protagonist Seiko Fujiwara . Both books were written by Cerridwen Fallingstar . Games ( edit ) The game Total War : Shogun 2 has the Rise of the Samurai expansion pack as a downloadable campaign . It allows the player to make their own version of the Genpei War which happened during the Heian period . The player is able to choose one of the most powerful families of Japan at the time , the Taira , Minamoto or Fujiwara ; each family fielding two branches for a total of six playable clans . The expansion pack features a different set of land units , ships , and buildings and is also playable in the multiplayer modes . Cosmology of Kyoto is a Japanese video game set in 10th -- 11th century Japan . It is a point - and - click adventure game depicting Heian - kyō , including the religious beliefs , folklore , and ghost tales of the time . It was praised by film critic Roger Ebert . See also ( edit ) References ( edit ) Constructs such as ibid. , loc . cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia 's style guide for footnotes , as they are easily broken . Please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ) , or an abbreviated title . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ `` Heian period '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : F.W. Seal , Heian Period Court and Clan Jump up ^ Shively and McCullough 1999 . Jump up ^ Hurst 2007 p. 32 Jump up ^ Takei , Jiro ; Keane , Marc P. SAKUTEIKI . Boston : Tuttle Publishing . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8048 - 3294 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hurst 2007 p. 34 Jump up ^ Hurst 2007 p. 35 Jump up ^ , Meyer , Milton W. , Japan : A Concise History , page 44 . Jump up ^ Karl Friday , `` Teeth and Claws , Provincial Warriors and the Heian Court '' Monumenta Nipponica ( Summer 1988 ) : 155 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Kitagawa 1966 p. 59 Jump up ^ Weinstein 1999 Jump up ^ Kitagawa 1966 p. 60 Jump up ^ Kitagawa p. 61 . Jump up ^ Kitagawa 1966 p. 65 . Jump up ^ The World of the Shining Prince , Ivan Morris , 180 , 182 Jump up ^ Ibid , 183 -- 184 Jump up ^ Morris ( 1964 ) p. xiv . Jump up ^ `` Heian Period . '' We - pedia . We - pedia , n.d. Web . 17 February 2016 . < http://www.wa-pedia.com/history/heian_period_era.shtml > . ^ Jump up to : Morris 1964 p. 73 . Jump up ^ Morris 1964 p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Collins 1997 p. 851 . Jump up ^ Ponsonby - Fane , Richard . ( 1962 ) . Sovereign and Subject , pp. 203 -- 204 ; also known as Fujiwara jidai Jump up ^ Britannica Kokusai Dai - Hyakkajiten article `` Fujiwara no Yorimichi '' . Jump up ^ Ponsonby - Fane , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Fallingstar , Cerridwen . White as Bone , Red as Blood : The Fox Sorceress . Cauldron Publications , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fallingstar , Cerridwen . White as Bone , Red as Blood : The Storm God . Cauldron Publications , 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Collins , R. , `` An Asian Route to Capitalism : Religious Economy and the Origins of Self - Transforming Growth in Japan '' , in American Sociological Review , Vol. 62 , No. 6 ( 1997 ) Hurst III , G. C , `` The Heian Period '' in W.M. Tsutsui , ( ed . ) , A Companion to Japanese History ( Oxford : Blackwell Publishing , 2007 ) Kitagawa , J. , Religion in Japanese History ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1966 ) Morris , I. , The World of the Shining Prince ; Court Life in Ancient Japan ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1964 ) Shively , D.H. and McCullough W.H. , `` Introduction '' in D.H. Shively and W.H. McCullough , ( eds . ) , The Cambridge History of Modern Japan ; Volume 2 , Heian Japan , ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 ) Weinstein , S. , `` Aristocratic Buddhism '' in D.H. Shively and W.H. McCullough , ( eds . ) , The Cambridge History of Modern Japan ; Volume 2 , Heian Japan , ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heian period . 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-7595602390049805017 | List of That '70s Show characters | List of that ' 70s show characters - Wikipedia List of that ' 70s show characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for stand - alone lists . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` List of That ' 70s Show characters '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters appearing in the series That ' 70s Show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Recurring characters 3 Intended recurring roles 4 References Main characters ( edit ) Eric Forman ( portrayed by Topher Grace ) : The protagonist ; Eric is a nice guy , generally geeky , physically slight , and somewhat clumsy . He is a smart - aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor . He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them , making Hyde like a brother . His father , Red , is always hard on him . Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti . He decides to become a teacher after high school , and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa , and returns at the series finale , reuniting with Donna . Jackie Burkhart ( portrayed by Mila Kunis ) : The youngest member of the group , Jackie starts the series as the pretty , rich , spoiled , selfish , conceited , and annoying immature girl . She likes to give thoughtless and superficial advice , which occasionally turns out to be correct . As the series progresses , she moves away from her self - centered ways and becomes sweeter . Partly as a result of these changes , she and Donna become better friends . By the end of the series , Jackie has dated three of the four males of the group : Kelso , Hyde , and Fez . Michael Kelso ( portrayed by Ashton Kutcher ) : The dim - witted pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks . He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie wants to marry him and he is n't ready , so he runs away to California with Donna in the Season 4 finale . His best friend is Fez . He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season . He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong . He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago , and leaves the series during the eighth and final season . He only appears in five episodes during season eight , including the series finale . Steven Hyde ( portrayed by Danny Masterson ) : Eric 's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group . By the end of season one , the Formans allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother , making him a foster brother to Eric . Hyde has a witty , blunt , and sarcastic sense of humor , and a rebellious personality . He is also smart , and the other group members often ask for his advice . Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons , in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha . Hyde later discovers Samantha was still married when she married him . As Donna points out in `` My Fairy King '' , that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married . In the seventh season , Hyde meets his biological father ( William Barnett , played by Tim Reid ) , a wealthy black businessman ( making Hyde , who was presumed white , biracial ) . Barnett , who owns a chain of record stores , makes Hyde first the manager , and later the owner , of the Point Place store . Donna Pinciotti ( portrayed by Laura Prepon ) : Eric 's longtime girlfriend ( and briefly fiancée ) . Donna is intelligent , good - looking , and a feminist . Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series , they become friends . Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons ( despite their break - up during season 4 ) . She has brief romances with Casey , Michael 's brother , and with Randy during the final season and quickly ends it . She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show 's finale . Fez ( portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama ) : The foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones seem to be out of control . His secret country of origin is one of the longest - running gags on the show . He is sweet , friendly , perverted , gullible , and rather odd . He enjoys eating candy , drinking beer , and looking at pornography . His best friend is Kelso , and he shares a `` younger brother '' type relationship with Hyde and Eric . He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them . Initially , he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls , but during the eighth season he becomes a ladies ' man . He is in love with Jackie throughout the series , but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple . Kitty Forman ( portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp ) : Eric 's mother and Red 's wife , Kitty is a cheerful , doting mother , but can also be assertive when pushed . She is a nurse , and a former smoker . Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause . She is also a good mother figure to Eric 's friends . Red Forman ( portrayed by Kurtwood Smith ) : Kitty 's husband , Eric 's and Laurie 's father , and Hyde 's adoptive father . Red is a Navy combat veteran , having served in World War II and the Korean War . Despite his mean exterior , Red occasionally displays a soft side . His hobbies include working with his power tools , drinking beer , watching television , reading the newspaper , hunting , and fishing . Midge Pinciotti ( portrayed by Tanya Roberts ) : Bob 's wife , Donna 's mother , and Kitty 's best friend . Midge was the sexy neighborhood mom Eric and his male friends fantasized about when coming of age . Although often dim - witted , she is also a kind - hearted woman who develops feminist ideals . She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season , however , returns during the sixth and seventh seasons in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite . Bob Pinciotti ( portrayed by Don Stark ) : Midge 's husband , Donna 's father . Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard , which invariably irritates Red . Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear . He eats constantly , even in bed . Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies ' man . His best friend is Red , even though Red sees him as a nuisance . He usually takes the brunt of Red 's abuse in a jolly manner . Laurie Forman ( portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly / Christina Moore ) : Eric 's beautiful but evil older sister . Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her parents . She is promiscuous , often seen with various men , mainly Eric 's friend Kelso , who cheats on his girlfriend , Jackie . Eric , Hyde , and Donna often mock her promiscuity . She also has a strained relationship with her mother , who thinks of her as a freeloader . She leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth . In season five , she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported . In season six , she is portrayed by a different actress , Christina Moore . Leo ( portrayed by Tommy Chong ) : A hippie , and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked . Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II , where he was awarded a Purple Heart . Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy - going attitude in most things , business included . He disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five 's `` The Battle of Evermore '' when the gang goes on a mission to find him , but with no luck . He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show 's end . In season 8 , he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves . Randy Pearson ( portrayed by Josh Meyers ) : The newest member of the group , who is introduced in the final season . Randy appears laid back , gentle , polite , and a ladies ' man , although later many of his flaws surface . He forms a friendship with Red after showing Red how good he is at fixing things . While Hyde , Jackie , Donna , and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group , Fez does not . Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight , but she eventually breaks up with him . Recurring characters ( edit ) Suzy Simpson ( played by Alyson Hannigan ) appears in three episodes of season 6 . She is Kelso 's buddy from police academy who is also attracted to him . Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso . Angie Barnett ( played by Megalyn Echikunwoke ) is Steven Hyde 's half - sister . Hyde did not know he had a sister until the 7th season . Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major . Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father 's record store , but Angie did not always like working with him . She dated Kelso , which sometimes annoyed Hyde . Angie got her name because , in the seventh season , all episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs , and `` Angie '' was a song by the Stones . Annette Berkardt ( played by Jessica Simpson ) was Michael Kelso 's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5 . She acts and talks very similar to Jackie , constantly bossing Kelso around . Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie , or `` Blackie . '' Despite this , Jackie and Annette hated each other . Once at The Hub , Jackie said to Annette `` I did not know they let ' slutballs ' in here '' . Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay . Later in the episode , when Annette and Kelso were kissing , Jackie yelled `` Get off my boyfriend ! '' to Annette , even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up . This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie . Beatrice Dorothy `` Bea '' Sigurdson ( née Heprage ) ( played by Betty White ) is Kitty Forman 's mother . Bea seems like a friendly old lady , but is cold and critical , especially of Kitty . She appeared in a few episodes in season five , often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux - friendly manner . She was widowed in `` Your Time is Gonna Come '' when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies . She stays with the Formans for a while after Burt 's death . Bernice Rose Forman ( née Larson ) ( September 16 , 1904 -- January 22 , 1977 ) ( played by Marion Ross ) is Red Forman 's mother . Bernice hated Kitty , and she was always mean to her , because Red married Kitty instead of another woman Bernice liked . She appeared in the episodes `` Sunday , Bloody Sunday '' , `` The Best Christmas Ever '' and `` Grandma 's Dead '' of season 1 , and flashback in the episode `` Halloween '' of season two . In the episode Grandma 's Dead she dies in Eric 's car while he is driving her home . Brooke Leslie Rockwell ( played by Shannon Elizabeth ) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric 's class . The summer after Kelso 's graduation , she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant . Initially , Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child 's life . Eventually , Kelso convinced her to give him another chance . Brooke gave birth to their daughter , Betsy in 1979 . Steven James `` Bud '' Hyde Jr. ( played by Robert Hays ) is Steven Hyde 's stepfather . Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic . Until the end of the 6th season , Steven Hyde thought Bud was his biological father . Bud Hyde abandoned Steven when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this . They temporarily reconciled in season 3 , with Hyde even moving in with him . However , he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna -- forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house . Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again . ( Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde 's car . ) Bertrum Wayne `` Burt '' Sigurdson ( October 4 , 1901 - February 6 , 1978 ) ( played by Tom Poston ) is Kitty Forman 's father . He is often seen avoiding his wife , Bea . In one episode , he bought an ostrich farm , which was right next to a coyote farm . The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house . Burt died in the episode Your Time is Gonna Come . Caroline `` Crazy Caroline '' Dupree ( played by Allison Munn ) was Fez 's girlfriend in season 3 . Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid . She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her , when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so . Caroline was once found hiding in the men 's bathroom looking for Fez . Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her . Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season . She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate , and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez 's Barry White album ( Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez 's knowledge , but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez ) . Caroline appeared again in `` Sheer Heart Attack '' . Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman , so he called Caroline . Later in the episode , Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in . This , as always , made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously . Casey ( played by Luke Wilson ) is Michael Kelso 's brother who was in the military . Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna Pinciotti . During their relationship , there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior , such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey . Donna 's father , Bob , felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore . Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna , so Eric wanted them to break up . When Red Forman and Bob were discussing Casey 's negative influence with Donna and Casey , Casey broke up with Donna , deciding the conflict with Bob and Red to be too much hassle . Donna felt that she and Casey were in love , but Casey felt `` I love you '' is just something you could say and do not have to really mean . Michael Kelso said that his brother Casey got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them . During the summer of 1979 , Casey was teaching physical education at Eric 's old high school , and Eric was in Casey 's class . He likes to call Eric `` Foreplay '' . his last episode was Season 7 's 2120 So . Michigan Ave . Charlie Richardson ( played by Bret Harrison ) is the son of one of Red 's war buddies . Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win `` Eric 's '' goldfish in an egg toss . Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of Season 7 . Before the beginning of Season 8 , Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died . The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor . The original idea was to have Charlie stay on the show the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric , but the actor got an offer for his own show so they killed his character off . Christine St. George ( played by Mary Tyler Moore ) is a talk show host of What 's Up Wisconsin . In the episode `` Sweet Lady '' , Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine 's co-host on the show . She persistently tries to get the job , but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead . After a few episodes , Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her . Earl ( played by Robert Clendenin ) is a friend of Red 's who worked for Red at Price Mart . Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job , so Red fired him . After that , Earl sued Red for wrongful termination , however , Earl arrived too late to his own hearing , so the judge ruled in favor of Red . Later , Earl got a job working at a fast food restaurant , where he is again fired for his poor work ethic ( this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant 's food while on work ) . Earl appears in the episodes `` Red Fired Up '' , `` Roller Disco '' and `` Radio Daze '' . Edna Hyde ( played by Katey Sagal ) is Steven Hyde 's biological mother . She is only in the Season 1 episodes `` Career Day '' , `` Prom Night '' , and `` Punk Chick '' , though she only appears in `` Career Day '' . She plays a large part in `` Career Day '' , playing opposite Hyde when on Career Day , he has to help her in the kitchen ( she was the school chef , `` Gross Edna '' at the time ) . In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as : In Prom Night Edna : `` They 're all gon na laugh at you ! '' ( a reference to the 1976 film Carrie ) Steven : `` Shut up ma , you 're makin ' the night too damn special ! '' In Punk Chick Steven : `` It 's still my suitcase ! '' Edna : `` Nothing in this house is yours ! '' Steven : `` Shut up ! '' Edna then ran off and left Hyde alone , which is why he moved in with the Formans and she is not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde confesses that his parents got back together and ran off . Fenton , also known as Clerk in Season 5 , ( played by Jim Rash ) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a `` half - off sale , a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez 's ass look like an oil painting '' in Fez 's own words . In the fifth season , he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna 's engagement ring . He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season , which later became Fez and Jackie 's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago . At first , Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez , but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter , and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were `` life partners '' , he let them have it . Though Fenton does not state this explicitly , his frequent innuendos about men and his lack of experience with women imply he is gay . Whenever he sees Fez , he says `` Oh , It 's you '' in an evil manner . Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie , who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud when she accidentally floods their apartment . Hilary Robinson ( played by Lara Everly ) is Fez 's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8 . Fez tried to impress her by trying to look cool which intimidated her , but when Jackie explained to her who Fez really was , she fell in love with him . Fez and Hilary dated for a few weeks , before Hilary suddenly decided to become a nun and left Fez . Jack Burkhart ( played by Paul Kreppel ) is the father of Jackie Burkhart . He was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . Joanne ( played by Mo Gaffney ) is a girlfriend of Bob Pinciotti , who appears in Seasons 4 and 5 . She met Bob at the supermarket when Bob , being unable to cook , was about to buy a dozen TV dinners . Joanne decided to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy the TV dinners . She does not get along well with Red . When Red and Joanne first met , they got into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad . Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to work there to put coupons in the dog food bags . Eric would eventually lose that job after Joanne broke up with Bob . Mitch Miller ( played by Seth Green ) is a student in the same class as Eric . Mitch had a feud with Fez and because of this conflict , Mitch published a photo of Fez and Kelso kissing each other in the school newspaper . Mitch had a crush on Donna Pinciotti , and one time Donna went to a wedding with Mitch . Eric was angered when Mitch embarrassed Donna , and Eric and Mitch agreed to fight each other the next day at 5 : 15 PM . Not wanting to fight , Mitch persuaded Eric not to fight with him by offering him a French - made GI Joe called `` GI Jacques '' . Mitch has a father , Charlie Miller , played by Fred Willard . Nina Jo Bartell ( played by Joanna Canton ) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who worked with him at the DMV . Fez lost his virginity to her , but it went badly , so she suggested they needed to do it more often to get better . They broke up a while later because Nina thought he was too needy . Officer Phillip Otis Kennedy II ( played by James Avery ) is Kelso 's training officer when he joins the police force . He appears mostly in the 6th season , playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso . Pam Burkhart ( played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6 ) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6 . Once a serious business lady , she fled to Mexico when Jackie 's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie . Pam Macy ( played by Jennifer Lyons ) is a classmate of the main characters of the show . She has been mentioned in more episodes than she appeared . She appeared in the episodes `` Prom Night '' , `` Romantic Weekend '' , and `` It 's a Wonderful life '' . In `` Prom Night '' , Michael Kelso took Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie . In `` Romantic Weekend '' , Kelso was about to have sex with Pam but was unable to perform , telling his friends `` The buffer would n't buff '' . Pam told this to the whole school , which caused everyone to tease Kelso about it . Pastor Dave ( played by Kevin McDonald ) , Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church . He is overly cheerful and ( incorrectly ) thinks he is up to date with the trends , and is `` hip and cool '' . He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices , and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he 'll go away . Dave is good friends with Kitty , who helps with the church fundraisers , and has an uneasy friendship with Red ( mostly because Red is not used to having friends ) . His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less - pure side of Dave , as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer , and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays ( he later rejoins as the pastor again ) . He appears primarily in Season 3 and 4 , but has a few cameos in Season 2 . Rhonda ( played by Cynthia Lamontagne ) Often called Big Rhonda by her classmates , she was a recurring character during season 4 . She was Fez 's girlfriend during this season . When she and Fez were stuck in the school during a tornado , he was about to have sex with Big Rhonda , but after the tornado was gone , she did not want to anymore . She broke up with Fez after she choked him after he wanted to get to third base , which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso . Like Fez , she loves candy . The episode `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' featured an alternate timeline , where Rhonda went to the prom with Eric ( in this timeline , Eric and Donna were never in a relationship ) . Later in the same episode , she is seen at their 10 - year reunion but now as a trim and beautiful woman ( which Rhonda attributes to being dumped by a gigantic loser like Eric ) . It was also mentioned in the season three episode `` Kitty 's Birthday '' that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured . Roy Keen ( played by Jim Gaffigan ) is the kitchen manager of the Holliday Hotel who employed Eric , Hyde , and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel 's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6 . The character serves as the replacement of Leo who was written out during season 5 , although he had been absent for several episodes . It was mentioned by Hyde that Roy was like a father figure when his father abandoned him . Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low and he goes days without washing his hands . Roy served in the Vietnam War , once describing Eric as `` scrawny , but strong ... like the Vietcong '' . He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people . At one time he got the impression a woman was in love with him , after she insulted him when he got her some butter , and hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers . He once mentioned he was living with a woman , but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret . It is revealed in the season 6 episode `` A Legal Matter '' that he was a police cadet who was oust of the police academy for shooting a police horse . Samantha Hyde ( played by Judy Tylor ) is Hyde 's wife during season 8 . They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas . The two barely knew each other when they got married . Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde . In the episode `` My Fairy King '' , Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else . After this , Hyde and Samantha 's relationship ended . Schatzie is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy . Schatzie was in several episodes of season 5 , was absent for all of season 6 , then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7 . Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose . `` Schatzie '' is German and means `` little treasure '' or `` darling '' ( diminutive of `` Schatz '' ) . Timmy Thompson ( played by Paul Connor ) is a student who went to high school with Eric , Donna , Hyde , Fez , Kelso , and Jackie . To the annoyance of some of the gang , he announces comments to the room that start with `` Heeey ... '' , such as : `` Heeey , Forman and Donna got a motel room and they 're going to do it ! '' `` Heeey , I 'm taking off my pants ! '' `` Heeey , Forman 's on a date with his mom ! '' `` Heeey , Donna 's showed her ass ! '' ( while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera ) . He only has real dialogue in the episode `` Burning Down The House '' . William James `` WB '' Barnett ( played by Tim Reid ) is Steven Hyde 's biological father . Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons , where Kitty discovers that Steven 's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee . Sometimes people call William Barnett by his initials , WB . Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves , a chain of record stores . Barnett put Steven in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter ( and Hyde 's half sister ) , Angie . Barnett is black , which Hyde believes explains his `` coolness , afro and suspicion of the man '' ( it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated `` I do n't know , because they do n't want me to know '' ) . WB 's last on - screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty - first episode of the eighth season , `` Love of My Life '' ( WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season , `` Son and Daughter '' ) . Intended recurring roles ( edit ) Several characters on the series were written as recurring , but made only one appearance . Among them : Tina Pinciotti ( played by Amanda Fuller ) was the younger sister of regular Donna Pinciotti . She first appeared in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' , but made no appearances following that , except for a brief mention in the episode `` Vanstock '' . A similar situation occurred with unseen Valerie Pinciotti . The two are later written out with no explanation , as demonstrated in the season seven premiere , when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge 's only daughter Valerie Pinciotti was the older sister of Donna Pinciotti and Tina Pinciotti , who in `` Eric 's Birthday '' was said to be away at college but never mentioned again . Matthew and Rebecca Erdman ( played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt ) were the prudish host parents of Fez . They first appeared in `` Drive - In '' and convince Fez the rock they detest is diabolical by playing KISS album backwards . Fez 's host parents make no further appearances in the show . Buddy Morgan ( played by Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) was introduced in `` Eric 's Buddy '' , and was intended to become a recurring character . However , the introduction of homosexual Buddy as a love interest for Eric ( at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna ) did not go over well with audiences , and Buddy was cut from the show . Melissa ( played by Reagan Gomez - Preston ) appeared in `` Hyde Gets the Girl '' as a potential love interest for Hyde . She was intended to become his on - off girlfriend . Patty ( played by Lindsay Sloane ) appeared in two episodes in the series ' second season . She is introduced in `` Eric Gets Suspended '' along with her best friend , Mary ( played by Melissa Joan Hart ) . The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez . Hyde initially pairs with Mary , and Fez with Patty ; but in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates because he is hitting it off with Patty . Patty then returned in `` Eric and Kitty 's Night Out '' . In the episode , Fez and Patty become boyfriend and girlfriend . Patty 's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character 's appearance in the series . However , with no explanation in the show Patty is not seen or mentioned again . References ( edit ) ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_Show_characters&oldid=808869155 '' Categories : That ' 70s Show characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Fictional characters from Wisconsin Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from September 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 18 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played jackie's mom in that 70s show | [
"Pam Burkhart (played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6. Once a serious business lady, she fled to Mexico when Jackie's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000. She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie."
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"played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6"
] |
7023569353070965725 | List of grammar schools in England | List of grammar schools in England - wikipedia List of grammar schools in England This is a list of the current 164 state - funded fully selective schools ( grammar schools ) in England , as enumerated by Statutory Instrument . The 1998 Statutory Instrument listed 166 such schools . However , in 2000 Bristol Local Education Authority , following consultation , implemented changes removing selection by 11 + exam from the entry requirements for two of the schools on this original list . This list does not include former direct grant grammar schools which elected to remain independent , often retaining the title `` grammar school '' . For such schools see the list of direct grant grammar schools . Under the Tripartite System of secondary education in England between the 1940s and 1960s , approximately a quarter of children were selected by the eleven plus exam for entry to grammar schools , either `` maintained '' grammar schools fully funded by the state or direct grant grammar schools . Most of the maintained grammar schools were closed or converted to comprehensive schools in the 1960s and 1970s , though a few local authorities resisted this move and retained a selective system . There are also a number of isolated grammar schools , which admit the candidates who score highest on their entry tests . The remaining 164 English state grammar schools are listed here grouped by region ( from north to south ) and Local Education Authority . There are no remaining state grammar schools in North East England . The gender indicated is that of the main school ( ages 11 -- 16 ) . Several single - sex schools have sixth forms that also admit a small number of students of the opposite gender . Grammar school areas and groups as identified by the Education ( Grammar School Ballots ) Regulations 1998 . LEAs considered grammar areas are shown filled , while circles indicate isolated grammar schools or clusters of neighbouring schools . Contents 1 North West England 1.1 Cumbria 1.2 Lancashire 1.3 Liverpool 1.4 Trafford 1.5 Wirral 2 Yorkshire and the Humber 2.1 Calderdale 2.2 Kirklees 2.3 North Yorkshire 3 East Midlands 3.1 Lincolnshire 4 West Midlands 4.1 Birmingham 4.2 Stoke - on - Trent 4.3 Telford and Wrekin 4.4 Walsall 4.5 Warwickshire 4.6 Wolverhampton 5 East of England 5.1 Essex 5.2 Southend - on - Sea 6 South East England 6.1 Buckinghamshire 6.2 Kent 6.3 Medway 6.4 Reading 6.5 Slough 7 South West England 7.1 Bournemouth 7.2 Devon 7.3 Gloucestershire 7.4 Plymouth 7.5 Poole 7.6 Torbay 7.7 Wiltshire 8 Greater London 8.1 Barnet 8.2 Bexley 8.3 Bromley 8.4 Enfield 8.5 Kingston upon Thames 8.6 Redbridge 8.7 Sutton 9 See also 10 References North West England ( edit ) Cumbria ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth Grammar School , Penrith ( mixed ) Lancashire ( edit ) Bacup and Rawtenstall Grammar School , Waterfoot ( mixed ) Clitheroe Royal Grammar School , Clitheroe ( mixed ) Lancaster Girls ' Grammar School , Lancaster ( girls ) Lancaster Royal Grammar School , Lancaster ( boys ) Liverpool ( edit ) Liverpool Blue Coat School , Wavertree ( mixed ) Trafford ( edit ) Altrincham Grammar School for Boys , Bowdon ( boys ) Altrincham Grammar School for Girls , Bowdon ( girls ) Loreto Grammar School , Altrincham ( girls ) Sale Grammar School , Sale ( mixed ) St. Ambrose College , Hale Barns ( boys ) Stretford Grammar School , Stretford ( mixed ) Urmston Grammar School , Urmston ( mixed ) Wirral ( edit ) Calday Grange Grammar School , West Kirby ( boys ) St Anselm 's College , Birkenhead ( boys ) Upton Hall School FCJ , Upton ( girls ) West Kirby Grammar School , West Kirby ( girls ) Wirral Grammar School for Boys , Bebington ( boys ) Wirral Grammar School for Girls , Bebington ( girls ) Yorkshire and the Humber ( edit ) Calderdale ( edit ) The Crossley Heath School , Halifax ( mixed ) North Halifax Grammar School , Halifax ( mixed ) Kirklees ( edit ) Heckmondwike Grammar School , Heckmondwike ( mixed ) North Yorkshire ( edit ) Ermysted 's Grammar School , Skipton ( boys ) Ripon Grammar School , Ripon ( mixed ) Skipton Girls ' High School , Skipton ( girls ) East Midlands ( edit ) Lincolnshire ( edit ) Boston Grammar School , Boston ( boys ) Boston High School , Boston ( girls ) Bourne Grammar School , Bourne ( mixed ) Caistor Grammar School , Caistor ( mixed ) Carre 's Grammar School , Sleaford ( boys ) Kesteven and Grantham Girls ' School , Grantham ( girls ) Kesteven and Sleaford High School , Sleaford ( girls ) King Edward VI Grammar School , Louth ( mixed ) The King 's School , Grantham ( boys ) Queen Elizabeth 's Grammar School , Alford ( mixed ) Queen Elizabeth 's Grammar School , Horncastle ( mixed ) Queen Elizabeth 's High School , Gainsborough ( mixed ) Skegness Grammar School , Skegness ( mixed ) Spalding Grammar School , Spalding ( boys ) Spalding High School , Spalding ( girls ) West Midlands ( edit ) Birmingham ( edit ) Bishop Vesey 's Grammar School , Sutton Coldfield ( boys ) Handsworth Grammar School , Handsworth ( boys ) King Edward VI Aston School , Aston ( boys ) King Edward VI Camp Hill School for Boys , Kings Heath ( boys ) King Edward VI Camp Hill School for Girls , Kings Heath ( girls ) King Edward VI Five Ways School , Bartley Green ( mixed ) King Edward VI Handsworth School , Handsworth ( girls ) Sutton Coldfield Grammar School for Girls , Sutton Coldfield ( girls ) Stoke - on - Trent ( edit ) St. Joseph 's College , Stoke - on - Trent ( mixed ) Telford and Wrekin ( edit ) Adams ' Grammar School , Newport ( boys ) Newport Girls High School , Newport ( girls ) Walsall ( edit ) Queen Mary 's Grammar School , Walsall ( boys ) Queen Mary 's High School , Walsall ( girls ) Warwickshire ( edit ) Alcester Grammar School , Alcester ( mixed ) King Edward VI School , Stratford - upon - Avon ( boys ) Lawrence Sheriff School , Rugby ( boys ) Rugby High School for Girls , Rugby ( girls ) Stratford - upon - Avon Grammar School for Girls , Stratford - upon - Avon ( girls ) Wolverhampton ( edit ) Wolverhampton Girls ' High School , Newbridge ( girls ) East of England ( edit ) Essex ( edit ) Chelmsford County High School for Girls , Chelmsford ( girls ) Colchester County High School for Girls , Colchester ( girls ) Colchester Royal Grammar School , Colchester ( boys ) King Edward VI Grammar School , Chelmsford ( boys ) Southend - on - Sea ( edit ) Southend High School for Boys , Southend - on - Sea ( boys ) Southend High School for Girls , Southend - on - Sea ( girls ) Westcliff High School for Boys , Westcliff - on - Sea ( boys ) Westcliff High School for Girls , Westcliff - on - Sea ( girls ) South East England ( edit ) Buckinghamshire ( edit ) Aylesbury Grammar School , Aylesbury ( boys ) Aylesbury High School , Aylesbury ( girls ) Beaconsfield High School , Beaconsfield ( girls ) Burnham Grammar School , Burnham ( mixed ) Chesham Grammar School , Chesham ( mixed ) Dr Challoner 's Grammar School , Amersham ( boys ) Dr Challoner 's High School , Little Chalfont ( girls ) John Hampden Grammar School , High Wycombe ( boys ) Royal Grammar School , High Wycombe ( boys ) Royal Latin School , Buckingham ( mixed ) Sir Henry Floyd Grammar School , Aylesbury ( mixed ) Sir William Borlase 's Grammar School , Marlow ( mixed ) Wycombe High School , High Wycombe ( girls ) Kent ( edit ) Barton Court Grammar School , Canterbury ( mixed ) Borden Grammar School , Sittingbourne ( boys ) Chatham and Clarendon Grammar School , Ramsgate ( mixed ) Cranbrook School , Cranbrook ( mixed ) Dane Court Grammar School , Broadstairs ( mixed ) Dartford Grammar School , Dartford ( boys ) Dartford Grammar School for Girls , Dartford ( girls ) Dover Grammar School for Boys , Dover ( boys ) Dover Grammar School for Girls , Dover ( girls ) Folkestone School for Girls , Folkestone ( girls ) Gravesend Grammar School , Gravesend ( boys ) Mayfield Grammar School , Gravesend ( girls ) Harvey Grammar School , Folkestone ( boys ) Highsted Grammar School , Sittingbourne ( girls ) Highworth Grammar School for Girls , Ashford ( girls ) Invicta Grammar School , Maidstone ( girls ) The Judd School , Tonbridge ( boys ) Maidstone Grammar School , Maidstone ( boys ) Maidstone Grammar School for Girls , Maidstone ( girls ) The Norton Knatchbull School , Ashford ( boys ) Oakwood Park Grammar School , Maidstone ( boys ) Queen Elizabeth 's Grammar School , Faversham ( mixed ) Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys , Canterbury ( boys ) Simon Langton Grammar School for Girls , Canterbury ( girls ) Sir Roger Manwood 's School , Sandwich ( mixed ) The Skinners ' School , Tunbridge Wells ( boys ) Tonbridge Grammar School , Tonbridge ( girls ) Tunbridge Wells Girls ' Grammar School , Tunbridge Wells ( girls ) Tunbridge Wells Grammar School for Boys , Tunbridge Wells ( boys ) Weald of Kent Grammar School , Tonbridge ( girls ) Wilmington Grammar School for Boys , Wilmington ( boys ) Wilmington Grammar School for Girls , Wilmington ( girls ) Medway ( edit ) Holcombe Grammar School , Chatham ( boys ) Chatham Grammar School for Girls , Chatham ( girls ) Fort Pitt Grammar School , Chatham ( girls ) Rainham Mark Grammar School , Rainham ( mixed ) Sir Joseph Williamson 's Mathematical School , Rochester ( boys ) Rochester Grammar School , Rochester ( girls ) Reading ( edit ) Kendrick Girls ' Grammar School , Reading ( girls ) Reading School , Reading ( boys ) Slough ( edit ) Herschel Grammar School , Slough ( mixed ) Langley Grammar School , Langley ( mixed ) Upton Court Grammar School , Slough ( mixed ) St Bernard 's Catholic Grammar School , Langley ( mixed ) South West England ( edit ) Bournemouth ( edit ) Bournemouth School , Bournemouth ( boys ) Bournemouth School for Girls , Bournemouth ( girls ) Devon ( edit ) Colyton Grammar School , Colyford ( mixed ) Gloucestershire ( edit ) The Crypt School , Gloucester ( boys ) ( mixed in 2018 ) High School for Girls , Gloucester ( girls ) Marling School , Stroud ( boys ) Pate 's Grammar School , Cheltenham ( mixed ) Ribston Hall High School , Gloucester ( girls ) Sir Thomas Rich 's School , Longlevens , Gloucester ( boys ) Stroud High School , Stroud ( girls ) Plymouth ( edit ) Devonport High School for Boys , Plymouth ( boys ) Devonport High School for Girls , Plymouth ( girls ) Plymouth High School for Girls , Plymouth ( girls ) Poole ( edit ) Parkstone Grammar School , Poole ( girls ) Poole Grammar School , Poole ( boys ) Torbay ( edit ) Churston Ferrers Grammar School , Galmpton ( mixed ) Torquay Boys ' Grammar School , Torquay ( boys ) Torquay Grammar School for Girls , Torquay ( girls ) Wiltshire ( edit ) Bishop Wordsworth 's School , Salisbury ( boys ) South Wilts Grammar School for Girls , Salisbury ( girls ) Greater London ( edit ) Barnet ( edit ) Henrietta Barnett School , Hampstead Garden Suburb ( girls ) Queen Elizabeth 's Grammar School for Boys , Barnet ( boys ) St. Michael 's Catholic Grammar School , North Finchley ( girls ) Bexley ( edit ) Beths Grammar School , Bexley ( boys ) Bexley Grammar School , Welling ( mixed ) Chislehurst and Sidcup Grammar School , Sidcup ( mixed ) Townley Grammar School , Bexleyheath ( girls ) Bromley ( edit ) Newstead Wood School , Orpington ( girls ) St Olave 's & St Saviour 's Grammar School , Orpington ( boys ) Enfield ( edit ) The Latymer School , Edmonton ( mixed ) Kingston upon Thames ( edit ) Tiffin Girls ' School , Kingston upon Thames ( girls ) Tiffin School , Kingston upon Thames ( boys ) Redbridge ( edit ) Ilford County High School , Barkingside ( boys ) Woodford County High School , Woodford Green ( girls ) Sutton ( edit ) Nonsuch High School for Girls , Cheam ( girls ) Sutton Grammar School for Boys , Sutton ( boys ) Wallington County Grammar School , Wallington ( boys ) Wallington High School for Girls , Wallington ( girls ) Wilson 's School , Wallington ( boys ) See also ( edit ) List of English and Welsh endowed schools ( 19th century ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Education ( Grammar School Designation ) Order 1998 , Statutory Instrument 1998 No. 2219 , UK Parliament . Jump up ^ The Education ( Grammar School Designation ) ( Amendment ) Order 1999 , Statutory Instrument 1999 No. 2456 , UK Parliament . Jump up ^ House of Commons Hansard , 16 July 2007 : Columns 104W - 107W , UK Parliament Publications & Records . Jump up ^ Lords Hansard Col 156 10 October 2000 , Accessed 24 May 2015 Jump up ^ Pischke , Jörn - Steffen ; Manning , Alan ( April 2006 ) . `` Comprehensive versus Selective Schooling in England in Wales : What Do We Know ? '' . NBER Working Paper No. 12176 . doi : 10.3386 / w12176 . Jump up ^ Schagen , Ian ; Schagen , Sandy ( November 2001 ) . `` The impact of the structure of secondary education in Slough '' ( PDF ) . National Foundation for Educational Research . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Education ( Grammar School Ballots ) Regulations 1998 , Statutory Instrument 1998 No. 2876 , UK Parliament . Schools in England East of England Bedford Cambridgeshire Central Bedfordshire Essex Hertfordshire Luton Norfolk Peterborough Southend - on - Sea Suffolk Thurrock South East Bracknell Forest Brighton and Hove Buckinghamshire East Sussex Hampshire Isle of Wight Kent Medway Milton Keynes Oxfordshire Portsmouth Reading Slough Southampton Surrey West Berkshire West Sussex Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham South West Bath and North East Somerset Bournemouth Bristol Cornwall Devon Dorset Gloucestershire Isles of Scilly North Somerset Plymouth Poole Somerset South Gloucestershire Swindon Torbay Wiltshire Yorkshire and the Humber Barnsley Bradford Calderdale Doncaster East Riding of Yorkshire Hull Kirklees Leeds North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Yorkshire Rotherham Sheffield Wakefield York North East Darlington Durham Gateshead Hartlepool Middlesbrough North Tyneside Northumberland Newcastle upon Tyne Redcar and Cleveland South Tyneside Stockton - on - Tees Sunderland North West Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool Bolton Bury Cumbria Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Halton Knowsley Lancashire Liverpool Manchester Oldham Rochdale Salford Sefton St Helens Stockport Tameside Trafford Warrington Wigan Wirral East Midlands Derby Derbyshire Leicester Leicestershire Lincolnshire Northamptonshire Nottingham Nottinghamshire Rutland Greater London Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden City of London Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston upon Thames Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond upon Thames Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth Westminster West Midlands Birmingham Coventry Dudley Herefordshire Sandwell Shropshire Solihull Staffordshire Stoke - on - Trent Telford and Wrekin Walsall Warwickshire Wolverhampton Worcestershire See also Middle Schools Grammars Independent State Boarding Oldest Schools in the United Kingdom England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_grammar_schools_in_England&oldid=853399970 '' Categories : Lists of schools in England Grammar schools in England Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 14 : 28 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | list of the best grammar schools in england | [] | [] |
-7261757216632660924 | That's Good, That's Bad (Desperate Housewives) | That 's Good , that 's Bad ( Desperate Housewives ) - wikipedia That 's Good , that 's Bad ( Desperate Housewives ) Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` That 's Good , That 's Bad '' Desperate Housewives episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 9 Directed by Larry Shaw Written by Kevin Murphy Production code 209 Original air date November 27 , 2005 Guest appearance ( s ) Joely Fisher as Nina Fletcher Sam Lloyd as Dr. Albert Goldfine Paul Dooley as Addison Prudy Currie Graham as Ed Ferrara Charlie Babcock as Stu Melinda Page Hamilton as Sister Mary Bernard Kurt Fuller as Detective Barton Joyce Van Patten as Carol Prudy Kamal Marayati as Bellman Carol Mansell as Pat Ziegler Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Sun Wo n't Set '' Next → `` Coming Home '' List of Desperate Housewives episodes `` That 's Good , That 's Bad '' is the 32nd episode of the ABC television series , Desperate Housewives . The episode was the ninth episode for the show 's second season . The episode was written by Kevin Murphy and was directed by Larry Shaw . It originally aired on Sunday , November 27 , 2005 . Due to time constraints , the opening credits were cut . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Series continuity 4 Title reference 5 International titles Plot ( edit ) Bree Van De Kamp has always been the envy of most suburban housewives much due to the fact of her elegant dinner parties . At these treasured events , Bree will always treat her guests as though they were part of her family between the size of food portions , alcohol consumption and the excellent conversations . As she hosts yet another not very different party for an upcoming charity ball , the dinner is interrupted by George singing into a karaoke machine outside . When Bree comes out to tell him to stop , he refuses which causes Bree to sink to drastic measures . She tells her guests who look concerned to return to their seats as Bree takes care of what is going on outside . George continues to sing and Bree pulls out her shotgun and shoots at the speaker . George is immediately stopped by Bree 's action and the guests listen in horror as a gunshot is heard . The following day , Bree is stalked by George who wants to rekindle their engagement . Bree asks him to leave and drives off in her car . While visiting Dr. Goldfine in the hospital , Bree discovers that George may be his attacker . Bree takes no time in calling the police who begin to search George 's home for evidence . When George comes home from the grocery shopping , he is shocked to find a police squad who are searching George 's home . George drops his groceries in horror and calls Bree . Bree refuses to answer causing George to leave a very worrisome message . Bree finally picks up the phone to tell George that she knows that he attacked Dr. Goldfine . George hangs up and runs away hoping the police will not catch him . Later George checks into a hotel where Bree is co-chairing a charity event . George sends a message down with the bell hop informing Bree that he is attempting suicide ( by drug overdose ) and if she really loves him she will come up and save him . Bree calls Detective Barton who tells her that there is evidence that George poisoned and killed Rex . On the way up to George 's room , Bree breaks down in the elevator and pulls the emergency stop button . When she finally calms down , Bree walks to George 's room where she demands answers . She tells George she knows what he did to Dr. Goldfine but poisoning Rex was a true blow . George denies both accusations but says that whatever he does , he does for her . George warns Bree that he is in peril and needs help . Bree assures him that she has called an ambulance ( when in reality she has not ) and quietly waits until George dies . Carlos is a new man after having been paroled , when Gabrielle discovers his letters to a nun , Sister Mary Bernard , who helped push up his parole case . At first Gabrielle thinks it is a nice idea that he has become more faithful but when she gets a look of Carlos 's nun friend she immediately balks claiming she is `` young and hot '' . Carlos assures Gabrielle that their relationship is platonic and that Sister Mary is helping him become a more spiritual person . Gabrielle wants to make sure that Carlos is doing just that when she invites Sister Mary over the following day for lunch . There Sister Mary explains her ministry and how Carlos is becoming more moral and spiritual through their ministry . When Carlos tells Sister that he would like to donate his car to her charity , Gabrielle becomes offended since she will have to share her Aston Martin . Carlos also tells Gabrielle that her shopping privileges will be cut down as well . While Carlos goes to look for the deed to his car , Gabrielle excuses herself from the dining room . Gabrielle manages to stall Carlos by seducing him . The two make love with Sister downstairs . Gabrielle returns downstairs to tell Sister Mary that they had an enjoyable lunch , but Carlos will not be giving up his car and that she should back off . Sister Mary tells Gabrielle that she has no intentions of leaving since Carlos is still prone to violence and crime . Sister Mary advises Gabrielle and Carlos to get an annulment . Gabrielle asks Sister Mary , `` What kind of nun are you ? '' and gives Sister Mary a threat that she will bring her down if she comes between Gabrielle and Carlos . Sister Mary tells her that if she wants to give a threat she will have to do better than that . After an unsuccessful pitch to Nina and Ed , Lynette is forced to go back to the drawing board with her idea . When she forgets something from her office , she quickly returns to find Stu , the receptionist and Nina kissing and having sex . As Nina looks up she sees Lynette spying on her telling her to watch out . The following morning while getting the coffee , Lynette advises Nina that sleeping with the help can get her fired . Nina offers Lynette a variety of options in order for her not to tell Ed . Lynette refuses each of them and asks that she only be nicer when it comes to her work attitude . When Nina fires Stu , Lynette automatically assumes it was because of their consensual affair . Lynette then decides to invite Stu over to her home for tea . Lynette talks about their affair and how Nina can get fired if Ed found out what happened . Stu would also be entitled to money if he takes the case to court . Stu decides that he will definitely talk to Ed the following day . The following day , Lynette walks in to work to find Ed firing several of her co-workers including Nina . Ed tells her that Stu was going to file a sexual harassment lawsuit against the firm if the firm did not settle . As a result of this , a majority of the workers must be fired in order for the accounts to remain stable . Ed likes Lynette and decides to elevate her to Vice President of Accounts . Nina congratulates Lynette but tells her to `` say goodbye to her kids '' since she will probably never see them anymore . Susan meets her father , Addison Prudy who owns a hardware store . Susan decides at first not to tell Addison who she really is since she did not want to shock him . Instead she decides to fill out an application for a job but when he sees that she is overqualified he thinks his wife put her up to this . Susan quickly tells him that she is his daughter and explains to him the situation . Addison leaves for his store room and collapses . Susan quickly calls 911 . At the hospital , Addison explains to Susan that he had given Sophie money years prior and told her to keep their affair private . Addison tells Susan she is going to have to leave since his wife and children are coming and that Susan is not considered part of his family . Susan understands this and does not expect a lot , she just wants a father figure . The two are interrupted by Addison 's wife , Carol who introduces herself and asks who Susan is . Susan explains to Carol that she is Addison 's guardian angel since she was a customer in the store when he collapsed . She gave him CPR and called an ambulance . Carol thanks her for her noble deed . Susan then kisses her father on the cheek and whispers in his ear that she is not giving up . Cast ( edit ) Although credited , Betty Applewhite ( Alfre Woodard ) , Paul Young ( Mark Moses ) , Tom Scavo ( Doug Savant ) , Zach Young ( Cody Kasch ) , Karl Mayer ( Richard Burgi ) , Mike Delfino ( James Denton ) , Andrew Van De Kamp ( Shawn Pyfrom ) , Danielle Van De Kamp ( Joy Lauren ) , Matthew Applewhite ( Mehcad Brooks ) , Caleb Applewhite ( NaShawn Kearse ) , Preston Scavo ( Brent Kinsman ) , Porter Scavo ( Shane Kinsman ) , and Parker Scavo ( Zane Huett ) do not appear in this episode . Series continuity ( edit ) Final episode featuring Roger Bart as George , although Bart would return as George , albeit in a flashback in the season two finale , Remember . What happens to the Applewhites in the next episode , Coming Home , was originally supposed to happen in this episode , but they reshot the scenes featuring Page Kennedy with NaShawn Kearse so they delayed it for the next episode . Title reference ( edit ) The episode title That 's Good , That 's Bad is a song in the Mary Rodgers musical , Hot Spot . Stephen Sondheim is given cowriting credit for this song 's music and lyrics . International titles ( edit ) French : La Nonne , la brune et l'ex - truand ( The Nun , the Brunette and the Ex-Gangster ) German : Die Guten und die Bösen ( The Good Guys and the Bad Guys ) Italian : Il Bene E Il Male ( The Good And The Bad ) Hungarian : A jó , a rossz és a többiek ( The Goods , the Bads and the others ) Polish : To dobre , to złe ( That 's Good , That 's Bad ) ( hide ) Desperate Housewives episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Ah , But Underneath '' `` Pretty Little Picture '' `` Who 's That Woman ? '' `` Come In , Stranger '' `` Running to Stand Still '' `` Anything You Can Do '' `` Guilty '' `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Come Back to Me '' `` Move On '' `` Every Day a Little Death '' `` Your Fault '' `` Love Is in the Air '' `` Impossible '' `` The Ladies Who Lunch '' `` There Wo n't Be Trumpets '' `` Children Will Listen '' `` Live Alone and Like It '' `` Fear No More '' `` Sunday in the Park with George '' `` Goodbye for Now '' `` One Wonderful Day '' Season 2 `` Next '' `` You Could Drive a Person Crazy '' `` You 'll Never Get Away from Me '' `` My Heart Belongs to Daddy '' `` They Asked Me Why I Believe in You '' `` I Wish I Could Forget You '' `` Color and Light '' `` The Sun Wo n't Set '' `` That 's Good , That 's Bad '' `` Coming Home '' `` One More Kiss '' `` We 're Gonna Be All Right '' `` There 's Something About a War '' `` Silly People '' `` Thank You So Much '' `` There Is No Other Way '' `` Could I Leave You ? '' `` Everybody Says Do n't '' `` Do n't Look at Me '' `` It Was n't Meant to Happen '' `` I Know Things Now '' `` No One Is Alone '' `` Remember '' Season 3 `` Listen to the Rain on the Roof '' `` It Takes Two '' `` A Weekend in the Country '' `` Like It Was '' `` Nice She Ai n't '' `` Sweetheart , I Have to Confess '' `` Bang '' `` Children and Art '' `` Beautiful Girls '' `` The Miracle Song '' `` No Fits , No Fights , No Feuds '' `` Not While I 'm Around '' `` Come Play wiz Me '' `` I Remember That '' `` The Little Things You Do Together '' `` My Husband , the Pig '' `` Dress Big '' `` Liaisons '' `` God , That 's Good '' `` Gossip '' `` Into the Woods '' `` What Would We Do Without You ? '' `` Getting Married Today '' Season 4 `` Now You Know '' `` Smiles of a Summer Night '' `` The Game '' `` If There 's Anything I Ca n't Stand '' `` Art Is n't Easy '' `` Now I Know , Do n't Be Scared '' `` You Ca n't Judge a Book By Its Cover '' `` Distant Past '' `` Something 's Coming '' `` Welcome to Kanagawa '' `` Sunday '' `` In Buddy 's Eyes '' `` Hello , Little Girl '' `` Opening Doors '' `` Mother Said '' `` The Gun Song '' `` Free '' Season 5 `` You 're Gonna Love Tomorrow '' `` We 're So Happy You 're So Happy '' `` Kids Ai n't Like Everybody Else '' `` Back in Business '' `` Mirror , Mirror '' `` There 's Always a Woman '' `` What More Do I Need ? '' `` City on Fire '' `` Me and My Town '' `` A Vision 's Just a Vision '' `` Home Is the Place '' `` Connect ! Connect ! '' `` The Best Thing That Ever Could Have Happened '' `` Mama Spent Money When She Had None '' `` In a World Where the Kings Are Employers '' `` Crime Does n't Pay '' `` The Story of Lucy and Jessie '' `` A Spark . To Pierce the Dark . '' `` Look into Their Eyes and You See What They Know '' `` Rose 's Turn '' `` Bargaining '' `` Marry Me a Little '' `` Everybody Says Do n't '' `` If It 's Only In Your Head '' Season 6 `` Nice Is Different Than Good '' `` Being Alive '' `` Never Judge a Lady by Her Lover '' `` The God - Why - Do n't - You - Love - Me Blues '' `` Everybody Ought to Have a Maid '' `` Do n't Walk on the Grass '' `` Careful the Things You Say '' `` The Coffee Cup '' `` Would I Think of Suicide ? '' `` Boom Crunch '' `` If ... '' `` You Gotta Get a Gimmick '' `` How About a Friendly Shrink ? '' `` The Glamorous Life '' `` Lovely '' `` The Chase '' `` Chromolume No. 7 '' `` My Two Young Men '' `` We All Deserve to Die '' `` Epiphany '' `` A Little Night Music '' `` The Ballad of Booth '' `` I Guess This Is Goodbye '' Season 7 `` Remember Paul ? '' `` You Must Meet My Wife '' `` Truly Content '' `` The Thing That Counts Is What 's Inside '' `` Let Me Entertain You '' `` Excited and Scared '' `` A Humiliating Business '' `` Sorry Grateful '' `` Pleasant Little Kingdom '' `` Down the Block There 's a Riot '' `` Assassins '' `` Where Do I Belong '' `` I 'm Still Here '' `` Flashback '' `` Farewell Letter '' `` Searching '' `` Everything 's Different , Nothing 's Changed '' `` Moments in the Woods '' `` The Lies Ill - Concealed '' `` I 'll Swallow Poison on Sunday '' `` Then I Really Got Scared '' `` And Lots of Security ... '' `` Come on Over for Dinner '' Season 8 `` Secrets That I Never Want to Know '' `` Making the Connection '' `` Watch While I Revise the World '' `` School of Hard Knocks '' `` The Art of Making Art '' `` Witch 's Lament '' `` Always in Control '' `` Suspicion Song '' `` Putting It Together '' `` What 's to Discuss , Old Friend '' `` Who Can Say What 's True ? '' `` What 's the Good of Being Good '' `` Is This What You Call Love ? '' `` Get Out of My Life '' `` She Needs Me '' `` You Take for Granted '' `` Women and Death '' `` Any Moment '' `` With So Little to Be Sure Of '' `` Lost My Power '' `` The People Will Hear '' `` Give Me the Blame '' `` Finishing the Hat '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27s_Good,_That%27s_Bad_(Desperate_Housewives)&oldid=784758896 '' Categories : Desperate Housewives ( season 2 ) episodes 2005 American television episodes Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from November 2014 All articles lacking sources Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2017 , at 22 : 16 . About Wikipedia | when does bree find out george killed rex | [] | [] |
-4098646960567908364 | Laurie Metcalf | Laurie Metcalf - Wikipedia Laurie Metcalf Jump to : navigation , search Laurie Metcalf Metcalf in 2008 Laura Elizabeth Metcalf ( 1955 - 06 - 16 ) June 16 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Carbondale , Illinois , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1974 -- present Spouse ( s ) Jeff Perry ( m . 1983 ; div. 1992 ) Matt Roth ( m . 1993 ; div. 2014 ) Children 4 ; including Zoe Perry Awards Emmy Awards Tony Award Laura Elizabeth `` Laurie '' Metcalf ( born June 16 , 1955 ) is an American actress . She is known for her television roles as Jackie Harris on the ABC sitcom Roseanne ( 1988 -- 97 ) ; Carolyn Bigsby on Desperate Housewives ( 2006 ) ; the recurring role of Mary Cooper on The Big Bang Theory ( 2007 -- present ) ; Dr. Jenna James on Getting On ( 2013 -- 15 ) , and Marjorie McCarthy in The McCarthys ( 2014 -- 15 ) . She voiced the role of Mrs. Davis in the Toy Story film series . Her other film appearances include Making Mr. Right ( 1987 ) , JFK ( 1991 ) , Mistress ( 1992 ) , and as Debbie Salt / Mrs. Loomis in Scream 2 ( 1997 ) . She has also appeared in commercials for Plan USA , a humanitarian organization which helps children in need around the world . Metcalf began her career with the Steppenwolf Theater Company and frequently works in Chicago theater , including the 1983 revival of Balm in Gilead . A ten - time Emmy Award nominee , she won three consecutive Emmys for Roseanne from 1992 to 1994 . In 2012 , she starred as Mary Tyrone in a London production of Eugene O'Neill 's Long Day 's Journey into Night at the Apollo Theatre . She has received a Theatre World Award and two Obie Awards for her Off - Broadway work . A four - time Tony Award nominee for her work on Broadway , Metcalf won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play in 2017 for her role in A Doll 's House , Part 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Stage 2.2 Television and film 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Metcalf was born in Carbondale , Illinois , the eldest of three children , with her brother James , and sister Linda , and was raised in Edwardsville , Illinois , which she has said `` is n't anywhere near a theatre '' . Her father , James , was the budget director at Southern Illinois University - Edwardsville at the time of his sudden death in 1984 , and her mother , Libby , was a librarian . Her great - aunt was the Pulitzer Prize - winning playwright Zoë Akins . She is an alumna of Illinois State University , class of 1976 . Metcalf worked as a `` damn good '' secretary while in college and thoroughly enjoyed seeing a pile of paper in the to - do box on one side of her desk move over to the completed side by the end of the day , as she often zoned in on the task at hand and worked through lunch . She originally majored in German thinking she could work as an interpreter and then in Anthropology before accepting that majoring in Theatre was her true passion , and has said that theatre work also involves the interpreting and studying human behavior . She has described herself as hideously shy , yet found the courage to audition for a few plays in high school and was `` hooked '' , yet never considered acting as a career because of the unlikelihood of it actually leading to regular work . Career ( edit ) Stage ( edit ) Metcalf attended Illinois State University and earned her Bachelor of Arts in Theater in 1976 . While at ISU , she met fellow theater students , among them John Malkovich , Glenne Headly , Joan Allen , Terry Kinney , and Jeff Perry , the latter two of whom , along with Perry 's high school classmate Gary Sinise , went on to establish Chicago 's famed Steppenwolf Theatre Company . Metcalf began her professional career at Steppenwolf , of which she was a charter member . Metcalf went to New York to appear in an Off - Broadway Steppenwolf production of Balm in Gilead at Circle Repertory in 1984 for which she received the 1984 Obie Award for Best Actress and a 1984 -- 85 Theatre World Award ( for best debut in a Broadway or Off - Broadway performance ) . Metcalf was praised for her performance as `` Darlene , '' and was specifically singled out for her tour de force twenty - minute Act Two monologue . There 's a moment when Laurie Metcalf -- who plays this poor young thing that comes to the big city and hangs out at this greasy spoon diner where the play is set -- is talking about her once boyfriend who is an albino ; I think it 's a monologue of about five , six , seven minutes . Just to sit there and watch and hear Laurie unspool that story , it just brought tears coming down your eyes -- oh , boy , it was something . -- Chicago critic Richard Christiansen on Balm in Gilead Thereafter , Metcalf relocated to New York City and began to work in both film and theater , including such productions as David Mamet 's November on Broadway in 2008 . Through June 2009 , Metcalf starred with French Stewart in Justin Tanner 's play , Voice Lessons , in Hollywood before beginning rehearsals to play Kate Jerome in the Broadway revival of Neil Simon 's semi-autobiographical plays Brighton Beach Memoirs and Broadway Bound , directed by David Cromer . The former production 's run , however , lasted for 9 performances in October 2009 , while the latter was canceled prior to opening . Voice Lessons , however , with its original cast intact , went on to two more runs -- one Off - Broadway in May 2010 , and another in Hollywood in May 2011 . In September 2010 , Metcalf returned to Steppenwolf and starred in Lisa D'Amour 's play , Detroit . In March 2011 , she appeared Off - Broadway in The Other Place by Sharr White . She won the 2011 Lucille Lortel Award , Outstanding Lead Actress , and the 2011 Obie Award , Performance for The Other Place . In 2012 , Metcalf joined David Suchet in a West End production of Eugene O'Neill 's Long Day 's Journey into Night , for which she was nominated for the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actress . The Other Place transferred to Broadway in 2013 , with Metcalf reprising her role and earning Tony and Drama League nominations . She starred with her real - life daughter , Zoe Perry . In October 2013 , Metcalf performed with Jeff Goldblum in Domesticated , by Bruce Norris at the Off - Broadway Mitzi Newhouse Theater of Lincoln Center . She was nominated for the 2014 Lucille Lortel Award , Outstanding Lead Actress in a Play ; the 2014 Drama League Award , Distinguished Performance ; and the 2014 Drama Desk Award , Outstanding Actress in a Play for Domesticated . She was then cast in the role of Annie Wilkes in the Broadway production of Stephen King 's Misery , opposite Bruce Willis . The play premiered on November 15 , 2015 . It received mixed reviews from critics , however Metcalf 's performance was widely acclaimed . She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play , her third Tony nomination overall . Metcalf returned to Broadway in A Doll 's House , Part 2 by Lucas Hnath , which opened in April 2017 . She received critical acclaim for her performance and earned nominations for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play , the Drama Desk Award , the Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance , and the Outer Critics Circle Award , winning the Tony Award . Television and film ( edit ) Metcalf at the 44th Primetime Emmy Awards Metcalf has performed in roles that range from very large to very small in many films , including Desperately Seeking Susan ( 1985 ) , Making Mr. Right ( 1987 ) , Miles from Home , Internal Affairs , Stars and Bars , Beer League , Mistress , A Dangerous Woman , Uncle Buck , Blink , The Secret Life of Houses , Treasure Planet , Toy Story , Runaway Bride , Bulworth , Meet the Robinsons , Georgia Rule ( 2007 ) , Fun with Dick and Jane , Leaving Las Vegas , Scream 2 , Stop Loss ( 2008 ) , and Hop . Metcalf has often appeared against type in both film and television ; in JFK ( 1991 ) , she played a dramatic role as one of Jim Garrison 's chief investigators . She appeared as the murderous mother of Billy Loomis in the horror film Scream 2 ( 1997 ) ; and portrayed real - life Carolyn McCarthy in the television movie The Long Island Incident ( 1998 ) . Metcalf has appeared in several television series , including being a cast member for a single episode of Saturday Night Live -- the final episode of the show 's tumultuous 1980 -- 1981 season . In 1981 , she appeared as a feature player on the first Dick Ebersol - produced episode of Saturday Night Live following the firing of Jean Doumanian . She appeared in a Weekend Update segment about taking a bullet for the President of the United States . Because of the sketch show 's severe decline in quality at the time and the 1981 Writers Guild of America strike , the show was put on hiatus for retooling . Metcalf was never asked back to be a cast member . Metcalf is perhaps best known for her role as `` Jackie '' , the multiple - careered , low self - esteemed , amiable sister of the title character in the hit series Roseanne . Her performance garnered her three consecutive Emmy Awards . Roseanne ran from 1988 to 1997 , and Metcalf appeared as Jackie over the show 's entire run . She subsequently appeared with Norm Macdonald on The Norm Show ( or Norm ) , which ran for three seasons ( 1999 -- 2001 ) , and was also a regular character on the 2003 Nathan Lane series Charlie Lawrence , which was cancelled after the airing of two episodes . Metcalf has made guest appearances on Absolutely Fabulous , Malcolm in the Middle , My Boys , Dharma & Greg , Frasier , The Big Bang Theory , Without a Trace , 3rd Rock from the Sun , and Monk . She was nominated for the Emmy Award as Outstanding Guest Actress In A Comedy Series for both of the latter two listed roles . Metcalf took a recurring role on Desperate Housewives -- for which she received Emmy ( also in the category Outstanding Guest Actress In A Comedy Series ) and Satellite Award nominations -- and also appeared alongside her ex-husband Jeff Perry in an episode of Grey 's Anatomy . In fall 2008 , Metcalf starred in the CW dramedy Easy Money , as the matriarch of a family of loan sharks . The series was canceled after three episodes . Metcalf starred in HBO 's Getting On during its run from 2013 -- 15 . On April 28 , 2017 it was announced that a revival of Roseanne was in the works and that Metcalf along with most of the original cast and some of the producers would return for the limited series that was being shopped around with ABC and Netflix the front runners to land the show . On May 16 , 2017 it was confirmed that eight episodes would air mid-season in 2018 on ABC . Personal life ( edit ) In 1983 , Metcalf married Jeff Perry , co-founding member of Steppenwolf Theatre Company . They had a daughter , Zoe Perry , in 1984 , and later divorced , in 1992 . Metcalf later began a relationship with Matt Roth , the Roseanne co-star who played her abusive boyfriend , Fisher . By November 1993 they had a son , Will , and eventually married . They also worked together on occasion , as in the 1994 feature film thriller Blink and the 1998 drama Chicago Cab ; they also appeared together in an episode of Desperate Housewives . Their daughter , Mae Akins , was born in 2005 via surrogate . They had a second son , Donovan , whom they fostered at six years old in 2006 and permanently adopted . On November 26 , 2008 , Metcalf and Roth separated . In September 2011 , Roth filed for divorce , citing irreconcilable differences . In May 2014 , the divorce was finalized . Metcalf has self - disclosed as a workaholic and that she is hard on herself during rehearsals . She has often said that she prefers theatre to any acting medium as it is where she feels most comfortable . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Sources : TCM ; Film Reference ; Rotten Tomatoes ; AllMovie Year Title Role Notes 1978 Wedding , AA Wedding Maid Uncredited role 1985 Desperately Seeking Susan Leslie Glass Making Mr. Right Sandy 1988 Candy Mountain Alice 1988 Stars and Bars Melissa 1988 Appointments of Dennis Jennings , The The Appointments of Dennis Jennings Emma Short film 1988 Miles from Home Exotic Dancer Uncle Buck Marcie Dahlgren - Frost 1990 Internal Affairs Amy Wallace 1990 Pacific Heights Stephanie MacDonald 1991 JFK Susie Cox 1992 Mistress Rachel Landisman 1993 Dangerous Woman , AA Dangerous Woman Anita Bell 1994 Secret Life of Houses , The The Secret Life of Houses Ann 1994 Blink Candice 1995 Leaving Las Vegas Landlady 1995 Toy Story Mrs. Davis Voice role Dear God Rebecca Frazen 1997 U Turn Bus Station Clerk 1997 Chicago Cab Female Ad Exec 1997 Scream 2 Debbie Salt / Mrs. Loomis 1998 Bulworth Mimi 1999 Runaway Bride Betty Trout Uncredited role 1999 Toy Story 2 Mrs. Davis Voice role 2000 Timecode Dava Adair Scenes deleted 2002 Treasure Planet Sarah Hawkins Voice role 2005 Fun with Dick and Jane Phyllis Uncredited role 2006 Steel City Marianne Karn 2006 Beer League Artie 's Mom 2007 Meet the Robinsons Lucille Krunklehorn - Robinson Voice role 2007 Georgia Rule Paula Richards 2008 Stop - Loss Mrs. Colson Toy Story 3 Mrs. Davis Voice role 2017 Lady Bird Marion McPherson 2019 Toy Story 4 Mrs. Davis Voice role ; in production Television ( edit ) Sources : Film Reference ; Rotten Tomatoes ; AllMovie Year Title Role Notes 1981 Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Reporter Episode 119 1985 Execution of Raymond Graham , The The Execution of Raymond Graham Carol Graham Television film 1986 Equalizer , The The Equalizer Theresa Episode : `` No Conscience '' 1988 -- 97 , 2018 - Roseanne Jackie Harris 229 episodes Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress -- Comedy Series ( 1992 -- 94 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Comedy Series ( 1995 ) Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 1993 , 1995 ) 1995 -- 96 Duckman Various Voice role Episodes : `` Research and Destroy '' and `` Forbidden Fruit '' 1997 King of the Hill Cissy Cobb Voice role Episode : `` Peggy the Boggle Champ '' 1997 Eddie Files , The The Eddie Files Special Agent Hicks Episode : `` Decimals -- The Fake Money Caper '' 1997 Life with Louie Miss Kinney Voice role Episode : `` The Kiss Is the Thing '' 1997 Dharma & Greg Spyder Episode : `` Instant Dharma '' 1998 Always Outnumbered Halley Grimes Television film 1998 Long Island Incident , The The Long Island Incident Carolyn McCarthy Television film 1998 3rd Rock from the Sun Jennifer Ravelli Episodes : `` What 's Love Got to Do , Got to Do With Dick ? '' , `` I Am Dick Pentameter ! '' and `` D3 -- Judgment Day '' Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress - Comedy Series 1999 Balloon Farm Casey Johnson Television film 1999 -- 2001 Norm Show , The The Norm Show Laurie Freeman 54 episodes 2000 God , the Devil and Bob Donna Allman Voice role 13 episodes 2002 Two Families Unsold pilot 2003 Phil at the Gate Teddy Duffy Unsold pilot 2003 Charlie Lawrence Sarah Dolecek 7 episodes Malcolm in the Middle Susan Episode : `` Lois 's Sister '' Frasier Nanny G Episode : `` Caught in the Act '' Absolutely Fabulous Crystalline Episode : `` White Box '' 2005 Without a Trace Susan Hopkins Episode : `` A Day in the Life '' 2006 Monk Cora Episode : `` Mr. Monk Bumps His Head '' Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress - Comedy Series 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Beatrice Carver Episode : `` The Name of the Game '' 2006 Desperate Housewives Carolyn Bigsby 4 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress - Comedy Series Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series 2006 My Boys Aunt Phyllis Episode : `` When Heroes Fall from Grace '' 2007 Virgin of Akron , Ohio , The The Virgin of Akron , Ohio Lydia Pilot episode 2007 Raines Alice Brody Episode : `` Reconstructing Alice '' 2007 -- 17 Big Bang Theory , The The Big Bang Theory Mary Cooper Recurring role ; 12 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series ( 2016 ) 2008 -- 09 Easy Money Bobette Buffkin 8 episodes 2009 Farm , The The Farm Warden Margaret Elder Unsold pilot 2013 Goodwin Games , The The Goodwin Games Dr. Richland 2 episodes 2013 -- 15 Getting On Dr. Jenna James Series regular ; 18 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( 2016 ) 2014 Tim & Eric 's Bedtime Stories Gabrielle Episode : `` Baby '' 2014 -- 15 The McCarthys Marjorie McCarthy Series regular ; 15 episodes 2016 Horace and Pete Sarah Episode # 1.3 Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series 2017 Portlandia Jill Episode : `` Friend Replacement '' 2017 Playing House Dr. Leslie Rollins Episode : `` You Wanna Roll with This '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Sources : Emmy Awards ; Golden Globe Awards ; Tony Awards Year Association Nominated work Result 1992 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Roseanne Won 1993 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Won 1994 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Won 1995 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 1999 Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series 3rd Rock from the Sun Nominated 2006 Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Monk Nominated Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Desperate Housewives Nominated 2007 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated 2008 Tony Awards Best Featured Actress in a Play November Nominated Ovation Awards Lead Actress in a Play The Quality Of Life Won 2009 Lead Actress in a Play Voice Lessons Nominated 2011 Lead Actress in a Play Won 2013 Tony Awards Best Actress in a Play The Other Place Nominated 2016 Best Actress in a Play Misery Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Getting On Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series The Big Bang Theory Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Horace and Pete Nominated 2017 Tony Award Best Actress in a Play A Doll 's House , Part 2 Won Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actress in a Play Nominated Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Nominated Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Actress in a Play Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United States Public Records , 1970 -- 2009 '' . familysearch.org . ^ Jump up to : Mary Kaye Schilling . `` Laurie Metcalf on Domesticated and Getting On -- Vulture '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Laurie Metcalf To Star in CBS Comedy Pilot ' The McCarthys ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Plan International USA -- Laurie Metcalf '' . youtube.com . June 4 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Laurie Metcalf Emmy Awards & Nominations '' . Primetime Emmy ® Award Database . Emmys.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` tims '' ( User ) ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Long Day 's Journey into Night at the Apollo Theatre , London '' . Apollo Theatre London . Apollotheatrelondon.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lauren Elizabeth Metcalf -- Genealogy '' . Geni.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Theatre Wing '' . May 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laurie Metcalf Biography , filmreference.com , accessed October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Post-Dispatch Archives '' . Nl.newsbank.com . September 1 , 1992 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Hooper . `` Laurie Metcalf biodata '' . Wchstv.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois State University Alumni Magazine '' . Blogs.ilstu.edu . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christon , Lawrence ( April 23 , 1995 ) . `` She 's No Mere Sister Act : Laurie Metcalf is known to TV fans as sibling to the turbulent star . Now she 's traveling about 3,000 miles away from Roseanne . But it 's not what you think . ( Really . ) '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Hal Erickson . `` Laurie Metcalf - Biography - Movies & TV - NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . AllRovi . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Laurie Metcalf : Ensemble Member Bio '' . Steppenwolf.org . Steppenwolf Theatre Company . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank . `` Theater : Revival Of ' Balm In Gilead ' '' The New York Times , June 1 , 1984 Jump up ^ Christiansen , Richard ( March 1 , 2002 ) . `` Steppenwolf 's Balm in Gilead was the best play Christiansen ever saw '' . Performink . Carrie Kaufman . PerformInk Online . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio . `` Election Day : Lane Is U.S. President in Mamet 's ' November ' on Broadway '' Playbill , December 20 , 2007 Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben. `` Theater review . Neil Simon 's Jeromes , at Home at the Nederlander '' The New York Times , October 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Broadway 's Neil Simon Plays Will Close Nov. 1 '' Archived June 6 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , October 31 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` ' Brighton Beach Memoirs ' 2009 '' Playbill ( vault ) , accessed October 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Laurie Metcalf & French Stewart Take Voice Lessons Off - Broadway Playbill article by Harry Haun Jump up ^ `` ' ' Voice Lessons ' ' at Sacred Fools Theater Company -- production website '' . Sacredfools.org . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` ' Detroit ' , a Play About New Neighbors , Opens at Steppenwolf ; Laurie Metcalf Lays Welcome Mat '' Playbill , September 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ... `` ' The Other Place ' , Starring Laurie Metcalf , Opens Off - Broadway March 28 '' Playbill , March 28 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Laurie Metcalf Off - Broadway '' lortel.org , accessed October 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark . `` ' Long Day 's Journey Into Night ' , Starring David Suchet , Laurie Metcalf , Opens in West End April 10 '' Playbill , April 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Evening Standard Theatre Awards : Adrian Lester and his writer wife '' . Evening Standard . 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Other Place ' Broadway '' Playbill ( vault ) , accessed October 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` 2013 TONY AWARD ® NOMINATIONS '' . TonyAwards.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Drama League Awards Nominees Announced '' . Backstage.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Family Affair ! Laurie Metcalf 's Daughter , Zoe Perry , Joins The Other Place as Her Stage Daughter '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Verdict : Critics Review ' Domesticated ' , Starring Laurie Metcalf and Jeff Goldblum Off - Broadway '' Playbill , November 5 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` ' Misery ' Broadway '' Playbill ( vault ) , accessed October 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Roundups , Review . `` Review Roundup : Bruce Willis - Led MISERY Officially Creeps Onto Broadway '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` ' A Doll 's House , Part 2 ' , Starring Laurie Metcalf and Chris Cooper , Opens on Broadway '' Playbill , April 27 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` 2017 Tony Award Nominations : The Great Comet and Hello , Dolly ! Lead the Pack Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Hello , Dolly ! , Come From Away , and Anastasia Lead 2017 Drama Desk Award Nominations Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Platt , Sutton Foster , and Josh Groban Among 2017 Drama League Award Nominees Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Anastasia and Hello , Dolly ! Lead Outer Critics Circle Award Nominations '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laurie Metcalf Filomgraphy '' tcm.com , accessed October 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ JFK tcm.com , accessed October 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ Scream 2 tcm.com , accessed October 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ The Long Island Incident tcm.com , accessed October 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ Roseanne museum.tv , accessed October 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. `` Norm Listing '' The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 -- Present , Random House Publishing Group , 2009 , ISBN 0307483207 , p. 996 Jump up ^ Alessandra Stanley . `` Washington Monument : He Takes It Personally '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Matt . `` The Emmys Year of Laurie Metcalf '' Indie Wire , July 27 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` MRC cancels Easy Money and Valentine '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maerz , Melissa ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Getting On : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Roseanne ' revival may be in the works '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Lands at ABC '' . Variety . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Barbara ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` DIFFERENT FAMILY VALUES '' . New York Post . News Corporation . NYPost.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Laurie Metcalf , Yahoo ! Movies , accessed June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Reviews , Trailers , Listings & Showtimes -- Time Out Chicago '' . Time Out Chicago . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyball , Rennie ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Laurie Metcalf Is Getting Divorced '' . people.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laurie Metcalf Filmography '' rottentomatoes.com , accessed October 9 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Laurie Metcalf Filmography '' allmovie.com , accessed October 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Masters , Megan . `` Exclusive : Roseanne 's Laurie Metcalf Books Arc on Fox 's New Comedy The Goodwin Games '' . TVline.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Laurie Metcalf Emmy Awards '' emmys.com , accessed October 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Laurie Metcalf '' goldenglobes.com , accessed October 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Laurie Metcalf Tony Awards '' ibdb.com , accessed October 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ovation Nominees '' . September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Troubie Triumph at the Ovation Awards . '' . November 14 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laurie Metcalf . Laurie Metcalf on IMDb Laurie Metcalf at the Internet Broadway Database Laurie Metcalf at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Awards for Laurie Metcalf Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Vivian Vance ( 1953 ) Audrey Meadows ( 1954 ) Nanette Fabray ( 1955 ) Pat Carroll ( 1956 ) Ann B. Davis ( 1957 ) Ann B. 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5101668627444607782 | If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time | If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time - wikipedia If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with If I Could Turn Back Time or Turn Back the Hands of Time . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' Single by R. Kelly from the album R . Released July 24 , 1999 Format CD cassette Recorded Genre R&B soul Length 6 : 17 ( album and single version ) 4 : 56 ( radio edit ) Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Robert Kelly Producer ( s ) R. Kelly R. Kelly singles chronology `` Did You Ever Think '' ( 1999 ) `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' ( 1999 ) `` Satisfy You '' ( 1999 ) `` Did You Ever Think '' ( 1999 ) `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' ( 1999 ) `` Satisfy You '' ( 1999 ) `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' is a song by R. Kelly , released as the fifth single from his 1998 album , R ... The song is a sweeping ballad about a man wishing he could go back in time and repair his relationship with his girlfriend . The song was a top 10 hit on the pop charts of several countries , while in the United States it finished just outside the top 10 , peaking at number 12 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Success and legacy 2.1 Later samples 2.2 Later covers 3 Live performance 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 References 6 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by F. Gary Gray . Success and legacy ( edit ) The song has sold 660,000 copies in the UK and is one of his biggest hits in many countries , in the Belgium the song is one of the best selling and biggest recordings there , selling triple Platinum . The song was certified Gold in the United States . The song has been covered by several artist including Ed Sheeran and also sung at talent shows . Rapper Mims sampled the song for his debut album Music Is My Savior on the track `` I Did You Wrong '' . Later samples ( edit ) `` I Did You Wrong '' by Mims from the album Music Is My Savior ( 2007 ) Later covers ( edit ) `` Hands of Time '' by Sanchez from the album Simply Being Me ( 2000 ) `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' by Deja Vu feat . Tasmin from the album Handbag Heaven . Against All Odds ( 2000 ) `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' by Kesse ( 2010 ) `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' by Ed Sheeran ( 2013 ) `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' by Martin Yates ( 2014 ) Live performance ( edit ) Kelly does not perform this song very often , he performed this song for the first time on live television when he was in England on the show Top of the Pops . He seems to perform this song more when he does a show in Europe than in the US , reason for that is that this song was highly successful there . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 65 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 France ( SNEP ) German Singles Chart Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 39 Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks 5 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 24 US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 27 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position German Singles Chart 40 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 40 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 Chart ( 2000 ) Position German Singles Chart 29 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 30,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 660,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` R Kelly - R. CD '' . Jump up ^ `` RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - December 06 , 2015 '' . https://www.riaa.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2015 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ed Sheeran - If I Could Turn Back The Hands of Time ( R. Kelly Cover ) . 13 July 2013 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Mims 's I Did You Wrong sample of R. Kelly 's If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time - WhoSampled '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ R. Kelly - If i could turn back the hands of time live at top of the pops. 12 September 2009 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- R. Kelly -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- R. Kelly -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- R. Kelly -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` R. Kelly Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- R. Kelly -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` R. Kelly - If I Could Turn Back the hands of Time '' . GfK Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- R. Kelly -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- R. Kelly -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- R. Kelly -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- R. Kelly -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- R. Kelly -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- R. Kelly -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` R. Kelly '' . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts : 1999 '' . Jump up ^ `` Swiss year - end chart '' . swisscharts.com. 1999 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts : 1999 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts : 2000 '' . Jump up ^ `` Swiss year - end chart '' . swisscharts.com. 2000 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- R. Kelly -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter R. Kelly in the field Interpret . Enter If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2000 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- R Kelly -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( R. Kelly ; ' If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2000 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( R. Kelly ; ' If I Could Turn Back the Time ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- R. Kelly -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Number 1 today in 1999 : Robbie Williams -- She 's the One '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Kelly , R. -- If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1999 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications Inc. 112 ( 4 ) : 63 . January 22 , 2000 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) R. Kelly songs Discography Production Discography Videography Awards and nominations Born into the 90 's `` She 's Got That Vibe '' `` Honey Love '' `` Slow Dance ( Hey Mr. DJ ) '' `` Dedicated '' `` Hey Love ( Can I Have a Word ) '' 12 Play `` Sex Me ( Parts I and II ) '' `` Bump N ' Grind '' `` Your Body 's Callin ' '' `` Summer Bunnies '' `` It Seems Like You 're Ready '' R. Kelly `` You Remind Me of Something '' `` Down Low ( Nobody Has to Know ) '' `` Thank God It 's Friday '' `` I Ca n't Sleep Baby ( If I ) '' R . `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Gotham City '' `` Half on a Baby '' `` Home Alone '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` When a Woman 's Fed Up '' `` Did You Ever Think '' `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' `` Only the Loot Can Make Me Happy '' TP-2.com `` I Wish '' `` The Storm Is Over Now '' `` Fiesta ( Remix ) '' `` Feelin ' on Yo Booty '' `` A Woman 's Threat '' Chocolate Factory `` The World 's Greatest '' `` Ignition ( Remix ) '' `` Snake '' `` Step in the Name of Love ( Remix ) '' The R. in R&B Collection , Vol. 1 `` Thoia Thoing '' Happy People / U Saved Me `` Happy People '' `` U Saved Me '' TP. 3 Reloaded `` In the Kitchen '' `` Trapped in the Closet ( Chapter 1 ) '' `` Playa 's Only '' `` Slow Wind '' `` Burn It Up '' Double Up `` I 'm a Flirt ( Remix ) '' `` Same Girl '' `` Double Up '' `` Rock Star '' Untitled `` Supaman High '' `` Number One '' `` Religious '' `` Echo '' `` Be My # 2 '' Love Letter `` When a Woman Loves '' `` Love Letter '' `` Radio Message '' `` Number One Hit '' Write Me Back `` Share My Love '' `` Feelin ' Single '' `` When a Man Lies '' Black Panties `` My Story '' `` Genius '' `` Cookie '' `` Legs Shakin ' '' The Buffet `` Backyard Party '' `` Switch Up '' Other singles `` Soldier 's Heart '' `` Take You Home With Me ( A.K.A. Body ) '' `` Honey '' `` Big Chips '' `` Hair Braider '' `` Skin '' `` I Believe '' `` Sign of a Victory '' `` Platinum '' `` To the World '' `` I Look to You '' `` Bump & Grind 2014 '' `` Ignition ( Viceroy Remix ) '' Featured singles `` Down with the Clique '' `` Street Dreams ( Remix ) '' `` Be Careful '' `` Friend of Mine ( Remix ) '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Contagious '' `` We Thuggin ' '' `` Gigolo '' `` Hotel '' `` Gangsta Girl '' `` Till the World Ends '' `` So Sexy '' `` So Sexy : Chapter II ( Like This ) '' `` Wonderful '' `` That 's That Shit '' `` Go Getta '' `` Speedin ' '' `` All the Above '' `` Ms. Chocolate '' `` Throwin ' My Money '' `` We Been On '' `` Do What U Want '' `` PYD '' `` Make The World Go Round '' `` It 's Your World '' Soundtrack singles `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Gotham City '' `` Bad Man '' `` World 's Greatest `` I Believe '' `` Christmas , I 'll Be Steppin ' '' Other songs `` It Seems Like You 're Ready '' `` Sadie '' `` TP - 2 '' `` R&B Thug '' `` Heaven I Need a Hug '' `` I Need an Angel '' `` Real Talk '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Shut Up `` Betcha Gon ' Know '' `` Marching Band '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' Singles written and / or produced by R. Kelly `` Back & Forth '' `` At Your Best '' `` Stroke You Up '' `` Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' `` Down with the Clique '' `` The Thing I Like '' `` No One Knows How to Love Me Quite Like You Do '' `` Foolin ' Around '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` I Do n't Want To '' `` Fortunate '' `` 808 '' `` Cry '' `` Contagious '' `` One More Chance '' `` Any Time , Any Place '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` Hell Yeah '' `` Outrageous '' `` Out of this Club '' `` I Look To You '' `` Celebrate '' `` Sleeping with the One I Love '' Category : R. Kelly songs Category : Songs written by R. Kelly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_I_Could_Turn_Back_the_Hands_of_Time&oldid=811589400 '' Categories : 1999 singles R. Kelly songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Switzerland Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Music videos directed by F. Gary Gray Songs written by R. Kelly Song recordings produced by R. Kelly Rhythm and blues ballads Pop ballads 1997 songs Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Kiswahili Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 16 : 35 . 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-4099943962101245205 | Star formation | Star formation - wikipedia Star formation Jump to : navigation , search Star formation Object classes Interstellar medium Molecular cloud Bok globule Dark nebula Young stellar object Protostar T Tauri star Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be star Herbig -- Haro object Theoretical concepts Accretion Initial mass function Jeans instability Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Nebular hypothesis Planetary migration Star portal Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space , sometimes referred to as `` stellar nurseries '' or `` star - forming regions '' , collapse and form stars . As a branch of astronomy , star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium ( ISM ) and giant molecular clouds ( GMC ) as precursors to the star formation process , and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products . It is closely related to planet formation , another branch of astronomy . Star formation theory , as well as accounting for the formation of a single star , must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stellar nurseries 1.1 Interstellar clouds 1.2 Cloud collapse 2 Protostar 3 Observations 3.1 Notable pathfinder objects 4 Low mass and high mass star formation 5 See also 6 References Stellar nurseries ( edit ) Hubble telescope image known as Pillars of Creation , where stars are forming in the Eagle Nebula . Interstellar clouds ( edit ) A spiral galaxy like the Milky Way contains stars , stellar remnants , and a diffuse interstellar medium ( ISM ) of gas and dust . The interstellar medium consists of 10 to 10 particles per cm and is typically composed of roughly 70 % hydrogen by mass , with most of the remaining gas consisting of helium . This medium has been chemically enriched by trace amounts of heavier elements that were ejected from stars as they passed beyond the end of their main sequence lifetime . Higher density regions of the interstellar medium form clouds , or diffuse nebulae , where star formation takes place . In contrast to spirals , an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years , which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies . In the dense nebulae where stars are produced , much of the hydrogen is in the molecular ( H ) form , so these nebulae are called molecular clouds . Observations indicate that the coldest clouds tend to form low - mass stars , observed first in the infrared inside the clouds , then in visible light at their surface when the clouds dissipate , while giant molecular clouds , which are generally warmer , produce stars of all masses . These giant molecular clouds have typical densities of 100 particles per cm , diameters of 100 light - years ( 9.5 × 10 km ) , masses of up to 6 million solar masses ( M ) , and an average interior temperature of 10 K . About half the total mass of the galactic ISM is found in molecular clouds and in the Milky Way there are an estimated 6,000 molecular clouds , each with more than 100,000 M. The nearest nebula to the Sun where massive stars are being formed is the Orion nebula , 1,300 ly ( 1.2 × 10 km ) away . However , lower mass star formation is occurring about 400 -- 450 light years distant in the ρ Ophiuchi cloud complex . A more compact site of star formation is the opaque clouds of dense gas and dust known as Bok globules ; so named after the astronomer Bart Bok . These can form in association with collapsing molecular clouds or possibly independently . The Bok globules are typically up to a light year across and contain a few solar masses . They can be observed as dark clouds silhouetted against bright emission nebulae or background stars . Over half the known Bok globules have been found to contain newly forming stars . Assembly of galaxy in early Universe . Cloud collapse ( edit ) An interstellar cloud of gas will remain in hydrostatic equilibrium as long as the kinetic energy of the gas pressure is in balance with the potential energy of the internal gravitational force . Mathematically this is expressed using the virial theorem , which states that , to maintain equilibrium , the gravitational potential energy must equal twice the internal thermal energy . If a cloud is massive enough that the gas pressure is insufficient to support it , the cloud will undergo gravitational collapse . The mass above which a cloud will undergo such collapse is called the Jeans mass . The Jeans mass depends on the temperature and density of the cloud , but is typically thousands to tens of thousands of solar masses . This coincides with the typical mass of an open cluster of stars , which is the end product of a collapsing cloud . ALMA observations of the Orion Nebula complex provide insights into explosions at star birth . In triggered star formation , one of several events might occur to compress a molecular cloud and initiate its gravitational collapse . Molecular clouds may collide with each other , or a nearby supernova explosion can be a trigger , sending shocked matter into the cloud at very high speeds . Alternatively , galactic collisions can trigger massive starbursts of star formation as the gas clouds in each galaxy are compressed and agitated by tidal forces . The latter mechanism may be responsible for the formation of globular clusters . A supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy may serve to regulate the rate of star formation in a galactic nucleus . A black hole that is accreting infalling matter can become active , emitting a strong wind through a collimated relativistic jet . This can limit further star formation . Massive black holes ejecting radio - frequency - emitting particles at near - light speed can also block the formation of new stars in aging galaxies . However , the radio emissions around the jets may also trigger star formation . Likewise , a weaker jet may trigger star formation when it collides with a cloud . Dwarf galaxy ESO 553 - 46 has one of the highest rates of star formation of the 1000 or so galaxies nearest to the Milky Way . As it collapses , a molecular cloud breaks into smaller and smaller pieces in a hierarchical manner , until the fragments reach stellar mass . In each of these fragments , the collapsing gas radiates away the energy gained by the release of gravitational potential energy . As the density increases , the fragments become opaque and are thus less efficient at radiating away their energy . This raises the temperature of the cloud and inhibits further fragmentation . The fragments now condense into rotating spheres of gas that serve as stellar embryos . Complicating this picture of a collapsing cloud are the effects of turbulence , macroscopic flows , rotation , magnetic fields and the cloud geometry . Both rotation and magnetic fields can hinder the collapse of a cloud . Turbulence is instrumental in causing fragmentation of the cloud , and on the smallest scales it promotes collapse . Protostar ( edit ) Main article : Protostar LH 95 stellar nursery in Large Magellanic Cloud . A protostellar cloud will continue to collapse as long as the gravitational binding energy can be eliminated . This excess energy is primarily lost through radiation . However , the collapsing cloud will eventually become opaque to its own radiation , and the energy must be removed through some other means . The dust within the cloud becomes heated to temperatures of 60 -- 100 K , and these particles radiate at wavelengths in the far infrared where the cloud is transparent . Thus the dust mediates the further collapse of the cloud . During the collapse , the density of the cloud increases towards the center and thus the middle region becomes optically opaque first . This occurs when the density is about 10 g / cm . A core region , called the First Hydrostatic Core , forms where the collapse is essentially halted . It continues to increase in temperature as determined by the virial theorem . The gas falling toward this opaque region collides with it and creates shock waves that further heat the core . Composite image showing young stars in and around molecular cloud Cepheus B . When the core temperature reaches about 2000 K , the thermal energy dissociates the H molecules . This is followed by the ionization of the hydrogen and helium atoms . These processes absorb the energy of the contraction , allowing it to continue on timescales comparable to the period of collapse at free fall velocities . After the density of infalling material has reached about 10 g / cm , that material is sufficiently transparent to allow energy radiated by the protostar to escape . The combination of convection within the protostar and radiation from its exterior allow the star to contract further . This continues until the gas is hot enough for the internal pressure to support the protostar against further gravitational collapse -- a state called hydrostatic equilibrium . When this accretion phase is nearly complete , the resulting object is known as a protostar . N11 , part of a complex network of gas clouds and star clusters within our neighbouring galaxy , the Large Magellanic Cloud . Accretion of material onto the protostar continues partially from the newly formed circumstellar disc . When the density and temperature are high enough , deuterium fusion begins , and the outward pressure of the resultant radiation slows ( but does not stop ) the collapse . Material comprising the cloud continues to `` rain '' onto the protostar . In this stage bipolar jets are produced called Herbig - Haro objects . This is probably the means by which excess angular momentum of the infalling material is expelled , allowing the star to continue to form . When the surrounding gas and dust envelope disperses and accretion process stops , the star is considered a pre -- main sequence star ( PMS star ) . The energy source of these objects is gravitational contraction , as opposed to hydrogen burning in main sequence stars . The PMS star follows a Hayashi track on the Hertzsprung -- Russell ( H -- R ) diagram . The contraction will proceed until the Hayashi limit is reached , and thereafter contraction will continue on a Kelvin -- Helmholtz timescale with the temperature remaining stable . Stars with less than 0.5 M thereafter join the main sequence . For more massive PMS stars , at the end of the Hayashi track they will slowly collapse in near hydrostatic equilibrium , following the Henyey track . Finally , hydrogen begins to fuse in the core of the star , and the rest of the enveloping material is cleared away . This ends the protostellar phase and begins the star 's main sequence phase on the H -- R diagram . The stages of the process are well defined in stars with masses around 1 M or less . In high mass stars , the length of the star formation process is comparable to the other timescales of their evolution , much shorter , and the process is not so well defined . The later evolution of stars are studied in stellar evolution . Protostar Protostar outburst - HOPS 383 ( 2015 ) . Observations ( edit ) The Orion Nebula is an archetypical example of star formation , from the massive , young stars that are shaping the nebula to the pillars of dense gas that may be the homes of budding stars . Key elements of star formation are only available by observing in wavelengths other than the optical . The protostellar stage of stellar existence is almost invariably hidden away deep inside dense clouds of gas and dust left over from the GMC . Often , these star - forming cocoons known as Bok globules , can be seen in silhouette against bright emission from surrounding gas . Early stages of a star 's life can be seen in infrared light , which penetrates the dust more easily than visible light . Observations from the Wide - field Infrared Survey Explorer ( WISE ) have thus been especially important for unveiling numerous Galactic protostars and their parent star clusters . Examples of such embedded star clusters are FSR 1184 , FSR 1190 , Camargo 14 , Camargo 74 , Majaess 64 , and Majaess 98 . Star - forming region S106 . The structure of the molecular cloud and the effects of the protostar can be observed in near - IR extinction maps ( where the number of stars are counted per unit area and compared to a nearby zero extinction area of sky ) , continuum dust emission and rotational transitions of CO and other molecules ; these last two are observed in the millimeter and submillimeter range . The radiation from the protostar and early star has to be observed in infrared astronomy wavelengths , as the extinction caused by the rest of the cloud in which the star is forming is usually too big to allow us to observe it in the visual part of the spectrum . This presents considerable difficulties as the Earth 's atmosphere is almost entirely opaque from 20μm to 850μm , with narrow windows at 200μm and 450μm . Even outside this range , atmospheric subtraction techniques must be used . Young stars ( purple ) revealed by X-ray inside the NGC 2024 star - forming region . X-ray observations have proven useful for studying young stars , since X-ray emission from these objects is 100 -- 100,000 times stronger than X-ray emission from main - sequence stars . The earliest detections of X-rays from T Tauri stars were made by the Einstein X-ray Observatory . For low - mass stars X-rays are generated by the heating of the stellar corona through magnetic reconnection , while for high - mass O and early B - type stars X-rays are generated through supersonic shocks in the stellar winds . Photons in the soft X-ray energy range covered by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM Newton may penetrate the interstellar medium with only moderate absorption due to gas , making the X-ray a useful wavelength for seeing the stellar populations within molecular clouds . X-ray emission as evidence of stellar youth makes this band particularly useful for performing censuses of stars in star - forming regions , given that not all young stars have infrared excesses . X-ray observations have provided near - complete censuses of all stellar - mass objects in the Orion Nebula Cluster and Taurus Molecular Cloud . The formation of individual stars can only be directly observed in the Milky Way Galaxy , but in distant galaxies star formation has been detected through its unique spectral signature . Initial research indicates star - forming clumps start as giant , dense areas in turbulent gas - rich matter in young galaxies , live about 500 million years , and may migrate to the center of a galaxy , creating the central bulge of a galaxy . On February 21 , 2014 , NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) in the universe . According to scientists , more than 20 % of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs , possible starting materials for the formation of life . PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang , are widespread throughout the universe , and are associated with new stars and exoplanets . Notable pathfinder objects ( edit ) MWC 349 was first discovered in 1978 , and is estimated to be only 1,000 years old . VLA 1623 -- The first exemplar Class 0 protostar , a type of embedded protostar that has yet to accrete the majority of its mass . Found in 1993 , is possibly younger than 10,000 years ( 1 ) . L1014 -- An incredibly faint embedded object representative of a new class of sources that are only now being detected with the newest telescopes . Their status is still undetermined , they could be the youngest low - mass Class 0 protostars yet seen or even very low - mass evolved objects ( like a brown dwarf or even an interstellar planet ) . ( 2 ) IRS 8 * -- The youngest known main sequence star in the Galactic Center region , discovered in August 2006 . It is estimated to be 3.5 million years old ( 3 ) . Low mass and high mass star formation ( edit ) Star - forming region Westerhout 40 and the Serpens - Aquila Rift - cloud filaments containing new stars fill the region . Stars of different masses are thought to form by slightly different mechanisms . The theory of low - mass star formation , which is well - supported by a plethora of observations , suggests that low - mass stars form by the gravitational collapse of rotating density enhancements within molecular clouds . As described above , the collapse of a rotating cloud of gas and dust leads to the formation of an accretion disk through which matter is channeled onto a central protostar . For stars with masses higher than about 8 M , however , the mechanism of star formation is not well understood . Massive stars emit copious quantities of radiation which pushes against infalling material . In the past , it was thought that this radiation pressure might be substantial enough to halt accretion onto the massive protostar and prevent the formation of stars with masses more than a few tens of solar masses . Recent theoretical work has shown that the production of a jet and outflow clears a cavity through which much of the radiation from a massive protostar can escape without hindering accretion through the disk and onto the protostar . Present thinking is that massive stars may therefore be able to form by a mechanism similar to that by which low mass stars form . There is mounting evidence that at least some massive protostars are indeed surrounded by accretion disks . Several other theories of massive star formation remain to be tested observationally . Of these , perhaps the most prominent is the theory of competitive accretion , which suggests that massive protostars are `` seeded '' by low - mass protostars which compete with other protostars to draw in matter from the entire parent molecular cloud , instead of simply from a small local region . Another theory of massive star formation suggests that massive stars may form by the coalescence of two or more stars of lower mass . See also ( edit ) Accretion Champagne flow model Chronology of the universe Formation and evolution of the Solar System Galaxy formation and evolution List of star - forming regions in the Local Group References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stahler , S.W. & Palla , F. ( 2004 ) . The Formation of Stars . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . ISBN 3 - 527 - 40559 - 3 . Jump up ^ O'Dell , C.R. `` Nebula '' . World Book at NASA . World Book , Inc . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Prialnik , Dina ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution . Cambridge University Press . 195 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65065 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dupraz , C. ; Casoli , F. ( June 4 -- 9 , 1990 ) . `` The Fate of the Molecular Gas from Mergers to Ellipticals '' . Dynamics of Galaxies and Their Molecular Cloud Distributions : Proceedings of the 146th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union . Paris , France : Kluwer Academic Publishers . Bibcode : 1991IAUS ... 146 ... 373D . Jump up ^ Lequeux , James ( 2013 ) . Birth , Evolution and Death of Stars . World Scientific . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4508 - 77 - 3 . Jump up ^ Williams , J.P. ; Blitz , L. ; McKee , C.F. ( 2000 ) . `` The Structure and Evolution of Molecular Clouds : from Clumps to Cores to the IMF '' . Protostars and Planets IV . p. 97 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9902246 . Bibcode : 2000prpl. conf ... 97W . Jump up ^ Alves , J. ; Lada , C. ; Lada , E. ( 2001 ) . Tracing H Via Infrared Dust Extinction . Cambridge University Press . p. 217 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78224 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sanders , D.B. ; Scoville , N.Z. ; Solomon , P.M. ( 1985 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Giant molecular clouds in the Galaxy . II -- Characteristics of discrete features '' . Astrophysical Journal , Part 1 . 289 : 373 -- 387 . Bibcode : 1985ApJ ... 289 ... 373S . doi : 10.1086 / 162897 . Jump up ^ Sandstrom , Karin M. ; Peek , J.E.G. ; Bower , Geoffrey C. ; Bolatto , Alberto D. ; Plambeck , Richard L. ( 2007 ) . `` A Parallactic Distance of 389 − 21 + 24 ( \ displaystyle 389_ ( - 21 ) ^ ( + 24 ) ) Parsecs to the Orion Nebula Cluster from Very Long Baseline Array Observations '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 667 ( 2 ) : 1161 . arXiv : 0706.2361 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 667.1161 S . doi : 10.1086 / 520922 . Jump up ^ Wilking , B.A. ; Gagné , M. ; Allen , L.E. `` Star Formation in the ρ Ophiuchi Molecular Cloud '' . In Bo Reipurth . Handbook of Star Forming Regions , Volume II : The Southern Sky ASP Monograph Publications . arXiv : 0811.0005 . Bibcode : 2008hsf2. book ... 351W . Jump up ^ Khanzadyan , T. ; Smith , M.D. ; Gredel , R. ; Stanke , T. ; Davis , C.J. ( February 2002 ) . `` Active star formation in the large Bok globule CB 34 '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 383 ( 2 ) : 502 -- 518 . Bibcode : 2002A&A ... 383 ... 502K . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20011531 . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Lee ( 2000 ) . Accretion Processes in Star Formation . Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . 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Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Yellow Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification O WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Theoretical stars Black dwarf Exotic Quark Strange Preon Planck Electroweak star Dark - matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal GND : 4057364 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_formation&oldid=818788025 '' Categories : Star formation Stellar astronomy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 15 : 56 . 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-1524738095803695565 | Chris Parnell | Chris Parnell - wikipedia Chris Parnell Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chris Parnell Parnell at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival . Thomas Christopher Parnell ( 1967 - 02 - 05 ) February 5 , 1967 ( age 50 ) Memphis , Tennessee , U.S. Education University of North Carolina School of the Arts Occupation Actor , voice artist , comedian , singer Years active 1995 -- present Thomas Christopher `` Chris '' Parnell ( born February 5 , 1967 ) is an American actor , voice artist , comedian , and singer . He is best known as a cast member on NBC 's Saturday Night Live from 1998 to 2006 and for his role as Dr. Leo Spaceman on NBC 's comedy series 30 Rock . In animation , he voices Cyril Figgis on the FX comedy series Archer and Jerry Smith on the Adult Swim sci - fi comedy series Rick and Morty . He is also notable for his voice work on the animated PBS series , Wordgirl , particularly as the narrator . He also voices `` The Progressive Box '' in a multitude of spots featuring the character , particularly the Progressive Corporation insurance advertisements . He is also known for his voice work as Bob Belcher 's rich friend , Warren Fitzgerald , from Bob 's Burgers . He also play the role of Geoffrey Hoystman on Brooklyn Nine - Nine in the episode `` Defenes Rests '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 Music appearances 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Parnell was born in Memphis , Tennessee , to a Southern Baptist family . His father , Jack Parnell , was a radio personality in Memphis . He first attended the Southern Baptist Educational Center , and later graduated from Germantown High School . He decided upon acting as a career at age 17 , and set his sights on being a theatre actor . He attended the University of North Carolina School of the Arts where he received his BFA in Drama . He moved to Houston , Texas after college to do an apprentice actor program for a season at the Alley Theatre , but did not get asked back to join the company . He became momentarily disenchanted with acting , and returned to his hometown and taught high school for a year . He subsequently moved to Los Angeles and auditioned for the Groundlings in 1992 . Career ( edit ) While performing as a company player with the Groundlings for a number of years , Parnell began doing commercials and getting guest roles on various sitcoms , such as Seinfeld and Murphy Brown . He was hired to join the cast of Saturday Night Live as a featured player , and debuted on the show on September 26 , 1998 . He was promoted to repertory player the following season . In the summer of 2001 , budget cuts and hiring four new cast members required Lorne Michaels to dismiss two cast members ; he chose to lay off Parnell and Jerry Minor over Horatio Sanz , Rachel Dratch , and Maya Rudolph , but Parnell was rehired in the middle of the next season . While on SNL , Parnell appeared in numerous sketches , and commercial parodies , and performed memorable impressions of various celebrities . Among his notable sketches are `` Lazy Sunday '' , a rap video he shot with Andy Samberg about buying cupcakes and going to see The Chronicles of Narnia , and `` More Cowbell '' . He has also performed raps about hosts Jennifer Garner , Britney Spears , Kirsten Dunst and Ashton Kutcher . On the DVD commentary for the West Coast version of the 30 Rock episode `` Live Show '' , Tina Fey and Beth McCarthy Miller noted that Parnell was nicknamed `` The Ice Man '' while working at SNL , because of his apparent immunity to breaking , citing the `` more cowbell '' sketch in which he was the only actor not to break . In mid-2006 , Michaels announced that four cast members would be fired due to budget cuts , but he did not say who . On September 22 , 2006 , it was announced that three cast members had been fired : Parnell , Horatio Sanz , and Finesse Mitchell . This effectively made him the only SNL performer to have been fired twice by Lorne Michaels , although Parnell did say in a 2008 interview with The Sound of Young America podcast that he was okay with being let go this time , because he was considering leaving after that season anyway , but added that he probably would have stayed one last season if he was asked back . He had been with SNL for eight seasons ; at the time only four people ( Darrell Hammond , Tim Meadows , Kevin Nealon , and Al Franken ) had been cast members longer . He has since made uncredited cameo appearances on the show , including parodying newscasters Tom Brokaw , Jim Lehrer , and Bob Schieffer . Parnell and his former SNL castmate Horatio Sanz starred together in Big Lake , a 2010 sitcom on Comedy Central from executive producers Will Ferrell and Adam McKay . Parnell voiced Fly in the animated film Hotel Transylvania and is a series regular on the FX animated series Archer . He is also known for his guest appearances as Dr. Leo Spaceman on 30 Rock and provides the voice of the narrator on the PBS children 's series WordGirl . From 2011 to 2014 , Parnell co-starred on the ABC comedy series Suburgatory where he played the husband of the character played by his former SNL castmate Ana Gasteyer . His role started out as recurring in the first season but he was bumped up to a series regular in the second season . The series aired for three seasons on ABC . He provides the voice of the `` Progressive Box '' in commercials for Progressive Insurance . He voices Jerry on the Adult Swim show Rick & Morty . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Jingle All the Way Toy Store Sales Clerk Shooting Lily Phone Company Salesman ( voice ) 1997 Decade of Love Bobby Fastdancer Short film 1998 Operation Cadaver Short film 1999 Deadtime Junior Short film 2000 The Ladies Man Phil Swanson 2003 Evil Alien Conquerors Du - ug 2003 Down with Love TV Emcee 2003 National Lampoon 's Barely Legal Mr. Ronald Greitzer Looking for Kitty Guy Borne Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy Garth Holliday Wake Up , Ron Burgundy : The Lost Movie Garth Holliday 2006 I 'm Reed Fish Ralph 2006 Ira & Abby Dr. Ronald Silverberg 2007 The Grand Harold Melvin 2007 Hot Rod Barry Pasternak 2007 Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story Theo 2007 Sunny & Share Love You Kevin Keith Baker 2007 Kabluey Frank 2008 Harold Coach Vanderpool 2008 Eavesdrop Terrence 2009 Paper Man Peter 2009 Labor Pains Jerry Steinwald Hollywood & Wine Peter West The Dogfather Brian Franks Kung Fu Magoo Cole Fusion ( voice ) 2011 Answer This ! Brian Collins 2012 21 Jump Street Mr. Gordon 2012 The Five - Year Engagement Bill 2012 The Dictator News Anchor 2012 Hotel Transylvania Fly ( voice ) 2013 Escape from Planet Earth Hammer ( voice ) 2013 Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues Garth Holliday 2013 Turbo Announcer # 2 ( voice ) 2014 Break Point Jay LaRoche 2015 The Better Half Daniel 2015 Hotel Transylvania 2 Fly ( voice ) 2015 Sisters Phil 2017 Austin Found Alan Dickinson 2017 Battle of the Sexes DJ 2018 Life of the Party Post-production 2018 The Last Laugh Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Hope and Gloria Howard Episode : `` Sit Down , You 're Rockin ' the Funicular '' 1996 -- 1998 Suddenly Susan Phil / Waiter 2 episodes 1997 Seinfeld NBC Executive Episode : `` The Butter Shave '' 1997 The Jamie Foxx Show Director Episode : `` Do the Write Thing '' 1997 Nick Freno : Licensed Teacher Announcer Episode : `` The Weighting Game '' 1998 Union Square Don Episode : `` It Takes a Thief '' 1998 Caroline in the City Gene Episode : `` Caroline and the Cabbie '' 1998 Murphy Brown Handler # 2 2 episodes 1998 Conrad Bloom Simpson 2 episodes 1998 -- 2012 Saturday Night Live Various characters 148 episodes 2001 TV Funhouse James Brolin ( voice ) Episode : `` Safari Day '' 2001 The Hughleys Rick Episode : `` When Darryl Bumped Sally '' 2001 Friends Bob Episode : `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' 2002 Ed DJ Curtis Morris Episode : `` The Divorce '' 2003 As Told by Ginger Radio Announcer / Train Conductor Episode : `` Far from Home '' 2006 -- 2013 30 Rock Dr. Leo Spaceman 25 episodes 2007 -- 2015 WordGirl Narrator / Various characters ( voice ) 89 episodes 2008 Miss Guided Vice Principal Bruce Terry 7 episodes 2008 Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday Bob Schieffer / Tom Brokaw 2 episodes 2009 Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire Narrator ( voice ) 5 episodes 2009 -- 2010 Glenn Martin DDS Various ( voice ) 4 episodes 2009 -- present Archer Cyril Figgis / Cut - Rate Buck Henry ( voice ) 86 episodes Better Off Ted Walter Palmer Episode : `` The Impertence of Communicationizing '' The Life & Times of Tim Mark Douglas / High School Principal / William ( voice ) 3 episodes Big Lake Chris Henkel 10 episodes 2010 -- 2011 Funny or Die Presents Soccer Dad / Cast of The Slovin & Allen Show / Barry 6 episodes 2010 -- 2011 A Town Called Eureka Dr. Noah Drummer 2 episodes 2010 -- present Tayo the Little Bus Citu ( voice ) English version 2011 Robot Chicken Scooter / Major Nelson Episode : `` Big Trouble in Little Clerks 2 '' 2011 Mad Love Officer Dennis Barrett 2 episodes 2011 Workaholics Bruce Benson Episode : `` In the Line of Getting Fired '' 2011 Jon Benjamin Has a Van Area 51 Scientist Episode : `` Stardoor '' 2011 Love Bites Chad Banks Episode : `` Stand and Deliever '' 2011 Curb Your Enthusiasm Hank Episode : `` The Hero '' 2011 Prep & Landing : Naughty vs. Nice Mr. Thistleton ( voice ) Television special 2011 T.U.F.F. Puppy The Caped Cod ( voice ) Episode : `` Disobedience School / The Dog Who Cried Fish '' 2011 -- 2012 I Just Want My Pants Back JB 6 episodes 2011 -- 2014 Suburgatory Fred Shay 38 episodes 2012 Gravity Falls Additional characters ( voices ) 2 episodes 2012 Electric City God Nation Judge / Giovanni Montalbon ( voice ) 20 episodes 2012 -- 2016 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Various characters 4 episodes 2014 Filthy Preppy Teen $ Sean Hastings Television special 2013 -- 2016 Drunk History King Charles II / Jim Bowie / Benedict Arnold / Thomas Edison / Charles Joughin 5 episodes 2013 -- present Rick and Morty Jerry Smith ( voice ) 21 episodes 2014 The Tom and Jerry Show Narrator ( voice ) Episode : `` Sleep Disorder / Tom 's In - Tents Adventure '' 2014 Glee Mario Episode : `` Opening Night '' 2014 Garfunkel and Oates Stan Episode : `` Rule 34 '' 2014 BoJack Horseman Klaus / News Reporter ( voice ) Episode : `` Our A-Story Is a ' D ' Story '' 2014 Bad Judge Douglas Riller Episode : `` Pilot '' 2014 Benched Mitch Episode : `` Campaign Contributions '' 2014 -- 2016 TripTank Bill / Doctor / Various ( voice ) 7 episodes 2015 Brooklyn Nine - Nine Geoffrey Hoytsman 2 episodes 2015 Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero Judge ( voice ) Episode : `` Defending the Earth '' 2015 Childrens Hospital Ron Pippin Episode : `` Five Years Later '' 2015 The Adventures of OG Sherlock Kush The Prime Minister ( voice ) Episode : `` The Mystery of the Royal Flasher '' 2015 The Spoils Before Dying Bebop Jones 2 episodes 2015 Another Period Dr. Sigmund Freud Episode : `` Senate '' 2015 Jeff Dunham : Unhinged in Hollywood Network Executive Television special 2015 Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! Dustin Wallswreath / Jim McCoy / Cop ( voice ) Episode : `` Grand Scam '' 2015 Highston Wilbur Liggetts Episode : `` Pilot '' 2015 -- 2016 Nature Cat The Groundhog / Father Mammoth / Sir Galahad ( voice ) 38 episodes 2015 -- 2016 Dawn of the Croods Snoot / Dub / Evil Egg ( voice ) 12 episodes 2015 -- present The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Mr. Peabody ( voice ) Lead role ; 46 episodes 2016 Sofia the First Zacharias ( voice ) Episode : `` Her Royal Spyness '' 2016 Inside Amy Schumer Michael Episode : `` The World 's Most Interesting Woman in the World '' 2016 Bob 's Burgers Warren Fitzgerald ( voice ) Episode : `` Pro Tiki / Con Tiki '' 2016 Ask the StoryBots Special guest appearance Episode : `` Where Does Rain Come From ? '' 2016 Tween Fest Preston Stevens Sr . Episode : `` SpurgeExplosion '' 2016 The 5th Quarter Michele Lamborghini / Buddy Brogan 2 episodes 2016 -- present Elena of Avalor Migs ( voice ) 9 episodes 2017 Michael Bolton 's Big , Sexy Valentine 's Day Special Dr. Vince Harbert Television special 2017 Elena and the Secret of Avalor Migs ( voice ) Television film 2017 Samurai Jack Mud Alien / Scientist ( voice ) Episode : `` XCIII '' 2017 Black - ish Dean Parker Episode : `` Liberal Arts '' 2017 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Junior Episode : `` Kimmy Pulls Off a Heist ! '' 2017 Great News Gerald Episode : `` Squad Feud '' 2018 - present Grown - ish Dean Parker 4 episodes Music appearances ( edit ) Supafloss Incredibad `` Lazy Sunday '' `` Lazy Sunday 2 '' See also ( edit ) Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Profile , tv.ign.com ; accessed April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode 539 - Chris Parnell '' . WTF with Marc Maron . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Profile , vulture.com , January 2010 ; accessed April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Four SNLers are history , says Lorne Michaels '' , tvsquad.com ; accessed April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Chris Parnell on IMDb VIAF : 68722739 LCCN : no2007137538 ISNI : 0000 0001 0654 7996 BNF : cb161670510 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Parnell&oldid=818876370 '' Categories : 1967 births Male actors from Tennessee American male comedians American comedians American male film actors American impressionists ( entertainers ) American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors Living people University of North Carolina School of the Arts alumni Male actors from Memphis , Tennessee 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors People from Germantown , Tennessee American sketch comedians Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 03 : 19 . 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-1180803707701150998 | Meeting in the Ladies Room | Meeting in the Ladies Room - wikipedia Meeting in the Ladies Room This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Meeting in the Ladies Room Vinyl edition Studio album by Klymaxx Released November 30 , 1984 Recorded 1984 Genre Pop / R&B Label Constellation / MCA Producer Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , Stephen Shockley , Lynn Malsby , Barry DeVorzon , Joseph Conlan , Bo Watson , Vincent Calloway , Joyce `` Fenderella '' Irby Klymaxx chronology Girls Will Be Girls ( 1982 ) Meeting in the Ladies Room ( 1984 ) Klymaxx ( 1986 ) Singles from Klymaxx `` The Men All Pause '' Released : October 16 , 1984 `` Meeting in the Ladies Room '' Released : March 7 , 1985 `` Lock and Key '' Released : June 18 , 1985 `` I Miss You '' Released : November 4 , 1985 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Robert Christgau ( B - ) Meeting in the Ladies Room is the third studio album by Klymaxx , released in 1984 . In The US , it reached No. 18 on the Billboard 200 and No. 9 on the R&B album chart . It is certified Platinum . Klymaxx gained airplay on MTV , VH1 and BET with the release of their single `` The Men All Pause '' that reached No. 5 on the R&B chart , No. 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 9 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart . The title track reached No. 59 on the Hot 100 and No. 4 on the R&B chart . The third single , `` I Miss You '' , reached No. 5 on the Hot 100 , No. 11 on the R&B chart and No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart and was certified gold . The fourth , and final , single , `` Lock and Key '' , reached No. 47 on the R&B chart . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Singles released 3 Personnel 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) `` The Men All Pause '' ( Cooper , Irby ) ( 7 : 10 ) `` Lock and Key '' ( Cooper , V. Spino ) ( 5 : 37 ) `` I Miss You '' ( Malsby ) ( 5 : 32 ) `` Just Our Luck '' ( Joseph Conlon , Barry De Vorzon ) ( 4 : 27 ) `` Meeting in the Ladies Room '' ( Reggie Calloway , Vincent Calloway , Bo Watson ) ( 5 : 15 ) `` Video Kid '' ( Irby ) ( 3 : 42 ) `` Ask Me No Questions '' ( Malsby , C. Lucas ) ( 3 : 37 ) `` Love Bandit '' ( R. Calloway , B. Simmons , Billy C. Farlow ) ( 5 : 06 ) `` I Betcha '' ( Irby , Malsby ) ( 3 : 36 ) Singles released ( edit ) `` The Men All Pause '' `` Meeting in the Ladies Room '' `` I Miss You '' `` Lock and Key '' Personnel ( edit ) Lorena Porter -- vocals Cheryl Cooley -- guitars Lynn Malsby -- keyboards , vocals Robin Grider -- keyboards Joyce `` Fenderella '' Irby -- bass guitar , vocals Bernadette Cooper -- drums , percussion , vocals Production Vincent Calloway -- producer Joseph Conlan -- producer Barry De Vorzon -- producer Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis -- producers Klymaxx -- producer Stephen Shockley -- producer Bo Watson -- producer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wynn , Ron . `` Meeting in the Ladies Room review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` Meeting in the Ladies Room review '' . Robert Christgau . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Meeting in the Ladies Room at Discogs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meeting_in_the_Ladies_Room&oldid=865638746 '' Categories : 1984 albums Klymaxx albums Albums produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis MCA Records albums Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 06 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings meet me in the ladies room | [
"Meeting in the Ladies Room\nVinyl editionStudio album by KlymaxxReleased\nNovember 30, 1984Recorded\n1984Genre\nPop/R&BLabel\nConstellation/MCAProducer\nJimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, Stephen Shockley, Lynn Malsby, Barry DeVorzon, Joseph Conlan, Bo Watson, Vincent Calloway, Joyce \"Fenderella\" IrbyKlymaxx chronology\n\n\n\nGirls Will Be Girls(1982)\n\nMeeting in the Ladies Room(1984)\n\nKlymaxx(1986)\n\nSingles from Klymaxx\n\n\"The Men All Pause\"Released: October 16, 1984\n\"Meeting in the Ladies Room\"Released: March 7, 1985\n\"Lock and Key\"Released: June 18, 1985\n\"I Miss You\"Released: November 4, 1985\n"
] | [
"Klymaxx"
] |
1622623374110630190 | Pledge of Allegiance (United States) | Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) - wikipedia Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. oath of allegiance . For the general topic of oaths of allegiance , see Oath of allegiance . For other uses , see Pledge of Allegiance ( disambiguation ) . Pledge of Allegiance ( Bellamy versions ) ( changes are bolded and underlined ) 1892 ( first version ) `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1892 to 1923 `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1923 to 1954 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1954 ( current version ) 4 U.S.C. § 4 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' Originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch , ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) a Union Army Officer in the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City Schools , the Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and to the republic of the United States of America . The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892 and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942 . The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945 . The last change in language came on Flag Day 1954 when the words `` under God '' were added . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recital 2 Origins 2.1 Balch and Bellamy pledges 2.2 Francis Bellamy 's account 3 Changes 3.1 Addition of `` under God '' 4 Salute 5 Music 6 Controversy 6.1 Legal challenges 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Recital ( edit ) Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge , as do many government meetings at local levels , and meetings held by many private organizations . All states except Hawaii , Iowa , Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly - scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools , although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students can not be compelled to recite the Pledge , nor can they be punished for not doing so . In a number of states , state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this . The United States Flag Code says : The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag -- `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' -- should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart . When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart . Persons in uniform should remain silent , face the flag , and render the military salute . Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform . Origins ( edit ) Balch and Bellamy pledges ( edit ) The Pledge of Allegiance , as it exists in its current form , was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , who was a Baptist minister , a Christian socialist , and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy ( 1850 -- 1898 ) . There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch , a veteran of the Civil War , who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education . Balch 's pledge , which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference , read : We give our heads and hearts to God and our country ; one country , one language , one flag ! Balch was a proponent of teaching children , especially those of immigrants , loyalty to the United States , even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school . Balch 's pledge , which predates Bellamy 's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools , by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s , and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference , is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge . Bellamy , however , did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it , referring to the text as `` too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' The Bellamy `` Pledge of Allegiance '' was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children 's magazine The Youth 's Companion as part of the National Public - School Celebration of Columbus Day , a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas . The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham , a marketer for the magazine , as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools . According to author Margarette S. Miller , this campaign was in line both with Upham 's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest . According to Miller , Upham `` would often say to his wife : ' Mary , if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded , and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution , I shall not have lived in vain . ' '' Bellamy 's original Pledge read : I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Students reciting a pledge on Flag Day in 1899 The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point . Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds . As a socialist , he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity but decided against it , knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans . Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth 's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag . By June 29 , 1892 , Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations . This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335 . Subsequently , the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12 , 1892 , during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World 's Columbian Exposition ( the Chicago World 's Fair ) , Illinois . Francis Bellamy 's account ( edit ) In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge , Francis Bellamy said , `` At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was ( sic ) at a low ebb . The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools . '' James Upham `` felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse , '' so his publication `` fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost , which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year ( 1892 - 93 ) . As the World 's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas , Upham sought to link the publication 's flag drive to the event , `` so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising , under the most impressive conditions . '' Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying `` not only the superintendents of education in all the States , but ( he ) also worked with governors , Congressmen , and even the President of the United States . '' The publication 's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12 , 1892 , to be Columbus Day for which The Youth 's Companion made `` an official program for universal use in all the schools . '' Bellamy recalled that the event `` had to be more than a list of exercises . The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity . '' Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event , and `` There was also an oration suitable for declamation . '' Bellamy held that `` Of course , the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag , with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison . '' He found `` There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute . The Balch salute , which ran , `` I give my heart and my hand to my country , one country , one language , one flag , '' seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' After working on the idea with Upham , Bellamy concluded , `` It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea . I especially stressed the word ' allegiance ' ... Beginning with the new word allegiance , I first decided that ' pledge ' was a better school word than ' vow ' or ' swear ' ; and that the first person singular should be used , and that ' my ' flag was preferable to ' the . ' '' Bellamy considered the words `` country , nation , or Republic , '' choosing the last as `` it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution . The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands . '' Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures , and concluded `` all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words , one Nation indivisible . '' Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution , Liberté , égalité , fraternité ( `` liberty , equality , fraternity '' ) , but held that `` fraternity was too remote of realization , and ... ( that ) equality was a dubious word . '' Concluding `` Liberty and justice were surely basic , were undebatable , and were all that any one Nation could handle . If they were exercised for all . they involved the spirit of equality and fraternity . '' After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth 's Companion , the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program . Bellamy noted that , `` In later years the words ' to my flag ' were changed to ' to the flag of the United States of America ' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools . '' Bellamy disliked the change , as `` it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition . '' Changes ( edit ) A plaque in Lansing , MI , dated 1918 , listing the Balch Pledge , which was used parallel to the Bellamy Pledge until the National Flag Conference in 1923 . In 1906 , The Daughters of the American Revolution 's magazine , The American Monthly , listed the `` formula of allegiance '' as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance , which reads : I pledge allegiance to my flag , and the republic for which it stands . I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country . One country , one language and one flag . In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution , such as in 1915 's `` Proceedings of the Twenty - Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution '' and 1916 's annual `` National Report , '' the Balch Pledge , listed as official in 1906 , is now categorized as `` Old Pledge '' with Bellamy 's version under the heading `` New Pledge . '' However , the `` Old Pledge '' continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923 . In 1923 , the National Flag Conference called for the words `` my Flag '' to be changed to `` the Flag of the United States , '' so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US . The words `` of America '' were added a year later . Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time , in the following form , on June 22 , 1942 : I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Addition of `` under God '' ( edit ) `` Under God '' redirects here . For the book , see Under God ( book ) . Louis Albert Bowman , an attorney from Illinois , was the first to suggest the addition of `` under God '' to the pledge . The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea . He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . At a meeting on February 12 , 1948 , he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words `` under God '' added . He said that the words came from Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words `` under God '' , all the reporters ' transcripts of the speech as delivered do , as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said `` that the nation shall , under God , have a new birth of freedom . '' Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings . In 1951 , the Knights of Columbus , the world 's largest Catholic fraternal service organization , also began including the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance . In New York City , on April 30 , 1951 , the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words `` under God '' after the words `` one nation . '' Over the next two years , the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide . On August 21 , 1952 , the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal , and copies of this resolution were sent to the President , the Vice President ( as Presiding Officer of the Senate ) , and the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24 , 1952 , adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president , Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart . Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter . This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation . These attempts were eventually a success . At the suggestion of a correspondent , Representative Louis C. Rabaut ( D - Mich . ) , of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words `` under God '' to the Pledge in 1953 . Rev. Dr. George MacPherson Docherty ( left ) and President Eisenhower ( second from left ) on the morning of February 7 , 1954 , at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church . Before February 1954 , no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded . The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty . Some American presidents honored Lincoln 's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended , New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln 's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12 . On February 7 , 1954 , with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln 's pew , the church 's pastor , George MacPherson Docherty , delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled `` A New Birth of Freedom . '' He argued that the nation 's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose . He noted that the Pledge 's sentiments could be those of any nation : `` There was something missing in the pledge , and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life . '' He cited Lincoln 's words `` under God '' as defining words that set the US apart from other nations . President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently , just a year before . He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service . Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8 , 1954 , Rep. Charles Oakman ( R - Mich . ) , introduced a bill to that effect . Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . Eisenhower said : From this day forward , the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town , every village and rural school house , the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty ... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America 's heritage and future ; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country 's most powerful resource , in peace or in war . The phrase `` under God '' was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14 , 1954 , by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942 . On October 6 , 1954 , the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution , first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954 , which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance . Even though the movement behind inserting `` under God '' into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge , author Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed . Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push - back against atheistic communism during the Cold War , but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role . Salute ( edit ) Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute . An early version of the salute , adopted in 1887 , known as the Balch Salute , which accompanied the Balch pledge , instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag , the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead , followed by being placed flat over the heart , and finally falling to the side . In 1892 , Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute . It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag , palm down , and ended with the palm up . Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute , which was adopted in Germany later , the US Congress stipulated that the hand - over-the - heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute . Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22 , 1942 , when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22 , 1942 . Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 ( Section 301 ( b ) ( 1 ) of title 36 , United States Code ) , language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag , when the colors are presented , and during the National Anthem . Music ( edit ) Musical setting by Irving Caesar A musical setting for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' was created by Irving Caesar , at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase `` under God '' was signed into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . The composer , Irving Caesar , wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime . Dedicated to social issues , he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government , so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties . It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day , June 14 , 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the `` Singing Sergeants '' . A July 29 , 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge . Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted , including by Beck ( 2003 ) , Lovrekovich ( 2002 and 2001 ) , Roton ( 1991 ) , Fijol ( 1986 ) , and Girardet ( 1983 ) . Controversy ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance In 1940 , the Supreme Court , in Minersville School District v. Gobitis , ruled that students in public schools , including the respondents in that case -- Jehovah 's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry -- could be compelled to swear the Pledge . In 1943 , in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , the Supreme Court reversed its decision . Justice Robert H. Jackson , writing for the 6 to 3 majority , went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds , and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country , concluding with : If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation , it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion , or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein . If there are any circumstances which permit an exception , they do not now occur to us . In a later case , the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge . First graders of Japanese ancestry pledging allegiance to the American flag ( 1942 , photo by Dorothea Lange ) . Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds . One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it , and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing , which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance . Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day , small children in schools , can not really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making . Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting the phrase `` under God '' violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . In 2004 , linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , but to Lincoln and his contemporaries , `` under God '' meant `` God willing '' , so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd . Legal challenges ( edit ) Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah 's Witnesses , a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God , and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag . They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment . The first case was in 1935 , when two children , Lillian and William Gobitas , ages ten and twelve , were expelled from the Minersville , Pennsylvania , public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance . In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow , whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase `` under God '' an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school . In 2004 , the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , an appeal of the ruling , and rejected Newdow 's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent , and therefore lacked standing , thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school - sponsored recitation . On January 3 , 2005 , a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families . On September 14 , 2005 , District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor . Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , Judge Karlton issued an Order stating that , upon proper motion , he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to `` one Nation under God . '' A 2005 Bill , H.R. 2389 , to prohibit the Supreme Court 's and most federal courts from considering any legal challenges to the government 's requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance , died in the Senate after having passed in the House . This action is viewed in general as court stripping by Congress of the constitutional power of the Judiciary . Even if a similar bill is enacted , its practical effect may not be clear : proponents of the bill have said that it is a valid exercise of Congress 's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III , Section 2 of the Constitution , but opponents say Congress does not have the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights , since this can only be done through Constitutional Amendment . Judges and legal analysts have said that if Congress can remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional , the US separation of powers would be disturbed , or rendered non-functional . Mark J. Pelavin , former Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism , said of court stripping in regard to the Pledge of Allegiance that : Today 's House adoption of the so - called `` Pledge Protection Act '' is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans . By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts , including the Supreme Court , from cases involving the Pledge , this legislation sets a dangerous precedent : threatening religious liberty , compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded , and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts ' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes . Today , the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance , but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights , civil rights , or any other fundamental concern . -- Mark J. Pelavin , Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism In 2006 , in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre , a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution . As a result of that decision , a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called `` unpatriotic '' by a teacher . In 2009 , a Montgomery County , Maryland , teacher berated and had school police remove a 13 - year - old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom . The student 's mother , assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland , sought and received an apology from the teacher , as state law and the school 's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge . On March 11 , 2010 , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District . In a 2 -- 1 decision , the appellate court ruled that the words were of a `` ceremonial and patriotic nature '' and did not constitute an establishment of religion . Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented , writing that `` the state - directed , teacher - led daily recitation in public schools of the amended ' under God ' version of the Pledge of Allegiance ... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution . '' On November 12 , 2010 , in a unanimous decision , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge 's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students ' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary . A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13 , 2011 . In September 2013 , a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts . In May 2014 , Massachusetts ' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists , saying that the words `` under God '' represent a patriotic , not a religious , exercise . In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit , ruling that `` ... the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who do n't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message . '' The case against the Matawan - Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase `` under God '' in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion , making non-believers `` second - class citizens . '' In a twenty - one page decision , Bauman wrote , `` Under ( the association members ' ) reasoning , the very constitution under which ( the members ) seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional , an absurd proposition which ( association members ) do not and can not advance here . '' Bauman said the student could skip the pledge , but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have `` conscientious scruples '' that do not allow it . He noted , `` As a matter of historical tradition , the words ' under God ' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words ' In God We Trust ' from every coin in the land , than the words ' so help me God ' from every presidential oath since 1789 , or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787 . '' See also ( edit ) Australian citizenship affirmation , a similar concept Ceremonial deism Flag Salute Loyalty oaths in the United States Youth 's Companion Building , where the Pledge of Allegiance was written and published Separation of church and state , which provides more information surrounding `` under god '' in the pledge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Pledge of Allegiance '' . Historic Documents . Independence Hall Association : ushistory.org . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 4 , Chapter 1 , Section 4 , US Code '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : ( http://balchipedia.wikidot.com/georgethatcherbalch ) Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Melanie . `` One Nation , Indivisible '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Captain and Brevet Lieutenant Colonel George T. Balch , Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame Inductee 2001 , U.S. Army Ordnance Corps '' . www.goordnance.army.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Society & Community . Faith in America : The Legal Dilemma '' . NOW with Bill Moyers . PBS . June 29 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Pledge of Allegiance and Our Flag of the United States '' . Their History and Meaning . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Amy ( September 2015 ) , `` PR Gimmick to Patriotic Vow ; Francis Bellamy had no idea how famous , and controversial , his quick ditty would become '' , Smithsonian Magazine Jump up ^ `` American & State Pledges '' . Speck 's Web . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ U.S. Code 2011 , Title 4 , Chap. 1 , Sec. 4 . Government Printing Office . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubal , Timothy ( October 2008 ) . Cultural Movements and Collective Memory : Christopher Columbus and the Rewriting of the National Origin Myth . Basingstoke , Hampshire , GBR : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61576 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy '' . Freemasonry.bcy.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Overland Monthly . Samuel Carson . 1891 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine . National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution . 1906 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Frances Bellamy . `` '' A Brief Synopsis of the Story of the Origin of the Pledge taken from the Detailed Narrative by Frances Bellamy , Author of the Pledge `` '' . Congressional Record 91 Cong . Rec. ( 1945 ) House : 5510 -- 5511 . ^ Jump up to : Bellamy , Francis , `` The Story of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , '' University of Rochester Library Bulletin , Vol . VIII , Winter 1953 . Jump up ^ Margarette S. Miller ( 1946 ) . I Pledge Allegiance . Christopher Publishing House , Youth 's companion . Jump up ^ Francis Bellamy -- The word `` to '' was inserted between `` my Flag and '' and `` the Republic '' in October 1892 . Jump up ^ Dr. John W. Baer . `` The Pledge of Allegiance A Short History '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Miller , Margarette S. ( 1976 ) . Twenty Three Words : A Biography of Francis Bellamy : Author of the Pledge of Allegiance . Portsmouth , Vir. : Printcraft Press . pp. 63 - 65 ISBN 0 - 686 - 15626 - 9 Jump up ^ Congressional Serial Set . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1917 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Proceedings of the ... Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution . The Congress . 1915 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 77 - 623 , Chap. 435 , 56 Stat. 377 , H.J. Res. 303 , enacted June 22 , 1942 . ^ Jump up to : Baer , John W. ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 . Annapolis , MD : Free State Press . Jump up ^ Merriman , Scott A. ( 2007 ) . Religion and the Law in America : An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 863 - 7 . p. 110 . Jump up ^ `` Knights of Columbus Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Knights of Columbus . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the words `` UNDER GOD '' came to be added to the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Broadway , Bill . `` How ' Under God ' Got in There , '' The Washington Post , 6 July 2002 . Retrieved 4 Feb. 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 83 - 396 , Chap. 297 , 68 Stat. 249 , H.J. Res. 243 , enacted June 14 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` God In America : God in the White House '' . PBS . Jump up ^ `` How ' One Nation ' Did n't Become ' Under God ' Until The ' 50s Religious Revival '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc ( 2006 ) . Flag : An American Biography . Macmillan . p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32309 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Rendering Hand Salute of U.S. Flag '' . Military.com . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1957 - 04 - 20 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1960 - 09 - 19 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Irving Caesar Welcome '' . www.irvingcaesar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` '' Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' H. Con . Res. 161 Statute 69 Pages B24 - B25 Concurrent Resolutions - July 26 , 1955 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Copyright Office , Copyright search for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' `` . Jump up ^ West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , 642 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1943 ) . ^ Jump up to : Holloman ex rel . Holloman v. Harland , 370 F. 3d 1252 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lane v. Owens ; 03 - B - 1544 , United States District Court , District of Colorado Jump up ^ Olander , Herbert T. ( December 1941 ) . `` Children 's Knowledge of the Flag Salute '' . The Journal of Educational Research . 35 ( 4 ) : 300 -- 305 . JSTOR 27528245 . Jump up ^ `` Court upholds ' under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance '' . Associated Press . 2010 - 03 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` I Might Have Guessed Parson Weems Would Figure In There Somewhere '' . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` '' ( Next ) Under God , '' Phrasal Idiom `` . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jehovah 's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom , Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York , 1993 , pp. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Salute Cases '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Minersville School District v. Gobitis , 310 U.S. 586 , 60 S. Ct. 1010 , 84 L. Ed . 1375 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Kravets , David ( September 16 , 2005 ) , `` Federal judge rules Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional '' , The Chicago Defender , archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 11 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Retired Federal Judges Urge Congress Not to Pass `` Court - Stripping '' Measure that Would Deny Rights in `` . Brennancenter.org. 2005 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are : Mark J. Pelavin , Senior Advisor to the President '' . Union for Reform Judaism . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Court - stripping and Legislating Against the First Amendment ( 12 July 2006 ) '' . Jewsonfirst.org . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Frazier v. Alexandre , 434 F. Supp. 2d 1350 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frazier v. Alexandre , No. 05 - 81142 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) '' . National School Boards Association . March 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jenna ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` Pledge of Allegiance dispute results in Md. teacher having to apologize '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chea , Terence ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` Fed . appeals court upholds ' under God ' in pledge '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Newdow vs. Rio Linda Union School District ( 9th Cir . March 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ `` Pledge of Allegiance 's God reference now upheld by court '' . LA Times . March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Freedom from Religion Foundation v. Hanover School District ( 1st Cir . Nov 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ Lavoie , Denise ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Court OKs NH law allowing ' God ' pledge in schools '' . The Boston Globe . Boston , MA : Christopher M. Mayer . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . The constitutionality of a New Hampshire law ... Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` High court spurns atheist 's ' under God ' challenge '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco , CA : Hearst Corporation . A Sacramento atheist 's challenge to the addition of `` under God '' to the Pledge of Allegiance ... Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Freedom From Religion Foundation , Petitioner v. United States , et al '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Under God ' part of Pledge of Allegiance under review in Massachusetts '' . CNN.com. 2013 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts court rules ' under God ' in pledge does not discriminate against atheists '' . The Washington Post . 2014 - 05 - 09 . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Under God ' is not discriminatory and will stay in pledge , judge says '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Salvador Rizzo . `` Hearing ' Under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students , NJ judge rules '' . NorthJersey.com . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools '' . Forbes . 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Martin , Leisa A. ( May -- June 2008 ) . `` Examining the Pledge of Allegiance '' . Social Studies . 99 ( 3 ) : 127 -- 131 . doi : 10.3200 / tsss. 99.3. 127 - 131 . John W. Baer ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 ( Free State Press , Inc . ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9650620 - 2 - 2 Excerpt , Chapter Eight : `` Under God '' and Other Questions About the Pledge . Richard J. Ellis ( 2005 ) . To the Flag : The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance ( Lawrence : University of Kansas Press ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1372 - 2 Marc Leepson ( 2005 ) . Flag : An American Biography ( Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 32308 - 5 Kevin M. Kruse ( 2015 ) . One Nation Under God : How Corporate America Invented Christian America , Basic Books , ISBN 0465049494 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPledge of Allegiance ( United States ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource 4 U.S.C. § 4 Docherty 's Sermon Manuscript , Feb. 7 , 1954 Minister Reprises `` Under God '' Sermon ( hide ) National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)&oldid=827787302 '' Categories : 1892 documents American culture American nationalism Oaths of allegiance Flags of the United States Pledge of Allegiance Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from October 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Iñupiak Italiano Latina Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 18 : 59 . 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-1628416242256383660 | List of college athletic programs in North Carolina | List of College athletic programs in North Carolina - wikipedia List of College athletic programs in North Carolina Jump to : navigation , search The main article is College athletics . Notes : This list is in a tabular format , with columns arranged in the following order , from left to right : Athletic team description ( short school name and nickname ) , with a link to the school 's athletic program article if it exists . When only one nickname is listed , it is used for teams of both sexes ( in recent years , many schools have chosen to use the same nickname for men 's and women 's teams even when the nickname is distinctly masculine ) . When two nicknames are given , the first is used for men 's teams and the other is used for women 's teams . Different nicknames for a specific sport within a school are noted separately below the table . Full name of school . Location of school . Conference of the school ( if conference column is left blank , the school is either independent or the conference is unknown ) . Apart from the ongoing conversions , the following notes apply : Following the normal standard of U.S. sports media , the terms `` University '' and `` College '' are ignored in alphabetization , unless necessary to distinguish schools ( such as Boston College and Boston University ) or are actually used by the media in normally describing the school ( formerly the case for the College of Charleston , but media now use `` Charleston '' for that school 's athletic program ) . Schools are also alphabetized by the names they are most commonly referred to by sports media , with non-intuitive examples included in parentheses next to the school name . This means , for example , that campuses bearing the name `` University of North Carolina '' may variously be found at `` C '' ( Charlotte ) , `` N '' ( North Carolina , referring to the Chapel Hill campus ) , and `` U '' ( the Asheville , Greensboro , Pembroke , and Wilmington campuses , all normally referred to as UNC ( campus name ) ) . The prefix `` St . '' , as in `` Saint '' , is alphabetized as if it were spelled out . Contents ( hide ) 1 NCAA 1.1 Division I 1.2 Division II 1.3 Division III 2 NAIA 3 USCAA 4 NJCAA 4.1 Other 5 See also NCAA ( edit ) Division I ( edit ) Team School City Conference Appalachian State Mountaineers Appalachian State University Boone Sun Belt Campbell Fighting Camels and Lady Camels Campbell University Buies Creek Big South / Pioneer Charlotte 49ers North Carolina Charlotte ! University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte Conference USA Davidson Wildcats Davidson College Davidson Atlantic 10 / Pioneer Duke Blue Devils Duke University Durham ACC East Carolina Pirates and Lady Pirates East Carolina University Greenville American Athletic Elon Phoenix Elon University Elon Colonial Gardner -- Webb Runnin ' Bulldogs Gardner -- Webb University Boiling Springs Big South High Point Panthers High Point University High Point Big South NC State Wolfpack North Carolina State University Raleigh ACC North Carolina ! North Carolina Tar Heels North Carolina ! University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill ACC North Carolina A&T Aggies North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Greensboro MEAC North Carolina Central Eagles North Carolina Central University Durham MEAC UNC Asheville Bulldogs North Carolina Asheville ! University of North Carolina at Asheville Asheville Big South UNC Greensboro Spartans North Carolina Greensboro ! University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro Southern UNC Wilmington Seahawks North Carolina Wilmington ! University of North Carolina at Wilmington Wilmington Colonial Wake Forest Demon Deacons Wake Forest University Winston - Salem ACC Western Carolina Catamounts Western Carolina University Cullowhee Southern Division II ( edit ) Team School City Conference Barton Bulldogs Barton College Wilson Conference Carolinas Belmont Abbey Crusaders Belmont Abbey College Belmont Conference Carolinas Catawba Indians Catawba College Salisbury South Atlantic Chowan Hawks Chowan College Murfreesboro Central Intercollegiate Elizabeth City State Vikings Elizabeth City State University Elizabeth City Central Intercollegiate Fayetteville State Broncos Fayetteville State University Fayetteville Central Intercollegiate Johnson C. Smith Golden Bulls Johnson C. Smith University Charlotte Central Intercollegiate Lees -- McRae Bobcats Lees -- McRae College Banner Elk Conference Carolinas Lenoir -- Rhyne Bears Lenoir -- Rhyne University Hickory South Atlantic Livingstone Blue Bears Livingstone College Salisbury Central Intercollegiate Mars Hill Lions Mars Hill University Mars Hill South Atlantic Mount Olive Trojans University of Mount Olive Mount Olive Conference Carolinas Pfeiffer Falcons Pfeiffer University Misenheimer Conference Carolinas Queens Royals Queens University of Charlotte Charlotte South Atlantic St. Augustine 's Falcons St. Augustine 's University Raleigh Central Intercollegiate Shaw Bears Shaw University Raleigh Central Intercollegiate UNC Pembroke Braves University of North Carolina at Pembroke Pembroke Peach Belt Wingate Bulldogs Wingate University Wingate South Atlantic Winston - Salem State Rams and Lady Rams Winston - Salem State University Winston - Salem Central Intercollegiate Division III ( edit ) Team School City Conference Brevard Tornadoes Brevard College Brevard USA South Greensboro Pride Greensboro College Greensboro USA South Guilford Quakers Guilford College Greensboro Old Dominion Meredith Angels Meredith College Raleigh USA South Methodist Monarchs Methodist University Fayetteville USA South North Carolina Wesleyan Battling Bishops North Carolina Wesleyan College Rocky Mount USA South Salem Spirits Salem College Winston - Salem USA South William Peace Pacers William Peace University Raleigh USA South NAIA ( edit ) Team School City Conference Montreat Cavaliers Montreat College Montreat Appalachian St. Andrews Knights St. Andrews University Laurinburg Appalachian USCAA ( edit ) Team School City Johnson & Wales Wildcats Johnson & Wales University Charlotte Warren Wilson Owls Warren Wilson College Asheville MACU Mustangs Mid-Atlantic Christian University Elizabeth City NJCAA ( edit ) Team School City Conference Albemarle Dolphins College of The Albemarle Elizabeth City Carolinas JC Brunswick Dolphins Brunswick Community College Supply Carolinas JC Caldwell Cobras Caldwell Community College & Technical Institute Hudson Carolinas JC Cape Fear Sea Devils Cape Fear Community College Wilmington Carolinas JC Catawba Valley Buccaneers Catawba Valley Community College Hickory Carolinas JC Central Carolina Cougars Central Carolina Community College Sanford Carolinas JC Davidson County Storm Davidson County Community College Thomasville Carolinas JC Guilford Tech Titans Guilford Technical Community College Jamestown Carolinas JC Johnston Jaguars Johnston Community College Smithfield Carolinas JC Lenoir Lancers Lenoir Community College Kinston Carolinas JC Louisburg Hurricanes Louisburg College Louisburg Carolinas JC Pitt Bulldogs Pitt Community College Greenville Carolinas JC Rockingham Eagles Rockingham Community College Wentworth Carolinas JC Sandhills Flyers Sandhills Community College Pinehurst Carolinas JC Southeastern Rams Southeastern Community College Whiteville Carolinas JC Surry Knights Surry Community College Dobson Carolinas JC Vance -- Granville Vanguards Vance -- Granville Community College Henderson Carolinas JC Wake Tech Eagles Wake Technical Community College Raleigh Carolinas JC Other ( edit ) Team School City Conference Barber - Scotia Mighty Sabres Barber - Scotia College Concord None See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I institutions List of NCAA Division II institutions List of NCAA Division III institutions List of NAIA institutions List of USCAA institutions List of NCCAA institutions List of college athletic programs by U.S. state College athletic programs in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See also Puerto Rico Washington , D.C. Guam US Virgin Islands Sports teams based in North Carolina Australian rules football USAFL / EAFL North Carolina Tigers Baseball IL Charlotte Knights Durham Bulls CL Buies Creek Astros Carolina Mudcats Down East Wood Ducks Winston - Salem Dash SAL Asheville Tourists Greensboro Grasshoppers Hickory Crawdads Kannapolis Intimidators ApL Burlington Royals CPL Asheboro Copperheads Edenton Steamers Fayetteville SwampDogs Forest City Owls Gastonia Grizzlies Morehead City Marlins High Point - Thomasville HiToms Wilmington Sharks Wilson Tobs TSL Outer Banks Daredevils Basketball NBA Charlotte Hornets G League Greensboro Swarm Football NFL Carolina Panthers NAL Carolina Cobras AAL Cape Fear Heroes Carolina Energy East Carolina Torch High Country Grizzlies WFA Carolina Phoenix USWFL Carolina Queens Fayetteville Fierce Hockey NHL Carolina Hurricanes AHL Charlotte Checkers SPHL Fayetteville Marksmen FHL Carolina Thunderbirds Lacrosse MLL Charlotte Hounds Roller derby WFTDA Blue Ridge Rollergirls Cape Fear Roller Girls Carolina Rollergirls Charlotte Roller Girls Rogue Rollergirls Rugby SL Charlotte Rugby Club Soccer USL Charlotte Independence North Carolina FC NWSL North Carolina Courage PDL Carolina Dynamo Charlotte Eagles North Carolina FC U23 Tobacco Road FC Wilmington Hammerheads NPSL Asheville City SC Ultimate AUDL Raleigh Flyers College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) FBS Appalachian State Mountaineers Charlotte 49ers Duke Blue Devils East Carolina Pirates North Carolina Tar Heels NC State Wolfpack Wake Forest Demon Deacons FCS Campbell Camels Davidson Wildcats Elon Phoenix Gardner - Webb Bulldogs North Carolina A&T Aggies North Carolina Central Eagles Western Carolina Catamounts non-football Asheville Bulldogs Greensboro Spartans High Point Panthers Wilmington Seahawks See also Sports in North Carolina List of sports venues in North Carolina Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_college_athletic_programs_in_North_Carolina&oldid=821407378 '' Categories : Lists of college athletic programs by U.S. state College sports in North Carolina North Carolina sports - related lists North Carolina education - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 08 : 16 . 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-2370785908591701884 | Continental shelf | Continental shelf - wikipedia Continental shelf Jump to : navigation , search Marine habitats Anatomy of a continental shelf of the south eastern coast of the United States Littoral zone Intertidal zone Estuaries Kelp forests Coral reefs Ocean banks Continental shelf Neritic zone Straits Pelagic zone Oceanic zone Seamounts Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Demersal zone Benthic zone The continental shelf is an underwater landmass which extends from a continent , resulting in an area of relatively shallow water known as a shelf sea . Much of the shelves were exposed during glacial periods and interglacial periods . The shelf surrounding an island is known as an insular shelf . The continental margin , between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain , comprises a steep continental slope followed by the flatter continental rise . Sediment from the continent above cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope , called the continental rise . Extending as far as 500 km ( 310 mi ) from the slope , it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope . The continental rise 's gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf . Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , the name continental shelf was given a legal definition as the stretch of the seabed adjacent to the shores of a particular country to which it belongs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographical distribution 2 Topography 3 Sediments 4 Biota 5 Economic significance 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Geographical distribution ( edit ) The global continental shelf , highlighted in cyan Width of the continental shelf varies considerably -- it is not uncommon for an area to have virtually no shelf at all , particularly where the forward edge of an advancing oceanic plate dives beneath continental crust in an offshore subduction zone such as off the coast of Chile or the west coast of Sumatra . The largest shelf -- the Siberian Shelf in the Arctic Ocean -- stretches to 1,500 kilometers ( 930 mi ) in width . The South China Sea lies over another extensive area of continental shelf , the Sunda Shelf , which joins Borneo , Sumatra , and Java to the Asian mainland . Other familiar bodies of water that overlie continental shelves are the North Sea and the Persian Gulf . The average width of continental shelves is about 80 km ( 50 mi ) . The depth of the shelf also varies , but is generally limited to water shallower than 150 m ( 490 ft ) . The slope of the shelf is usually quite low , on the order of 0.5 ° ; vertical relief is also minimal , at less than 20 m ( 66 ft ) . Though the continental shelf is treated as a physiographic province of the ocean , it is not part of the deep ocean basin proper , but the flooded margins of the continent . Passive continental margins such as most of the Atlantic coasts have wide and shallow shelves , made of thick sedimentary wedges derived from long erosion of a neighboring continent . Active continental margins have narrow , relatively steep shelves , due to frequent earthquakes that move sediment to the deep sea . Topography ( edit ) The shelf usually ends at a point of increasing slope ( called the shelf break ) . The sea floor below the break is the continental slope . Below the slope is the continental rise , which finally merges into the deep ocean floor , the abyssal plain . The continental shelf and the slope are part of the continental margin . The shelf area is commonly subdivided into the inner continental shelf , mid continental shelf , and outer continental shelf , each with their specific geomorphology and marine biology . The character of the shelf changes dramatically at the shelf break , where the continental slope begins . With a few exceptions , the shelf break is located at a remarkably uniform depth of roughly 140 m ( 460 ft ) ; this is likely a hallmark of past ice ages , when sea level was lower than it is now . The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf ; the average angle is 3 ° , but it can be as low as 1 ° or as high as 10 ° . The slope is often cut with submarine canyons . The physical mechanisms involved in forming these canyons were not well understood until the 1960s . Sediments ( edit ) The continental shelves are covered by terrigenous sediments ; that is , those derived from erosion of the continents . However , little of the sediment is from current rivers ; some 60 -- 70 % of the sediment on the world 's shelves is relict sediment , deposited during the last ice age , when sea level was 100 -- 120 m lower than it is now . Sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from the coast ; sand is limited to shallow , wave - agitated waters , while silt and clays are deposited in quieter , deep water far offshore . These accumulate 15 -- 40 cm every millennium , much faster than deep - sea pelagic sediments . Biota ( edit ) Continental shelves teem with life , because of the sunlight available in shallow waters , in contrast to the biotic desert of the oceans ' abyssal plain . The pelagic ( water column ) environment of the continental shelf constitutes the neritic zone , and the benthic ( sea floor ) province of the shelf is the sublittoral zone . Though the shelves are usually fertile , if anoxic conditions prevail during sedimentation , the deposits may over geologic time become sources for fossil fuels . Economic significance ( edit ) The relatively accessible continental shelf is the best understood part of the ocean floor . Most commercial exploitation from the sea , such as metallic - ore , non-metallic ore , and hydrocarbon extraction , takes place on the continental shelf . Sovereign rights over their continental shelves up to a depth of 200 metres or to a distance where the depth of waters admitted of resource exploitation were claimed by the marine nations that signed the Convention on the Continental Shelf drawn up by the UN 's International Law Commission in 1958 . This was partly superseded by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. which created the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone , plus continental shelf rights for states with physical continental shelves that extend beyond that distance . The legal definition of a continental shelf differs significantly from the geological definition . UNCLOS states that the shelf extends to the limit of the continental margin , but no less than 200 nautical miles and no more than 350 nm from the baseline . Thus inhabited volcanic islands such as the Canaries , which have no actual continental shelf , nonetheless have a legal continental shelf , whereas uninhabitable islands have no shelf . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal Baseline Continental Island Continental shelf pump Continental shelf of Russia Exclusive economic zone International waters Land bridge Outer Continental Shelf Region of Freshwater Influence Territorial waters Passive margin Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pinet 39 , Gross 45 . Jump up ^ Pinet , 37 . Jump up ^ Pinet 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Pinet 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Pinet 90 -- 93 . Jump up ^ `` shelf break -- geology '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Gross 43 . Jump up ^ Pinet 36 , Gross 43 . Jump up ^ Pinet 98 , Gross 44 . Jump up ^ Pinet 84 -- 86 , Gross 43 . Jump up ^ Gross 121 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gross 127 . Jump up ^ Pinet 316 - 17 , 418 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty Series -- Convention on the Continental Shelf , 1958 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 1958 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . vol. 499 , p. 311 . References ( edit ) Gross , M. Grant ( 1972 ) . Oceanography : A View of the Earth . Englewood Cliffs : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 629659 - 1 . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Pinet , Paul R. ( 2003 ) . Invitation to Oceanography . Boston : Jones & Bartlett Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 2136 - 7 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Office of Naval Research : Ocean Regions : Continental Margin & Rise UNEP Shelf Programme Anna Cavnar , Accountability and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf : Deciding Who Owns the Ocean Floor Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - 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Vlams 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 02 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | lies at the base of the continental slope | [
"The continental margin, between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain, comprises a steep continental slope followed by the flatter continental rise. Sediment from the continent above cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope, called the continental rise. Extending as far as 500 km (310 mi) from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope.[1] The continental rise's gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf."
] | [
"the continental rise"
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4309093459105951564 | List of animal sounds | List of animal sounds - wikipedia List of animal sounds Jump to : navigation , search For a list of words relating to animal sounds , see the en : Animal sounds category of words in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . This is a list of words used in the English language to represent the noises of particular animals , especially noises used by animals for communication . Words on the list are in the form of verbs , though many can also be used as nouns or interjections , including many onomatopoeias ( additional ones here abbreviated `` OP '' ) . Antelopes -- snort Badgers -- growl Bats -- screech Bears -- roar , growl Bees -- buzz Big cats ( tigers , lions , jaguars & leopards ) -- roar , growl , snarl Bitterns -- boom Cats -- mew , meow , purr , hiss Chickens -- cluck ( female ; OP : cha - caw , bah - gawk ) ; crow ( male ; OP : cock - a-doodle - doo ) Chimpanzees -- scream Chinchillas -- squeak Cicadas -- chirp Cattle / Cows -- moo Crickets -- chirp Crows -- caw , cah Curlews -- pipe Deer -- bellow ( buck ) bleat ( doe , fawn ) Dogs / wolves -- bark , howl , growl , bay ( OP : arf , bow - wow , ruff , woof , yap ) Dolphins -- click Donkeys / asses -- hee - haw also bray Ducks -- quack Eagles -- screech Elephants -- trumpet Elk -- bugle ( male ) , bleat ( calves ) Ferrets -- dook Frogs / toads -- croak ( OP : ribbit ) Giraffes -- bleat Geese -- honk , hiss Grasshoppers -- chirp Guinea pigs -- squeak Hamsters -- squeak Hermit crabs -- chirp Horses -- neigh , whinny , nicker Hippopotamuses -- growl Hyenas -- laugh Linnets -- chuckle Magpies -- chatter Mice / rats -- squeak Monkeys -- scream Moose -- bellow Mosquitos -- whine Okapis -- cough , bellow Oxen -- moo Owls -- hoot , hiss Parrots -- squawk , talking Peacocks -- scream Pigs / hogs -- grunt , oink , snort , squeal Pigeons -- coo Prairie dogs -- bark Rabbits / Hares -- squeak Raccoons -- trill Ravens -- croak Rhinoceros -- bellow Rooks -- caw Seals -- bark Sheep / goats / lambs -- bleat , baa Snakes -- hiss Songbirds -- chirrup , chirp , tweet , sing , warble ( larks / warblers / wrens ) , twitter ( sparrows ) Swans -- cry , hiss Tapirs -- squeak Tarantulas -- hiss Tokay geckos -- croak Turkeys -- gobble Vultures -- scream Walruses -- groan Whales -- sing See also ( edit ) Animal communication Animal epithet Bioacoustics Cat organ & piganino Cross-linguistic onomatopoeias List of animal names List of onomatopoeias Old McDonald Had a Farm , each verse of the song changes the name of the animal and its respective noise Zoomusicology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Caro , Tim ( 2005 ) . Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals . University of Chicago Press . p. 250 . ISBN 9780226094366 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Charles Walsh ; Schwartz , Elizabeth Reeder ( 2001 ) . The Wild Mammals of Missouri ( 2nd revised ed . ) . University of Missouri Press . p. 316 . ISBN 9780826213594 . Jump up ^ Boughman , Janette Wenrick ; Wilkinson , Gerald S. ( 1999 ) . `` Social Influences on Foraging in Bats '' . Mammalian Social Learning : Comparative and Ecological Perspectives . University of Cambridge Press ( 72 ) : 195 . Jump up ^ Hattersley , Roy ( August 26 , 2008 ) . `` Bees under Threat from Silent Killer '' . Daily Mail . p. 16 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Big Cat Facts '' . Animal Facts Encyclopedia . Copyright by Jenise Alongi . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Estes , Richard ( 1991 ) . The Behavior Guide to African Mammals : Including Hoofed Mammals , Carnivores , Primates . University of California Press . p. 374 . ISBN 9780520080850 . Jump up ^ Schaller , George B. ( 1967 ) . The Deer and the Tiger . University of Chicago Press . p. 261 . ISBN 9780226736570 . Jump up ^ Weightman , Gavin ( January 18 , 2002 ) . `` Townies Do n't Need the Countryside '' . The Evening Standard . p. 13 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Symons , Mitchell ( 2012 ) . The Bumper Book For The Loo : Facts and figures , stats and stories -- an unputdownable treat of trivia . Random House . p. 364 . ISBN 9781448152711 . Jump up ^ Caughey , Melissa ( 2015 ) . Aœ Kid 's Guide to Keeping Chickens : Best Breeds , Creating a Home , Care and Handling , Outdoor Fun , Crafts and Treats . Storey Publishing . p. 90 Jump up ^ Why Do Roosters Crow ? : First Questions and Answers about Farms . Time - Life for Children . 1995 . ISBN 9780783508993 . Jump up ^ Winter , Lisa . The Ultimate Guide To Chinchilla Care . Simple Sequence Books . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Power , Carla ( September 4 , 2000 ) . `` Ruins with A View '' . Newsweek International : 24 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Hannah ( 2005 ) . Suburban Safari : A Year on the Lawn . Bloomsbury . p. 10 . ISBN 9781596918115 . Jump up ^ White , Gilbert ( 1837 ) . The natural history and antiquities of Selborne . With The naturalist 's calendar and miscellaneous observations . p. 449 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ben ( 1998 ) . Dolphins of the World . Voyager Press . p. 29 . ISBN 9780896585362 . Jump up ^ Metz , Lorijo ( 2011 ) . Donkeys : Jennies , Jacks , and Foals . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 10 . ISBN 9781448806881 . Jump up ^ `` Caught in the Act - to Capture Bald Eagles on Film , a Husband - and - Wife Team Has Spent Years Perfecting the Art of Anticipation '' . National Wildlife . 39 ( 2 ) : 24 . February -- March 2001 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jack Ward ; Toweill , Dale ( 2002 ) . Elk of North America , Ecology and Management . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0571 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Jack ( 2012 ) . Elk : A Falcon Field Guide . Morris Book Publishing . p. 47 . ISBN 9780762776269 . Elk vocalizations are n't reserved just for the bulls . Cows and ... Calves may respond to the cow calls with their own low bleats . When large ... Jump up ^ Mathis , Christine ; Morton , E. Lynn ( 2010 ) . Ferrets . Barron 's . p. 87 . ISBN 9780764143328 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Alvin ; Silverstein , Virginia ( 1980 ) . Nature 's Champions : The Biggest , the Fastest , the Best . Random House . p. 19 . ISBN 9780486428888 . Jump up ^ Heinrichs , Anna ( 2002 ) . Grasshoppers . Compass Point Books . p. 4 . ISBN 9780756501662 . Jump up ^ Gunter , Veronika Alica ; Newcomb , Rain ( 2006 ) . Pet Science : 50 Purr - fectly Woof - worthy Activities for You & Your Pets . Lark Books . p. 21 . ISBN 9781579907860 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Patricia Pope ( 2003 ) . The Hamster Handbook . Barron 's . p. 37 . ISBN 9780764122941 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , Kelli A. ( 2007 ) . Hermit Crabs For Dummies . Wiley Publishing . ISBN 9781118068267 . Jump up ^ Le Clerc , Georges Louis ( 1793 ) . The natural history of birds , from the Fr. of the count de Buffon . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Birkhead , Tim ( 1991 ) . The Magpies : The Ecology and Behaviour of Black - Billed and Yellow - Billed Magpies . T & AD Poyser . p. 250 . ISBN 9781408137772 . Jump up ^ `` Moose '' . International Wildlife Encyclopedia . Marshall Cavendish. 2002 . p. 1656 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Postcards from the Edge '' . Backpacker . Vol. 24 no . 174 . February 1999 . p. 41 . Jump up ^ `` Mosquito Whine Could Be the Sound of Love '' . npr.org . NPR . July 16 , 2006 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lindsey , Susan Lyndaker ; Green , Mary Neel ; Bennett , Cynthia L. ( 1999 ) . The Okapi : Mysterious Animal of Congo - Zaire . University of Texas Press . p. 34 . ISBN 9780292788329 . ^ Jump up to : Rao , S.N. ( 2004 ) . Strengthen Your English . V.V.K. Subburaj . p. 26 . ISBN 9788172540531 . Jump up ^ Attarde , I.P. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedic Graded Grammar. 1 . LULU . p. 25 . ISBN 9781435707177 . Jump up ^ `` Oink . '' Merriam - Webster . 26 - 01 - 2016 . Jump up ^ QA International Collectif . So Many Ways to Communicate - A new way to explore the animal kingdom . Québec Amerique . p. 29 . ISBN 9782764409213 . Jump up ^ Valerie V. Tynes , ed. ( 2010 ) . Behavior of Exotic Pets . Blackwell . p. 149 . ISBN 9781118710135 . Jump up ^ Brewer , Ebenezer Cobham ( 2001 ) . `` Animals , Cries of '' . Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . Wordsworth Editions Ltd. p. 48 . ISBN 9781840223101 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Mordecai ( 2004 ) . The Cat Fanciers ' Association Complete Cat Book . HarperCollins . p. 136 . ISBN 9780062030399 . Jump up ^ McCausland , Jim ( May 2005 ) . `` Hood Canal Hideaway : Between Seattle and the Olympics , an Unsung Getaway Just Got Better '' . Sunset. 214 ( 5 ) : 64 + . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Stallcup , Rich ( 1993 ) . Birds of California : A Guide to Viewing Distinctive Varieties . American Traveler . p. 38 . ISBN 9781558381322 . Jump up ^ Sharma , S.D. ( 2007 ) . A Text Book of Scientific and Technical Communication Writing for Engineers and Professionals ( 3rd ed . ) . Sarup & Sons . p. 365 . ISBN 9788176257510 . Jump up ^ Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World . Marshall Cavendish. 2001 . p. 1460 . ISBN 9780761471943 . Jump up ^ Perez , Larry ( 2012 ) . Snake in the Grass : An Everglades Invasion . Pineapple Press . p. 55 . ISBN 9781561645138 . External links ( edit ) Look up Appendix : Animals in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Audio files of animal sounds . List of animal sounds to download , listen and use for free . Multilingual list of animal sounds Derek Abbott , University of Adelaide Multilingual recording of animal sounds -- dog , rooster & donkey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_animal_sounds&oldid=801286186 '' Categories : Animal sounds Linguistics lists Zoosemiotics Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Gaeilge Հայերեն Interlingua Latina Nederlands Nedersaksies Português Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 20 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which bird can bark like a dog and mew like a cat | [] | [] |
3003444146101743770 | Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey song) | Lust for Life ( Lana Del Rey song ) - wikipedia Lust for Life ( Lana Del Rey song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Lust for Life '' Single by Lana Del Rey featuring The Weeknd from the album Lust for Life A-side `` Love '' Released April 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 19 ) Format Digital download Genre Dream pop Length 4 : 24 Label Polydor Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Lana Del Rey Rick Nowels Abel Tesfaye Max Martin Producer ( s ) Lana Del Rey Rick Nowels Kieron Menzies Dean Reid Lana Del Rey singles chronology `` Love '' ( 2017 ) `` Lust for Life '' ( 2017 ) `` Summer Bummer '' ( 2017 ) The Weeknd singles chronology `` Some Way '' ( 2017 ) `` Lust for Life '' ( 2017 ) `` Reminder '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Lust for Life '' on YouTube `` Lust for Life '' is a song by American singer Lana Del Rey featuring Canadian singer The Weeknd . It was released on April 19 , 2017 , through Polydor Records and Interscope Records , as the second single from her fifth studio album of the same name ( 2017 ) . The song was written and produced by Del Rey and Rick Nowels , with additional writing from The Weeknd and Max Martin and additional production from Dean Reid and Kieron Menzies . It is her first released song to feature another artist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 Credits and personnel 6 Charts 7 References 8 External links Background and release ( edit ) In an interview with Courtney Love for Dazed magazine , Del Rey revealed that `` Lust for Life '' was the first song she wrote for the album and got an assist from Max Martin for it . She traveled to his Sweden compound where he encouraged her to turn what had previously been a verse into the song 's chorus . Upon returning to her main producer Rick Nowels ' place , she realized the one extra element she needed for the track . That 's when she felt she `` really wanted '' to hear Canadian singer The Weeknd sing the chorus , so he came down and `` rewrote a little bit of it , '' but then she stated she felt like it was missing something , so she went back for a fourth time and layered it up with harmonies . `` Lust for Life '' was first registered at ASCAP under Del Rey 's name during March 2017 , with The Weeknd credited as a co-writer under his real name Abel Tesfaye . Later , Del Rey teased the collaboration on March 26 , 2017 via Twitter , with Tesfaye 's signature logo . The logo , which is also the logo of his record label XO , was also included in the Lust for Life album trailer . `` Lust for Life '' was released on April 19 , 2017 following the preview on MistaJam 's BBC Radio 1 show . The official audio was released to iTunes and other streaming services a few hours later . It is the fourth collaboration between Del Rey and The Weeknd , after she featured on `` Prisoner '' from his second studio album , Beauty Behind the Madness ( 2015 ) , and then two collaborations on his follow - up record Starboy ( 2016 ) : a feature on `` Stargirl Interlude '' and a co-writing credit and background vocals on `` Party Monster '' . This is her first song to feature another artist on any of her studio albums . On August 25 , 2017 , two official remixes for the song were released , alongside remixes for Del Rey 's other single `` Summer Bummer '' . Rolling Stone listed `` Lust for Life '' as the 9th - best song of 2017 in their annual ranking . Composition ( edit ) Idolator characterized `` Lust for Life '' as a `` witchy dream pop '' song , as well as describing it as a `` throwback to the wall of sound production of the ' 60s with the lush , beautiful harmonies associated with acts like The Shangri - Las '' . Music video ( edit ) An official audio video was released on Del Rey 's Vevo channel on the same day the song was released . It features Tesfaye and Del Rey sitting on the edge of the Hollywood sign while holding hands . The clip features interpolation of shots from the album trailer . It was directed by Clark Jackson , who also directed the Lust for Life album trailer and produced the `` Love '' music video . The official music video was released on May 22 and was uploaded to Del Rey 's Vevo channel . The video was directed by Rich Lee who also directed the `` Love '' music video . Billboard says that the video kicks off with Del Rey `` in a turquoise TV studio wearing a red dress and performing simply choreographed moves with 2 dancers in the background , it all leads to an adventure on , of course , the Hollywood sign . As the track moves into the chorus , Del Rey climbs up a set of stairs that lead to the top of the `` H '' on the famed California sign , where Abel is there to pull her to the top . The duo make the sign their playground , sitting on the edge of the letters and running all the way across , until Del Rey slides down the `` D '' and lands in a field of orange flowers . '' The camera zooms out , showing the Earth , with lights forming a peace sign , in space . The video is loosely inspired by actress Peg Entwistle who infamously jumped to her death in 1932 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Lust for Life '' ( featuring The Weeknd ) 4 : 24 Digital download -- BloodPop ® Remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Lust for Life '' ( featuring The Weeknd ) ( BloodPop ® Remix ) 3 : 22 Digital download -- The Avener Rework No . Title Length 1 . `` Lust for Life '' ( featuring The Weeknd ) ( The Avener Rework ) 4 : 12 10 '' vinyl -- `` Love '' / `` Lust for Life '' LP No . Title Length 1 . `` Love '' 4 : 32 2 . `` Lust for Life '' ( featuring The Weeknd ) 4 : 24 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Tidal . Lana Del Rey -- vocals , production , composition Abel Tesfaye -- vocals , composition Rick Nowels -- production , piano , keyboard , mellotron , composition Dean Reid -- engineering , mixing , drums , bass guitar , percussion , synthesizer programmer , vocoder , sound effects David Levita -- electric guitar Kieron Menzies -- engineering , mixing , drums Zac Rae -- synthesizer Ali Payami -- drums Mighty Mike -- bongo Max Martin -- bass programming , composition Jordan Stilwell -- engineering Trevor Yasuda -- engineering Adam Ayan -- mastering engineer Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 44 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 51 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 22 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 39 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 35 Finland Download ( Latauslista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 65 Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 15 Iceland ( RÚV ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) 33 Italy ( FIMI ) 58 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 30 Portugal ( AFP ) 61 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 29 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 24 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 22 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 29 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 48 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 38 US Billboard Hot 100 64 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lust for Life ( feat . The Weeknd ) - Single by Lana Del Rey '' . iTunes Store . April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zellner , Xander ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey 's ' Lust for Life , ' Feat . The Weeknd , Leads Billboard + Twitter Trending 140 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lust For Life / Lana Del Rey TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hear Lana Del Rey , The Weeknd Duet on Sweeping New Song , ' Lust for Life ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ ACE . `` ACE Repertory '' . www.ascap.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ LanaDelReyVEVO ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) , Lana Del Rey - Lust For Life album trailer , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey and the Weeknd 's New Song `` Lust for Life '' Coming Today Pitchfork `` . pitchfork.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Dazed ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Lana Del Rey teams up with The Weeknd for ' Party Monster ' '' . Dazed . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bowsher , Allison ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey Releases ' Lust For Life ' Single With The Weeknd '' . MuchMusic . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Songs of 2017 '' . Rolling Stone . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hodoyan - Gastelum , Alexis ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey Teases New Song , Possibly Called `` Cherry , '' On Instagram `` . Idolator . Hive Media . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey & The Weeknd 's Majestic `` Lust For Life '' Arrives `` . Idolator . Hive Media . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LanaDelReyVEVO ( 2017 - 04 - 19 ) , Lana Del Rey - Lust For Life ( Official Audio ) ft . The Weeknd , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 Jump up ^ `` Inside Lana Del Rey 's Lust For Life : A Chat With the New Video 's Director Pitchfork '' . pitchfork.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Lana Del Rey And The Weeknd Dance On The Hollywood Sign In Their `` Lust For Life '' Video `` . The Fader . Jump up ^ `` Watch Lana Del Rey and The Weeknd Dance on the Hollywood Sign in ' Lust For Life ' Video '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ http://uproxx.com/music/lana-del-rey-lust-for-life-hollywood-sign-suicide-peg-entwistle/amp/ Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/lust-for-life-feat-the-weeknd-bloodpop-remix-single/id1272977872 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/lust-for-life-the-avener-rework-feat-the-weeknd-single/id1272977149 Jump up ^ https://www.urbanoutfitters.com/shop/lana-del-rey-lovelust-for-life-limited-heart-shaped-10-lp Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Lana Del Rey feat . The Weeknd -- Lust for Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Lana Del Rey feat . The Weeknd -- Lust for Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lana Del Rey feat . The Weeknd -- Lust for Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lana Del Rey feat . The Weeknd -- Lust for Life '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201717 into search . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey : Lust for Life ( Feat . The Weeknd ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 17 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Lana Del Rey feat . The Weeknd -- Lust for Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs -- May 6 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lust For Life Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 17 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Lana Del Rey feat . The Weeknd -- Lust for Life '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201717 into search . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Lana Del Rey feat . The Weeknd -- Lust for Life '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Lana Del Rey feat . The Weeknd -- Lust for Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Lana Del Rey - Lust For Life ( Official Video ) ft . The Weeknd Lana Del Rey songs Discography Videography Lana Del Ray `` Kill Kill '' `` Yayo '' Born to Die `` Born to Die '' `` Off to the Races '' `` Blue Jeans '' `` Video Games '' `` Diet Mountain Dew '' `` National Anthem '' `` Dark Paradise '' `` Carmen '' `` Summertime Sadness '' Paradise `` Ride '' `` Cola '' `` Blue Velvet '' `` Gods & Monsters '' `` Yayo '' `` Bel Air '' `` Burning Desire '' Ultraviolence `` Cruel World '' `` Ultraviolence '' `` Shades of Cool '' `` Brooklyn Baby '' `` West Coast '' `` Old Money '' `` Black Beauty '' Honeymoon `` Honeymoon '' `` Music to Watch Boys To '' `` Terrence Loves You '' `` High by the Beach '' `` Freak '' `` Art Deco '' `` Salvatore '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' Lust for Life `` Love '' `` Lust for Life '' `` Summer Bummer '' `` Coachella -- Woodstock in My Mind '' Other songs `` Serial Killer '' `` Ghetto Baby '' `` Young and Beautiful '' `` Once Upon a Dream '' `` Big Eyes '' `` Prisoner '' The Weeknd Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Kiss Land Beauty Behind the Madness Starboy Compilation albums Trilogy Mixtapes House of Balloons Thursday Echoes of Silence Tours The Madness Fall Tour Starboy : Legend of the Fall Tour Singles `` Wicked Games '' `` Twenty Eight '' `` The Zone '' `` Kiss Land '' `` Belong to the World '' `` Live For '' `` Wanderlust '' `` Often '' `` Love Me Harder '' `` Earned It ( Fifty Shades of Grey ) '' `` The Hills '' `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' `` In the Night '' `` Acquainted '' `` Starboy '' `` I Feel It Coming '' `` Party Monster '' `` Reminder '' `` Rockin ' '' `` Die for You '' `` Pray for Me '' Featured singles `` Crew Love '' `` Remember You '' `` Odd Look '' `` Elastic Heart '' `` Might Not '' `` Nocturnal '' `` Low Life '' `` Some Way '' `` Lust for Life '' `` A Lie '' Other songs `` One of Those Nights '' `` Tell Your Friends '' `` Prisoner '' `` 6 Inch '' `` False Alarm '' `` Secrets '' `` Sidewalks '' `` Six Feet Under '' `` All I Know '' `` Comin Out Strong '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lust_for_Life_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)&oldid=825100277 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Interscope Records singles Lana Del Rey songs Polydor Records singles Song recordings produced by Rick Nowels Songs written by Lana Del Rey Songs written by Max Martin Songs written by Rick Nowels Songs written by The Weeknd Vocal duets Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Finnishdownload Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Հայերեն Italiano Português Română Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 13 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | lana del rey ft the weeknd lust for life | [] | [] |
8301016226817052613 | June 1946 | June 1946 - wikipedia June 1946 1946 January February March April May June July August September October November December < < June 1946 > > Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 June 16 , 1946 : Zionists destroy eleven bridges in Palestine in one night June 1 , 1946 : Penicillin now available in Britain June 13 , 1946 : Umberto II ends reign as the last King of Italy June 14 , 1946 : Baruch presents `` a choice between the quick and the dead '' The following events occurred in June 1946 : Contents 1 June 1 , 1946 ( Saturday ) 2 June 2 , 1946 ( Sunday ) 3 June 3 , 1946 ( Monday ) 4 June 4 , 1946 ( Tuesday ) 5 June 5 , 1946 ( Wednesday ) 6 June 6 , 1946 ( Thursday ) 7 June 7 , 1946 ( Friday ) 8 June 8 , 1946 ( Saturday ) 9 June 9 , 1946 ( Sunday ) 10 June 10 , 1946 ( Monday ) 11 June 11 , 1946 ( Tuesday ) 12 June 12 , 1946 ( Wednesday ) 13 June 13 , 1946 ( Thursday ) 14 June 14 , 1946 ( Friday ) 15 June 15 , 1946 ( Saturday ) 16 June 16 , 1946 ( Sunday ) 17 June 17 , 1946 ( Monday ) 18 June 18 , 1946 ( Tuesday ) 19 June 19 , 1946 ( Wednesday ) 20 June 20 , 1946 ( Thursday ) 21 June 21 , 1946 ( Friday ) 22 June 22 , 1946 ( Saturday ) 23 June 23 , 1946 ( Sunday ) 24 June 24 , 1946 ( Monday ) 25 June 25 , 1946 ( Tuesday ) 26 June 26 , 1946 ( Wednesday ) 27 June 27 , 1946 ( Thursday ) 28 June 28 , 1946 ( Friday ) 29 June 29 , 1946 ( Saturday ) 30 June 30 , 1946 ( Sunday ) 31 References June 1 , 1946 ( saturday ) ( edit ) Penicillin first went on sale to the general public in the United Kingdom . The antibiotic had been made available at pharmacies in the United States beginning March 15 , 1945 . Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University 's `` Marching 100 '' was founded by the late William P. Foster By a 61 - 20 vote , the U.S. Senate granted President Truman emergency powers to end strikes . The bill had passed the House the previous week . Cochin - China In violation of the Ho -- Sainteny agreement of March 6 , French High Commissioner d'Argenlieu recognized an `` Autonomous Republic of Cochin - China '' in French Indochina , predecessor state of South Vietnam . Located in the southern part of what is now Vietnam , with a capital at Saigon , the Republic 's first head of government was Nguyen Van Thinh , overseen by French administrator Jean Henri Cedile . The announcement followed the creation , in March , of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam ( later known as North Vietnam ) in Hanoi . Died : Ion Antonescu , prime minister and `` Conducator '' ( Leader ) of Romania during World War II was executed after being found guilty of betraying the Romanian people to German occupiers . Leo Slezak , 72 , German opera tenor June 2 , 1946 ( sunday ) ( edit ) By a 12,718,641 to 10,718,502 vote , the monarchy in Italy was abolished , ending the brief reign of King Umberto II . The election , first since the end of World War II and the Fascist Party dictatorship of Benito Mussolini , was also the first in which women were allowed to vote , and determined representation for the Constituent Assembly . The Christian Democrat party , led by Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi , won 207 out of 556 seats and formed a coalition government with the Socialists ( 115 ) and Communist ( 104 ) parties . In the French Parliamentary election , the French Communist Party ( PCF ) lost its plurality ( from 159 to 153 ) , and the Popular Republican Movement ( MRP ) gained 16 seats ( from 150 to 166 ) . The Socialist Party dropped from 146 to 128 . With 586 seats in Parliament , no party had a majority . Born : Peter Sutcliffe , English serial killer known as the `` Yorkshire Ripper '' , in Bingley , West Yorkshire Died : Carrie Ingalls ( Caroline Ingalls Swanzey ) , 75 , American newspaper typesetter known from bestselling Little House on the Prairie books written by her older sister , Laura Ingalls Wilder and the subsequent television series . June 3 , 1946 ( monday ) ( edit ) Kalinin By a 6 - 1 vote , the United States Supreme Court ruled in Morgan v. Virginia that a Virginia law , requiring segregation of white and African - American bus passengers , was illegal for interstate travel . The suit had been brought by Irene Morgan , who had refused to sit in the Negro section of a bus traveling from Gloucester County , Virginia , to Baltimore , Maryland . Died : Mikhail I. Kalinin , 70 , former President of the U.S.S.R. Ch'en Kung - po , 54 , founding member of Chinese Communist Party and collaborator , was executed June 4 , 1946 ( tuesday ) ( edit ) The United States Army recovered a treasure trove of jewelry and manuscripts that had been stolen by a group of American officers from the Friedrichshof Castle in Kronberg , Germany . Women 's ' Army Corps Captain Kathleen Nash Durant had hidden part of the loot at her sister 's home in Hudson , Wisconsin , and her husband , Colonel Jack W. Durant , had hidden hundreds of diamonds and other gems in a locker at the Illinois Central railway station in Chicago . The National School Lunch Act was signed into law by U.S. President Harry S. Truman , permanently establishing federal financial support for free or low - cost meals for schoolchildren . The largest solar prominence observed up to that time occurred . The prominence , extending 865,000 miles ( 1,392,000 km ) above the surface of the Sun , was seen from the at Climax , Colorado , by astronomer Walter Orr Roberts . The prominence had been measured at only 300,000 miles ( 480,000 km ) an hour earlier . At its height , the prominence was nearly as long as the Sun 's diameter ; in a few more hours , it disappeared completely . '' June 5 , 1946 ( wednesday ) ( edit ) A fire at the La Salle Hotel in Chicago killed 57 people . When the blaze broke out at 12 : 20 am , there were 1,059 guests and 108 employees in the 20 - story building . Firefighters were not called until 15 minutes after the flames were spotted , and by 12 : 35 , the blaze had spread from the hotel 's Silver Grill Cocktail Lounge throughout the lower floors . Most of the dead were guests on 3rd , 4th , 5th and 6th floors of the twenty - story building . At least ten people jumped to their deaths . Died : George A. Hormel , 85 , American multi-millionaire and founder of Hormel Foods June 6 , 1946 ( thursday ) ( edit ) The Basketball Association of America was formed in New York City . The forerunner of the NBA , the BAA awarded 13 big - city franchises , of which three -- the Boston Celtics , the New York Knicks and the Golden State Warriors ( in 1946 , the Philadelphia Warriors ) -- still exist . Other teams were in Chicago ( Stags ) , Detroit ( Falcons ) , Pittsburgh ( Ironmen ) , Providence ( Steamrollers ) , St. Louis ( Bombers ) , Toronto ( Huskies ) and Washington ( Capitols ) , while franchises in Buffalo and Indianapolis failed to play . U.S. Treasury Secretary Fred M. Vinson was nominated by President Truman to be the new Chief Justice of the United States . Died : Gerhart Hauptmann , 83 , German dramatist , winner of the 1912 Nobel Prize in Literature June 7 , 1946 ( Friday ) ( edit ) The BBC Television network went back on the air for the first time since it had halted abruptly halted broadcasting , in the middle of a Mickey Mouse cartoon , at noon on September 1 , 1939 , when World War II had begun . The first program shown when broadcasting resumed was the very same cartoon that had been halted almost seven years earlier . After setting a Friday evening deadline for walking out on strike two days earlier , the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team voted to go ahead with their scheduled game against the New York Giants . On June 5 , the players voted unanimously to walk off the job unless they were allowed to join a labor union . An unidentified player reported that the vote had been 20 to 17 against a walkout . The team went on to beat the Giants 10 - 5 . June 8 , 1946 ( saturday ) ( edit ) Thirteen months after V-E Day , the United Kingdom celebrated its victory in World War II with a program that featured `` all the pomp and circumstance it had given up during the war '' and that was witnessed by `` nearly one fourth of England 's people '' Tens of thousands of uniformed marchers represented the Allied nations in a nine - mile - long procession , while the Royal Air Force flew overhead . Born : Pearlette Louisy , Governor - General of Saint Lucia since 1997 , in Laborie June 9 , 1946 ( sunday ) ( edit ) The late King Ananda Mahidol The new King , Bhumibol Adulyadej Ananda Mahidol , the 20 - year - old King of Thailand , was found in his bedroom dead , from a single gunshot to his forehead , and with his Colt . 45 pistol next to him . He was succeeded by his teenaged brother , Bhumibol Adulyadej , who became King Rama IX and ruled until his death in October 2016 . Although the death was initially ruled an accidental shooting , and speculated by author Rayne Kruger in The Devil 's Discus ( Cassell , 1964 ) to have been a suicide , royal secretary Chaleo Pathumros and two others were executed in 1955 after being convicted of King Ananda 's murder . A fire at the Canfield Hotel in Dubuque , Iowa , killed 16 people . June 10 , 1946 ( monday ) ( edit ) Jack Johnson Jack Johnson , the world heavyweight boxing champion from 1908 to 1915 , and the first African - American to win that title , was killed in an automobile accident . In 1910 , Johnson had defended his title in what was called then `` The Fight of the Century '' , matching him against `` The Great White Hope '' , former champion Jim Jeffries . Johnson had been driving from Texas to New York when his car crashed into a light pole near Franklinton , North Carolina . June 11 , 1946 ( tuesday ) ( edit ) The Administrative Procedure Act , which governs the rulemaking and judicial functions of all United States government agencies , was signed into law . The law has been described as `` the most important statute affecting the administration of justice in the federal field since the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 '' . June 12 , 1946 ( wednesday ) ( edit ) After the Anglo - American Committee of Inquiry had unanimously recommended that up to 100,000 European Jews be allowed to immigrate to Palestine , British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin declared that the United Kingdom would reject the plan . Speaking at the annual conference of Britain 's Labour Party , Bevin commented that the motive for American support for a Jewish state was `` because they did not want too many of them in New York . '' Following the rejection of the proposal , Zionist leaders began a campaign of violence against the British government in the future state of Israel . Died : John H. Bankhead II , 73 , U.S. Senator from Alabama since 1931 June 13 , 1946 ( thursday ) ( edit ) After a reign of 31 days , King Umberto II of Italy elected not to further contest the results of the June 2 referendum that abolished the monarchy , and flew into exile . Earlier in the day , Parliament had granted Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi power to serve as the acting head of state until the election results could be certified . Died : Edward Bowes , 72 , American creator and host of radio program Major Bowes Amateur Hour Charles Butterworth , 49 , American film actor , in an automobile accident Jules Guérin , 79 , American mural painter . June 14 , 1946 ( Friday ) ( edit ) As the United States representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission , financier Bernard Baruch spoke at the UNAEC 's temporary headquarters at New York 's Hunter College , and presented the Baruch Plan , the American proposal for United Nations ' control of all nuclear weapons . At the time , the United States was the only nation to have produced an atomic bomb . Baruch opened his remarks by saying , `` We are here to make a choice between the quick and the dead . '' . Under the plan , the U.N. 's member nations would have agreed to not develop nuclear weapons and to allow inspections by the UNAEC to verify compliance , with punishments for violation of the agreement . No member of the U.N. Security Council would have been allowed to veto a resolution for enforcement . In return , the UNAEC would have assisted member nations in developing nuclear energy for peaceful uses . A week later , the Soviet Union made a counterproposal that would have delayed discussion of enforcement procedures until after weapons were destroyed . No agreement was ever reached , and the world 's nations developed their own nuclear arsenals . One historian later offered the opinion that `` the Baruch Plan was the nearest approach to a world government proposal ever offered by the United States '' , Born : Donald Trump , 45th President of the United States , American businessman and television personality in New York City . Died : John Logie Baird , 57 , Scottish inventor of television technology Jorge Ubico , 67 , former Guatemalan dictator . June 15 , 1946 ( saturday ) ( edit ) The original Blue Angels The Blue Angels , the aerial demonstration team for the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps , made its very first performance , with four pilots under the leadership of Lt. Commander Butch Voris flying at an airshow at the Jacksonville Naval Air Station in Florida . In golf 's U.S. Open , Byron Nelson , Lloyd Mangrum and Vic Ghezzi finished 72 holes of golf in a three - way tie , each having 283 , at the tournament in Cleveland . Nelson would have won outright , but his caddy had accidentally brushed his foot against the ball when Nelson 's fans crowded the area , costing a penalty stroke . The next day , the three men tied again at 72 in an 18 - hole playoff . In the second playoff , played during a violent thunderstorm , Mangrum -- who had been wounded twice during the Battle of the Bulge finished at 72 , a stroke ahead of Nelson and Ghezzi . June 16 , 1946 ( sunday ) ( edit ) The `` Night of the Bridges '' took place as agents of the Palmach , a strike force of the Zionist group Haganah , destroyed eleven highway and railway bridges on the night of June 16 -- 17 . Author Joseph Heller commented later `` Ten bridges connecting Palestine with the neighboring states were destroyed with no casualties . British occupying forces rounded many of the Haganah members in Operation Agatha days later . June 17 , 1946 ( monday ) ( edit ) Jordan achieved independence when the Treaty of London officially came into effect . Mobile Telephone Service ( MTS ) , the first `` car phone '' service in the United States , was introduced by AT&T in St. Louis , Missouri , working in conjunction with Southwestern Bell . With the aid of a radio tower that transmitted on 120 kHz and could handle only one call at a time , customers could place and receive phone calls in their automobiles . The service was then instituted in other American cities . To call someone on an MTS phone , a person would first call an AT&T operator , who would then send a signal to the designated MTS telephone number . Calls from an auto were also operator assisted . A tornado swept through Detroit and then across the U.S. - Canada border into Windsor , Ontario , killing 17 people . Born : Marcy Kaptur , U.S. Representative ( D - Ohio ) since 1983 , in Toledo , Ohio June 18 , 1946 ( tuesday ) ( edit ) In Goa , at that time part of the colony of Portuguese India , Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia began the passive resistance movement against the Portuguese administration to become part of an independent India . The resistance continued for 15 years until Goa and other Portuguese colonies were invaded by the Indian army and annexed . Goa became India 's 25th state in 1987 . Born : Russell Ash , British author , in Surrey Bruiser Brody , professional wrestler , as Frank Goodish in Detroit ( d . 1988 ) June 19 , 1946 ( wednesday ) ( edit ) Georges Bidault was elected as the Provisional President of France by the National Assembly , with 389 votes out of the 586 possible . Communist legislators refused to participate in the vote . A rematch between world heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis and challenger Billy Conn attracted 45,266 fight fans to Yankee Stadium , while another 140,000 viewed the fight on the NBC television network ( including broadcasts in theaters ) . After a lackluster fight , Louis knocked Conn out in the eighth round. ; Andrei Gromyko , the Soviet Union 's representative to the United Nations submitted a response to the Baruch Plan proposed by the United States six days earlier , with a disarmament plan of his own . The Soviet proposal was that the world 's nations ratify a treaty pledging not to build nuclear weapons , and that within 90 days after ratification , the United States would destroy its atomic weapons arsenal . Sixty - three Germans and twenty Ukrainian refugees were killed in the explosion of ammunition that had been stored by the Nazi German regime in a salt mine at Hänigsen , near Celle . June 20 , 1946 ( thursday ) ( edit ) Chief Justice Vinson An agreement to withdraw all Allied occupation forces from Italy , over a 90 - day period , was approved in Paris by the representatives of the `` Big Four '' powers ( France , the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom ) . The Soviets also agreed to withdraw their troops from Bulgaria . Fred M. Vinson was confirmed as the new Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court by unanimous vote of the U.S. Senate . Vinson , the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury , was sworn in four days later . The drama film Anna and the King of Siam starring Irene Dunne and Rex Harrison was released . Born : Xanana Gusmão , first President of East Timor ( 2002 -- 2007 ) , Prime Minister since 2007 , in Manatuto Died : Wan Rong , 39 , the last Empress Consort of China following her marriage to Emperor Puyi June 21 , 1946 ( Friday ) ( edit ) At the Nuremberg trials , Albert Speer , who had been the German Minister of Armaments and War Production , testified before the War Crimes Tribunal that the Nazis had been `` a year or two away from splitting the atom '' before the end of World War II . Speer said that Germany 's development of a nuclear bomb had been delayed because many of its atomic scientists had fled to the United States to escape Adolf Hitler 's regime . A cloud of ammonia killed seven people and injured 41 at the Baker Hotel in Dallas . Most of the victims were hotel employees who were overcome when an air conditioning unit , in the hotel 's basement , exploded . June 22 , 1946 ( saturday ) ( edit ) Senator Bilbo U.S. Senator Theodore G. Bilbo of Mississippi , running for re-election in the Democratic primary , said in a radio broadcast that he was calling on every `` red - blooded Anglo - Saxon man in Mississippi to resort to any means to keep hundreds of Negroes from the polls in the July 2 primary '' , then added `` And if you do n't know what the means , you are just not up on your persuasive measures . '' . Bilbo won re-election in the primary and general election , but as a result of his call for violence against African - American voters , the United States Senate refused to let him be sworn in for a new term . The first delivery of the United States mail by jet plane was made by two P - 80 Shooting Star planes . The inaugural flight left Schenectady , New York at 12 : 18 and arrived in Washington , D.C. at 1 : 07 pm , with an air mail letter delivered to President Truman . Born : Kay Redfield Jamison , American psychiatrist and bipolar disorder specialist June 23 , 1946 ( sunday ) ( edit ) The Monnet Plan , France 's proposal to dismantle 200 factories in the French Zone of Occupation in southeast Germany to offset France 's war losses of 4,869,000,000,000 francs ( 40 billion dollars ) was presented . Over the next three years , the machinery from 22 factories in the occupation zone would be moved to France , and another 88 factories would be destroyed . The National Democratic Front won a landslide victory in the municipal elections in French India . ( ( fact ) ) Born : Ted Shackelford , American actor ( Gary Ewing on Knots Landing , 1979 -- 93 ) , in Oklahoma City Died : William S. Hart , 81 , American film actor and star of Westerns during silent era June 24 , 1946 ( monday ) ( edit ) Seven players on the Spokane Indians minor league baseball team , and their manager , were killed when their bus veered through a guard rail on the Snoqualmie Pass Highway and plunged down a 500 - foot embankment and into a ravine . The Indians , in fifth place in the Western International League ( now the Northwest League ) had been on their way to Bremerton , Washington , for a seven - game series against the Bluejackets . Born : Ellison Onizuka , American astronaut , in Kealakekua , Hawaii ( killed in Challenger disaster 1986 ) Robert Reich , U.S. Secretary of Labor 1993 - 97 , in Scranton , Pennsylvania June 25 , 1946 ( tuesday ) ( edit ) The World Bank ( officially the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ) began operations , with Eugene Meyer , former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board , as the IBRD 's first President . Ten middle school students were killed and twenty wounded at Xuzhou ( Hsuchow ) , in China 's Jiangsu province , after Nationalist Army officer Feng Yu - xiang Fang Jingxing ordered them to be fired on by machine guns . The massacre followed an angry confrontation between the students and the officer . June 26 , 1946 ( wednesday ) ( edit ) Taking the Chinese Civil War into a new phase , President Chiang Kai - shek launched a nationwide military campaign against the Communist Chinese forces of Mao Zedong , with Chiang 's Nationalist Army moving into central China to take back rural areas that were under Communist control . The Nationalists had superior weapons and more troops , and Chiang received American aid for a strategy that he hoped would defeat Mao 's forces within six months . Within nine months , it was clear that the campaign was failing , and by the end of 1949 , China 's mainland was under control of the Communist forces . On the day the campaign started , Nationalist Chinese pilot Liu Shanben defected to the Communists and delivered a B - 24 Liberator bomber to the opposition , and starting a wave of similar acts . Within three years , 54 pilots and 20 airplanes joined the Communist side . William Heirens , a 17 - year - old student at the University of Chicago , was arrested for burglary , and soon charged with three murders tied to `` The Lipstick Killer '' , including the January 7 murder of 6 - year old Suzanne Degnan . Died : Alexander Duncan McRae , 71 , Canadian multimillionaire June 27 , 1946 ( thursday ) ( edit ) The Spanish submarine C - 4 sank after a collision off the Balearic Islands with the Spanish destroyer Lepanto , with a loss of all 46 persons on board . The Canadian Citizenship Act was approved by Canada 's House of Commons , separating Canadian citizenship from British nationality , effective January 1 , 1947 ; Canada was the first Commonwealth country to create its own citizenship laws . Born : Sally Priesand , first woman rabbi in the United States , in Cleveland . Died : Juan Antonio Ríos , 57 , President of Chile since 1942 , of cancer June 28 , 1946 ( Friday ) ( edit ) The first recorded birth in Japan of a baby born of a Japanese mother and one of the American soldiers occupying Japan , was announced on Japanese radio . The birth , the first of tens of thousands that would follow , came a little more than nine months after the first American occupation forces had arrived on the Honshu island . Born : Gilda Radner , American comedian and actress , in Detroit ( d . 1989 ) Died : Antoinette Perry , 58 , American actress for whom the Tony Awards are named June 29 , 1946 ( saturday ) ( edit ) In Palestine , the British Army oversaw `` Operation Agatha '' , the arrest of 2,700 suspected Jewish terrorists in retaliation of the destruction of 11 bridges two weeks earlier. , detaining them at a prison camp at Latrun . The Haganah escalated terror attacks in response , with the King David Hotel bombing taking place the following month . Born : Egon von Fürstenberg , Swiss fashion designer who created `` the power look '' ; in Lausanne ( d . 2004 ) June 30 , 1946 ( sunday ) ( edit ) After nearly five years of price and wage controls by the United States Office of Price Administration , the OPA 's emergency wartime powers ended at midnight . Two days earlier , the U.S. Senate declined to extend the OPA 's authority , and a final appeal to the American public by President Truman failed . Expiring at midnight also were the mandates of the Fair Employment Practice Committee ( FEPC ) , which had acted against discrimination by race , and the War Relocation Authority , which carried out racial discrimination , most notably in the internment of more than 100,000 Japanese Americans during World War II , was abolished . In a national referendum , voters in Poland were presented with a yes - or - no choice on three issues : abolishing the Senate ; supporting nationalization of industries and land , and conforming the border with the Soviet Union to reflect the loss of lands east of the Odra and Nysa rivers . Official results showed two - thirds approval of all three measures , placed Poland under Communist rule for the next 43 years , by the Polish Workers ' Party . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Discovery of Penicillin '' , American Chemical Society Jump up ^ `` TRUMAN 'S STRIKE BILL PASSED '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 1 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Frederick Logevall Embers of War , Random House 2012 p. 137 Jump up ^ `` New Republic Reported Formed '' , Spokane ( WA ) Daily Chronicle , June 1 , 1946 , p15 Jump up ^ Guillermo A. O'Donnell , et al. , Transitions from Authoritarian Rule : Southern Europe ( Johns Hopkins University Press 1986 ) p63 ; `` Monarchy Voted Out ; Italian King Leaving '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 5 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Communists Suffer Sharp Setback in French Election '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 3 , 1946 , p1 ; Herman Finer , Governments of Greater European Powers ( Methuen , 1956 ) p322 Jump up ^ `` Cannot Segregate Negroes in Buses '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 3 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Army Piecing Together Story of Fabulous Crown Gem Theft '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 9 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Oliver E. Byrd , Nutrition Sourcebook ( Stanford University Press , 1955 ) pp285 - 286 Jump up ^ Drummond , Rachael . `` The Story behind Spicules . '' UCAR . N.p. , n.d. Web . 11 March 2011 Jump up ^ Cowan , Great Chicago fires : historic blazes that shaped a city ( Lake Claremont Press , 2001 ) p63 ; `` 57 Perish , 200 Injured in Chicago Blaze '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 5 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` New Cage Loop Formed With 13 Cities Enrolled '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 7 , 1946 , p38 ; Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` Vinson to Be Chief Justice '' , Chicago Tribune , June 7 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Albert Abramson , Zworykin , Pioneer of Television ( University of Illinois Press , 1995 ) p193 Jump up ^ Milwaukee Journal : `` Baseball 's First Union Strike Set for Friday '' , June 6 , 1946 , p40 ; `` Pittsburgh Players Insist They Will Go on Strike Tonight '' , June 7 , 1946 , p1 ; `` Pirates ' ' No Strike ' Decision Real Blow to Baseball Guild '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 8 , 1946 , p6 Jump up ^ `` London Victory Parade : Britain celebrates V-E holiday with pomp and fireworks '' , LIFE magazine , June 24 , 1946 , pp31 - 34 Jump up ^ `` Siam 's King Found Dead Of Bullet -- Officials Call Killing Accident ; Brother Rules With Regency '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 10 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Paul M. Handley , The King Never Smiles : A Biography of Thailand 's Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Yale University Press , 2006 ) pp76 - 77 Jump up ^ `` 16 Dead , 20 Injured in Iowa Hotel Fire '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 10 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Jack Johnson Dies in Motor Accident '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 11 , 1946 , pB - 2 Jump up ^ William F. Funk , et al. , Federal Administrative Procedure Sourcebook ( American Bar Association , 2000 ) p38 Jump up ^ Louis Fisher , American Constitutional Law ( Cambridge University Press , 1954 ) p292 Jump up ^ `` Bevin Rejects Plan to Move Jews to Zion '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 1 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Menahem Kaufman , An Ambiguous Partnership : Non-Zionists and Zionists in America , 1939 - 1948 ( Wayne State University Press , 1991 ) p203 Jump up ^ `` Umberto Yields Throne , Flies To Exile In Lisbon '' , Miami Daily News , June 14 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Destroy All Atomic Bombs , Share Secrets -- Offer by U.S. '' , Los Angeles Times , June 15 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Russia Calls On U.S. to Scrap All Atom Bombs '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 20 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Negotiating International Control ( December 1945 - 1946 ) , U.S. Department of Energy , Office of History & Heritage Resources Jump up ^ Joseph Preston Baratta , The Politics of World Federation : United Nations , UN reform , atomic control ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2004 ) p178 Jump up ^ `` Blue Angels Striving for Perfection '' , by William B. Scott , Aviation Week , March 20 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Caddy Kicks Ball , Imposing Penalty Stroke on Byron '' , Reading ( PA ) Eagle , June 16 , 1946 , p13 Jump up ^ `` Mangrum Laughs At Lightning And Three - Stroke Deficit To Win '' , Miami News , June 17 , 1946 , p2 - B Jump up ^ `` Zion Terrorists Blast Bridges in New Clash '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 17 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Joseph Heller The Birth of Israel , 1945 - 1949 : Ben - Gurion and His Critics ( University Press of Florida , 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` 1946 : First Mobile Telephone Call '' , AT&T website ; Vinayshil Gautam and Sanjay Sinha , Understanding telecom management ( Concept Publishing , 2004 ) pp 24 - 25 Jump up ^ `` TORNADO RIPS DETROIT AREA '' , Pittsburgh Press , June 18 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ R.N. Sakshena , Goa : Into the Mainstream ( Abhinav Publications , 2003 ) pp29 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Bidault Chosen President Of New French Government '' , St. Petersburg Times , June 20 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Louis Wins By K.O. ; Conn Retires '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 20 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Russia Calls On U.S. to Scrap All Atom Bombs '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 20 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Fear 100 Died in Mine Blast '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 19 , 1946 , p1 ; `` 83 Are Killed In Salt Mine '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , p2 Jump up ^ `` Big Four Agrees To Evacuate Italy '' , Pittsburgh Press , June 20 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Vinson Confirmed As Chief Justice '' , Pittsburgh Press , June 21 , 1946 , p5 Jump up ^ `` Germans Could Have Split Atom in Year , Nazi Claims '' Jump up ^ `` Seven Killed , 41 Injured In Hotel Blast '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 22 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Stop Negro Voter , Bilbo Demands '' , Pittsburgh Press , June 23 , 1946 , p4 Jump up ^ `` Bilbo Denied Seat '' , Los Angeles Times , January 5 , 1947 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Letters Flown by Jet Planes '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 23 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ France , Germany and the new Europe , 1945 - 1967 by F. Roy Willis ( Oxford University Press , 1965 ) pp 37 - 38 Jump up ^ `` 8 SPOKANE BASEBALL PLAYERS DEAD IN CRASH OF THEIR BUS '' , Spokane Daily Chronicle , June 25 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Indians Take Salem Series ; Leave Today for Bremerton '' , Spokane Daily Chronicle , June 24 , 1946 , p13 Jump up ^ Robert W. Oliver , George Woods and the World Bank ( Lynne Rienner 1995 ) p39 Jump up ^ Neil L. O'Brien , An American editor in early revolutionary China : John William Powell and the China Weekly / Monthly Review ( Routledge , 2003 ) p33 Jump up ^ Xiaobing Li , A History of the Modern Chinese Army ( University Press of Kentucky , 2007 ) p73 Jump up ^ Xiaoming Zhang , Red Wings Over the Yalu : China , the Soviet Union , and the Air War in Korea ( Texas A&M University Press , 2004 ) p24 Jump up ^ `` Young Student Held In Degnan Kidnap Murder '' , St. Petersburg Times , June 28 , 1946 , p1 ; `` Chicago Boy Admits Three Lurid Killings '' , St. Petersburg Times , July 28 , 1946 , p1 Robert D. Keppel and William J. Birnes , Signature Killers ( Simon and Schuster , 1997 ) p41 Jump up ^ David Miller , Submarine Disasters ( Globe Pequot , 2006 ) p62 ; `` 46 Men Perish When Sub Sinks '' , The ( Ottawa ) Evening Citizen Jump up ^ `` Canadian Citizenship Act and current issues - BP - 445E '' . Government of Canada - Law and Government Division . 2002 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ onathan V. Plaut , The Jews of Windsor , 1790 - 1990 : a historical chronicle ( Dundurn Press , 2007 ) p130 Jump up ^ Paul R. Spickard , Mixed Blood : Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in 20th - century America ( University of Wisconsin Press , 1991 ) p125 Jump up ^ `` 2,000 Arrested In Holy Land '' , Palm Beach Post , July 1 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Ami Pedahzur and Arie Perliger , Jewish terrorism in Israel ( Columbia University Press , 2009 ) pp23 - 24 Jump up ^ * `` Efforts to Save OPA Blocked '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 29 , 1946 Jump up ^ `` PRICE CONTROL ENDS TONIGHT , TRUMAN SAYS FIGHT NOT OVER '' , St. Petersburg Times , June 30 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Kari A. Frederickson , The Dixiecrat revolt and the end of the Solid South , 1932 - 1968 ( University of North Carolina Press , 2001 ) p34 Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Schultz , Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 ) p268 Jump up ^ `` Polish Voters Favor One - House Parliament '' , St. Petersburg ( FL ) Times , July 5 , 1946 ; Jaff Schatz , The Generation : The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland ( University of California Press 1991 ) p205 Events by month 1950 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1949 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1948 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1947 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1946 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1945 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1944 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1943 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1942 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1941 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_1946&oldid=845912174 '' Categories : June 1946 Months in the 1940s Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français မြန်မာဘာသာ Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 00 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was serving as president of u.s. on june 14 1946 | [
"The National School Lunch Act was signed into law by U.S. President Harry S. Truman, permanently establishing federal financial support for free or low-cost meals for schoolchildren.[9]"
] | [
"Harry S. Truman"
] |
-4161376964796747451 | Area codes 905, 289, and 365 | Area codes 905 , 289 , and 365 - wikipedia Area codes 905 , 289 , and 365 Jump to : navigation , search Area codes 905 , 289 , and 365 are overlay area codes in the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) in Southern Ontario , Canada , particularly covering the Niagara Peninsula , the city of Hamilton , Halton Region , Peel Region , York Region , and Durham Region . Area code 905 was assigned on October 4 , 1993 , as a split from area code 416 . After 289 was overlaid on June 9 , 2001 , all local calls required ten - digit dialling . On April 13 , 2010 , the Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) introduced the overlay area code 365 , which became operational on March 25 , 2013 . The three area codes are expected to become exhausted by March 2025 . The plan area surrounds the overlay area codes 416 / 647 / 437 , which cover the city of Toronto , leading residents to popularly coin suburban Toronto as `` the 905 '' . It is bound by area code 519 / 226 in the west , 705 / 249 in the north , 613 / 343 in the east , and New York State area code 716 on the eastern prong of the Niagara Peninsula . The incumbent local exchange carrier for these area codes is Bell Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In popular culture 3 Rate centres and central office codes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The 905 area code was once used as a block of alternate numbers for calls from the United States to Mexico ( + 52 - 5 - ... ) in the days when overseas calls otherwise would have needed to be placed through a telephone operator . This use became obsolete with the widespread introduction of direct dial overseas calls and was completely abolished no later than February 1 , 1991 . Partly because of this prior usage of the number 905 , area code 905 was the last of the `` original - 1947 - format '' area codes ( that is , area codes with `` 0 '' ( zero ) or `` 1 '' ( one ) for the middle digit , and 2 - 9 for the first digit ) to be assigned . By October 1991 , area code 905 had been assigned to relieve exchanges in the Greater Toronto Area -- which , then as now , was Canada 's largest toll - free calling zone . While the Golden Horseshoe 's explosive growth in the second half of the 20th century would have made another area code necessary in any event , the timetable was moved up significantly due to Canada 's inefficient system of number allocation . Canada does not use number pooling as a relief measure . Each CLEC is assigned blocks of 10,000 numbers for every rate centre where it plans to offer service , no matter how small . While most rate centres do n't need nearly that many numbers , a number is unavailable for reassignment elsewhere once assigned to a CLEC and rate centre . This resulted in thousands of unallocated numbers . The problem was not as severe in the Golden Horseshoe as in the rest of Canada ; then as now , numbers tended to be used up fairly quickly . However , the proliferation of cell phones , pagers , fax machines , and dial - up Internet connections made it apparent that the Golden Horseshoe needed another area code . Automatic number identification ( ANI ) on the NPA 's switching systems began transmission on October 11 , 1992 for some central office codes . The new numbering plan area ( NPA ) entered service on October 11 , 1993 . Permissive dialing of 416 continued across the Golden Horseshoe until January 1 , 1994 . Five years after its introduction , 905 was close to exhaustion far sooner than anticipated , again due to the number allocation problem . By 1999 , the CRTC had established an ad - hoc committee to study NPA relief planning for area code 905 . A split of the 905 NPA was considered , with various options presented : a geographic split by municipality ( either two - way or three - way ) a geographic split of concentric rings around Toronto re-aligning NPA boundaries ( some areas retain 905 , others acquire a new NPA ) ; that is , a municipality and exchange split a distributed overlay The overlay option was chosen because it would cause the least disruption ; it would require no changes for existing customers in the 905 area . It would also be far easier to implement technically . Bell and the other carriers in the area were especially supportive of an overlay . Not only would it have forced customers to change their numbers for the second time in less than a decade , but it would have forced en masse reprogramming of cell phones . For the same reason , Toronto itself was overlaid with area code 647 ( and later 437 ) . The 289 NPA overlay was approved by the CRTC on August 15 , 2000 ( Order CRTC 2000 - 772 ) . Earlier that month , Toufic Saliba , consultant and technical engineer at the Commission , directed the addition of area code 289 in the 905 area code region . In doing so , Saliba directed that all carriers put in place a 10 - digit dialing plan for all local calls . In this order , the Commission directed Bell Canada to implement the 10 - digit local dialing plan . 289 came into service on April 7 , 2001 , and was in full operation by June 9 , 2001 . 905 officially became exhausted in November 2005 . All new central office prefixes are assigned in 289 , as there are no longer any available prefixes in 905 . Part of the problem stemmed from the creation of single - tier `` megacities '' across Ontario at the turn of the millennium . Many of these enlarged cities are split between multiple rate centres which have never been amalgamated . The largest city in the NPA , Mississauga -- the sixth - largest city in all of Canada -- is split between five rate centres , even though it has been a single municipality since 1974 . Another example is Hamilton , Canada 's 10th - largest city ; it is split between nine rate centres . Due to the fact that this is a large and rapidly growing region , area code 365 was assigned for further relief on March 25 , 2013 , and area code 742 has been set aside for further relief as the area is expected to exhaust by 2036 at current growth rates . In popular culture ( edit ) The term the 905 or the 905 belt is used to describe the suburban areas of the Greater Toronto Area , while Toronto proper is referred to as the 416 . The term 905er is often used pejoratively by downtown and inner - city Toronto residents to refer to people from Toronto 's suburbs . Canadian rapper Maestro rendered homage to the area code in his song `` 416 / 905 ( TO Party Anthem ) '' . In June 2015 , Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment announced the formation of an NBA Development League team for the Toronto Raptors based in Mississauga called Raptors 905 . Rate centres and central office codes ( edit ) Ajax - Pickering : ( 289 ) - 200 224 229 255 275 277 314 315 372 387 388 403 417 422 423 460 482 484 533 539 545 591 608 624 631 660 733 734 744 882 892 913 915 923 980 986 987 988 , ( 365 ) - 275 300 , ( 905 ) - 231 239 250 391 409 420 421 422 423 424 426 427 428 492 509 550 619 621 622 626 683 686 706 744 767 831 837 839 903 995 999 Aurora : ( 289 ) - 221 258 380 466 552 614 648 796 802 840 879 894 984 995 , ( 365 ) - 500 , ( 905 ) - 222 395 503 713 717 726 727 750 751 758 841 900 Beeton : ( 289 ) - 415 899 970 , ( 365 ) - 560 901 , ( 905 ) - 724 729 748 801 909 Bethesda : ( 289 ) - 262 615 , ( 365 ) - 501 , ( 905 ) - 504 888 Blackstock : ( 289 ) - 702 , ( 365 ) - 408 , ( 905 ) - 986 Bowmanville : ( 289 ) - 223 276 513 626 703 , ( 365 ) - 401 , ( 905 ) - 419 623 697 Bradford : ( 289 ) - 464 831 , ( 365 ) - 266 900 ( 905 ) - 551 775 778 Brampton : ( 289 ) - 201 233 298 323 325 401 406 410 418 498 499 505 541 544 569 632 654 720 747 748 752 764 801 864 889 900 901 946 948 , ( 905 ) - 216 230 291 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 463 487 488 494 495 497 499 500 595 598 654 759 781 782 783 789 790 791 792 793 794 796 798 799 840 846 861 863 866 867 872 874 901 965 970 Burlington : ( 289 ) - 208 230 245 266 288 293 313 337 348 419 427 598 635 636 707 714 741 745 787 798 812 816 828 861 938 962 977 983 , ( 365 ) - 999 , ( 905 ) - 220 315 319 320 331 332 333 335 336 340 407 592 630 631 632 633 634 635 637 638 639 681 802 Caledon : ( 289 ) - 824 908 961 966 , ( 365 ) - 200 , ( 905 ) - 584 586 587 588 757 838 843 860 996 Bolton : ( 289 ) - 206 461 487 503 616 651 875 906 , ( 365 ) - 502 , ( 905 ) - 533 857 951 Caledonia : ( 289 ) - 284 285 523 528 751 757 960 , ( 905 ) - 765 Campbellville : ( 289 ) - 458 630 692 , ( 365 ) - 304 , ( 905 ) - 854 Castlemore : ( 289 ) - 324 749 916 , ( 365 ) - 201 , ( 905 ) - 200 204 794 913 915 Castleton : ( 905 ) - 344 Cayuga : ( 289 ) - 370 516 603 736 , ( 905 ) - 772 Claremont : ( 289 ) - 462 , ( 365 ) - 503 650 , ( 905 ) - 408 490 649 Cobourg : ( 289 ) - 215 251 252 435 677 691 771 829 , ( 365 ) - 400 , ( 905 ) - 207 269 372 373 375 376 377 396 Colborne : ( 289 ) - 265 , ( 905 ) - 355 Cold Springs : ( 905 ) - 342 Dunnville : ( 289 ) - 209 330 331 332 369 377 381 433 518 604 738 761 972 973 , ( 365 ) - 651 , ( 905 ) - 229 701 774 Fisherville : ( 289 ) - 601 , ( 905 ) - 779 Fort Erie is divided into the following local rate centres : Fort Erie ( 289 ) - 250 303 320 321 322 476 599 762 ( 365 ) - 801 , ( 905 ) - 871 991 992 993 994 Ridgeway : ( 290 ) - 876 ( 905 ) - 894 Stevensville : ( 289 ) - 397 , ( 905 ) - 382 Garden Hill : ( 905 ) - 797 Georgetown : ( 289 ) - 344 349 428 642 694 790 839 890 891 924 935 , ( 365 ) - 302 , ( 905 ) - 702 703 873 877 Gormley : ( 289 ) - 486 746 , ( 365 ) - 504 , ( 905 ) - 284 400 534 887 927 Grafton : ( 905 ) - 349 Grimsby : ( 289 ) - 205 235 336 447 455 493 754 770 797 , ( 905 ) - 309 945 Hagersville : ( 289 ) - 282 283 524 758 784 , ( 905 ) - 768 Hamilton is divided into the following local rate centres : Ancaster : ( 289 ) - 204 239 346 443 445 450 495 515 735 739 855 902 , ( 905 ) - 304 648 Binbrook : ( 289 ) - 286 287 424 522 568 743 756 , ( 905 ) - 692 Dundas : ( 289 ) - 238 345 446 494 517 737 753 858 , ( 905 ) - 627 628 Freelton : ( 289 ) - 609 679 693 , ( 365 ) - 301 , ( 905 ) - 659 Hamilton : ( 289 ) - 237 244 246 253 260 263 308 309 335 339 358 382 389 391 396 408 425 426 439 440 441 442 456 489 492 520 527 551 556 639 659 667 674 678 680 682 683 684 689 698 700 750 755 766 768 769 773 774 775 776 778 779 780 788 799 808 827 860 877 880 887 919 920 921 922 925 931 933 941 949 975 978 994 , ( 365 ) - 317 888 , ( 905 ) - 218 253 296 297 308 312 314 317 318 379 381 383 385 387 388 389 390 393 481 496 512 515 516 517 518 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 531 536 537 538 540 541 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 560 561 570 572 573 574 575 577 578 581 645 661 667 719 730 741 745 746 769 777 807 818 865 869 870 902 906 912 920 921 923 928 929 961 962 963 966 971 972 973 974 975 977 978 979 981 Mount Hope : ( 289 ) - 280 281 491 525 759 791 866 , ( 905 ) - 679 Stoney Creek : ( 289 ) - 203 448 490 526 656 760 765 792 965 , ( 905 ) - 594 636 662 664 930 Waterdown : ( 289 ) - 352 431 619 718 767 895 , ( 905 ) - 689 690 Winona : ( 289 ) - 649 794 , ( 905 ) - 643 Hampton : ( 289 ) - 706 , ( 365 ) - 403 , ( 905 ) - 263 445 Keswick : ( 289 ) - 528 , ( 365 ) - 505 , ( 905 ) - 476 535 656 700 989 King Township is divided into the following local rate centres : King City : ( 289 ) - 207 467 530 618 621 874 907 , ( 365 ) - 506 , ( 905 ) - 539 833 Nobleton : ( 289 ) - 463 542 620 658 664 , ( 365 ) - 514 , ( 905 ) - 558 859 Schomberg : ( 289 ) - 318 557 592 , ( 365 ) - 520 , ( 905 ) - 590 939 Kleinburg : ( 289 ) - 202 216 531 873 , ( 365 ) - 507 , ( 905 ) - 552 893 The Town of Lincoln is divided into the following local rate centres : Beamsville : ( 289 ) - 432 566 602 , ( 905 ) - 563 Vineland : ( 289 ) - 567 605 , ( 905 ) - 562 Maple : ( 289 ) - 217 304 342 357 463 468 532 553 832 917 963 , ( 365 ) - 508 , ( 905 ) - 303 417 553 585 653 832 Markham is divided into the following local rate centres : Markham : ( 289 ) - 301 306 307 378 451 469 507 554 661 666 800 818 846 859 872 , ( 365 ) - 509 654 655 , ( 905 ) - 201 202 205 209 294 350 471 472 554 910 Thornhill : ( 289 ) - 390 459 472 502 510 514 561 588 597 695 807 843 857 982 , ( 365 ) - 523 , ( 905 ) - 326 370 418 482 530 532 593 597 660 669 695 707 709 731 738 739 747 760 761 762 763 764 771 879 881 882 886 889 907 Unionville : ( 289 ) - 333 392 473 563 577 584 789 806 844 884 , ( 365 ) - 525 , ( 905 ) - 248 258 300 305 307 316 413 415 470 474 475 477 479 480 489 513 604 752 754 917 940 943 944 946 947 948 968 969 Milton : ( 289 ) - 230 270 350 409 412 429 627 655 670 728 862 851 878 930 971 , ( 365 ) - 303 355 , ( 905 ) - 299 462 514 636 691 693 699 749 805 864 875 876 878 Mississauga is divided into the following local rate centres : Clarkson : ( 289 ) - 299 326 373 420 628 727 825 826 849 898 945 , ( 905 ) - 254 403 491 822 823 855 916 919 Cooksville : ( 289 ) - 232 261 327 360 362 374 421 444 454 497 521 565 628 633 722 724 777 785 805 883 951 , ( 905 ) - 206 210 212 214 219 232 238 241 247 267 268 270 272 273 275 276 277 279 281 282 283 290 306 361 366 402 501 502 507 566 568 602 614 615 624 625 629 712 755 756 766 803 804 848 890 896 897 949 Malton : ( 289 ) - 247 328 359 384 548 562 623 625 721 729 804 865 904 944 988 , ( 905 ) - 234 255 256 293 298 362 364 405 461 564 565 612 670 671 672 673 676 677 678 694 696 698 740 795 908 956 Port Credit : ( 289 ) - 297 329 643 822 847 953 , ( 365 ) - 202 , ( 905 ) - 221 271 274 278 486 891 990 Streetsville : ( 289 ) - 290 305 334 375 457 540 652 719 726 814 848 896 914 957 997 998 999 , ( 905 ) - 236 285 286 288 301 302 363 369 412 542 567 569 593 600 601 603 606 607 608 609 785 812 813 814 816 817 819 820 821 824 826 828 858 997 Mount Albert : ( 289 ) - 465 534 662 , ( 365 ) - 510 , ( 905 ) - 473 557 Newcastle : ( 289 ) - 629 708 , ( 365 ) - 404 , ( 905 ) - 446 987 Newmarket : ( 289 ) - 231 264 279 319 338 340 366 383 395 453 470 500 504 535 663 716 730 763 803 841 903 909 926 934 , ( 365 ) - 340 512 , ( 905 ) - 235 251 252 392 657 710 715 716 806 830 836 853 868 895 898 952 953 954 955 960 967 Newtonville : ( 289 ) - 709 964 , ( 365 ) - 405 , ( 905 ) - 786 Niagara Falls : ( 289 ) - 248 257 271 292 294 296 302 341 361 402 477 547 932 , ( 365 ) - 666 , ( 905 ) - 262 295 351 353 354 356 357 358 371 374 394 Niagara - on - the - Lake : ( 289 ) - 272 413 646 672 868 , ( 365 ) - 667 , ( 905 ) - 468 Oakville : ( 289 ) - 218 219 242 243 259 291 295 300 351 363 386 400 430 529 644 681 715 725 740 772 795 813 815 817 834 835 837 838 856 881 885 888 863 910 936 937 940 952 981 993 , ( 365 ) - 777 , ( 905 ) - 208 257 287 330 334 337 338 339 399 464 465 466 467 469 483 484 510 580 582 599 616 617 618 808 815 825 827 829 842 844 845 847 849 901 Orono : ( 289 ) - 710 , ( 365 ) - 406 , ( 905 ) - 485 983 Oshawa : ( 289 ) - 222 240 254 274 312 316 355 356 385 404 405 481 512 600 634 658 671 675 676 685 688 701 712 731 830 869 886 918 927 928 939 943 979 991 992 996 , ( 365 ) - 800 , ( 905 ) - 213 215 233 240 242 243 244 245 259 260 261 404 410 429 431 432 433 434 435 436 438 439 440 441 442 443 447 448 449 498 571 576 579 644 674 675 718 720 721 723 725 728 743 809 914 922 924 925 926 Palgrave : ( 289 ) - 546 594 , ( 365 ) - 516 , ( 905 ) - 583 880 Pelham : ( 289 ) - 650 897 , ( 905 ) - 892 Port Colborne : ( 289 ) - 478 836 , ( 905 ) - 834 835 Port Hope : ( 289 ) - 436 , ( 905 ) - 800 885 Port Perry : ( 289 ) - 225 354 485 653 713 912 , ( 365 ) - 407 , ( 905 ) - 982 985 Queensville : ( 289 ) - 549 , ( 365 ) - 529 , ( 905 ) - 478 589 Richmond Hill : ( 289 ) - 269 317 353 379 399 452 475 496 506 537 538 550 637 666 699 809 819 833 842 867 , 870 , 947 , ( 905 ) - 224 237 292 508 737 770 780 784 787 881 883 884 918 Oak Ridges : ( 289 ) - 210 234 471 543 573 665 854 , ( 365 ) - 515 , ( 905 ) - 223 313 398 505 506 559 773 Roseneath : ( 905 ) - 352 Selkirk : ( 905 ) - 776 Snelgrove : ( 289 ) - 954 , ( 365 ) - 203 , ( 905 ) - 843 996 St. Catharines - Thorold : ( 289 ) - 213 214 219 228 241 267 273 362 364 398 407 434 438 479 501 606 668 669 686 687 690 696 697 723 781 782 783 786 929 931 968 969 974 990 , ( 365 ) - 383 653 668 880 , ( 905 ) - 225 227 228 246 280 321 322 323 324 325 327 328 329 341 345 346 347 348 359 360 378 380 397 401 641 646 650 651 658 680 682 684 685 687 688 704 708 931 932 933 934 935 937 938 941 964 980 984 988 Port Robinson : ( 289 ) - 376 , ( 905 ) - 384 Stouffville : ( 289 ) - 212 508 558 612 617 853 , ( 365 ) - 521 , ( 905 ) - 591 640 642 Sutton : ( 289 ) - 559 576 871 , ( 365 ) - 522 , ( 905 ) - 596 722 Toronto ( former Pickering Township only ) : ( 905 ) - 509 Tottenham : ( 289 ) - 850 , ( 365 ) - 540 ( 905 ) - 406 936 Uxbridge : ( 289 ) - 394 564 595 640 852 , ( 365 ) - 444 526 , ( 905 ) - 852 862 904 Victoria : ( 289 ) - 955 967 , ( 365 ) - 204 , ( 905 ) - 838 998 Wainfleet : ( 905 ) - 899 Welcome : ( 905 ) - 753 Welland : ( 289 ) - 347 414 449 480 488 673 820 821 823 , ( 365 ) - 652 , ( 905 ) - 414 714 732 733 734 735 736 788 West Lincoln : ( 289 ) - 560 793 956 , ( 905 ) - 957 Whitby : ( 289 ) - 220 278 483 509 638 717 732 893 985 989 , ( 905 ) - 217 430 444 493 556 665 666 668 Brooklin : ( 289 ) - 227 645 704 , ( 365 ) - 402 , ( 905 ) - 425 620 655 Woodbridge : ( 289 ) - 236 245 256 268 371 393 474 536 596 622 641 657 845 , ( 365 ) - 527 , ( 905 ) - 264 265 266 417 605 652 663 850 851 856 893 553 See also ( edit ) List of North American area codes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hui , Ann ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' 905 ' gets some new numbers '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lu , Vanessa ( July 22 , 2011 ) . Toronto Star . Toronto Star Newspapers . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 2 new area codes coming to GTA next month '' . CBC News . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NPA 289 / 905 '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Numbering Administrator . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Order CRTC 2001 - 840 ( copy archived February 3 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Telecom Decision CRTC 2010 - 213 '' . Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission . 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 905 region to add new area code '' . CBC News . April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . The area around Toronto is known colloquially as `` the 905 , '' after the area code that was added in 1993 and covers such areas as Mississauga and Niagara Falls . Jump up ^ Toronto , Cultural Tips , Places of a Lifetime , Travel , Photography - National Geographic External links ( edit ) CNAC Central Office Codes Bellcore informational letter announcing new 905 NPA ( PDF ; October 1 , 1992 ) Bellcore informational letter ( final reminder ) announcing termination of 905 code for calls to Mexico ( PDF ; December 28 , 1990 ) CRTC : Establishment of CISC Ad Hoc Committees for NPA Relief Planning in Canada Telecom Notice of Consultation CRTC 2009 - 310 : Establishment of a CISC ad hoc committee for area code relief planning for area codes 289 and 905 in southern Ontario 905 NPA Relief Industry Meeting ( December 16 , 1999 ) NANPA Planning letter 243 : Announcement of NPA 289 as an overlay to NPA 905 ( PDF ; October 25 , 2000 ) Order CRTC 2000 - 772 : New area code overlay to be introduced in 905 region Area Code Map of Canada Telecom Decision CRTC 2010 - 213 : Code relief for area codes 289 and 905 in southern Ontario at the CRTC Ontario area codes : 226 , 249 , 289 , 343 , 365 , 416 , 519 , 613 , 647 , 705 , 807 , 905 North : 705 West : 519 / 226 Area codes 905 and 289 completely surrounding 416 / 647 East : 613 / 343 , 716 South : 716 , 585 , Lake Ontario New York area codes : 212 / 332 / 646 , 315 / 680 , 347 / 718 / 929 , 516 , 518 / 838 , 585 , 607 , 631 / 934 , 716 , 845 , 914 , 917 Coordinates : 43 ° 37 ′ 48 '' N 79 ° 50 ′ 20 '' W / 43.630 ° N 79.839 ° W / 43.630 ; - 79.839 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_codes_905,_289,_and_365&oldid=801006830 '' Categories : Area codes in Canada Communications in Ontario Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from November 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 02 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is area code 905 in united states | [
"Area codes 905, 289, and 365 are overlay area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) in Southern Ontario, Canada, particularly covering the Niagara Peninsula, the city of Hamilton, Halton Region, Peel Region, York Region, and Durham Region. Area code 905 was assigned on October 4, 1993, as a split from area code 416. After 289 was overlaid on June 9, 2001, all local calls required ten-digit dialling. On April 13, 2010, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) introduced the overlay area code 365,[1] which became operational on March 25, 2013.[2][3] The three area codes are expected to become exhausted by March 2025.[4]"
] | [
"Southern Ontario, Canada,"
] |
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